1.2 25:09:2011 07:07 AAO part_of NCBITaxon:8292 BILA BSPO CARO EHDAA EHDAA2 EMAPA FBbt part_of NCBITaxon:7227 FMA part_of NCBITaxon:9606 GO HAO part_of NCBITaxon:7399 MA part_of NCBITaxon:10088 MFO part_of NCBITaxon:8089 NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy http://ontology.neuinfo.org/NIF/BiomaterialEntities/NIF-GrossAnatomy.owl# OG SPD part_of NCBITaxon:6893 TADS part_of NCBITaxon:6939 TAO part_of NCBITaxon:32443 TGMA part_of NCBITaxon:44484 VAO WBbt part_of NCBITaxon:6237 Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ XAO part_of NCBITaxon:8353 ZFA part_of NCBITaxon:7954 cjm ncithesaurus part_of NCBITaxon:40674 uberon BRAND NAME derived from the union of EHDAA2 and EMAPA - still to be checked developmental_classification taxonomic disambiguation Relational slim: types of quality that require an additional entity in order to exist GOA and proteome slim term replaced by has_synonym_type derived from the union of EHDAA2 and EMAPA - still to be checked core classes typically found across metazoa. one purpose is to create a rough set of terms that could be used to start a new metazoan AO. Note this subset is not yet fully fleshed out Scalar slim classes that are defined by relative position counting from first in a series in an individual organism rather than by homology dubious or contested synonym subset_property A class that represents an early developmental structure, like a blastocyst. This part of the ontology is undergoing review to remove inappropriate grouping classes. A grouping class that originates in two or more separate anatomical ontologies. Includes 'region of X' type terms Subset consisting of classes creating for grouping purposes InChIKey homologous_to homologous_to true Uberon slim indicates that a synonym is used in an inconsistent or confusing way, typically between species treat-xrefs-as-genus-differentia consider has_broad_synonym developmental_classification plural term shorthand SMILES has_obo_format_version abstract upper-level terms not directly useful for analysis A grouping class that originates in two or more separate anatomical ontologies. Includes 'region of X' type terms definition expand expression to Terms in this subset group together terms from different anatomy ontologies that have conflicting upper ontology/CARO assignments. For example, in FMA the naris is immaterial and in ZFA it is an organism subdivision. PIR GO slim Absent/present slim functional_classification classes that have some inconsistency with FMA Generic GO slim somewhat fuzzy grouping for analysis purposes, currently composed of something like: liver, heart, skeletal, kidney, bladder, brain, skin, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestines, trachea nose, lungs, brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, gonads expert consultation and attribution required somewhat fuzzy grouping for analysis purposes, currently composed of something like: liver, heart, skeletal, kidney, bladder, brain, skin, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestines, trachea nose, lungs, brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, gonads a synonym made on the basis of a possibly homologous structure in another species Yeast GO slim Fission yeast GO slim InChI Systematic synonym core classes typically found across vertebrates. one purpose is to create a rough set of terms that could be used to start a new vertebrate AO has_scope spatially_disjoint_from A is spatially_disjoint_from B if they have no parts in common. BFO_0000051 exactly 0 (BFO_0000050 some ?Y) non_overlapping_with shares_no_parts_with spatially_disjoint_from true true A is spatially_disjoint_from B if they have no parts in common. SO:cjm Terms in this subset group together terms from different anatomy ontologies that have conflicting upper ontology/CARO assignments. For example, in FMA the naris is immaterial and in ZFA it is an organism subdivision. Prokaryotic GO subset database_cross_reference Candida GO slim has_obo_namespace INN A class which has a weakened disjointness axiom, to avoid inconsistency. These are kept separately in the uberon_disjoint_from_strict ontology. cell_quality taxonomic disambiguation Value slim synonym_type_property treat-xrefs-as-has-subclass IUPAC NAME has_exact_synonym core classes typically found across metazoa. one purpose is to create a rough set of terms that could be used to start a new metazoan AO. Note this subset is not yet fully fleshed out classes that are defined by relative position counting from first in a series in an individual organism rather than by homology classes that have some inconsistency with FMA Indicates that subclasses in AOs may be inappropriately linked treat-xrefs-as-reverse-genus-differentia has_narrow_synonym abstract upper-level terms not directly useful for analysis dubious or contested synonym organs, excluding individual muscles and skeletal elements in_subset Plant GO slim plural term unvetted Disposition slim has_alternative_id functional_classification A class that represents an early developmental structure, like a blastocyst. This part of the ontology is undergoing review to remove inappropriate grouping classes. a synonym made on the basis of a possibly homologous structure in another species Uberon slim - somewhat arbitrary subset that excludes obscure terms and deep compositional terms expert consultation and attribution required core classes typically found across vertebrates. one purpose is to create a rough set of terms that could be used to start a new vertebrate AO Subset consisting of classes creating for grouping purposes treat-xrefs-as-equivalent has_related_synonym High-level terms not to be used for direct annotation indicates that a synonym is used in an inconsistent or confusing way, typically between species dubious_for_taxon dubious_for_taxon this relation lacks a strong logical interpretation, but can be used in place of never_in_taxon where it is desirable to state that the definition of the class is too strict for the taxon under consideration, but placing a never_in_taxon link would result in a chain of inconsistencies that will take time to resolve. Example: metencephalon in teleost true true FORMULA Abnormal/normal slim A class which has a weakened disjointness axiom, to avoid inconsistency. These are kept separately in the uberon_disjoint_from_strict ontology. has_fused_element A single bone in one species may correspond to the fusion of two or more bones found as distinct elements in another. For example, tibiofibula has_fused_element tibia. A has_fused_element B does not imply that A has_part some B, rather than A has_part some B', where B' is not a subtype of B (because B is a distinct element but B' is a regional part) but has some evolutionary relationship to B. has_fused_element true true Attribute slim Indicates that subclasses in AOs may be inappropriately linked part_of BFO:0000050 note that all the uses of part_of in this ontology are for proper part of part_of part_of has part BFO:0000051 has_part has_part bearer of BFO BFO:0000053 bearer_of bearer_of realized by BFO BFO:0000054 realized_by realized_by participates in BFO BFO:0000056 participates_in participates_in existence_starts_during BFO:0000068 Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c comes into existing during some s. begins_to_exist_during existence_starts_during existence_starts_during part_of Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c comes into existing during some s. UBERON:cjm existence_ends_during BFO:0000069 Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist during some s, if it does not die prematurely. ceases_to_exist_during existence_ends_during existence_ends_during part_of todo - add full axioms to bfo Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist during some s, if it does not die prematurely. UBERON:cjm overlaps A overlaps B if they share some part in common. BFO_0000051 some (BFO_0000050 some ?Y) RO:0002131 overlaps overlaps develops_from RO:0002202 develops_from develops_from part_of adjacent_to adjacent_to anterior_to 2009-07-31T02:15:46Z anterior_to cjm attached_to FMA:85882 attached_to bounds bounds branch_of branch_of we need to check if FMA branch_of implies part_of. the relation we intend to use here should - for example, see vestibulocochlear nerve capable_of A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process. This is a shortcut relation, translation rule for which is: capable_of P <-> bearer_of (some realized_by only P). Example: osteoclast capable of bone resorption. At the CL meeting we discussed a separate case, capable_of P <-> bearer_of (some realized_by only (P or part_of some P)). We need to look at specific cases. BFO_0000053 some (BFO_0000054 only ?Y) CL capable_of A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process. This is a shortcut relation, translation rule for which is: capable_of P <-> bearer_of (some realized_by only P). Example: osteoclast capable of bone resorption. GOC:cjm coincides_with Relation between occurrents, shares start and end boundaries. coincides_with coincides_with Allen:starts Relation between occurrents, shares start and end boundaries. UBERON:cjm composed_primarily_of composed_primarily_of connects connects contains contains continuous_with FMA:85972 continuous_with deep_to BSPO:0000107 deep_to develops_from_part_of develops_from_part_of develops_in develops_in develops_into develops_into directly_preceded_by directly_preceded_by distal_to distal_to dorsal_to BSPO:0000098 dorsal_to encloses encloses x encloses y iff the convex hull formed by x contains all or the majority of y. UBERON:cjm x encloses y iff the convex hull formed by x contains all or the majority of y. existence_ends_at existence_ends_at instance: c existence_ends_at e iff c exists_at e and not ( exists e2 : c exists_at e2 and e before e2). Type: all Cc, exists Ee, c existence_ends_at e. UBERON:cjm instance: c existence_ends_at e iff c exists_at e and not ( exists e2 : c exists_at e2 and e before e2). Type: all Cc, exists Ee, c existence_ends_at e. existence_ends_before Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist before s. existence_ends_before Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist before s. UBERON:cjm existence_ends_with Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c ceases to exist at the end of p. existence_ends_with Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c ceases to exist at the end of p. UBERON:cjm existence_starts_after Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c comes into existing after some s has completed. disjoint_from existence_starts_during (but this cannot be expressed in OWL2) existence_starts_after Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c comes into existing after some s has completed. UBERON:cjm existence_starts_and_ends_during existence_starts_and_ends_during existence_starts_at existence_starts_at instance: c existence_starts_at e iff c exists_at e and not ( exists e2 : c exists_at e2 and e2 before e). Type: all Cc, exists Ee, c existence_starts_at e. UBERON:cjm instance: c existence_starts_at e iff c exists_at e and not ( exists e2 : c exists_at e2 and e2 before e). Type: all Cc, exists Ee, c existence_starts_at e. existence_starts_or_ends_during existence_starts_or_ends_during existence_starts_with Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c comes into existence at the start of p. existence_starts_with Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c comes into existence at the start of p. UBERON:cjm exists_during exists_during finishes Relation between occurrents, shares an end boundary with. finishes ncithesaurus:Finish Allen:starts Relation between occurrents, shares an end boundary with. UBERON:cjm ZFS:finishes has_end has_end has_function_in has_function_in has_quality has_quality has_start has_start immediately_deep_to BSPO:0001107 immediately_deep_to in_distal_side_of X distal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the distal portion. in_distal_side_of BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X distal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the distal portion. in_left_side_of BSPO:0000120 X left_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the left portion. in_left_side_of BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X left_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the left portion. in_proximal_side_of BSPO:0000121 X proximal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the proximal portion. in_proximal_side_of BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X proximal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the proximal portion. in_right_side_of BSPO:0000121 X right_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the right portion. in_right_side_of BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X right_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the right portion. induced_by induced_by sources for induced_by relationships in Uberon: Developmental Biology, Gilbert, 8th edition, figure 6.5(F) t1 induced_by t2 if there is a process of organ induction (GO:0001759) with t1 and t2 as interacting participants. t2 causes t1 to change its fate from a precursor tissue type T to T', where T' develops_from T. GO:0001759 t1 induced_by t2 if there is a process of organ induction (GO:0001759) with t1 and t2 as interacting participants. t2 causes t1 to change its fate from a precursor tissue type T to T', where T' develops_from T. location_of 2009-07-30T10:22:21Z cjm location_of never_in_taxon never_in_taxon true only_in_taxon only_in_taxon output_of output_of preceded_by disjoint_from part_of, but this cannot be expressed in OWL2 preceded_by proximal_to proximal_to replaces replaces secreted_by secreted_by secretes secretes site_of C site_of P iff exists species S such that P occurs_in C for all members of S. Example: bursa of Fabricius site_of B-cell differentiation. site_of C site_of P iff exists species S such that P occurs_in C for all members of S. Example: bursa of Fabricius site_of B-cell differentiation. GOC:cjm start_of start_of starts Relation between occurrents, shares a start boundary with. starts Allen:starts Relation between occurrents, shares a start boundary with. UBERON:cjm ZFS:starts supplies supplies surrounded_by surrounded_by surrounds surrounds tributary_of tributary_of ventral_to BSPO:0000102 ventral_to sugar Any member of a class of edible, crystalline carbohydrates (mainly sucrose, lactose and fructose) characterised by a sweet flavour; a loose term applied to monosaccharides, disaccharides, trisaccharides and oligosaccharides, in contrast to complex carbohydrates such as polysaccharides. CHEBI:15131 CHEBI:16646 CHEBI:9318 CiteXplore:10889799 CiteXplore:14522751 CiteXplore:18492831 CiteXplore:9356523 KEGG COMPOUND:C11477 Sugar Zucker azucar azucares saccharon sucre sucres sugar sugars sugars ChEBI: saccharon ChEBI: sucre ChEBI: azucar UniProt: sugar ChEBI: sucres ChEBI: Zucker ChEBI: azucares IUPAC: sugars KEGG COMPOUND: Sugar ChEBI: sugars chitin (1->4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucan An aminoglycan consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues. C16H28N2O11.(C8H13NO5)n CHEBI:13962 CHEBI:17029 CHEBI:23099 CHEBI:3596 Chitin InChI=1S/C24H41N3O16/c1-7(31)25-13-18(36)20(11(5-29)39-22(13)38)42-24-15(27-9(3)33)19(37)21(12(6-30)41-24)43-23-14(26-8(2)32)17(35)16(34)10(4-28)40-23/h10-24,28-30,34-38H,4-6H2,1-3H3,(H,25,31)(H,26,32)(H,27,33)/t10-,11-,12-,13-,14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-,20-,21-,22-,23+,24+/m1/s1 InChIKey=WZZVUHWLNMNWLW-VFCSDQTKSA-N KEGG COMPOUND:1398-61-4 KEGG COMPOUND:C00461 [1,4-(N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)]n [4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc(1->]n beta-1,4-Poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine chitin ChEBI: InChIKey=WZZVUHWLNMNWLW-VFCSDQTKSA-N (1->4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucan IUPAC: ChEBI: InChI=1S/C24H41N3O16/c1-7(31)25-13-18(36)20(11(5-29)39-22(13)38)42-24-15(27-9(3)33)19(37)21(12(6-30)41-24)43-23-14(26-8(2)32)17(35)16(34)10(4-28)40-23/h10-24,28-30,34-38H,4-6H2,1-3H3,(H,25,31)(H,26,32)(H,27,33)/t10-,11-,12-,13-,14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-,20-,21-,22-,23+,24+/m1/s1 KEGG COMPOUND: [1,4-(N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)]n UniProt: chitin Chitin KEGG COMPOUND: IUPAC: chitin KEGG COMPOUND: beta-1,4-Poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine IUPAC: [4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc(1->]n C16H28N2O11.(C8H13NO5)n ChEBI: glycoprotein A compound in which a carbohydrate component is covalently bound to a protein component. CHEBI:14349 CHEBI:17089 CHEBI:5481 CHEBI:5493 Glycoprotein Glykoprotein Glykoproteine KEGG COMPOUND:C00326 [glycoprotein] glicoproteina glicoproteinas glycoproteine glycoproteines glycoproteins ChEBI: glycoproteines Glycoprotein KEGG COMPOUND: ChEBI: glicoproteinas ChEBI: Glykoproteine UniProt: [glycoprotein] ChEBI: glycoproteine ChEBI: glicoproteina IUPAC: glycoproteins ChEBI: Glykoprotein glycosaminoglycan Any polysaccharide containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues. CHEBI:14361 CHEBI:18085 CHEBI:24398 CHEBI:5495 Glycosaminoglycan Glykosaminoglykan KEGG COMPOUND:C02545 glicosaminoglicano glycosaminoglycan glycosaminoglycane glycosaminoglycans ChEBI: glycosaminoglycans UniProt: glycosaminoglycan ChEBI: Glykosaminoglykan IUPAC: glicosaminoglicano IUPAC: glycosaminoglycane IUPAC: glycosaminoglycan Glycosaminoglycan KEGG COMPOUND: polysaccharide A macromolecule consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues. CHEBI:14864 CHEBI:18154 CHEBI:26205 CHEBI:8322 Glycan Glycane Glykan Glykane KEGG COMPOUND:C00420 Polysaccharide glycans polisacarido polisacaridos polysaccharide polysaccharides Glycan KEGG COMPOUND: UniProt: polysaccharide ChEBI: Glykan ChEBI: Glykane ChEBI: polisacarido ChEBI: Glycane IUPAC: polysaccharides IUPAC: glycans KEGG COMPOUND: Polysaccharide IUPAC: polisacaridos N-acylglucosamine CHEBI:21638 N-acylglucosamine N-acylglucosamines ChEBI: N-acylglucosamines ChEBI: N-acylglucosamine N-acyl-hexosamine CHEBI:21656 N-acyl-hexosamine N-acyl-hexosamines ChEBI: N-acyl-hexosamines ChEBI: N-acyl-hexosamine aminoglycan CHEBI:22506 aminoglycans ChEBI: aminoglycans calcium molecular entity CHEBI:22985 calcium compounds calcium molecular entities calcium molecular entity ChEBI: calcium molecular entity ChEBI: calcium compounds ChEBI: calcium molecular entities carbohydrate CHEBI:23008 Kohlenhydrat Kohlenhydrate The generic term 'carbohydrate' includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more terminal groups to carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. It also includes derivatives of these compounds. The term 'sugar' is frequently applied to monosaccharides and lower oligosaccharides. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. carbohidrato carbohidratos carbohydrate carbohydrates glucide glucides glucido glucidos hydrates de carbone saccharide saccharides saccharidum IUPAC: saccharides ChEBI: hydrates de carbone IUPAC: carbohydrates IUPAC: carbohydrate ChEBI: glucide IUPAC: carbohidrato ChEBI: Kohlenhydrat ChEBI: glucido ChEBI: saccharidum ChEBI: glucidos ChEBI: glucides ChEBI: Kohlenhydrate IUPAC: carbohidratos IUPAC: saccharide carbonates CHEBI:23016 molecular entity Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. CHEBI:23367 entidad molecular entidades moleculares entite moleculaire molecular entities molecular entity molekulare Entitaet IUPAC: entidades moleculares IUPAC: entite moleculaire IUPAC: molecular entity IUPAC: entidad molecular ChEBI: molekulare Entitaet IUPAC: molecular entities glucosamines CHEBI:24271 chemical entity A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances. CHEBI:24431 hexosamine Any 6-carbon amino monosaccharide with at least one alcoholic hydroxy group replaced by an amino group. CHEBI:24586 hexosamine hexosamines ChEBI: hexosamine ChEBI: hexosamines hydroxides CHEBI:24651 Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)). salt A salt is an assembly of cations and anions. CHEBI:24866 Salz Salze ionic compound ionic compounds sal sales salt salts sel sels ChEBI: Salz ChEBI: sales ChEBI: sal ChEBI: Salze ChEBI: sels ChEBI: salts ChEBI: ionic compounds ChEBI: sel IUPAC: salt ChEBI: ionic compound melanin CHEBI:25179 CHEBI:6727 oxygen molecular entity CHEBI:25806 oxygen molecular entities oxygen molecular entity ChEBI: oxygen molecular entities ChEBI: oxygen molecular entity polyphenol Any of the group of vegetable chemical substances, characterized by the presence of more than one phenolic group. CHEBI:26195 polyphenols ChEBI: polyphenols amino sugar Aminosugars Any sugar having one or more alcoholic hydroxy groups replaced by substituted or unsubstituted amino groups. CHEBI:22481 CHEBI:22530 CHEBI:2662 CHEBI:28963 CiteXplore:18424273 CiteXplore:9056391 KEGG COMPOUND:C05383 amino sugars aminosugar ChEBI: aminosugar ChEBI: amino sugars Aminosugars KEGG COMPOUND: calcium carbonate A carbonate salt that has formula CO3.Ca. CCaO3 CHEBI:3311 CO3.Ca CaCO3 Calcium carbonate Calciumcarbonat ChemIDplus:471-34-1 InChI=1S/CH2O3.Ca/c2-1(3)4;/h(H2,2,3,4);/q;+2/p-2 InChIKey=VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L KEGG COMPOUND:471-34-1 KEGG COMPOUND:C08129 Kalziumkarbonat NIST Chemistry WebBook:471-34-1 [Ca++].[O-]C([O-])=O calcium carbonate calcium carbonate (1:1) calcium trioxidocarbonate carbonate de calcium carbonato de calcio carbonic acid calcium salt (1:1) kohlensaurer Kalk ChEBI: carbonato de calcio IUPAC: calcium trioxidocarbonate CCaO3 ChEBI: ChEBI: kohlensaurer Kalk CO3.Ca KEGG COMPOUND: IUPAC: calcium carbonate ChEBI: [Ca++].[O-]C([O-])=O Calcium carbonate KEGG COMPOUND: ChemIDplus: carbonic acid calcium salt (1:1) ChEBI: Kalziumkarbonat ChEBI: InChI=1S/CH2O3.Ca/c2-1(3)4;/h(H2,2,3,4);/q;+2/p-2 CaCO3 IUPAC: ChemIDplus: calcium carbonate (1:1) ChEBI: InChIKey=VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L ChEBI: carbonate de calcium Calciumcarbonat ChEBI: heteroorganic entity A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms. CHEBI:33285 heteroorganic entities organoelement compounds ChEBI: organoelement compounds ChEBI: heteroorganic entities alkaline earth molecular entity An alkaline earth molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal. CHEBI:33299 alkaline earth compounds alkaline earth molecular entities alkaline earth molecular entity alkaline-earth compounds ChEBI: alkaline-earth compounds ChEBI: alkaline earth molecular entities ChEBI: alkaline earth compounds ChEBI: alkaline earth molecular entity chalcogen molecular entity Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen. CHEBI:33304 chalcogen compounds chalcogen molecular entities chalcogen molecular entity ChEBI: chalcogen molecular entities ChEBI: chalcogen compounds ChEBI: chalcogen molecular entity main group molecular entity CHEBI:33579 main group compounds main group molecular entities ChEBI: main group molecular entities ChEBI: main group compounds carbon group molecular entity CHEBI:33582 carbon group molecular entities carbon group molecular entity ChEBI: carbon group molecular entities ChEBI: carbon group molecular entity hydrogen molecular entity CHEBI:33608 hydrogen compounds hydrogen molecular entities ChEBI: hydrogen compounds ChEBI: hydrogen molecular entities s-block molecular entity An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element. CHEBI:33674 s-block compounds s-block molecular entities s-block molecular entity ChEBI: s-block molecular entity ChEBI: s-block compounds ChEBI: s-block molecular entities p-block molecular entity A p-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a p-block element. CHEBI:33675 p-block compounds p-block molecular entities p-block molecular entitiy ChEBI: p-block molecular entitiy ChEBI: p-block compounds ChEBI: p-block molecular entities biomacromolecule A macromolecule formed by a living organism. Biopolymere CHEBI:33694 biomacromolecules biopolymer biopolymers IUPAC: biopolymer Biopolymere ChEBI: ChEBI: biomacromolecules ChEBI: biopolymers information biomacromolecule CHEBI:33695 genetically encoded biomacromolecules genetically encoded biopolymers information biomacromolecules information biopolymers information macromolecule information macromolecules ChEBI: genetically encoded biomacromolecules ChEBI: information biomacromolecules ChEBI: information macromolecule ChEBI: information macromolecules ChEBI: information biopolymers ChEBI: genetically encoded biopolymers organic hydroxy compound An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom. CHEBI:33822 hydroxy compounds organic hydroxy compounds IUPAC: hydroxy compounds ChEBI: organic hydroxy compounds conjugated protein CHEBI:33837 COMe:PRX000001 Conjugated protein is a protein that contains a non-peptide component, usually in stoichiometric proportion. complex protein conjugated proteins IUPAC: conjugated proteins COMe: complex protein macromolecule A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. CHEBI:33839 macromolecule macromolecules polymer polymer molecule polymers ChEBI: polymers IUPAC: macromolecule IUPAC: polymer molecule ChEBI: polymer ChEBI: macromolecules calcium salt CHEBI:35156 Kalziumsalz Kalziumsalze calcium salts ChEBI: Kalziumsalz ChEBI: calcium salts ChEBI: Kalziumsalze protein A biological macromolecule minimally consisting of one polypeptide chain synthesized at the ribosome. CHEBI:13677 CHEBI:14911 CHEBI:36080 [protein] proteins IUPAC: proteins UniProt: [protein] polyatomic entity Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom. CHEBI:36357 polyatomic entities ChEBI: polyatomic entities alkaline earth salt CHEBI:36364 alkaline earth salts ChEBI: alkaline earth salts organochalcogen compound An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond. CHEBI:36962 organochalcogen compound organochalcogen compounds ChEBI: organochalcogen compound ChEBI: organochalcogen compounds organooxygen compound An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond. CHEBI:36963 CiteXplore:17586126 organooxygen compound organooxygen compounds ChEBI: organooxygen compound ChEBI: organooxygen compounds mucopolysaccharide Any of the group of polysaccharides composed of alternating units from uronic acids and glycosamines, and commonly partially esterified with sulfuric acid. CHEBI:25425 CHEBI:37395 CHEBI:7011 KEGG COMPOUND:C05114 Mucopolysaccharid Mucopolysaccharide Mukopolysaccharid mucopolisacarido mucopolisacaridos mucopolysaccharides IUPAC: mucopolysaccharides ChEBI: Mucopolysaccharid KEGG COMPOUND: Mucopolysaccharide ChEBI: Mukopolysaccharid ChEBI: mucopolisacarido IUPAC: mucopolisacaridos heteroatomic molecular entity A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements. CHEBI:37577 chemical compound heteroatomic molecular entities ChEBI: heteroatomic molecular entities ChEBI: chemical compound carbonate salt CHEBI:46721 carbonate salts ChEBI: carbonate salts organic molecular entity Any molecular entity that contains carbon. CHEBI:25700 CHEBI:33244 CHEBI:50860 organic compounds organic entity organic molecular entities ChEBI: organic molecular entities ChEBI: organic entity ChEBI: organic compounds amino monosaccharide CHEBI:60926 cell Anatomical structure that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane. CL:0000000 FMA:68646 GO:0005623 KUPO:0000002 WBbt:0004017 XAO:0003012 cell Anatomical structure that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane. CARO:mah primary cell line cell BTO:0002290 CL:0000001 cell permanent cell line cell CL:0000002 cell cell in vivo CL:0000003 cell cell by organism A classification of cells by the organisms within which they are contained. CL:0000004 cell A classification of cells by the organisms within which they are contained. FB:ma fibroblast neural crest derived CL:0000005 cell neuronal receptor cell (sensu Animalia) CL:0000006 cell early embryonic cell A cell found in the embryo before the formation of all the gem layers is complete. CL:0000007 cell A cell found in the embryo before the formation of all the gem layers is complete. GOC:tfm cranial neural crest cell CL:0000008 cell fusiform initial CL:0000009 CL:0000274 Obsolete. Use PO:0000079 from Plant Ontology instead. An elongated cell with approximately wedge-shaped ends, found in the vascular cambium, which gives rise to the elements of the axial system in the secondary vascular tissues. cell replaced_by: PO:0000079 true xylem initial xylem mother cell ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000079 from Plant Ontology instead. An elongated cell with approximately wedge-shaped ends, found in the vascular cambium, which gives rise to the elements of the axial system in the secondary vascular tissues. cell line cell CL:0000010 cell trunk neural crest cell CL:0000011 cell cell by class CL:0000012 cell dentine secreting cell CL:0000013 cell germ line stem cell CL:0000014 cell germline stem cell male germ cell CL:0000015 FMA:72290 MA:0002765 cell male germ line stem cell CL:0000016 cell spermatocyte A male germ cell that develops from spermatogonia. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to spermatids. BTO:0001275 CL:0000017 EMAPA:31484 FBbt:00004936 FMA:84049 WBbt:0006799 cell A male germ cell that develops from spermatogonia. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to spermatids. GOC:tfm MESH:A.05.360.490.890.880 spermatid A male germ cell that develops from the haploid secondary spermatocytes. Without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to spermatozoa. BTO:0001274 CL:0000018 EMAPA:31486 FBbt:00004942 FMA:72294 Nematoblast WBbt:0006800 cell A male germ cell that develops from the haploid secondary spermatocytes. Without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to spermatozoa. MESH:A.05.360.490.890.860 sperm A mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid. BTO:0001277 BTO:0002046 CL:0000019 FBbt:00004954 FMA:67338 WBbt:0006798 cell sperm cell spermatozoid spermatozoon A mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid. GOC:tfm MESH:A.05.360.490.890 spermatogonium An euploid male germ cell of an early stage of spermatogenesis. BTO:0000958 CL:0000020 EMAPA:31482 FBbt:00004935 FMA:72291 cell An euploid male germ cell of an early stage of spermatogenesis. MESH:A.05.360.490.890.900 female germ cell CL:0000021 Female germ cell is a germ cell that supports female gamete production. MA:0000388 cell Female germ cell is a germ cell that supports female gamete production. GOC:tfm PMID:11023867 PMID:20454446 female germ line stem cell CL:0000022 cell oocyte A female germ cell that has entered meiosis. BTO:0000964 CL:0000023 FBbt:00004886 FMA:18644 WBbt:0006797 cell A female germ cell that has entered meiosis. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 oogonial cell An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes. CL:0000024 FMA:83673 cell An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 egg A female gamete where meiosis has progressed to metaphase II and is able to participate in fertilization. BTO:0000369 BTO:0003801 CL:0000025 FBbt:00000034 FMA:67343 MA:0000388 cell mature oocyte ovum A female gamete where meiosis has progressed to metaphase II and is able to participate in fertilization. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 invertebrate nurse cell A germline cell that contributes to the development of the oocyte by transferring cytoplasm directly to oocyte. BTO:0000953 CL:0000026 FBbt:00004878 cell nurse cell A germline cell that contributes to the development of the oocyte by transferring cytoplasm directly to oocyte. GOC:tfm PMID:15848391 smooth muscle cell neural crest derived CL:0000027 cell CNS neuron (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL:0000028 cell neuron neural crest derived CL:0000029 cell glioblast CL:0000030 FBbt:00005145 cell neuroblast BTO:0000930 CL:0000031 FBbt:00005146 FMA:70563 cell neuroplacodal cell A cell of a platelike structure, especially a thickened plate of ectoderm in the early embryo, from which a sense organ develops. CL:0000032 cell neural placode cell A cell of a platelike structure, especially a thickened plate of ectoderm in the early embryo, from which a sense organ develops. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 apocrine cell An apocrine cell is a secretory cell characterized loss of part of the cytoplasm during the process of secretion - secretions are budded off through the plasma membrane producing membrane bound vesicles containing the secreted substance. CL:0000033 cell An apocrine cell is a secretory cell characterized loss of part of the cytoplasm during the process of secretion - secretions are budded off through the plasma membrane producing membrane bound vesicles containing the secreted substance. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 stem cell A relatively undifferentiated cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. CL:0000034 FMA:63368 cell A relatively undifferentiated cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. GOC:tfm MESH:A.11.872 single fate stem cell A stem cell that self-renews as well as give rise to a single mature cell type. CL:0000035 FMA:70569 Unipotent stem cell Unipotential stem cell cell A stem cell that self-renews as well as give rise to a single mature cell type. GOC:tfm epithelial fate stem cell CL:0000036 cell hematopoietic stem cell A stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system. Hematopoietic stem cells lack cell markers of effector cells (lin-negative). Lin-negative is defined by lacking one or more of the following cell surface markers: CD2, CD3 epsilon, CD4, CD5 ,CD8 alpha chain, CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD56, ly6G, ter119. BTO:0000725 CL:0000037 FMA:70337 FMA:86475 HSC Markers differ between species, and two sets of markers have been described for mice. blood forming stem cell cell colony forming unit hematopoietic hemopoietic stem cell A stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system. Hematopoietic stem cells lack cell markers of effector cells (lin-negative). Lin-negative is defined by lacking one or more of the following cell surface markers: CD2, CD3 epsilon, CD4, CD5 ,CD8 alpha chain, CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD56, ly6G, ter119. GOC:DSD GOC:add GOC:tfm PMID:19022770 erythroid progenitor cell A progenitor cell committed to the erythroid lineage. This cell is ter119-positive but lacks expression of other hematopoietic lineage markers (lin-negative). BFU-E BTO:0004911 CFU-E CL:0000038 blast forming unit erythroid burst forming unit erythroid cell colony forming unit erythroid erythroid stem cell A progenitor cell committed to the erythroid lineage. This cell is ter119-positive but lacks expression of other hematopoietic lineage markers (lin-negative). GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 germ line cell A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring. CL:0000039 Originally this term had some plant germ line cell children cell A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 monoblast A myeloid progenitor cell committed to the monocyte lineage. This cell is CD11b-positive, has basophilic cytoplasm, euchromatin, and the presence of a nucleolus. CFU-M CL:0000040 FMA:83553 Morphology: mononuclear cell, diameter 12-20 _M, non-granular, N/C ratio 3/1 - 4/1; markers: CD11b (shared with many other myeloid cells); location: Adult: bone marrow; fetal: liver, Yolk Sac; role or process: hematopoiesis, monocyte development; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid. cell colony forming unit macrophage monocyte stem cell A myeloid progenitor cell committed to the monocyte lineage. This cell is CD11b-positive, has basophilic cytoplasm, euchromatin, and the presence of a nucleolus. GOC:add PMID:1104740 http://www.clt.astate.edu/wwilliam/ http://www.copewithcytokines.de mature eosinophil A fully differentiated eosinophil, a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin. Cells are also differentiated from other granulocytes by a small nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio (1:3). This cell type is CD49d-positive. CL:0000041 Eosinophils are CD125-positive (IL-5R), GM-CSFR-positive, IL-3R-positive, VLA4-positive. They can also express MHC Class I & II, CD4, CD9, CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD13, CD15, CD16, CD17, CD18, CD24, CD25,CD28, CD29, CD32, CD33, CD35, CD37, CD39, CD43, CD44, CD45, CD45RB, CD45RO, CD46, CD47, CD48, CD49d, CD49f, CD50, CD52, CD53, CD54, CD55, CD58, CD59, CD62L, CD63, CD65, CD66, CD69, CD71, CD76, CD80, CD81, CD82, CD86, CD87, CD88, CD89, CD92, CD95, CD97, CD98, CD99, CD100, CD101, CD116, CD117, CD119, CD120, CD123, CD124, CD125, CD131, CD137, CD139, CD148, CD149, CD151, CD153, CD156, CD162, CD161, CD162, CD165, CD174, CD182, CD183, CD191, CD192, CD193, CD196, CD213, IL9R, ad integrin, beta-7 integrin, FceRI, IL13Ra1, TGFbR, PAFR, LTB4R, C3aR, CystLT1R, CystLT2R, fMLPR, CRTH2 (PGD2 receptor), histamine 4R, IDO, KYN, PAR-2, Siglec-8, Siglec-10, LIR1, LIR2, LIR3, LIR7, TLR7, TLR8, and VLA-4. Eosinophils can also secrete CXCL1, eotaxin-1, GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-16, IL-18, IFN-gamma, LTC4, MIP-1alpha, NGF, PAF, RANTES, substance P, TGF-alpha, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, and VIP. cell mature eosinocyte mature eosinophil leucocyte mature eosinophil leukocyte polymorphonuclear leucocyte polymorphonuclear leukocyte A fully differentiated eosinophil, a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin. Cells are also differentiated from other granulocytes by a small nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio (1:3). This cell type is CD49d-positive. GOC:add GOC:dsd GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 http://www.cap.org neutrophilic myeloblast A myeloblast committed to the neutrophil lineage. This cell type is GATA-1 positive, C/EBPa-positive, AML-1-positive, c-myb-positive and has low expression of PU.1 transcription factor. CL:0000042 These cells are CD11b-negative, CD15-negative, CD16-negative, CD35-negative, CD49d-positive, CD68-positive, lactotransferrin-negative, and fMLP receptor-negative. They are found in the Band 3 fraction. cell neutrophilic granuloblast A myeloblast committed to the neutrophil lineage. This cell type is GATA-1 positive, C/EBPa-positive, AML-1-positive, c-myb-positive and has low expression of PU.1 transcription factor. GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 PMID:12560239 PMID:15514007 mature basophil A fully differentiated basophil, a granular leukocyte with an irregularly shaped, pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm that contains coarse granules of variable size. Basophils contain vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin, which are released on appropriate stimulation. BTO:0001026 CL:0000043 CL:0000739 Mature basophils are also capable of producing IL-3, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, IL-25, CCL22, tslp, vegf, and LTC4. cell mature basophil leucocyte mature basophil leukocyte polymorphonuclear leucocyte polymorphonuclear leukocyte A fully differentiated basophil, a granular leukocyte with an irregularly shaped, pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm that contains coarse granules of variable size. Basophils contain vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin, which are released on appropriate stimulation. GOC:add GOC:dsd GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 PMID:18466030 PMID:19231594 PMID:20837449 http://www.cap.org thymus processed stem cell CL:0000045 Consider using term 'pro-T cell ; CL:0000827' or the term 'thymocyte ; CL:0000893' or one of its children instead. OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). cell true bursa processed stem cell CL:0000046 Consider using term 'pro-B cell ; CL:0000826' or the term 'immature B cell ; CL:0000816 or one of its children instead. OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). cell true neuronal stem cell BTO:0002881 CL:0000047 FMA:86684 NSC Neural stem cell is characterized as an undifferentiated cell that originates from the neuroectoderm and has the capacity both to perpetually self-renew without differentiating and to generate multiple types of lineage-restricted progenitors. cell neural stem cell GOC:tfm MESH:D058953 Neural stem cell is characterized as an undifferentiated cell that originates from the neuroectoderm and has the capacity both to perpetually self-renew without differentiating and to generate multiple types of lineage-restricted progenitors. PMID:15247488 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_stem_cell multi fate stem cell A stem cell that can give rise to multiple lineages of cells. CL:0000048 FMA:84789 Multipotent cell cell multi-fate stem cell multifate stem cell multipotent stem cell A stem cell that can give rise to multiple lineages of cells. GOC:add common myeloid progenitor A progenitor cell committed to myeloid lineage, including the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages. These cells are CD34-positive, and express Gata-1, Gata2, C/EBPa, and Pu.1. CFU-S CL:0000049 CMP CMP are reportedly CD38-positive, CD45RA-negative, and CD123-positive. cell cfu-gemm colony forming unit granulocyte, erythrocyte, macrophage, and megakaryocyte common myeloid precursor multipotential myeloid stem cell myeloid stem cell pluripotent stem cell (bone marrow) ISBN:0878932437 pluripotent stem cell (bone marrow) CFU-S ISBN:0878932437 ISBN:0878932437 cfu-gemm ISBN:0878932437 colony forming unit granulocyte, erythrocyte, macrophage, and megakaryocyte CMP ISBN:0878932437 A progenitor cell committed to myeloid lineage, including the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages. These cells are CD34-positive, and express Gata-1, Gata2, C/EBPa, and Pu.1. GOC:add GOC:dsd GOC:tfm ISBN:0878932437 MESH:D023461 PMCID:PMC2212039 PMID:10724173 PMID:16551251 ISBN:0878932437 myeloid stem cell ISBN:0878932437 multipotential myeloid stem cell megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell A progenitor cell committed to the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages. CFU-EM CL:0000050 MEP cell colony forming unit erythroid megakaryocyte megakaryocyte/erythroid progenitor cell A progenitor cell committed to the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages. GOC:add GOC:tfm common lymphoid progenitor A oligopotent progenitor cell committed to the lymphoid lineage. CL:0000044 CL:0000051 CLP CLP are CD7-positive, CD10-positive, CD19-negative, CD34-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD79a-negative, CD127-positive, AA4.1-positive, RAG-negative, Sca-1-low, sIgM-negative, sIgD-negative, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, and pre-BCR-negative. Expression of transcription factors include E2A-positive, EBF-positive, Ikaros-negative, PU.1-negative, and Pax5-negative. ELP cell committed lymphopoietic stem cell common lymphocyte precursor common lymphocyte progenitor common lymphoid precursor early lymphocyte progenitor lymphoid stem cell lymphopoietic stem cell A oligopotent progenitor cell committed to the lymphoid lineage. GOC:add GOC:dsd GOC:tfm PMID:10407577 PMID:16551251 totipotent stem cell A stem cell from which all cells of the body can form. CL:0000052 FMA:84790 Totipotential stem cell cell A stem cell from which all cells of the body can form. GOC:add GOC:tfm enamel secreting cell CL:0000053 cell bone matrix secreting cell CL:0000054 cell non-terminally differentiated cell A precursor cell with a limited number of potential fates. BTO:0000125 CL:0000055 FMA:84782 blast cell cell A precursor cell with a limited number of potential fates. SANBI:mhl myoblast A precursor cell of the myogenic lineage that develops from the mesoderm. They undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes. BTO:0000222 CL:0000056 FBbt:00005083 FMA:70335 cell A precursor cell of the myogenic lineage that develops from the mesoderm. They undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes. GOC:tfm MESH:A.11.635 fibroblast A connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. Flattened and irregular in outline with branching processes; appear fusiform or spindle-shaped. BTO:0000452 CL:0000057 FMA:63877 These cells may be vimentin-positive, fibronectin-positive, fsp1-positive, mmp-1-positive, collagen I-positive, collagen III-positive, and alpha-SMA-negative. cell A connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. Flattened and irregular in outline with branching processes; appear fusiform or spindle-shaped. ISBN:0517223651 MESH:A.11.329.228 http://63.198.234.228/OpenFMA/Fibroblast.html chondroblast An immature cartilage-producing cell found in growing cartilage. BTO:0003607 CL:0000058 FMA:66783 cell chrondoplast An immature cartilage-producing cell found in growing cartilage. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 ameloblast A cylindrical epithelial cell in the innermost layer of the enamel organ. Their functions include contribution to the development of the dentinoenamel junction by the deposition of a layer of the matrix, thus producing the foundation for the prisms (the structural units of the dental enamel), and production of the matrix for the enamel prisms and interprismatic substance. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992). BTO:0001663 CL:0000059 FMA:70576 cell A cylindrical epithelial cell in the innermost layer of the enamel organ. Their functions include contribution to the development of the dentinoenamel junction by the deposition of a layer of the matrix, thus producing the foundation for the prisms (the structural units of the dental enamel), and production of the matrix for the enamel prisms and interprismatic substance. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992). GOC:tfm MESH:A.11.436.107 odontoblast BTO:0001769 CL:0000060 FMA:62999 One of the cells forming the outer surface of dental pulp that produces tooth dentin. cell ISBN:0618947256 One of the cells forming the outer surface of dental pulp that produces tooth dentin. cementoblast A cell of ectomesenchymal origin that aids in the formation the cementum layer on the roots of teeth. CL:0000061 FMA:63002 cell A cell of ectomesenchymal origin that aids in the formation the cementum layer on the roots of teeth. ISBN:0781733901 osteoblast A bone-forming cell which secretes an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. BTO:0001593 CL:0000062 FMA:66780 cell A bone-forming cell which secretes an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. MESH:A.11.329.629 cell by histology A classification of cells by their microscopic appearance. CL:0000063 cell A classification of cells by their microscopic appearance. FB:ma GOC:tfm ciliated cell A cell that has a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. CL:0000064 XAO:0000031 cell A cell that has a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. GOC:tfm ependymal cell A neurectoderm derived cell that lines the neural lumen. BTO:0001724 CL:0000065 FMA:70550 cell ependymocyte A neurectoderm derived cell that lines the neural lumen. GOC:tfm JB:jb PMID:9550134 epithelial cell A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina. BTO:0000414 CL:0000066 Epitheliocyte FBbt:00000124 FMA:66768 WBbt:0003672 cell A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina. FB:ma GOC:tfm MESH:A.11.436 ciliated epithelial cell An epithelial cell that has a cillia. CL:0000067 FMA:70605 cell An epithelial cell that has a cillia. GOC:tfm duct epithelial cell CL:0000068 cell branched duct epithelial cell CL:0000069 cell epithelial cell of gland CL:0000070 cell true blood vessel endothelial cell An endothelial cell that lines the vasculature. CL:0000071 Cuboidal endothelial cell of vascular tree cell An endothelial cell that lines the vasculature. GOC:tfm non-branched duct epithelial cell CL:0000072 cell barrier epithelial cell CL:0000073 cell epithem cell CL:0000074 Obsolete. Use PO:0000066 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell that constitutes the mesophyll of a hydathode and is located between the xylem endings and the epidermis. Proposed to be involved in the retrieval of solutes from the xylem sap. cell replaced_by: PO:0000066 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000066 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell that constitutes the mesophyll of a hydathode and is located between the xylem endings and the epidermis. Proposed to be involved in the retrieval of solutes from the xylem sap. PMID:12662305 columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell CL:0000075 cell squamous epithelial cell CL:0000076 cell mesothelial cell A flattened epithelial cell of mesenchymal origin that lines the serous cavity. CL:0000077 FMA:66773 Mesotheliocyte cell A flattened epithelial cell of mesenchymal origin that lines the serous cavity. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 peridermal cell CL:0000078 cell stratified epithelial cell CL:0000079 cell circulating cell A cell which moves among different tissues of the body, via blood, lymph, or other medium. CL:0000080 cell A cell which moves among different tissues of the body, via blood, lymph, or other medium. GOC:add blood cell A cell found predominately in the blood. CL:0000081 FMA:62844 cell A cell found predominately in the blood. GOC:add GOC:tfm epithelial cell of lung BTO:0004299 CL:0000082 cell epithelial cell of pancreas An epithelial cell of the pancreas. BTO:0000028 CL:0000083 cell An epithelial cell of the pancreas. GOC:tfm T cell A type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex. BTO:0000782 CL:0000084 CL:0000804 CL:0000812 FMA:62870 T lymphocyte T-cell T-lymphocyte cell immature T cell mature T cell A type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0781735149 germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) CL:0000085 cell germ line stem cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL:0000086 FBbt:00004861 cell male germ line stem cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL:0000087 FBbt:00004929 cell female germ line stem cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL:0000088 FBbt:00004873 cell male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) CL:0000089 cell female germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) CL:0000090 cell Kupffer cell A tissue-resident macrophage of the reticuloendothelial system found on the luminal surface of the hepatic sinusoids involved in erythrocyte clearance. Markers include F4/80+, CD11b-low, CD68-positive, sialoadhesin-positive, CD163/SRCR-positive. Irregular, with long processes including lamellipodia extending into the sinusoid lumen, have flattened nucleus with cytoplasm containing characteristic invaginations of the plasma membrane (vermiform bodies); lie within the sinusoid lumen attached to the endothelial surface; derived from the bone marrow, form a major part of the body's mononuclear phagocyte system. BTO:0000685 CL:0000091 FMA:14656 Hepatic macrophage Littoral cell of hepatic sinusoid Liver macrophage Macrophagocytus stellatus Markers: Mouse: F4/80+, CD11b-low, CD68+, sialoadhesin+, CD163/SRCR+; role or process: immune, antigen-presentation, clearance of senescent erythro-cytes, iron metabolism. Kupffer cells are also reportedly C3aR-positive, CD14-low, CD54-positive, CD88-positve, and CD284-positive. They are also capable of producing IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, nitric oxide, PGD2, PGE2, PGF2alpha, and TXA2. Stellate cell of von Kupffer Von Kupffer cell cell A tissue-resident macrophage of the reticuloendothelial system found on the luminal surface of the hepatic sinusoids involved in erythrocyte clearance. Markers include F4/80+, CD11b-low, CD68-positive, sialoadhesin-positive, CD163/SRCR-positive. Irregular, with long processes including lamellipodia extending into the sinusoid lumen, have flattened nucleus with cytoplasm containing characteristic invaginations of the plasma membrane (vermiform bodies); lie within the sinusoid lumen attached to the endothelial surface; derived from the bone marrow, form a major part of the body's mononuclear phagocyte system. GOC:add GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0517223651 MESH:A.11.329.372.588 PMID:15771589 PMID:17105582 osteoclast A specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue, which typically differentiates from monocytes. This cell has the following markers: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5-positive, PU.1-positive, c-fos-positive, nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit-positive, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11A-positive and macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor-positive. BTO:0000968 CL:0000092 FMA:66781 Morphology: Highly vesicular; markers: Surface: RANK, cFMS (MCSF receptor); Secreted: cathepsin K and TRAP (tartate resistant acid phosphatase); transcription factors: PU.1, cFOS, MITF, NFkB (p52); role or process: tissue remodelling: bone resorption; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid. cell chondroclast A specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue, which typically differentiates from monocytes. This cell has the following markers: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5-positive, PU.1-positive, c-fos-positive, nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit-positive, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11A-positive and macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor-positive. GOC:add GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 PMID:10428500 PMID:15055519 PMID:17380158 osteochondroclast CL:0000093 Consider using 'osteoclast ; CL:0000092' instead. OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). cell true granulocyte A leukocyte with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. BTO:0000539 BTO:0001026 CL:0000094 FMA:62854 Granular leucocyte Granular leukocyte cell polymorphonuclear leukocyte A leukocyte with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. GOC:amm GOC:tfm MESH:A.11.118.637.415 neuron associated cell CL:0000095 cell mature neutrophil A fully differentiated neutrophil, a granular leukocyte having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. They are produced in bone marrow at a rate of 5e10-10e10/ day and have a half-life of 6-8 hours. Neutrophils are CD15-positive, CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD43-positive, CD181-positive, and CD182-positive ." BTO:0003473 CL:0000096 Neutrophils are also capable of secreting GRO-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-1ra, IL-3, IL-12, IP-10, MIG, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, VEGF, and anti-microbial peptides. They can positively influence the chemotaxis of basophils, T-cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and other neutrophils. Neutrophils are also CD35-positive, CD64-positive, CD89-positive, CD184-positive, and fMLP receptor-positive Ly-6G-positive (mouse), TLR2-low, TLR4-low, and lineage-negative (CD2, CD3, CD5, CD9, CD19, CD36, CD49d, CD56, CD61, CD235a (glycophorin-A)). PMN cell mature neutrocyte mature neutrophil leucocyte mature neutrophil leukocyte mature neutrophilic leucocyte mature neutrophilic leukocyte poly polymorphonuclear leucocyte polymorphonuclear leukocyte polymorphonuclear neutrophil polynuclear neutrophilic leucocyte polynuclear neutrophilic leukocyte A fully differentiated neutrophil, a granular leukocyte having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. They are produced in bone marrow at a rate of 5e10-10e10/ day and have a half-life of 6-8 hours. Neutrophils are CD15-positive, CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD43-positive, CD181-positive, and CD182-positive ." GOC:add GOC:tfm MESH:A.11.118.637.415.583 MESH:D009504 PMID:11138776 PMID:12560239 PMID:15514007 PMID:7880385 http://www.cap.org mast cell A cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation. Progenitors leave bone marrow and mature in connective and mucosal tissue. Mature mast cells are found in all tissues, except the bloodstream. Their phenotype is CD117-high, CD123-negative, CD193-positive, CD200R3-positive, and FceRI-high. Stem-cell factor (KIT-ligand; SCF) is the main controlling signal of their survival and development. BTO:0000830 CL:0000097 FMA:66784 Histaminocyte Mast cells are generally integrin beta-7-negative and positive for TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR9, C3aR, C5aR, CR3, CR4, VEGF, FGF2, and renin. They can express MHC Class I and II on their surface. Activated murine mast cells (IgE+Antigen) were capable of expressing the following co-stimulatory molecules: CD95 (Fas), CD120b, CD137 (4-1BB), CD153 (CD30L), CD154 (CD40L), GITR, ICOSL, OX40L, PD-L1, and PD-L2. Note that there was some mouse strain variation. Mast cells have also been demonstrated to produce bFGF, CCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CCL11, CCL20, CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCL10, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-8, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-16, IL-25, IL-18, MIP-1, prostaglandin D2, SCF, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, TSLP, VEGF, and XCL1. They express the transcription factors Transcription factors AP-1, GATA1, MITF, Notch2, PIAS3, PU.1, and STAT5. cell labrocyte mastocyte tissue basophil ISBN:068340007X tissue basophil ISBN:0721601464 mastocyte ISBN:0721601464 labrocyte A cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation. Progenitors leave bone marrow and mature in connective and mucosal tissue. Mature mast cells are found in all tissues, except the bloodstream. Their phenotype is CD117-high, CD123-negative, CD193-positive, CD200R3-positive, and FceRI-high. Stem-cell factor (KIT-ligand; SCF) is the main controlling signal of their survival and development. GOC:add GOC:dsd GOC:tfm ISBN:068340007X MESH:A.11.329.427 MESH:D008407 PMCID:PMC1312421 PMCID:PMC2855166 PMID:15153310 PMID:16455980 PMID:19671378 PMID:212366338 PMID:9354811 sensory epithelial cell A specialized epithelial cell involved in sensory perception. Restricted to special sense organs of the olfactory, gustatory, and vestibulocochlear receptor systems; contain sensory cells surrounded by supportive, non-receptive cells. BTO:0004301 CL:0000098 The term "neuroepithelial cell" is used to describe both this cell type and neurecto-epithelial cell (CL:0000710). cell neuroepithelial cell A specialized epithelial cell involved in sensory perception. Restricted to special sense organs of the olfactory, gustatory, and vestibulocochlear receptor systems; contain sensory cells surrounded by supportive, non-receptive cells. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 ISBN:0721662544 interneuron BTO:0003811 CL:0000099 FBbt:00005125 FMA:67313 Most generally any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions. WBbt:0005113 cell GOC:tfm MESH:A.08.663.358 Most generally any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions. motor neuron An efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement. BTO:0000312 CL:0000100 FMA:83617 WBbt:0005409 anterior horn cell cell motoneuron An efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement. MESH:A.08.663.655.500 PMID:16875686 sensory neuron Any neuron having a sensory function; an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses. BTO:0001037 CL:0000101 FBbt:00005124 FMA:84649 WBbt:0005759 cell Any neuron having a sensory function; an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses. ISBN:0721662544 polymodal neuron CL:0000102 cell bipolar neuron A type of interneuron that has two neurites, usually an axon and a dendrite, extending from opposite poles of an ovoid cell body. CL:0000103 FMA:67282 cell A type of interneuron that has two neurites, usually an axon and a dendrite, extending from opposite poles of an ovoid cell body. GOC:tfm ISBN:0444009442 multipolar neuron CL:0000104 FMA:67287 Neuron with an axon and two or more dendrites. cell FMA:67287 GOC:tfm Neuron with an axon and two or more dendrites. pseudounipolar neuron CL:0000105 FMA:67305 Neuron with two neurites that are fused grossly when they protrude from the soma and bifurcate a short distance from the soma. cell FMA:67305 GOC:tfm Neuron with two neurites that are fused grossly when they protrude from the soma and bifurcate a short distance from the soma. unipolar neuron CL:0000106 FMA:67278 Neuron with an axon and no dendrites. cell FMA:67278 Neuron with an axon and no dendrites. autonomic neuron A neruon whose cell body is within an autonomic ganglion. CL:0000107 FMA:80121 cell A neruon whose cell body is within an autonomic ganglion. GOC:tfm cholinergic neuron A neuron that uses acetylcholine as a vesicular neurotransmitter. BTO:0004902 CL:0000108 FMA:84796 WBbt:0006840 cell A neuron that uses acetylcholine as a vesicular neurotransmitter. GOC:tfm adrenergic neuron CL:0000109 cell peptidergic neuron CL:0000110 cell peripheral neuron A neuron that is part of nerve found outside the central nervous system. CL:0000111 FMA:84664 cell A neuron that is part of nerve found outside the central nervous system. ISBN:0721662544 columnar neuron CL:0000112 cell columnar neuron mononuclear phagocyte A vertebrate phagocyte with a single nucleus. BTO:0001433 CL:0000113 cell A vertebrate phagocyte with a single nucleus. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0781735149 surface ectodermal cell CL:0000114 FMA:72552 cell cell of surface ectoderm surface ectoderm cell endothelial cell An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal. In mammals, endothelial cell has vimentin filaments and is derived from the mesoderm. BTO:0001176 CL:0000115 Endotheliocyte FMA:66772 From FMA: 9.07.2001: Endothelial cell has always been classified as a kind of epithelial cell, specifically a squamous cell but that is not true. First, endothelial cell can either be squamous or cuboidal (e.g. high-endothelial cell) and secondly, it has different embryological derivation (mesodermal) than a true epithelial cell (ectodermal and endodermal). The basis for present classifiaction is the fact that it comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures (location-based) but a better structural basis for the differentia is the cytoskeleton of the cell. Endothelial cell has vimentin filaments while an epithelial cell has keratin filaments. [Onard] cell An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal. In mammals, endothelial cell has vimentin filaments and is derived from the mesoderm. GOC:tfm MESH:D042783 http://63.198.234.228/OpenFMA/Endothelial cell.html pioneer neuron CL:0000116 FBbt:00005128 Pioneer neurons establish a pathway in the developing central nervous system and then undergo programmed cell death once the adult axons, which follow them, have made connections with the target site. Thus, they are a transient cell type involved in axon guidance. cell GOC:cvs GOC:tfm Pioneer neurons establish a pathway in the developing central nervous system and then undergo programmed cell death once the adult axons, which follow them, have made connections with the target site. Thus, they are a transient cell type involved in axon guidance. CNS neuron (sensu Vertebrata) CL:0000117 cell basket cell CL:0000118 cell Golgi cell CL:0000119 cell granule cell BTO:0003393 CL:0000120 cell Purkinje cell BTO:0001011 CL:0000121 FMA:67969 Purkinje neuron Purkinje's cell The output neuron of the cerebellar cortex. cell MESH:A.08.186.211.132.810.428.200.212.600 The output neuron of the cerebellar cortex. stellate cell BTO:0002316 CL:0000122 cell neuron associated cell (sensu Vertebrata) CL:0000123 cell glial cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL:0000124 FBbt:00005144 cell glial cell A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. BTO:0002606 CL:0000125 FMA:54536 cell neuroglia neuroglial cell A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. MESH:A.08.637 macroglial cell A neuroglial cell of ectodermal origin, i.e., the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes considered together. BTO:0000771 CL:0000126 FMA:54538 Macrogliocyte cell A neuroglial cell of ectodermal origin, i.e., the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes considered together. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 astrocyte A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from 'star' cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with 'end feet' which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood-brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and 'reactive astrocytes' (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes are reportedly CD68-negative, CD121a-positive, CD184-positive, CD192-positive, CRF-positive, EGFR-positive, GFAP-positive, GLUT1-positive, MBP-negative, and NGFR-positive. BTO:0000099 CL:0000127 FMA:54537 astrocytic glia cell A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from 'star' cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with 'end feet' which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood-brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and 'reactive astrocytes' (along with microglia) respond to injury. GOC: tfm GOC:dsd MESH:A.08.637.200 MESH:D001253 PMID:11746784 PMID:12162730 PMID:12898703 PMID:20942978 oligodendrocyte A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system. BTO:0000962 CL:0000128 FMA:54540 cell oligodendroglia A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system. MESH:A.08.637.600 microglial cell A central nervous system macrophage found in the parenchyma of the central nervous system. Marker include CD11b-positive, F4/80-positive, and CD68-positive. BTO:0000078 BTO:0000962 CL:0000129 FMA:54539 FMA:54540 MF.microglia.CNS Markers: Mouse: CD11b+, F4/80+, CD68+. They represent ~12% of the cells in the CNS, but they are not uniformly distributed within the CNS. A normal adult mouse brain has approximately 3.5x10e6 microglia. Microglia are also reportedly CD3-negative, CD4-positive, CD8-negative, CD11b-positive, CD19-negative, CD56-negative, CD163-negative, CD200R-positive, CD281-positive, CD282-positive, CD283-positive, CD284-positive, CD285-positive, CD286-positive, CD287-positive, CD288-positive, CD289-positive, Gr1-negative, nestin-positive, and PU.1-positive. brain macrophage brain-resident macrophage cell hortega cells microglia microgliocyte http://www.copewithcytokines.de/ microgliocyte A central nervous system macrophage found in the parenchyma of the central nervous system. Marker include CD11b-positive, F4/80-positive, and CD68-positive. GOC:add GOC:dsd GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 MESH:D017628 PMID:11517395 PMID:12430718 PMID:14561199 PMID:14612429 PMID:16177057 PMID:19461673 PMID:2089275 hortega cells http://www.copewithcytokines.de/ neuron associated cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL:0000130 cell gut endothelial cell CL:0000131 cell corneal endothelial cell CL:0000132 Cell of the single layer of large flattened cells covering the surface of the cornea. FMA:70614 cell Cell of the single layer of large flattened cells covering the surface of the cornea. GOC:tfm MESH:A.09.371.060.067.31 neurectodermal cell CL:0000133 Ectoderm destined to be nervous tissue. cell neurectoderm cell Ectoderm destined to be nervous tissue. GOC:tfm ISBN:068340007X mesenchymal cell bone marrow stromal cells A connective tissue cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses. This cell type is CD73-positive, CD90-positive, CD105-positive, CD45-negative, CD34-negative, and MHCII-negative. They may further differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, myocytes, neurons, or chondroblasts in vitro. Originally described as residing in the bone marrow, this cell type is now known to reside in many, if not all, adult organs. BMSC BTO:0002625 BTO:0003298 CFU-F CL:0000134 CL:0002452 FMA:70546 MSC Many but not all mesenchymal cells derive from the mesoderm. MSCs are reportedly CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD5-negative, CD8-negative, CD11a-negative, CD11b-negative, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD29-positive, CD31-negative, CD34-negative, CD38-negative, CD40-negative, CD44-positive, CD45-negative, CD49-positive, CD54-positive, CD66b-negative, CD79a-negative, CD80-negative, CD102-positive, CD106-positive, CD117-positive, CD121a-positive, CD121b-positive, CD123-positive, CD124-positive, CD133-negative, CD146-positive, CD166-positive, CD271-positive, B220-negative, Gr1-negative, MHCI-positive, MHCII-negative, SSEA4-negative, sca1-positive, Ter119-negative, and glycophorin A-negative. Cultured MSCs are capable of producing stem cell factor, IL7, IL8, IL11, TGF-beta, cofilin, galectin-1, laminin-receptor 1, cyclophilin A, and MMP-2. Stem Cells, Mesenchymal cell colony-forming unit-fibroblast marrow stromal cells mesenchymal precursor cell mesenchymal progenitor cells mesenchymal stem cell mesenchymal stromal cell mesenchymal stromal cells MESH:D044982 mesenchymal progenitor cells MSC PMID:11378515 PMID:11378515 marrow stromal cells MESH:D044982 Stem Cells, Mesenchymal A connective tissue cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses. This cell type is CD73-positive, CD90-positive, CD105-positive, CD45-negative, CD34-negative, and MHCII-negative. They may further differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, myocytes, neurons, or chondroblasts in vitro. Originally described as residing in the bone marrow, this cell type is now known to reside in many, if not all, adult organs. FB:ma GOC:dsd PMCID:PMC2613570 PMID: 17986482 PMID: 19960544 PMID:10102814j PMID:16923606 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenchymal_stem_cell http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=mesenchymal%20stem%20cells fibrocyte An inactive fibroblast; cytoplasm is sparse, endoplasmic reticulum is scanty with flattened nucleus. Term used by some histologists; when fibroblasts become relatively inactive in fiber formation. However, this cell has the potential for fibrogenesis in quiescent connective tissue of the adult, as well as during development, other histologists prefer to use the term fibroblast in all circumstances. These cells represent ~0.5% of peripheral blood leukocytes. CL:0000135 Cultured human fibrocytes are MHCI-positive, MHCII-positive, CD1a-negative, CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD10-negative, CD11b-positive, CD13-positive, CD14-negative, CD16-negative, CD18-positive, CD19-negative, CD25-negative, CD29-positive, CD32-positive, CD33-negative, CD34-positive, CD38-negative, CD40-positive, CD44-negative, CD45RO-positive, CD49a-positive, CD49b-positive, CD49c-negative, CD49d-negative, CD49e-positive, CD49f-negative, CD56-negative, CD58-positive, CD61-positive, CD64-positive, CD70-negative, CD71-positive, CD80-positive, CD83-negative, CD86-positive, CD103-negative, CD105-positive, CD181-positive, CD182-negative, CD183-positive, CD184-positive, CD185-negative, CD186-negative, CD191-positive, CD192-negative, CD193-positive, CD194-positive, CD195-positive, CD196-negative, CD197-positive, CD199-positive, desmin-negative, F4/80-positive, Gr1-positive, LSP-1-positive, MHCI-positive, MHCII-positive, alpha-SMA-negative, TCRab-negative, TCRgd-negative, and vimentin-positive. Fibrocytes are also capable of secreting angiogenin, bFGF, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL8, CXCL1, type I collagen, type III collagen, CTGF, fibronectin, GM-CSF, IL-1a, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, M-CSF, MMP-9, PDGF-A, TGF-alpha, TGF-beta1, TNF-alpha, VEGF-A, and type I collagen. FMA:63879 cell An inactive fibroblast; cytoplasm is sparse, endoplasmic reticulum is scanty with flattened nucleus. Term used by some histologists; when fibroblasts become relatively inactive in fiber formation. However, this cell has the potential for fibrogenesis in quiescent connective tissue of the adult, as well as during development, other histologists prefer to use the term fibroblast in all circumstances. These cells represent ~0.5% of peripheral blood leukocytes. GOC:dsd GOC:tfm ISBN:0412046911 ISBN:0517223651 PMID:11641248 PMID:15010326 PMID:17607298 PMID:18222966 PMID:8790603 PMID:9551999 fat cell A fat-storing cell found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue of mammals. Fat is usually stored in the form of triglycerides. BTO:0000443 CL:0000136 CL:0000450 FMA:63880 adipocyte adipose cell cell A fat-storing cell found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue of mammals. Fat is usually stored in the form of triglycerides. MESH:A.11.329.114 osteocyte A mature osteoblast that has become embedded in the bone matrix. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi. BTO:0002038 CL:0000137 FMA:66779 bone cell cell A mature osteoblast that has become embedded in the bone matrix. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi. GOC:tfm MESH:A.11.329.629.500 chondrocyte BTO:0000249 CL:0000138 FMA:66782 Polymorphic cell that form cartilage. cartilage cell cell MESH:A.11.329.171 Polymorphic cell that form cartilage. amelocyte CL:0000139 cell odontocyte CL:0000140 cell cementocyte An osteocytelike cell with numerous processes, trapped in a lacuna in the cement of the tooth. CL:0000141 FMA:63003 cell An osteocytelike cell with numerous processes, trapped in a lacuna in the cement of the tooth. ISBN:0781733901 hyalocyte A cell occurring in the peripheral part of the vitreous body of the eye that may be responsible for production of hyaluronic acid and collagen. BTO:0004271 CL:0000142 FMA:70620 cell vitreous cell A cell occurring in the peripheral part of the vitreous body of the eye that may be responsible for production of hyaluronic acid and collagen. GOC:tfm PMID:19073178 guidepost cell CL:0000143 cell cell by function A classification of cells by their primary end goal or behavior. CL:0000144 cell A classification of cells by their primary end goal or behavior. FB:ma professional antigen presenting cell A cell capable of processing and presenting lipid and protein antigens to T cells in order to initiate an immune response. APC CL:0000145 Note change of name; nearly all somatic cells can present antigens to T cells via MHC Class I complexes leading to effector responses, but professional antigen presenting cells constituitively express MHC Class II as well as constimulatory molecules, and thus can initiate immune responses via T cells. cell A cell capable of processing and presenting lipid and protein antigens to T cells in order to initiate an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 simple columnar epithelial cell CL:0000146 cell pigment cell A pigment cell is a cell that contains pigment granules. CL:0000147 cell chromatocyte chromatophore A pigment cell is a cell that contains pigment granules. GOC:tfm melanocyte A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which gives a brown to black appearance. BTO:0000847 CL:0000148 CL:0000572 FMA:70545 cell melanophore A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which gives a brown to black appearance. SANBI:mhl visual pigment cell CL:0000149 cell pigment cell glandular epithelial cell A specialized epithelial cell that is capable of synthesizing and secreting certain biomolecules. CL:0000150 FMA:86494 cell A specialized epithelial cell that is capable of synthesizing and secreting certain biomolecules. GOC:tfm secretory cell A cell that specializes in controlled release of one or more substances. BTO:0003659 CL:0000151 FMA:86916 cell A cell that specializes in controlled release of one or more substances. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 exocrine cell A cell of an exocrine gland, i.e. a gland that discharges its secretion via a duct. CL:0000152 FMA:16014 cell A cell of an exocrine gland, i.e. a gland that discharges its secretion via a duct. ISBN:0198547684 GAG secreting cell A cell that secretes glycosaminoglycans. CL:0000153 cell hyaluronic acid secreting cell A cell that secretes glycosaminoglycans. GOC:tfm protein secreting cell CL:0000154 cell peptic cell A cell that is usually basal in position, cuboidal with round nucleus, short microvilli, secretes pepsinogen. CL:0000155 FMA:62902 cell chief cell of stomach gastric chief cell pepsinogen secreting cell peptic cell zymogenic cell A cell that is usually basal in position, cuboidal with round nucleus, short microvilli, secretes pepsinogen. GOC:tfm antibody secreting cell CL:0000156 Consider using 'B cell ; CL:0000236' or one of its children instead. OBSOLETE: A cell of the lymphoid series that can react with antigen to produce specific cell products called antibodies. Various cell subpopulations, often B cells, can be defined, based on the different classes of immunoglobulins that they synthesize. cell true surfactant secreting cell A cell that specializes in secretion of surfactant in the alveoli of the lung. CL:0000157 cell A cell that specializes in secretion of surfactant in the alveoli of the lung. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 Clara cell BTO:0004811 Bronchiolar non-ciliated CL:0000158 Clara cell Clara cell of bronchiole Epithelial progenitor cell of the lung. Clara cells are dome-shaped with short microvilli but no cilia. They function to protect the bronchiolar epithelium. Clara cells also multiply and differentiate into ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium. FMA:14119 cell Epithelial progenitor cell of the lung. Clara cells are dome-shaped with short microvilli but no cilia. They function to protect the bronchiolar epithelium. Clara cells also multiply and differentiate into ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium. GOC:tfm PMID:12107102 PMID:7905712 seromucus secreting cell CL:0000159 cell goblet cell A cell of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. BTO:0001540 CL:0000160 FMA:13148 cell chalice cell A cell of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. MESH:A.03.492.411.369.320 acid secreting cell CL:0000161 cell parietal cell A large, oval stomach epithelial cell with a central nucleus; source of gastric acid. Secretes HCl. BTO:0001780 CL:0000162 FMA:62901 cell oxyntic cell A large, oval stomach epithelial cell with a central nucleus; source of gastric acid. Secretes HCl. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 endocrine cell A cell of an endocrine gland, ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. CL:0000163 FMA:83809 cell endocrinocyte A cell of an endocrine gland, ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. MESH:A.06.407 enteroendocrine cell An endocrine cell that is located in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract or in the pancreas. BTO:0003865 CL:0000164 FMA:62930 cell An endocrine cell that is located in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract or in the pancreas. GOC:tfm SANBI:mhl neuroendocrine cell An endocrine cell that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones in response to neuronal signals. BTO:0002691 CL:0000165 FMA:83810 cell neurosecretory cell An endocrine cell that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones in response to neuronal signals. MESH:A.06.688 chromaffin cell A cell that stores epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. BTO:0000259 CL:0000166 FMA:69263 cell phaeochromocyte A cell that stores epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. MESH:A.06.224.161 peptide hormone secreting cell CL:0000167 cell insulin secreting cell BTO:0000783 CL:0000168 cell type B pancreatic cell A cell that secretes insulin and is located towards the center of the islets of Langerhans. B-cell of pancreatic islet BTO:0000783 CL:0000169 FMA:70586 MA:0002419 Pancreatic beta cells are also reportedly CD284-positive. Upon activation, they upregulate their CD14 expression. beta cell islet beta cell of pancreatic islet cell insulin-secreting cell pancreatic B cell pancreatic B-cell pancreatic beta cell pancreatic islet core type B enteroendocrine cell A cell that secretes insulin and is located towards the center of the islets of Langerhans. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 FMA:70586 type B enteroendocrine cell MA:0002419 beta cell islet FMA:70586 pancreatic B-cell MA:0002419 pancreatic islet core FMA:70586 pancreatic beta cell FMA:70586 beta cell of pancreatic islet FMA:70586 insulin-secreting cell B-cell of pancreatic islet FMA:70586 glucagon secreting cell A cell that secretes glucagon. CL:0000170 FMA:84045 Glucagon-secreting cell cell A cell that secretes glucagon. GOC:tfm pancreatic A cell A type of enteocrine cell found in the periphery of the islets of Langerhans that secretes glucagon. BTO:0000990 CL:0000171 FMA:70585 cell pancreatic alpha cell A type of enteocrine cell found in the periphery of the islets of Langerhans that secretes glucagon. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 somatostatin secreting cell CL:0000172 cell pancreatic D cell A D cell located in the pancreas. Peripherally placed within the islets like type A cells; contains somatostatin. BTO:0000803 CL:0000173 D-cell of pancreatic islet Delta cell of islet Delta cell of pancreatic islet FMA:70587 Pancreatic D-cell Pancreatic delta cell Somatostatin-secreting pancreatic cell cell pancreatic delta cell A D cell located in the pancreas. Peripherally placed within the islets like type A cells; contains somatostatin. FMA:0517223651 GOC:tfm steroid hormone secreting cell CL:0000174 cell luteal cell A progesterone secreting cell in the corpus luteum. The large luteal cells develop from the granulosa cells. The small luteal cells develop from the theca cells. BTO:0003939 CL:0000175 FMA:18688 cell lutein cell A progesterone secreting cell in the corpus luteum. The large luteal cells develop from the granulosa cells. The small luteal cells develop from the theca cells. MESH:A.05.360.319.114.630.278.400 ecdysteroid secreting cell CL:0000176 cell testosterone secreting cell CL:0000177 cell Leydig cell A Leydig cell is a testosterone-secreting cell in the interstitial area, between the seminiferous tubules, in the testis. BTO:0000755 CL:0000178 EMAPA:29655 FMA:72297 FMA:86571 cell interstitial cell A Leydig cell is a testosterone-secreting cell in the interstitial area, between the seminiferous tubules, in the testis. GOC:tfm PMID:12050120 progesterone secreting cell CL:0000179 cell estradiol secreting cell CL:0000180 cell metabolising cell A cell whose primary function is intermediary metabolism. CL:0000181 cell A cell whose primary function is intermediary metabolism. FB:ma hepatocyte BTO:0000575 CL:0000182 FMA:14515 The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. Majority of cell population of liver, polygonal in shape, arranged in plates or trabeculae between sinusoids; may have single nucleus or binucleated. cell GOC:tfm ISBN:0412046911 MESH:A.11.436.348 PMID:19717280 The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. Majority of cell population of liver, polygonal in shape, arranged in plates or trabeculae between sinusoids; may have single nucleus or binucleated. contractile cell A cell whose primary function is to shorten. CL:0000183 cell A cell whose primary function is to shorten. FB:ma myoepithelial cell BTO:0002309 CL:0000185 Contractile cells resembling smooth muscle cells that are present in glands, notably the mammary gland, and aid in secretion. This cell has long weaving dendritic processes containing myofilament. FMA:67799 Myoepitheliocyte basket epithelial cell cell Contractile cells resembling smooth muscle cells that are present in glands, notably the mammary gland, and aid in secretion. This cell has long weaving dendritic processes containing myofilament. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 myofibroblast cell An animal cell that has characteristics of both a fibroblast cell and a smooth muscle cell. CL:0000186 MFB Myofibroblasts are alpha-SMA-positive, CD34-negative, CD45-negative. They are reportedly capable of secreting IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha. cell MFB PMID: 8731193 An animal cell that has characteristics of both a fibroblast cell and a smooth muscle cell. GOC:dsd GOC:tfm MESH:D058628 PMID:19800625 PMID:20630469 muscle cell A mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns. BTO:0000888 BTO:0000902 CL:0000187 FBbt:00005074 FMA:67328 WBbt:0003675 cell myocyte A mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns. MESH:A.11.620 skeletal muscle cell A somatic cell located in skeletal muscle. BTO:0004392 CL:0000188 FMA:9727 cell A somatic cell located in skeletal muscle. GOC:tfm slow muscle cell A muscle cell that develops tension more slowly than a fast-twitch fiber. CL:0000189 FMA:84448 cell slow muscle fiber ISBN:0815316208 slow muscle fiber A muscle cell that develops tension more slowly than a fast-twitch fiber. GOC:tfm ISBN:0323052908 fast muscle cell A muscle cell that can develop high tension rapidly. It is usually innervated by a single alpha neuron . CL:0000190 cell glycolytic muscle fiber A muscle cell that can develop high tension rapidly. It is usually innervated by a single alpha neuron . GOC:tfm ISBN:0323052908 smooth muscle cell A non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They develop from specialized myoblasts (smooth muscle myoblast). BTO:0004576 CL:0000191 CL:0000192 FMA:14072 SMCs cell myocytes, smooth muscle non-striated muscle cell smooth muscle fiber MESH:D032389 myocytes, smooth muscle PMID:9315361 SMCs A non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They develop from specialized myoblasts (smooth muscle myoblast). MESH:A.11.620.520 MESH:D032389 PMID:9315361 cardiac muscle cell (sensu Arthopoda) A striated muscle cell found in the heart. They develop from cardiac myoblasts. CL:0000193 CL:0000466 cell A striated muscle cell found in the heart. They develop from cardiac myoblasts. MESH:A.11.620.500 nodal cardiac cell CL:0000194 Consider CL:0002072. cell true Purkinje fiber CL:0000195 cell true flight muscle cell CL:0000196 cell receptor cell CL:0000197 cell pain receptor cell CL:0000198 The peripheral receptor for pain. Includes receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. All mammalian nociceptors are free nerve endings. cell nociceptor nocireceptor MESH:A.08.800.550.700.650 The peripheral receptor for pain. Includes receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. All mammalian nociceptors are free nerve endings. mechanoreceptor cell A cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. CL:0000199 cell A cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. MESH:A.08.800.550.700.500 touch receptor cell CL:0000200 cell auditory hair cell A mechanoreceptor cell located in the inner ear that is sensitive to auditory stimuli. The accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system. CL:0000201 CL:0000202 FMA:62364 In mammals these cells are located in the organ of Corti. auditory receptor cell cell cochlear hair cell A mechanoreceptor cell located in the inner ear that is sensitive to auditory stimuli. The accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system. MESH:A.08.663.650.250 gravity sensitive cell CL:0000203 cell acceleration receptive cell CL:0000204 cell thermoreceptor cell A cellular receptor which mediates the sense of temperature. Thermoreceptor cells in vertebrates are mostly located under the skin. In mammals there are separate types of thermoreceptors for cold and for warmth and pain receptor cells which detect cold or heat extreme enough to cause pain. CL:0000205 cell A cellular receptor which mediates the sense of temperature. Thermoreceptor cells in vertebrates are mostly located under the skin. In mammals there are separate types of thermoreceptors for cold and for warmth and pain receptor cells which detect cold or heat extreme enough to cause pain. GOC:tfm MESH:A.08.800.550.700.840 MP:0000971 chemoreceptor cell A cell specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. CL:0000206 cell A cell specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. MESH:A.08.800.550.700.120 olfactory receptor cell BTO:0004185 CL:0000207 FMA:67860 Schultze's cell cell olfactory receptor neuron olfactory sensory neuron pH receptor cell CL:0000208 cell taste receptor cell A cell type found in the spherical or ovoid clusters of receptor cells found mainly in the epithelium of the tongue and constituting the end organs of the sense of taste. CL:0000209 FMA:67910 cell taste bud cell A cell type found in the spherical or ovoid clusters of receptor cells found mainly in the epithelium of the tongue and constituting the end organs of the sense of taste. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 photoreceptor cell A cell specialized to detect and transduce light. BTO:0001060 CL:0000210 FBbt:00004211 FMA:86740 cell A cell specialized to detect and transduce light. MESH:A.08.663.650.650 electrically active cell A cell whose function is determined by the generation or the reception of an electric signal. CL:0000211 cell A cell whose function is determined by the generation or the reception of an electric signal. FB:ma absorptive cell A cell that takes up and metabolizes substances. CL:0000212 cell A cell that takes up and metabolizes substances. CL:CVS lining cell A cell within an epithelial cell sheet whose main function is to act as an internal or external covering for a tissue or an organism. CL:0000213 boundary cell cell A cell within an epithelial cell sheet whose main function is to act as an internal or external covering for a tissue or an organism. JB:jb synovial cell A meso-epithelial cell that lies between the cartilaginous fibers in the synovial membrane of a joint and produces hyaluronic acid. BTO:0003652 CL:0000214 FMA:66786 Hyaluronic acid secreting cell Synoviocyte cell A meso-epithelial cell that lies between the cartilaginous fibers in the synovial membrane of a joint and produces hyaluronic acid. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 PMID:17942474 barrier cell A cell whose primary function is to prevent the transport of stuff across compartments. CL:0000215 cell A cell whose primary function is to prevent the transport of stuff across compartments. JB:jb Sertoli cell A supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete androgen binding protein. Their tight junctions with the spermatogonia and spermatocytes provide a blood-testis barrier. BTO:0001238 CL:0000216 FMA:72298 cell A supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete androgen binding protein. Their tight junctions with the spermatogonia and spermatocytes provide a blood-testis barrier. MESH:A.05.360.444.849.789 insulating cell CL:0000217 cell myelinating Schwann cell A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system which forms the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons. CL:0000218 FMA:62121 Peripheral neuroglial cell Schwann cell cell neurilemmal cell A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system which forms the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons. GOC:cvs GOC:tfm MESH:A.08.637.800 motile cell A cell that moves by its own activities. CL:0000219 cell A cell that moves by its own activities. FB:ma cell by lineage CL:0000220 cell ectodermal cell A cell of the outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. CL:0000221 FMA:72549 cell ectoderm cell A cell of the outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. MESH:A.16.254.425.273 mesodermal cell A cell of the middle germ layer of the embryo. CL:0000222 FMA:72554 cell mesoblast mesoderm cell A cell of the middle germ layer of the embryo. MESH:A.16.254.425.660 endodermal cell A cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. CL:0000223 FMA:72555 cell endoderm cell A cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. MESH:A.16.254.425.407 cell by nuclear number A classification of cells by the number of their nuclei. CL:0000224 cell A classification of cells by the number of their nuclei. FB:ma GOC:tfm anucleate cell A cell that lacks a nucleus. CL:0000225 FMA:68647 Non-nucleated cell cell A cell that lacks a nucleus. FB:ma single nucleate cell A cell with a single nucleus. CL:0000226 cell A cell with a single nucleus. FB:ma GOC:tfm binucleate cell CL:0000227 cell multinucleate cell A cell with more than one nucleus. CL:0000228 WBbt:0008074 cell syncitium syncytial cell syncytium A cell with more than one nucleus. FB:ma lymphoblast CL:0000229 OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). Refers to an activated mature lymphocyte phenotype rather than a distinct cell type; consider using 'lymphocyte ; CL:0000542' or one of its children instead. cell true T lymphoblast CL:0000230 OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). Refers to an activated mature T lymphocyte phenotype rather than a distinct cell type; consider using 'T cell ; CL:0000084' or one of its children instead. cell true B lymphoblast CL:0000231 OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). Refers to an activated mature B lymphocyte phenotype rather than a distinct cell type; consider using 'B cell ; CL:0000236' or one of its children instead. cell true erythrocyte A red blood cell. In mammals, mature erythrocytes are biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. BTO:0000424 CL:0000232 FMA:81100 RBC cell red blood cell A red blood cell. In mammals, mature erythrocytes are biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. GOC:tfm MESH:A.11.118.290 platelet A non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation. BTO:0000132 CL:0000233 FMA:62851 Platelets are reportedly CCR1-positive, CCR2-negative, CCR3-positive, CCR4-positive, CCR5-negative, CCR6-negative, CCR7-negative, CCR8-negative, CCR9-negative, CCR10-negative, CD16-positive, CD23-positive, CD32-positive, CD40-positive, CD41-positive CD42-positive, CD61-positive, CD62P-positive, CD64-positive, CD89-positive, CD102-positive, CD147-positive (activated platelets), CD154-positive (activated platelets), CD162-positive, CD209, CD282-positive, CD284-positive, CD289-positive, CD181-negative, CD182-negative, CD183-negative, CD184-positive, CLEC2-positive, GPVI-positive, JAMC-positive, PAR1-positive, PAR2-negative, PAR3-positive, PAR4-positive, TSP1-positive, and TXA2R-positive. Platelets can reportedly produce CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, CCL17, CD40L, CXCL1, CXCL4, CXCL4L1, CXCL5, CXCL7, CXCL8, CXCL12, EGF, factor V, factor VII, factor XI, factor XIII, bFGF, histamine, IGF-1, IL-1beta, PAI-1, PDGF, plasminogen, protein S, serotonin, TGF-beta, TFPI, VEGF, and vWF. anucleate thrombocyte blood platelet cell enucleate thrombocyte A non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation. GOC:add GOC:dsd GOC:tfm MESH:A.11.118.188 MESH:D001792 PMID:11110672 PMID:16987572 PMID:17204662 PMID:17479180 PMID:20414831 phagocyte Any cell capable of ingesting particulate matter via phagocytosis. BTO:0001044 CL:0000234 FMA:83806 cell Any cell capable of ingesting particulate matter via phagocytosis. GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 macrophage A mononuclear phagocyte present in variety of tissues, typically differentiated from monocytes, capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells. BTO:0000801 CL:0000235 FMA:63261 FMA:83585 Morphology: Diameter 30_M-80 _M, abundant cytoplasm, low N/C ratio, eccentric nucleus. Irregular shape with pseudopods, highly adhesive. Contain vacuoles and phagosomes, may contain azurophilic granules; markers: Mouse & Human: CD68, in most cases CD11b. Mouse: in most cases F4/80+; role or process: immune, antigen presentation, & tissue remodelling; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid. cell histiocyte A mononuclear phagocyte present in variety of tissues, typically differentiated from monocytes, capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells. GOC:add GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:16213494 PMID:1919437 http://www.clt.astate.edu/wwilliam/ B cell A lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity. B lymphocyte B-cell B-lymphocyte BTO:0000776 CL:0000236 FMA:62869 cell A lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity. GOC:add GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 keratinizing barrier epithelial cell CL:0000237 cell non keratinizing barrier epithelial cell CL:0000238 cell brush border epithelial cell CL:0000239 cell stratified squamous epithelial cell CL:0000240 cell stratified cuboidal epithelial cell CL:0000241 cell Merkel cell A modified epidermal cell located in the stratum basale. They are found mostly in areas where sensory perception is acute. Merkel cells are closely associated with an expanded terminal bulb of an afferent myelinated nerve fiber. CL:0000242 FMA:70548 Merkel,s cell cell A modified epidermal cell located in the stratum basale. They are found mostly in areas where sensory perception is acute. Merkel cells are closely associated with an expanded terminal bulb of an afferent myelinated nerve fiber. MESH:A.08.800.550.700.500.425 glial cell (sensu Vertebrata) A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear. CL:0000243 cell A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear. MESH:A.08.637 transitional epithelial cell A cell characteristically found lining hollow organs that are subject to great mechanical change due to contraction and distention; originally thought to represent a transition between stratified squamous and columnar epithelium. CL:0000244 FMA:66778 cell A cell characteristically found lining hollow organs that are subject to great mechanical change due to contraction and distention; originally thought to represent a transition between stratified squamous and columnar epithelium. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 passage cell CL:0000245 Obsolete. Use PO:0000353 from Plant Ontology instead. Cell in exodermis or endodermis that remains thin walled when the associated cells develop thick secondary walls. Has casparian strip in endodermis. cell replaced_by: PO:0000353 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000353 from Plant Ontology instead. Cell in exodermis or endodermis that remains thin walled when the associated cells develop thick secondary walls. Has casparian strip in endodermis. Mauthner neuron CL:0000246 cell Rohon-Beard neuron CL:0000247 cell microsporocyte CL:0000248 Obsolete. Use PO:0020047 from Plant Ontology instead. A diploid (2n) cell that undergoes meiosis and forms four haploid (1n) microspores; also called microspore mother cell and, in seed plants, pollen mother cell. cell pollen mother cell primary sporogenous cell replaced_by: PO:0020047 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0020047 from Plant Ontology instead. A diploid (2n) cell that undergoes meiosis and forms four haploid (1n) microspores; also called microspore mother cell and, in seed plants, pollen mother cell. hatching gland cell CL:0000249 cell megaspore CL:0000250 Obsolete. Use PO:0020019 from Plant Ontology instead. A haploid (1n) spore developing into a female gametophyte in heterosporous plants. cell replaced_by: PO:0020019 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0020019 from Plant Ontology instead. A haploid (1n) spore developing into a female gametophyte in heterosporous plants. extramedullary cell CL:0000251 cell microspore CL:0000252 Obsolete. Use PO:0020048 from Plant Ontology instead. A haploid (1n) spore developing into a male gametophyte in heterosporous plants; the uninucleate pollen grain in seed plants. cell replaced_by: PO:0020048 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0020048 from Plant Ontology instead. A haploid (1n) spore developing into a male gametophyte in heterosporous plants; the uninucleate pollen grain in seed plants. eurydendroid cell CL:0000253 cell egg cell CL:0000254 Obsolete. Use PO:0020094 from Plant Ontology instead. The female gamete of plants. cell female gametophyte egg cell replaced_by: PO:0020094 true Obsolete. Use PO:0020094 from Plant Ontology instead. The female gamete of plants. TAIR:lr eukaryotic cell CL:0000255 cell uric acid accumulating cell CL:0000256 cell Mycetozoan cell CL:0000257 cell fiber tracheid CL:0000258 Obsolete. Use PO:0000355 from Plant Ontology instead. A fiber like tracheid in the secondary xylem; commonly thick walled, with pointed ends and bordered pits that have lenticular to slit like apertures. cell replaced_by: PO:0000355 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000355 from Plant Ontology instead. A fiber like tracheid in the secondary xylem; commonly thick walled, with pointed ends and bordered pits that have lenticular to slit like apertures. aggregate cell CL:0000259 Differentiating cell composing the aggregate that has acquired adhesive properties. cell DictyBase:DDB Differentiating cell composing the aggregate that has acquired adhesive properties. mucilage cell CL:0000260 Obsolete. Use PO:0000373 from Plant Ontology instead. Cell containing mucilages or gums or similar carbohydrate material characterized by the property of swelling in water. cell replaced_by: PO:0000373 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000373 from Plant Ontology instead. Cell containing mucilages or gums or similar carbohydrate material characterized by the property of swelling in water. anterior cell CL:0000261 cell guard mother cell CL:0000262 Obsolete. Use PO:0000351 from Plant Ontology instead. An epidermal cell that divides to produce the guard cells. cell replaced_by: PO:0000351 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000351 from Plant Ontology instead. An epidermal cell that divides to produce the guard cells. vegetative cell (sensu Mycetozoa) CL:0000263 Unicellular haploid myxamoebae that feeds on bacteria and divides by binary fission. amoeba cell DictyBase:DDB Unicellular haploid myxamoebae that feeds on bacteria and divides by binary fission. phloem initial CL:0000264 Obsolete. Use PO:0000400 from Plant Ontology instead. A cambial cell on the phloem side of the cambial zone that is the source of one or more cells arising by periclinal divisions and differentiating into phloem elements with or without additional divisions in various planes. cell phloem mother cell replaced_by: PO:0000400 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000400 from Plant Ontology instead. A cambial cell on the phloem side of the cambial zone that is the source of one or more cells arising by periclinal divisions and differentiating into phloem elements with or without additional divisions in various planes. anterior like cell ALC CL:0000265 Cell that has properties of anterior cells (for e.g., accumulate vital dyes in autophagic vesicles) but that is are scattered throughout the rear of the slug. Some but not all these cells express the ecmA gene and/or the ecmB gene. ALCs maintain an amoeboid appearance during culmination. ALCs that express the ecmO promoter have been called pstO/ALC. cell Cell that has properties of anterior cells (for e.g., accumulate vital dyes in autophagic vesicles) but that is are scattered throughout the rear of the slug. Some but not all these cells express the ecmA gene and/or the ecmB gene. ALCs maintain an amoeboid appearance during culmination. ALCs that express the ecmO promoter have been called pstO/ALC. DictyBase:DDB meristemoid CL:0000266 Obsolete. Use PO:0004011 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell constituting an active locus of meristematic activity in a tissue composed of somewhat older, differentiating cells. cell replaced_by: PO:0004011 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0004011 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell constituting an active locus of meristematic activity in a tissue composed of somewhat older, differentiating cells. prespore cell CL:0000267 Cell that is undergoing differentiation to become a spore. cell Cell that is undergoing differentiation to become a spore. DictyBase:DDB sieve element CL:0000268 Obsolete. Consult Plant Ontology instead. The cell in the phloem tissue concerned with mainly longitudinal conduction of food materials. Classified into sieve cell and sieve tube member. cell true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Consult Plant Ontology instead. The cell in the phloem tissue concerned with mainly longitudinal conduction of food materials. Classified into sieve cell and sieve tube member. prestalk cell CL:0000269 cell subsidiary cell CL:0000270 Obsolete. Use PO:0000284 from Plant Ontology instead. An epidermal cell associated with a stoma and at least morphologically distinguishable from the epidermal cells composing the groundmass of the tissue. cell replaced_by: PO:0000284 true ISBN:047124520 Obsolete. Use PO:0000284 from Plant Ontology instead. An epidermal cell associated with a stoma and at least morphologically distinguishable from the epidermal cells composing the groundmass of the tissue. prestalk A cell CL:0000271 Cell expressing the ecmA marker from a promoter region that is proximal to the ATG (ecmAO promoter). They are located at the anterior-most region of the slug. During culmination pstA cells differentiate into pstAB cells. cell pstA pstAO Cell expressing the ecmA marker from a promoter region that is proximal to the ATG (ecmAO promoter). They are located at the anterior-most region of the slug. During culmination pstA cells differentiate into pstAB cells. DictyBase:DDB cambial initial CL:0000272 OBSOLETE, use term from Plant Ontology. A cell localized in the vascular cambium or phellogen. Its periclinal division can contribute cells either to the outside or to the inside of the axis; in vascular cambium, classified into fusiform initials (source of axial cells of xylem and phloem) and ray initials (source of the ray cells). cell replaced_by PO:0000295 true ISBN:0471245208 OBSOLETE, use term from Plant Ontology. A cell localized in the vascular cambium or phellogen. Its periclinal division can contribute cells either to the outside or to the inside of the axis; in vascular cambium, classified into fusiform initials (source of axial cells of xylem and phloem) and ray initials (source of the ray cells). prestalk AB cell CL:0000273 Cell that expresses both ecmA and ecmB either simultaneously or sequentially. During culmination pstA differentiate into pstAB cells. cell pstAB Cell that expresses both ecmA and ecmB either simultaneously or sequentially. During culmination pstA differentiate into pstAB cells. DictyBase:DDB prestalk B cell CL:0000275 Cell expressing ecmB but not ecmA. Most pstB cells are located at the very rear of the slug (rearguard region). These cells form part of the basal disc of the fruiting body. If a migratory slug is formed, these cells are left behind. cell pstB Cell expressing ecmB but not ecmA. Most pstB cells are located at the very rear of the slug (rearguard region). These cells form part of the basal disc of the fruiting body. If a migratory slug is formed, these cells are left behind. DictyBase:DDB sclerenchyma cell CL:0000276 Obsolete. Use PO:0000077 from Plant Ontology instead. Cell variable in form and size, being more or less thick, often lignified, secondary walls. Belongs to the category of subcells and may or may not be devoid of protoplast at maturity. cell replaced_by: PO:0000077 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000077 from Plant Ontology instead. Cell variable in form and size, being more or less thick, often lignified, secondary walls. Belongs to the category of subcells and may or may not be devoid of protoplast at maturity. prestalk I cell CL:0000277 Initial population of prestalk cells that activate the ecmA promoter at the mound stage and that presumably further differentiate into pstA and pstO cells. cell DictyBase:DDB Initial population of prestalk cells that activate the ecmA promoter at the mound stage and that presumably further differentiate into pstA and pstO cells. central cell CL:0000278 Obsolete. Use PO:0020090 from Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETED, use term from Plant Ontology. A cell containing the two polar nuclei which, after double fertilization, will develop into the endosperm. cell replaced_by: PO:0020090 true Obsolete. Use PO:0020090 from Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETED, use term from Plant Ontology. A cell containing the two polar nuclei which, after double fertilization, will develop into the endosperm. TAIR:lr prestalk 0 cell CL:0000279 Cell that express ecmA at a very low level. Located at the posterior half of the prestalk zone. Expresses ecmA from the distal region of its promoter (ecmO). cell Cell that express ecmA at a very low level. Located at the posterior half of the prestalk zone. Expresses ecmA from the distal region of its promoter (ecmO). DictyBase:DDB generative cell CL:0000280 Obsolete. Use PO:0020097 from Plant Ontology instead. The cell that will give rise to the generative nuclei which will participate in fertilization. cell replaced_by: PO:0020097 true Obsolete. Use PO:0020097 from Plant Ontology instead. The cell that will give rise to the generative nuclei which will participate in fertilization. TAIR:lr pstAB/ALC Anterior-like cell expressing both ecmA and ecmB. CL:0000281 cell Anterior-like cell expressing both ecmA and ecmB. DictyBase:DDB trichome CL:0000282 Obsolete. Use PO:0000282 from Plant Ontology instead. An outgrowth from the epidermis. Trichomes vary in size and complexity and include hairs, scales, and other structures and may be glandular. In Arabidopsis, patterning of trichome development is not random but does not appear to be lineage-based like stomata. cell replaced_by: PO:0000282 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000282 from Plant Ontology instead. An outgrowth from the epidermis. Trichomes vary in size and complexity and include hairs, scales, and other structures and may be glandular. In Arabidopsis, patterning of trichome development is not random but does not appear to be lineage-based like stomata. PMID:10938806 pstO/ALC Anterior-like cell that expresses the ecmO promoter and that can move to the position normally occupied by the pstO cells. CL:0000283 cell Anterior-like cell that expresses the ecmO promoter and that can move to the position normally occupied by the pstO cells. DictyBase:DDB companion cell CL:0000284 Obsolete. Use PO:0000071 from Plant Ontology instead. A specialized parenchyma cell associated with a sieve-tube member in angiosperm phloem and arising from the same mother cell as the sieve-tube member. cell replaced_by: PO:0000071 true ISBN:0879015322 Obsolete. Use PO:0000071 from Plant Ontology instead. A specialized parenchyma cell associated with a sieve-tube member in angiosperm phloem and arising from the same mother cell as the sieve-tube member. stalk cell CL:0000285 Vacuolated cell located at the center of the stalk tube that has a cell wall composed of cellulose and that die upon terminal differentiation. Stalk cells provide structural support for the fruiting body. cell DictyBase:DDB Vacuolated cell located at the center of the stalk tube that has a cell wall composed of cellulose and that die upon terminal differentiation. Stalk cells provide structural support for the fruiting body. hyphal cell A cell of a filament of a fungal mycelium. CL:0000286 cell A cell of a filament of a fungal mycelium. ISBN:08199377X eye photoreceptor cell CL:0000287 cell synergid CL:0000288 Obsolete. Use PO:0000191 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell in the micropylar end of the embryo sac associated with the egg in the egg apparatus of angiosperms. Plays a vital role in fertilization. cell replaced_by: PO:0000191 true ISBN:047125208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000191 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell in the micropylar end of the embryo sac associated with the egg in the egg apparatus of angiosperms. Plays a vital role in fertilization. chemotactic amoeboid cell (sensu Mycetozoa) CL:0000289 Starved cell that secretes and responds to chemoattractants (cAMP). cell DictyBase:DDB Starved cell that secretes and responds to chemoattractants (cAMP). xylem fiber cell CL:0000290 Obsolete. Use PO:0000274 from Plant Ontology instead. A fiber of the xylem tissue, Two types are recognized in the secondary xylem: fiber tracheids and libriform fibers. cell replaced_by: PO:0000274 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000274 from Plant Ontology instead. A fiber of the xylem tissue, Two types are recognized in the secondary xylem: fiber tracheids and libriform fibers. spore (sensu Mycetozoa) CL:0000291 DDANAT:0000414 Dormant cell protected by a tri-layer spore coat. The spore has an elliptical shape and is approximately 6-9 microns by 3 microns. cell DDB_REF:5048 DictyBase:DDB Dormant cell protected by a tri-layer spore coat. The spore has an elliptical shape and is approximately 6-9 microns by 3 microns. PMID:4338436 guard cell CL:0000292 Obsolete. Use PO:0000293 from Plant Ontology instead. One of a pair of cells flanking the stomatal pore and causing the opening and closing of the pore by changes in turgor. cell replaced_by: PO:0000293 stomatal guard cell true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000293 from Plant Ontology instead. One of a pair of cells flanking the stomatal pore and causing the opening and closing of the pore by changes in turgor. structural cell A cell whose primary function is to provide structural support, to provide strength and physical integrity to the organism. CL:0000293 cell A cell whose primary function is to provide structural support, to provide strength and physical integrity to the organism. TAIR:sr sieve cell CL:0000294 Obsolete. Consult Plant Ontology instead. A type of sieve element that has relatively undifferentiated sieve areas (with narrow pores), rather uniform in structure on all walls; that is, there are no sieve plates. Typical of gymnosperms and lower vascular plants. cell true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Consult Plant Ontology instead. A type of sieve element that has relatively undifferentiated sieve areas (with narrow pores), rather uniform in structure on all walls; that is, there are no sieve plates. Typical of gymnosperms and lower vascular plants. somatotropin secreting cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that produces growth hormone, somatotropin. CL:0000295 CL:0000471 cell growth hormone secreting cell somatotrophin secreting cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that produces growth hormone, somatotropin. GOC:tfm SANBI:mhl vegetative cell CL:0000296 Obsolete. Use PO:0020099 from Plant Ontology instead. Cell type formed after the first mitotic division of the microgametophye, The nucleus of this cell migrates to the tip of the pollen tube after germination and disintegrates when the pollen tube penetrates the nucellus. cell replaced_by: PO:0020099 true ISBN:0140514031 Obsolete. Use PO:0020099 from Plant Ontology instead. Cell type formed after the first mitotic division of the microgametophye, The nucleus of this cell migrates to the tip of the pollen tube after germination and disintegrates when the pollen tube penetrates the nucellus. TAIR:lr socket cell CL:0000297 Obsolete. Use PO:0000115 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell that surrounds a trichome and provides support for the trichome. cell replaced_by: PO:0000115 true Obsolete. Use PO:0000115 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell that surrounds a trichome and provides support for the trichome. PMID:10938806 xylem element CL:0000298 Obsolete. Use PO:0000273 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell composing the xylem. cell replaced_by: PO:0000273 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000273 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell composing the xylem. trichoblast CL:0000299 OBSOLETED. Commonly used for a cell in root epidermis that gives rise to a root hair. The daughter cell produced by the asymmetric division of a root epidermal cell that gives rise to a root hair. Obsoleted. Use trichoblast from the plant ontology (PO:0000262). cell true ISBN:0471245208 OBSOLETED. Commonly used for a cell in root epidermis that gives rise to a root hair. The daughter cell produced by the asymmetric division of a root epidermal cell that gives rise to a root hair. gamete A mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. CL:0000300 FBbt:00005412 FMA:18649 cell haploid germ cell haploid nucleated cell A mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 pole cell CL:0000301 FBbt:00000092 cell IgM B cell CL:0000302 Not a differentiation state per se; consider using 'B cell ; CL:0000236' or one of its children instead. OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). cell true IgG B cell CL:0000303 Not a differentiation state per se, and IgG isotypes vary by species; consider using 'B cell ; CL:0000236' or one of its children instead. OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). cell true IgA B cell CL:0000304 Not a differentiation state per se, and IgA isotypes vary by species. Consider using 'B cell ; CL:0000236' or one of its children instead. OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). cell true IgE B cell CL:0000305 Not a differentiation state per se; consider using 'B cell ; CL:0000236' or one of its children instead. OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete). cell true crystallin accumulating cell CL:0000306 FBbt:00004193 cell lens cell tracheal epithelial cell An epithelial cell found in the trachea. CL:0000307 CL:1000474 FBbt:00005038 FMA:74793 cell tracheocyte An epithelial cell found in the trachea. GOC:tfm metal ion accumulating cell CL:0000308 cell copper accumulating cell CL:0000309 cell cuprophilic cell iron accumulating cell CL:0000310 cell keratin accumulating cell CL:0000311 cell keratinocyte An epidermal cell which synthesizes keratin and undergoes a characteristic change as it moves upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. BTO:0000667 CL:0000312 CL:0002185 FMA:62879 Keratinocytes are reportedly CDw210a-negative, CDw210b-positive, CD281–positive, CD282-positive, CD285-positive, IL22Ra1-positive, Human keratinocytes are reportedly capable of secreting BD-2, BD-3, hCAP-18, CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL8, elafin, MMP-3, NGAL, PDGF-A, S100A7, S100A8, and S100A9. Transcription factors: STAT3-positive. cell keratinized cell of epidermis malpighian cell An epidermal cell which synthesizes keratin and undergoes a characteristic change as it moves upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. GOC:dsd MESH:A.11.436.397 MESH:D015603 PMID:15582983 PMID:15749908 PMID:19727116 serous secreting cell BTO:0003687 CL:0000313 Columnar glandular cell with irregular nucleus, copious granular endoplasmic reticulum and supranuclear granules. Secretes a watery fluid containing proteins known as serous fluid. FMA:62511 cell serous cell Columnar glandular cell with irregular nucleus, copious granular endoplasmic reticulum and supranuclear granules. Secretes a watery fluid containing proteins known as serous fluid. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 ISBN:0721662544 milk secreting cell CL:0000314 cell tears secreting cell A cell secreting tears, the fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands. This fluid moistens the conjunctiva and cornea. CL:0000315 cell A cell secreting tears, the fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands. This fluid moistens the conjunctiva and cornea. MESH:A.12.200.882 ray initial CL:0000316 Obsolete. Use PO:0000082 from Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETE, use term from Plant Ontology. A meristemic ray cell in the vascular cambium that gives rise to ray cells of the secondary xylem and secondary phloem. cell replaced_by: PO:0000082 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000082 from Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETE, use term from Plant Ontology. A meristemic ray cell in the vascular cambium that gives rise to ray cells of the secondary xylem and secondary phloem. sebum secreting cell A cell secreting sebun, an oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands, composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. CL:0000317 cell A cell secreting sebun, an oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands, composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. MESH:A.12.200.702 sweat secreting cell A cell secreting sweat, the fluid excreted by the sweat glands of mammals. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. CL:0000318 cell A cell secreting sweat, the fluid excreted by the sweat glands of mammals. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. MESH:A.12.200.849 mucus secreting cell BTO:0003689 CL:0000319 cell mucous cell megasporocyte CL:0000320 Obsolete. Use PO:0000431 from Plant Ontology instead. A diploid (2n) cell that undergoes meiosis and produces four haploid (1n) megaspores; also called megaspore mother cell. archesporial cell cell megaspore mother cell replaced_by: PO:0000431 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000431 from Plant Ontology instead. A diploid (2n) cell that undergoes meiosis and produces four haploid (1n) megaspores; also called megaspore mother cell. seminal fluid secreting cell CL:0000321 cell pneumocyte Alveolar epithelial cell An epithelial cell that lines the peripheral gas exchange region of the lungs of air-breathing vertebrates. BTO:0000395 CL:0000322 FMA:62499 Pneumonocyte cell An epithelial cell that lines the peripheral gas exchange region of the lungs of air-breathing vertebrates. GOC:tfm PMID:20054144 lysozyme secreting cell CL:0000323 cell metanephric mesenchyme stem cell CL:0000324 cell stuff accumulating cell A cell that is specialised to accumulate a particular substance(s). CL:0000325 cell A cell that is specialised to accumulate a particular substance(s). FB:ma glycogen accumulating cell CL:0000326 cell extracellular matrix secreting cell CL:0000327 cell myelin accumulating cell CL:0000328 cell oxygen accumulating cell CL:0000329 cell collenchymal cell CL:0000330 Obsolete. Use PO:0000075 from Plant Ontology instead. An elongated living cell with unevenly thickened nonlignified primary walls. cell replaced_by: PO:0000075 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000075 from Plant Ontology instead. An elongated living cell with unevenly thickened nonlignified primary walls. tracheid CL:0000331 Obsolete. Use PO:0000301 from Plant Ontology instead. A tracheary element of the xylem that has no perforations, as contrasted with a vessel member. May occur in primary and in secondary xylem. May have any kind of secondary wall thickening found in tracheary elements. cell replaced_by: PO:0000301 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000301 from Plant Ontology instead. A tracheary element of the xylem that has no perforations, as contrasted with a vessel member. May occur in primary and in secondary xylem. May have any kind of secondary wall thickening found in tracheary elements. atrichoblast CL:0000332 OBSOLETE, use term from Plant Ontology. A cell formed after asymmetric division of root epidermal cell that does not give rise to a root hair. cell non-hair cell replaced_by: PO:0020090 true ISBN:0387987819 OBSOLETE, use term from Plant Ontology. A cell formed after asymmetric division of root epidermal cell that does not give rise to a root hair. neural crest cell A cell of the strip of specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonal neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms a column of isolated cells along the dorsal aspect of the neural tube. Most of the cranial and all of the spinal sensory ganglion cells arise by differentiation of neural crest cells. CL:0000333 FMA:86667 cell A cell of the strip of specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonal neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms a column of isolated cells along the dorsal aspect of the neural tube. Most of the cranial and all of the spinal sensory ganglion cells arise by differentiation of neural crest cells. MESH:A.16.254.600 vegetative cell (sensu Fungi) BTO:0002307 CL:0000334 FAO:0000032 cell yeast-form mesenchyme condensation cell A mesenchymal cell in embryonic development found in a contracting mass and that gives rise to osteoprogenitors. CL:0000335 cell A mesenchymal cell in embryonic development found in a contracting mass and that gives rise to osteoprogenitors. GOC:tfm PMID:5025404 adrenal medulla chromaffin cell A cell found within the adrenal medulla that secrete biogenic amine hormones upon stimulation. CL:0000336 CL:1000422 FMA:69262 cell medullary chromaffin cell of adrenal gland A cell found within the adrenal medulla that secrete biogenic amine hormones upon stimulation. GOC:tfm http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/6405/adrenal-gland FMA:69262 medullary chromaffin cell of adrenal gland neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) An embryonic cell that develops into a nerve cell or neuron. CL:0000337 cell An embryonic cell that develops into a nerve cell or neuron. FMA:70563 neuroblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL:0000338 cell neuroblast glioblast (sensu Vertebrata) An early neural cell developing from the early ependymal cell of the neural tube. CL:0000339 FMA:70564 Spongioblast cell An early neural cell developing from the early ependymal cell of the neural tube. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 glioblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL:0000340 cell pigment cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL:0000341 cell pigment cell (sensu Vertebrata) Any animal cell containing pigment granules. CL:0000342 cell Any animal cell containing pigment granules. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 visual pigment cell (sensu Vertebrata) A pigment cell that is capable of detecting light stimulus that is involved in visual perception. CL:0000343 FMA:63846 cell A pigment cell that is capable of detecting light stimulus that is involved in visual perception. GOC:tfm non-visual cell (sensu Vertebrata) CL:0000344 cell true dental papilla cell A small mass of condensed mesenchyme in the enamel organ; it differentiates into the dentin and dental pulp. CL:0000345 cell A small mass of condensed mesenchyme in the enamel organ; it differentiates into the dentin and dental pulp. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 hair follicle dermal papilla cell A specialized mesenchymal cell that resides in the dermal papilla located at the bottom of hair follicles. This cell plays a pivotal roles in hair formation, growth, and cycling. CL:0000346 cell A specialized mesenchymal cell that resides in the dermal papilla located at the bottom of hair follicles. This cell plays a pivotal roles in hair formation, growth, and cycling. GOC:tfm PMID:9893172 scleral cell A cell of the sclera of the eye. CL:0000347 cell A cell of the sclera of the eye. GOC:add choroidal cell of the eye A cell of the choroid of the eye. CL:0000348 cell A cell of the choroid of the eye. GOC:add extraembryonic cell CL:0000349 cell amnioserosal cell CL:0000350 cell trophoblast cell A cell lining the outside of the blastocyst. After binding to the endometrium, trophoblast cells develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblast cells, which form the early fetal-maternal interface. CL:0000351 FMA:83028 Trophoblastic cell cell A cell lining the outside of the blastocyst. After binding to the endometrium, trophoblast cells develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblast cells, which form the early fetal-maternal interface. GOC:tfm MESH:A.11.936 epiblast cell A cell of the outer layer of a blastula that gives rise to the ectoderm after gastrulation. CL:0000352 cell A cell of the outer layer of a blastula that gives rise to the ectoderm after gastrulation. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 blastoderm cell An undifferentiated cell produced by early cleavages of the fertilized egg (zygote). BTO:0001473 CL:0000353 FMA:72551 blastomere cell An undifferentiated cell produced by early cleavages of the fertilized egg (zygote). MESH:A.11.104 blastemal cell CL:0000354 cell muscle stem cell A multifate stem cell found in skeletal muscle than can differentiate into many different cell types. Distinct cell type from satellite cell. CL:0000355 FMA:86767 cell A multifate stem cell found in skeletal muscle than can differentiate into many different cell types. Distinct cell type from satellite cell. PMID:18282570 hair matrix stem cell CL:0000356 cell stratified epithelial stem cell CL:0000357 cell sphincter associated smooth muscle cell CL:0000358 cell vascular associated smooth muscle cell A smooth muscle cell assocatiated with the vasculature. CL:0000359 VSMC cell vascular smooth muscle cell A smooth muscle cell assocatiated with the vasculature. GOC: tfm GOC:dsd morula cell A cell of the early embryo at the developmental stage in which the blastomeres, resulting from repeated mitotic divisions of the fertilized ovum (zygote), form a compact cell mass. CL:0000360 cell A cell of the early embryo at the developmental stage in which the blastomeres, resulting from repeated mitotic divisions of the fertilized ovum (zygote), form a compact cell mass. MESH:A.16.254.270.550 gastrula cell A cell of the embryo in the early stage following the blastula, characterized by morphogenetic cell movements, cell differentiation, and the formation of the three germ layers. CL:0000361 cell A cell of the embryo in the early stage following the blastula, characterized by morphogenetic cell movements, cell differentiation, and the formation of the three germ layers. MESH:A.16.254.412 epidermal cell An epithelial cell of the integument (the outer layer of an organism). BTO:0001470 CL:0000362 CL:1000396 FMA:62411 cell cell of epidermis epithelial cell of skin FMA:62411 cell of epidermis An epithelial cell of the integument (the outer layer of an organism). Flybase:dsj MA:ma FMA:62411 epithelial cell of skin axial cell CL:0000363 Obsolete. Use PO:0000081 from Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETE, use term from the Plant Ontology. A secondary vascular cell that develops from the fusiform cambial initials and oriented with their longest diameter parallel with the main axis of stem or root. These cells make up the axial system, also known as vertical or longitudinal system. cell replaced_by: PO:0000081 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000081 from Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETE, use term from the Plant Ontology. A secondary vascular cell that develops from the fusiform cambial initials and oriented with their longest diameter parallel with the main axis of stem or root. These cells make up the axial system, also known as vertical or longitudinal system. ray cell CL:0000364 Obsolete. Consult Plant Ontology. A cell that develops from the ray initial and composes all rays (panels of tissue variable in height and width, formed by the ray initials in the vascular cambium and extending radially in the secondary xylem and secondary phloem) in the secondary vascular tissues. cell true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Consult Plant Ontology. A cell that develops from the ray initial and composes all rays (panels of tissue variable in height and width, formed by the ray initials in the vascular cambium and extending radially in the secondary xylem and secondary phloem) in the secondary vascular tissues. zygote BTO:0000854 CL:0000365 Diploid cell produced by the fusion of sperm cell nucleus and egg cell. FMA:72395 cell Diploid cell produced by the fusion of sperm cell nucleus and egg cell. ISBN:0471245208 sperm cell (sensu Viridiplantae) CL:0000366 Obsolete. Use PO:0000084 from Plant Ontology instead. Male gamete, part of male germ unit. cell gametophyte sperm cell male gametophyte sperm cell pollen germ cell replaced_by: PO:0000084 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000084 from Plant Ontology instead. Male gamete, part of male germ unit. sheath cell (sensu Nematoda) CL:0000367 cell glial cell (sensu Nematoda) myrosin cell CL:0000368 Obsolete. Use PO:0000352 from Plant Ontology instead. Cell containing glucosinolates ('mustard oil glucosides') and myrosinases, enzymes hydrolyzing the glucosinolates. Occurs in eleven dicotyledon families, the two largest of which are the Brassicaceae and Euphorbiaceae. cell replaced_by: PO:0000352 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000352 from Plant Ontology instead. Cell containing glucosinolates ('mustard oil glucosides') and myrosinases, enzymes hydrolyzing the glucosinolates. Occurs in eleven dicotyledon families, the two largest of which are the Brassicaceae and Euphorbiaceae. transfer cell CL:0000370 Obsolete. Use PO:0000078 from Plant Ontology instead. Parenchyma cell with the wall ingrowth (or invaginations) that increase the surface of the plasmalemma. Appears to be specialized for short-distance transfer of solutes. cell intermediary cell replaced_by: PO:0000078 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000078 from Plant Ontology instead. Parenchyma cell with the wall ingrowth (or invaginations) that increase the surface of the plasmalemma. Appears to be specialized for short-distance transfer of solutes. protoplast CL:0000371 The cell protoplasm after removal of the cell wall. cell ISBN:08199377X The cell protoplasm after removal of the cell wall. tormogen cell An epidermal cell that is part of a cell cluster organ of the insect integument (such as a sensillum) and that secretes a cuticular specialization that forms a socket around the base of a cuticular specialization produced by a trichogen cell. CL:0000372 FBbt:00005171 cell socket cell ISBN:978-0801481253 socket cell An epidermal cell that is part of a cell cluster organ of the insect integument (such as a sensillum) and that secretes a cuticular specialization that forms a socket around the base of a cuticular specialization produced by a trichogen cell. ISBN:978-0801481253 histoblast CL:0000373 FBbt:00001789 cell trichogen cell An epidermal cell that is part of a cell cluster organ of the insect integument (such as a sensillum) and that secretes a cuticular specialization, often in the form of a hair, bristle, peg or scale. The base of this specialization is often surrounded by a socket produced by a closely associated tormogen cell. BTO:0004744 CL:0000374 FBbt:00005169 cell hair cell An epidermal cell that is part of a cell cluster organ of the insect integument (such as a sensillum) and that secretes a cuticular specialization, often in the form of a hair, bristle, peg or scale. The base of this specialization is often surrounded by a socket produced by a closely associated tormogen cell. ISBN:978-0801481253 osteoprogenitor cell BTO:0002051 CL:0000375 cell humidity receptor cell CL:0000376 cell tracheoblast CL:0000377 cell support cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL:0000378 cell sensory processing neuron CL:0000379 cell thecogen cell CL:0000380 The support cell that makes the thecogen dendritic cap - a cuticle-like matrix around the tip of the eo-dendrite and which encloses the soma of the eo-neuron. cell fly sheath cell Fbbt:00005173 The support cell that makes the thecogen dendritic cap - a cuticle-like matrix around the tip of the eo-dendrite and which encloses the soma of the eo-neuron. neurosecretory neuron CL:0000381 FBbt:00005130 cell scolopidium CL:0000382 FBbt:00005217 cell scolopale cell nephrogenic mesenchyme stem cell CL:0000383 cell ligament cell CL:0000384 cell prohemocyte (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL:0000385 FBbt:00005062 cell attachment cell CL:0000386 cell hemocyte (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL:0000387 cell tendon cell A fibrocyte that is part of a tendon. CL:0000388 cell muscle attachment cell tenocyte A fibrocyte that is part of a tendon. GOC:tfm socket cell (sensu Nematoda) CL:0000389 cell blood cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL:0000390 cell podocyte (sensu Diptera) An insect immune cell that develops from plasmatocyte. CL:0000391 cell An insect immune cell that develops from plasmatocyte. PMID:12930778 crystal cell CL:0000392 FMA:63847 cell electrically responsive cell A cell whose function is determined by its response to an electric signal. CL:0000393 cell A cell whose function is determined by its response to an electric signal. FB:ma plasmatocyte CL:0000394 FBbt:00001685 cell procrystal cell CL:0000395 FBbt:00001689 cell lamellocyte CL:0000396 FBbt:00001687 cell ganglion interneuron CL:0000397 cell polygonal cell CL:0000398 FBbt:00001691 cell phloem element CL:0000399 Obsolete. Consult Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETED, not defined prior to obsoletion. cell true GOC:tfm Obsolete. Consult Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETED, not defined prior to obsoletion. pavement cell CL:0000400 Obsolete. Use PO:0000332 from Plant Ontology instead. An epidermal cell with a characteristic convoluted anticlinal cell wall that gives a jigsaw like appearance to the lamina. cell replaced_by: PO:0000332 true ISBN:087694289 Obsolete. Use PO:0000332 from Plant Ontology instead. An epidermal cell with a characteristic convoluted anticlinal cell wall that gives a jigsaw like appearance to the lamina. macrophage (sensu Diptera) CL:0000401 FBbt:00001686 cell CNS interneuron CL:0000402 cell electrically signaling cell A cell that initiates an electrical signal and passes that signal to another cell. CL:0000404 cell A cell that initiates an electrical signal and passes that signal to another cell. FB:ma neuroepidermoblast CL:0000405 FBbt:00005148 cell CNS short range interneuron CL:0000406 cell scolopidial ligament cell CL:0000407 FBbt:00005221 cell male gamete BTO:0001277 CL:0000408 cell scolopidial sheath cell CL:0000409 FBbt:00005219 cell CNS long range interneuron CL:0000410 cell hypodermal cell An epithelial cell of the hypodermis of flatworms. CL:0000411 WBbt:0007846 cell An epithelial cell of the hypodermis of flatworms. GOC:tfm http://www.wormatlas.org/hermaphrodite/hypodermis/mainframe.htm polyploid cell A cell whose nucleus, or nuclei, each contain more than two haploid genomes. CL:0000412 cell A cell whose nucleus, or nuclei, each contain more than two haploid genomes. FB:ma haploid cell A cell whose nucleus contains a single haploid genome. CL:0000413 cell A cell whose nucleus contains a single haploid genome. FB:ma GOC:tfm cell by ploidy A classification of cells by the number of haploid genome equivalents of their nucleus or nuclei. CL:0000414 cell A classification of cells by the number of haploid genome equivalents of their nucleus or nuclei. FB:ma GOC:tfm diploid cell A cell whose nucleus has two haploid genomes. CL:0000415 FMA:72300 cell A cell whose nucleus has two haploid genomes. FB:ma polytene cell CL:0000416 cell endopolyploid cell CL:0000417 cell arcade cell An epithelial cell found in C. elegans that firmly hold the outer body wall and the lips to the inner cylinder of the pharynx in a manner that keeps these organs from breaking apart, while still giving each organ freedom of movement during feeding. CL:0000418 WBbt:0005793 cell An epithelial cell found in C. elegans that firmly hold the outer body wall and the lips to the inner cylinder of the pharynx in a manner that keeps these organs from breaking apart, while still giving each organ freedom of movement during feeding. GOC:tfm http://www.wormatlas.org/ver1/handbook/hypodermis/hypsupportother.htm#arcadecells seam cell An epithelial fate stem cell found in flatworms. BTO:0003039 CL:0000419 cell An epithelial fate stem cell found in flatworms. GOC:tfm http://www.wormatlas.org/hermaphrodite/seam cells/mainframe.htm syncytial epithelial cell CL:0000420 cell coelomocyte A free floating cell, including amebocytes and eleocytes, in the coelom of certain animals, especially annelids. BTO:0002856 CL:0000421 WBbt:0005751 cell A free floating cell, including amebocytes and eleocytes, in the coelom of certain animals, especially annelids. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 mitogenic signaling cell A cell whose primary function is to cause growth by stimulating cell division in its immediate cellular environment. CL:0000422 cell A cell whose primary function is to cause growth by stimulating cell division in its immediate cellular environment. FB:ma tip cell CL:0000423 cell excretory cell A cell involved in the elimination of metabolic and foreign toxins, and in maintaining the ionic, acid-base and water balance of biological fluids. CL:0000424 WBbt:0005812 cell A cell involved in the elimination of metabolic and foreign toxins, and in maintaining the ionic, acid-base and water balance of biological fluids. GOC:tfm PMID:19783135 pore cell CL:0000425 Forms the terminal part of the cuticle-lined excretory duct of C. elegans. cell Forms the terminal part of the cuticle-lined excretory duct of C. elegans. JB:jb scaffold cell CL:0000426 cell GLR cell A scaffolding cell type found in C. elegans, this cell plays a supportive role to the muscle arms. May also have an endocrine role. CL:0000427 cell A scaffolding cell type found in C. elegans, this cell plays a supportive role to the muscle arms. May also have an endocrine role. GOC:tfm http://wormatlas.psc.edu/hermaphrodite/muscleGLR/mainframe.htm yolk cell CL:0000428 cell imaginal disc cell CL:0000429 cell xanthophore A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains cartenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or xanthosomes. This gives an appearance ranging from a golden yellow to orange and red. CL:0000430 cell A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains cartenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or xanthosomes. This gives an appearance ranging from a golden yellow to orange and red. SANBI:mhl iridophore A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. The cell contains flat light-reflecting platelets, probably of guanine, in stacks called reflecting platets or iridisomes. The color-generating components produce a silver, gold, or iridescent color. CL:0000431 cell A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. The cell contains flat light-reflecting platelets, probably of guanine, in stacks called reflecting platets or iridisomes. The color-generating components produce a silver, gold, or iridescent color. SANBI:mhl reticular cell CL:0000432 FMA:62877 Large, stellate fibroblast found along the network of collagen fibers of the reticulum of the spleen; synthesize the matrix components of the reticulum. cell reticulum cell GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 Large, stellate fibroblast found along the network of collagen fibers of the reticulum of the spleen; synthesize the matrix components of the reticulum. functional megaspore CL:0000433 Obsolete. Use PO:0000244 from Plant Ontology instead. In monosporic and bisporic megasporogenesis: the megaspore(s) that will undergo megagametogenesis. cell replaced_by: PO:0000244 true Obsolete. Use PO:0000244 from Plant Ontology instead. In monosporic and bisporic megasporogenesis: the megaspore(s) that will undergo megagametogenesis. TAIR:lr eccrine cell A secretory cell that discharges its product without loss of cytoplasm. CL:0000434 cell A secretory cell that discharges its product without loss of cytoplasm. ISBN:0198547684 alkali secreting cell CL:0000435 cell vaginal lubricant secreting cell CL:0000436 cell gonadtroph A rounded cell that is usually situated next to sinusoids; secretes follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). BTO:0002482 CL:0000437 FMA:83100 Gonadotrope Gonadotrope cell Pituitary delta cell cell delta basophil follicle stimulating hormone secreting cell gonadotroph A rounded cell that is usually situated next to sinusoids; secretes follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 http:63.198.234.228/OpenFMA/Gonadotroph.html luteinizing hormone secreting cell A peptide hormone secreting cell pituitary that produces luteinizing hormone. CL:0000438 cell A peptide hormone secreting cell pituitary that produces luteinizing hormone. GOC:tfm prolactin secreting cell A peptide hormone cell that secretes prolactin. CL:0000439 cell A peptide hormone cell that secretes prolactin. GOC:tfm SANBI:mhl melanocyte stimulating hormone secreting cell A cell of the intermediate pituitary that produces melanocyte stimulating hormone. BTO:0002277 CL:0000440 cell melanotrope melanotroph A cell of the intermediate pituitary that produces melanocyte stimulating hormone. SANBI:mhl follicle stem cell CL:0000441 FBbt:00004903 cell follicular dendritic cell A cell with extensive dendritic processes found in the B cell areas (primary follicles and germinal centers) of lymphoid tissue. They are unrelated to the dendritic cell associated with T cells. Follicular dendritic cells have Fc receptors and C3b receptors, but unlike other dendritic cells, they do not process or present antigen in a way that allows recognition by T cells. Instead, they hold antigen in the form of immune complexes on their surfaces for long periods and can present antigen to B cells during an immune response. BTO:0004267 CL:0000442 Due to its unique lineage and distinct function, this is not a type of dendritic cell; CL:0000451. FMA:83037 cell A cell with extensive dendritic processes found in the B cell areas (primary follicles and germinal centers) of lymphoid tissue. They are unrelated to the dendritic cell associated with T cells. Follicular dendritic cells have Fc receptors and C3b receptors, but unlike other dendritic cells, they do not process or present antigen in a way that allows recognition by T cells. Instead, they hold antigen in the form of immune complexes on their surfaces for long periods and can present antigen to B cells during an immune response. ISBN:127520252 calcitonin secreting cell CL:0000443 cell obliquely striated muscle cell CL:0000444 cell apoptosis fated cell CL:0000445 cell chief cell of parathyroid gland An epithelial cell of the parathyroid gland that is arranged in wide, irregular interconnecting columns; responsible for the synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone. BTO:0004712 CL:0000446 FMA:69078 Parathyroid chief cell Parathyroid gland chief cell Principal cell of parathyroid gland cell parathyroid hormone secreting cell An epithelial cell of the parathyroid gland that is arranged in wide, irregular interconnecting columns; responsible for the synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone. FMA:69078 GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 carbohydrate secreting cell CL:0000447 cell white fat cell CL:0000448 FMA:83434 Fat cells with light coloration and few mitochondria. They contain a scant ring of cytoplasm surrounding a single large lipid droplet or vacuole. White adipose cell White fat cell cell white adipocyte Fat cells with light coloration and few mitochondria. They contain a scant ring of cytoplasm surrounding a single large lipid droplet or vacuole. GOC:tfm MESH:A11.329.114.500 brown fat cell A cell from the thermogenic form of adipose tissue found in newborns of many species, including humans, and in hibernating mammals. Brown fat is capable of rapid liberation of energy and seems to be important in the maintenance of body temperature immediately after birth and upon waking from hibernation. Brown adipocyte Brown adipose cell CL:0000449 FMA:83435 cell A cell from the thermogenic form of adipose tissue found in newborns of many species, including humans, and in hibernating mammals. Brown fat is capable of rapid liberation of energy and seems to be important in the maintenance of body temperature immediately after birth and upon waking from hibernation. MESH:A.10.165.114.322 dendritic cell A cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. These cells are lineage negative (CD3-negative, CD19-negative, CD34-negative, and CD56-negative). BTO:0002042 CL:0000451 FMA:83036 cell interdigitating cell veiled cell A cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. These cells are lineage negative (CD3-negative, CD19-negative, CD34-negative, and CD56-negative). GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 thyroid hormone secreting cell CL:0000452 cell Langerhans cell BTO:0000705 CL:0000453 FMA:63072 LC Langerhans cell is a conventional dendritic cell that has plasma membrane part CD207. A Langerhans cell is a stellate dendritic cell of myeloid origin, that appears clear on light microscopy and has a dark-staining, indented nucleus and characteristic inclusions (Birbeck granules) in the cytoplasm; Langerhans cells are found principally in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, but they also occur in other stratified epithelia and have been identified in the lung, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. Langerhans' cell Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000021 )(PMID: 19243617). These cells are also CD1a-high, CD14-negative, CD207-positive (langerin), CD324-positive (E-cadherin), and DCIR-positive. They reside in the epidermis. cell GOC:add GOC:amm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0721601464 ISBN:0781735149 Langerhans cell is a conventional dendritic cell that has plasma membrane part CD207. A Langerhans cell is a stellate dendritic cell of myeloid origin, that appears clear on light microscopy and has a dark-staining, indented nucleus and characteristic inclusions (Birbeck granules) in the cytoplasm; Langerhans cells are found principally in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, but they also occur in other stratified epithelia and have been identified in the lung, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. PMCID:PMC2346585 PMID:17850486 epinephrin secreting cell A cell capable of producting Epinephrine. Epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme, which is expressed in the adrenal glands, androgenic neurons, and in other cell types. CL:0000454 adrenaline secreting cell cell A cell capable of producting Epinephrine. Epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme, which is expressed in the adrenal glands, androgenic neurons, and in other cell types. GOC:tfm PMID:12438093 starch sheath cell CL:0000455 Obsolete. Use PO:0004531 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell characterized by conspicuous and rather stable accumulation of starch. cell replaced_by: PO:0004531 true ISBN:044174520 Obsolete. Use PO:0004531 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell characterized by conspicuous and rather stable accumulation of starch. mineralocorticoid secreting cell CL:0000456 cell biogenic amine secreting cell CL:0000457 cell serotonin secreting cell 5-HT secreting cell 5-Hydroxytryptamine secreting cell A cell type that secretes 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). CL:0000458 cell A cell type that secretes 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). GOC:tfm PMID:19630576 norepinephrin secreting cell A cell capable of producting norepiniphrine. Norepiniphrine is a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. In addition, epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme. CL:0000459 cell noradrenalin secreting cell A cell capable of producting norepiniphrine. Norepiniphrine is a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. In addition, epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme. GOC:tfm ISBN:068340007X glucocorticoid secreting cell CL:0000460 cell adepithelial cell CL:0000462 FBbt:00003219 cell epidermal cell (sensu arthropoda) An epidermal cell that secretes chitinous cuticle from its apical side. CL:0000463 While insect epidermis is generally columnar/cuboidal, there are certainly well studied cases where it is not (e.g.- Rhodnius prolixus when starved). So it would be safer to add this as a differentium for particular species where this is known. -DSJ cell An epidermal cell that secretes chitinous cuticle from its apical side. FlyBase:ds ISBN:ISBN:978-0801481253 epidermoblast An epidermal progenitor cell that arises from neuroectoderm and in turn gives rise to the epidermal sheath of ventral and cephalic regions. CL:0000464 FBbt:00004994 cell An epidermal progenitor cell that arises from neuroectoderm and in turn gives rise to the epidermal sheath of ventral and cephalic regions. GOC:tfm PMID:7576311 cardioblast (sensu Arthropoda) CL:0000465 FBbt:00001666 cell adrenocorticotropic hormone secreting cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that produces adrenocorticotropin, or corticotropin. CL:0000467 CL:0000640 adrenocorticotrophic hormone secreting cell cell corticotrophin hormone secreting cell corticotropin hormone secreting cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that produces adrenocorticotropin, or corticotropin. GOC:tfm SANBI:mhl neuroglioblast CL:0000468 FBbt:00005147 cell ganglion mother cell CL:0000469 FBbt:00005149 cell digestive enzyme secreting cell CL:0000470 cell chlorenchyma cell CL:0000472 Obsolete. Use PO:0000076 from Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETE, use term from Plant Ontology. Parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts; a component of leaf mesophyll and other green parenchyma tissue. cell replaced_by: PO:0000076 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000076 from Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETE, use term from Plant Ontology. Parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts; a component of leaf mesophyll and other green parenchyma tissue. defensive cell A cell whose primary function is to protect the organism. CL:0000473 cell A cell whose primary function is to protect the organism. JB:jb pericardial cell CL:0000474 Cell which forms the outer layer of the dorsal vessel within the abdomen of the fly larvae. These cells sequester macromolecules from the hemolymph. FBbt:00003184 cell Cell which forms the outer layer of the dorsal vessel within the abdomen of the fly larvae. These cells sequester macromolecules from the hemolymph. FBbt:00003184 GOC:tfm PMID:19783135 degenerate megaspore CL:0000475 Obsolete. Use PO:0000245 from Plant Ontology instead. In monosporic and bisporic megasporogenesis: the megaspore(s) that do not participate in megagametogenesis. cell replaced_by: PO:0000245 true Obsolete. Use PO:0000245 from Plant Ontology instead. In monosporic and bisporic megasporogenesis: the megaspore(s) that do not participate in megagametogenesis. TAIR:lr thyrotroph A basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin. This cell type is elongated, polygonal and lie in clusters towards the adenohypophyseal center. CL:0000476 FMA:83099 beta-basophil cell thyroid stimulating hormone secreting cell thyrotrope A basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin. This cell type is elongated, polygonal and lie in clusters towards the adenohypophyseal center. ISBN:0517223651 SANBI:mhl follicle cell CL:0000477 FBbt:00004904 cell oxytocin stimulating hormone secreting cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes oxytocin stimulating hormone CL:0000478 cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes oxytocin stimulating hormone GO:tfm vasopressin stimulating hormone secreting cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes vasopressin stimulating hormone CL:0000479 cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes vasopressin stimulating hormone GO:tfm secretin stimulating hormone secreting cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes secretin stimulating hormone CL:0000480 cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes secretin stimulating hormone GO:tfm cholecystokin stimulating hormone secreting cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes cholecystokin stimulating hormone CL:0000481 cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes cholecystokin stimulating hormone GO:tfm juvenile hormone secreting cell An endocrine cell that secretes juvenile hormone. CL:0000482 cell An endocrine cell that secretes juvenile hormone. GO:tfm bombesin stimulating hormone secreting cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes cholecystokin stimulating hormone CL:0000483 cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes cholecystokin stimulating hormone GO:tfm connective tissue type mast cell CL:0000484 MC(TC) MCTC Mast cell subtype whose granules contain both the serine proteases tryptase and chymase. These cells are primarily found in connective tissue, such as the peritoneal cavity, skin, and intestinal submucosa. Their development is T-cell independent. TC mast cells They are CD88-positive. The cytoplasmic granules contain high levels of histamine and heparin (mouse) or major neutral proteases, tryptase, chymase, carboxypeptidase A, and cathepsin G (humans). Reportedly, they cannot produce leukotrienes (LTC4) and IL-4. They are reportedly very heterogeneous depending upon location and can convert to the MC(T) phenotype. cell GOC:add GOC:dsd GOC:tfm Mast cell subtype whose granules contain both the serine proteases tryptase and chymase. These cells are primarily found in connective tissue, such as the peritoneal cavity, skin, and intestinal submucosa. Their development is T-cell independent. PMID:19923473 PMID:9354811 mucosal type mast cell CL:0000485 MC(T) MCT Mast cell subtype that contains only the serine protease trypase in its granules. These cells are primarily found in mucosal tissue, such as intestinal mucosa and alveoli. They depend upon T-cells for development of phenotype. T mast cells They are CD88-negative. The cytoplasmic granules contain low levels of histamine and high levels of chondroitin sulfate (mouse) or major neutral proteases and tryptase (humans). Additionally, they can produce leukotrienes (LTC4), IL-5, IL-6, and low levels of IL-4. They are reportedly very heterogeneous depending upon location and can convert to the MC(T) phenotype. cell GOC:add GOC:dsd Mast cell subtype that contains only the serine protease trypase in its granules. These cells are primarily found in mucosal tissue, such as intestinal mucosa and alveoli. They depend upon T-cells for development of phenotype. PMID:19923473 PMID:9354811 garland cell A large binucleate cell that forms a 'garland' around the anterior end of the proventriculus (cardia) at its junction with the esophagus in both adults and larvae flies. Each cell is surrounded by a basement membrane and there are numerous micro-invaginations (lacunae) extending from the surface into the cytoplasm. At the mouth of each lacuna is a doubled filament forming a specialised filtration system (diaphragm). The filtrate is endocytosed from the lacunae. BTO:0004596 CL:0000486 FBbt:00005059 cell A large binucleate cell that forms a 'garland' around the anterior end of the proventriculus (cardia) at its junction with the esophagus in both adults and larvae flies. Each cell is surrounded by a basement membrane and there are numerous micro-invaginations (lacunae) extending from the surface into the cytoplasm. At the mouth of each lacuna is a doubled filament forming a specialised filtration system (diaphragm). The filtrate is endocytosed from the lacunae. GOC:tfm PMID:19783135 fbbt:00005059 oenocyte A large secretory cell found in clusters underlying the epidermis of the abdominal segments of larval abdominal segments. CL:0000487 FBbt:00004995 cell A large secretory cell found in clusters underlying the epidermis of the abdominal segments of larval abdominal segments. GOC:bf PMID:11171397 visible light photoreceptor cell A photoreceptor cell that detects visible light. CL:0000488 cell A photoreceptor cell that detects visible light. GOC:tfm scotopic photoreceptor cell CL:0000489 cell photopic photoreceptor cell CL:0000490 cell cytotoxic T cell CL:0000491 OBSOLETE: A cell responsible for spontaneous cytotoxicity of a variety of tumor cells without prior immunization. These natural killer cells are found in non-immune humans and experimental animals and are thought by some to be the same as killer cells (killing by antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity), but they can also kill in the absence of antibody. This term had an incorrect definition and was overly broad. Consider using 'cytotoxic T cell ; CL:0000910' (in most cases) or another lymphocyte cell type if cytotoxicity is shown to be part of the cell's phenotype in a particular experimental situation. cell true CD4-positive helper T cell A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that cooperates with other lymphocytes via direct contact or cytokine release to initiate a variety of immune functions. CD4-positive T-helper cell CD4-positive helper T lymphocyte CD4-positive helper T-cell CD4-positive helper T-lymphocyte CL:0000492 FMA:70572 cell A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that cooperates with other lymphocytes via direct contact or cytokine release to initiate a variety of immune functions. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 MESH:A.11.118.637.555.567.569.200.400 regulatory T cell CL:0000493 OBSOLETE: Subpopulation of CD4+ cells which induce CD8+ suppressor T cells to suppress antibody production by B cells. They also stimulate other cellular immune responses. This term was defined too narrowly; consider using the term 'regulatory T cell ; CL:0000815' instead. cell true UV sensitive photoreceptor cell A photoreceptor cell that detects ultraviolet light. CL:0000494 cell A photoreceptor cell that detects ultraviolet light. GOC:tfm blue sensitive photoreceptor cell A photoreceptor cell that is sensitive to blue light. CL:0000495 cell A photoreceptor cell that is sensitive to blue light. GO:tfm green sensitive photoreceptor cell A photoreceptor cell that is sensitive to green light. CL:0000496 cell A photoreceptor cell that is sensitive to green light. GO:tfm red sensitive photoreceptor cell A photoreceptor cell that is sensitive to red light. CL:0000497 cell A photoreceptor cell that is sensitive to red light. GO:tfm inhibitory interneuron An interneuron (also called relay neuron, association neuron or local circuit neuron) is a multipolar neuron which connects afferent neurons and efferent neurons in neural pathways. Like motor neurons, interneuron cell bodies are always located in the central nervous system (CNS). CL:0000498 FMA:84776 cell An interneuron (also called relay neuron, association neuron or local circuit neuron) is a multipolar neuron which connects afferent neurons and efferent neurons in neural pathways. Like motor neurons, interneuron cell bodies are always located in the central nervous system (CNS). GOC:tfm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interneuron stromal cell A connective tissue cell of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. BTO:0002064 CL:0000499 FMA:83624 cell A connective tissue cell of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. GOC:tfm MESH:A.11.329.830 follicular epithelial cell CL:0000500 cell granulosa cell A supporting cell for the developing female gamete in the ovary of mammals. They develop from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the mammalian oocyte in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the ovum in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors. BTO:0000542 CL:0000501 FMA:18718 cell granulosa cell of ovary A supporting cell for the developing female gamete in the ovary of mammals. They develop from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the mammalian oocyte in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the ovum in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors. MESH:A.05.360.319.114.630.535.200 type D enteroendocrine cell A cell found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas. They secrete somatostatin in both an endocrine and paracrine manner. Somatostatin inhibits gastrin, cholecystokinin, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic enzymes, and gastric hydrochloric acid. A variety of substances which inhibit gastric acid secretion (vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, beta-adrenergic agonists, and gastric inhibitory peptide) are thought to act by releasing somatostatin. CL:0000502 D cell FMA:62935 cell A cell found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas. They secrete somatostatin in both an endocrine and paracrine manner. Somatostatin inhibits gastrin, cholecystokinin, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic enzymes, and gastric hydrochloric acid. A variety of substances which inhibit gastric acid secretion (vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, beta-adrenergic agonists, and gastric inhibitory peptide) are thought to act by releasing somatostatin. MESH:A.03.492.766.440.175 theca cell A flattened stroma cell forming a sheath or theca outside the basal lamina lining the mature ovarian follicle. Thecal interstitial or stromal cells are steroidogenic, and produce primarily androgens which serve as precusors of estrogens in the granulosa cells. BTO:0002850 CL:0000503 FMA:18690 cell A flattened stroma cell forming a sheath or theca outside the basal lamina lining the mature ovarian follicle. Thecal interstitial or stromal cells are steroidogenic, and produce primarily androgens which serve as precusors of estrogens in the granulosa cells. MESH:A.05.360.319.114.630.535.400 enterochromaffin-like cell A enteroendocrine cell part of the glands of the gastric mucosa. They produce histamine and peptides such as chromogranins. This cell type respond to gastrin by releasing histamine which acts as a paracrine stimulator of the release of hydrochloric acid from the gastric parietal cells. BTO:0002692 CL:0000504 Consider enterochromaffin cell (CL:0002065). For several years this cell type was "enterochromaffin cell" despite a MESH dbxref and a free text definition that clearly meant enterochromaffin-like cell. ECL cell A enteroendocrine cell part of the glands of the gastric mucosa. They produce histamine and peptides such as chromogranins. This cell type respond to gastrin by releasing histamine which acts as a paracrine stimulator of the release of hydrochloric acid from the gastric parietal cells. GOC:tfm MESH:A.06.224.365 substance P secreting cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes substance P. CL:0000505 cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes substance P. GO:tfm enkephalin secreting cell An endorphine cell that secretes enkephalin. CL:0000506 cell An endorphine cell that secretes enkephalin. GO:tfm endorphin secreting cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes endorphin. CL:0000507 cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes endorphin. GO:tfm type G enteroendocrine cell An endocrine cell found in the pyloric gland mucosa (antral mucosa) of the stomach of mammals and responsible for the secretion of gastrin and enkephalin. Most abundant in pyloric antrum, pyramidal in form with a narrow apex bearing long microvilli. BTO:0004108 CL:0000508 FMA:67609 G cell cell An endocrine cell found in the pyloric gland mucosa (antral mucosa) of the stomach of mammals and responsible for the secretion of gastrin and enkephalin. Most abundant in pyloric antrum, pyramidal in form with a narrow apex bearing long microvilli. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 MESH:A.03.492.766.440.300 gastrin secreting cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes gastrin. CL:0000509 cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes gastrin. GO:tfm paneth cell An epithelial cell found in the basal part of the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn) including the appendix. Paneth cells synthesize and secrete lysozyme and cryptdins. Numerous in the deeper parts of the intestinal crypts, particularly in the duodenum, rich in zinc, contain large acidophilic granules, with irregular apical microvilli and prominent membrane-bound vacuoles containing matrix. BTO:0000993 CL:0000510 FMA:62897 cell An epithelial cell found in the basal part of the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn) including the appendix. Paneth cells synthesize and secrete lysozyme and cryptdins. Numerous in the deeper parts of the intestinal crypts, particularly in the duodenum, rich in zinc, contain large acidophilic granules, with irregular apical microvilli and prominent membrane-bound vacuoles containing matrix. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 MESH:A.03.492.411.369.700 androgen binding protein secreting cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen binding protein. CL:0000511 cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen binding protein. GO:tfm paracrine cell A paracrine cell is a secretory cell that secretes an agonist into intercellular spaces in which it diffuses to a target cell other than that which produced it. CL:0000512 cell A paracrine cell is a secretory cell that secretes an agonist into intercellular spaces in which it diffuses to a target cell other than that which produced it. GOC:tfm ISBN:0198529171 cardiac muscle myoblast A precursor cell destined to differentiate into cardiac muscle cell. CL:0000513 CL:0000714 FMA:84797 cell A precursor cell destined to differentiate into cardiac muscle cell. GOC:tfm MESH:A.11.635.470 smooth muscle myoblast myoblast, smooth muscle A precursor cell destined to differentiate into smooth muscle myocytes. CL:0000514 FMA:84798 cell satellite cell myoblast, smooth muscle MESH:D032390 A precursor cell destined to differentiate into smooth muscle myocytes. GOC:tfm MESH:A.11.635.510 MESH:D032390 skeletal muscle myoblast A myoblast that differentiates into skeletal muscle fibers. CL:0000515 FMA:84799 cell skeletal myoblast A myoblast that differentiates into skeletal muscle fibers. SANBI:mhl perineuronal satellite cell A non-neuronal cell that surrounds the neuronal cell bodies of the ganglia. CL:0000516 FMA:54550 Perineuronal satellite oligodendroglial cell Satellite oligodendrocyte cell perineural satellite cell A non-neuronal cell that surrounds the neuronal cell bodies of the ganglia. GOC:tfm MESH:A.08.340.685 macrophage derived foam cell A type of foam cell derived from a macrophage containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherolosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions. CL:0000517 cell A type of foam cell derived from a macrophage containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherolosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions. GOC:add PMID:20213546 phagocyte (sensu Vertebrata) A phagocyte in vertebrates that is able to phagocytosis. CL:0000518 cell A phagocyte in vertebrates that is able to phagocytosis. GOC:tfm phagocyte (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) A phagocyte from organisms in the Nematoda or Protostomia clades. CL:0000519 cell A phagocyte from organisms in the Nematoda or Protostomia clades. GOC:tfm prokaryotic cell CL:0000520 cell fungal cell CL:0000521 cell spore CL:0000522 The reproductive structure of bacteria, fungi and cryptograms. cell true ISBN:08199377X The reproductive structure of bacteria, fungi and cryptograms. mononuclear cytotrophoblast cell A cell from the inner layer of the trophoblast of the early mammalian embryo that gives rise to the outer surface and villi of the chorion. Mononuclear crytoblasts fuse to give rise to a multinuclear cytotrophoblast. CL:0000523 FMA:83042 Langhans' cell cell A cell from the inner layer of the trophoblast of the early mammalian embryo that gives rise to the outer surface and villi of the chorion. Mononuclear crytoblasts fuse to give rise to a multinuclear cytotrophoblast. GOC:tfm ISBN:0323052908 spheroplast A cell, usually of bacteria or yeast, which has partially lost its cell wall. CL:0000524 cell sphaeroplast A cell, usually of bacteria or yeast, which has partially lost its cell wall. MESH:A.11.868 syncytiotrophoblast cell A cell from the outer syncytial layer of the trophoblast of an early mammalian embryo. It It secretes hCG in order to maintain progesterone secretion and sustain a pregnancy. CL:0000525 FMA:83043 cell plasmidotrophoblast syncytial trophoblast syntrophoblast A cell from the outer syncytial layer of the trophoblast of an early mammalian embryo. It It secretes hCG in order to maintain progesterone secretion and sustain a pregnancy. GOC:tfm ISBN:0323052908 afferent neuron A neuron which conveys sensory information centrally from the periphery. CL:0000526 FMA:87653 cell input neuron A neuron which conveys sensory information centrally from the periphery. GOC:tfm MESH:A.08.663.650 efferent neuron A neuron which sends impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells. CL:0000527 cell output neuron A neuron which sends impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells. MESH:A.08.663.655 nitrergic neuron A nerve cell where transmission is mediated by nitric oxide. CL:0000528 FMA:84792 cell A nerve cell where transmission is mediated by nitric oxide. MESH:A.08.663.748 pigmented epithelial cell CL:0000529 cell primary neuron CL:0000530 cell primary sensory neuron CL:0000531 cell CAP motoneuron CL:0000532 cell primary motor neuron CL:0000533 FMA:83619 cell primary interneuron CL:0000534 cell secondary neuron CL:0000535 cell secondary motor neuron CL:0000536 FMA:83620 cell antipodal cell CL:0000537 Obsolete. Use PO:0020093 from Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETE, use term from plant ontology. A cell located at the chalazal end of the mature embryo sac in angiosperms. cell replaced_by: PO:0020093 true ISBN:047125208 Obsolete. Use PO:0020093 from Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETE, use term from plant ontology. A cell located at the chalazal end of the mature embryo sac in angiosperms. epidermal initial CL:0000538 Obsolete. Use PO:0000349 from Plant Ontology instead. A relatively unspecialized cell that will give rise to specialized cell types of the epidermis. cell replaced_by: PO:0000349 true Obsolete. Use PO:0000349 from Plant Ontology instead. A relatively unspecialized cell that will give rise to specialized cell types of the epidermis. TAIR:lr idioblast A cell in a tissue that markedly differs in form, size, or contents from other cells in the same tissue. CL:0000539 cell true A cell in a tissue that markedly differs in form, size, or contents from other cells in the same tissue. ISBN:0471245208 neuron BTO:0000938 CL:0000540 FBbt:00005106 FMA:54527 The basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. These cells are also reportedly CD4-negative and CD200-positive. They are also capable of producing CD40L and IFN-gamma. WBbt:0003679 cell nerve cell MESH:A.08.663 MESH:D009474 The basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. melanoblast A cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a pigment cell. BTO:0003217 CL:0000541 Derived from UBERON:0002342 neural crest. FMA:83377 cell A cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a pigment cell. GOC:tfm SANBI:mhl lymphocyte A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin. BTO:0000775 CL:0000542 FMA:62863 cell A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin. GOC:add ISBN:0683073696 ISBN:0781735149 sieve tube member CL:0000543 Obsolete. Use PO:0000289 from Plant Ontology instead. One of the series of cellular components of a sieve tube. It shows a more or less pronounced differentiation between sieve plates (wide pores) and lateral sieve areas (narrow pores). Also sieve tube element and the obsolete sieve tube segment. cell replaced_by: PO:0000289 sieve tube element true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000289 from Plant Ontology instead. One of the series of cellular components of a sieve tube. It shows a more or less pronounced differentiation between sieve plates (wide pores) and lateral sieve areas (narrow pores). Also sieve tube element and the obsolete sieve tube segment. slowly adapting mechanoreceptor cell CL:0000544 cell T-helper 1 cell A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive and produces interferon-gamma. BTO:0001678 CL:0000545 FMA:84382 Th1 T cell Th1 T lymphocyte Th1 T-cell Th1 T-lymphocyte Th1 cell cell helper T cell type 1 A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive and produces interferon-gamma. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:19375293 PMID:20303875 T-helper 2 cell A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive and produces interleukin-4. BTO:0001679 CL:0000546 FMA:84385 Th2 T cell Th2 T lymphocyte Th2 T-cell Th2 T-lymphocyte Th2 cell cell helper T cell type 2 A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive and produces interleukin-4. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:19375293 PMID:20103781 proerythroblast An immature, nucleated erythrocyte occupying the stage of erythropoeisis that follows formation of erythroid progenitor cells. This cell is CD71-positive, has both a nucleus and a nucleolus, and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. CL:0000547 FMA:83518 cell pronormoblast rubriblast An immature, nucleated erythrocyte occupying the stage of erythropoeisis that follows formation of erythroid progenitor cells. This cell is CD71-positive, has both a nucleus and a nucleolus, and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. ISBN:0721601464 MESH:A.11.118.290.350.200 PMID:1638021 ISBN:0721601464 rubriblast animal cell CL:0000548 cell basophilic erythroblast A nucleated immature erythrocyte, having cytoplasm generally similar to that of the earlier proerythroblast but sometimes even more basophilic, and usually regular in outline. The nucleus is still relatively large, but the chromatin strands are thicker and more deeply staining, giving a coarser appearance; the nucleoli have disappeared. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. CL:0000549 FMA:83505 basophilic normoblast cell early erythroblast early normoblast prorubricyte ISBN:0721601464 early normoblast A nucleated immature erythrocyte, having cytoplasm generally similar to that of the earlier proerythroblast but sometimes even more basophilic, and usually regular in outline. The nucleus is still relatively large, but the chromatin strands are thicker and more deeply staining, giving a coarser appearance; the nucleoli have disappeared. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 ISBN:0721601464 prorubricyte ISBN:0721601464 early erythroblast ISBN:0721601464 basophilic normoblast polychromatophilic erythroblast A nucleated, immature erythrocyte in which the nucleus occupies a relatively smaller part of the cell than in its precursor, the basophilic erythroblast. The cytoplasm is beginning to acquire hemoglobin and thus is no longer a purely basophilic, but takes on acidophilic aspects, which becomes progressively more marked as the cell matures. The chromatin of the nucleus is arranged in coarse, deeply staining clumps. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. CL:0000550 FMA:83506 cell intermediate erythroblast intermediate normoblast polychromatic erythroblast polychromatic normoblast polychromatophilic normoblast rubricyte ISBN:0721601464 polychromatic normoblast ISBN:0721601464 polychromatophilic normoblast ISBN:0721601464 rubricyte ISBN:0721601464 intermediate normoblast ISBN:0721601464 polychromatic erythroblast ISBN:0721601464 intermediate erythroblast A nucleated, immature erythrocyte in which the nucleus occupies a relatively smaller part of the cell than in its precursor, the basophilic erythroblast. The cytoplasm is beginning to acquire hemoglobin and thus is no longer a purely basophilic, but takes on acidophilic aspects, which becomes progressively more marked as the cell matures. The chromatin of the nucleus is arranged in coarse, deeply staining clumps. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. ISBN:0721601464 unimodal nocireceptor CL:0000551 cell orthochromatic erythroblast CL:0000552 FMA:84646 The final stage of the nucleated, immature erythrocyte, before nuclear loss. Typically the cytoplasm is described as acidophilic, but it still shows a faint polychromatic tint. The nucleus is small and initially may still have coarse, clumped chromatin, as in its precursor, the polychromatophilic erythroblast, but ultimately it becomes pyknotic, and appears as a deeply staining, blue-black, homogeneous structureless mass. The nucleus is often eccentric and sometimes lobulated. acidophilic erythroblast cell eosinophilic erythroblast late erythoblast orthochromatic normoblast pyknotic eto enrythroblast ISBN:0721601464 acidophilic erythroblast ISBN:0721601464 The final stage of the nucleated, immature erythrocyte, before nuclear loss. Typically the cytoplasm is described as acidophilic, but it still shows a faint polychromatic tint. The nucleus is small and initially may still have coarse, clumped chromatin, as in its precursor, the polychromatophilic erythroblast, but ultimately it becomes pyknotic, and appears as a deeply staining, blue-black, homogeneous structureless mass. The nucleus is often eccentric and sometimes lobulated. ISBN:0721601464 pyknotic eto enrythroblast ISBN:0721601464 orthochromatic normoblast ISBN:0721601464 eosinophilic erythroblast megakaryocyte progenitor cell BTO:0001164 CFU-Meg CL:0000553 FMA:84235 Lineage negative is described here as CD2-negative, CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD5-negative, CD8a-negative, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD20-negative, CD56-negative, Ly6g-negative, and Ter119-negative. Meg-CFC The earliest cytologically identifiable precursor in the thrombocytic series. This cell is capable of endomitosis and lacks expression of hematopoieitic lineage markers (lin-negative). cell colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte megacaryoblast megacaryocyte progenitor cell megakaryoblast megakaryocytic progenitor cell promegacaryocyte promegakaryocyte GOC:dsd GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 The earliest cytologically identifiable precursor in the thrombocytic series. This cell is capable of endomitosis and lacks expression of hematopoieitic lineage markers (lin-negative). PMID:12482498 megakaryocytic progenitor cell CFU-Meg PMID:11722431 PMID:12482498 Meg-CFC PMCID:PMC1794060 gastrin stimulating hormone secreting cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes gastrin stimulating hormone. CL:0000554 cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes gastrin stimulating hormone. GOC:tfm neuronal brush cell CL:0000555 cell megakaryocyte A giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow; mature blood platelets are released from its cytoplasm. BTO:0000843 CL:0000556 FMA:83555 Megakaryocytes are reportedly CD181-positive and CD182-positive. cell megacaryocyte megalocaryocyte megalokaryocyte A giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow; mature blood platelets are released from its cytoplasm. ISBN:0721601464 MESH:D008533 granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell A hematopoietic progenitor cell that is committed to the granulocyte and monocyte lineages. These cells are CD123-positive, and do not express Gata-1, Gata2 but do express C/EBPa, and Pu.1. CFU-C , Colony forming unit in culture CFU-GM CL:0000557 GMP Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000042)(PMID: 19243617). GMPs are reportedly CD34-positive, CD38-positive, CD45RA-positive, and CD123-positive. cell colony forming unit granulocyte macrophage granulocyte-macrophage progenitor CFU-C , Colony forming unit in culture http://www.copewithcytokines.de GMP ISBN:0721601464 PMCID:PMC2213186 PMCID:PMC548021 CFU-GM ISBN:0721601464 PMCID:PMC2213186 PMCID:PMC548021 A hematopoietic progenitor cell that is committed to the granulocyte and monocyte lineages. These cells are CD123-positive, and do not express Gata-1, Gata2 but do express C/EBPa, and Pu.1. GOC:amm GOC:dsd GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0721601464 MESH:D055014 PMCID:PMC2213186 PMCID:PMC548021 PMID:16551251 http://www.copewithcytokines.de ISBN:0721601464 PMCID:PMC2213186 PMCID:PMC548021 granulocyte-macrophage progenitor ISBN:0721601464 PMCID:PMC2213186 PMCID:PMC548021 colony forming unit granulocyte macrophage reticulocyte An immature erythrocyte that changes the protein composition of its plasma membrane by exosome formation and extrusion. The types of protein removed differ between species though removal of the transferrin receptor is apparent in mammals and birds. BTO:0001173 CL:0000558 cell An immature erythrocyte that changes the protein composition of its plasma membrane by exosome formation and extrusion. The types of protein removed differ between species though removal of the transferrin receptor is apparent in mammals and birds. GOC:add GOC:tfm PMID:15946868 PMID:2037622 promonocyte A precursor in the monocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between the monoblast and monocyte. This cell is CD11b-positive and has fine azurophil granules. BTO:0004657 CL:0000559 FMA:83551 Morphology: Mononuclear cell, diameter 14-18 _M, fine azurophilic granules; markers: CD11b (shared with many other myeloid cells); location: Adult: bone marrow; Fetal: Liver, Yolk Sac; role or process: hematopoiesis, monocyte development; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid. cell A precursor in the monocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between the monoblast and monocyte. This cell is CD11b-positive and has fine azurophil granules. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 http://www.clt.astate.edu/wwilliam/ band form neutrophil A late neutrophilic metamyelocyte in which the nucleus is indented to more than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin but in no area being condensed to a single filament. The nucleus is in the form of a curved or coiled band, not having acquired the typical multilobar shape of the mature neutrophil. These cells are fMLP receptor-positive, CD11b-positive, CD35-negative, and CD49d-negative. CL:0000560 They are found in the Band 1 fraction. band band cell band form cell rod neutrophil stab cell A late neutrophilic metamyelocyte in which the nucleus is indented to more than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin but in no area being condensed to a single filament. The nucleus is in the form of a curved or coiled band, not having acquired the typical multilobar shape of the mature neutrophil. These cells are fMLP receptor-positive, CD11b-positive, CD35-negative, and CD49d-negative. GOC:add GOC:dsd GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 PMID:10618520 PMID:12560239 PMID:15514007 http://www.cap.org amacrine cell BTO:0004044 CL:0000561 FBbt:00005127 FMA:67766 Interneuron of the vertebrate retina. They integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the retinal ganglion cells, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer. They lack large axons. Not clear if this term overlaps with retinal bipolar neuron (CL:0000748). amacrine neuron cell GOC:tfm Interneuron of the vertebrate retina. They integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the retinal ganglion cells, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer. They lack large axons. MESH:A.08.663.358.050 nucleate erythrocyte An erythrocyte having a nucleus. CL:0000562 RBC cell red blood cell An erythrocyte having a nucleus. GOC:add GOc:tfm endospore A rounded, inactive form that certain bacteria assume under conditions of extreme temperature, dryness, or lack of food. The bacterium develops a waterproof cell wall that protects it from being dried out or damaged. BTO:0002779 CL:0000563 bacterial spore cell A rounded, inactive form that certain bacteria assume under conditions of extreme temperature, dryness, or lack of food. The bacterium develops a waterproof cell wall that protects it from being dried out or damaged. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 neutrophilic promyelocyte A promyelocyte committed to the neutrophil lineage. This cell type is GATA-1-positive, C/EBPa-positive, AML-1-positive, MPO-positive, has low expression of PU.1 transcription factor and lacks lactotransferrin expression. CL:0000564 FMA:84196 These cells are CD11b-negative, CD15-positive, CD16-negative, CD49d-positive, CD68-positive, CD35-negative, and fMLP receptor-negative. They are found in the Band 3 fraction. cell neutrophilic premyelocyte neutrophilic progranulocyte A promyelocyte committed to the neutrophil lineage. This cell type is GATA-1-positive, C/EBPa-positive, AML-1-positive, MPO-positive, has low expression of PU.1 transcription factor and lacks lactotransferrin expression. GOC:add GOC:dsd GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 PMID:12560239 PMID:15514007 fat body cell A cell whose primary function is intermediary metabolism. CL:0000565 cell A cell whose primary function is intermediary metabolism. FB:ma angioblastic mesenchymal cell A mesenchymal stem cell capable of developing into blood vessel endothelium. CL:0000566 These cells are reportedly CD31-positive, CD34-positive, CD144-positive, CD309-positive, and TAL1-positive. angioblast cell chondroplast A mesenchymal stem cell capable of developing into blood vessel endothelium. GOC:dsd GOC:tfm PMID:12768659 polymodal nocireceptor CL:0000567 cell APUD cell A cell that originates in the neural crest, that has certain cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics and is found scattered throughout the body; types include melanocytes, the cells of the chromaffin system, and cells in the hypothalamus, hypophysis, thyroid, parathyroids, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas. THis cell type concentrates the amino acid precursors of certain amines and decarboxylate them, forming amines that function as regulators and neurotransmitters. This cell type produces substances such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, enkephalin, somatostatin, neurotensin, and substance P, the actions of which may affect contiguous cells, nearby groups of cells, or distant cells, thus functioning as local or systemic hormones. The name is an acronym for amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cell. Amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cell BTO:0003866 CL:0000568 FMA:83114 cell A cell that originates in the neural crest, that has certain cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics and is found scattered throughout the body; types include melanocytes, the cells of the chromaffin system, and cells in the hypothalamus, hypophysis, thyroid, parathyroids, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas. THis cell type concentrates the amino acid precursors of certain amines and decarboxylate them, forming amines that function as regulators and neurotransmitters. This cell type produces substances such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, enkephalin, somatostatin, neurotensin, and substance P, the actions of which may affect contiguous cells, nearby groups of cells, or distant cells, thus functioning as local or systemic hormones. The name is an acronym for amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cell. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 MESH:A.11.070 cardiac mesenchymal cell A mesenchymal cell found in the developing heart. CL:0000569 cell A mesenchymal cell found in the developing heart. PMID:18816864 parafollicular cell A neuroepithelial cells that occurs singly or in small groups, close to the outer follicular borders but within the follicular basement membrane of the thyroid. Expresses a form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) on their surface. Secrets calcitonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine. C cell CL:0000570 FMA:68653 cell A neuroepithelial cells that occurs singly or in small groups, close to the outer follicular borders but within the follicular basement membrane of the thyroid. Expresses a form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) on their surface. Secrets calcitonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 leucophore A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains uric acid or other purine crystals deposited in stacks called leucosomes. The crystals reflect light and this gives a white appearance under white light. CL:0000571 cell A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains uric acid or other purine crystals deposited in stacks called leucosomes. The crystals reflect light and this gives a white appearance under white light. SANBI:mhl retinal cone cell BTO:0001036 CL:0000573 FMA:67748 One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision. cell MESH:A.08.663.650.650.670.100 One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision. erythrophore A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains pteridine and/or carotenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or erythrosomes. This gives an orange to red appearance. CL:0000574 cell A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains pteridine and/or carotenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or erythrosomes. This gives an orange to red appearance. SANBI:mhl corneal epithelial cell An epithelial cell of the cornea. BTO:0004298 CL:0000575 CL:1000431 FMA:70551 cell epithelial cell of cornea An epithelial cell of the cornea. GOC:tfm FMA:70551 epithelial cell of cornea monocyte BTO:0000876 CL:0000576 FMA:62864 Morphology: Mononuclear cell, diameter, 14 to 20 _M, N/C ratio 2:1-1:1. Nucleus may appear in variety of shapes: round, kidney, lobulated, or convoluted. Fine azurophilic granules present; markers: CD11b (shared with other myeloid cells), human: CD14, mouse: F4/80-mid,GR1-low; location: Blood, but can be recruited into tissues; role or process: immune & tissue remodelling; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid. Myeloid mononuclear recirculating leukocyte that can act as a precursor of tissue macrophages, osteoclasts and some populations of tissue dendritic cells. cell GO_REF:0000031 MESH:A.11.118.637.555.652 Myeloid mononuclear recirculating leukocyte that can act as a precursor of tissue macrophages, osteoclasts and some populations of tissue dendritic cells. http://www.clt.astate.edu/wwilliam/ type EC enteroendocrine cell A subtype of enteroendocrine cells found in the gastrointestinal mucosa, particularly in the glands of pyloric antrum; duodenum; and ileum. These cell type secretes serotonin and some neurotransmitters including enkephalins and substance P. Their secretory granules stain readily with silver (argentaffin stain). CL:0000577 CL:0002065 FMA:62934 FMA:83132 Kulchitsky cell argentaffin cell cell enterochromaffin cell A subtype of enteroendocrine cells found in the gastrointestinal mucosa, particularly in the glands of pyloric antrum; duodenum; and ileum. These cell type secretes serotonin and some neurotransmitters including enkephalins and substance P. Their secretory granules stain readily with silver (argentaffin stain). MESH:A.03.492.766.440.250 PMID:9505449 experimentally modified cell A cell that has been changed as a consequence of a deliberate and specific experimental procedure. CL:0000578 cell A cell that has been changed as a consequence of a deliberate and specific experimental procedure. FB:ma border follicle cell CL:0000579 FBbt:00004905 cell neutrophilic myelocyte A neutrophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a promyelocyte and a metamyelocyte; in this stage, production of primary granules is complete and neutrophil-specific granules has started. No nucleolus is present. This cell type is CD13-positive, CD16-negative, integrin alpha-M-positive, CD15-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive, C/EBP-a-positive, C/EBPe-positive, PU.1-positive, lactotransferrin-positive, myeloperoxidase-positive and NGAL-positive. BTO:0003455 CL:0000580 FMA:83540 These cells are also CD15-positive, CD35-negative, CD49d-positive, and fMLP receptor-negative. They are found in the Band 2 fraction. cell A neutrophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a promyelocyte and a metamyelocyte; in this stage, production of primary granules is complete and neutrophil-specific granules has started. No nucleolus is present. This cell type is CD13-positive, CD16-negative, integrin alpha-M-positive, CD15-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive, C/EBP-a-positive, C/EBPe-positive, PU.1-positive, lactotransferrin-positive, myeloperoxidase-positive and NGAL-positive. GOC:add GOC:dsd GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 PMID:10618520 PMID:12560239 PMID:15514007 http://www.cap.org peritoneal macrophage A macrophage resident in the peritoneum under non-inflammatory conditions. Markers include F4/80-high, CD11b-high, CD68-positive, SIGNR1-positive, CD115-high, MHC-II-negative, and Dectin-1-positive. BTO:0001034 CL:0000581 FMA:83025 Markers: Mouse: F4/80-high, CD11b-high, CD68+, SIGNR1+, Dectin-1+. cell A macrophage resident in the peritoneum under non-inflammatory conditions. Markers include F4/80-high, CD11b-high, CD68-positive, SIGNR1-positive, CD115-high, MHC-II-negative, and Dectin-1-positive. MESH:A.11.329.372.630 PMID:15771589 PMID:19201820 neutrophilic metamyelocyte A neutrophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a myelocyte and the band form neutrophil. The protein synthesis seen in earlier stages decreases or stops; the nucleus becomes indented where the indentation is smaller than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin; chromatin becomes coarse and clumped; specific granules predominate while primary granules are rare; and the cytoplasm becomes amphophilic like that of a mature granulocyte. This cell type is integrin alpha-M-positive, CD13-negative, CD15-positive, CD16-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive, fMLP receptor-negative and has expression of C/EBP-a, C/EBP-e, PU.1 transcription factor, lactotransferrin, myeloperoxidase and neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin. CL:0000582 FMA:84197 These cells are also CD35-negative, CD49d-positive, and fMLP receptor-negative. They are found in the Band 2 fraction. cell juvenile neutrophil A neutrophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a myelocyte and the band form neutrophil. The protein synthesis seen in earlier stages decreases or stops; the nucleus becomes indented where the indentation is smaller than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin; chromatin becomes coarse and clumped; specific granules predominate while primary granules are rare; and the cytoplasm becomes amphophilic like that of a mature granulocyte. This cell type is integrin alpha-M-positive, CD13-negative, CD15-positive, CD16-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive, fMLP receptor-negative and has expression of C/EBP-a, C/EBP-e, PU.1 transcription factor, lactotransferrin, myeloperoxidase and neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin. GOC:add GOC:dsd GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 PMID:10618520 PMID:12560239 PMID:15514007 http://www.cap.org alveolar macrophage A tissue-resident macrophage found in the alveoli of the lungs. Ingests small inhaled particles resulting in degradation and presentation of the antigen to immunocompetent cells. Markers include F4/80-positive, CD11b-/low, CD11c-positive, CD68-positive, sialoadhesin-positive, dectin-1-positive, MR-positive, CX3CR1-negative. BTO:0000802 CL:0000583 FMA:83023 MF.Lu Markers: Mouse: F4/80mid, CD11b-/low, CD11c+, CD68+, sialoadhesin+, dectin-1+, MR+, CX3CR1-. cell dust cell A tissue-resident macrophage found in the alveoli of the lungs. Ingests small inhaled particles resulting in degradation and presentation of the antigen to immunocompetent cells. Markers include F4/80-positive, CD11b-/low, CD11c-positive, CD68-positive, sialoadhesin-positive, dectin-1-positive, MR-positive, CX3CR1-negative. GOC:ana GOC:dsd GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 MESH:A.11.329.372.600 enterocyte An epithelial cell that has its apical plasma membrane folded into microvilli to provide ample surface for the absorption of nutrients from the intestinal lumen. BTO:0000398 CL:0000584 FMA:62122 cell An epithelial cell that has its apical plasma membrane folded into microvilli to provide ample surface for the absorption of nutrients from the intestinal lumen. SANBI:mhl null cell CL:0000585 OBSOLETE: A class of lymphocytes characterized by the lack of surface markers specific for either T or B cells. This term is rather archaic; consider using 'natural killer cell ; CL:0000623', 'pro-B cell ; CL:0000826', 'pro-T cell ; CL:0000827', or other appropriate lymphocyte-related term depending on the context. cell true germ cell BTO:0000535 CL:0000586 The reproductive cell in multicellular organisms. WBbt:0006796 cell MESH:A.05.360.490 The reproductive cell in multicellular organisms. cold sensing thermoreceptor cell A thermoreceptor cell that detects reduced temperatures. CL:0000587 cell A thermoreceptor cell that detects reduced temperatures. GOC:tfm odontoclast A specialized osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of cementum. BTO:0002516 CL:0000588 FMA:83027 cell A specialized osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of cementum. GOC:add MESH:A.11.329.679 cochlear inner hair cell A bulbous cell that is medially placed in one row in the organ of Corti. In contrast to the outer hair cells, the inner hair cells are fewer in number, have fewer sensory hairs, and are less differentiated. BTO:0003667 CL:0000589 FMA:62365 cell inner hair cell A bulbous cell that is medially placed in one row in the organ of Corti. In contrast to the outer hair cells, the inner hair cells are fewer in number, have fewer sensory hairs, and are less differentiated. MESH:A.08.663.650.250.250 small luteal cell A progesterone secreting cell in the corpus luteum that develops from theca cells. BTO:0002850 CL:0000590 FMA:18690 Theca lutein cell cell small lutein cell A progesterone secreting cell in the corpus luteum that develops from theca cells. GOC:tfm MESH:A.05.360.319.114.630.278.400 warmth sensing thermoreceptor cell A thermoreceptor cell that detects reduced temperatures. CL:0000591 cell A thermoreceptor cell that detects reduced temperatures. GOC:tfm large luteal cell A large, progesterone secreting cell in the corpus luteum that develops from the granulosa cells. CL:0000592 FMA:18689 Granulosa lutein cell Granulosoluteocytus cell A large, progesterone secreting cell in the corpus luteum that develops from the granulosa cells. GOC:tfm MESH:A.05.360.319.114.630.278.400 androgen secreting cell A steroid hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen. CL:0000593 cell A steroid hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen. GOC:tfm skeletal muscle satellite cell An elongated, spindle-shaped, quiescent myoblast that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fibres. They are thought to play a role in muscle repair and regeneration. CL:0000594 cell An elongated, spindle-shaped, quiescent myoblast that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fibres. They are thought to play a role in muscle repair and regeneration. GOC:tfm MESH:A.11.635.500.700 enucleate erythrocyte An erythrocyte lacking a nucleus. CL:0000595 RBC cell red blood cell An erythrocyte lacking a nucleus. GOC:add GOC:tfm sexual spore A spore formed following meiosis. Sometimes following meiosis, prospores may undergo one or more rounds of mitosis before they are fully mature. CL:0000596 FAO:0000017 cell meiotically-derived spore A spore formed following meiosis. Sometimes following meiosis, prospores may undergo one or more rounds of mitosis before they are fully mature. FAO:0000017 GOC:tfm SGD:clt microconidium CL:0000597 FAO:0000028 The smaller of two types of asexual spores formed by some fungi. An ovoid to pear-shaped asexual spore that contains very little cytoplasm and organelles, is uninucleate, and forms in vegetative hypae within a mycelium. Micronidia are extruded from the hyphal cell wall. cell GOC:tfm ISBN:0471940526 PMID:8357339 SGD:clt The smaller of two types of asexual spores formed by some fungi. An ovoid to pear-shaped asexual spore that contains very little cytoplasm and organelles, is uninucleate, and forms in vegetative hypae within a mycelium. Micronidia are extruded from the hyphal cell wall. pyramidal cell A projection neuron in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region. BTO:0003102 CL:0000598 FMA:67310 FMA:86775 cell projection neuron pyramidal neuron A projection neuron in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region. GOC:tfm MESH:A.08.186.211.577.405.700 conidium An asexual, nonmotile spore formed by higher fungi; conidia are usually made from the side or tip of specialized sporogenous cells and do not form by progressive cleavage of the cytoplasm. BTO:0000283 CL:0000599 FAO:0000024 cell An asexual, nonmotile spore formed by higher fungi; conidia are usually made from the side or tip of specialized sporogenous cells and do not form by progressive cleavage of the cytoplasm. ISBN:08199377X PMID:2524423 PMID:9529886 SGD:clt heterokaryon A fungal cell with two or more genetically distinct nuclei. CL:0000600 cell A fungal cell with two or more genetically distinct nuclei. ISBN:08199377X outer hair cell A mechanoreceptor in the organ of Corti. In mammals the outer hair cells are arranged in three rows which are further from the modiolus than the single row of inner hair cells. The motile properties of the outer hair cells may contribute actively to tuning the sensitivity and frequency selectivity of the cochlea. BTO:0003666 CL:0000601 FMA:62366 cell cochlear outer hair cell A mechanoreceptor in the organ of Corti. In mammals the outer hair cells are arranged in three rows which are further from the modiolus than the single row of inner hair cells. The motile properties of the outer hair cells may contribute actively to tuning the sensitivity and frequency selectivity of the cochlea. MESH:A.08.663.650.250.315 pressoreceptor cell A receptor in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which is sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls. CL:0000602 cell A receptor in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which is sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls. MESH:A.08.800.050.800.900.700 dikaryon A fungal cell with two genetically distinct haploid nuclei. CL:0000603 cell A fungal cell with two genetically distinct haploid nuclei. ISBN:08199377X retinal rod cell BTO:0001024 CL:0000604 FMA:67747 One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision. cell MESH:A.08.663.650.650.670.650 One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision. fungal asexual spore A spore formed following mitosis or mitoses. CL:0000605 FAO:0000023 cell A spore formed following mitosis or mitoses. GOC:tfm PMID:2524423 PMID:9529886 SGD:clt macroconidium CL:0000606 FAO:0000038 The larger of two types of asexual spores formed by some fungi; usually round or oblong. cell GOC:tfm ISBN:0471940526 SGD:clt The larger of two types of asexual spores formed by some fungi; usually round or oblong. ascospore A thick walled spore that stores and protects one or more nuclei following sexual reproduction in an Ascomycete. BTO:0000097 CL:0000607 FAO:0000020 cell A thick walled spore that stores and protects one or more nuclei following sexual reproduction in an Ascomycete. GOC:tfm ISBN:08199377X SGD:clt zygospore A thick walled, sexual, resting spore formed by Zygomycetes; sometimes refers to the spore and the multi-layered cell wall that encloses the spore, the zygosporangium. CL:0000608 FAO:0000040 cell A thick walled, sexual, resting spore formed by Zygomycetes; sometimes refers to the spore and the multi-layered cell wall that encloses the spore, the zygosporangium. ISBN:0471940526 ISBN:08199377X SGD:clt vestibular hair cell A mechanoreceptor located in the acoustic maculae and the semicircular canals that mediates the sense of balance, movement, and head position. The vestibular hair cells are connected to accessory structures in such a way that movements of the head displace their stereocilia. This influences the membrane potential of the cells which relay information about movements via the vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain stem. CL:0000609 FMA:62351 cell vestibular receptor cell A mechanoreceptor located in the acoustic maculae and the semicircular canals that mediates the sense of balance, movement, and head position. The vestibular hair cells are connected to accessory structures in such a way that movements of the head displace their stereocilia. This influences the membrane potential of the cells which relay information about movements via the vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain stem. GOC:tfm MESH:A.08.663.650.250.380 plant cell A cell found in seeded plants. Descendants of this cell type are represented in the Plant Ontology (PO). CL:0000610 PO:0009002 cell A cell found in seeded plants. Descendants of this cell type are represented in the Plant Ontology (PO). GOC:tfm TAIR:syr eosinophil progenitor cell CFU-Eo CL:0000611 EoP These cells are CD34-positive, CD45RA-negative, CD71-negative, and lineage-negative (CD2, CD3 epsilon, CD4, CD5, CD8a, CD14, CD19, CD20, integrin alpha-M, NCAM-1, SCA-1, Ly6G, Ly76). cell colony forming unit eosinophil eosinophil stem cell EoP PMCID:PMC2212039 PMCID:PMC2626675 eosinophilic myelocyte A eosinophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a promyelocyte and a metamyelocyte;in this stage, production of primary granules is complete and eosinophil-specific granules has started. No nucleolus is present. These cells are integrin alpha-M-positive, CD13-positive, CD15-positive, CD16-negative, CD24-positive, and CD33-positive. BTO:0003454 CL:0000612 FMA:83542 cell A eosinophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a promyelocyte and a metamyelocyte;in this stage, production of primary granules is complete and eosinophil-specific granules has started. No nucleolus is present. These cells are integrin alpha-M-positive, CD13-positive, CD15-positive, CD16-negative, CD24-positive, and CD33-positive. GOC:add GOC:dsd ISBN:0721601464 PMID:19622087 http://www.cap.org basophil progenitor cell A progenitor cell committed to the basophil lineage. This cell lacks hematopoietic lineage markers (lin-negative) and is CD34-positive, T1/ST2-low, CD117-negative, and FceRIa-high. This cell also expresses Gata-1, Gata-2 and C/EBPa. BaP BaP are also CD13-low and integrin beta-7-low. They are lin-negative (CD2, CD3e, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD20, ly6g, ly76, and NCAM-1). They also lack expression of mast cell protease 1 (MCP-1) and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (mitf). CFU-Bas CL:0000613 basophilic stem cell cell colony forming unit basophil A progenitor cell committed to the basophil lineage. This cell lacks hematopoietic lineage markers (lin-negative) and is CD34-positive, T1/ST2-low, CD117-negative, and FceRIa-high. This cell also expresses Gata-1, Gata-2 and C/EBPa. GOC:add GOC:dsd PMCID:PMC1312421 http://www.copewithcytokines.de basophilic myelocyte A basophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a promyelocyte and a metamyelocyte; in this stage, production of primary granules is complete and basophil-specific granules has started. No nucleolus is present. Markers are being integrin alpha-M-positive, fucosyltransferase FUT4-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive, aminopeptidase N-positive. BTO:0003456 CL:0000614 FMA:83543 cell A basophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a promyelocyte and a metamyelocyte; in this stage, production of primary granules is complete and basophil-specific granules has started. No nucleolus is present. Markers are being integrin alpha-M-positive, fucosyltransferase FUT4-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive, aminopeptidase N-positive. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 PMID:18466030 http://www.cap.org basidiospore A thick walled spore containing one or more haploid nuclei produced by sexual reproduction in an Basidiomycete; formed externally on extrusions of the basidium. BTO:0002166 CL:0000615 FAO:0000021 cell A thick walled spore containing one or more haploid nuclei produced by sexual reproduction in an Basidiomycete; formed externally on extrusions of the basidium. GOC:clt ISBN:0471940526 ISBN:08199377X sporangiospore A walled spore produced in a sporangium. CL:0000616 cell true A walled spore produced in a sporangium. ISBN:08199377X GABAergic neuron A neuron that uses GABA as a vesicular neurotransmitter CL:0000617 FMA:84788 GABA-ergic neuron WBbt:0005190 cell A neuron that uses GABA as a vesicular neurotransmitter GOC:tfm sheath cell CL:0000618 cell support cell (sensu Nematoda) CL:0000619 cell zoospore A sporangiospore that is motile, having flagella. CL:0000620 FAO:0000039 cell true A sporangiospore that is motile, having flagella. ISBN:08199377X fusion competent myoblast CL:0000621 cell acinar cell A secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape shaped clusters known as acini (singular acinus). CL:0000622 FMA:83625 acinic cell acinous cell cell A secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape shaped clusters known as acini (singular acinus). GOC:tfm http://www.copewithcytokines.de natural killer cell A lymphocyte that can spontaneously kill a variety of target cells without prior antigenic activation via germline encoded activation receptors and also regulate immune responses via cytokine release and direct contact with other cells. BTO:0000914 BTO:0004716 CL:0000623 FMA:63147 FMA:83601 NK cell cell large granular lymphocyte null cell A lymphocyte that can spontaneously kill a variety of target cells without prior antigenic activation via germline encoded activation receptors and also regulate immune responses via cytokine release and direct contact with other cells. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771571 CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell A mature alpha-beta T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor and the CD4 coreceptor. CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte CL:0000624 cell A mature alpha-beta T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor and the CD4 coreceptor. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell A T cell expressing an alpha-beta T cell receptor and the CD8 coreceptor. CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte CL:0000625 cell A T cell expressing an alpha-beta T cell receptor and the CD8 coreceptor. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0781735149 olfactory granule cell CL:0000626 Granule cell that is part of the olfactory bulb. cell GOC:mah Granule cell that is part of the olfactory bulb. transporting cell A cell involved in transporting nutrients, minerals, water, gases and other chemicals between cells for a variety of purposes including conveying nutrition to other tissues, removing waste products from the tissues, conveying gases for respiration, distributing heat and repelling invasion of foreign substances. CL:0000627 cell A cell involved in transporting nutrients, minerals, water, gases and other chemicals between cells for a variety of purposes including conveying nutrition to other tissues, removing waste products from the tissues, conveying gases for respiration, distributing heat and repelling invasion of foreign substances. TAIR:sr photosynthetic cell A cell that can perform photosynthesis, in which carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water, using light as the energy source. CL:0000628 cell A cell that can perform photosynthesis, in which carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water, using light as the energy source. TAIR:sr storage cell A cell that is specialized to store a particular substance(s), which is(are) later released from the store for a particular purpose. CL:0000629 cell A cell that is specialized to store a particular substance(s), which is(are) later released from the store for a particular purpose. FB:ma supportive cell A cell whose primary function is to support other cell types. BTO:0002315 CL:0000630 FMA:86947 ZFA:0000688 cell A cell whose primary function is to support other cell types. FB:ma GOC:tfm labyrinth supporting cell CL:0000631 Cells forming a framework supporting the organ of Corti. Specific cells are those of Claudius, Deiters and Hensen. cell Cells forming a framework supporting the organ of Corti. Specific cells are those of Claudius, Deiters and Hensen. MESH:A.09.246.631.246.577.543 hepatic stellate cell A cell that is found in the perisinusoidal space of the liver that is capable of multiple roles including storage of retinol, presentation of antigen to T cells (including CD1d-restricted NKT cells), and upon activation, production of extracellular matrix components that can contribute to liver fibrosis. This activated state has a myofibroblast-like phenotype, though it's not clear in the literature if this is terminally differentiated. This cell type comprises approximately 8-15% of total cells in the liver. BTO:0002741 CL:0000632 FMA:67763 Hepatic stellate cells are CD271-positive, desmin-positive, DDR-2-positive, GFAP-positive, synamin-positive, synaptophysin-positive, vimentin-positive, They are capable of producing angiotensin II, fibronectin, laminin, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-11, TGF-beta1, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, type I collagen, type III collagen, type IV collagen, and type VI collagen. Ito cell cell fat-storing cell hepatic perisinusoidal cell lipocyte perisinusoidal cell vitamin A-storing cells PMID:12808230 vitamin A-storing cells A cell that is found in the perisinusoidal space of the liver that is capable of multiple roles including storage of retinol, presentation of antigen to T cells (including CD1d-restricted NKT cells), and upon activation, production of extracellular matrix components that can contribute to liver fibrosis. This activated state has a myofibroblast-like phenotype, though it's not clear in the literature if this is terminally differentiated. This cell type comprises approximately 8-15% of total cells in the liver. GOC:dsd MESH:D055166 PMID:12808230 PMID:17239632 PMID:18222966 PMID:9302568 Hensen cell A tall supporting cell that is arranged in rows adjacent to the last row of outer phalangeal cells. This cell type constitutes the outer border of the organ of Corti. CL:0000633 Cell of Hensen External limiting cell of organ of Corti FMA:79799 Hensen's cell cell A tall supporting cell that is arranged in rows adjacent to the last row of outer phalangeal cells. This cell type constitutes the outer border of the organ of Corti. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 Claudius cell A cuboidal cell which along with Boettcher's cells form the floor of the external spiral sulcus, external to the organ of Corti. CL:0000634 Cell of Claudius Claudius cell External supporting cell of Claudius External supporting cell of vestibular epithelium FMA:79802 cell A cuboidal cell which along with Boettcher's cells form the floor of the external spiral sulcus, external to the organ of Corti. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 Deiter's cell CL:0000635 Deiters cell FMA:75725 The outer phalangeal cells of the organ of Corti. This cell holds the base of the hair cell in a cup-shaped depression. cell outer phalangeal cell GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 The outer phalangeal cells of the organ of Corti. This cell holds the base of the hair cell in a cup-shaped depression. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/156177/Deiters-cell Mueller cell BTO:0003064 CL:0000636 cell chromophil cell of anterior pituitary gland A cell that stains readily in the anterior pituitary gland. CL:0000637 FMA:83089 cell A cell that stains readily in the anterior pituitary gland. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 acidophil cell of pars distalis of adenohypophysis Acidophil cell of pars anterior of adenohypophysis Acidophil of pars anterior of adenohypophysis Acidophil of pars distalis of adenohypophysis An acidophilic chromophil cell that of the anterior pituitary gland. CL:0000638 FMA:83093 Pituitary alpha cell cell An acidophilic chromophil cell that of the anterior pituitary gland. GOC:tfm basophil cell of pars distalis of adenohypophysis A basophillic chromophil cell that of the anterior pituitary gland. CL:0000639 FMA:83094 basophil cell of anterior lobe of hypophysis beta cell cell A basophillic chromophil cell that of the anterior pituitary gland. GOC:tfm chromophobe cell A cell that is resistant to stains. CL:0000641 FMA:83626 cell chromophobic cell A cell that is resistant to stains. GOC:tfm folliculostellate cell A supportive cell of the vertebrate pituitary that provides macromolecular transport and secretes hormones. CL:0000642 cell A supportive cell of the vertebrate pituitary that provides macromolecular transport and secretes hormones. JB:jb Bergmann glial cell Bergmann astrocyte Bergmann glial cell Bergmann glial cell of cerebellum CL:0000644 FMA:54559 Type of radial astrocyte in the cerebellar cortex that have their cell bodies in the Purkinje cell layer and processes that extend into the molecular layer, terminating with bulbous endfeet at the pial surface. Bergmann glia express high densities of glutamate transporters that limit diffusion of the neurotransmitter glutamate during its release from synaptic terminals. Besides their role in early development of the cerebellum, Bergmann glia are also required for the pruning or addition of synapses. cell GOC:tfm Type of radial astrocyte in the cerebellar cortex that have their cell bodies in the Purkinje cell layer and processes that extend into the molecular layer, terminating with bulbous endfeet at the pial surface. Bergmann glia express high densities of glutamate transporters that limit diffusion of the neurotransmitter glutamate during its release from synaptic terminals. Besides their role in early development of the cerebellum, Bergmann glia are also required for the pruning or addition of synapses. http://www.neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Bergmann_Glial_Cell pituicyte A cell with long processes running parallel to adjacent axons in the proximal infundibulum of the neurohypophysis. These processes form a three-dimensional network among the axons of the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells and are connected by gap junctions which provide for their metabolic coupling. This cell type constitutes most of the nonexcitable tissue in the neurohypophsis; function may include possibly acting as an intermediate in the modulation of oxytocin and vasopressin release. This cell type is highly variable in size and shape and commonly contain lipid droplets and deposits of lipochrome pigment. BTO:0003793 CL:0000645 FMA:83503 cell A cell with long processes running parallel to adjacent axons in the proximal infundibulum of the neurohypophysis. These processes form a three-dimensional network among the axons of the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells and are connected by gap junctions which provide for their metabolic coupling. This cell type constitutes most of the nonexcitable tissue in the neurohypophsis; function may include possibly acting as an intermediate in the modulation of oxytocin and vasopressin release. This cell type is highly variable in size and shape and commonly contain lipid droplets and deposits of lipochrome pigment. ISBN:0412046911 ISBN:0517223651 http://63.198.234.228/OpenFMA/Pituicyte.html basal cell BTO:0000939 CL:0000646 FMA:62516 Undifferentiated; mitotic stem cell for other epithelial cell types; rounded or elliptical with little cytoplasm and few organelles; contain cytokeratin intermediate filament. cell GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 Undifferentiated; mitotic stem cell for other epithelial cell types; rounded or elliptical with little cytoplasm and few organelles; contain cytokeratin intermediate filament. http://63.198.234.228/OpenFMA/Basal cell.html multinucleated giant cell A phagocytic cell formed by the fusion of macrophages, occurs in chronic inflammatory responses to persistent microorganism such as M.tuberculosis, component of granulomas. Sometimes used to refer to megakaryocytes. BTO:0003107 CL:0000647 FMA:83035 Langerhans giant cell Role or process: Chronic infection, granulomatous inflammation. Consider also megakaryocyte (CL:0000556) as sometimes multinucleated giant cell is used to refer to this. cell foreign body giant cell macrophage polykaryon multinucleate giant cell syncytial giant cell A phagocytic cell formed by the fusion of macrophages, occurs in chronic inflammatory responses to persistent microorganism such as M.tuberculosis, component of granulomas. Sometimes used to refer to megakaryocytes. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0702022918 ISBN:0702024783 ISBN:0702022918 ISBN:0702024783 macrophage polykaryon ISBN:0702022918 ISBN:0702024783 syncytial giant cell ISBN:0702022918 ISBN:0702024783 Langerhans giant cell ISBN:0702022918 ISBN:0702024783 foreign body giant cell ISBN:0702022918 ISBN:0702024783 multinucleate giant cell juxtaglomerular cell A smooth muscle cell that synthesizes, stores, and secretes the enzyme renin. This cell type are located in the wall of the afferent arteriole at the entrance to the glomerulus. While having a different origin than other kidney smooth muscle cells, this cell type expresses smooth muscle actin upon maturation. CL:0000461 CL:0000648 FMA:84138 JG cell cell kidney granular cell renin secreting cell A smooth muscle cell that synthesizes, stores, and secretes the enzyme renin. This cell type are located in the wall of the afferent arteriole at the entrance to the glomerulus. While having a different origin than other kidney smooth muscle cells, this cell type expresses smooth muscle actin upon maturation. GOC:cvs GOC:tfm PMID:11457727 prickle cell A cell with delicate radiating processes known as desmosomes that form intercellular bridges between other cells of this type. This cell type forms the stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer. A function of this cell is to generate keratin. CL:0000649 CL:0002186 FMA:69059 cell prickle cell of epidermis A cell with delicate radiating processes known as desmosomes that form intercellular bridges between other cells of this type. This cell type forms the stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer. A function of this cell is to generate keratin. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 ISBN:0815332181 mesangial cell A cell type that encapsulates the capillaries and venules in the kidney. This cell secretes mesangial matrix that provides the structural support for the capillaries. BTO:0000853 CL:0000650 FMA:70972 cell A cell type that encapsulates the capillaries and venules in the kidney. This cell secretes mesangial matrix that provides the structural support for the capillaries. GOC:tfm http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=mesangial cells neck cell A mucus-secreting cell, with numerous apical secretory vesicles containing mucins; nucleus are basally displaced; numerous at the neck of mucus secreting glands CL:0000651 cell mucous neck cell A mucus-secreting cell, with numerous apical secretory vesicles containing mucins; nucleus are basally displaced; numerous at the neck of mucus secreting glands GOC:tfm pinealocyte BTO:0001068 CL:0000652 FMA:83417 This cell type produces and secretes melatonin and forms the pineal parenchyma. Extending from each cell body, which has a spherical, oval or lobulated mucleus, are one or more tortuous basophilic processes, containing parallel microtubules known as synaptic ribbons. These processes end in expanded terminal buds near capillaries or less, frequently, ependymal cells of the pineal recess. The terminal buds contain granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and electron-dense cored vesicles, which store monoamines and polypeptide hormones, release of which appears to require sympathetic innervation. cell GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 PMID:16687276 This cell type produces and secretes melatonin and forms the pineal parenchyma. Extending from each cell body, which has a spherical, oval or lobulated mucleus, are one or more tortuous basophilic processes, containing parallel microtubules known as synaptic ribbons. These processes end in expanded terminal buds near capillaries or less, frequently, ependymal cells of the pineal recess. The terminal buds contain granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and electron-dense cored vesicles, which store monoamines and polypeptide hormones, release of which appears to require sympathetic innervation. http://63.198.234.228/OpenFMA/Pinealocyte.html glomerular visceral epithelial cell A glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized kidney epithelial cell that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other glomerular epithelial cells. BTO:0002295 CL:0000653 GO has podocyte as a related synonym due to concern this may refer to more than one cell type. However, this did not turn up in my search. If podocyte does refer to more than one cell type, then we should classify the synonym to 'related'. cell podocyte A glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized kidney epithelial cell that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other glomerular epithelial cells. GOC:tfm primary oocyte A primary oocyte is an oocyte that has not completed female meosis I. BTO:0000512 CL:0000654 FMA:18645 cell A primary oocyte is an oocyte that has not completed female meosis I. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 secondary oocyte A secondary oocyte is an oocyte that has not completed meiosis II. BTO:0003094 CL:0000655 FMA:18646 cell A secondary oocyte is an oocyte that has not completed meiosis II. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 primary spermatocyte A diploid cell that has derived from a spermatogonium and can subsequently begin meiosis and divide into two haploid secondary spermatocytes. BTO:0001115 CL:0000656 FMA:72292 cell A diploid cell that has derived from a spermatogonium and can subsequently begin meiosis and divide into two haploid secondary spermatocytes. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 secondary spermatocyte BTO:0000709 CL:0000657 FBbt:00004941 FMA:72293 One of the two haploid cells into which a primary spermatocyte divides, and which in turn gives origin to spermatids. cell GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 One of the two haploid cells into which a primary spermatocyte divides, and which in turn gives origin to spermatids. cuticle secreting cell An epithelial cell that secretes cuticle. CL:0000658 cell An epithelial cell that secretes cuticle. GOC:tfm eggshell secreting cell An extracellular matrix secreting cell that secretes eggshell. CL:0000659 cell An extracellular matrix secreting cell that secretes eggshell. GOC:tfm glycocalyx secreting cell An extracellular matrix secreting cell that secretes glycocalyx. CL:0000660 cell An extracellular matrix secreting cell that secretes glycocalyx. GOC:tfm distal tip cell (sensu Nematoda) CL:0000661 cell neuroglioblast (sensu Nematoda) CL:0000662 cell valve cell CL:0000663 cell closable valve cell CL:0000664 cell permanently open valve cell CL:0000665 cell fenestrated cell CL:0000666 cell window cell collagen secreting cell An extracellular matrix secreting cell that secretes collagen. CL:0000667 cell An extracellular matrix secreting cell that secretes collagen. GOC:tfm parenchymal cell BTO:0002174 CL:0000668 FMA:84638 The cell characteristic of an organ, as distinguished from associated connective or supporting tissues. cell cell type has a similar but slightly different meaning in botany (plants): see PO:0000074. ISBN:0471245208 The cell characteristic of an organ, as distinguished from associated connective or supporting tissues. pericyte cell ARC An elongated, contractile cell found wrapped about precapillary arterioles outside the basement membrane. Pericytes are present in capillaries where proper adventitia and muscle layer are missing (thus distingushing this cell type from adventitial cells). They are relatively undifferentiated and may become fibroblasts, macrophages, or smooth muscle cells. BTO:0002441 CL:0000184 CL:0000669 Cell of Rouget FMA:63174 Pericyte of Rouget Pericytes are CD10-positive, CD13-positive, CD31-negative, CD45-negative, CD106-positive, CD117-negative, CD140-positive, CD144-negative, CD146-positive, CD271-positive, CD325-positive, NG2-positive, RGS5-positive, SMA-positive, and desmin-positive. A subpopulation is CD248-positive. They are also capable of producing angiopoietin 1, CXCL12, TGF-beta, and VEGF-A. adventitial cell adventitial reticular cell cell pericyte An elongated, contractile cell found wrapped about precapillary arterioles outside the basement membrane. Pericytes are present in capillaries where proper adventitia and muscle layer are missing (thus distingushing this cell type from adventitial cells). They are relatively undifferentiated and may become fibroblasts, macrophages, or smooth muscle cells. GOC:dsd GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 MESH:D020286 PMID:16807374 PMID:17986482 PMID:20024907 ARC PMID:17986482 primordial germ cell A primordial germ cell is a diploid germ cell precursors that transiently exist in the embryo before they enter into close association with the somatic cells of the gonad and become irreversibly committed as germ cells. CL:0000670 FMA:70567 Gonocyte Primitive germ cell cell A primordial germ cell is a diploid germ cell precursors that transiently exist in the embryo before they enter into close association with the somatic cells of the gonad and become irreversibly committed as germ cells. GOC:tfm PMID:1381289 centripetally migrating follicle cell CL:0000671 FBbt:00004906 cell tracheary element CL:0000672 Obsolete. Use PO:0000290 from Plant Ontology instead. A water conducting cell, tracheid or vessel member. cell replaced_by: PO:0000290 true ISBN:0471245208 Obsolete. Use PO:0000290 from Plant Ontology instead. A water conducting cell, tracheid or vessel member. Kenyon cell CL:0000673 cell interfollicle cell CL:0000674 FBbt:00004910 cell fly stalk cell female gamete A mature sexual reproductive cell of the female germline. CL:0000675 cell A mature sexual reproductive cell of the female germline. GOC:tfm cap cell BTO:0001033 CL:0000676 cell gut absorptive cell CL:0000677 Cell of the intestinal epithelium with a brush border made up of many parallel packed microvilli; associated with absorption, particularly of macromolecules. cell Cell of the intestinal epithelium with a brush border made up of many parallel packed microvilli; associated with absorption, particularly of macromolecules. JB:jb commisural neuron CL:0000678 cell glutamatergic neuron CL:0000679 WBbt:0006829 cell muscle precursor cell CL:0000680 cell radial glial cell A transient cell present only in the developing CNS. Functions as both a precursor cell and as a scaffold to support neuronal migration. CL:0000681 cell A transient cell present only in the developing CNS. Functions as both a precursor cell and as a scaffold to support neuronal migration. GOC:dph M cell An absorptive cell of the gut epithelium that endocytoses microorganisms and intact macromolecules from the gut lumen and transports them to the subepithelial space where they are presented to antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes. BTO:0003600 CL:0000682 FMA:62929 M-cell cell microfold cell An absorptive cell of the gut epithelium that endocytoses microorganisms and intact macromolecules from the gut lumen and transports them to the subepithelial space where they are presented to antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes. GOC:jb GOC:tfm ependymoglial cell A cell that transports hormones from neurosecretory cells. This nerve cell is characterized by bipolar shape and endfeet that contact a basal lamina around blood vessels, and/or the pia mater or vitreous body of the eye and additionally contact the ventricular surface or sub-retinal space. CL:0000683 Ependymal astrocyte cell A cell that transports hormones from neurosecretory cells. This nerve cell is characterized by bipolar shape and endfeet that contact a basal lamina around blood vessels, and/or the pia mater or vitreous body of the eye and additionally contact the ventricular surface or sub-retinal space. JB:jb http://neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Ependymoglial_Cell littoral cell of liver CL:0000684 cell meristematic cell CL:0000685 Obsolete. Use PO:0004010 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell synthesizing protoplasm and producing new cells by division and with only a primary cell wall. cell replaced_by: PO:0004010 true Obsolete. Use PO:0004010 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell synthesizing protoplasm and producing new cells by division and with only a primary cell wall. PO:0004010 cerebrospinal fluid secreting cell A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell that secretes cerebrospinal fluid. CL:0000686 cell A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell that secretes cerebrospinal fluid. GOC:tfm R1 photoreceptor cell CL:0000687 cell perijunctional fibroblast A fibroblast-like cell that provides support at neuromuscular junctions in vertebrates and are localized outside the synaptic basal lamina. CL:0000688 cell A fibroblast-like cell that provides support at neuromuscular junctions in vertebrates and are localized outside the synaptic basal lamina. JB:jb myoendocrine cell A cell with both myofibrils and secretory granules. CL:0000689 cell A cell with both myofibrils and secretory granules. JB:jb R2 photoreceptor cell CL:0000690 cell stellate interneuron CL:0000691 cell terminal Schwann cell A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system inside the basal lamina of the neuromuscular junction providing chemical and physical support to the synapse. CL:0000692 Schwann cell cell A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system inside the basal lamina of the neuromuscular junction providing chemical and physical support to the synapse. JB:jb PMID:16136171 neuroglioform cell A stellate interneuron having 7-10 dendrites that may branch. CL:0000693 cell spiderweb cell A stellate interneuron having 7-10 dendrites that may branch. JB:jb R3 photoreceptor cell CL:0000694 cell Cajal-Retzius cell CL:0000695 One of a transient population of pioneering neurons in the cerebral cortex. These cells are slender bipolar cells of the developing marginal zone. One feature of these cells in mammals is that they express the Reelin gene. cell One of a transient population of pioneering neurons in the cerebral cortex. These cells are slender bipolar cells of the developing marginal zone. One feature of these cells in mammals is that they express the Reelin gene. PMID:10600995 PMID:9728912 PP cell A cell that stores and secretes pancreatic polypeptides. CL:0000696 FMA:62938 FMA:83409 Type F enteroendocrine cell cell A cell that stores and secretes pancreatic polypeptides. GOC:tfm JB:jb PMID:15153415 R4 photoreceptor cell CL:0000697 cell paraganglial cell CL:0000698 cell true paraganglial type 1 cell A type of glomus or chief cell, is sensitive to hypoxia and produce catecholamines. CL:0000699 cell A type of glomus or chief cell, is sensitive to hypoxia and produce catecholamines. GOC:tfm dopaminergic neuron A neuron that releases dopamine as a neurotransmitter. BTO:0004032 CL:0000700 Dopaminergic cell FMA:84787 WBbt:0006746 cell A neuron that releases dopamine as a neurotransmitter. GOC:dhill paraganglia type 2 cell CL:0000701 Supports paraganglial type 1 cell. cell JB:jb Supports paraganglial type 1 cell. R5 photoreceptor cell CL:0000702 cell sustentacular cell BTO:0002315 CL:0000703 Cell that provides some or all mechanical, nutritional and phagocytic support to their neighbors. cell Cell that provides some or all mechanical, nutritional and phagocytic support to their neighbors. JB:jb endothelial tip cell A specialized endothelial cell that senses extracellular signals and guides the directed growth of blood vessels. CL:0000704 cell A specialized endothelial cell that senses extracellular signals and guides the directed growth of blood vessels. PMID:15376331 R6 photoreceptor cell CL:0000705 cell choroid plexus epithelial cell CL:0000706 CL:1000430 FMA:70549 Specialized ependymal cell that produces the cerebrospinal fluid from the blood and secretes it into the lumen of the brain and spinal chord. cell epithelial cell of choroid plexus GOC:add GOC:tfm JB:jb PMID:9550134 Specialized ependymal cell that produces the cerebrospinal fluid from the blood and secretes it into the lumen of the brain and spinal chord. R7 photoreceptor cell CL:0000707 cell leptomeningeal cell CL:0000708 Stromal cell that forms the internal covering of the vertebrate brain and produces ECM for this and the choroid plexus. cell leptomemingeal cell JB:jb Stromal cell that forms the internal covering of the vertebrate brain and produces ECM for this and the choroid plexus. R8 photoreceptor cell CL:0000709 cell neurecto-epithelial cell BTO:0004301 CL:0000710 Epithelial cells derived from neural plate and neural crest. FMA:70557 The term "neuroepithelial cell" is used to describe both this cell type and sensory epithelial cell (CL:0000098). cell neuroepithelial cell Epithelial cells derived from neural plate and neural crest. GOC:tfm http://63.198.234.228/OpenFMA/Neurecto-epithelial cell.html cumulus cell BTO:0002236 CL:0000711 Cumulus cell is a specialized granulosa cell that surrounds and nourishes the oocyte. This cell-type surrounds the fully-grown oocyte to form a cumulus-oocyte complex (abbr. COC). The terms cumulus oophorus cells, cumulus granulosa cells, cumulus oophorous granulosa cells, granulosa-cumulus cells are used to make a distinction between this cell and the other functionally different subpopulation of granulosa cells at the wall of the Graafian follicle. cell Cumulus cell is a specialized granulosa cell that surrounds and nourishes the oocyte. This cell-type surrounds the fully-grown oocyte to form a cumulus-oocyte complex (abbr. COC). The terms cumulus oophorus cells, cumulus granulosa cells, cumulus oophorous granulosa cells, granulosa-cumulus cells are used to make a distinction between this cell and the other functionally different subpopulation of granulosa cells at the wall of the Graafian follicle. GOC:tfm http://www.copewithcytokines.org/cope.cgi?key=cumulus cells stratum granulosum cell CL:0000712 cell corona radiata cell CL:0000713 cell embryonic crystal cell CL:0000715 cell lymph gland crystal cell CL:0000716 cell fusimotor neuron A subset of motor neurons that innervates intrafusal muscle fibers and has small diameter axons. CL:0000717 cell A subset of motor neurons that innervates intrafusal muscle fibers and has small diameter axons. PMID:15582775 cone cell (sensu Endopterygota) CL:0000718 cell posterior cone cell (sensu Endopterygota) CL:0000719 cell anterior cone cell (sensu Endopterygota) CL:0000720 cell equatorial cone cell (sensu Endopterygota) CL:0000721 cell cystoblast CL:0000722 cell somatic stem cell A stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. CL:0000723 FMA:63368 cell A stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. GO:0048103 heterocyst A differentiated cell that functions as a site of nitrogen fixation under aerobic conditions. BTO:0000600 CL:0000724 cell A differentiated cell that functions as a site of nitrogen fixation under aerobic conditions. MA:ma nitrogen fixing cell CL:0000725 cell chlamydospore An asexual 1-celled spore (primarily for perennation, not dissemination). Originates endogenously and singly within part of a pre-existing cell by the contraction of the protoplast. Possesses an inner secondary and often thickened hyaline or brown wall, usually impregnated with hydrophobic material. CL:0000726 Considering obsoleting as sometimes used to refer to protozoans too. But reference indicates term was intended for fungus. cell An asexual 1-celled spore (primarily for perennation, not dissemination). Originates endogenously and singly within part of a pre-existing cell by the contraction of the protoplast. Possesses an inner secondary and often thickened hyaline or brown wall, usually impregnated with hydrophobic material. GOC:tfm ISBN:085199377X primary pigment cell CL:0000727 cell secondary pigment cell CL:0000728 cell tertiary pigment cell CL:0000729 cell leading edge cell A cell at the front of a migrating epithelial sheet. CL:0000730 cell A cell at the front of a migrating epithelial sheet. MA:ma urothelial cell A cell of a layer of transitional epithelium in the wall of the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis, external to the lamina propria. Bladder transitional cell CL:0000731 FMA:84127 Transitional epithelial cell of urinary bladder Urinary tract transitional epithelial cell cell A cell of a layer of transitional epithelium in the wall of the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis, external to the lamina propria. GOC:tfm MA:ma amoeboid cell CL:0000732 cell lymph gland plasmatocyte CL:0000733 cell embryonic gland plasmatocyte CL:0000734 cell lymph gland hemocyte CL:0000735 cell embryonic gland hemocyte CL:0000736 cell striated muscle cell BTO:0002916 CL:0000737 FMA:86936 Muscle cell which has as its direct parts myofilaments organized into sarcomeres. cell GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 Muscle cell which has as its direct parts myofilaments organized into sarcomeres. leukocyte An achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. BTO:0000751 CL:0000738 FMA:62852 cell immune cell leucocyte white blood cell An achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:978-0-323-05290-0 retinal ganglion cell BTO:0001800 CL:0000740 FMA:67765 RGC The set of neurons that receives neural inputs via bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells. The axons of these cells make up the optic nerve. cell gangliocyte ganglion cell of retina GOC:dph The set of neurons that receives neural inputs via bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells. The axons of these cells make up the optic nerve. spinal accessory motor neuron A motor neuron that is located in the cervical region of the spinal cord and selectively innervates the sternocleidmastoid or trapezius muscle. Unlike other motor neurons, they extend axons dorsally along lateral margins of the spinal cord. CL:0000741 SACMN cell A motor neuron that is located in the cervical region of the spinal cord and selectively innervates the sternocleidmastoid or trapezius muscle. Unlike other motor neurons, they extend axons dorsally along lateral margins of the spinal cord. PMID:16267219 periarticular chondrocyte A round chondrocyte that first differentiates in the late embryonic growth plate of bone. CL:0000742 cell A round chondrocyte that first differentiates in the late embryonic growth plate of bone. PMID:15951842 hypertrophic chondrocyte A terminally differentiated chondrocyte that differentiates in the late embryonic growth plate of bone. CL:0000743 cell A terminally differentiated chondrocyte that differentiates in the late embryonic growth plate of bone. PMID:15951842 columnar chondrocyte A columnar chondrocyte that differentiates in the late embryonic growth plate of bone. Columnar chondrocytes vigorously proliferate and form columns in the growth plate. CL:0000744 cell A columnar chondrocyte that differentiates in the late embryonic growth plate of bone. Columnar chondrocytes vigorously proliferate and form columns in the growth plate. PMID:15951842 horizontal cell A neuron that laterally connects other neurons in the inner nuclear layer of the retina. BTO:0004120 CL:0000745 cell A neuron that laterally connects other neurons in the inner nuclear layer of the retina. ISBN:0195088433 cardiac muscle cell A myocyte located in the heart. The contractile fiber resembles those of skeletal muscle but are only one third as large in diameter, are richer in sarcoplasm, and contain centrally located instead of peripheral nuclei. BTO:0001539 CL:0000746 FMA:14067 FMA:83808 cardiac myocyte cardiocyte cardiomyocyte cell heart muscle cell A myocyte located in the heart. The contractile fiber resembles those of skeletal muscle but are only one third as large in diameter, are richer in sarcoplasm, and contain centrally located instead of peripheral nuclei. GOC:tfm ISBN:0323052908 cyanophore A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains blue pigment of unknown chemical composition in fibrous organelles termed cyanosomes. This gives a blue appearance. CL:0000747 blue chromatophore cell A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains blue pigment of unknown chemical composition in fibrous organelles termed cyanosomes. This gives a blue appearance. SANBI:mhl retinal bipolar neuron A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner plexiform layer. CL:0000748 cell A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner plexiform layer. PMID:14689473 ON-bipolar cell A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. These cells depolarize in response to light stimulation of their corresponding photoreceptors. CL:0000749 cell A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. These cells depolarize in response to light stimulation of their corresponding photoreceptors. PMID:14689473 OFF-bipolar cell A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. These cells hyperpolarize in response to light stimulation of their corresponding photoreceptors. CL:0000750 cell A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. These cells hyperpolarize in response to light stimulation of their corresponding photoreceptors. PMID:14689473 rod bipolar cell A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with rod photoreceptor cells and neurons in the inner plexiform layer. CL:0000751 FMA:67750 cell A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with rod photoreceptor cells and neurons in the inner plexiform layer. GOC:tfm PMID:14689473 cone retinal bipolar cell A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptor cells and neurons in the inner plexiform layer. CL:0000752 cell A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptor cells and neurons in the inner plexiform layer. PMID:14689473 type 1 cone bipolar cell (sensu Mus) An OFF-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. The cell body of these cells is in the middle of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic tree is stout and the axon terminates in sublamina 1. The axonal terminal is wide and has only a few varicosities. CL:0000753 DB1 cone bipolar cell cell An OFF-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. The cell body of these cells is in the middle of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic tree is stout and the axon terminates in sublamina 1. The axonal terminal is wide and has only a few varicosities. PMID:14689473 type 2 cone bipolar cell (sensu Mus) An OFF-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic tree is not well filled and the dendrites are more delicate than in type 1 cells. The axon terminal is bushier and exhibits a dense plexus of varicosities in the inner part of sublamina 1. CL:0000754 FMB cone bipolar cell cell An OFF-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic tree is not well filled and the dendrites are more delicate than in type 1 cells. The axon terminal is bushier and exhibits a dense plexus of varicosities in the inner part of sublamina 1. PMID:14689473 type 3 cone bipolar cell (sensu Mus) An OFF-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic tree is delicate and the dendritic tips appear small when compared with type 1 cells. The axon terminal is stratified and restricted to sublamina 2 of the inner plexiform layer. CL:0000755 DB2 cone bipolar cell cell An OFF-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic tree is delicate and the dendritic tips appear small when compared with type 1 cells. The axon terminal is stratified and restricted to sublamina 2 of the inner plexiform layer. PMID:14689473 type 4 cone bipolar cell (sensu Mus) An OFF-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. The cell has a diffuse axon terminal with varicosities in sublaminae 1 and 2 of the inner plexiform layer. CL:0000756 DB3 cone bipolar cell cell An OFF-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. The cell has a diffuse axon terminal with varicosities in sublaminae 1 and 2 of the inner plexiform layer. PMID:14689473 type 5 cone bipolar cell (sensu Mus) An ON-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The axon terminal is restricted to sublamina 3 of the inner plexiform layer. It is narrowly stratified and branched. The dendritic tree has many delicate branches. CL:0000757 DB4 cone bipolar cell cell An ON-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The axon terminal is restricted to sublamina 3 of the inner plexiform layer. It is narrowly stratified and branched. The dendritic tree has many delicate branches. PMID:14689473 type 6 cone bipolar cell (sensu Mus) An ON-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The cell has a loose, delicate axon terminal that opens in sublamina 3 of the inner plexiform layer and descends into sublamina 4. CL:0000758 DB5 cone bipolar cell cell An ON-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The cell has a loose, delicate axon terminal that opens in sublamina 3 of the inner plexiform layer and descends into sublamina 4. PMID:14689473 type 7 cone bipolar cell (sensu Mus) An ON-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The axon terminal is narrowly stratified and are found just below a calretinin-expressing band in sublamina 4 of the inner plexiform layer. CL:0000759 IMB cone bipolar cell cell An ON-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The axon terminal is narrowly stratified and are found just below a calretinin-expressing band in sublamina 4 of the inner plexiform layer. PMID:14689473 type 8 cone bipolar cell (sensu Mus) An ON-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. This cell has the widest dendritic field and the widest axon terminal of all retinal bipolar cells. The axon terminal is delicate and stratified through sublaminae 4 and 5 of the inner plexiform layer. CL:0000760 DB6 cone bipolar cell cell An ON-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. This cell has the widest dendritic field and the widest axon terminal of all retinal bipolar cells. The axon terminal is delicate and stratified through sublaminae 4 and 5 of the inner plexiform layer. PMID:14689473 type 9 cone bipolar cell (sensu Mus) An ON-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic tree is wide and the dendritic convergence indicates cone selectivity. The axon terminal is sparsely branched and terminates in sublamina 5 of the inner plexiform layer. BB cone bipolar cell CL:0000761 cell An ON-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic tree is wide and the dendritic convergence indicates cone selectivity. The axon terminal is sparsely branched and terminates in sublamina 5 of the inner plexiform layer. PMID:14689473 nucleated thrombocyte A nucleated blood cell involved in coagulation, typically seen in birds and other non-mammalian vertebrates. CL:0000762 Note that this is a non-mammalian cell type. Use platelet ; CL:0000233 for thrombocytes (platelets) in mammals. cell A nucleated blood cell involved in coagulation, typically seen in birds and other non-mammalian vertebrates. GOC:add GOC:tfm PMID:16360205 myeloid cell A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage. BTO:0001441 CL:0000763 cell A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage. GOC:add erythroid lineage cell A immature or mature cell in the lineage leading to and including erythrocytes. CL:0000764 CL:0002156 FMA:62845 FMA:83516 NOTE: in FMA erythropoeitic cells are types of nucleated erythrocytes and thus don't include erythrocytes. cell erythropoietic cell A immature or mature cell in the lineage leading to and including erythrocytes. GOC:add GOC:tfm erythroblast A nucleated precursor of an erythrocyte that lacks hematopoietic lineage markers. BTO:0001571 CL:0000765 FMA:83504 cell normoblast A nucleated precursor of an erythrocyte that lacks hematopoietic lineage markers. GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 PMID:18174176 myeloid leukocyte A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, or mast cell lineage. CL:0000766 cell A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, or mast cell lineage. GOC:add basophil Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has an irregularly shaped, pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm that contains coarse, bluish-black granules of variable size. Basophils contain vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin, which are released on appropriate stimulation. A basophil is CD123-positive, CD193-positive, CD203c-positive, and FceRIa-positive. BTO:0000129 CL:0000767 FMA:62862 Matures in the bone marrow and account for <1% of leukocytes in the peripheral blood, spleen, and bone marrow. Basophils are described as being CD11a-positive, CD11b-positive, CD13-positive, CD15-positive, CD18-positive, CD21-positive, CD25-positive, CD29-positive, CD35-positive, CD40-positive, CD40L-positive, CD44-positive, CD45R-negative, CD46-positive, CD49a-positive, CD49b-positive, CD49d-positive, CD55-positive, CD59-positive, CD62L-positive, CD63-positive, CD69-positive, CD90-negative, CD116-positive, CD117-negative, CD124-positive, CD125-positive, CD131-positive, CD161-positive, CD184-positive, CD191-positive, CD192-positive, CD197-positive, CD200R3-positive, CD218-positive, CD282-positive, CD284-positive, CD289-positive, CD290-positive, CD294-positive, natural killer cell receptor 2B4-positive, smad1-positive, CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD7-negative, CD8-negative, CD14-negative, CD15-negative, CD16-negative, CD19-negative, CD20-negative, CD34-negative, CD36-negative, CD45R-negative, CD56-negative, CD57-negative, CD235a-negative, and GR1-negative. Transcription factors- GATA1-positive, PU.1-positive. basophilic leucocyte basophilic leukocyte cell polymorphonuclear leucocyte polymorphonuclear leukocyte Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has an irregularly shaped, pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm that contains coarse, bluish-black granules of variable size. Basophils contain vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin, which are released on appropriate stimulation. A basophil is CD123-positive, CD193-positive, CD203c-positive, and FceRIa-positive. GOC:add GOC:amm GOC:dsd GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 MESH:D001491 PMCID:PMC2626675 PMID:11927641 PMID:19741522 PMID:21236338 PMID:9933081 immature basophil Any of the immature forms of a basophil, in which basophilic specific granules are present but other phenotypic features of the mature form may be lacking. CL:0000768 cell immature basophilic leucocyte immature basophilic leukocyte Any of the immature forms of a basophil, in which basophilic specific granules are present but other phenotypic features of the mature form may be lacking. GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 basophilic metamyelocyte A basophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a basophilic myelocyte and a band form basophil. The nucleus becomes indented where the indentation is smaller than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin; chromatin becomes coarse and clumped; specific granules predominate while primary granules are rare. Markers are CD11b-positive, CD15-positive, CD16-positive, CD24-positive, CD33-positive, and CD13-positive. CL:0000769 FMA:84198 cell A basophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a basophilic myelocyte and a band form basophil. The nucleus becomes indented where the indentation is smaller than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin; chromatin becomes coarse and clumped; specific granules predominate while primary granules are rare. Markers are CD11b-positive, CD15-positive, CD16-positive, CD24-positive, CD33-positive, and CD13-positive. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 PMID:18466030 band form basophil A late basophilic metamyelocyte in which the nucleus is in the form of a curved or coiled band, not having acquired the typical multilobar shape of the mature basophil. CL:0000770 cell A late basophilic metamyelocyte in which the nucleus is in the form of a curved or coiled band, not having acquired the typical multilobar shape of the mature basophil. GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 PMID:18466030 http://www.cap.org eosinophil Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin. Eosinophils are CD9-positive, CD191-positive, and CD193-positive. BTO:0000399 CL:0000771 Eosinophils are also CD14-negative, CD32-positive, CD44-positive, CD48-positive, CD69-positive, CD192-negative, MBP1-positive, MBP2-positive, TLR2-negative, TLR4-negative, and lineage-negative (B220, CD2, CD14, CD19, CD56, CD71, CD117, CD123, CD235a (glycophorin A), and TER119). The cytokines IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF are involved in their development and differentiation. Ussually considered CD16-negative, CD16 is observed on eosionophilic metamyelocyte. FMA:62861 cell eosinocyte eosinophilic granulocyte eosinophilic leucocyte eosinophilic leukocyte polymorphonuclear leucocyte polymorphonuclear leukocyte Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin. Eosinophils are CD9-positive, CD191-positive, and CD193-positive. GOC:add GOC:amm GOC:dsd GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 PMCID:PMC2626675 PMID:10914487 PMID:1662676 immature eosinophil Any of the immature forms of an eosinophil, in which eosinophilic specific granules are present but other phenotypic features of the mature form may be lacking. CL:0000772 cell immature eosinocyte immature eosinophilic leucocyte immature eosinophilic leukocyte Any of the immature forms of an eosinophil, in which eosinophilic specific granules are present but other phenotypic features of the mature form may be lacking. GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 eosinophilic metamyelocyte A eosinophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a eosinophilic myelocyte and a band form eosinophil. The nucleus becomes indented where the indentation is smaller than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin; chromatin becomes coarse and clumped; specific granules predominate while primary granules are rare. Markers are integrin alpha-M-positive, fucosyltransferase FUT4-positive, low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive and aminopeptidase N-negative. CL:0000773 cell A eosinophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a eosinophilic myelocyte and a band form eosinophil. The nucleus becomes indented where the indentation is smaller than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin; chromatin becomes coarse and clumped; specific granules predominate while primary granules are rare. Markers are integrin alpha-M-positive, fucosyltransferase FUT4-positive, low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive and aminopeptidase N-negative. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 PMID:19622087 band form eosinophil A late eosinophilic metamyelocyte in which the nucleus is in the form of a curved or coiled band, not having acquired the typical multilobar shape of the mature basophil. CL:0000774 cell A late eosinophilic metamyelocyte in which the nucleus is in the form of a curved or coiled band, not having acquired the typical multilobar shape of the mature basophil. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 PMID:19622087 http://www.cap.org neutrophil Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. BTO:0000130 CL:0000775 FMA:62860 PMN cell neutrocyte neutrophil leucocyte neutrophil leukocyte neutrophilic leucocyte neutrophilic leukocyte poly polymorphonuclear leucocyte polymorphonuclear leukocyte polymorphonuclear neutrophil polynuclear neutrophilic leucocyte polynuclear neutrophilic leukocyte Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. GOC:add GOC:amm GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 immature neutrophil Any of the immature forms of a neutrophil in which neutrophilic specific granules are present but other phenotypic features of the mature form may be lacking. CL:0000776 cell immatuer neutrophilic leukocyte immature neutrocyte immature neutrophil leucocyte immature neutrophil leukocyte immature neutrophilic leucocyte Any of the immature forms of a neutrophil in which neutrophilic specific granules are present but other phenotypic features of the mature form may be lacking. GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 mesangial phagocyte A tissue-resident macrophage of the renal glomerular mesangium involved in the disposal and degradation of filtration residues, presentation of antigen to T cells and in tissue remodeling. CL:0000777 cell mesangial cell A tissue-resident macrophage of the renal glomerular mesangium involved in the disposal and degradation of filtration residues, presentation of antigen to T cells and in tissue remodeling. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0702022918 ISBN:3540536663 PMID:1600140 PMID:16146841 mononuclear osteoclast A specialized mononuclear osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of bone, precursor of multinuclear osteoclasts. CL:0000778 Morphology: mononuclear, highly vesicular. cell A specialized mononuclear osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of bone, precursor of multinuclear osteoclasts. GOC:add GOC:tfm PMID:12713016 PMID:15055519 PMID:17380158 PMID:9415452 multinuclear osteoclast A specialized multinuclear osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of bone. CL:0000779 Morphology: multinucleated, highly vesicular. cell multinucleated osteoclast A specialized multinuclear osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of bone. GOC:add PMID:12713016 PMID:9415452 multinuclear odontoclast A specialized multinuclear osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of cementum. CL:0000780 Morphology: multinucleated, highly vesicular; location: roots of decidious (milk) teeth. cell multinucleated odontoclast A specialized multinuclear osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of cementum. GOC:add PMID:9415452 mononuclear odontoclast A specialized mononuclear osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of cementum. CL:0000781 Morphology: Mononuclear, highly vesicular; location: roots of decidious (milk) teeth. cell A specialized mononuclear osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of cementum. GOC:add PMID:9415452 myeloid dendritic cell A dendritic cell of the myeloid lineage. BTO:0004721 CD11c+CD123- DC CL:0000782 These cells are CD1a-negative, CD1b-positive, CD11a-positive, CD11c-positive, CD13-positive, CD14-negative, CD20-negative, CD21-negative, CD33-positive, CD40-negative, CD50-positive, CD54-positive, CD58-positive, CD68-negative, CD80-negative, CD83-negative, CD85j-positive, CD86-positive, CD89-negative, CD95-positive, CD120a-negative, CD120b-positive, CD123-negative, CD178-negative, CD206-negative, CD207-negative, CD209-negative, and TNF-alpha-negative. Upon TLR stimulation, they are capable of producing high levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, CXCL8 (IL-8). cell interdigitating cell mDC veiled cell A dendritic cell of the myeloid lineage. GOC:add PMID:10449155 PMID:17332250 PMID:9521319 multinucleated phagocyte A phagocyte formed by the fusion of mononuclear phagocytes. CL:0000783 cell A phagocyte formed by the fusion of mononuclear phagocytes. GOC:add GOC:tfm plasmacytoid dendritic cell A dendritic cell type of distinct morphology, localization, and surface marker expression (CD123-positive) from other dendritic cell types and associated with early stage immune responses, particularly the release of physiologically abundant amounts of type I interferons in response to infection. BTO:0004625 CL:0000784 DC2 IPC T-associated plasma cell cell interferon-producing cell lymphoid dendritic cell pDC plasmacytoid T cell plasmacytoid monocyte type 2 DC A dendritic cell type of distinct morphology, localization, and surface marker expression (CD123-positive) from other dendritic cell types and associated with early stage immune responses, particularly the release of physiologically abundant amounts of type I interferons in response to infection. GOC:add GOC:dsd PMCID:PMC2118448 PMCID:PMC538703 PMID:15549123 PMID:17332250 PMID:17850486 PMID:20304825 mature B cell A B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow. Initially, these cells are IgM-positive and IgD-positive, and they can be activated by antigen. CL:0000785 cell mature B lymphocyte mature B-cell mature B-lymphocyte A B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow. Initially, these cells are IgM-positive and IgD-positive, and they can be activated by antigen. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 plasma cell A terminally differentiated, post-mitotic, antibody secreting cell of the B cell lineage with the phenotype CD138-positive, surface immunonoglobulin-negative, and MHC Class II-negative. Plasma cells are oval or round with extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, and a round nucleus having a characteristic cartwheel heterochromatin pattern and are devoted to producing large amounts of immunoglobulin. BTO:0000392 CL:0000786 FMA:70574 cell plasmacyte A terminally differentiated, post-mitotic, antibody secreting cell of the B cell lineage with the phenotype CD138-positive, surface immunonoglobulin-negative, and MHC Class II-negative. Plasma cells are oval or round with extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, and a round nucleus having a characteristic cartwheel heterochromatin pattern and are devoted to producing large amounts of immunoglobulin. GOC:add GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0721601464 ISBN:0781735149 memory B cell A memory B cell is a mature B cell that is long-lived, readily activated upon re-encounter of its antigenic determinant, and has been selected for expression of higher affinity immunoglobulin. This cell type has the phenotype CD19-positive, CD20-positive, MHC Class II-positive, and CD138-negative. CL:0000787 cell memory B lymphocyte memory B-cell memory B-lymphocyte A memory B cell is a mature B cell that is long-lived, readily activated upon re-encounter of its antigenic determinant, and has been selected for expression of higher affinity immunoglobulin. This cell type has the phenotype CD19-positive, CD20-positive, MHC Class II-positive, and CD138-negative. GOC:add GOC:rhs GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 naive B cell A naive B cell is a mature B cell that has the phenotype surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, CD27-negative and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery. CL:0000788 cell naive B lymphocyte naive B-cell naive B-lymphocyte A naive B cell is a mature B cell that has the phenotype surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, CD27-negative and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery. GOC:add GOC:rhs GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781765196 alpha-beta T cell A T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex. CL:0000789 alpha-beta T lymphocyte alpha-beta T-cell alpha-beta T-lymphocyte cell A T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0781735149 immature alpha-beta T cell An alpha-beta T cell that has an immature phenotype and has not completed T cell selection. CL:0000790 cell immature alpha-beta T lymphocyte immature alpha-beta T-cell immature alpha-beta T-lymphocyte An alpha-beta T cell that has an immature phenotype and has not completed T cell selection. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0781735149 mature alpha-beta T cell A alpha-beta T cell that has a mature phenotype. CL:0000791 cell mature alpha-beta T lymphocyte mature alpha-beta T-cell mature alpha-beta T-lymphocyte A alpha-beta T cell that has a mature phenotype. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0781735149 CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell A CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta T cell that regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release. CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte CL:0000792 FMA:84070 cell suppressor T cell suppressor T lymphocyte suppressor T-cell suppressor T-lymphocyte A CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta T cell that regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0781735149 PMID:19464985 CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that is found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte CL:0000793 IEL cell intraepithelial lymphocyte A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that is found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0781735149 CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that is capable of killing target cells in an antigen specific manner with the phenotype perforin-positive and granzyme B-positive. CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T lymphocyte CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-cell CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-lymphocyte CL:0000794 FMA:70573 Killer T cell Killer T lymphocyte Note that while T cels of this subset are loosely referred to 'cytotoxic T cells,' as many other T cell types, including CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cells and gamma-delta T cells exhibit cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. cell cytotoxic T cell cytotoxic T lymphocyte cytotoxic T-cell cytotoxic T-lymphocyte A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that is capable of killing target cells in an antigen specific manner with the phenotype perforin-positive and granzyme B-positive. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release. CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte CL:0000795 FMA:84070 cell suppressor T cell suppressor T lymphocyte suppressor T-cell suppressor T-lymphocyte A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0781735149 CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell A alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Intraepithelial T cells often have distinct developmental pathways and activation requirements. CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte CL:0000796 IEL cell intraepithelial lymphocyte A alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Intraepithelial T cells often have distinct developmental pathways and activation requirements. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell A mature alpha-beta T cell of the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Intraepithelial T cells often have distinct developmental pathways and activation requirements. CL:0000797 IEL alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte cell intraepithelial lymphocyte A mature alpha-beta T cell of the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Intraepithelial T cells often have distinct developmental pathways and activation requirements. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0781735149 gamma-delta T cell A T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex. CL:0000798 Note that gamma-delta T cells have both thymic and extrathymic differentiation pathways. cell gamma-delta T lymphocyte gamma-delta T-cell gamma-delta T-lymphocyte gammadelta T cell gd T cell A T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0781735149 immature gamma-delta T cell A gamma-delta T cell that has an immature phenotype. CL:0000799 Note that gamma-delta T cells have both thymic and extrathymic differentiation pathways. cell immature gamma-delta T lymphocyte immature gamma-delta T-cell immature gamma-delta T-lymphocyte A gamma-delta T cell that has an immature phenotype. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 mature gamma-delta T cell A gamma-delta T cell that has a mature phenotype. These cells can be found in tissues and circulation where they express unique TCR repertoire depending on their location. CL:0000800 cell mature gamma-delta T lymphocyte mature gamma-delta T-cell mature gamma-delta T-lymphocyte A gamma-delta T cell that has a mature phenotype. These cells can be found in tissues and circulation where they express unique TCR repertoire depending on their location. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0781735149 gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell A mature gamma-delta T cell that is found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells participate in mucosal immune responses. CL:0000801 IEL cell gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte gamma-delta intraepithelial T-cell gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte intraepithelial lymphocyte A mature gamma-delta T cell that is found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells participate in mucosal immune responses. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0781735149 CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell A gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that has the phenotype CD8-alpha alpha-positive. CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-cell CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte CL:0000802 IEL cell intraepithelial lymphocyte A gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that has the phenotype CD8-alpha alpha-positive. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0781735149 CD4-negative CD8-negative gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell A gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that has the phenotype CD4-negative and CD8-negative. CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-cell CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte CL:0000803 IEL cell intraepithelial lymphocyte A gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that has the phenotype CD4-negative and CD8-negative. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0781735149 immature single positive thymocyte A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-positive, CD44-negative, CD25-negative, and pre-TCR-positive. CL:0000805 ISP Note that this type of thymocyte has passed the beta-selection checkpoint and is rapidly proliferating and rearranging the T cell receptor alpha chain and expressing the CD8 coreceptor. This stage comes between the DN4 and DP stages. T.ISP.th cell immature single positive T cell immature single positive T lymphocyte immature single positive T-lymphocyte A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-positive, CD44-negative, CD25-negative, and pre-TCR-positive. GOC:add GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html DN2 thymocyte A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-positive, and CD25-positive. CL:0000806 DN2 alpha-beta immature T lymphocyte DN2 alpha-beta immature T-cell DN2 alpha-beta immature T-lymphocyte DN2 cell DN2 immature T cell Double negative 2 Note that this type of thymocyte is at the earliest stage of T cell receptor rearrangement of the beta, gamma, and delta T cell receptor chains. TN2 cell TN2 thymocyte cell preT.DN2.Th A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-positive, and CD25-positive. GOC:add GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 DN3 thymocyte A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-negative, and CD25-positive and expressing the T cell receptor beta-chain in complex with the pre-T cell receptor alpha chain. CL:0000807 DN3 alpha-beta immature T lymphocyte DN3 alpha-beta immature T-cell DN3 alpha-beta immature T-lymphocyte DN3 cell DN3 immature T cell TN3 cell TN3 thymocyte cell double negative 3 preT.DN3.Th A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-negative, and CD25-positive and expressing the T cell receptor beta-chain in complex with the pre-T cell receptor alpha chain. GOC:add GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 DN4 thymocyte A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-negative, CD25-negative, and pre-TCR-positive. CL:0000808 DN4 alpha-beta immature T lymphocyte DN4 alpha-beta immature T-lymphocyte DN4 cell DN4 immature T cell DN4 immature T-cell Note that this type of thymocyte has passed the beta-selection checkpoint and is rapidly proliferating and beginning to rearrange the T cell receptor alpha chain. T.DN4.th cell double negative 4 A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-negative, CD25-negative, and pre-TCR-positive. GOC:add GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 double-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte A thymocyte expressing the alpha-beta T cell receptor complex as well as both the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors. CL:0000809 DP cell DP thymocyte Thymocytes of this stage are undergoing positive and negative selection. cell double-positive, alpha-beta immature T lymphocyte A thymocyte expressing the alpha-beta T cell receptor complex as well as both the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors. GOC:add GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 CD4-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte An immature alpha-beta T cell that is located in the thymus and is CD4-positive and CD8-negative. CD4-positive, alpha-beta immature T lymphocyte CD4-positive, alpha-beta immature T-cell CD4-positive, alpha-beta immature T-lymphocyte CL:0000810 SP CD4 cell cell An immature alpha-beta T cell that is located in the thymus and is CD4-positive and CD8-negative. GOC:add GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 CD8-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte An immature alpha-beta T cell that is located in the thymus and is CD8-positive and CD4-negative. CD8-positive, alpha-beta immature T cell CD8-positive, alpha-beta immature T lymphocyte CD8-positive, alpha-beta immature T-cell CD8-positive, alpha-beta immature T-lymphocyte CL:0000811 SP CD8 cell cell An immature alpha-beta T cell that is located in the thymus and is CD8-positive and CD4-negative. GOC:add GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 memory T cell A distinctly differentiated long-lived T cell that has the phenotype CD45RO-positive and CD127-positive. BTO:0003435 CL:0000813 cell memory T lymphocyte memory T-cell memory T-lymphocyte A distinctly differentiated long-lived T cell that has the phenotype CD45RO-positive and CD127-positive. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 mature NK T cell A mature alpha-beta T cell of a distinct lineage that bears natural killer markers and a T cell receptor specific for a limited set of ligands. NK T cells have activation and regulatory roles particularly early in an immune response. CL:0000814 cell mature NK T lymphocyte mature NK T-cell mature NK T-lymphocyte mature NKT cell mature natural killer T cell mature natural killer T lymphocyte mature natural killer T-cell mature natural killer T-lymphocyte A mature alpha-beta T cell of a distinct lineage that bears natural killer markers and a T cell receptor specific for a limited set of ligands. NK T cells have activation and regulatory roles particularly early in an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 regulatory T cell A T cell which regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release. BTO:0004520 CL:0000815 FMA:84070 This cell type may express FoxP3 and CD25 and secretes IL-10 and TGF-beta. cell regulatory T cell regulatory T lymphocyte regulatory T-cell regulatory T-lymphocyte suppressor T cell suppressor T lymphocyte suppressor T-cell suppressor T-lymphocyte A T cell which regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release. GOC:add GO_REF:0000031 immature B cell An immature B cell is a precursor B cell that has the phenotype surface IgM-positive and surface IgD-negative, and have not undergone class immunoglobulin class switching or peripheral encounter with antigen and activation. CL:0000816 cell immature B lymphocyte immature B-cell immature B-lymphocyte newly formed B Cell An immature B cell is a precursor B cell that has the phenotype surface IgM-positive and surface IgD-negative, and have not undergone class immunoglobulin class switching or peripheral encounter with antigen and activation. GOC:add GOC:rhs GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 ISBN:781735149 newly formed B Cell precursor B cell A precursor B cell is a B cell with the phenotype CD10-positive. BTO:0001133 CL:0000817 cell pre-B cell A precursor B cell is a B cell with the phenotype CD10-positive. GOC:rhs GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 transitional stage B cell An immature B cell of an intermediate stage between the pre-B cell stage and the mature naive stage with the phenotype surface IgM-positive and CD19-positive, and are subject to the process of B cell selection. A transitional B cell migrates from the bone marrow into the peripheral circulation, and then to the spleen. CL:0000818 T1 B cell T2 B cell T3 B cell cell transitional stage B lymphocyte transitional stage B-cell transitional stage B-lymphocyte An immature B cell of an intermediate stage between the pre-B cell stage and the mature naive stage with the phenotype surface IgM-positive and CD19-positive, and are subject to the process of B cell selection. A transitional B cell migrates from the bone marrow into the peripheral circulation, and then to the spleen. GOC:add GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12810111 B-1 B cell A B cell of distinct lineage and surface marker expression. B-1 B cells are thought to be the primary source of natural IgM immunoglobulin, that is, IgM produced in large quantities without prior antigenic stimulation and generally reactive against various microorganisms, as well as the source of T-independent IgA immunoglobulin in the mucosal areas. These cells are CD43-positive. B-1 B lymphocyte B-1 B-cell B-1 B-lymphocyte CL:0000819 cell A B cell of distinct lineage and surface marker expression. B-1 B cells are thought to be the primary source of natural IgM immunoglobulin, that is, IgM produced in large quantities without prior antigenic stimulation and generally reactive against various microorganisms, as well as the source of T-independent IgA immunoglobulin in the mucosal areas. These cells are CD43-positive. GOC:add GO_REF:0000031 PMID:11861604 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html B-1a B cell A B-1 B cell that has the phenotype CD5-positive. B-1a B lymphocyte B-1a B-cell B-1a B-lymphocyte B1a B cell CL:0000820 cell A B-1 B cell that has the phenotype CD5-positive. GOC:add PMID:11861604 B-1b B cell A B-1 B cell that has the phenotype CD5-negative, but having other phenotypic attributes of a B-1 B cell. B-1b B lymphocyte B-1b B-cell B-1b B-lymphocyte CL:0000821 cell A B-1 B cell that has the phenotype CD5-negative, but having other phenotypic attributes of a B-1 B cell. GOC:add PMID:11861604 B-2 B cell A conventional B cell subject to antigenic stimulation and dependent on T cell help and with a distinct surface marker expression pattern from B-1 B cells. These cells are CD43-negative. B-0 B cell B-2 B lymphocyte B-2 B-cell B-2 B-lymphocyte CL:0000822 cell A conventional B cell subject to antigenic stimulation and dependent on T cell help and with a distinct surface marker expression pattern from B-1 B cells. These cells are CD43-negative. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0781735149 PMID:11861604 immature natural killer cell A natural killer cell that is developmentally immature and expresses natural killer cell receptors (NKR). CL:0000823 In mouse the NKR are Ly49 molecules and in human these cells express KIR molecules. cell immature NK cell p-NK A natural killer cell that is developmentally immature and expresses natural killer cell receptors (NKR). GOC:add GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12457618 PMID:12457618 p-NK mature natural killer cell A natural killer cell that is developmentally mature and expresses a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors that recognize MHC class I and other stress related molecules. CL:0000824 LAK cell cell lymphokine activated killer cell mature NK cell LAK cell PMID:14685782 PMID:14685782 lymphokine activated killer cell A natural killer cell that is developmentally mature and expresses a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors that recognize MHC class I and other stress related molecules. GOC:add GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 PMID:14685782 pro-NK cell A lymphoid progenitor cell that is committed to the natural killer cell lineage, expressing CD122 (IL-15) receptor, but lacking many of the phenotypic characteristics of later stages of natural killer cell development such as expression of NK activating and inhibitory molecules. In human this cell has the phenotype CD34-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD10-positive, CD117-negative, and CD161 negative. CL:0000825 Most markers only described for human pro NK cells. NKP cell natural killer cell progenitor null cell preNK cell pro-natural killer cell PMID:11532393 null cell A lymphoid progenitor cell that is committed to the natural killer cell lineage, expressing CD122 (IL-15) receptor, but lacking many of the phenotypic characteristics of later stages of natural killer cell development such as expression of NK activating and inhibitory molecules. In human this cell has the phenotype CD34-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD10-positive, CD117-negative, and CD161 negative. GOC:add GOC:pam GO_REF:0000031 PMID:11532393 PMID:12457618 PMID:15032583 PMID:15766674 PMID:11532393 preNK cell NKP PMID:12457618 PMID:15032583 PMID:15766674 pro-B cell A progenitor cell of the B cell lineage, with some lineage specific activity such as early stages of recombination of B cell receptor genes, but not yet fully committed to the B cell lineage until the expression of PAX5 occurs. BTO:0003104 CL:0000826 Pre-pro B cell cell pre-B cell (Philadelphia nomenclature) pro-B lymphocyte pro-B-cell pro-B-lymphocyte progenitor B cell PMID:17582343 Pre-pro B cell PMID:11244048 pre-B cell (Philadelphia nomenclature) A progenitor cell of the B cell lineage, with some lineage specific activity such as early stages of recombination of B cell receptor genes, but not yet fully committed to the B cell lineage until the expression of PAX5 occurs. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12633665 pro-T cell A lymphoid progenitor cell of the T cell lineage, with some lineage specific marker expression, but not yet fully committed to the T cell lineage. CL:0000827 DN1 cell DN1 thymocyte TN1 cell cell pro-T lymphocyte progenitor T cell A lymphoid progenitor cell of the T cell lineage, with some lineage specific marker expression, but not yet fully committed to the T cell lineage. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 thromboblast A progenitor cell of the thrombocyte, a nucleated blood cell involved in coagulation typically seen in birds and other non-mammalian vertebrates. CL:0000828 Note that this is a non-mammalian cell type. cell A progenitor cell of the thrombocyte, a nucleated blood cell involved in coagulation typically seen in birds and other non-mammalian vertebrates. GOC:add GOC:tfm PMID:7758949 basophilic myeloblast A myeloblast committed to the basophil lineage. CL:0000829 cell A myeloblast committed to the basophil lineage. GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 basophilic promyelocyte A promyelocyte committed to the basophil lineage. CL:0000830 FMA:84208 cell A promyelocyte committed to the basophil lineage. GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 mast cell progenitor A progenitor cell of the mast cell lineage. Markers for this cell are FceRIa-low, CD117-positive, CD9-positive, T1/ST2-positive, SCA1-negative, and lineage-negative. CFU-MC CFU-Mast CL:0000831 MCP MCP are CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD34-positive, CD45-positive, integrin beta-7-positive, and lin-negative (CD2, CD3e, CD4, CD5, CD8a, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD27, integrin alpha-M, ly6c, ly6g, NCAM-1, and ter119). These cells also express the transcription factors GATA-1, GATA-2, and MITF, but not C/EBPa. cell colony forming unit mast cell A progenitor cell of the mast cell lineage. Markers for this cell are FceRIa-low, CD117-positive, CD9-positive, T1/ST2-positive, SCA1-negative, and lineage-negative. GOC:add GOC:dsd PMCID:PMC1183570 PMCID:PMC1312421 PMID:8629001 PMID:9354811 http://www.copewithcytokines.de eosinophilic myeloblast A myeloblast committed to the eosinophil lineage. CL:0000832 cell A myeloblast committed to the eosinophil lineage. GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 eosinophilic promyelocyte A promyelocyte committed to the eosinophil lineage. CL:0000833 FMA:84199 cell A promyelocyte committed to the eosinophil lineage. GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 neutrophil progenitor cell A progenitor cell of the neutrophil lineage. CL:0000834 cell neutrophil stem cell A progenitor cell of the neutrophil lineage. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 myeloblast BTO:0000187 CL:0000835 FMA:83524 The most primitive precursor in the granulocytic series, having fine, evenly distributed chromatin, several nucleoli, a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ration (5:1-7:1), and a nongranular basophilic cytoplasm. They reside in the bone marrow. cell GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 The most primitive precursor in the granulocytic series, having fine, evenly distributed chromatin, several nucleoli, a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ration (5:1-7:1), and a nongranular basophilic cytoplasm. They reside in the bone marrow. http://www.cap.org promyelocyte A precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a myeloblast and myelocyte, that has distinct nucleoli, a nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio of 5:1 to 3:1, and containing a few primary cytoplasmic granules. Markers for this cell are fucosyltransferase FUT4-positive, CD33-positive, integrin alpha-M-negative, low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-negative, and CD24-negative. CL:0000836 FMA:83530 cell A precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a myeloblast and myelocyte, that has distinct nucleoli, a nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio of 5:1 to 3:1, and containing a few primary cytoplasmic granules. Markers for this cell are fucosyltransferase FUT4-positive, CD33-positive, integrin alpha-M-negative, low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-negative, and CD24-negative. GOC:add GOC:amm GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 http://www.cap.org hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell A hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell is multipotent, but not capable of long-term self-renewal. These cells are characterized as lacking lineage cell surface markers and being CD34-positive in both mice and humans. BTO:0000725 CL:0000837 MPP Markers differ between mouse and human. cell hemopoietic progenitor cell A hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell is multipotent, but not capable of long-term self-renewal. These cells are characterized as lacking lineage cell surface markers and being CD34-positive in both mice and humans. GOC:add GOC:tfm PMID:19022770 lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell A progenitor cell restricted to the lymphoid lineage. BTO:0004731 CL:0000838 FMA:70338 Note that this is a class of cell types, not an identified single cell type. cell lymphoid progenitor cell A progenitor cell restricted to the lymphoid lineage. GOC:add GOC:tfm myeloid lineage restricted progenitor cell A progenitor cell restricted to the myeloid lineage. BTO:0004730 CL:0000839 FMA:70339 Note that this is a class of cell types, not an identified single cell type. cell myeloid progenitor cell A progenitor cell restricted to the myeloid lineage. GOC:add GOC:tfm PMID:19022770 immature conventional dendritic cell An immature cell of the conventional dendritic cell lineage, characterized by high levels of antigen uptake via endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis, and typically found resident in the tissues. Markers for this cell are CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHC-II-low. CL:0000840 cell immature myeloid dendritic cell An immature cell of the conventional dendritic cell lineage, characterized by high levels of antigen uptake via endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis, and typically found resident in the tissues. Markers for this cell are CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHC-II-low. GOC:add GOC:tfm PMID:9521319 mature conventional dendritic cell A mature cell of the conventional dendritic cell lineage, characterized by a high capacity for antigen presentation and typically found in a lymph node. CL:0000841 FMA:83038 cell mature myeloid dendritic cell A mature cell of the conventional dendritic cell lineage, characterized by a high capacity for antigen presentation and typically found in a lymph node. GOC:add GOC:tfm PMID:9521319 mononuclear cell A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form. BTO:0000878 CL:0000842 FMA:86713 Peripheral blood mononuclear cell cell A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form. GOC:add follicular B cell A resting mature B cell that has the phenotype IgM-positive, IgD-positive, CD23-positive and CD21-positive, and found in the B cell follicles of the white pulp of the spleen or the corticol areas of the peripheral lymph nodes. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, IgM-positive, AA4-negative, CD23-positive, CD43-negative, and CD5-negative. CL:0000843 Fo B cell cell A resting mature B cell that has the phenotype IgM-positive, IgD-positive, CD23-positive and CD21-positive, and found in the B cell follicles of the white pulp of the spleen or the corticol areas of the peripheral lymph nodes. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, IgM-positive, AA4-negative, CD23-positive, CD43-negative, and CD5-negative. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMCID:PMC2193793 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html germinal center B cell A rapidly cycling mature B cell that has distinct phenotypic characteristics and is involved in T-dependent immune responses and located typically in the germinal centers of lymph nodes. This cell type expresses Ly77 after activation. CL:0000844 cell A rapidly cycling mature B cell that has distinct phenotypic characteristics and is involved in T-dependent immune responses and located typically in the germinal centers of lymph nodes. This cell type expresses Ly77 after activation. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0781735149 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html marginal zone B cell A mature B cell that is located in the marginal zone of the spleen with the phenotype CD23-negative and CD21-positive and expressing a B cell receptor usually reactive to bacterial cell wall components or senescent self components such as oxidized-LDL. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, IgM-high, AA4-negative, CD23-negative, CD21/35-high. CL:0000845 cell A mature B cell that is located in the marginal zone of the spleen with the phenotype CD23-negative and CD21-positive and expressing a B cell receptor usually reactive to bacterial cell wall components or senescent self components such as oxidized-LDL. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, IgM-high, AA4-negative, CD23-negative, CD21/35-high. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:10933592 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html vestibular dark cell An epithelial cell of the vestibular sensory organ that is characterized by intense enzymatic activities and numerous basal membrane infoldings. CL:0000846 cell An epithelial cell of the vestibular sensory organ that is characterized by intense enzymatic activities and numerous basal membrane infoldings. PMID:11223304 ciliated olfactory receptor neuron An olfactory receptor cell in which the apical ending of the dendrite is a pronounced ciliated olfactory knob. CL:0000847 cell ciliated olfactory sensory neuron ciliated sensory neuron An olfactory receptor cell in which the apical ending of the dendrite is a pronounced ciliated olfactory knob. PMID:16841163 microvillous olfactory receptor neuron An olfactory receptor cell in which the apical ending of the dendrite is a knob that bears numerous microvilli. CL:0000848 cell microvillous olfactory sensory neuron microvillous sensory neuron An olfactory receptor cell in which the apical ending of the dendrite is a knob that bears numerous microvilli. PMID:16841163 crypt olfactory receptor neuron An olfactory receptor cell with short cilia growing in an invagination bordered by microvilli. CL:0000849 cell crypt cell crypt olfactory sensory neuron crypt sensory neuron An olfactory receptor cell with short cilia growing in an invagination bordered by microvilli. PMID:16841163 serotonergic neuron 5-HT neuron 5-hydroxytryptamine neuron A neuron that releases serotonin as a neurotransmitter. CL:0000403 CL:0000850 FBbt:00005133 WBbt:0006837 cell serotinergic neuron A neuron that releases serotonin as a neurotransmitter. SANBI:mhl neuromast mantle cell CL:0000851 Neuromast mantle cell is a non-sensory cell. Neuromast mantle cells surround the neuromast support cells and neuromast hair cells, separating the neuromast from the epidermis, and secrete cupula in which the ciliary bundles of all the hair cells are embedded. cell ISBN:0125296509 Neuromast mantle cell is a non-sensory cell. Neuromast mantle cells surround the neuromast support cells and neuromast hair cells, separating the neuromast from the epidermis, and secrete cupula in which the ciliary bundles of all the hair cells are embedded. neuromast support cell CL:0000852 Neuromast support cell is a non-sensory cell of the neuromast that extend between the sensory hair cells from the basement membrane to the apical surface; neuromast support cells are surrounded by neuromast mantle cells. cell ISBN:0125296509 Neuromast support cell is a non-sensory cell of the neuromast that extend between the sensory hair cells from the basement membrane to the apical surface; neuromast support cells are surrounded by neuromast mantle cells. olfactory epithelial support cell CL:0000853 FMA:62302 Olfactory epithelial support cell is a columnar cell that extends from the epithelial free margin to the basement membrane of the olfactory epithelium. This cell type has a large, vertically, elongate, euchromatic nucleus, along with other nuclei, forms a layer superficial to the cell body of the receptor cell; sends long somewhat irregular microvilli into the mucus layer; at the base, with expanded end-feet containing numerous lamellated dense bodies resembling lipofuscin of neurons. Supporting cell of olfactory epithelium Sustentaculocyte of olfactory epithelium cell olfactory sustentacular cell GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 Olfactory epithelial support cell is a columnar cell that extends from the epithelial free margin to the basement membrane of the olfactory epithelium. This cell type has a large, vertically, elongate, euchromatic nucleus, along with other nuclei, forms a layer superficial to the cell body of the receptor cell; sends long somewhat irregular microvilli into the mucus layer; at the base, with expanded end-feet containing numerous lamellated dense bodies resembling lipofuscin of neurons. SANBI:mhl interneuromast cell CL:0000854 Interneuromast cell is a neuroectodermal cell deposited by the migrating lateral line primordium between the neuromasts. Interneuromast cells proliferate and migrate to form additional neuromasts. cell Interneuromast cell is a neuroectodermal cell deposited by the migrating lateral line primordium between the neuromasts. Interneuromast cells proliferate and migrate to form additional neuromasts. SANBI:mhl sensory hair cell BTO:0004744 CL:0000855 Hair cell is a mechanoreceptor cell that is sensitive to movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system. cell hair cell Hair cell is a mechanoreceptor cell that is sensitive to movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system. SANBI:mhl neuromast hair cell CL:0000856 Neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. cell Neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. SANBI:mhl slow muscle myoblast A skeletal muscle myoblast that differentiates into slow muscle fibers. CL:0000857 cell A skeletal muscle myoblast that differentiates into slow muscle fibers. SANBI:mhl fast muscle myoblast A skeletal muscle myoblast that differentiates into fast muscle fibers. CL:0000858 cell A skeletal muscle myoblast that differentiates into fast muscle fibers. SANBI:mhl cementum secreting cell A secretory cell that secretes cementum, a bony substance that covers the root of a tooth. CL:0000859 cell A secretory cell that secretes cementum, a bony substance that covers the root of a tooth. SANBI:mhl classical monocyte A type of monocyte that responds rapidly to microbial stimuli by secreting cytokines and antimicrobial factors. This cell type is characterized by high expression of CCR2 in both rodents and humans, and of being larger size than non-classical monocytes. CL:0000860 Markers: CCR2+CXCCR1<low> (human, mouse, rat). cell inflammatory monocyte A type of monocyte that responds rapidly to microbial stimuli by secreting cytokines and antimicrobial factors. This cell type is characterized by high expression of CCR2 in both rodents and humans, and of being larger size than non-classical monocytes. GO_REF:0000031 PMID:16322748 PMID:18303997 PMID:20628149 PMID:20870168 elicited macrophage A macrophage which develops from an inflammatory monocyte and is recruited into the tissues in response to injury and infection as part of an inflammatory response. Markers include CD11b-positive, CD68-positive, and F4/80-positive. CL:0000861 FMA:84643 FMA:84645 Markers: CD11b+, CD68+; Mouse: F4/80+; role or process: immune, inflammation (inflammatory response). cell free macrophage wandering histiocyte A macrophage which develops from an inflammatory monocyte and is recruited into the tissues in response to injury and infection as part of an inflammatory response. Markers include CD11b-positive, CD68-positive, and F4/80-positive. GOC:add GOC:ana GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:15771589 suppressor macrophage A macrophage that suppresses immune responses. CL:0000862 Markers: May express: IL10, TGFbeta. cell A macrophage that suppresses immune responses. GOC:add GOC:tfm PMID:20402419 inflammatory macrophage An elicited macrophage that is recruited into the tissues in response to injury and infection as part of an inflammatory response, expresses high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS and NO, and shows potent microbicidal activity. CL:0000863 M1 macrophage Markers: Express: TNFa, IL1b, IL6, iNOS, NADPH-oxidase; produce: reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide; role or process: immune, inflammation (inflammatory response). cell classically activated macrophage An elicited macrophage that is recruited into the tissues in response to injury and infection as part of an inflammatory response, expresses high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS and NO, and shows potent microbicidal activity. GOC:ana GO_REF:0000031 PMID:19132917 tissue-resident macrophage A macrophage constitutively resident in a particular tissue under non-inflammatory conditions, and capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells. CL:0000864 FMA:84642 FMA:84644 cell fixed macrophage resting histiocyte A macrophage constitutively resident in a particular tissue under non-inflammatory conditions, and capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells. GOC:ana GO_REF:0000031 PMID:19770654 gastrointestinal tract (lamina propria) macrophage A gut-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage found in lamina propria of the gut. CL:0000865 cell A gut-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage found in lamina propria of the gut. GOC:ana GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 thymic macrophage A tissue-resident macrophage resident found in the thymus, involved in the clearance of apoptotic thymocytes. CL:0000866 Role or process: immune, clearance of apoptotic thymocytes, antigen-presentation. cell A tissue-resident macrophage resident found in the thymus, involved in the clearance of apoptotic thymocytes. GOC:ana GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:9048205 secondary lymphoid organ macrophage A tissue-resident macrophage found in a secondary lymphoid organ. CL:0000867 cell A tissue-resident macrophage found in a secondary lymphoid organ. GOC:ana GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 lymph node macrophage A secondary lymphoid organ macrophage found in a lymph node. This cell is CD169-high. CL:0000868 MF.LN Marker was observed on rat cells. cell A secondary lymphoid organ macrophage found in a lymph node. This cell is CD169-high. GOC:ana GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:11971865 tonsillar macrophage A gut-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage found in tonsils. CL:0000869 cell A gut-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage found in tonsils. GOC:ana GO_REF:0000031 PMID:16048540 Peyer's patch macrophage A gut-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage found in the Peyer's patches. CL:0000870 cell A gut-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage found in the Peyer's patches. GOC:ana GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 splenic macrophage A secondary lymphoid organ macrophage found in the spleen. CL:0000871 FMA:83026 Role or process: immune, clearance of apoptotic and senescent cells. cell A secondary lymphoid organ macrophage found in the spleen. GO_REF:0000031 PMID:15771589 PMID:16322748 splenic marginal zone macrophage A splenic macrophage found in the marginal zone of the spleen, involved in recognition and clearance of particulate material from the splenic circulation. Markers include F4/80-negative, MARCO-positive, SR-A-positive, SIGN-R1-positive, and Dectin2-positive. CL:0000872 Markers: Mouse: F4/80-, MARCO+, SR-A+, SIGN-R1+, Dectin2+. cell A splenic macrophage found in the marginal zone of the spleen, involved in recognition and clearance of particulate material from the splenic circulation. Markers include F4/80-negative, MARCO-positive, SR-A-positive, SIGN-R1-positive, and Dectin2-positive. GOC:ana GO_REF:0000031 PMID:16861066 splenic metallophillic macrophage A splenic macrophage found in the areas surrounding the white pulp of the spleen, adjacent to the marginal sinus. Markers include F4/80-negative, Dectin2-low, sialoadhesin-positive. CL:0000873 Markers: Mouse: F4/80-, Dectin2-low, sialoadhesin+. cell A splenic macrophage found in the areas surrounding the white pulp of the spleen, adjacent to the marginal sinus. Markers include F4/80-negative, Dectin2-low, sialoadhesin-positive. GOC:ana GO_REF:0000031 PMID:20018690 splenic red pulp macrophage A splenic macrophage found in the red-pulp of the spleen, and involved in immune responses to blood-borne pathogens and in the clearance of senescent erythrocytes. Markers include F4/80-positive, CD68-positive, MR-positive, Dectin2-positive, macrosialin-positive, and sialoadhesin-low. CL:0000874 Markers: Mouse: F4/80+, CD68+, MR+, Dectin2+, macrosialin+, sialoadhesin-low; role or process: immune, clearance of senescent erythrocytes. cell A splenic macrophage found in the red-pulp of the spleen, and involved in immune responses to blood-borne pathogens and in the clearance of senescent erythrocytes. Markers include F4/80-positive, CD68-positive, MR-positive, Dectin2-positive, macrosialin-positive, and sialoadhesin-low. GOC:ana GO_REF:0000031 PMID:19644016 non-classical monocyte CL:0000875 Markers: CCR2-CX3CCR1+ (human, mouse, rat); human: CD16+, CCR5+, CD32/FcgRII-high, MHCII+, CD86+; mouse: CD62L-Ly6C-. Subset of monocytes characterized by low expression of CCR2, low responsiveness to monocyte chemoattractant CCL2/MCP1, low phagocytic activity, but increased co-stimulatory activity. May also play a role in tissue repair. cell patrolling monocyte resident monocyte GO_REF:0000031 PMID:16322748 PMID:18303997 PMID:20628149 PMID:20870168 Subset of monocytes characterized by low expression of CCR2, low responsiveness to monocyte chemoattractant CCL2/MCP1, low phagocytic activity, but increased co-stimulatory activity. May also play a role in tissue repair. splenic white pulp macrophage A splenic macrophage found in the white pulp of the spleen. Markers include F4/80-negative, CD68-positive, and macrosialin-positive. CL:0000876 cell markers: Mouse: F4/80-, CD68+, macrosialin+. A splenic macrophage found in the white pulp of the spleen. Markers include F4/80-negative, CD68-positive, and macrosialin-positive. GOC:ana GO_REF:0000031 PMID:11207597 splenic tingible body macrophage A splenic white pulp macrophage found in and around the germinal centers of the white pulp of the spleen that participates in phagocytosis of apoptotic B cells from the germinal centers. A marker for a cell of this type is Mertk-positive. CL:0000877 cell A splenic white pulp macrophage found in and around the germinal centers of the white pulp of the spleen that participates in phagocytosis of apoptotic B cells from the germinal centers. A marker for a cell of this type is Mertk-positive. GOC:ana GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:19631584 central nervous system macrophage A tissue-resident macrophage found in the central nervous system. CL:0000878 CNS macrophage cell A tissue-resident macrophage found in the central nervous system. GO_REF:0000031 PMID:16322748 meningeal macrophage A central nervous system macrophage found in the meninges (the three membranes that surround the brain). This macrophage types is highly phagocytic and expresses scavenger receptors. CL:0000879 cell A central nervous system macrophage found in the meninges (the three membranes that surround the brain). This macrophage types is highly phagocytic and expresses scavenger receptors. GOC:ana GO_REF:0000031 PMID:11591794 choroid-plexus macrophage A central nervous system macrophage found at the interface between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. This cell expresses scavenger receptors. CL:0000880 cell A central nervous system macrophage found at the interface between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. This cell expresses scavenger receptors. GOC:ana GO_REF:0000031 PMID:9550136 perivascular macrophage A central nervous system macrophage found in small blood vessels in the brain. Markers include CD14+CD16+CD163+. CL:0000881 Markers: Human/monkey, mice: CD163. Human: CD14+CD16+CD163+. cell A central nervous system macrophage found in small blood vessels in the brain. Markers include CD14+CD16+CD163+. GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:16507898 thymic medullary macrophage A thymic macrophage found in the thymic medulla. CL:0000882 cell A thymic macrophage found in the thymic medulla. GOC:ana GO_REF:0000031 PMID:9048205 thymic cortical macrophage A thymic macrophage found in the thymic cortex. CL:0000883 cell A thymic macrophage found in the thymic cortex. GOC:ana GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:9048205 mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage A tissue-resident macrophage found in the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue. CL:0000884 cell A tissue-resident macrophage found in the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue. GOC:ana GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:19906191 gut-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage A mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage found in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues of the gut. CL:0000885 cell A mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage found in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues of the gut. GOC:ana GO_REF:0000031 PMID:19906191 nasal and broncial associated lymphoid tissue macrophage A mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage found in the nasal and bronchial mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. CL:0000886 cell A mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage found in the nasal and bronchial mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. GOC:ana GO_REF:0000031 PMID:16048540 lymph node subcapsular sinus macrophage A lymph node macrophage found in the subcapsular sinus of lymph nodes that participates in sensing, clearance, and antigen presentation of lymph-borne particulate antigens. This macrophage is capable of activating invaraint NKT cells and is CD169-positive. CL:0000887 cell A lymph node macrophage found in the subcapsular sinus of lymph nodes that participates in sensing, clearance, and antigen presentation of lymph-borne particulate antigens. This macrophage is capable of activating invaraint NKT cells and is CD169-positive. GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:14668803 PMID:17934446 PMID:20228797 lymph node tingible body macrophage A lymph node macrophage found in the cortex of lymph nodes, in particular in and around the germinal centers, and that participates in phagocytosis of apoptotic B cells from the germinal centers. CL:0000888 cell A lymph node macrophage found in the cortex of lymph nodes, in particular in and around the germinal centers, and that participates in phagocytosis of apoptotic B cells from the germinal centers. GOC:ana GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:19631584 myeloid suppressor cell An immature myeloid leukocyte of heterogeneous phenotype found particularly in cancer and sepsis patients that is capable of suppressing activity of T cells in ex vivo assays. This cell type is CD45-positive, CD11b-positive. CL:0000889 Markers: Mouse: CD11b+GR1+CD31+; Human: CD34+ CD33+CD15-CD13+. (According to some reports in humans these cells are iNOS+ARG1+IL13+IFNg+); location: In cancerous tissue; in the blood and lymphoid organs in sepsis. cell An immature myeloid leukocyte of heterogeneous phenotype found particularly in cancer and sepsis patients that is capable of suppressing activity of T cells in ex vivo assays. This cell type is CD45-positive, CD11b-positive. GOC:add GOC:ana GO_REF:0000031 PMID:16168663 PMID:17016554 PMID:17016559 alternatively activated macrophage An elicited macrophage characterized by low production of pro-inflammatory and Th1 polarizing cytokines and high expression of arginase-1, and associated with tissue remodelling. CL:0000890 M2 macrophage Role or process: tissue remodeling. cell An elicited macrophage characterized by low production of pro-inflammatory and Th1 polarizing cytokines and high expression of arginase-1, and associated with tissue remodelling. GOC:ana GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:20510870 foam cell A type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherolosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions. BTO:0003872 CL:0000891 FMA:83586 cell A type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherolosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions. GOC:add smooth muscle cell derived foam cell A type of foam cell derived from a smooth muscle cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherolosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions. CL:0000892 cell A type of foam cell derived from a smooth muscle cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherolosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions. GOC:add thymocyte An immature T cell located in the thymus. BTO:0001372 CL:0000893 FMA:72202 XAO:0003159 cell immature T cell immature T lymphocyte immature T-cell immature T-lymphocyte thymic lymphocyte An immature T cell located in the thymus. GOC:add GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:12415312 DN1 thymic pro-T cell A pro-T cell that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-positive, and CD25-negative. CL:0000894 DN1 thymic pro-T lymphocyte DN1 thymic pro-T-cell DN1 thymic pro-T-lymphocyte DN1 thymic progenitor T cell DN1 thymocyte cell double negative 1 preT.DN1.Th A pro-T cell that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-positive, and CD25-negative. GOC:add GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell An antigen inexperienced CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD127-positive and CD62L-positive. This cell type develops in the thymus. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high, and CD44-low. CL:0000895 T.4Nve.Sp Th0 These cells have not been exposed to antigen following thymic T-cell selection; found in blood and secondary lymphoid organs. cell naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte GOC:tfm Th0 An antigen inexperienced CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD127-positive and CD62L-positive. This cell type develops in the thymus. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high, and CD44-low. GOC:add GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:19100699 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell A recently activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, and CD25-positive. CL:0000896 activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte cell A recently activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, and CD25-positive. GOC:add GOC:pam GO_REF:0000031 CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell CD4-positive, alpha-beta long-lived T cell with the phenotype CD45RO-positive and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD44-high, and CD122- high. CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte CL:0000897 T4.Mem.Sp cell CD4-positive, alpha-beta long-lived T cell with the phenotype CD45RO-positive and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD44-high, and CD122- high. GOC:add GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html naive T cell CL:0000898 Mature T cell not yet exposed to antigen with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD45RA-positive, and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high and CD44-low. cell naive T lymphocyte naive T-cell naive T-lymphocyte GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 Mature T cell not yet exposed to antigen with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD45RA-positive, and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high and CD44-low. PMID:19100699 T-helper 17 cell CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype RORgamma-t-positive that produces IL-17. CL:0000899 Th17 T cell Th17 T lymphocyte Th17 T-cell Th17 T-lymphocyte Th17 cell cell helper T cell type 17 CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype RORgamma-t-positive that produces IL-17. GOC:add GOC:pam GO_REF:0000031 PMID:20303875 naive thymus-derived CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has not experienced activation via antigen contact and has the phenotype CD45RA-positive, CCR7-positive and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high and CD44-low. Additional markers in human are CD45RA. This cell traffics in secondary lymphoid organs and blood. CL:0000900 T.8Nve.Sp cell naive thymus-dervied CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte naive thymus-dervied CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell naive thymus-dervied CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has not experienced activation via antigen contact and has the phenotype CD45RA-positive, CCR7-positive and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high and CD44-low. GOC:add GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html Tr1 cell CD4-positive alpha-beta T cell with regulatory function that produces IL-10. CL:0000901 T-regulatory T cell type 1 Tr1 T cell Tr1 T lymphocyte Tr1 T-cell Tr1 T-lymphocyte cell CD4-positive alpha-beta T cell with regulatory function that produces IL-10. GOC:add GOC:pam GO_REF:0000031 induced T-regulatory cell CD4-positive alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD25-positive, CTLA-4-positive, and FoxP3-positive with regulatory function. CL:0000902 aTreg adaptive Treg cell iTreg induced Treg induced regulatory T cell induced regulatory T lymphocyte induced regulatory T-cell induced regulatory T-lymphocyte CD4-positive alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD25-positive, CTLA-4-positive, and FoxP3-positive with regulatory function. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:19464985 natural T-regulatory cell CD4-positive alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype FoxP3-positive, CD25-positive, CD62L-positive, and CTLA-4 positive with regulatory function. CL:0000903 cell nTreg natural Treg natural regulatory T cell natural regulatory T lymphocyte natural regulatory T-cell natural regulatory T-lymphocyte CD4-positive alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype FoxP3-positive, CD25-positive, CD62L-positive, and CTLA-4 positive with regulatory function. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:19464985 central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD127-positive, CD45RO-positive, and CD25-negative. CL:0000904 cell central CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell central CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte central CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell central CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD127-positive, CD45RO-positive, and CD25-negative. GOC:add GOC:pam GO_REF:0000031 effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell with the phenotype CCR7-negative, CD127-positive, CD45RO-positive, and CD25-negative. CL:0000905 cell effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell with the phenotype CCR7-negative, CD127-positive, CD45RO-positive, and CD25-negative. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, CD25-positive, and CCR7-negative. CL:0000906 activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte cell A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, CD25-positive, and CCR7-negative. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 central memory CD8 positive, alpha-beta T cell A CD8-positive, alpha beta memory T cell with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD127-positive, CD45RO-positive, and CD25-negative. CL:0000907 cell central CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell central CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte central CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell central CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte A CD8-positive, alpha beta memory T cell with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD127-positive, CD45RO-positive, and CD25-negative. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:20146720 CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T cell A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, and CD25-positive, that secretes cytokines. CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T lymphocyte CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T-cell CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T-lymphocyte CL:0000908 cell A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, and CD25-positive, that secretes cytokines. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:20146720 CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with memory phenotype indicated by being CD45RO and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD44-high, and CD122- high. CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte CL:0000909 T.8Mem.Sp cell A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with memory phenotype indicated by being CD45RO and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD44-high, and CD122- high. GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:20146720 cytotoxic T cell A mature T cell that differentiated and acquired cytotoxic function with the phenotype perforin-positive and granzyme-B positive. BTO:0000289 CL:0000910 FMA:70573 cell cytotoxic T lymphocyte cytotoxic T-cell cytotoxic T-lymphocyte A mature T cell that differentiated and acquired cytotoxic function with the phenotype perforin-positive and granzyme-B positive. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:18395547 effector T cell A differentiated T cell with ability to traffic to peripheral tissues and is capable of mounting a specific immune response. CL:0000911 cell effector T lymphocyte effector T-cell effector T-lymphocyte A differentiated T cell with ability to traffic to peripheral tissues and is capable of mounting a specific immune response. GOC:PAM-ADD GOC:tfm ISBN:0877799148 PMID:18395547 helper T cell A effector T cell that provides help in the form of secreted cytokines to other immune cells. BTO:0002417 CL:0000912 T-helper cell cell helper T lymphocyte helper T-cell helper T-lymphocyte A effector T cell that provides help in the form of secreted cytokines to other immune cells. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:18395547 effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell A CD8-positive, alpha beta memory T cell with the phenotype CCR7-negative, CD127-positive, CD45RO-positive, and CD25-negative. CL:0000913 cell effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte A CD8-positive, alpha beta memory T cell with the phenotype CCR7-negative, CD127-positive, CD45RO-positive, and CD25-negative. GOC:add GOC:pam GO_REF:0000031 PMID:20146720 immature NK T cell An immature alpha-beta T-cell that express Egr2. These cells give rise to T cells expressing NK markers. CL:0000914 cell immature NK T lymphocyte immature NK T-cell immature NK T-lymphocyte immature NKT cell An immature alpha-beta T-cell that express Egr2. These cells give rise to T cells expressing NK markers. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:17589542 PMID:19169262 CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell An alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell with the phenotype CD8-alpha-alpha-positive located in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells have a memory phenotype of CD2-negative and CD5-negative. CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte CL:0000915 cell An alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell with the phenotype CD8-alpha-alpha-positive located in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells have a memory phenotype of CD2-negative and CD5-negative. GOC:add GOC:pam GO_REF:0000031 PMID:11685222 dendritic epidermal T cell A mature gamma-delta T cell located in the epidermis that regulates wound healing. CL:0000916 DETC In mice, DETC have an invariant T cell receptor. cell dendritic epidermal T lymphocyte dendritic epidermal T-cell dendritic epidermal T-lymphocyte A mature gamma-delta T cell located in the epidermis that regulates wound healing. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:11976459 Tc1 cell A CD8-positive, alpha-beta positive T cell expressing T-bet and eomesodermin and secreting interferon-gamma. BTO:0004793 BTO:0004888 CL:0000917 FMA:84793 T-cytotoxic T cell type 1 Tc1 T cell Tc1 T lymphocyte Tc1 T-cell Tc1 T-lymphocyte cell A CD8-positive, alpha-beta positive T cell expressing T-bet and eomesodermin and secreting interferon-gamma. GOC:add GOC:pam GO_REF:0000031 PMID:9914231 Tc2 cell A CD8-positive, alpha-beta positive T cell expressing GATA-3 and secreting IL-4. BTO:0004794 CL:0000918 FMA:84794 T-cytotoxic T cell type 2 Tc2 T cell Tc2 T lymphocyte Tc2 T-cell Tc2 T-lymphocyte cell A CD8-positive, alpha-beta positive T cell expressing GATA-3 and secreting IL-4. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:9914231 CD8-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell A CD8-positive alpha beta-positive T cell with the phenotype FoxP3-positive and having suppressor function. CD8-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell CD8-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte CD8-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell CD8-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte CL:0000919 cell A CD8-positive alpha beta-positive T cell with the phenotype FoxP3-positive and having suppressor function. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:19118505 CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T cell CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T cell CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte CD8-positive, alpha-beta positive regulatory T cell with the phenotype CD28-negative and FoxP3-positive. CL:0000920 cell CD8-positive, alpha-beta positive regulatory T cell with the phenotype CD28-negative and FoxP3-positive. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:19118505 type I NK T cell An alpha-beta T cell expressing NK cell markers that is CD1d restricted and expresses specific V-alpha chains. NK T cells of this type recognize the glycolipid alpha-galactosylceramide in the context of CD1d. CL:0000921 In mouse the canonical TCR is V-alpha-14, and in humans it is V-alpha 24. cell classical NK T cell invariant NK T cell type I NK T lymphocyte type I NK T-cell type I NK T-lymphocyte type I NKT cell An alpha-beta T cell expressing NK cell markers that is CD1d restricted and expresses specific V-alpha chains. NK T cells of this type recognize the glycolipid alpha-galactosylceramide in the context of CD1d. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:15039760 type II NK T cell An alpha-beta T cell expressing NK call markers that is CD1d restricted and expresses a diverse TCR repertoire. Type II NKT cells do not become activated by alpha-galactosylceramide when presented by CD1d. CL:0000922 cell type II NK T lymphocyte type II NK T-cell type II NK T-lymphocyte type II NKT cell An alpha-beta T cell expressing NK call markers that is CD1d restricted and expresses a diverse TCR repertoire. Type II NKT cells do not become activated by alpha-galactosylceramide when presented by CD1d. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:15039760 CD4-positive type I NK T cell A type I NK T cell that has the phenotype CD4-positive. CD4-positive type I NK T lymphocyte CD4-positive type I NK T-cell CD4-positive type I NK T-lymphocyte CD4-positive type I NKT cell CL:0000923 NKT.4+.SP cell A type I NK T cell that has the phenotype CD4-positive. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:17303398 CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell A type I NK T cell that has the phenotype CD4-negative and CD8-negative. CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T lymphocyte CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-cell CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-lymphocyte CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NKT cell CL:0000924 NKT.4-.Sp cell A type I NK T cell that has the phenotype CD4-negative and CD8-negative. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:18997862 activated CD4-positive type I NK T cell A type I NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma and IL-4, and has the phenotype CD4-positive, CD69-positive, and downregulated NK markers. CL:0000925 activated CD4-positive type I NK T lymphocyte activated CD4-positive type I NK T-cell activated CD4-positive type I NK T-lymphocyte activated CD4-positive type I NKT cell cell A type I NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma and IL-4, and has the phenotype CD4-positive, CD69-positive, and downregulated NK markers. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:17303398 CD4-positive type I NK T cell secreting interferon-gamma A mature NK T cell that secretes interferon-gamma and enhances type 1 immune responses. CD4-positive type I NK T cell secreting IFN-gamma CD4-positive type I NK T lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma CD4-positive type I NK T-cell secreting interferon-gamma CD4-positive type I NK T-lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma CD4-positive type I NKT cell secreting interferon-gamma CL:0000926 cell A mature NK T cell that secretes interferon-gamma and enhances type 1 immune responses. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:17303398 CD4-positive type I NK T cell secreting interleukin-4 A mature NK T cell that predominantly secretes type 2 cytokines such as interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 and enhances type 2 immune responses. CD4-positive type I NK T cell secreting IL-4 CD4-positive type I NK T lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4 CD4-positive type I NK T-cell secreting interleukin-4 CD4-positive type I NK T-lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4 CD4-positive type I NKT cell secreting interleukin-4 CL:0000927 cell A mature NK T cell that predominantly secretes type 2 cytokines such as interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 and enhances type 2 immune responses. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell A type I NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, and has phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD69-positive, and downregulated NK markers. CL:0000928 activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T lymphocyte activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-cell activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-lymphocyte activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NKT cell cell A type I NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, and has phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD69-positive, and downregulated NK markers. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:17303398 CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell secreting interferon-gamma A mature NK T cell that secretes interferon-gamma and enhances Th1 immune responses. CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell secreting IFN-gamma CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-cell secreting interferon-gamma CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NKT cell secreting interferon-gamma CL:0000929 cell A mature NK T cell that secretes interferon-gamma and enhances Th1 immune responses. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:17303398 CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell secreting interleukin-4 A mature NK T cell that secretes interleukin-4 and enhances Th2 immune responses. CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell secreting IL-4 CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4 CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-cell secreting interleukin-4 CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4 CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NKT cell secreting interleukin-4 CL:0000930 cell A mature NK T cell that secretes interleukin-4 and enhances Th2 immune responses. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:17303398 activated type II NK T cell A type II NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, and has the phenotype CD69-positive and downregulated NK markers. CL:0000931 activated type II NK T lymphocyte activated type II NK T-cell activated type II NK T-lymphocyte activated type II NKT cell cell A type II NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, and has the phenotype CD69-positive and downregulated NK markers. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:17964217 type II NK T cell secreting interferon-gamma A type II NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma, and has the phenotype CD69-positive and downregulated NK markers. CL:0000932 cell type II NK T cell secreting IFN-gamma type II NK T lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma type II NK T-cell secreting interferon-gamma type II NK T-lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma type II NKT cell secreting interferon-gamma A type II NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma, and has the phenotype CD69-positive and downregulated NK markers. GOC:add GOC:pam GO_REF:0000031 PMID:17964217 type II NK T cell secreting interleukin-4 A type II NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interleukin-4, and has the phenotype CD69-positive and downregulated NK markers. CL:0000933 cell type II NK T cell secreting IL-4 type II NK T lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4 type II NK T-cell secreting interleukin-4 type II NK T-lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4 type II NKT cell secreting interleukin-4 A type II NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interleukin-4, and has the phenotype CD69-positive and downregulated NK markers. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:17964217 CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has cytotoxic function. CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T lymphocyte CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-cell CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-lymphocyte CL:0000934 cell A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has cytotoxic function. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:18440213 CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell A CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell that is found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte CL:0000935 cell A CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell that is found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. GOC:add GOC:pam GO_REF:0000031 PMID:11685222 early lymphoid progenitor A lymphoid progenitor cell that is found in bone marrow, gives rise to B cells, T cells, natural killer cells and dendritic cells, and has the phenotype Lin-negative, Kit-positive, Sca-1-positive, FLT3-positive, CD34-positive, CD150 negative, and GlyA-negative. CL:0000936 ELP GMLP LMPP Markers are associated with mouse cells. ELP transcription factors include E2A-positive, Ikaros-positive, EBF-negative, Pax5-negative, PU.1-negative. cell lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitor GMLP PMID:18371378 A lymphoid progenitor cell that is found in bone marrow, gives rise to B cells, T cells, natural killer cells and dendritic cells, and has the phenotype Lin-negative, Kit-positive, Sca-1-positive, FLT3-positive, CD34-positive, CD150 negative, and GlyA-negative. GOC:add GOC:dsd GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:19022770 pre-natural killer cell CL:0000937 Cell committed to natural killer cell lineage that has the phenotype CD122-positive, CD34-positive, and CD117-positive. This cell type lacks expression of natural killer receptor proteins. These cells are also reportedly CD7-low, CD10-negative, CD45RA-positive, alpha-4-beta-7 integrin-high. cell pre-NK cell Cell committed to natural killer cell lineage that has the phenotype CD122-positive, CD34-positive, and CD117-positive. This cell type lacks expression of natural killer receptor proteins. GOC:add GOC:dsd GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:16551251 PMID:17100874 CD56-bright cytokine secreting natural killer cell CD56-bright cytokine secreting NK cell CL:0000938 NK cell that has the phenotype CD56-bright, CD16-negative, and CD84-positive with the function to secrete interferon-gamma but is not cytotoxic. cell markers are associatied with human cell types. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 NK cell that has the phenotype CD56-bright, CD16-negative, and CD84-positive with the function to secrete interferon-gamma but is not cytotoxic. PMID:19796267 cytotoxic CD56-dim natural killer cell A mature natural killer cell that has the phenotype CD56-low and CD16-positive and is capable of cytotoxic function and cytokine production. CL:0000939 This population is mainly found in human. cell cytotoxic CD56-dim NK cell A mature natural killer cell that has the phenotype CD56-low and CD16-positive and is capable of cytotoxic function and cytokine production. GOC:add GOC:pam GO_REF:0000031 PMID:19796267 mucosal invariant T cell An alpha-beta T cell that is found in the lamina propria of mucosal tissues and is restricted by the MR-1 molecule. CL:0000940 cell mucosal invariant T lymphocyte mucosal invariant T-cell mucosal invariant T-lymphocyte An alpha-beta T cell that is found in the lamina propria of mucosal tissues and is restricted by the MR-1 molecule. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:19416870 thymic conventional dendritic cell A dendritic cell arising in thymus that has the phenotype CD11c-positive, CD11b-negative, and CD45RA-negative. CL:0000941 In the mouse this cell expresses CD8-alpha-alpha. cell A dendritic cell arising in thymus that has the phenotype CD11c-positive, CD11b-negative, and CD45RA-negative. GOC:add GOC:pam GO_REF:0000031 PMID:19273629 thymic plasmacytoid dendritic cell A plasmacytoid dendritic cell developing in the thymus with phenotype CD11c-negative or low, CD45RA-positive, CD11b-negative, and CD123-positive. CL:0000942 cell A plasmacytoid dendritic cell developing in the thymus with phenotype CD11c-negative or low, CD45RA-positive, CD11b-negative, and CD123-positive. GOC:add GOC:pam GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:19941119 Be1 Cell A Be cell that facilitates development of T-helper 1 (Th1) phenotype in CD4-positive T cells, and secretes high levels of interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma. B effector cell type 1 CL:0000943 cell A Be cell that facilitates development of T-helper 1 (Th1) phenotype in CD4-positive T cells, and secretes high levels of interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma. GOC:msz GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:11101868 Be2 cell A Be cell that facilitates development of T-helper 2 (Th2) phenotype T cells, and secretes high levels of interleukin-2, interleukin-10, interleukin-4, and interleukin-6. B effector cell type 2 CL:0000944 cell A Be cell that facilitates development of T-helper 2 (Th2) phenotype T cells, and secretes high levels of interleukin-2, interleukin-10, interleukin-4, and interleukin-6. GOC:msz GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:11101868 lymphocyte of B lineage A lymphocyte of B lineage is a lymphocyte that expresses CD19 on the cell surface. An additional defining characteristic is the commitment to express an immunoglobulin complex. CL:0000945 Types of B lineage lymphocytes include B cells and antibody secreting cells (plamsablasts and plasma cells). cell A lymphocyte of B lineage is a lymphocyte that expresses CD19 on the cell surface. An additional defining characteristic is the commitment to express an immunoglobulin complex. GOC:add GOC:rhs GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 antibody secreting cell A lymphocyte of B lineage that is devoted to secreting large amounts of immunoglobulin. CL:0000946 cell A lymphocyte of B lineage that is devoted to secreting large amounts of immunoglobulin. GOC:add GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0721601464 ISBN:0781735149 IgE plasma cell A long lived plasma cell that secretes IgE. CL:0000947 cell A long lived plasma cell that secretes IgE. GOC:msz GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:781735149 IgE memory B cell A class switched memory B cell that expresses IgE on the cell surface. CL:0000948 cell A class switched memory B cell that expresses IgE on the cell surface. GOC:rhs GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781765196 IgD plasmablast A plasmablast that secretes IgD, and which occur in a small proportion of B cells in the adult. CL:0000949 cell A plasmablast that secretes IgD, and which occur in a small proportion of B cells in the adult. GOC:msz GO_REF:0000031 IgE plasmablast A plasmablast that secretes IgE. CL:0000950 cell A plasmablast that secretes IgE. GOC:msz GO_REF:0000031 IgE short lived plasma cell A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgE. CL:0000951 cell A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgE. GOC:msz GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:781735149 preBCR-positive large pre-B-II cell An preBRC-positive large pre-B-II cell is a large pre-B-II cell that is pre-B cell receptor-positive, composed of surrogate light chain protein (SL), which is composed of VpreB , Lambda 5/14.1, in complex with immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (IgHmu) on the cell surface. CL:0000952 cell An preBRC-positive large pre-B-II cell is a large pre-B-II cell that is pre-B cell receptor-positive, composed of surrogate light chain protein (SL), which is composed of VpreB , Lambda 5/14.1, in complex with immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (IgHmu) on the cell surface. GOC:rhs GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:9785673 preBCR-negative large pre-B-II cell A pre-BCR-negative large pre-B-II cell is a large pre-B-II cell that is pre-B cell receptor-negative, composed of surrogate light chain protein (SL), which is composed of VpreB and Lambda 5/14.1, in complex with immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (IgHmu), on the cell surface, and lack a DNA rearrangement of immunoglobulin light chain genes. CL:0000953 cell A pre-BCR-negative large pre-B-II cell is a large pre-B-II cell that is pre-B cell receptor-negative, composed of surrogate light chain protein (SL), which is composed of VpreB and Lambda 5/14.1, in complex with immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (IgHmu), on the cell surface, and lack a DNA rearrangement of immunoglobulin light chain genes. GOC:rhs GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:9785673 small pre-B-II cell A small pre-B-II cell is a pre-B-II cell that is Rag1-positive, Rag2-positive, pre-BCR-negative, and BCR-negative, is not proliferating, and carries a DNA rearrangement of one or more immunoglobulin light chain genes. CL:0000954 cell A small pre-B-II cell is a pre-B-II cell that is Rag1-positive, Rag2-positive, pre-BCR-negative, and BCR-negative, is not proliferating, and carries a DNA rearrangement of one or more immunoglobulin light chain genes. GOC:rhs GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:9785673 pre-B-II cell A pre-B-II cell is a precursor B cell that expresses immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (IgHmu+), and lack expression of CD34, TdT, immunoglobulin kappa light chain and immunoglobulin lambda light chain. BTO:0001133 CL:0000955 cell pre-B-lymphocyte A pre-B-II cell is a precursor B cell that expresses immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (IgHmu+), and lack expression of CD34, TdT, immunoglobulin kappa light chain and immunoglobulin lambda light chain. GOC:rhs GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:9785673 pre-B-I cell A pre-B-I cell is a precursor B cell that expresses CD34 and surrogate immunoglobulin light chain (VpreB , Lambda 5 (mouse)/14.1 (human)) on the cell surface, and TdT, Rag1,and Rag2 intracellularly. Cell type carries a D-JH DNA rearrangement, and lacks expression of immunglobulin heavy chain protein. CL:0000956 Pro-B cell (Philadelphia nomenclature) cell A pre-B-I cell is a precursor B cell that expresses CD34 and surrogate immunoglobulin light chain (VpreB , Lambda 5 (mouse)/14.1 (human)) on the cell surface, and TdT, Rag1,and Rag2 intracellularly. Cell type carries a D-JH DNA rearrangement, and lacks expression of immunglobulin heavy chain protein. GOC:rhs GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:9785673 PMID:11244048 Pro-B cell (Philadelphia nomenclature) large pre-B-II cell A large pre-B-II cell is a pre-B-II cell that is proliferating and is Rag1-negative and Rag2-negative. CL:0000957 Large Pre-B cell cell Large Pre-B cell PMID:11244048 A large pre-B-II cell is a pre-B-II cell that is proliferating and is Rag1-negative and Rag2-negative. GOC:rhs GO_REF:0000031 PMID:9785673 T1 B cell A transitional stage B cell that migrates from the bone marrow into the peripheral circulation, and finally to the spleen. This cell type has the phenotype surface IgM-positive, surface IgD-negative, CD21-negative, CD23-negative, and CD62L-negative, and CD93-positive. This cell type has also been described as IgM-high, CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-positive, and CD23-negative. CL:0000958 cell transitional stage 1 B cell A transitional stage B cell that migrates from the bone marrow into the peripheral circulation, and finally to the spleen. This cell type has the phenotype surface IgM-positive, surface IgD-negative, CD21-negative, CD23-negative, and CD62L-negative, and CD93-positive. This cell type has also been described as IgM-high, CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-positive, and CD23-negative. GOC:msz GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMCID:PMC2193793 PMID:12810111 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html T2 B cell A transitional stage B cell that has the phenotype surface IgM-positive, surface IgD-postive, CD21-positive, CD23-positive, CD62L-negative, CD93-positive and is located in the splenic B follicles. This cell type has also been described as IgM-high, CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-positive, and CD23-positive. CL:0000959 cell transitional stage 2 B cell A transitional stage B cell that has the phenotype surface IgM-positive, surface IgD-postive, CD21-positive, CD23-positive, CD62L-negative, CD93-positive and is located in the splenic B follicles. This cell type has also been described as IgM-high, CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-positive, and CD23-positive. GOC:msz GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMCID:PMC2193793 PMID:12810111 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html T3 B cell A transitional stage B cell that expresses surface IgM and IgD, and CD62L. This cell type appears to be an anergic B cell that does not proliferate upon BCR signaling, is found in the spleen and lymph nodes, and has the phenotype surface IgM-positive, surface IgD-positive, CD21-positive, CD23-positive, CD62L-positive, and CD93-positive. This cell type has also been described as IgM-low, CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-positive, and CD23-positive (i.e. this cell-type is distinguished from T2 cells by surface expression of IgM). An1 B cell CL:0000960 cell transitional stage 3 B cell A transitional stage B cell that expresses surface IgM and IgD, and CD62L. This cell type appears to be an anergic B cell that does not proliferate upon BCR signaling, is found in the spleen and lymph nodes, and has the phenotype surface IgM-positive, surface IgD-positive, CD21-positive, CD23-positive, CD62L-positive, and CD93-positive. This cell type has also been described as IgM-low, CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-positive, and CD23-positive (i.e. this cell-type is distinguished from T2 cells by surface expression of IgM). GOC:msz GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:12810111 PMID:17174121 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html An1 B cell PMID:17174121 Bm1 B cell A follicular B cell that expresses IgD, but not CD23 or CD38. This naive cell type is activated in the extrafollicular areas through interaction with interdigitating dendritic cells and antigen-specific CD4-positive T cells. CL:0000961 cell A follicular B cell that expresses IgD, but not CD23 or CD38. This naive cell type is activated in the extrafollicular areas through interaction with interdigitating dendritic cells and antigen-specific CD4-positive T cells. GOC:msz GO_REF:0000031 PMID:17992590 PMID:8006591 Bm2 B cell A follicular B cell that is IgD-positive and CD23-positive and CD38-positive. This naive cell type is activated in the extrafollicular areas via interaction with dendritic cells and antigen specific T cells. CL:0000962 cell A follicular B cell that is IgD-positive and CD23-positive and CD38-positive. This naive cell type is activated in the extrafollicular areas via interaction with dendritic cells and antigen specific T cells. GOC:msz GO_REF:0000031 PMID:17992590 PMID:8006591 Bm3-delta B cell A germinal center B cell that develops from a Bm3 B cell. This cell has the phenotype IgM-negative, IgD-positive, and CD38-positive. CL:0000963 cell A germinal center B cell that develops from a Bm3 B cell. This cell has the phenotype IgM-negative, IgD-positive, and CD38-positive. GOC:add GOC:msz GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:9280752 Bm2' B cell A germinal center B cell that founds a germinal center, and has the phenotype IgD-positive, CD38-positive, and CD23-negative. Bm2-prime B cell CL:0000964 cell germinal center founder cell A germinal center B cell that founds a germinal center, and has the phenotype IgD-positive, CD38-positive, and CD23-negative. GOC:msz GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:17992590 PMID:8006591 Bm3 B cell A germinal center B cell that is rapidly dividing and has the phenotype IgD-negative, CD38-positive, and CD77-positive. Somatic hypermutation of the immunoglobulin V gene region can occur during proliferation of this cell type. CL:0000965 cell centroblast PMID:8006591 centroblast A germinal center B cell that is rapidly dividing and has the phenotype IgD-negative, CD38-positive, and CD77-positive. Somatic hypermutation of the immunoglobulin V gene region can occur during proliferation of this cell type. GOC:msz GO_REF:0000031 PMID:8006591 Bm4 B cell A germinal center B cell that has the phenotype CD77-negative, IgD-negative, and CD38-positive. These cells have undergone somatic mutation of the B cell receptor. CL:0000966 cell centrocyte A germinal center B cell that has the phenotype CD77-negative, IgD-negative, and CD38-positive. These cells have undergone somatic mutation of the B cell receptor. GOC:msz GO_REF:0000031 PMID:8006591 PMID:17992590 centrocyte Bm5 B cell A memory B cell arising in the germinal center that is IgD-negative and has undergone somatic mutation of the variable region of the immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes. CL:0000967 cell A memory B cell arising in the germinal center that is IgD-negative and has undergone somatic mutation of the variable region of the immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes. GOC:msz GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:8006591 Be cell A mature B cell that produces cytokines that can influence CD4 T cell differentiation. B effector cell CL:0000968 cell effector B cell A mature B cell that produces cytokines that can influence CD4 T cell differentiation. GOC:msz GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:11101868 regulatory B cell A mature B cell that has the phenotype CD1d-positive and expresses interleukin-10. This cell type has been associated with suppression of chronic inflammatory responses and T cell responses. CL:0000969 cell A mature B cell that has the phenotype CD1d-positive and expresses interleukin-10. This cell type has been associated with suppression of chronic inflammatory responses and T cell responses. GOC:msz GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:11869683 unswitched memory B cell An unswitched memory B cell is a memory B cell that has the phenotype IgM-positive and/or IgD-positive, CD27-positive, CD138-negative, IgG-negative, IgE-negative, and IgA-negative. CL:0000970 cell An unswitched memory B cell is a memory B cell that has the phenotype IgM-positive and/or IgD-positive, CD27-positive, CD138-negative, IgG-negative, IgE-negative, and IgA-negative. GOC:rhs GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781765196 IgM memory B cell An IgM memory B cell is an unswitched memory B cell with the phenotype IgM-positive and IgD-negative. CL:0000971 cell An IgM memory B cell is an unswitched memory B cell with the phenotype IgM-positive and IgD-negative. GOC:rhs GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781765196 class switched memory B cell A class switched memory B cell is a memory B cell that has undergone Ig class switching and therefore is IgM-negative on the cell surface. These cells are usually CD27-positive and have either IgG, IgE, or IgA on the cell surface. CL:0000972 cell A class switched memory B cell is a memory B cell that has undergone Ig class switching and therefore is IgM-negative on the cell surface. These cells are usually CD27-positive and have either IgG, IgE, or IgA on the cell surface. GOC:rhs GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781765196 IgA memory B cell A class switched memory B cell that expresses IgA. CL:0000973 cell A class switched memory B cell that expresses IgA. GOC:msz GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781765196 long lived plasma cell A fully differentiated plasma cell that lives for years, as opposed to months, secretes immunoglobulin, and has the phenotype weakly CD19-positive, CD20-negative, CD38-negative, strongly CD138-positive, MHC Class II-negative, surface immunoglobulin-negative, IgD-negative, and strongly CXCR4-positive. The majority of these cells of this type reside in the bone marrow. CL:0000974 cell A fully differentiated plasma cell that lives for years, as opposed to months, secretes immunoglobulin, and has the phenotype weakly CD19-positive, CD20-negative, CD38-negative, strongly CD138-positive, MHC Class II-negative, surface immunoglobulin-negative, IgD-negative, and strongly CXCR4-positive. The majority of these cells of this type reside in the bone marrow. GOC:msz GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:9780781765190 PMID:16014527 short lived plasma cell A fully differentiated plasma cell that lives for months. CL:0000975 cell A fully differentiated plasma cell that lives for months. GOC:msz GO_REF:0000031 PMID:16014527 IgA short lived plasma cell A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgA. These cells may be found in the bone marrow as well as in the mucosal immune system. CL:0000976 cell A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgA. These cells may be found in the bone marrow as well as in the mucosal immune system. GOC:msz GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:781735149 IgG short lived plasma cell A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgG. CL:0000977 cell A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgG. GOC:msz GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:781735149 IgM short lived plasma cell A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgM. CL:0000978 cell A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgM. GOC:msz GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:781735149 IgG memory B cell An IgG memory B cell is a class switched memory B cell that is class switched and expresses IgG on the cell surface. CL:0000979 cell An IgG memory B cell is a class switched memory B cell that is class switched and expresses IgG on the cell surface. GOC:rhs GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781765196 plasmablast An activated mature (naive or memory) B cell that is secreting immunoglobulin, typified by being CD27-positive, CD38-positive, CD138-negative. CL:0000980 FMA:84371 cell An activated mature (naive or memory) B cell that is secreting immunoglobulin, typified by being CD27-positive, CD38-positive, CD138-negative. GOC:msz GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMCID:PMC2673126 double negative memory B cell A memory B cell with the phenotype IgD-negative and CD27-negative. CL:0000981 cell A memory B cell with the phenotype IgD-negative and CD27-negative. GOC:msz GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 IgG plasmablast A plasmablast that secretes IgG. CL:0000982 cell A plasmablast that secretes IgG. GOC:msz GO_REF:0000031 IgM plasmablast A plasmablast that secretes IgM. CL:0000983 cell A plasmablast that secretes IgM. GOC:msz GO_REF:0000031 IgA plasmablast A plasmablast that secretes IgA. CL:0000984 cell A plasmablast that secretes IgA. GOC:msz GO_REF:0000031 IgG plasma cell A fully differentiated plasma cell that secretes IgG. CL:0000985 cell A fully differentiated plasma cell that secretes IgG. GOC:msz GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:781735149 IgM plasma cell A fully differentiated plasma cell that secretes IgM. CL:0000986 cell A fully differentiated plasma cell that secretes IgM. GOC:msz GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:781735149 IgA plasma cell A fully differentiated plasma cell that secretes IgA. CL:0000987 cell A fully differentiated plasma cell that secretes IgA. GOC:msz GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:781735149 hematopoietic cell A cell of a hematopoietic lineage. BTO:0000574 CL:0000988 FMA:70366 FMA:83598 cell haematopoietic cell haemopoietic cell hemopoietic cell A cell of a hematopoietic lineage. GOC:add GO_REF:0000031 CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a leukocyte that is CD11c-low, CD45R-positive, GR1-positive and CD11b-negative. CL:0000989 Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000001 )(PMID: 19243617). These cells are CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD285-positive (TLR5), CD286-positive (TLR6), and CD288-positive (TLR8). cell CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a leukocyte that is CD11c-low, CD45R-positive, GR1-positive and CD11b-negative. GOC:amm GOC:dsd GO_REF:0000031 PMID:15771572 PMID:17850486 conventional dendritic cell CL:0000990 Conventional dendritic cell is a dendritic cell that is CD11c-high. DC1 FMA:84191 Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL: 0000003)(PMID: 19243617) These cells are also CD20-negative, MHCII-positive. cDC cell dendritic reticular cell interdigitating cell type 1 DC veiled cell Conventional dendritic cell is a dendritic cell that is CD11c-high. GOC:amm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:17850486 CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a leukocyte is CD11c-negative, CD45RA-positive, CD85g-positive(ILT7), CD123-positive, CD303-positive. CD303-positive dendritic cell CL:0000991 Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000004 )(PMID: 19243617). These cells are CD281-positive (TLR1), CD286-positive (TLR6), and CD290-positive (TLR10). cell CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a leukocyte is CD11c-negative, CD45RA-positive, CD85g-positive(ILT7), CD123-positive, CD303-positive. GOC:amm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:15771572 PMID:17850486 immature CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell CL:0000992 Immature CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell that is CD80-low and CD86-low. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL: 0000006)(PMID: 19243617). cell GOC:amm GO_REF:0000031 Immature CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell that is CD80-low and CD86-low. PMID:15771572 PMID:17850486 mature CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell CL:0000993 Mature CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell that is CD83-high and is CD80-positive, CD86-positive, and MHCII-positive. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000007 )(PMID: 19243617). cell GOC:amm GO_REF:0000031 Mature CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell that is CD83-high and is CD80-positive, CD86-positive, and MHCII-positive. PMID:15771572 PMID:17850486 immature CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell CL:0000994 Immature CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell is CD80-negative, CD86-low and MHCII-low. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000008 )(PMID: 19243617). cell GOC:amm GO_REF:0000031 Immature CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell is CD80-negative, CD86-low and MHCII-low. PMID:15771572 PMID:17850486 CD34-positive, CD38-positive common myeloid progenitor OR CD34-positive, CD38-positive common lymphoid progenitor CD71-positive common myeloid precursor OR CD7-negative lymphoid precursor OR CD7-positive lymphoid CL:0000995 Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:1100000 )(PMID: 19243617). cell mature CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell CL:0000996 Mature CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000009 )(PMID: 19243617). cell GOC:amm GO_REF:0000031 Mature CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive. PMID:15771572 PMID:17850486 immature CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell CL:0000997 Immature CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell is a CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000010 )(PMID: 19243617). cell GOC:amm GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 Immature CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell is a CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low. PMCID:PMC2346585 CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-negative, CD4-negative CD8_alpha-negative and is CD205-positive. This cell is able to cross- present antigen to CD8-alpha-positive T cells. CL:0000998 DC.8-4-11b- These markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL: 0000011)(PMID: 19243617). cell triple negative dendritic cell CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-negative, CD4-negative CD8_alpha-negative and is CD205-positive. This cell is able to cross- present antigen to CD8-alpha-positive T cells. GOC:amm GO_REF:0000031 PMCID:PMC2346585 http:www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD4-positive CD11b-positive dendritic cell CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-positive, CD4-positive and is CD205-negative and CD8_alpha-negative. CL:0000999 DC.4+ Defined as having a disposition to secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines. These markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL: 0000012)(PMID: 19243617). cell CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-positive, CD4-positive and is CD205-negative and CD8_alpha-negative. GOC:amm GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMCID:PMC2346585 CD8_alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell CD8_alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-negative, CD4-negative and is CD205-positive and CD8_alpha-positive. CL:0001000 Cells are defined as having a dispostion to secreting inflammatory cytokines. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000013)(PMID: 19243617). DC.8+ cell CD8_alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-negative, CD4-negative and is CD205-positive and CD8_alpha-positive. GOC:amm GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMCID:PMC2346585 immature CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell CL:0001001 Immature CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low. These markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:DC_CL:0000014)(PMID: 19243617). cell GOC:amm GO_REF:0000031 Immature CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low. PMCID:PMC2346585 mature CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell CL:0001002 Mature CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive. These markers are associated with mouse cells. Defined as having a disposition to secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000015)(PMID: 19243617). cell GOC:amm GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 Mature CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive. PMCID:PMC2346585 mature CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell CL:0001003 Mature CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell is a CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000016)(PMID: 19243617). cell GOC:amm GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 Mature CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell is a CD8_alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive. PMCID:PMC2346585 immature CD8_alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell CL:0001004 Immature CD8_alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a CD8_alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000017)(PMID: 19243617). cell GOC:amm GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 Immature CD8_alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a CD8_alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low. PMCID:PMC2346585 mature CD8_alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell CL:0001005 Mature CD8_alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a CD8_alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000018)(PMID: 19243617). cell GOC:amm GO_REF:0000031 Mature CD8_alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a CD8_alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive. PMCID:PMC2346585 dermal dendritic cell BTO:0004812 CL:0001006 Dermal dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-positive, CD205-positive and CD8 alpha-negative. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000019)(PMID: 19243617). These cells are also CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD283-positive (TLR3), CD284-positive (TLR4), CD285-positive (TLR5), CD288-positive (TLR8), and CD289-positive (TLR9). cell Dermal dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-positive, CD205-positive and CD8 alpha-negative. GOC:amm GO_REF:0000031 PMCID:PMC2346585 interstitial dendritic cell CL:0001007 Interstitial dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-positive, CD1a-positive, CD206-positive, CD209-positive, and CD36-positive. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000020)(PMID: 19243617). These cells are also CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD283-positive (TLR3), CD284-positive (TLR4), CD286-positive (TLR6), CD288-positive (TLR8), and CD290-positive (TLR10). cell GOC:amm GO_REF:0000031 Interstitial dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-positive, CD1a-positive, CD206-positive, CD209-positive, and CD36-positive. PMID:17850486 Kit and Sca1-positive hematopoietic stem cell A hematopoietic stem cell that has plasma membrane part Kit-positive, SCA-1-positive, CD150-positive and CD34-negative. CL:0001008 Cell markers are associated with mouse hematopoietic stem cell. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000043)(PMID: 19243617). LSK stem cell Sca1-positive hematopoietic stem cell cell A hematopoietic stem cell that has plasma membrane part Kit-positive, SCA-1-positive, CD150-positive and CD34-negative. GOC:add GOC:amm GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:17952047 PMID:19022770 immature dermal dendritic cell CL:0001009 Immature dermal dendritic cell is a dermal dendritic cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000022)(PMID: 19243617). cell GOC:amm GO_REF:0000031 Immature dermal dendritic cell is a dermal dendritic cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low. PMCID:PMC2346585 mature dermal dendritic cell CL:0001010 Mature dermal dendritic cell is a dermal dendritic cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000023)(PMID: 19243617). cell GOC:amm GO_REF:0000031 Mature dermal dendritic cell is a dermal dendritic cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive. PMCID:PMC2346585 immature interstitial dendritic cell CL:0001011 Immature interstitial dendritic cell is a interstitial dendritic cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000024)(PMID: 19243617). cell GOC:amm GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 Immature interstitial dendritic cell is a interstitial dendritic cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low. PMID:17850486 CD7-negative lymphoid progenitor OR granulocyte monocyte progenitor CL:0001012 Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:1110000)(PMID: 19243617). cell mature interstitial dendritic cell CL:0001013 Mature interstitial dendritic cell is a interstitial dendritic cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000025)(PMID: 19243617). cell GOC:amm GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 Mature interstitial dendritic cell is a interstitial dendritic cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive. PMID:17850486 CD1a-positive Langerhans cell CD1a-LC CD1a-positive Langerhans cell is a Langerhans_cell that is CD1a-positive and CD324-positive. CL:0001014 These markers are associated with human cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000026)(PMID: 19243617). These cells are also CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD284-positive (TLR4), CD286-positive (TLR6), CD287-positive (TLR7), and CD290-positive (TLR10). When activated, these cells are capable of producing IL-6, IL-8, and IL-15. cell CD1a-positive Langerhans cell is a Langerhans_cell that is CD1a-positive and CD324-positive. GOC:amm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:17850486 CD8_alpha-low Langerhans cell CD8_alpha-low Langerhans cell is a Langerhans cell that is CD205-high and is CD8_alpha-low. CL:0001015 These markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000027)(PMID: 19243617). They are also CD205-high, CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD283-positive (TLR3), CD285-positive (TLR5), CD286-positive (TLR6), and CD289-positive (TLR9). cell CD8_alpha-low Langerhans cell is a Langerhans cell that is CD205-high and is CD8_alpha-low. GOC:amm GO_REF:0000031 PMCID:PMC2346585 immature CD1a-positive Langerhans cell CL:0001016 Immature CD1a-positive Langerhans cell is a CD1a-positive Langerhans cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000028)(PMID: 19243617). cell GOC:amm GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 Immature CD1a-positive Langerhans cell is a CD1a-positive Langerhans cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low. PMID:17850486 mature CD1a-positive Langerhans cell CL:0001017 Mature CD1a-positive Langerhans cell is a CD1a-positive Langerhans cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000029)(PMID: 19243617). When activated, these cells produce IL-6, IL-8, and IL-15. cell GOC:amm GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 Mature CD1a-positive Langerhans cell is a CD1a-positive Langerhans cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive. PMID:17850486 immature CD8_alpha-low Langerhans cell CL:0001018 Immature CD8_alpha-low Langerhans cell is a CD8_alpha-low Langerhans cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low. These markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000030)(PMID: 19243617). cell GOC:amm GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 Immature CD8_alpha-low Langerhans cell is a CD8_alpha-low Langerhans cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low. PMCID:PMC2346585 CD115-positive monocyte OR common dendritic progenitor CL:0001019 Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:1111000)(PMID: 19243617). cell mature CD8_alpha-low Langerhans cell CL:0001020 Mature CD8_alpha-low Langerhans cell is a CD8_alpha-low Langerhans cell that that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive. These markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000031)(PMID: 19243617). cell GOC:amm GO_REF:0000031 Mature CD8_alpha-low Langerhans cell is a CD8_alpha-low Langerhans cell that that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive. PMCID:PMC2346585 CD34-positive, CD38-positive common lymphoid progenitor A common lymphoid progenitor that is CD10-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD34-positive and CD38-positive. CD10-positive common lymphocyte precursor CD10-positive common lymphocyte progenitor CD10-positive common lymphoid precursor CL:0001021 These markers are associated with human common lymphoid progenitors. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000032)(PMID: 19243617). cell A common lymphoid progenitor that is CD10-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD34-positive and CD38-positive. GOC:add GOC:amm GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMCID:PMC2346585 PMID:19022770 CD115-positive monocyte CD115-positive monocyte is a monocyte that is CD115-positive and CD11b-positive. CL:0001022 These markers are associated with human cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000033)(PMID: 19243617). cell CD115-positive monocyte is a monocyte that is CD115-positive and CD11b-positive. GOC:add GOC:amm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:17952047 Kit-positive, CD34-positive common myeloid progenitor A common myeloid progenitor that is Kit-positive and CD34-positive, Il7ra-negative, and is SCA1-low and Fcgr2-low and Fcgr3-low. CD117-positive common myeloid precursor CL:0001023 Markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000034)(PMID: 19243617). cell A common myeloid progenitor that is Kit-positive and CD34-positive, Il7ra-negative, and is SCA1-low and Fcgr2-low and Fcgr3-low. GOC:add GOC:amm GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:1261582 PMID:17952047 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD34-positive, CD38-negative hematopoietic stem cell CD133-positive hematopoietic stem cell CD133-positive hematopoietic stem cell is a hematopoietic stem cell that is CD34-positive, CD90-positive, and CD133-positive. CL:0001024 Cell markers are associated with human hematopoietic stem cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000035)(PMID: 19243617). FMA:86475 cell CD133-positive hematopoietic stem cell is a hematopoietic stem cell that is CD34-positive, CD90-positive, and CD133-positive. GOC:add GOC:amm GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:10430905 PMID:11750107 PMID:16551251 PMID:20024907 PMID:9389721 CD133-positive hematopoietic stem cell PMID:16140871 Kit-positive, Sca1-positive common lymphoid progenitor A common lymphoid progenitor that is Kit-low, FLT3-positive, IL7ralpha-positive, and SCA1-low. CD217-positive common lymphocyte precursor CD217-positive common lymphocyte progenitor CD217-positive common lymphoid precursor CL:0001025 Markers are associated with mouse cells. cell A common lymphoid progenitor that is Kit-low, FLT3-positive, IL7ralpha-positive, and SCA1-low. GOC:add GOC:amm GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:17952047 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD34-positive, CD38-positive common myeloid progenitor A common myeloid progenitor that is CD34-positive, CD38-positive, IL3ra-low, CD10-negative, CD7-negative, CD45RA-negative, and IL-5Ralpha-negative. CD71-positive common myeloid precursor CL:0001026 Markers are associated with human cell type. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000038)(PMID: 19243617). cell A common myeloid progenitor that is CD34-positive, CD38-positive, IL3ra-low, CD10-negative, CD7-negative, CD45RA-negative, and IL-5Ralpha-negative. GOC:add GOC:amm GO_REF:0000031 PMCID:PMC2626675 PMID:16551251 CD7-negative lymphoid progenitor cell CD7-negative lymphoid precursor CD7-negative lymphoid progenitor cell is a lymphoid progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD7-negative and CD45RA-negative. CL:0001027 These markers are associated with human cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000039)(PMID: 19243617). cell CD7-negative lymphoid progenitor cell is a lymphoid progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD7-negative and CD45RA-negative. GOC:amm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:16551251 CD7-positive lymphoid progenitor cell CD7-positive lymphoid precursor CD7-positive lymphoid progenitor cell is a lymphoid progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD7-positive and is CD45RA-negative. CL:0001028 These markers are associated with human cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000040)(PMID: 19243617). cell CD7-positive lymphoid progenitor cell is a lymphoid progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD7-positive and is CD45RA-negative. GOC:amm GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:16551251 PMID:19491395 common dendritic progenitor CDP CL:0001029 Common dendritic precursor is a hematopoietic progenitor cell that is CD117-low, CD135-positive, CD115-positive and lacks plasma membrane parts for hematopoietic lineage markers. Surface markers are for mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000041) CDP are reportedly CD2-negative, CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD5-negative, CD8a-negative, CD11c-positive, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD20-negative, CD56-negative, B220-negative, Ly6g-negative, MHCII-positive, and Ter119-negative. (PMID: 19243617). cell common dendritic precursor pro-DCs PMID: 21219184 pro-DCs Common dendritic precursor is a hematopoietic progenitor cell that is CD117-low, CD135-positive, CD115-positive and lacks plasma membrane parts for hematopoietic lineage markers. GOC:amm GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000031 PMID:16551251 PMID:17922016 PMID:19286519 CDP PMID: 21219184 CD117-positive common myeloid progenitor OR CD217-positive common lymphoid progenitor CL:0001030 Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:1111100)(PMID: 19243617). cell cerebellar granule cell BTO:0004278 CL:0001031 Granule cell that is part of the cerebellum. cell GOC:mah Granule cell that is part of the cerebellum. cortical granule cell CL:0001032 Granule cell that is part of the cerebral cortex. cell GOC:mah Granule cell that is part of the cerebral cortex. hippocampal granule cell CL:0001033 Granule cell that is part of the hippocampus. cell GOC:mah Granule cell that is part of the hippocampus. visual pigment cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL:0001658 FBbt:00004230 cell Kit-positive erythroid progenitor cell 2010-04-26T10:14:16Z An erythroid progenitor cell is Kit-positive, Ly6A-negative, CD41-negative, CD127-negative, and CD123-negative. This cell type is also described as being lin-negative, Kit-positive, CD150-negative, CD41-negative, CD105-positive, and FcgR-negative. CL:0002000 Markers found on mouse cells. cell tmeehan An erythroid progenitor cell is Kit-positive, Ly6A-negative, CD41-negative, CD127-negative, and CD123-negative. This cell type is also described as being lin-negative, Kit-positive, CD150-negative, CD41-negative, CD105-positive, and FcgR-negative. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:19805084 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD34-positive, CD38-positive granulocyte monocyte progenitor 2010-01-13T03:19:22Z A granulocyte monocyte progenitor is CD34-positive, CD38-positive, IL-3receptor-alpha-positive and is CD45RA-negative. CL:0002001 Markers are for human cells. According to different research groups, CD45RA is present or absent on this cell population. cell tmeehan A granulocyte monocyte progenitor is CD34-positive, CD38-positive, IL-3receptor-alpha-positive and is CD45RA-negative. GOC:tfm PMID:12615892 PMID:19022770 Kit-positive granulocyte monocyte progenitor 2010-01-13T03:19:28Z A granulocyte monocyte progenitor that is Kit-positive, CD34-positive, Fc-gamma receptor II/II-positive, and is Sca-1-negative, Il7ra-negative, Cxc3r1-negative, and CD90-negative. CL:0002002 Markers are found on mouse cells. cell tmeehan A granulocyte monocyte progenitor that is Kit-positive, CD34-positive, Fc-gamma receptor II/II-positive, and is Sca-1-negative, Il7ra-negative, Cxc3r1-negative, and CD90-negative. GOC:tfm PMID:12615892 PMID:16322423 PMID:19022770 PMID:19273628 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD34-positive, GlyA-negative erythroid progenitor cell 2010-04-26T10:14:30Z An erythroid progenitor cell that is CD34-positive and is GlyA-negative. CL:0002003 Cell markers associated with human cells. FMA:83517 cell tmeehan An erythroid progenitor cell that is CD34-positive and is GlyA-negative. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:19621348 CD34-negative, GlyA-negative proerythroblast 2010-04-26T10:31:50Z A proerythoblast that is CD34-negative and GlyA-negative. CL:0002004 Cell surface markers are associated with human cells. cell tmeehan A proerythoblast that is CD34-negative and GlyA-negative. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:19621348 CD34-positive, CD38-positive megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell 2010-01-13T03:43:10Z A megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell is CD34-positive, CD38-positive and is IL3-receptor alpha-negative and CD45RA-negative. CL:0002005 Markers are associated with human cell type. cell tmeehan A megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell is CD34-positive, CD38-positive and is IL3-receptor alpha-negative and CD45RA-negative. GOC:tfm PMID:12615892 PMID:190227700 Kit-positive, CD34-negative megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell 2010-01-13T03:43:12Z A megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell that is Kit-positive and is Sca1-negative, CD34-negative, CD90-negative, IL7r-alpha-negative and Fcgr II/III-low. CL:0002006 Markers are associated with mouse cells. cell tmeehan A megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell that is Kit-positive and is Sca1-negative, CD34-negative, CD90-negative, IL7r-alpha-negative and Fcgr II/III-low. GOC:tfm PMID:12615892 PMID:19022770 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html Kit-low, CD34-positive eosinophil progenitor cell 2010-01-14T03:25:15Z A lineage marker-negative, CD34-positive, IL5r-alpha-positive, and Sca1-negative eosinophil progenitor cell. CL:0002007 Markers are found on mouse cells. cell tmeehan A lineage marker-negative, CD34-positive, IL5r-alpha-positive, and Sca1-negative eosinophil progenitor cell. GOC:tfm PMID:17582345 CD34-positive, CD38-positive eosinophil progenitor cell 2010-01-14T03:25:17Z A lineage marker-negative, CD34-positive, CD38-positive, IL3r-alpha-positive, IL5r-alpha-positive, and CD45RA-negative eosinophil progenitor cell. CL:0002008 Markers are associated with human cells. cell tmeehan A lineage marker-negative, CD34-positive, CD38-positive, IL3r-alpha-positive, IL5r-alpha-positive, and CD45RA-negative eosinophil progenitor cell. GOC:tfm PMCID:PMC2626675 macrophage dendritic cell progenitor 2010-01-19T02:51:58Z A progenitor cell that can give rise to plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells, and to monocytes and macrophages. CL:0002009 MDP cell tmeehan A progenitor cell that can give rise to plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells, and to monocytes and macrophages. GOC:tfm PMID:19273628 pre-conventional dendritic cell 2010-01-19T03:39:30Z A lin-negative, MHC-II-negative, CD11c-positive, FLT3-positive cell with intermediate expression of SIRP-alpha. CL:0002010 cell tmeehan A lin-negative, MHC-II-negative, CD11c-positive, FLT3-positive cell with intermediate expression of SIRP-alpha. GOC:tfm Kit-positive macrophage dendritic cell progenitor 2010-01-26T02:43:40Z A progenitor cell that can give rise to plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells, and to monocytes and macrophages. Marker for this cell is Kit-high, CD115-positive, CD135-positive, Cx3cr1-positive, and is Il7ra-negative. CL:0002011 Markers are associated with mouse cells. cell murine MDP tmeehan A progenitor cell that can give rise to plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells, and to monocytes and macrophages. Marker for this cell is Kit-high, CD115-positive, CD135-positive, Cx3cr1-positive, and is Il7ra-negative. GOC:tfm PMID:19273628 Kit-low proerythroblast 2010-04-26T10:31:56Z A proerythoblast that is Kit-low, Lyg76-positive, and CD71-positive. CL:0002012 Markers are associated with mouse cells. cell tmeehan A proerythoblast that is Kit-low, Lyg76-positive, and CD71-positive. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:19805084 GlyA-positive basophillic erythroblast 2010-04-26T10:41:15Z A basophilic erythroblast that is GlyA-positive. CL:0002013 Markers are associated with human cells. cell tmeehan A basophilic erythroblast that is GlyA-positive. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:1638021 Kit-negative, Ly-76 high basophilic erythroblast 2010-04-26T10:41:22Z A basophilic erythroblast that is Lyg 76-high and is Kit-negative. CL:0002014 Cell surface markers are associated with mouse cells. cell tmeehan A basophilic erythroblast that is Lyg 76-high and is Kit-negative. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:19805084 Kit-negative, Ly-76 high polychromatophilic erythroblast 2010-04-26T10:53:11Z A polychromatophilic erythroblast that is Lyg 76-high and is Kit-negative. CL:0002015 cell late basophilic and polychromatophilic erythroblast tmeehan A polychromatophilic erythroblast that is Lyg 76-high and is Kit-negative. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:19805084 CD71-low, GlyA-positive polychromatic erythroblast 2010-04-26T10:53:16Z A polychromatiic erythroblast that is Gly-A-positive and CD71-low. CL:0002016 Cell surface markers are associated with human cells. cell tmeehan A polychromatiic erythroblast that is Gly-A-positive and CD71-low. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:1638021 Kit-negative, Ly-76 high orthochromatophilic erythroblasts 2010-04-26T11:04:15Z An orthochromatophilic erythroblast that is ter119-high, CD71-low, and Kit-negative. CL:0002017 Cell surface markers associated with mouse cells. cell tmeehan An orthochromatophilic erythroblast that is ter119-high, CD71-low, and Kit-negative. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:19805084 CD71-negative, GlyA-positive orthochromatic erythroblast 2010-04-26T11:04:21Z An erythroblast that is GlyA-positive and CD71-negative. CL:0002018 Markers associated with human cells. cell tmeehan An erythroblast that is GlyA-positive and CD71-negative. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:1638021 Ly-76 high reticulocyte 2010-04-26T11:37:00Z A reticulocyte that is Ly76-high and is Kit-negative. CL:0002019 Marker associated with mouse cells. cell tmeehan A reticulocyte that is Ly76-high and is Kit-negative. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:18539294 GlyA-positive reticulocytes 2010-04-26T11:48:25Z A reticulocyte that is GlyA-positive. CL:0002020 Markers is associated with human cells. cell tmeehan A reticulocyte that is GlyA-positive. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:1638021 GlyA-positive erythrocyte 2010-04-26T11:51:22Z An enucleate erythrocyte that is GlyA-positive. CL:0002021 Marker is associated with human cell types. cell tmeehan An enucleate erythrocyte that is GlyA-positive. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:20134094 Ly-76 high positive erythrocyte 2010-04-26T11:51:27Z An enucleate erythrocyte that is Lyg-76-high. CL:0002022 Marker is associated with mouse cell types. cell tmeehan An enucleate erythrocyte that is Lyg-76-high. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:19805084 CD34-positive, CD41-positive, CD42-positive megakaryocyte progenitor cell 2010-04-26T02:39:09Z A megakaroycotye progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD41-positive and CD42-positive on the cell surface. CL:0002023 Markers are associated with human cell type. cell tmeehan A megakaroycotye progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD41-positive and CD42-positive on the cell surface. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:15232614 Kit-positive megakaryocyte progenitor cell 2010-04-26T02:39:15Z A megakaryocyte progenitor cell that is Kit-positive, CD41-positive, CD9-positive, Sca-1-negative, IL7ralpha-negative, CD150-negative, and Fcgamma receptor II/III-low. CL:0002024 Markers are associated with mouse cells. cell tmeehan A megakaryocyte progenitor cell that is Kit-positive, CD41-positive, CD9-positive, Sca-1-negative, IL7ralpha-negative, CD150-negative, and Fcgamma receptor II/III-low. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:16951553 CD34-positive, CD41-positive, CD42-negative megakaryocyte progenitor cell 2010-04-26T03:52:47Z A megakaryocyte progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD41-positive, and CD42-negative. CL:0002025 Markers are commonly associated with human cells. cell tmeehan A megakaryocyte progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD41-positive, and CD42-negative. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:15232614 CD34-negative, CD41-positive, CD42-positive megakaryocyte cell 2010-04-26T03:59:22Z A megakaryocyte progenitor cell that is CD34-negative, CD41-positive and CD42-positive. CL:0002026 Markers are commonly associated wtih human cells. cell tmeehan A megakaryocyte progenitor cell that is CD34-negative, CD41-positive and CD42-positive. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:15232614 CD9-positive, CD41-positive megakaryocyte cell 2010-04-27T10:39:07Z A megakaryocyte cell with is CD9-positive and CD41-positive. CL:0002027 Markers are commonly associated with mouse cells. cell tmeehan A megakaryocyte cell with is CD9-positive and CD41-positive. GOC:tfm basophil mast progenitor cell 2010-04-27T12:46:33Z A cell type that can give rise to basophil and mast cells. This cell is CD34-positive, CD117-positive, CD125-positive, FceRIa-negative, and T1/ST2-negative, and expresses Gata-1, Gata-2, C/EBPa BMCP CL:0002028 There may be an intermediate cell type.hese cells also CD13-positive, CD16-positive, CD32-positive, and integrin beta 7-positive. Transcription factors- GATA1-positive, MCP-1-positive, mitf-positive, PU.1-positive, and CEBP/a-low. cell tmeehan A cell type that can give rise to basophil and mast cells. This cell is CD34-positive, CD117-positive, CD125-positive, FceRIa-negative, and T1/ST2-negative, and expresses Gata-1, Gata-2, C/EBPa GOC:ak GOC:dsd GOC:tfm PMCID:PMC1312421 Fc-epsilon RIalpha-low mast cell progenitor 2010-04-27T01:22:19Z A lineage-negative, Kit-positive, CD45-positive mast cell progenitor that is Fc-epsilon RIalpha-low. CL:0002029 cell tmeehan A lineage-negative, Kit-positive, CD45-positive mast cell progenitor that is Fc-epsilon RIalpha-low. GOC:tfm PMCID:PMC1312421 Fc-epsilon RIalpha-high basophil progenitor cell 2010-04-27T01:22:32Z A lineage negative, Sca1-negative basophil progenitor cell that is Fc epsilon RIalpha-high. CL:0002030 Markers are associated with mouse cells. cell tmeehan A lineage negative, Sca1-negative basophil progenitor cell that is Fc epsilon RIalpha-high. GOC:tfm PMCID:PMC1312421 hematopoietic lineage restricted progenitor cell 2010-01-06T03:43:20Z A hematopoietic progenitor cell that is capable of developing into only one lineage of hematopoietic cells. CL:0002031 cell tmeehan A hematopoietic progenitor cell that is capable of developing into only one lineage of hematopoietic cells. GOC:tfm PMID:19022770 hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell 2010-01-06T03:43:27Z A hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell that has the ability to differentiate into limited cell types but lacks lineage cell markers and self renewal capabilities. Cell lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. CL:0002032 cell tmeehan A hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell that has the ability to differentiate into limited cell types but lacks lineage cell markers and self renewal capabilities. Cell lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. GOC:tfm PMID:19022770 short term hematopoietic stem cell 2010-01-08T09:19:25Z A hematopoietic stem cell capable of rapid replenishment of myeloerythroid progenitors and limited self renewal capability. This cell is Kit-positive, Spa-1-positive, CD34-positive, CD150-positive, and is Flt3-negative. CL:0002033 Markers are associated with mouse cells. ST stem cell cell tmeehan A hematopoietic stem cell capable of rapid replenishment of myeloerythroid progenitors and limited self renewal capability. This cell is Kit-positive, Spa-1-positive, CD34-positive, CD150-positive, and is Flt3-negative. GOC:tfm PMID:15572596 PMID:19022770 long term hematopoietic stem cell 2010-01-08T09:19:28Z A hematopoietic stem cell with long term self renewal capability. This cell is Kit-positive, Spa-1-positive, CD150-positive, CD90-low, CD34-negative and Flt3-negative. CL:0002034 LT stem cell Markers are associated with mouse cells. cell tmeehan A hematopoietic stem cell with long term self renewal capability. This cell is Kit-positive, Spa-1-positive, CD150-positive, CD90-low, CD34-negative and Flt3-negative. GOC:tfm PMID:15572596 PMID:17582345 Slamf1-negative multipotent progenitor cell 2010-01-08T11:16:33Z A hematopoietic progenitor that has restricted self-renewal capability. Cell is Kit-positive, Ly6-positive, CD150-negative and Flt3-negative. CL:0002035 Markers are associated with mouse cells. cell tmeehan A hematopoietic progenitor that has restricted self-renewal capability. Cell is Kit-positive, Ly6-positive, CD150-negative and Flt3-negative. GOC:tfm PMID:19022770 Slamf1-positive multipotent progenitor cell 2010-01-08T11:16:35Z A hematopoietic progenitor that has some limited self-renewal capability. Cells are lin-negative, Kit-positive, CD34-positive, and Slamf1-positive. CL:0002036 KSL cell Markers are associated with mouse cells. cell tmeehan A hematopoietic progenitor that has some limited self-renewal capability. Cells are lin-negative, Kit-positive, CD34-positive, and Slamf1-positive. GOC:tfm PMID:19022770 CD2-positive, CD5-positive, CD44-positive alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell 2009-10-20T02:20:43Z CL:0002037 Intraepithelial T cells with a memory phenotype of CD2-positive, CD5-positive, and CD44-positive. cell memory alpha beta IEL tmeehan PMID:16048545 memory alpha beta IEL GOC:tfm Intraepithelial T cells with a memory phenotype of CD2-positive, CD5-positive, and CD44-positive. PMID:16048545 T follicular helper cell 2009-10-29T04:01:27Z A CD4-positive, CXCR5-positive, CCR7-negative alpha-beta T cell located in follicles of secondary lymph nodes that expresses is BCL-6-high, ICOS-high and PD1-high, and stimulates follicular B cells to undergo class-switching and antibody production. CL:0002038 T(FH) Tfh cell tmeehan PMID:20207847 T(FH) PMID:20383172 Tfh A CD4-positive, CXCR5-positive, CCR7-negative alpha-beta T cell located in follicles of secondary lymph nodes that expresses is BCL-6-high, ICOS-high and PD1-high, and stimulates follicular B cells to undergo class-switching and antibody production. GOC:tfm PMID:19855402 immature NK T cell stage I 2009-10-29T04:09:16Z A CD24-high, CD4-low, CD8-low, CD44-negative, NK1.1-negative NK T cell. CL:0002039 cell tmeehan A CD24-high, CD4-low, CD8-low, CD44-negative, NK1.1-negative NK T cell. GOC:tfm PMID:17589542 immature NK T cell stage II 2009-10-29T04:13:43Z A CD24-low, CD44-negative, NK1.1-negative NK T cell. CL:0002040 NKT.44-NK1.1-.Th NKT.44-NK1.1-.Th was assigned as an exact synonym based on sorting strategy displayed at immgene.org. cell tmeehan A CD24-low, CD44-negative, NK1.1-negative NK T cell. GOC:tfm PMID:17589542 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html immature NK T cell stage III 2009-10-29T04:14:48Z A CD24-low, CD44-positive, DX5-low, NK1.1-negative NK T cell. CL:0002041 NKT.44+.NK1.1-.Th cell tmeehan A CD24-low, CD44-positive, DX5-low, NK1.1-negative NK T cell. PMID:17589542 immature NK T cell stage IV 2009-10-29T04:17:38Z A CD24-low, CD44-positive, DX5-high, NK1.1-negative NK T cell. CL:0002042 NKT.44+.NK1.1-.Th cell tmeehan A CD24-low, CD44-positive, DX5-high, NK1.1-negative NK T cell. GOC:tfm PMID:17589542 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD34-positive, CD38-negative multipotent progenitor cell 2010-01-12T11:14:15Z A hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD38-negative, CD45RA-negative, and CD90-negative. CL:0002043 Cell markers are associated with human hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cells. cell tmeehan A hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD38-negative, CD45RA-negative, and CD90-negative. GOC:tfm PMID:18371405 PMID:19022770 Kit-positive, integrin beta7-high basophil mast progenitor cell 2010-04-27T01:22:38Z A basophil mast progenitor cell that is Beta-7 integrin-high, Kit-positive FcRgammaII/III-positive and Sca1-negative. CL:0002044 Markers are associated with mouse cells. cell tmeehan A basophil mast progenitor cell that is Beta-7 integrin-high, Kit-positive FcRgammaII/III-positive and Sca1-negative. GOC:ak GOC:tfm Fraction A pre-pro B cell 2010-04-28T10:50:07Z A pro-B cell that CD45R/B220-positive, CD43-positive, HSA-low, BP-1-negative and Ly6c-negative. This cell type is also described as being lin-negative, AA4-positive, Kit-positive, IL7Ra-positive and CD45R-positive. CL:0002045 Fraction A Markers associated with mouse cells. Pre pro B cell cell tmeehan A pro-B cell that CD45R/B220-positive, CD43-positive, HSA-low, BP-1-negative and Ly6c-negative. This cell type is also described as being lin-negative, AA4-positive, Kit-positive, IL7Ra-positive and CD45R-positive. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:12633665 PMID:17582343 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html Early pro-B cell 2010-04-28T11:19:11Z A pro-B cell that is CD22-positive, CD34-positive, CD38-positive and has TdT activity. Pre-BCR is expressed on the cell surface. Cell is CD19-negative, CD20-negative, complement receptor type 2-negative and CD10-low. D-to-J recombination of the heavy chain occurs at this stage. CL:0002046 Markers are commonly associated with human cells. cell tmeehan A pro-B cell that is CD22-positive, CD34-positive, CD38-positive and has TdT activity. Pre-BCR is expressed on the cell surface. Cell is CD19-negative, CD20-negative, complement receptor type 2-negative and CD10-low. D-to-J recombination of the heavy chain occurs at this stage. GOC:tfm PMID:18432934 Fraction B precursor B cell 2010-04-28T11:56:21Z A precursor B cell that is CD45RA-positive, CD43-positive, CD24-positive and BP-1-negative. CL:0002047 Fr. B Fraction B Markers are commonly associated with mouse cells. cell tmeehan A precursor B cell that is CD45RA-positive, CD43-positive, CD24-positive and BP-1-negative. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:18432934 late pro-B cell 2010-04-28T12:06:06Z A pre-B cell precursor is CD19-low, CD22-positive , CD34-positive, CD38-positive. CL:0002048 cell tmeehan A pre-B cell precursor is CD19-low, CD22-positive , CD34-positive, CD38-positive. GOC:tfm PMID:18432934 Fraction C precursor B cell 2010-04-28T02:04:01Z A precursor B cell is CD45R-positive, CD43-positive, CD24-positive, and BP-positive. Intracellularly expression of surrogate light chain, Rag1 and Rag2, TdT, occurs while there is no expression of mu heavy chain. CL:0002049 Fraction C cell tmeehan A precursor B cell is CD45R-positive, CD43-positive, CD24-positive, and BP-positive. Intracellularly expression of surrogate light chain, Rag1 and Rag2, TdT, occurs while there is no expression of mu heavy chain. GOC:tfm PMID:17582343 Fraction C' precursor B cell 2010-04-28T02:13:46Z A pre-BCR-positive precursor B cell that is CD24-high, CD25-positive, CD43-positive, CD45R-positive and BP-positive. CL:0002050 Fr. C' Fraction C-prime cell tmeehan A pre-BCR-positive precursor B cell that is CD24-high, CD25-positive, CD43-positive, CD45R-positive and BP-positive. GOC:tfm PMID:17582343 CD38-high pre-BCR positive cell 2010-04-28T02:27:47Z A pre-BCR positive T cell that is CD38-high. CL:0002051 Large pre-B cell type I Markers are associated with human cells. cell tmeehan A pre-BCR positive T cell that is CD38-high. GOC:tfm PMID:18432934 Fraction D precursor B cell 2010-04-28T02:55:16Z A pre-B cell that is pre-BCR-negative, and the kappa- and lambda- light immunoglobulin light chain-negative, CD43-low, and is BP-1-positive, CD45R-positive and CD25-positive. This cell type is also described as being AA4-positive, IgM-negative, CD19-positive, CD43-low/negative, and HSA-positive. CL:0002052 Fr. D Fraction D pre-B cell cell tmeehan Fraction D pre-B cell GOC:tfm A pre-B cell that is pre-BCR-negative, and the kappa- and lambda- light immunoglobulin light chain-negative, CD43-low, and is BP-1-positive, CD45R-positive and CD25-positive. This cell type is also described as being AA4-positive, IgM-negative, CD19-positive, CD43-low/negative, and HSA-positive. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:17582343 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD22-positive, CD38-low small pre-B cell 2010-04-28T03:04:48Z A small pre-B cell that is CD22-positive and CD38-low. CL:0002053 Markers are associated with human cell. RAG expression maybe diminishing. cell small pre-B cell tmeehan A small pre-B cell that is CD22-positive and CD38-low. GOC:tfm PMID:18432934 Fraction E immature B cell 2010-04-28T03:13:47Z An immature B cell that is IgM-positive, CD45R-positive, CD43-low, CD25-negative, and CD127-negative. This cell type has also been described as being AA4-positive, IgM-positive, CD19-positive, CD43-low/negative, and HSA-positive. CL:0002054 Markers associated with mouse cells. cell tmeehan An immature B cell that is IgM-positive, CD45R-positive, CD43-low, CD25-negative, and CD127-negative. This cell type has also been described as being AA4-positive, IgM-positive, CD19-positive, CD43-low/negative, and HSA-positive. GOC:ak GOC:tfm PMID:17582343 CD38-negative immature B cell 2010-04-28T03:19:14Z An immature B cell that is CD38-negative, CD10-low, CD21-low, and CD22-high. CL:0002055 Markers are associated with human cell type. cell tmeehan An immature B cell that is CD38-negative, CD10-low, CD21-low, and CD22-high. GOC:tfm PMID:18432934 Fraction F mature B cell 2010-04-30T03:01:48Z A mature B cell subset originally defined as having being CD45R-positive, IgM-positive, IgD-positive and CD43-negative. Subsequent research demonstrated being CD21-positive and CD23-negative and CD93 negative. CL:0002056 cell tmeehan A mature B cell subset originally defined as having being CD45R-positive, IgM-positive, IgD-positive and CD43-negative. Subsequent research demonstrated being CD21-positive and CD23-negative and CD93 negative. GOC:tfm PMID:17582343 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte 2010-06-05T08:25:41Z A monocyte that is CD14-positive, CD16-negative, CD64-positive, CD163-positive, CL:0002057 Markers are associated with human monocytes. cell tmeehan A monocyte that is CD14-positive, CD16-negative, CD64-positive, CD163-positive, GOC:tfm PMID:15615263 PMID:1706877 PMID:19689341 Gr1-low non-classical monocyte 2010-06-05T08:25:44Z A resident monocyte that is Gr-1 low, CD43-positive, and CX3CR1-positive. CL:0002058 Markers are associated with mice. The Gr epitope is used to describe this cell type is found on both Ly6c and Ly6g. However, its the Ly6c that is considered the specific marker, and thus used in the cross-product. Also, this cell-type is sometimes described as being Gr1-negative. cell tmeehan A resident monocyte that is Gr-1 low, CD43-positive, and CX3CR1-positive. GOC:tfm PMID:8890901 CD8alpha-positive thymic conventional dendritic cell 2010-06-07T02:48:36Z A conventional thymic dendritic cell that is CD8alpha-positive. CD8alpha-alpha-positive thymic conventional dendritic cell CL:0002059 DC.8+.Th cell tmeehan A conventional thymic dendritic cell that is CD8alpha-positive. GOC:tfm PMID:19273629 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html melanophage 2010-06-22T10:46:12Z A melanin-containing macrophage that obtains the pigment by phagocytosis of melanosomes. CL:0002060 cell tmeehan A melanin-containing macrophage that obtains the pigment by phagocytosis of melanosomes. GOC:tfm PMID:20479296 PMID:2943821 T-helper 9 cell 2010-06-22T11:18:44Z A T-helper cell that is characterized by secreting interleukin 9 and responding to helminth infections. This cell-type can derives from Th2 cells in the presence of TGF-beta and interleukin 4. TH2 cytokine production is surpressed. CL:0002061 Th9 cell tmeehan PMID:18931678 Th9 A T-helper cell that is characterized by secreting interleukin 9 and responding to helminth infections. This cell-type can derives from Th2 cells in the presence of TGF-beta and interleukin 4. TH2 cytokine production is surpressed. GOC:tfm PMID:18931678 PMID:19604299 PMID:20154671 type I pneumocyte 2010-06-23T04:37:54Z A type I pneumocyte is a flattened, branched pneumocyte that covers more than 98% of the alveolar surface. This large cell has thin (50-100 nm) cytoplasmic extensions to form the air-blood barrier essential for normal gas exchange. AT1 ATI BTO:0000780 CL:0002062 FMA:62500 Pulmonary alveolar type I cell Type 1 pneumocyte cell lung type 1 cells membranous pneumocytes small alveolar cells squamous alveolar cell squamous alveolar lining cell tmeehan type 1 alveolar epithelial cells type I alveolar epithelial cells A type I pneumocyte is a flattened, branched pneumocyte that covers more than 98% of the alveolar surface. This large cell has thin (50-100 nm) cytoplasmic extensions to form the air-blood barrier essential for normal gas exchange. GOC:tfm PMID:20054144 http://www.copewithcytokines.de type II pneumocyte 2010-06-24T12:04:13Z A type II pneumocyte is a pneumocyte that modulates the fluid surrounding the alveolar epithelium by secreting and recycling surfactants. This cell type also contributes to tissue repair and can differentiate after injury into a type I pneumocyte. Thicker than squamous alveolar cells, have a rounded apical surface that projects above the level of surrounding epithelium. The free surface is covered by short microvilli. AT2 ATII BTO:0000538 CL:0002063 Cuboidal type II cell FMA:62501 Great alveolar cell Lung type 2 cells Lung type II cells TII cell granular pneumocyte tmeehan type 2 alveolar epithelial cells type 2 alveolocytes type 2 pneumocyte type II alveolar epithelial cells type II alveolocytes A type II pneumocyte is a pneumocyte that modulates the fluid surrounding the alveolar epithelium by secreting and recycling surfactants. This cell type also contributes to tissue repair and can differentiate after injury into a type I pneumocyte. Thicker than squamous alveolar cells, have a rounded apical surface that projects above the level of surrounding epithelium. The free surface is covered by short microvilli. GOC:tfm ISBN:0412046911 PMID:8540632 http://www.copewithcytokines.de pancreatic acinar cell 2010-06-24T03:16:29Z A secretory cell found in pancreatic acini that secretes digestive enzymes and mucins. This cell is a typical zymogenic cell, have a basal nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm consisting of regular arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum with mitochondria and dense secretory granules. BTO:0000028 CL:0002064 FMA:63032 acinar cell of pancreas cell tmeehan A secretory cell found in pancreatic acini that secretes digestive enzymes and mucins. This cell is a typical zymogenic cell, have a basal nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm consisting of regular arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum with mitochondria and dense secretory granules. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 PMID:20395539 http://63.198.234.228/OpenFMA/Acinar cell of pancreas.html http://www.copewithcytokines.de Feyrter cell 2010-06-28T08:24:30Z A neuroendocrine cell found in the epithelium of the lungs and respiratory tract. This cell type is rounded or elliptical in shape, situated mainly in the basal part of the epithelium; regulates bronchial secretion, smooth muscle contraction, lobular growth, ciliary activity and chemoreception. Cell has an electron-lucent cytoplasm, contains numerous dense-cored vesicles with a clear halo between the core and the limiting membrane. Bronchiolar Kulchitsky cell CL:0002066 FMA:14118 Kultschitzky cell of bronchiole P cell cell respiratory enterochromaffin cell tmeehan A neuroendocrine cell found in the epithelium of the lungs and respiratory tract. This cell type is rounded or elliptical in shape, situated mainly in the basal part of the epithelium; regulates bronchial secretion, smooth muscle contraction, lobular growth, ciliary activity and chemoreception. Cell has an electron-lucent cytoplasm, contains numerous dense-cored vesicles with a clear halo between the core and the limiting membrane. GOC:tfm ISBN:0412046911 ISBN:0517223651 type A enterocrine cell 2010-09-10T10:48:54Z An enterocrine cell that produces glucagon. CL:0002067 FMA:62939 cell tmeehan An enterocrine cell that produces glucagon. GOC:tfm ISBN:0412046911 Purkinje myocyte 2010-06-28T08:36:15Z BTO:0001032 CL:0002068 FMA:14146 Myocytus conducens cardiacus Purkinje cell fiber Purkinje muscle cell Specialized cardiac myocyte that is subendocardially interspersed with the regular cardiac muscle cell. They are uninucleate cylindrical cells, associated end-to-end in long rows, continue from the node to the atrioventricular bundle; relatively short compared to ordinary myocytes but are nearly twice their diameter. cell tmeehan FMA:0412046911 GOC:tfm PMID:19939742 Specialized cardiac myocyte that is subendocardially interspersed with the regular cardiac muscle cell. They are uninucleate cylindrical cells, associated end-to-end in long rows, continue from the node to the atrioventricular bundle; relatively short compared to ordinary myocytes but are nearly twice their diameter. type II vestibular sensory cell 2010-06-29T09:58:13Z CL:0002069 FMA:67909 Mostly cylindrical, resemble Type 1 in their contents and the presence of a kinocilium and stereocilium apically; much greater variation in size, some almost span the entire thickness of the sensory epithelium, while others are smaller than Type 1; receive multiple efferent nerve boutons around their bases as well as afferent endings, which are small expansions rather than chalices. Type 2 vestibular hair cell Type II hair cell cell tmeehan type 2 vestibular sensory cell GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 Mostly cylindrical, resemble Type 1 in their contents and the presence of a kinocilium and stereocilium apically; much greater variation in size, some almost span the entire thickness of the sensory epithelium, while others are smaller than Type 1; receive multiple efferent nerve boutons around their bases as well as afferent endings, which are small expansions rather than chalices. type I vestibular sensory cell 2010-06-29T09:58:19Z Bottle-shaped with narrow neck; broad, rounded basal portion where nucleus is located; stereocilia and a single kinocilium is present apically; receive nerve bouton at their base from an afferent cup-shaped (chalice or calyx) nerve ending. CL:0002070 FMA:62352 Type 1 vestibular hair cell Type I hair cell cell tmeehan type 1 vestibular sensory cell Bottle-shaped with narrow neck; broad, rounded basal portion where nucleus is located; stereocilia and a single kinocilium is present apically; receive nerve bouton at their base from an afferent cup-shaped (chalice or calyx) nerve ending. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine 2010-06-29T11:07:25Z BTO:0002484 CL:0002071 Columnar cell which populate the epithelium of large intestine and absorb water. This cell is the most numerous of the epithelial cell types in the large intestine; bear apical microvilli, contain secretory granules in their apical cytoplasm; secretion appears to be largely mucins, but is also rich in antibodies of the IgA type. FMA:63638 FMA:66771 Vacuolar absorptive cell cell columnar cell columnar cell of the colon tmeehan Columnar cell which populate the epithelium of large intestine and absorb water. This cell is the most numerous of the epithelial cell types in the large intestine; bear apical microvilli, contain secretory granules in their apical cytoplasm; secretion appears to be largely mucins, but is also rich in antibodies of the IgA type. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 http://63.198.234.228/OpenFMA/Vacuolar absorptive cell.html nodal myocyte 2010-06-29T11:41:37Z A specialized cardiac myocyte in the sinuatrial and atrioventricular nodes. The cell is slender and fusiform confined to the nodal center, circumferentially arranged around the nodal artery. BTO:0004190 CL:0002072 FMA:67101 Myocytus nodalis P cell Pacemaker cell cell tmeehan A specialized cardiac myocyte in the sinuatrial and atrioventricular nodes. The cell is slender and fusiform confined to the nodal center, circumferentially arranged around the nodal artery. FMA:67101 GOC:tfm http://63.198.234.228/OpenFMA/Nodal myocyte.html transitional myocyte 2010-06-29T02:39:32Z CL:0002073 FMA:67142 Specialized cardiac myocyte which is in the internodal tract and atrioventricular node. The cell is more slender than ordinary atrial myocytes and has more myofibrils than nodal myocytes. cell tmeehan FMA:67142 GOC:tfm Specialized cardiac myocyte which is in the internodal tract and atrioventricular node. The cell is more slender than ordinary atrial myocytes and has more myofibrils than nodal myocytes. http://63.198.234.228/OpenFMA/Transitional myocyte.html myocardial endocrine cell 2010-06-29T11:50:47Z CL:0002074 FMA:67111 The myoendocrine cellis a specialized myocyte localized mainly in the right and left atrial appendages, and also scattered within other areas of the atria and along the conductive system in the ventricular septum. The most conspicuous feature distinguishing myoendocrine cells from other atrial myoctyes is the presence of membane-bounded secretory granules (these granules contain precursor of cardiodilatins or atrial natriuretic polypeptides). cell tmeehan FMA:67111 GOC:tfm The myoendocrine cellis a specialized myocyte localized mainly in the right and left atrial appendages, and also scattered within other areas of the atria and along the conductive system in the ventricular septum. The most conspicuous feature distinguishing myoendocrine cells from other atrial myoctyes is the presence of membane-bounded secretory granules (these granules contain precursor of cardiodilatins or atrial natriuretic polypeptides). http://63.198.234.228/OpenFMA/Myocardial endocrine cell.html brush cell of trachebronchial tree 2010-06-29T03:22:46Z CL:0002075 Infrequent type of columnar epithelial cell. This cell is characterized by the presence of a tuft of blunt, squat microvilli (approximately 120-140/cell) on the cell surface. The microvilli contain filaments that stretch into the underlying cytoplasm. They have a distinctive pear shape with a wide base and a narrow microvillous apex. Function not known. cell pulmonary brush cell tmeehan GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 Infrequent type of columnar epithelial cell. This cell is characterized by the presence of a tuft of blunt, squat microvilli (approximately 120-140/cell) on the cell surface. The microvilli contain filaments that stretch into the underlying cytoplasm. They have a distinctive pear shape with a wide base and a narrow microvillous apex. Function not known. PMID:15817800 http://63.198.234.228/OpenFMA/Brush cell.html endo-epithelial cell 2010-06-29T03:38:14Z An epithelial cell derived from endoderm. CL:0002076 FMA:69075 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell derived from endoderm. FMA:69075 GOC:tfm http://63.198.234.228/OpenFMA/Endo-epithelial cell.html ecto-epithelial cell 2010-06-29T03:38:22Z An epithelial cell derived from ectoderm. CL:0002077 FMA:69074 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell derived from ectoderm. FMA://63.198.234.228/OpenFMA/Ecto-epithelial cell.html FMA:69074 meso-epithelial cell 2010-06-29T03:49:14Z CL:0002078 Epithelial cell derived from mesoderm or mesenchyme. Epithelial mesenchymal cell FMA:69076 cell tmeehan Epithelial cell derived from mesoderm or mesenchyme. FMA:69076 GOC:tfm http://63.198.234.228/OpenFMA/Meso-epithelial cell.html pancreatic ductal cell 2010-06-30T08:49:43Z CL:0002079 Epithelial cell found in the ducts of the pancreas. This cell type contributes to the high luminal pH. FMA:63099 cell tmeehan Epithelial cell found in the ducts of the pancreas. This cell type contributes to the high luminal pH. FMA:63099 GOC:tfm PMID:14740223 pancreatic centro-acinar cell 2010-06-30T08:49:52Z A cubodial epithelial cell that is continuous with the lining of intercalated ducts that drain the acinus. This cell type secretes a high pH solution to aid in activation of zymogens, and can differentiate into endocrine and exocrine pancreatic cell types. CL:0002080 FMA:62455 cell centroacinar cell of Langerhans pancreatic centroacinar cell tmeehan A cubodial epithelial cell that is continuous with the lining of intercalated ducts that drain the acinus. This cell type secretes a high pH solution to aid in activation of zymogens, and can differentiate into endocrine and exocrine pancreatic cell types. GOC:tfm PMID:12142741 PMID:20018761 PMID:8185160 type II cell of carotid body 2010-06-30T04:23:42Z CL:0002081 FMA:84187 This cell resembles a glia cell, express the glial marker S100 and act as a supporting cell to type I cell. This cell is located in a small cluster of type I and type II cells near the fork of the carotid artery. cell sheath cell of carotid body tmeehan GOC:tfm PMID:7938227 This cell resembles a glia cell, express the glial marker S100 and act as a supporting cell to type I cell. This cell is located in a small cluster of type I and type II cells near the fork of the carotid artery. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_body type II cell of adrenal medulla 2010-07-14T09:41:42Z A chromaffin cell of the adrenal medulla that produces epinephrine. CL:0002082 FMA:69322 adremergic chromaffin cell adrenal secreting cell of the adrenal medulla cell epiniphrine secreting cell of the adrenal medulla tmeehan A chromaffin cell of the adrenal medulla that produces epinephrine. GOC:tfm type I cell of adrenal medulla 2010-07-14T10:12:24Z A chromaffin cell of the adrenal medulla that produces norepinephrine. CL:0002083 FMA:69321 cell noradrenergic chromaffin cell tmeehan A chromaffin cell of the adrenal medulla that produces norepinephrine. GOC:tfm ISBN:068340007X Boettcher cell 2010-07-14T03:22:02Z A Boettcher cell is a polyhedral cells on the basilar membrane of the cochlea, and is located beneath Claudius cells. A Boettcher cell is considered a supporting cell for the organ of Corti, and is present only in the lower turn of the cochlea. These cells interweave with each other, and project microvilli into the intercellular space. Because of their structural specialization, a Boettcher cell is believed to play a significant role in the function of the cochlea. They demonstrate high levels of calmodulin, and may be involved in mediating Ca(2+) regulation and ion transport. Boettcher's cell Bottcher cell Bottcher's cell CL:0002084 cell tmeehan A Boettcher cell is a polyhedral cells on the basilar membrane of the cochlea, and is located beneath Claudius cells. A Boettcher cell is considered a supporting cell for the organ of Corti, and is present only in the lower turn of the cochlea. These cells interweave with each other, and project microvilli into the intercellular space. Because of their structural specialization, a Boettcher cell is believed to play a significant role in the function of the cochlea. They demonstrate high levels of calmodulin, and may be involved in mediating Ca(2+) regulation and ion transport. GOC:tfm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boettcher_cell tanycyte 2010-07-15T11:21:11Z BTO:0001953 CL:0000643 CL:0002085 FMA:54560 Specialized elongated ventricular ependymal cell that has processes that extend to the outer, or pial, surface of the CNS. Resemble spongioblasts seen in developing brain. Found in the adult brain in the third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, spinal canal and floor of the fourth ventricle. cell stretch cell tanycyte tmeehan GOC:tfm Specialized elongated ventricular ependymal cell that has processes that extend to the outer, or pial, surface of the CNS. Resemble spongioblasts seen in developing brain. Found in the adult brain in the third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, spinal canal and floor of the fourth ventricle. http://neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Tanycyte specialized cardiac myocyte 2010-07-21T01:33:38Z A cardiac myocyte that is an excitable cells in the myocardium, specifically in the conducting system of heart. CL:0002086 FMA:67968 cell tmeehan A cardiac myocyte that is an excitable cells in the myocardium, specifically in the conducting system of heart. FMA:67968 GOC:tfm nongranular leukocyte 2010-07-22T11:30:33Z A leukocyte that lacks granules. CL:0002087 FMA:62855 agranular leukocyte cell tmeehan A leukocyte that lacks granules. GOC:tfm interstitial cell of Cajal 2010-07-22T03:26:00Z BTO:0003914 CL:0002088 FMA:86573 ICC Some argue this cell type is of mesenchymal origin. This is a cell found in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and serves as a pacemaker that triggers gut contraction. ICCs mediate inputs from the enteric nervous system to smooth muscle cells and are thought to be the cells from which gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) arise. cell tmeehan GOC:tfm PMID:16460275 PMID:19520112 This is a cell found in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and serves as a pacemaker that triggers gut contraction. ICCs mediate inputs from the enteric nervous system to smooth muscle cells and are thought to be the cells from which gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) arise. nuocyte 2010-08-12T02:22:19Z A leukocyte cell capable of secreting IL-13 in response to a helminth infection. This cell is lineage-negative, ICOS-positive, IL1RL1-positive, IL7Ralpha-positive, and IL17Br-positive. CL:0002089 cell tmeehan A leukocyte cell capable of secreting IL-13 in response to a helminth infection. This cell is lineage-negative, ICOS-positive, IL1RL1-positive, IL7Ralpha-positive, and IL17Br-positive. GOC:tfm PMID:20200518 polar body 2010-08-23T09:49:53Z CL:0002090 FMA:85543 One of two small cells formed by the first and second meiotic division of oocytes. WBbt:0008429 XAO:0000262 cell tmeehan GOC:tfm ISBN:068340007X One of two small cells formed by the first and second meiotic division of oocytes. primary polar body 2010-08-23T09:49:58Z A small cell formed by the first meiotic division of oocytes. CL:0002091 FMA:18650 Polocytus primarius cell tmeehan A small cell formed by the first meiotic division of oocytes. GOC:tfm ISBN:068340007X bone marrow cell 2010-07-22T04:48:15Z A cell found in the bone marrow. This can include fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells. BTO:0004850 CL:0002092 FMA:83621 cell tmeehan A cell found in the bone marrow. This can include fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 secondary polar body 2010-08-23T09:50:01Z A small cell formed by the second meiotic division of oocytes. In mammals, the second polar body may fail to form unless the ovum has been penetrated by a sperm cell. CL:0002093 FMA:18651 Polocytus secundarius cell tmeehan A small cell formed by the second meiotic division of oocytes. In mammals, the second polar body may fail to form unless the ovum has been penetrated by a sperm cell. GOC:tfm ISBN:068340007X interstitial cell of ovary 2010-08-23T11:11:34Z A cell that makes up the loose connective tissue of the ovary. CL:0002094 FMA:18709 cell tmeehan A cell that makes up the loose connective tissue of the ovary. GOC:tfm hilus cell of ovary 2010-08-23T11:18:18Z A cell in the hilum of the ovary that produces androgens. CL:0002095 FMA:18710 Hilar cell of ovary cell tmeehan A cell in the hilum of the ovary that produces androgens. GOC:tfm ISBN:068340007X internodal tract myocyte 2010-08-23T11:24:11Z A specialised myocyte that lies between the sinuatrial node and the atrioventricular node and is involved in the conduction of electrical signals. CL:0002096 FMA:223275 cell tmeehan A specialised myocyte that lies between the sinuatrial node and the atrioventricular node and is involved in the conduction of electrical signals. GOC:tfm ISBN:0781729300 cortical cell of adrenal gland 2010-08-24T01:37:44Z A cell of the adrenal cortex. Cell types include those that synthesize and secrete chemical derivatives (steroids) of cholesterol. CL:0002097 FMA:69545 adrenal cortex cell adrenocortical cell cell tmeehan A cell of the adrenal cortex. Cell types include those that synthesize and secrete chemical derivatives (steroids) of cholesterol. GOC:tfm regular cardiac myocyte 2010-08-23T11:33:10Z A cardiac myocyte that is connected together by transverse intercalated discs at a regular interval. CL:0002098 FMA:67967 cell regular cardiac muscle cell regular cardiac muscle fiber tmeehan A cardiac myocyte that is connected together by transverse intercalated discs at a regular interval. GOC:tfm type I cell of adrenal cortex 2010-08-24T01:42:02Z A small, polyhedral, cell found in rounded groups or curved columns with deeply staining nuclei, scanty basophilic cytoplasm and a few lipid droplets. This cell in the zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids. CL:0002099 CL:1000423 Epithelial cell of zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland FMA:69273 cell tmeehan A small, polyhedral, cell found in rounded groups or curved columns with deeply staining nuclei, scanty basophilic cytoplasm and a few lipid droplets. This cell in the zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 regular interventricular cardiac myocyte 2010-08-23T11:40:52Z A regular cardiac myocyte of the interventricular region of the heart. CL:0002100 FMA:228792 cell tmeehan A regular cardiac myocyte of the interventricular region of the heart. GOC:tfm CD38-positive naive B cell A CD38-positive naive B cell is a mature B cell that has the phenotype CD38-positive, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery. CL:0002101 cell A CD38-positive naive B cell is a mature B cell that has the phenotype CD38-positive, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 CD38-negative naive B cell A CD38-negative naive B cell is a mature B cell that has the phenotype CD38-negative, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery. CL:0002102 cell A CD38-negative naive B cell is a mature B cell that has the phenotype CD38-negative, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 IgG-positive double negative memory B cell An IgG-positive double negative memory B cell is a double negative memory B cell with the phenotype IgG-positive, IgD-negative, and CD27-negative. CL:0002103 cell An IgG-positive double negative memory B cell is a double negative memory B cell with the phenotype IgG-positive, IgD-negative, and CD27-negative. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 IgG-negative double negative memory B cell An IgG-negative double negative memory B cell is a double negative memory B cell with the phenotype IgG-negative, IgD-negative, and CD27-negative. CL:0002104 cell An IgG-negative double negative memory B cell is a double negative memory B cell with the phenotype IgG-negative, IgD-negative, and CD27-negative. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 CD38-positive IgG memory B cell A CD38-positive IgG memory B cell is a class switched memory B cell that expresses IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-positive and IgG-positive. CL:0002105 cell A CD38-positive IgG memory B cell is a class switched memory B cell that expresses IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-positive and IgG-positive. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 IgD-positive CD38-positive IgG memory B cell An IgD-positive CD38-positive IgG memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-positive class switched memory B cell that has class switched and expresses IgD on the cell surface with the phenotype IgD-positive, CD38-positive, and IgG-positive. CL:0002106 cell An IgD-positive CD38-positive IgG memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-positive class switched memory B cell that has class switched and expresses IgD on the cell surface with the phenotype IgD-positive, CD38-positive, and IgG-positive. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 IgD-negative CD38-positive IgG memory B cell An IgD-negative CD38-positive IgG memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-positive that has class switched and lacks expression of IgD on the cell surface with the phenotype IgD-negative, CD38-positive, and IgG-positive. CL:0002107 cell An IgD-negative CD38-positive IgG memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-positive that has class switched and lacks expression of IgD on the cell surface with the phenotype IgD-negative, CD38-positive, and IgG-positive. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 CD38-negative IgG memory B cell A CD38-negative IgG memory B cell is a IgG-positive class switched memory B cell that has class switched and expresses IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-negative, IgD-negative, and IgG-positive. CL:0002108 cell A CD38-negative IgG memory B cell is a IgG-positive class switched memory B cell that has class switched and expresses IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-negative, IgD-negative, and IgG-positive. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 B220-positive CD38-positive naive B cell A B220-positive CD38-positive naive B cell is a CD38-positive naive B cell that has the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-positive, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery. CL:0002109 cell A B220-positive CD38-positive naive B cell is a CD38-positive naive B cell that has the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-positive, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 B220-low CD38-positive naive B cell A B220-low CD38-positive naive B cell is a CD38-positive naive B cell that has the phenotype B220-low, CD38-positive, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery. CL:0002110 cell A B220-low CD38-positive naive B cell is a CD38-positive naive B cell that has the phenotype B220-low, CD38-positive, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell An CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell is an unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype CD38-negative, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative. CL:0002111 cell An CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell is an unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype CD38-negative, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 B220-positive CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell A B220-positive CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-negative, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative. CL:0002112 cell A B220-positive CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-negative, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 B220-low CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell A B220-low CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-low, CD38-negative, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative. CL:0002113 cell A B220-low CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-low, CD38-negative, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell A CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell is an unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype CD38-positive, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative. CL:0002114 cell A CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell is an unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype CD38-positive, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 B220-positive CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell A B220-positive CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-positive, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative. CL:0002115 cell A B220-positive CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-positive, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 B220-low CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell A B220-low CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-low, CD38-positive, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative. CL:0002116 cell A B220-low CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-low, CD38-positive, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 IgG-negative class switched memory B cell A class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface. CL:0002117 cell A class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell A CD38-negative IgG-negative memory B cell is a IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-negative and IgG-negative. CL:0002118 cell A CD38-negative IgG-negative memory B cell is a IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-negative and IgG-negative. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell A CD38-positive IgG-negative memory B cell is an IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-positive and IgG-negative. CL:0002119 cell A CD38-positive IgG-negative memory B cell is an IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-positive and IgG-negative. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 CD24-positive CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell An CD24-positive CD38-negative IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD24-positive, CD38-negative, and IgG-negative. CL:0002120 cell An CD24-positive CD38-negative IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD24-positive, CD38-negative, and IgG-negative. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 CD24-negative CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell A CD24-negative CD38-negative IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD24-negative, CD38-negative, and IgG-negative. CL:0002121 cell A CD24-negative CD38-negative IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD24-negative, CD38-negative, and IgG-negative. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 B220-positive CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell A B220-positive CD38-positive IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-positive, and IgG-negative. CL:0002122 cell A B220-positive CD38-positive IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-positive, and IgG-negative. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 B220-low CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell A B220-low CD38-positive IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype B220-low, CD38-positive, and IgG-positive. CL:0002123 cell A B220-low CD38-positive IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype B220-low, CD38-positive, and IgG-positive. GOC:dsd GOC:rhs GOC:tfm PMID:20123131 CD27-positive gamma-delta T cell 2010-08-18T09:57:19Z A circulating gamma-delta T cell that is CD27-positive and capable of producing IFN-gamma. CL:0002124 cell gammadelta27-positive gd27-positive tmeehan A circulating gamma-delta T cell that is CD27-positive and capable of producing IFN-gamma. GOC:dsd GOC:tfm PMID:19270712 CD27-negative gamma-delta T cell 2010-08-18T09:57:29Z A circulating gamma-delta T cell that expresses RORgamma(t), is CD27-negative and is capable of IL17 secretion. CL:0002125 cell tmeehan A circulating gamma-delta T cell that expresses RORgamma(t), is CD27-negative and is capable of IL17 secretion. GOC:dsd GOC:tfm PMID:19270712 CD25-positive, CD27-positive immature gamma-delta T cell 2010-08-18T10:35:37Z A CD25-positive, CD27-positive immature gamma-delta T cell found in the thymus that has an immature phenotype (i.e. CD24-high, CD25-high, CD62L-high, CD44-high, CD2-low, CD5-low). CL:0002126 cell tmeehan A CD25-positive, CD27-positive immature gamma-delta T cell found in the thymus that has an immature phenotype (i.e. CD24-high, CD25-high, CD62L-high, CD44-high, CD2-low, CD5-low). GOC:tfm PMID:19270712 innate effector T cell 2010-08-20T02:14:25Z A T cell with a receptor of limited diversity that is capable of immediate effector functions upon stimulation. CL:0002127 cell tmeehan A T cell with a receptor of limited diversity that is capable of immediate effector functions upon stimulation. GOC:tfm PMID:20581831 Tc17 cell A CD8-positive, alpha-beta positive T cell with the phenotype CCR6-positive, CCR5-high, CD45RA-negative, and secreting IL-17 and some IFNg. CL:0002128 Found in the CD27-positive CD28-positive or CD27-negative CD28-positive fractions with the phenotype CCR4-negative and CCR7-negative. Tc17 T cell Tc17 T lymphocyte Tc17 T-cell Tc17 T-lymphocyte cell A CD8-positive, alpha-beta positive T cell with the phenotype CCR6-positive, CCR5-high, CD45RA-negative, and secreting IL-17 and some IFNg. GOC:dsd GOC:tfm PMID:19201830 regular atrial cardiac myocyte 2010-08-23T11:41:03Z CL:0002129 FMA:83108 Regular cardiac myocyte of a cardiac atrium. atrial myocyte cell regular atrial cardiac muscle fiber regular cardiac muscle cell of atrium tmeehan GOC:tfm Regular cardiac myocyte of a cardiac atrium. regular interatrial cardiac myocyte 2010-08-23T11:41:09Z A cardiac myocyte of the interatrial region of the heart. CL:0002130 FMA:228790 cell tmeehan A cardiac myocyte of the interatrial region of the heart. GOC:tfm regular ventricular cardiac myocyte 2010-08-23T11:41:13Z CL:0002131 FMA:83109 Regular cardiac muscle cell of ventricle Regular cardiac myocyte of a cardiac ventricle. Regular ventricular cardiac muscle fiber Ventricular myocyte cell tmeehan GOC:tfm Regular cardiac myocyte of a cardiac ventricle. stromal cell of ovary 2010-08-23T12:10:31Z A stomal cell of the ovary CL:0002132 FMA:72299 cell tmeehan A stomal cell of the ovary GOC:tfm stromal cell of ovorain cortex 2010-08-23T12:12:15Z A stromal cell of the ovarian cortex. CL:0002133 FMA:256169 cell tmeehan A stromal cell of the ovarian cortex. GOC:tfm stromal cell of ovarian medulla 2010-08-23T12:12:17Z A stromal cell of the ovarian medulla. CL:0002134 FMA:256171 cell tmeehan A stromal cell of the ovarian medulla. GOC:tfm nonkeratinized cell of epidermis 2010-08-24T08:43:27Z CL:0002135 Epidermal cells that do not contain keratin. Cell type is usually associated with moist epidermal tissues. FMA:62880 cell tmeehan Epidermal cells that do not contain keratin. Cell type is usually associated with moist epidermal tissues. GO:tfm PMID:1987287 type II cell of adrenal cortex 2010-08-24T01:50:42Z A cell in the zona fasciculata that produce glucocorticoids, e.g cortisol. CL:0002136 FMA:69547 cell tmeehan type II cortical cell of adrenal gland A cell in the zona fasciculata that produce glucocorticoids, e.g cortisol. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 type III cell of adrenal cortex 2010-08-24T01:50:44Z A cell in the zona reticularis that produce sex hormones. CL:0002137 FMA:69564 cell tmeehan A cell in the zona reticularis that produce sex hormones. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel 2010-08-24T02:05:28Z A endothelial cell of a lymphatic vessel. The border of the oak leaf-shaped endothelial cell of initial lymphatics are joined by specialized buttons. The discontinuous feature of buttons distinguishes them from zippers in collecting lymphatics, but both types of junctions are composed of proteins typical of adherens junctions and tight junctions found in the endothelium of blood vessels. Buttons seal the sides of flaps of the oak leaf-shaped endothelial cell, leaving open the tips of flaps as routes for fluid entry without disassembly and reformation of intercellular junctions. BTO:0004167 CL:0002138 CL:1000421 FMA:68458 cell tmeehan A endothelial cell of a lymphatic vessel. The border of the oak leaf-shaped endothelial cell of initial lymphatics are joined by specialized buttons. The discontinuous feature of buttons distinguishes them from zippers in collecting lymphatics, but both types of junctions are composed of proteins typical of adherens junctions and tight junctions found in the endothelium of blood vessels. Buttons seal the sides of flaps of the oak leaf-shaped endothelial cell, leaving open the tips of flaps as routes for fluid entry without disassembly and reformation of intercellular junctions. GOC:tfm PMID:17846148 endothelial cell of vascular tree 2010-08-24T02:06:40Z An endothelial cell of the vascular tree, which includes blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. BTO:0001854 CL:0002139 FMA:67755 These cells are reportedly CD31-positive, CD34-positive, CD144-positive, TAL1-positive. cell cubodial endothelial cell of vascular tree tmeehan vascular endothelial cell An endothelial cell of the vascular tree, which includes blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. GOC:dsd GOC:tfm PMID:12768659 acinar cell of sebaceous gland 2010-08-24T09:27:52Z A sebum secreting cell of the skin that secretes sebum into the hair follicles. BTO:0004613 CL:0002140 CL:0002587 FMA:70953 cell sebocyte tmeehan A sebum secreting cell of the skin that secretes sebum into the hair follicles. GOC:tfm active chief cell of parathyroid gland 2010-08-24T09:30:15Z A parathyroid chief cell that is actively secreting hormone. Have large Golgi complexes with numerous vesicles and small membrane-bound granules; secretory granules are rare, cytoplasmic glycogen sparse, much of the cytoplasm being occupied by flat sacs of granular endoplasmic reticulum in parallel arrays; in normal humans, inactive chief cells outnumber active chief cells in a ratio of 3-5:1 CL:0002141 FMA:69082 cell tmeehan A parathyroid chief cell that is actively secreting hormone. Have large Golgi complexes with numerous vesicles and small membrane-bound granules; secretory granules are rare, cytoplasmic glycogen sparse, much of the cytoplasm being occupied by flat sacs of granular endoplasmic reticulum in parallel arrays; in normal humans, inactive chief cells outnumber active chief cells in a ratio of 3-5:1 FMA:0517223651 GOC:tfm dark cell of eccrine sweat gland 2010-08-24T02:15:16Z A cell pyramidal in shape, with their broad ends facing and forming the greater extent of the lining of the main lumen. Secretes glycoproteins associated with mucus. CL:0002142 FMA:70659 cell tmeehan A cell pyramidal in shape, with their broad ends facing and forming the greater extent of the lining of the main lumen. Secretes glycoproteins associated with mucus. ISBN:0517223651 dark chief cell of parathyroid cell 2010-08-24T02:18:36Z A chief cell that is smaller than light chief cells and has a smaller and darker nucleus and a finely granular cytoplasm with many granules. CL:0002143 FMA:69080 cell tmeehan A chief cell that is smaller than light chief cells and has a smaller and darker nucleus and a finely granular cytoplasm with many granules. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 capillary endothelial cell 2010-08-24T10:15:00Z An endothelial cell found in capillaries. BTO:0004956 CL:0002144 FMA:67756 cell tmeehan An endothelial cell found in capillaries. GOC:tfm ciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree 2010-08-24T03:38:29Z A ciliated columnar cell found in the trachea and bronchus. Vary from low to tall columnar; possesses up to 300 cilia at its surface, interspersed with long irregular microvilli with the cilia varying in length from about 6um in the trachea to about 4um in the terminal bronchioles; driving force of the ciliary current in the bronchial tree. CL:0002145 FMA:70542 cell tmeehan A ciliated columnar cell found in the trachea and bronchus. Vary from low to tall columnar; possesses up to 300 cilia at its surface, interspersed with long irregular microvilli with the cilia varying in length from about 6um in the trachea to about 4um in the terminal bronchioles; driving force of the ciliary current in the bronchial tree. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 clear cell of eccrine sweat gland 2010-08-24T10:33:02Z A sweat producing cell of eccrine sweat glands. Pyramidal in shape, with its base resting on the basal lamina or myoepitheliocytes, and its microvillus-covered apical plasma membrane line up the intercellular canaliculi. Cell is not stained by hematoxylin or eosin. CL:0002146 FMA:70658 cell tmeehan A sweat producing cell of eccrine sweat glands. Pyramidal in shape, with its base resting on the basal lamina or myoepitheliocytes, and its microvillus-covered apical plasma membrane line up the intercellular canaliculi. Cell is not stained by hematoxylin or eosin. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 clear chief cell of parathyroid cell 2010-08-24T10:39:42Z A chief cell of parathyroid glands that does not stain with hematoxylin or eosin. This cell is larger, has a larger nucleus and fewer secretory granules than dark chief cells. CL:0002147 FMA:69081 cell tmeehan A chief cell of parathyroid glands that does not stain with hematoxylin or eosin. This cell is larger, has a larger nucleus and fewer secretory granules than dark chief cells. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 dental pulp cell 2010-08-24T02:52:09Z A cell found within the dental pulp. BTO:0000339 CL:0002148 FMA:87170 cell tmeehan A cell found within the dental pulp. GOC:tfm PMID:11087820 epithelial cell of uterus 2010-08-24T10:45:54Z An epithelial cell of the uterus. CL:0002149 CL:1000294 FMA:256161 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the uterus. GOC:tfm epithelioid macrophage 2010-08-24T03:48:30Z CL:0002150 Epithelioid macrophage is an activated macrophage that resembles an epithelial cell with finely granular, pale eosinophilic cytoplasm and central, ovoid nucleus (oval or elongate). This cell type is able to merge into one another to form aggregates. The presence of such aggregates may characterize some pathologic conditions, mainly granulomatous inflammation. FMA:83514 cell epithelioid cell epithelioid histocyte epitheloid macrophage tmeehan MESH:A11.329.372.300 PMID:12673090 epithelioid histocyte Epithelioid macrophage is an activated macrophage that resembles an epithelial cell with finely granular, pale eosinophilic cytoplasm and central, ovoid nucleus (oval or elongate). This cell type is able to merge into one another to form aggregates. The presence of such aggregates may characterize some pathologic conditions, mainly granulomatous inflammation. MESH:A11.329.372.300 PMID:12673090 late promyelocyte 2010-08-24T03:07:50Z A promyelocyte that is considerably smaller, with more condensed chromatin, and nucleoli are no longer conspicuous. CL:0002151 FMA:83534 cell tmeehan A promyelocyte that is considerably smaller, with more condensed chromatin, and nucleoli are no longer conspicuous. ISBN:0412046911 columnar cell of endocervix 2010-08-24T10:47:47Z A columnar cell of the cervix uteri. CL:0002152 FMA:86486 cell tmeehan A columnar cell of the cervix uteri. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 corneocyte 2010-08-24T10:53:03Z BTO:0001943 CL:0002153 FMA:68650 The dead keratin-filled squamous cell of the stratum corneum. This cell type lacks a nucleus. cell tmeehan GOC:tfm ISBN:068340007X The dead keratin-filled squamous cell of the stratum corneum. This cell type lacks a nucleus. early promyelocyte 2010-08-24T03:07:53Z A promyelocyte with a nucleus that is indented and contains more marginated heterochromatin compared to its precursor cell (myeloblast); cytoplasm is deeply basophilic and contains numerous mitochondria and meandering cysternae of endoplasmic reticulum; largest of the granulocyte lineages. CL:0002154 FMA:83533 cell tmeehan A promyelocyte with a nucleus that is indented and contains more marginated heterochromatin compared to its precursor cell (myeloblast); cytoplasm is deeply basophilic and contains numerous mitochondria and meandering cysternae of endoplasmic reticulum; largest of the granulocyte lineages. FMA:0412046911 GOC:tfm echinocyte 2010-08-24T03:15:21Z A crenated erythrocyte with 30+ crenations, bumps or spurs that are the result of damage due to age or disease. CL:0002155 FMA:81099 burr cell cell tmeehan A crenated erythrocyte with 30+ crenations, bumps or spurs that are the result of damage due to age or disease. GOC:tfm endosteal cell 2010-08-24T03:33:58Z A cell type that makes up the highly vascular membrane lining the marrow cavity of long bones. CL:0002157 FMA:86495 cell tmeehan A cell type that makes up the highly vascular membrane lining the marrow cavity of long bones. FMA:0618947256 GOC:tfm external epithelial cell of tympanic membrane 2010-08-25T10:25:31Z CL:0002158 Epithelial cell found on the external side of the tympanic membrane FMA:70558 cell tmeehan Epithelial cell found on the external side of the tympanic membrane GOC:tfm PMID:5686391 general ecto-epithelial cell 2010-08-26T08:31:08Z CL:0002159 Epithelial cells derived from general body ectoderm and ectoderm placodes. FMA:70556 cell tmeehan Epithelial cells derived from general body ectoderm and ectoderm placodes. GOC:tfm basal external epithelial cell of tympanic membrane 2010-08-25T10:28:44Z A cell type found in the basal epithelial layer on the external side of the tympanic membrane. Cell type is flattened with intracellular spaces of variable dimensions. CL:0002160 cell tmeehan A cell type found in the basal epithelial layer on the external side of the tympanic membrane. Cell type is flattened with intracellular spaces of variable dimensions. PMID:5686391 superficial external epithelial cell of tympanic membrane 2010-08-25T10:28:48Z A cell type found on the superficial layer of the external side of the tympanic membrane. This cell-type lacks a nucleus. CL:0002161 cell tmeehan A cell type found on the superficial layer of the external side of the tympanic membrane. This cell-type lacks a nucleus. PMID:5686391 internal epithelial cell of tympanic membrane 2010-08-25T10:49:46Z An extremely flattened cell type found on the inner side of the tympanic membrane. The surface of this cell type carries sparse pleomorphic microvilli that are more common near the junctional zones. CL:0002162 FMA:70626 cell tmeehan An extremely flattened cell type found on the inner side of the tympanic membrane. The surface of this cell type carries sparse pleomorphic microvilli that are more common near the junctional zones. FMA:5686391 GOC:tfm internal pillar cell of cochlea 2010-08-25T11:05:21Z A rod-shpaed cell that forms a single row adjacent to and supporting the inner hair cells. CL:0002163 FMA:75722 FMA:75726 cell tmeehan A rod-shpaed cell that forms a single row adjacent to and supporting the inner hair cells. GOC:tfm http://www.theodora.com/anatomy/the_internal_ear_or_labyrinth.html external pillar cell of cochlea 2010-08-25T11:05:23Z A rod-shaped cell found in 3 or 4 rows that lie adjacent to and support the outer hair cells. CL:0002164 FMA:75727 cell tmeehan A rod-shaped cell found in 3 or 4 rows that lie adjacent to and support the outer hair cells. GOC:tfm http://www.theodora.com/anatomy/the_internal_ear_or_labyrinth.html phalangeal cell 2010-08-25T01:29:07Z A supporting cell that is attached to the basement membrane and forms rows that support the hair cells. CL:0002165 FMA:79800 cell tmeehan A supporting cell that is attached to the basement membrane and forms rows that support the hair cells. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 epithelial cell of Malassez 2010-08-26T08:51:27Z An epithelial cell that remains from the disintegration of the epithelial root sheath involved in the development of teeth. CL:0002166 FMA:62987 cell epithelial cell rests of Malassez epithelial debris of Malassez tmeehan An epithelial cell that remains from the disintegration of the epithelial root sheath involved in the development of teeth. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 ISBN:0815129521 olfactory epithelial cell 2010-08-26T01:47:13Z A specialized cell involved in sensory perception of smell. CL:0002167 FMA:67870 cell tmeehan A specialized cell involved in sensory perception of smell. GOC:tfm PMID:7143026 border cell of cochlea 2010-08-25T01:47:12Z A border cell is a slender columnar cell on the medial portion of the basilar membrane. CL:0002168 FMA:79798 cell tmeehan A border cell is a slender columnar cell on the medial portion of the basilar membrane. FMA:0412046911 GOC:tfm basal cell of olfactory epithelium 2010-08-26T01:58:54Z An epithelial cell located on the basal lamina of the olfactory epithelium. CL:0002169 CL:1000395 FMA:62303 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell located on the basal lamina of the olfactory epithelium. GOC:tfm PMID:7143026 keratinized cell of the oral mucosa 2010-08-26T02:51:30Z A keratinized cell located in the hard palate or gingiva. CL:0002170 cell tmeehan A keratinized cell located in the hard palate or gingiva. GOC:tfm PMID: 12014572 globose cell of olfactory epithelium 2010-08-26T01:59:18Z A rounded or elliptical epithelial cell, with pale-staining open face nucleus and pale cytoplasm rich in free ribosomes and clusters of centrioles; form a distinct basal zone spaced slightly from the basal surface of the epithelium. Blastema cell of olfactory epithelium CL:0002171 FMA:67874 cell tmeehan A rounded or elliptical epithelial cell, with pale-staining open face nucleus and pale cytoplasm rich in free ribosomes and clusters of centrioles; form a distinct basal zone spaced slightly from the basal surface of the epithelium. GOC:tfm PMID:17468753 interdental cell 2010-08-25T02:02:48Z A long, spindle-shaped supporting cells arranged in parallel rowsthat secretes components of the tectorial membrane and potassium ions into the endolymph. CL:0002172 FMA:79797 cell interdental cell tmeehan A long, spindle-shaped supporting cells arranged in parallel rowsthat secretes components of the tectorial membrane and potassium ions into the endolymph. GOC:tfm MP:0004482 PMID:2111803 extraglomerular mesangial cell 2010-08-25T02:20:55Z A cell that is a specialized type of pericyte providing structural support for the capillary loops of kidney. A flat, elongated cell with extensive fine cytoplasmic processes found outside the kidney glomerulus near the macula densa and bound laterally by afferent and efferent arterioles. Being phagocytic, this cell participates in the continuous turnover of the basal lamina by removing its outer portion containing residues of filtration, while the lamina is renewed on its inner surface by the endothelial cells. CL:0002173 FMA:84143 Goormaghtigh cell KUPO:0001033 cell lacis cell polar cushion cells tmeehan A cell that is a specialized type of pericyte providing structural support for the capillary loops of kidney. A flat, elongated cell with extensive fine cytoplasmic processes found outside the kidney glomerulus near the macula densa and bound laterally by afferent and efferent arterioles. Being phagocytic, this cell participates in the continuous turnover of the basal lamina by removing its outer portion containing residues of filtration, while the lamina is renewed on its inner surface by the endothelial cells. GOC:tfm ISBN:0412046911 http:/www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=Lacis cells follicular cell of ovary 2010-08-25T03:01:27Z A cell within the follicle of an ovary. CL:0002174 EMAPA:31247 FMA:70589 cell tmeehan A cell within the follicle of an ovary. GOC:tfm primary follicular cell of ovary 2010-08-25T03:03:42Z A cell within the primary follicle of the ovary. CL:0002175 FMA:70590 cell tmeehan A cell within the primary follicle of the ovary. GOC:tfm secondary follicular cell of ovary 2010-08-25T03:03:48Z A cell of a secondary follicile within the ovary. CL:0002176 FMA:70591 cell tmeehan A cell of a secondary follicile within the ovary. GOC:tfm folliculostellate cell of pars distalis of adenohypophysis 2010-08-25T03:10:10Z A supporting cell of the anterior pituitary gland involved in trophic and catabolic processes; expresses a broad spectrum of cytokeratins indicative of their epithelial nature. CL:0002177 FMA:83102 Folliculostellate cell of pars anterior of adenohypophysis cell tmeehan A supporting cell of the anterior pituitary gland involved in trophic and catabolic processes; expresses a broad spectrum of cytokeratins indicative of their epithelial nature. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of stomach 2010-08-25T03:22:08Z An epithelial cell found in the lining of the stomach. CL:0002178 CL:1000399 FMA:62948 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell found in the lining of the stomach. GOC:tfm foveolar cell of stomach 2010-08-25T03:23:22Z An epithelial cell within one of the pits in the embryonic gastric mucosa from which the gastric glands develop . CL:0002179 FMA:86552 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell within one of the pits in the embryonic gastric mucosa from which the gastric glands develop . GOC:tfm http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/foveolar mucous cell of stomach 2010-08-25T03:38:51Z A mucous cell in the epithelium of the stomach. CL:0002180 CL:1000404 FMA:63464 cell tmeehan A mucous cell in the epithelium of the stomach. GOC:tfm mucus neck cell of gastric gland 2010-08-25T03:41:30Z A neck cell that secretes mucus within the stomach. Its products are distinct histochemically from those of the surface mucous cells of stomach. CL:0002181 CL:1000401 FMA:62954 cell tmeehan A neck cell that secretes mucus within the stomach. Its products are distinct histochemically from those of the surface mucous cells of stomach. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 surface mucosal cell of stomach 2010-08-25T03:45:10Z A simple columnar cell that populates the entire luminal surface including the gastric pits. This cell types secrete mucus to form a thick protective, lubricant layer over the gastric wall. CL:0002182 FMA:62949 cell tmeehan A simple columnar cell that populates the entire luminal surface including the gastric pits. This cell types secrete mucus to form a thick protective, lubricant layer over the gastric wall. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 stem cell of gastric gland 2010-08-25T03:57:08Z A stomach epithelial cell that is olumnar in form with a few short apical microvilli; relatively undifferentiated mitotic cell from which other types of gland are derived; few in number, situated in the isthmus region of the gland and base of the gastric pit. CL:0002183 CL:1000400 FMA:62953 cell tmeehan A stomach epithelial cell that is olumnar in form with a few short apical microvilli; relatively undifferentiated mitotic cell from which other types of gland are derived; few in number, situated in the isthmus region of the gland and base of the gastric pit. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 basal proper cell of olfactory epithelium 2010-08-26T01:59:22Z A flat or angular epithelial cell with condensed nuclei and darkly staining cytoplasm containing numerous intermediate filaments inserted into desmosomes contacting surrounding supporting cells; lie in contact with the basal lamina of olfactory epithelium. CL:0002184 FMA:62304 cell horizontal basal cells tmeehan A flat or angular epithelial cell with condensed nuclei and darkly staining cytoplasm containing numerous intermediate filaments inserted into desmosomes contacting surrounding supporting cells; lie in contact with the basal lamina of olfactory epithelium. GOC:tfm PMID:0517223651 PMID:11891623 basal cell of epidermis 2010-08-26T03:12:49Z A basally situated, mitotically active, columnar-shaped keratinocyte attached to the basement membrane. CL:0002187 CL:1000439 FMA:70571 cell tmeehan A basally situated, mitotically active, columnar-shaped keratinocyte attached to the basement membrane. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 glomerular endothelial cell 2010-08-26T10:59:44Z An endothelial cell found in the glomerulus of the kidney. This cell is flattened, highly fenestrated, and plays a vital role in the formation of glomerular ultrafiltrate. BTO:0004632 CL:0002188 FMA:70970 cell tmeehan An endothelial cell found in the glomerulus of the kidney. This cell is flattened, highly fenestrated, and plays a vital role in the formation of glomerular ultrafiltrate. GOC:tfm PMID:15840009 granular cell of epidermis 2010-08-26T03:19:00Z A keratinocyte of the epidermis that is characterized by containing granules of keratohyalin and lamellar granules. CL:0002189 FMA:70543 cell tmeehan A keratinocyte of the epidermis that is characterized by containing granules of keratohyalin and lamellar granules. ISBN:1416031855 squamous cell of epidermis 2010-08-26T03:37:02Z A flat keratinocyte immediately below the cornified layer. CL:0002190 FMA:86925 cell tmeehan A flat keratinocyte immediately below the cornified layer. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 granulocytopoietic cell 2010-08-30T12:54:27Z A cell involved in the formation of a granulocyte. CL:0002191 FMA:83519 cell tmeehan A cell involved in the formation of a granulocyte. GOC:tfm metamyelocyte 2010-08-30T01:08:15Z A eosinophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a myelocyte and a band form cell. The nucleus becomes indented where the indentation is smaller than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin; chromatin becomes coarse and clumped; specific granules predominate while primary granules are rare. CL:0002192 FMA:83541 cell tmeehan A eosinophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a myelocyte and a band form cell. The nucleus becomes indented where the indentation is smaller than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin; chromatin becomes coarse and clumped; specific granules predominate while primary granules are rare. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 myelocyte 2010-08-30T01:08:19Z A cell type that is the first of the maturation stages of the granulocytic leukocytes normally found in the bone marrow. Granules are seen in the cytoplasm. The nuclear material of the myelocyte is denser than that of the myeloblast but lacks a definable membrane. The cell is flat and contains increasing numbers of granules as maturation progresses. BTO:0000734 CL:0002193 FMA:83525 cell tmeehan A cell type that is the first of the maturation stages of the granulocytic leukocytes normally found in the bone marrow. Granules are seen in the cytoplasm. The nuclear material of the myelocyte is denser than that of the myeloblast but lacks a definable membrane. The cell is flat and contains increasing numbers of granules as maturation progresses. GOC:tfm ISBN:0323052908 monopoietic cell 2010-08-30T01:27:48Z A cell involved in the formation of a monocyte (monopoiesis). CL:0002194 FMA:83552 cell tmeehan A cell involved in the formation of a monocyte (monopoiesis). GOC:tfm hepatic stem cell 2010-08-30T02:00:42Z A stem cell that can give rise to the cells of the liver. CL:0002195 FMA:86577 cell tmeehan A stem cell that can give rise to the cells of the liver. GOC:tfm hepatic oval stem cell 2010-08-30T02:01:49Z A transient hepatic stem cell observed after liver injury with a high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio that can differentiate into mature hepatocytes and bile duct cells. Arises from more than one tissue. BTO:0004270 CL:0002196 CL:1000036 FMA:86576 cell hepatic oval cell tmeehan A transient hepatic stem cell observed after liver injury with a high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio that can differentiate into mature hepatocytes and bile duct cells. Arises from more than one tissue. PMID:17901986 inactive chief cell of parathyoid gland 2010-09-02T11:14:01Z A parathyroid chief cell that is not actively secreting hormone. Contains small Golgi complexes with only a few grouped vesicles and membrane-bound secretory granules; glycogen and many lipofuscin granules abound but sacs of granular endoplasmic reticulum are rare and dispersed. In normal humans, inactive chief cells out number active chief cells in a ratio of 3-5:1. CL:0002197 cell tmeehan A parathyroid chief cell that is not actively secreting hormone. Contains small Golgi complexes with only a few grouped vesicles and membrane-bound secretory granules; glycogen and many lipofuscin granules abound but sacs of granular endoplasmic reticulum are rare and dispersed. In normal humans, inactive chief cells out number active chief cells in a ratio of 3-5:1. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 oncocyte 2010-09-02T11:26:49Z A large epithelial cell with an extremely acidophilic and granular cytoplasm, containing vast numbers of mitochondria; such cells may undergo neoplastic transformation. From the Greek word onkos meaning swelling, this cell type is found in parathyroid, salivary and thyroid glands. CL:0002198 FMA:67606 cell oxyphil tmeehan A large epithelial cell with an extremely acidophilic and granular cytoplasm, containing vast numbers of mitochondria; such cells may undergo neoplastic transformation. From the Greek word onkos meaning swelling, this cell type is found in parathyroid, salivary and thyroid glands. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 PMID:20013317 oxyphil cell of parathyroid gland 2010-09-02T11:33:23Z An oncocyte located in the parathyroid gland. CL:0002199 FMA:69084 cell tmeehan An oncocyte located in the parathyroid gland. PMID:20013317 oxyphil cell of thyroid 2010-09-02T11:33:26Z An oncocyte located in the thyroid. Askanazy cells CL:0002200 FMA:87169 Hurthle cells cell tmeehan An oncocyte located in the thyroid. GOC:tfm PMID:20013317 renal beta-intercalated cell 2010-09-02T01:43:55Z A renal intercalated cell that secretes base and reabsorbs acid in the coritcal collecting duct to mantain acid/base balance. CL:0002201 cell tmeehan A renal intercalated cell that secretes base and reabsorbs acid in the coritcal collecting duct to mantain acid/base balance. GOC:tfm PMID:11781354 epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree 2010-09-02T02:09:14Z An epithelial cell of the tracheobronchial tree. CL:0002202 CL:1000407 FMA:66816 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the tracheobronchial tree. GOC:tfm Brush cell of epithelium proper of large intestine 2010-09-02T02:20:50Z Brush cell found in the epithelial layer of the colon. Brush cells are a distinct cell type from brush border cell-types. CL:0002203 CL:1000387 FMA:263222 cell tmeehan Brush cell found in the epithelial layer of the colon. GOC:tfm brush cell 2010-09-02T02:28:53Z A cell type found in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts that is characterized by the presence of a tuft of blunt, squat microvilli (120-140 per cell). Function of this cell type is not known. CL:0002204 FMA:67978 caveolated cell cell fibrillovesicular cell multivesicular cell tmeehan tuft cell A cell type found in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts that is characterized by the presence of a tuft of blunt, squat microvilli (120-140 per cell). Function of this cell type is not known. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 PMID:15817800 brush cell of lobular bronchiole 2010-09-02T02:38:34Z A brush cell found in the epithelium of lobular bronchiole. CL:0002205 CL:1000386 FMA:263220 cell tmeehan A brush cell found in the epithelium of lobular bronchiole. GOC:tfm brush cell of terminal bronchiole 2010-09-02T02:38:36Z A brush cell of the epithelium in the terminal bronchiole. CL:0002206 CL:1000390 FMA:263228 cell tmeehan A brush cell of the epithelium in the terminal bronchiole. GOC:tfm brush cell of trachea 2010-09-02T02:38:37Z Brush cell of the epithelium in the trachea. CL:0002207 CL:1000388 FMA:263224 cell tmeehan Brush cell of the epithelium in the trachea. GOC:tfm brush cell of bronchus 2010-09-02T02:38:42Z A brush cell found in the epithelium of bronchus. CL:0002208 CL:1000389 FMA:263226 cell tmeehan A brush cell found in the epithelium of bronchus. GOC:tfm intermediate epitheliocyte 2010-09-02T02:53:59Z An epithelial cell present in the trachea and bronchi; columnar in shape; generally lack cilia; immature forms of ciliated or secretory cells which have been formed from stem cells. CL:0002209 FMA:69060 cell tmeehan undifferentiated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree An epithelial cell present in the trachea and bronchi; columnar in shape; generally lack cilia; immature forms of ciliated or secretory cells which have been formed from stem cells. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 red muscle cell 2010-09-02T03:20:03Z A slow muscle cell that contains high levels of myoglobin and oxygen storing proteins giving the cell a red appearance. CL:0002210 FMA:84448 Oxidative muscle fiber cell red muscle fiber tmeehan A slow muscle cell that contains high levels of myoglobin and oxygen storing proteins giving the cell a red appearance. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 type I muscle cell 2010-09-02T03:24:05Z A slow muscle cell that has large amounts of myoglobin, stores energy as triglycerides, generates ATP by the oxidative method and is resistant to fatigue. BTO:0001812 CL:0002211 FMA:84413 cell slow twitch fiber slow twitch muscle cell tmeehan type 1 muscle cell type 1 muscle fiber type I muscle fiber A slow muscle cell that has large amounts of myoglobin, stores energy as triglycerides, generates ATP by the oxidative method and is resistant to fatigue. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 type II muscle cell 2010-09-02T03:28:45Z A fast muscle fiber cell that stores energy in the form of glycogen and creatine phosphate. BTO:0001813 CL:0002212 FMA:84414 cell tmeehan type 2 muscle cell type 2 muscle fiber type II muscle fiber A fast muscle fiber cell that stores energy in the form of glycogen and creatine phosphate. GOC:tfm white muscle cell 2010-09-02T03:28:48Z A muscle cell with low content of myoglobin and other oxygen storing proteins. This muscle cell has a white appearance. CL:0002213 FMA:84449 cell tmeehan A muscle cell with low content of myoglobin and other oxygen storing proteins. This muscle cell has a white appearance. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 type IIa muscle cell 2010-09-02T03:31:38Z A type II muscle cell that contain large amounts of myoglobin, have many mitochondria and very many blood capillaries. Type II A cells are red, have a very high capacity for generating ATP by oxidative metabolic processes, split ATP at a very rapid rate, have a fast contraction velocity and are resistant to fatigue. BTO:0001813 CL:0002214 FMA:84415 cell fast twitch A fatigue resistant fast twitch muscle cell tmeehan type 2a muscle cell type 2a muscle fiber type IIa muscle fiber A type II muscle cell that contain large amounts of myoglobin, have many mitochondria and very many blood capillaries. Type II A cells are red, have a very high capacity for generating ATP by oxidative metabolic processes, split ATP at a very rapid rate, have a fast contraction velocity and are resistant to fatigue. GOC:tfm type IIb muscle cell 2010-09-02T03:31:42Z A type II muscle cell that contains a low content of myoglobin, relatively few mitochondria, relatively few blood capillaries and large amounts glycogen. Type II B fibres are white, geared to generate ATP by anaerobic metabolic processes, not able to supply skeletal muscle fibres continuously with sufficient ATP, fatigue easily, split ATP at a fast rate and have a fast contraction velocity. CL:0002215 FMA:84416 cell tmeehan type 2b muscle cell type 2b muscle fiber type IIb muscle fiber A type II muscle cell that contains a low content of myoglobin, relatively few mitochondria, relatively few blood capillaries and large amounts glycogen. Type II B fibres are white, geared to generate ATP by anaerobic metabolic processes, not able to supply skeletal muscle fibres continuously with sufficient ATP, fatigue easily, split ATP at a fast rate and have a fast contraction velocity. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle intermediate muscle cell 2010-09-02T03:51:17Z An intermediate muscle cell that has characteristics of both fast and slow muscle cells. CL:0002216 FMA:84450 cell tmeehan An intermediate muscle cell that has characteristics of both fast and slow muscle cells. GOC:tfm intermediate trophoblast 2010-09-02T04:04:36Z A trophoblast that leaves the placenta and invades the endometrium and myometrium. This cell type is crucial in increasing blood flow to the fetus. BTO:0002366 CL:0002217 FMA:86564 cell tmeehan A trophoblast that leaves the placenta and invades the endometrium and myometrium. This cell type is crucial in increasing blood flow to the fetus. GOC:tfm http://www.med.yale.edu/obgyn/kliman/placenta/articles/EOR_Placenta/Trophtoplacenta.html immature dendritic epithelial T cell precursor 2010-10-07T01:58:00Z A double negative thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain that has as part a Vgamma3 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-positive. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus with highest numbers occurring at E17-E18. CL:0002218 NOTE: currently variable immune gene segments are not represented in the OBO Foundry. Cross-product definitions were not made as a result. Also, there are three different nomenclatures for the variable gamma segments. cell immature DEC precursor immature DETC precursor tmeehan A double negative thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain that has as part a Vgamma3 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-positive. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus with highest numbers occurring at E17-E18. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org anchoring trophoblasts 2010-09-02T04:14:28Z A trophoblast found at the junction of the placenta. This cell type makes a unique fibronectin-trophouteronectin junction that helps mediate attachment of the placenta to the uterus. This cell type is also found junction of the chorion layer of the external membranes and the decidua. CL:0002219 cell tmeehan A trophoblast found at the junction of the placenta. This cell type makes a unique fibronectin-trophouteronectin junction that helps mediate attachment of the placenta to the uterus. This cell type is also found junction of the chorion layer of the external membranes and the decidua. GOC:tfm http://www.med.yale.edu/obgyn/kliman/placenta/articles/EOR_Placenta/Trophtoplacenta.html interstitial cell of pineal gland 2010-09-02T04:28:41Z A cell located between the pinealocytes. CL:0002220 FMA:86575 cell tmeehan A cell located between the pinealocytes. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 keratinized squamous cell of esophagus 2010-09-07T10:11:06Z A squamous cell that has keratin in the esophagus. CL:0002221 FMA:86549 cell tmeehan A squamous cell that has keratin in the esophagus. GOC:tfm PMID:11694559 vertebrate lens cell 2010-09-07T10:38:03Z A cell comprising the transparent, biconvex body separating the posterior chamber and vitreous body, and constituting part of the refracting mechanism of the mammalian eye. CL:0002222 FMA:70950 cell tmeehan A cell comprising the transparent, biconvex body separating the posterior chamber and vitreous body, and constituting part of the refracting mechanism of the mammalian eye. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 anterior lens cell 2010-09-07T10:45:45Z A cell of the transparent layer of simple cuboidal epithelium over the anterior surface of the lens; transform into lens fiber(s). CL:0002223 FMA:63181 cell tmeehan A cell of the transparent layer of simple cuboidal epithelium over the anterior surface of the lens; transform into lens fiber(s). GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 lens epithelial cell 2010-09-07T10:45:47Z A cell of the cuboidal epithelium that covers the lens. The cells of the lens epithelium regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens. As ions, nutrients, and liquid enter the lens from the aqueous humor, Na+/K+ ATPase pumps in the lens epithelial cells pump ions out of the lens to maintain appropriate lens osmolarity and volume, with equatorially positioned lens epithelium cells contributing most to this current. The activity of the Na+/K+ ATPases keeps water and current flowing through the lens from the poles and exiting through the equatorial regions. The cells of the lens epithelium also serve as the progenitors for new lens fibers. It constantly lays down fibers in the embryo, fetus, infant, and adult, and continues to lay down fibers for lifelong growth. CL:0002224 FMA:67559 cell tmeehan A cell of the cuboidal epithelium that covers the lens. The cells of the lens epithelium regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens. As ions, nutrients, and liquid enter the lens from the aqueous humor, Na+/K+ ATPase pumps in the lens epithelial cells pump ions out of the lens to maintain appropriate lens osmolarity and volume, with equatorially positioned lens epithelium cells contributing most to this current. The activity of the Na+/K+ ATPases keeps water and current flowing through the lens from the poles and exiting through the equatorial regions. The cells of the lens epithelium also serve as the progenitors for new lens fibers. It constantly lays down fibers in the embryo, fetus, infant, and adult, and continues to lay down fibers for lifelong growth. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28anatomy%29#Lens_epithelium secondary lens fiber 2010-09-07T10:53:39Z A lens fiber that develops from primary lens fiber; located towards the center of lens; cell organelles are normally degraded or in the process of being degraded. CL:0002225 cell secondary lens fibre tmeehan A lens fiber that develops from primary lens fiber; located towards the center of lens; cell organelles are normally degraded or in the process of being degraded. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 non-nucleated secondary lens fiber 2010-09-07T11:15:23Z A secondary lens fiber cell that lacks a nucleus. CL:0002226 FMA:67561 cell non-nucleated secondary lens fibre tmeehan A secondary lens fiber cell that lacks a nucleus. GOC:tfm nucleated secondary lens fiber 2010-09-07T11:15:26Z A secondary fiber cell that contains a nucleus. CL:0002227 FMA:70949 cell nucleated secondary lens fibre tmeehan A secondary fiber cell that contains a nucleus. GOC:tfm primary lens fiber 2010-09-07T11:19:01Z An elongating cell that rapidly obliterates the lumen of the lens vesicle. Subsequently, differentiation of this cell type at the lens equator leads to the formation of secondary fiber cells that come to overlie the primary fibers. CL:0002228 FMA:70613 cell primary lens fibre tmeehan An elongating cell that rapidly obliterates the lumen of the lens vesicle. Subsequently, differentiation of this cell type at the lens equator leads to the formation of secondary fiber cells that come to overlie the primary fibers. GOC:tfm PMID:10711704 light chief cell of parathyroid gland 2010-09-07T11:46:54Z A chief cell that is bigger than dark chief cells and has a larger and lighter nucleus and a cytoplasm with few granules. CL:0002229 FMA:69079 cell tmeehan A chief cell that is bigger than dark chief cells and has a larger and lighter nucleus and a cytoplasm with few granules. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 epithelial cell of prostate 2010-09-07T01:49:29Z An epithelial cell of the prostate. CL:0002231 CL:1000295 CL:1000408 FMA:256163 FMA:66817 cell prostate epithelial cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the prostate. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of prostatic duct 2010-09-07T01:55:51Z An epithelial cell of prostatic duct. CL:0002232 CL:1000462 FMA:74224 cell ductal epithelial cell of prostate tmeehan An epithelial cell of prostatic duct. GOC:tfm FMA:74224 ductal epithelial cell of prostate epithelial cell of prostatic acinus 2010-09-07T01:55:53Z An epithelial cell of the prostatic acinus. CL:0002233 CL:1000461 FMA:74223 acinar epithelial cell of prostate cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the prostatic acinus. GOC:tfm PMCID:PMC2673349 FMA:74223 acinar epithelial cell of prostate basal cell of prostatic acinus 2010-09-07T01:59:08Z A cell of the basal layer of the epithelium in the prostatic acinus. CL:0002234 CL:1000464 FMA:74265 basal epithelial cell of prostatic acinus cell tmeehan A cell of the basal layer of the epithelium in the prostatic acinus. GOC:tfm FMA:74265 basal epithelial cell of prostatic acinus luminal cell of prostatic acinus 2010-09-07T01:59:10Z A cell of the luminal layer of the epithelium in the prostatic acinus. CL:0002235 FMA:74266 cell tmeehan A cell of the luminal layer of the epithelium in the prostatic acinus. GOC:tfm basal epithelial cell of prostatic duct 2010-09-07T01:59:12Z A cell that constitutes the basal layer of epithelium in the prostatic duct. CL:0002236 CL:1000463 FMA:74226 cell tmeehan A cell that constitutes the basal layer of epithelium in the prostatic duct. GOC:tfm PMID:15226377 luminal epithelial cell of prostatic duct 2010-09-07T01:59:16Z A cell that constitutes the luminal layer of epithelium of prostatic duct. CL:0002237 FMA:74225 cell tmeehan A cell that constitutes the luminal layer of epithelium of prostatic duct. GOC:tfm male gonocyte 2010-09-07T02:11:13Z A primordial germ cell that is destined to become a male germ cell. CL:0002238 FMA:84771 cell male primordial germ cell tmeehan A primordial germ cell that is destined to become a male germ cell. GOC:tfm ooblast 2010-09-07T02:11:16Z A primordial cell from which an oocyte (ovum) ultimately is developed. CL:0002239 FMA:84772 ISBN:0721662544 Ovigerm cell tmeehan A primordial cell from which an oocyte (ovum) ultimately is developed. GOC:tfm marrow fibroblast 2010-09-07T02:25:18Z A fibroblast in the bone marrow. CL:0002240 FMA:84377 cell tmeehan A fibroblast in the bone marrow. GOC:tfm pulmonary interstitial fibroblast 2010-09-07T02:29:38Z A fibroblasts found in interstitial spaces in the pulmonary tract. Greater numbers of these cells are found in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. CL:0002241 FMA:84467 Pulmonary septal cell cell pulmonary myofibroblast tmeehan A fibroblasts found in interstitial spaces in the pulmonary tract. Greater numbers of these cells are found in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. GOC:tfm nucleate cell 2010-09-07T03:32:33Z A cell containing at least one nucleus. CL:0002242 FMA:67513 cell tmeehan A cell containing at least one nucleus. GOC:tfm smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil 2010-09-08T08:53:42Z A circular smooth muscle cell of the iris, innervated by the ciliary nerves (parasympathetic), and acting to contract the pupil. This muscle cell derives from neuroectoderm. This smooth muscle cell results from transformation of epithelial cells to smooth muscle cells. CL:0002243 FMA:70611 cell smooth muscle fiber of sphincter of pupil smooth muscle fibre of sphincter of pupil tmeehan A circular smooth muscle cell of the iris, innervated by the ciliary nerves (parasympathetic), and acting to contract the pupil. This muscle cell derives from neuroectoderm. This smooth muscle cell results from transformation of epithelial cells to smooth muscle cells. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 ISBN:0721694128 squamous cell of ectocervix 2010-09-08T09:12:23Z A nonstratified squamous cell located in the ectocervix. CL:0002244 Ectocervical squamous cell FMA:86483 cell tmeehan A nonstratified squamous cell located in the ectocervix. GOC:tfm http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/19404loa.htm null lymphocyte 2010-09-07T03:43:42Z A lymphocyte that lacks T or B cell surface markers. CL:0002245 FMA:83601 cell tmeehan true A lymphocyte that lacks T or B cell surface markers. GOC:tfm ISBN:068340007X peripheral blood stem cell 2010-09-07T03:57:09Z A hematopoeitic stem cell found in the blood. Normally found in very limited numbers in the peripheral circulation (less than 0.1% of all nucleated cells). BTO:0002669 CL:0002246 FMA:86711 PBSC cell tmeehan A hematopoeitic stem cell found in the blood. Normally found in very limited numbers in the peripheral circulation (less than 0.1% of all nucleated cells). GOC:tfm pleural macrophage 2010-09-07T04:16:43Z A tissue macrophage that is in the pleural space. CL:0002247 FMA:83024 cell tmeehan A tissue macrophage that is in the pleural space. GOC:tfm pluripotent stem cell 2010-09-07T04:26:06Z A pluripotent stem cell has the ability to form cells from all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). However, unlike totipotent stem cells, they cell can not generate all the cells of the whole organism such as placenta. CL:0002248 FMA:70570 cell tmeehan A pluripotent stem cell has the ability to form cells from all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). However, unlike totipotent stem cells, they cell can not generate all the cells of the whole organism such as placenta. GOC:tfm PMID: 19343304 primitive cardiac myocyte 2010-09-07T04:40:32Z A stem cell that can differentiate into a cardiac myocyte. CL:0002249 FMA:75620 cell tmeehan A stem cell that can differentiate into a cardiac myocyte. GOC:tfm PMID:16938308 intestinal crypt stem cell 2010-09-08T09:21:22Z A cell that is found in a zone occupying the bottom region of the crypt; provide the source of most of the cell types of the intestinal epithelium; proliferate by mitotic division; differentiates into columnar or goblet cells. CL:0002250 FMA:63379 cell stem cell of intestinal crypt of lieberkuhn tmeehan A cell that is found in a zone occupying the bottom region of the crypt; provide the source of most of the cell types of the intestinal epithelium; proliferate by mitotic division; differentiates into columnar or goblet cells. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 epithelial cell of alimentary canal 2010-09-08T09:26:53Z An epithelial cell of the musculomembranous digestive tube extending from the mouth to the anus. CL:0002251 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the musculomembranous digestive tube extending from the mouth to the anus. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 epithelial cell of esophagus 2010-09-08T09:28:20Z An epithelial cell of the esophagus. CL:0002252 CL:1000402 FMA:63071 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the esophagus. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of large intestine 2010-09-08T09:28:22Z An epithelial cell of the large intestine. BTO:0004297 CL:0002253 CL:1000292 FMA:256157 cell epithelial cell of colon tmeehan An epithelial cell of the large intestine. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of small intestine 2010-09-08T09:41:46Z An epithelial cell of the small intestine. CL:0002254 CL:1000293 FMA:256159 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the small intestine. GOC:tfm stromal cell of endometrium 2010-09-08T09:50:04Z An epithelial cell that regulates growth and differentiation of the overlying epithelium. CL:0002255 FMA:86490 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell that regulates growth and differentiation of the overlying epithelium. GOC:tfm PMID:11331626 supporting cell of carotid body 2010-09-08T10:34:45Z A supportive cell that has characteristics of glial cell. Processes of this cell envelope the junctions between glomus cells and nerve endings. CL:0002256 FMA:84188 carotid body sustentacular cell cell tmeehan A supportive cell that has characteristics of glial cell. Processes of this cell envelope the junctions between glomus cells and nerve endings. GOC:tfm PMID:8985136 http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=glomus cells epithelial cell of thyroid gland 2010-09-08T01:46:51Z An epithelial cell of thyroid gland. CL:0002257 CL:1000297 FMA:256167 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of thyroid gland. GOC:tfm thyroid follicular cell 2010-09-08T01:50:08Z A cell type that varies from squamous to columnar, depending on their activity with microvillus directed luminally. This cell produces and secretes thyroid hormones. BTO:0003736 CL:0002258 FMA:68782 Follicular cell of thyroid gland cell principal cell of thyroid gland thyroid gland follicular cell tmeehan A cell type that varies from squamous to columnar, depending on their activity with microvillus directed luminally. This cell produces and secretes thyroid hormones. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 neuroepithelial stem cell 2010-09-08T02:14:14Z CL:0002259 FMA:87171 The stem cell from which glial precursor cell arises from. cell tmeehan totipotent neuroepithelial stem cell GOC:tfm PMID:11687496 The stem cell from which glial precursor cell arises from. epithelial cell of parathyroid gland 2010-09-08T02:29:38Z An epithelial cell of the parathyroid gland. CL:0002260 CL:1000429 FMA:70547 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the parathyroid gland. GOC:tfm endothelial cell of viscerocranial mucosa 2010-09-14T10:40:12Z An endothelial cell found in the mucosa associated with the facial skeleton. CL:0002261 CL:1000446 FMA:70627 cell tmeehan An endothelial cell found in the mucosa associated with the facial skeleton. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 endothelial cell of sinusoid 2010-09-14T10:57:26Z An endothelial cell that lines any of the venous cavities through which blood passes in various glands and organs such as the spleen and liver. CL:0002262 CL:1000403 FMA:63134 cell tmeehan An endothelial cell that lines any of the venous cavities through which blood passes in various glands and organs such as the spleen and liver. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 transitional cell of parathyroid gland 2010-09-08T02:33:50Z CL:0002263 FMA:69324 One of three types of epithelial cells that populate the parathyroid gland; cytological characteristics intermediate between those of the chief cell and of the oxyphil cell. Because only one hormone is produced, the three cell forms are widely believed to be different phases in the life cycle of a single cell type, with the chief cell being its physiologically active stage. cell tmeehan GOC:tfm ISBN:0412046911 One of three types of epithelial cells that populate the parathyroid gland; cytological characteristics intermediate between those of the chief cell and of the oxyphil cell. Because only one hormone is produced, the three cell forms are widely believed to be different phases in the life cycle of a single cell type, with the chief cell being its physiologically active stage. type A cell of stomach 2010-09-10T10:54:42Z A type of enteroendocrine cell found in the stomach that secretes glucagon. CL:0002264 FMA:83411 cell tmeehan A type of enteroendocrine cell found in the stomach that secretes glucagon. GOC:tfm type D cell of colon 2010-09-10T11:37:35Z A D cell located in the colon. CL:0002265 FMA:268744 cell tmeehan A D cell located in the colon. GOC:tfm type D cell of small intestine 2010-09-10T01:34:22Z A type D cell of the small intestine. CL:0002266 FMA:268736 cell tmeehan A type D cell of the small intestine. GOC:tfm type D cell of stomach 2010-09-10T01:36:03Z A type D cell found in the stomach. CL:0002267 FMA:83410 cell tmeehan A type D cell found in the stomach. GOC:tfm P/D1 enteroendocrine cell 2010-09-10T01:47:45Z An enteroendocrine cell that stores and secretes Ghrelin. CL:0002268 FMA:63207 FMA:63418 cell tmeehan An enteroendocrine cell that stores and secretes Ghrelin. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 PMID:15153415 vasoactive intestinal peptide secreting cell 2010-09-10T01:52:20Z An endocrine cell that secretes vasoactive intestinal peptide. CL:0002269 cell tmeehan An endocrine cell that secretes vasoactive intestinal peptide. GOC:tfm type EC2 enteroendocrine cell 2010-09-10T02:13:47Z A type EC enteroendocrine cell in the duodenum and jejunum that stores and secretes motilin and 5-hydroxytryptamine. CL:0002270 FMA:62941 Mo enteroendocrine cell cell tmeehan A type EC enteroendocrine cell in the duodenum and jejunum that stores and secretes motilin and 5-hydroxytryptamine. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 PMID:15153415 type EC1 enteroendocrine cell 2010-09-10T02:13:49Z A type EC enteredocrine cell in the intestines that stores and secretes substance P and 5-hydroxytryptamine. CL:0002271 FMA:62940 cell tmeehan A type EC enteredocrine cell in the intestines that stores and secretes substance P and 5-hydroxytryptamine. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 motilin secreting cell 2010-09-10T02:31:13Z A cell that secretes motilin, a gastric hormone that at low pH inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH has a stimulating effect. CL:0002272 cell tmeehan A cell that secretes motilin, a gastric hormone that at low pH inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH has a stimulating effect. GOC:tfm MESH:D06.472.317.525 type ECL enteroendocrine cell 2010-09-10T02:35:17Z A type EC enteroendocrine cell type that is numerous in the fundus of the stomach; stores 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine. CL:0002273 FMA:63208 cell tmeehan A type EC enteroendocrine cell type that is numerous in the fundus of the stomach; stores 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 PMID:15153415 histamine secreting cell 2010-09-10T03:04:42Z A cell type that secretes histamine. CL:0002274 cell tmeehan A cell type that secretes histamine. GOC:tfm PP cell of pancreatic islet 2010-09-10T03:30:31Z A PP cell located in the pancreatic acinus. BTO:0000805 CL:0002275 FMA:70588 PP-cell of pancreatic islet Pancreatic polypeptide-secreting cell cell tmeehan A PP cell located in the pancreatic acinus. GOC:tfm PP cell of pancreatic acinus 2010-09-10T03:30:33Z A PP cell located in the pancreatic acinus. CL:0002276 FMA:85400 Type F cell of pancreatic acinus cell tmeehan A PP cell located in the pancreatic acinus. GOC:tfm type I enteroendocrine cell 2010-09-10T03:44:36Z An enteroendocrine cell commonest in the duodenum and jejunum, rare in ileum, that secretes cholecystokinin. This cell type is involved in the regulation of digestive enzymes and bile. CCK cell CL:0002277 FMA:62937 cell tmeehan An enteroendocrine cell commonest in the duodenum and jejunum, rare in ileum, that secretes cholecystokinin. This cell type is involved in the regulation of digestive enzymes and bile. GOC:tfm GIP cell 2010-09-10T03:51:47Z An enteroendocrine cell of duodenum and jejunum that produces gastric inhibitory peptide. CL:0002278 FMA:62942 Type K enteroendocrine cell cell tmeehan An enteroendocrine cell of duodenum and jejunum that produces gastric inhibitory peptide. GOC:tfm type L enteroendocrine cell 2010-09-10T03:59:09Z A enteroendocrine cell type that is numerous in ileum, present in jejunum and large intestine, few in duodenum. This cell type produces glucagon- like immunoreactants (glicentin, glucagon-37, glucagon-29, GLP-1 and -2) and PYY. CL:0002279 FMA:62944 cell tmeehan A enteroendocrine cell type that is numerous in ileum, present in jejunum and large intestine, few in duodenum. This cell type produces glucagon- like immunoreactants (glicentin, glucagon-37, glucagon-29, GLP-1 and -2) and PYY. ISBN:0517223651 PMID:15153415 type N enteroendocrine cell 2010-09-10T04:08:29Z An enteroendorcine cell found in the ileum and jejunum that produces neurotensin. CL:0002280 FMA:62943 N cell cell tmeehan An enteroendorcine cell found in the ileum and jejunum that produces neurotensin. GOC:tfm type S enteroendocrine cell 2010-09-10T04:44:46Z CL:0002281 FMA:62936 Scattered in duodenojejunal mucosa, this enteroendocrine cell secretes secretin and serotonin. cell tmeehan GOC:tfm PMID:15153415 Scattered in duodenojejunal mucosa, this enteroendocrine cell secretes secretin and serotonin. type TG enteroendocrine cell 2010-09-13T09:48:34Z An enteroendocrine cell which produces a gastrin- and cholecystokinin-like peptide. The apical microvilli-rich plasma membrane is in open contact with the small intestine mucosa. This cell type is devoid of gastrin-17 but contains other fragments of the gastrin polypeptide. CL:0002282 FMA:63421 cell tmeehan An enteroendocrine cell which produces a gastrin- and cholecystokinin-like peptide. The apical microvilli-rich plasma membrane is in open contact with the small intestine mucosa. This cell type is devoid of gastrin-17 but contains other fragments of the gastrin polypeptide. DOI:10.1007/978-3-211-99390-3 GOC:tfm PMID:7013499 ecto-epithelial cell of viscerocranial mucosa 2010-09-14T11:04:02Z An epithelial cell of the mucosa associated with facial skeleton. CL:0002283 CL:1000440 FMA:70581 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the mucosa associated with facial skeleton. GOC:tfm ISBN:0323052908 type X enteroendocrine cell 2010-09-13T10:12:12Z A-like An enteroendorcine cell found in the fundus and pylorus, this cell type has dense round secretory granules that contain ghrelin. CL:0002284 FMA:63209 X/A-like cell tmeehan An enteroendorcine cell found in the fundus and pylorus, this cell type has dense round secretory granules that contain ghrelin. GOC:tfm PMID:20616512 type III taste bud cell 2010-09-13T10:57:21Z A taste receptor cell that is characterized by morphologically identifiable synaptic contacts with the gustatory nerve fibers and expression of the synaptic membrane protein-25 (SNAP-25) and NCAM. CL:0002285 FMA:67940 cell taste bud basal cell tmeehan type 3 taste cell A taste receptor cell that is characterized by morphologically identifiable synaptic contacts with the gustatory nerve fibers and expression of the synaptic membrane protein-25 (SNAP-25) and NCAM. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 PMID:15738192 type II taste cell 2010-09-13T10:57:26Z A taste receptor cell that has a short microvilli, a projecting apical region, a large rounded nucleus, and expresses taste chemoreceptors thus making them the transducing cell for taste qualities. CL:0002286 FMA:62381 cell tmeehan type 2 taste cell type II taste cell A taste receptor cell that has a short microvilli, a projecting apical region, a large rounded nucleus, and expresses taste chemoreceptors thus making them the transducing cell for taste qualities. GOC:tfm PMID:15738192 type IV taste receptor cell 2010-09-13T10:57:29Z A rounded, mitotically active stem cell which is the source of new cells of the taste bud; located basally. CL:0002287 FMA:62380 There is debate about the exact lineage of these cell types from this progenitor. See PMID: 15738192. cell taste bud basal cell tmeehan type 4 taste cell A rounded, mitotically active stem cell which is the source of new cells of the taste bud; located basally. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 PMID:15738192 type V taste receptor cell 2010-09-13T10:57:31Z A cell type that forms the boundary with the surrounding epithelium. CL:0002288 FMA:67941 cell tmeehan A cell type that forms the boundary with the surrounding epithelium. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 type I taste bud cell 2010-09-13T10:57:35Z A densely staining taste receptor cell that contains many dense vacuoles in their apical regions which project into the apical space and bear microvilli. This cell type serves as a supporting cell by surrounding and isolating the other cell types from each other; secrete a dense amorphous material that surrounds the microvilli in the taste pore. This cell type expresses a glial glutumate transporter, GLAST. CL:0002289 FMA:62356 cell dark tongue cell tmeehan type I taste cell type taste 1 cell A densely staining taste receptor cell that contains many dense vacuoles in their apical regions which project into the apical space and bear microvilli. This cell type serves as a supporting cell by surrounding and isolating the other cell types from each other; secrete a dense amorphous material that surrounds the microvilli in the taste pore. This cell type expresses a glial glutumate transporter, GLAST. GOC:tfm ISBN:0412046911 ISBN:0517223651 PMID:15738192 Y chromosome-bearing sperm cell 2010-09-13T11:35:24Z A sperm bearing a Y chromosome. Chromosomal and genetic sex is established at fertilization in mammals and depends upon whether an X-bearing sperm or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the X-bearing ovum. CL:0002290 FMA:84058 Y bearing sperm Y-bearing sperm cell tmeehan A sperm bearing a Y chromosome. Chromosomal and genetic sex is established at fertilization in mammals and depends upon whether an X-bearing sperm or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the X-bearing ovum. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721669743 X chromosome-bearing sperm cell 2010-09-13T11:35:26Z A sperm bearing an X chromosome. Chromosomal and genetic sex is established at fertilization in mammals and depends upon whether an X-bearing sperm or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the X-bearing ovum. CL:0002291 FMA:84057 X bearing sperm X-bearing sperm cell tmeehan A sperm bearing an X chromosome. Chromosomal and genetic sex is established at fertilization in mammals and depends upon whether an X-bearing sperm or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the X-bearing ovum. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721669743 type I cell of carotid body 2010-09-13T01:40:21Z A round or oval neuroepithelial cell that contacts other type I cells or capillaries. They occur in clusters that are surrounded by sheath cells (type-II cells) in the carotid body. This cell type is capable of secreting a number of neurotransmitters. CL:0002292 FMA:84186 cell glomus cell tmeehan type I cell of carotid body A round or oval neuroepithelial cell that contacts other type I cells or capillaries. They occur in clusters that are surrounded by sheath cells (type-II cells) in the carotid body. This cell type is capable of secreting a number of neurotransmitters. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 epithelial cell of thymus 2010-09-13T02:34:22Z An epithelial cell of the thymus. Epithelial reticular cells are pleomorphic, stellate, non-phagocytic cells which seem to be supportive in function and are held together by desmosomes. They replace the fibroblastoid reticular cells found in other lymphoid organs. Other epithelial cells in the medulla have the ultrastructure of secretory cells. Although different epithelial cells throughout the thymus appear alike by light microscopy their ultrastructure and function varies. CL:0002293 CL:1000459 FMA:72208 Thymic epithelial cell cell epithelial cell of thymus gland epithelial reticular cell epithelial reticular cell of thymus thymic epithelial cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the thymus. Epithelial reticular cells are pleomorphic, stellate, non-phagocytic cells which seem to be supportive in function and are held together by desmosomes. They replace the fibroblastoid reticular cells found in other lymphoid organs. Other epithelial cells in the medulla have the ultrastructure of secretory cells. Although different epithelial cells throughout the thymus appear alike by light microscopy their ultrastructure and function varies. FMA:72208 GOC:tfm type-1 epithelial cell of thymus 2010-09-13T02:37:23Z An epithelial cell with a well defined Golgi apparatus that makes up the continuous layer of cells bordering the thymic tissue beneath the capsule. CL:0002294 FMA:72209 cell subcapsular thymic epithelial cell tmeehan An epithelial cell with a well defined Golgi apparatus that makes up the continuous layer of cells bordering the thymic tissue beneath the capsule. GOC:tfm PMID:9264335 type-6 epithelial cell of thymus 2010-09-13T02:37:26Z A thymic epithelial cell that has an eccentric, round or irregularly shaped hetero or euchromatic nucleus. The hallmark of this cell type is the presence of vacuoles, which are clustered in one area of the cytoplasm in the vicinity of the nucleus. The vacuoles are small and acquire a grape-like form, occasionally showing delicate internal microvillous projections. CL:0002295 FMA:72214 cell cystic thymic epithelial cells large mTEC large medullary thymic epithelial cells tmeehan A thymic epithelial cell that has an eccentric, round or irregularly shaped hetero or euchromatic nucleus. The hallmark of this cell type is the presence of vacuoles, which are clustered in one area of the cytoplasm in the vicinity of the nucleus. The vacuoles are small and acquire a grape-like form, occasionally showing delicate internal microvillous projections. GOC:tfm PMID:19721455 PMID:9264335 type-4 epithelial cell of thymus 2010-09-13T02:37:45Z An epithelial cell with high nuclear and cytoplasmic electron-density. This cell type is found in the deeper portions of the cortex but is more abundant in the medulla of the thymus. CL:0002296 FMA:72212 cell dark thymic epithelial cell tmeehan An epithelial cell with high nuclear and cytoplasmic electron-density. This cell type is found in the deeper portions of the cortex but is more abundant in the medulla of the thymus. FMA:0412046911 GOC:tfm PMID:9264335 type-3 epithelial cell of thymus 2010-09-13T02:37:51Z A thymic epithelial cell with moderate nuclear and cytoplasmic electron-density. Scattered in the cortex, this cell type is predominant in the mid and deep cortex. CL:0002297 FMA:72211 cell intermediate thymic epithelial cell tmeehan A thymic epithelial cell with moderate nuclear and cytoplasmic electron-density. Scattered in the cortex, this cell type is predominant in the mid and deep cortex. PMID:9264335 type-5 epithelial cell of thymus 2010-09-13T02:37:54Z A thymic epithelial cell type with low nuclear and cytoplasmic electrondensity; has a round, euchromatic nucleus and occurs in small groups at the corticomedullary junction or scattered singly in the medulla. CL:0002298 FMA:72213 cell tmeehan undifferentiated mTEC undifferentiated medullary thymic epithelial cell undifferentiated thymic epithelial cell A thymic epithelial cell type with low nuclear and cytoplasmic electrondensity; has a round, euchromatic nucleus and occurs in small groups at the corticomedullary junction or scattered singly in the medulla. GOC:tfm ISBN:0412046911 PMID:19721455 PMID:9264335 type-2 epithelial cell of thymus 2010-09-13T02:37:58Z An epithelial cell scattered in the cortex, predominant in the outer cortex with a large pale nucleus and a prominent nucleolus. CL:0002299 FMA:72210 cell pale thymic epithelial cell tmeehan An epithelial cell scattered in the cortex, predominant in the outer cortex with a large pale nucleus and a prominent nucleolus. GOC:tfm ISBN:0412046911 PMID:9264335 type-7 epithelial cell of thymus 2010-09-13T03:23:25Z A small medullary thymic epithelial cell with a spindle shape, often arranged in groups and connected to each other by large desmosomes and interdigitations. The cytoplasm is sparse, with scanty organelles and thick bundles of cytokeratin. CL:0002300 cell spindle shaped mTEC spindle shaped medullary thymic epithelial cell tmeehan A small medullary thymic epithelial cell with a spindle shape, often arranged in groups and connected to each other by large desmosomes and interdigitations. The cytoplasm is sparse, with scanty organelles and thick bundles of cytokeratin. GOC:tfm PMID:19721455 type B synovial cell 2010-09-13T03:39:14Z A synovial cell type that resembles fibroblasts,has abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum but contains fewer vacuoles and vesicles. This cell type secretes glycoproteins and hyaluronic acid. CL:0002301 FMA:66788 cell tmeehan A synovial cell type that resembles fibroblasts,has abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum but contains fewer vacuoles and vesicles. This cell type secretes glycoproteins and hyaluronic acid. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 type A synovial cell 2010-09-13T03:39:17Z A synovial cell that is macrophage-like, characterized by surface ruffles or lamellipodia, plasma membrane invaginations and associated micropinocytotic vesicles, Golgi apparatus and little granular endoplasmic reticulum. CL:0002302 FMA:66787 cell tmeehan type A synoviocyte A synovial cell that is macrophage-like, characterized by surface ruffles or lamellipodia, plasma membrane invaginations and associated micropinocytotic vesicles, Golgi apparatus and little granular endoplasmic reticulum. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 pigmented ciliary epithelial cell 2010-09-13T04:09:27Z A ciliated epithelial cell of the retina, this cell type uptakes sodium chloride and passes it to non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells. CL:0002303 FMA:70606 PE cell tmeehan A ciliated epithelial cell of the retina, this cell type uptakes sodium chloride and passes it to non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells. PMID:15106942 non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell 2010-09-13T04:09:31Z A multi-ciliated cell of the retina that lacks visual pigment and contributes to aqueous humor by secreting chloride ions. This cell type maintains gap junctions with pigmented epithelial cells. CL:0002304 FMA:70607 NPE cell tmeehan A multi-ciliated cell of the retina that lacks visual pigment and contributes to aqueous humor by secreting chloride ions. This cell type maintains gap junctions with pigmented epithelial cells. GOC:tfm PMID:15106942 epithelial cell of distal tubule An epithelial cell of the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney that helps regulate systemic levels of potassium, sodium, calcium, and pH. CL:0002305 FMA:62125 FMA:70981 KUPO:0001055 cell kidney distal tubule epithelial cell An epithelial cell of the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney that helps regulate systemic levels of potassium, sodium, calcium, and pH. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 epithelial cell of proximal tubule An epithelial cell of the proximal tubule of the kidney. CL:0002306 FMA:62125 FMA:70973 KUPO:0001044 cell kidney proximal tubule epithelial cell An epithelial cell of the proximal tubule of the kidney. GOC:tfm ISBN:1-4160-2328-3 brush border cell of the proximal tubule 2010-09-14T11:29:20Z A brush border epithelial cell located in the proximal tubule of the kidney that detects fluid flow. CL:0002307 cell tmeehan A brush border epithelial cell located in the proximal tubule of the kidney that detects fluid flow. GOC:tfm ISBN:1-4160-2328-3 epithelial cell of skin gland 2010-09-14T12:00:07Z An epithelial cell of a skin gland. CL:0002308 FMA:70657 cell epithelial cell of gland of skin tmeehan An epithelial cell of a skin gland. GOC:tfm corticotroph 2010-09-14T02:08:23Z A basophil chromphil cell of the anterior pitiutary gland that produce adrenocorticotropic hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone and lipotropin. This cell type is irregular in shape and has short dendritic processes which are inserted among other neighboring cells; BTO:0002509 CL:0002309 FMA:83098 cell tmeehan A basophil chromphil cell of the anterior pitiutary gland that produce adrenocorticotropic hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone and lipotropin. This cell type is irregular in shape and has short dendritic processes which are inserted among other neighboring cells; GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 mammosomatotroph 2010-09-14T02:25:34Z An acidophil cell of the anterior pitiuatry gland that produces both prolactin and growth hormone. CL:0002310 FMA:83097 cell tmeehan An acidophil cell of the anterior pitiuatry gland that produces both prolactin and growth hormone. GOC:tfm mammotroph 2010-09-14T02:30:57Z An acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin. CL:0002311 FMA:83096 cell epsilon-acidophil lactotrope lactotroph lactotropic cell mammotrope mammotrophic cell mammotropic cell tmeehan An acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin. SANBI:mhl somatotroph 2010-09-14T02:33:09Z An acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin. CL:0002312 FMA:83095 cell somatotrope somatotropic cell somatrophic cell tmeehan An acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin. SANBI:mhl endocrine-paracrine cell of prostate gland 2010-09-14T03:01:58Z An ecto-epithelial cell of the prostate gland that secretes hormones. CL:0002313 FMA:74390 FMA:86774 Neuro-epithelial cell of prostate gland cell glandular cell of prostate tmeehan An ecto-epithelial cell of the prostate gland that secretes hormones. GOC:tfm external supporting cell of vestibular epithelium 2010-09-14T03:20:01Z An auditory epithelial support cell located in the vestibular epithelium that has many hallmarks of glial cells. This cell type express glial markers such as vimentin, S100, glutamate-aspartate transporter, low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and proteolipid protein. CL:0002314 FMA:75809 cell tmeehan An auditory epithelial support cell located in the vestibular epithelium that has many hallmarks of glial cells. This cell type express glial markers such as vimentin, S100, glutamate-aspartate transporter, low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and proteolipid protein. GOC:tfm PMID:20837532 supporting cell of cochlea 2010-09-14T03:31:38Z An epithelial supporting cell located in the cochlea. CL:0002315 FMA:79796 cell tmeehan An epithelial supporting cell located in the cochlea. GOC:tfm supporting cell of vestibular epithelium 2010-09-14T03:31:44Z A supporting cell of the vestibular epithelium. CL:0002316 FMA:75607 cell tmeehan A supporting cell of the vestibular epithelium. GOC:tfm PMID:20837532 external limiting cell of vestibular epithelium 2010-09-14T03:33:50Z An external limiting cell found in the vestibular epithelium. CL:0002317 FMA:75808 cell tmeehan An external limiting cell found in the vestibular epithelium. GOC:tfm periperhal blood mesothelial cell 2010-09-15T10:47:11Z A mesothelial cell capable of circulating in the blood by first losing its squamous character. This cell can incorporate into the regenerating mesothelium. CL:0002318 FMA:86712 cell tmeehan A mesothelial cell capable of circulating in the blood by first losing its squamous character. This cell can incorporate into the regenerating mesothelium. GOC:tfm PMID:14592528 neural cell 2010-09-15T01:34:57Z A cell that is part of the nervous system. CL:0002319 FMA:70333 cell tmeehan A cell that is part of the nervous system. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 connective tissue cell 2010-09-15T03:01:54Z A cell of the supporting or framework tissue of the body, arising chiefly from the embryonic mesoderm and including adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone. CL:0002320 CL:1000406 FMA:63875 cell tmeehan A cell of the supporting or framework tissue of the body, arising chiefly from the embryonic mesoderm and including adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 embryonic cell 2010-09-15T03:39:21Z A cell of the embryo. CL:0002321 FMA:82840 FMA:82841 WBbt:0007028 cell tmeehan A cell of the embryo. FMA:0618947256 embryonic stem cell 2010-09-15T03:44:35Z A stem cell of embryonic origin. BTO:0001086 CL:0002322 ESC FMA:82841 This is an in vitro cell typ and may be removed in future releases. These cells are reportedly SSEA-4-positive, CD73-negative, and CD324-positive. cell tmeehan A stem cell of embryonic origin. GOC:dsd GOC:tfm ISBN:068340007X PMID: 18179856 amniocyte 2010-09-20T10:13:37Z A cell of a fetus which is suspended in the amniotic fluid. Amniocytes are considered to arise from several tissues including fetal skin, the fetal urinary tract, umbilical cord, and the inner amniotic surface. BTO:0000066 CL:0002323 cell tmeehan A cell of a fetus which is suspended in the amniotic fluid. Amniocytes are considered to arise from several tissues including fetal skin, the fetal urinary tract, umbilical cord, and the inner amniotic surface. BFO:0000066 GOC:tfm PMID:3211847 myoepithelial cell of mammary gland 2010-09-20T11:42:14Z A myoepithelial cell that surrounds milk-secreting luminal epithelial cells. This cell type contracts under the stimulation of oxytocin and is attached to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes and to the adjacent luminal cells by desmosomes. This cell type expresses high level of keratin-14 and is estrogen receptor alpha negative. CL:0002324 cell tmeehan A myoepithelial cell that surrounds milk-secreting luminal epithelial cells. This cell type contracts under the stimulation of oxytocin and is attached to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes and to the adjacent luminal cells by desmosomes. This cell type expresses high level of keratin-14 and is estrogen receptor alpha negative. GOC:tfm PMID:11250738 PMID:19022771 mammary alveolar cell luminal cell of alveolus of lactiferous gland 2010-09-20T01:30:57Z CL:0002230 CL:0002325 CL:1000476 FMA:74506 FMA:79866 The milk-producing cell of the alveolar unit that emerges during pregnancy. cell epithelial cell of lactiferous gland tmeehan GOC:tfm PMID:19022771 The milk-producing cell of the alveolar unit that emerges during pregnancy. luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland 2010-09-20T01:37:53Z A mammary epithelial cell that occurs in the lumen of the ductal and alveoli structure in the breast. CL:0002326 FMA:73280 cell tmeehan A mammary epithelial cell that occurs in the lumen of the ductal and alveoli structure in the breast. GOC:tfm PMID:19022771 mammary epithelial cell 2010-09-20T01:49:37Z An epithelial cell of the mammary gland. BTO:0004300 CL:0002327 breast epithelial cell cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the mammary gland. GOC:tfm PMID:19022771 bronchial epithelial cell 2010-09-20T02:00:00Z An epithelial cell of the bronchus. BTO:0002922 CL:0002328 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the bronchus. GOC:tfm basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree 2010-09-20T02:10:36Z An epithelial cell type that lacks the columnar shape typical for other respiratory epithelial cells. This cell type is able to differentiate into other respiratory epithelial cells in response to injury. CL:0002329 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell type that lacks the columnar shape typical for other respiratory epithelial cells. This cell type is able to differentiate into other respiratory epithelial cells in response to injury. GOC:tfm undifferentiated cell of bronchus epithelium 2010-09-20T02:17:58Z An undifferentiated columnar cell of the bronchus epithelium CL:0002330 cell tmeehan An undifferentiated columnar cell of the bronchus epithelium GOC:tfm PMID:18757316 ciliated cell of the bronchus 2010-09-20T02:21:12Z A ciliated cell of the bronchus. CL:0002332 cell tmeehan A ciliated cell of the bronchus. GOC:tfm PMID:18757316 neural crest derived fat cell 2010-09-20T02:25:25Z A fat cell derived from a neural crest cell. CL:0002333 cell tmeehan A fat cell derived from a neural crest cell. GOC:tfm PMID:17507398 preadipocyte 2010-09-20T02:31:53Z An undifferentiated fibroblast that can be stimulated to form a fat cell. BTO:0001107 CL:0002334 cell tmeehan An undifferentiated fibroblast that can be stimulated to form a fat cell. GOC:tfm PMID:18793119 brown preadipocyte 2010-09-20T02:38:38Z A preadipocyte that is capable of differentiating into a brown adipocyte. This cell type expresses uncoupling protein-1, PPAR-gamma, PR-domain-containing 16; and PGC-1alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator-1alpha). CL:0002335 cell tmeehan A preadipocyte that is capable of differentiating into a brown adipocyte. This cell type expresses uncoupling protein-1, PPAR-gamma, PR-domain-containing 16; and PGC-1alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator-1alpha). GOC:tfm PMID:18719589 buccal mucosa cell 2010-09-20T02:52:54Z An endothelial cell that lines the oral cavitiy including the mucosa of the gums, the palate, the lip, and the cheek. CL:0002336 cell tmeehan An endothelial cell that lines the oral cavitiy including the mucosa of the gums, the palate, the lip, and the cheek. GOC:tfm MESH:A10.615.550.599 keratinocyte stem cell 2010-09-20T03:07:03Z A stem cell located in the bulge of the hair follicle that can give rise to regenerate the new follicle with each hair cycle and to reepithelialize the epidermis during wound repair. CL:0002337 bulge keratinocyte cell tmeehan A stem cell located in the bulge of the hair follicle that can give rise to regenerate the new follicle with each hair cycle and to reepithelialize the epidermis during wound repair. PMID:15339667 CD56-positive, CD161-positive immature natural killer cell 2010-09-21T10:06:53Z A natural killer cell that is developmentally immature, has the phenotype CD34-negative, CD56-negative, CD117-positive, CD122-positive,and CD161-positive. CL:0002338 cell human markers; killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL1 is used as a representative example (PRO at this time lacks a KIR superfamily). p-NK tmeehan A natural killer cell that is developmentally immature, has the phenotype CD34-negative, CD56-negative, CD117-positive, CD122-positive,and CD161-positive. GOC:add GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12457618 PMID:12457618 p-NK prostate stem cell 2010-09-20T03:21:06Z A prostate epithelial cell that is CD133-positive, CD44-positive, integrin A2beta3-high. This cell is a stem cell for the prostate epithelium. CD133-positive prostate epithelial cell CL:0002339 cell tmeehan A prostate epithelial cell that is CD133-positive, CD44-positive, integrin A2beta3-high. This cell is a stem cell for the prostate epithelium. GOC:tfm PMID:15226377 luminal cell of prostate epithelium 2010-09-20T03:34:05Z CL:0002340 The exocrine cell of the prostate, this epithelial cell secretes prostatic acid phosphotase and PSA, and is dependent on androgen hormones for survival. cell tmeehan GOC:tfm The exocrine cell of the prostate, this epithelial cell secretes prostatic acid phosphotase and PSA, and is dependent on androgen hormones for survival. basal cell of prostate epithelium 2010-09-20T03:34:10Z An undifferentiated cell of the prostate epithelium that lacks secretory activity. CL:0002341 cell tmeehan An undifferentiated cell of the prostate epithelium that lacks secretory activity. GOC:tfm PMCID:PMC2673349 circulating endothelial cell 2010-09-20T03:49:58Z A circulating endothelial cell of the phenotype CD146-positive, CD105-positive, CD45-negative. This cell type is indicative of recent vascular damage. CL:0002342 cell tmeehan A circulating endothelial cell of the phenotype CD146-positive, CD105-positive, CD45-negative. This cell type is indicative of recent vascular damage. GOC:tfm PMID:19652886 decidual natural killer cell 2010-09-20T04:00:02Z A natural killer cell subset that is found in the decidual of the uterus and is CD56-high, Galectin-1-positive and CD16-negative. This cell type represents the most abundant immune cell type in the decidual during the first trimester of pregnancy. CL:0002343 cell dNK cell decidual NK cell tmeehan A natural killer cell subset that is found in the decidual of the uterus and is CD56-high, Galectin-1-positive and CD16-negative. This cell type represents the most abundant immune cell type in the decidual during the first trimester of pregnancy. PMID:14568979 PMID:19800965 CD56-negative, CD161-positive immature natural killer cell 2010-09-20T04:33:11Z A natural killer cell that is developmentally immature, has the phenotype CD34-negative, CD56-negative, CD117-positive, CD122-positive,and CD161-positive. CL:0002344 cell human markers; killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL1 is used as a representative example (PRO at this time lacks a KIR superfamily). p-NK tmeehan A natural killer cell that is developmentally immature, has the phenotype CD34-negative, CD56-negative, CD117-positive, CD122-positive,and CD161-positive. GOC:add GO_REF:0000031 ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12457618 PMID:12457618 p-NK CD27-low, CD11b-low immature natural killer cell 2010-09-20T04:41:01Z An immature natural killer cell that is NK1.1-positive, DX5-positive, Ly49-positive, CD27-low and CD11b-low. This cell type is found in high numbers in the liver. CL:0002345 Markers are associated with mouse cells. cell preNK.BM tmeehan An immature natural killer cell that is NK1.1-positive, DX5-positive, Ly49-positive, CD27-low and CD11b-low. This cell type is found in high numbers in the liver. GOC:tfm PMID:19949422 http:www.immgen.org/index_content.html Dx5-negative, NK1.1-positive immature natural killer cell 2010-09-21T10:11:44Z An immature natural killer cell that is NK1.1-positive and DX-5 negative. CL:0002346 cell tmeehan An immature natural killer cell that is NK1.1-positive and DX-5 negative. GOC:tfm PMID:12766763 CD27-high, CD11b-high natural killer cell 2010-09-21T10:19:49Z A mature natural killer cell that is CD27-high and CD11b-high. This cell type is capable of interferon-gamma secretion. CL:0002347 cell tmeehan A mature natural killer cell that is CD27-high and CD11b-high. This cell type is capable of interferon-gamma secretion. GOC:tfm PMID:19949422 CD27-low, CD11b-high natural killer cell 2010-09-21T10:19:54Z A CD27-low, CD11b-high natural killer cell that has a higher threshold of activation due to higher expression of inhibitory receptors. CL:0002348 cell tmeehan A CD27-low, CD11b-high natural killer cell that has a higher threshold of activation due to higher expression of inhibitory receptors. GOC:tfm PMID:1994922 CD27-high, CD11b-low natural killer cell 2010-09-21T10:20:00Z A natural killer cell that is CD27-high and CD11b-low. CL:0002349 cell tmeehan A natural killer cell that is CD27-high and CD11b-low. GOC:tfm PMID:1994922 endocardial cell 2010-09-21T04:33:05Z An endothelial cell that lines the intracavitary lumen of the heart, separating the circulating blood from the underlying myocardium. This cell type releases a number of vasoactive substances including prostacyclin, nitrous oxide and endothelin. CL:0002350 CL:1000475 FMA:75621 cell endocardial cell endocardial endothelial cell endothelial cell of endocardium tmeehan FMA:75621 endothelial cell of endocardium An endothelial cell that lines the intracavitary lumen of the heart, separating the circulating blood from the underlying myocardium. This cell type releases a number of vasoactive substances including prostacyclin, nitrous oxide and endothelin. GOC:tfm ISSN:0452-3458 progenitor cell of endocrine pancreas 2010-09-21T04:41:06Z A multi-fate stem cell that is able to differentiate into the pancreas alpha, beta and delta endocrine cells. This cell type expresses neurogenin-3 and Isl-1. CL:0002351 cell pancreatic endocrine progenitor pancreatic islet progenitor cell tmeehan A multi-fate stem cell that is able to differentiate into the pancreas alpha, beta and delta endocrine cells. This cell type expresses neurogenin-3 and Isl-1. GOC:tfm PMID:20025937 PMID:20217494 gestational hematopoietic stem cell 2010-09-22T09:05:13Z A hematopoietic stem cell that exists during embryogenesis. CL:0002352 cell tmeehan A hematopoietic stem cell that exists during embryogenesis. GOC:tfm ISBN:978-60327-246-6 fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell 2010-09-22T09:08:32Z A hematopoietic stem cell that resides in the fetal liver. In mice, this cell type is first observed at E10.5. This cell type is MHC-positive, HSA-positive, AA4.1-positive, CD45-positive, Sca-1 positive, CD150-positive, CD48-negative and CD244-negative. CL:0002353 cell tmeehan A hematopoietic stem cell that resides in the fetal liver. In mice, this cell type is first observed at E10.5. This cell type is MHC-positive, HSA-positive, AA4.1-positive, CD45-positive, Sca-1 positive, CD150-positive, CD48-negative and CD244-negative. GOC:tfm ISBN:978-1-60327-346-6 PMID:16569764 yolk sac hematopoietic stem cell 2010-09-22T09:08:34Z A hematopoietic stem found in the yolk sac. In mice, this cell type is Sca-1-negative, CD45-negative, MHC-negative, HSA-positive, AA4.1-positive, CD44-positive. CL:0002354 cell hemangioblast precursor tmeehan A hematopoietic stem found in the yolk sac. In mice, this cell type is Sca-1-negative, CD45-negative, MHC-negative, HSA-positive, AA4.1-positive, CD44-positive. GOC:tfm doi:10.1097/MOH.0b013e3282f97ae1 primitive red blood cell 2010-09-22T09:27:05Z A large nucleated basophilic erythrocyte found in mammalian embryos. This cell type arises from the blood islands of yolk sacs and expresses different types of hemoglobins (beta-H1, gamma-1 and zeta) than adult erythrocytes. Considered a type of erythroblast as this cell type can enucleate in circulation. CL:0002355 cell primitive erythroblast primitive erythrocyte primitive erythroid cell tmeehan A large nucleated basophilic erythrocyte found in mammalian embryos. This cell type arises from the blood islands of yolk sacs and expresses different types of hemoglobins (beta-H1, gamma-1 and zeta) than adult erythrocytes. Considered a type of erythroblast as this cell type can enucleate in circulation. DOI:10.1097/MOH.0b013e3282f97ae1 GOC:tfm PMID:11495698 primitive reticulocyte 2010-09-22T09:35:16Z A primitive erythrocyte that has undergone enucleation. This cell type is 3-6 fold bigger than the fetal derived erythrocytes that they co-circulate with during fetal development. Expresses epsilon-gamma hemoglobin chains. CL:0002356 cell megalocyte tmeehan A primitive erythrocyte that has undergone enucleation. This cell type is 3-6 fold bigger than the fetal derived erythrocytes that they co-circulate with during fetal development. Expresses epsilon-gamma hemoglobin chains. GOC:tfm PMID:11495698 doi:10.1097/MOH.0b013e3282f97ae1 fetal derived definitive erythrocyte 2010-09-22T09:38:32Z A fetal liver derived enucleated erythrocyte. This erythrocyte resembles adult erythrocytes in that they are small (3- to 6- times smaller than primitive erythrocytes) and produce adult hemaglobins. CL:0002357 cell macrocyte tmeehan A fetal liver derived enucleated erythrocyte. This erythrocyte resembles adult erythrocytes in that they are small (3- to 6- times smaller than primitive erythrocytes) and produce adult hemaglobins. GOC:tfm PMID:11495698 pyrenocyte 2010-09-22T10:02:37Z CL:0002358 Derived from the Greek word pyren (the pit of a stone fruit), this is a transient nucleated cell type that results from exclusion of the nucleus from the primitive erythrocyte. cell tmeehan Derived from the Greek word pyren (the pit of a stone fruit), this is a transient nucleated cell type that results from exclusion of the nucleus from the primitive erythrocyte. GOC:tfm placental hematopoietic stem cell 2010-09-22T10:30:02Z A hematopoietic stem cell of the placenta. This cell type is first observed E10.5 This cell type may give rise to fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells. CL:0002359 cell tmeehan A hematopoietic stem cell of the placenta. This cell type is first observed E10.5 This cell type may give rise to fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells. GOC:tfm ISBN:978-1-60327-346-6 AGM hematopoietic stem cell 2010-09-22T10:31:49Z A hematopoietic stem cell from the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region of the developing embryo. First seen at E10.5 in mouse embryos. May give rise to fetal liver HSC. CL:0002360 cell tmeehan A hematopoietic stem cell from the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region of the developing embryo. First seen at E10.5 in mouse embryos. May give rise to fetal liver HSC. GOC:tfm ISBN:978-1-60327-346-6 primitive erythroid progenitor 2010-09-22T10:47:28Z A progenitor cell that is capable of forming colonies of primitive erythrocytes in the blood island of the yolk sac. First arrive at E7.5 in mouse and expresses CD41. CL:0002361 EryP-CFC cell inner blood island hemangioblast tmeehan A progenitor cell that is capable of forming colonies of primitive erythrocytes in the blood island of the yolk sac. First arrive at E7.5 in mouse and expresses CD41. GOC:tfm ISBN:0813817986 PMID:20711979 granule cell precursor 2010-09-22T01:40:44Z A cell located in the outermost proliferative zone of the external germinal layer that can differentiate into astroglial cells and granule cells. This cell type is glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive and NK1-positive. CL:0002362 cell tmeehan A cell located in the outermost proliferative zone of the external germinal layer that can differentiate into astroglial cells and granule cells. This cell type is glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive and NK1-positive. GOC:tfm PMID:14745007 keratocyte 2010-09-22T01:57:40Z A keratocyte is a specialized fibroblast residing in the  cornea stroma that has a flattened, dendritic cell located between the lamellae with a large flattened nucleus and lengthy processes which communicate with neighboring cells. This corneal layer, representing about 85-90% of corneal thickness, is built up from highly regular collagenous lamellae and extracellular matrix components. Keratocytes play the major role in keeping it transparent, healing its wounds, and synthesizing its components. This cell type secretes collagen I, V, VI, and keratin sulfate. CL:0002363 cell corneal fibroblast corneal keratocyte tmeehan A keratocyte is a specialized fibroblast residing in the  cornea stroma that has a flattened, dendritic cell located between the lamellae with a large flattened nucleus and lengthy processes which communicate with neighboring cells. This corneal layer, representing about 85-90% of corneal thickness, is built up from highly regular collagenous lamellae and extracellular matrix components. Keratocytes play the major role in keeping it transparent, healing its wounds, and synthesizing its components. This cell type secretes collagen I, V, VI, and keratin sulfate. GOC:tfm ISBN:978-0-7020-2958-5 cortical thymic epithelial cell 2010-09-23T03:17:12Z An epithelial cell of the cortical portion of the thymus. Epithelial cells in this region are required for positive selection of CD8-positive T cells. BTO:0004562 CL:0002364 cTEC cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the cortical portion of the thymus. Epithelial cells in this region are required for positive selection of CD8-positive T cells. GOC:tfm PMID:18403190 medullary thymic epithelial cell 2010-09-23T03:17:14Z An epithelial cell of the medullary thymus. This cell type expresses a diverse range of tissue-specific antigens. This promiscuous gene expression is a cell-autonomous property of medullary epithelial cells and is maintained during the entire period of thymic T cell output. BTO:0004563 CL:0002365 cell mTEC tmeehan An epithelial cell of the medullary thymus. This cell type expresses a diverse range of tissue-specific antigens. This promiscuous gene expression is a cell-autonomous property of medullary epithelial cells and is maintained during the entire period of thymic T cell output. GOC:tfm PMID:18180458 myometrial cell 2010-09-23T03:46:34Z A smooth muscle cell of the myometrium that enlarges and stretches during pregnancy, and contracts in response to oxytocin. BTO:0004519 CL:0002366 cell myometrium smooth muscle cell tmeehan A smooth muscle cell of the myometrium that enlarges and stretches during pregnancy, and contracts in response to oxytocin. GOC:tfm PMID:11429640 trabecular meshwork cell 2010-09-23T04:18:50Z A cell that lines the trabecular meshwork, which is an area of tissue in the eye located around the base of the cornea, near the ciliary body, and is responsible for draining the aqueous humor from the eye via the anterior chamber (the chamber on the front of the eye covered by the cornea). This cell may play a role in regulating intraocular pressure. CL:0002367 cell tmeehan trabeculocyte A cell that lines the trabecular meshwork, which is an area of tissue in the eye located around the base of the cornea, near the ciliary body, and is responsible for draining the aqueous humor from the eye via the anterior chamber (the chamber on the front of the eye covered by the cornea). This cell may play a role in regulating intraocular pressure. GOC:tfm PMID:14500801 respiratory epithelial cell 2010-09-23T04:38:49Z An endo-epithelial cell of the respiratory tract. BTO:0004533 CL:0002368 airway epithelial cell cell tmeehan An endo-epithelial cell of the respiratory tract. GOC:tfm fungal spore 2010-10-01T09:02:42Z A differentiated form of a fungus produced during or as a result of an asexual or sexual reproductive process; usually a cell with a thick cell wall that stores and protects one or more nuclei. Spores may be produced in response to, and are characteristically resistant to, adverse environmental conditions. CL:0002369 cell tmeehan A differentiated form of a fungus produced during or as a result of an asexual or sexual reproductive process; usually a cell with a thick cell wall that stores and protects one or more nuclei. Spores may be produced in response to, and are characteristically resistant to, adverse environmental conditions. FAO:0000019 GOC:tfm respiratory goblet cell 2010-09-23T04:42:27Z A simple columnar epithelial cell that secretes mucin. Rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, the nucleus, and other organelles are concentrated in the basal portion. The apical plasma membrane projects microvilli to increase surface area for secretion. CL:0002370 cell tmeehan A simple columnar epithelial cell that secretes mucin. Rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, the nucleus, and other organelles are concentrated in the basal portion. The apical plasma membrane projects microvilli to increase surface area for secretion. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 somatic cell 2010-09-24T09:44:42Z A cell of an organism that does not pass on its genetic material to the organism's offspring (i.e. a non-germ line cell). BTO:0001268 CL:0002371 FMA:72300 WBbt:0008378 cell tmeehan A cell of an organism that does not pass on its genetic material to the organism's offspring (i.e. a non-germ line cell). GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 myotube 2010-09-24T01:13:01Z A myotube is a multinucleated cells that is formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. CL:0000369 CL:0002372 cell myotubule single cell sarcomere skeletal muscle fiber tmeehan A myotube is a multinucleated cells that is formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. GOC:tfm ISBN:0323052908 growth hormone releasing hormone secreting cell 2010-09-24T01:36:44Z A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes growth hormone releasing hormone. CL:0002373 GHRH secreting cell cell somatocrinin secreting cell tmeehan A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes growth hormone releasing hormone. GOC:dph GOC:tfm ear hair cell 2010-09-24T01:49:31Z A hair cell of the ear that contains the organs of balance and hearing. CL:0002374 cell ear receptor cell tmeehan A hair cell of the ear that contains the organs of balance and hearing. GOC:dph GOC:tfm ISBN:0192801023 Schwann cell precursor 2010-09-24T02:06:10Z A giioblast cell that develops from a migratory neural crest cell. The SCP is embedded among neurons (axons) with minimal extracellular spaces separating them from nerve cell membranes and has no basal lamina. In rodents SCPs are the only cells in the Schwann cell linage that expresses Cdh19. CL:0002375 Schwann cell precursor cell cell tmeehan A giioblast cell that develops from a migratory neural crest cell. The SCP is embedded among neurons (axons) with minimal extracellular spaces separating them from nerve cell membranes and has no basal lamina. In rodents SCPs are the only cells in the Schwann cell linage that expresses Cdh19. GOC:tfm non-myelinating Schwann cell 2010-09-24T02:10:26Z A glial cell that ensheaths multiple small diameter axons in the peripheral nervous system. The non-myelinating Schwann cell is embedded among neurons (axons) with minimal extracellular spaces separating them from nerve cell membranes and has a basal lamina. Cells can survive without an axon present. These cells can de-differentiate into immature Schwann cells. CL:0002376 Schwann cell cell tmeehan A glial cell that ensheaths multiple small diameter axons in the peripheral nervous system. The non-myelinating Schwann cell is embedded among neurons (axons) with minimal extracellular spaces separating them from nerve cell membranes and has a basal lamina. Cells can survive without an axon present. These cells can de-differentiate into immature Schwann cells. GOC:cvs GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 immature Schwann cell 2010-09-24T02:10:31Z A glial cell that develops from a Schwann cell precursor. The immature Schwann cell is embedded among neurons (axons) with minimal extracellular spaces separating them from nerve cell membranes and has a basal lamina. Cells can survive without an axon present. Immature Schwann cell can be found communally ensheathing large groups of axons. CL:0002377 Schwann cell ZFA:0001725 cell tmeehan A glial cell that develops from a Schwann cell precursor. The immature Schwann cell is embedded among neurons (axons) with minimal extracellular spaces separating them from nerve cell membranes and has a basal lamina. Cells can survive without an axon present. Immature Schwann cell can be found communally ensheathing large groups of axons. GOC:cvs GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 immature Vgamma2-positive fetal thymocyte 2010-10-07T02:21:07Z A double negative thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing a Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-positive and is found in the fetal thymus. CL:0002378 NOTE: currently variable immune gene segments are not represented in the OBO Foundry. Cross-product definitions were not made as a result. Also, there are three different nomenclatures for the variable gamma segments. cell fetal Vgamma2+ thymocyte tmeehan A double negative thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing a Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-positive and is found in the fetal thymus. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org meningothelial cell 2010-09-28T02:23:46Z A neurecto-epithelial cell found in the arachnoid villi of dura mater. This cell type facilitates flow of cerebrospinal fluid into the blood. CL:0002379 FMA:86588 arachnoid cap cell cell tmeehan A neurecto-epithelial cell found in the arachnoid villi of dura mater. This cell type facilitates flow of cerebrospinal fluid into the blood. GOC:tfm http://www.aippg.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62590 oospore 2010-10-01T09:22:45Z An asexual spore formed by Oomycetes; formed upon fertilization of an oosphere. CL:0002380 FAO:0000039 cell tmeehan An asexual spore formed by Oomycetes; formed upon fertilization of an oosphere. GOC:tfm ISBN:0851988857 SGD:clt uninucleate conidium 2010-10-01T09:26:39Z A conidium that has only one nucleus. CL:0002381 FAO:0000025 cell tmeehan A conidium that has only one nucleus. GOC:tfm SGD:clt multinucleate conidium 2010-10-01T09:31:28Z A conidium that has more than one nucleus. CL:0002382 FAO:0000033 cell tmeehan A conidium that has more than one nucleus. GOC:tfm SGD:clt conidium of conidiophore head A uninucleate spore formed on specialized cells or projections, sterigma, of a conidiophore head. CL:0002383 FAO:0000033 cell A uninucleate spore formed on specialized cells or projections, sterigma, of a conidiophore head. GOC:tfm PMID:9529886 SGD:clt uninucleate macroconidium A macroconidium that has only one nucleus. CL:0002384 FAO:0000029 cell A macroconidium that has only one nucleus. GOC:tfm SGD:clt blastoconidium An oblong or round asexual spore formed from conidial chains. BTO:0000127 CL:0002385 FAO:0000042 blastospore cell An oblong or round asexual spore formed from conidial chains. GOC:tfm PMID:2524423 SGD:clt multinucleate macroconidium A macroconidium that has more than one nucleus. CL:0002386 FAO:0000035 cell A macroconidium that has more than one nucleus. GOC:tfm SGD:clt arthroconidium CL:0002387 Cylindrical spore formed by development and compartmentation of hyphae; the hyphae are often supporting blastoconidiophores. FAO:0000041 arthrospore cell Cylindrical spore formed by development and compartmentation of hyphae; the hyphae are often supporting blastoconidiophores. GOC:tfm PMID:2524423 SGD:clt multinucleate arthroconidium An arthroconidium that has more than one nucleus. CL:0002388 FAO:0000037 cell An arthroconidium that has more than one nucleus. GOC:tfm SGD:clt uninucleate arthroconidium An arthroconidium that has only one nucleus. CL:0002389 FAO:0000031 cell An arthroconidium that has only one nucleus. GOC:tfm SGD:clt uninucleate blastconidium A blastoconidium that has only one nucleus. CL:0002390 FAO:0000030 cell A blastoconidium that has only one nucleus. GOC:tfm SGD:clt multinucleate blastoconidium A blastoconidium that has more than one nucleus. CL:0002391 FAO:0000036 cell A blastoconidium that has more than one nucleus. GOC:tfm SGD:clt plant spore CL:0002392 Obsolete. Use PO:0025017 from Plant Ontology instead. A plant cell that arises through meiosis and develops into a gametophyte. cell replaced_by: PO:0025017 true GOC:tfm Obsolete. Use PO:0025017 from Plant Ontology instead. A plant cell that arises through meiosis and develops into a gametophyte. PO:0025017 intermediate monocyte 2010-10-04T10:52:03Z A monocyte that has characteristics of both patrolling and inflammatory monocytes. CL:0002393 cell tmeehan A monocyte that has characteristics of both patrolling and inflammatory monocytes. GOC:tfm PMID:20628149 PMID:20870168 CD141-positive myeloid dendritic cell 2010-10-04T02:38:58Z A myeloid dendritic cell found in the blood, lymph nodes, tonsil, bone marrow, and spleen that is CD141-positive (BDCA-3), XCR1-positive, and Clec9A-positive. This cell-type can cross-present antigen to CD8-positive T cells and can produce inteferon-beta. CL:0002394 Markers are found in human cells. Normally they represent 3-5% of peripheral blood mDCs (human). These cells express high levels of CD283 (TLR3), are capable of producing IL-12p70 and IFN-beta upon stimulation, and inducing a TH1 response [PMCID:PMC2882828]. They are also Necl2-positive. May be human equivalent of murine CD8alpha-positive DCs. cell tmeehan A myeloid dendritic cell found in the blood, lymph nodes, tonsil, bone marrow, and spleen that is CD141-positive (BDCA-3), XCR1-positive, and Clec9A-positive. This cell-type can cross-present antigen to CD8-positive T cells and can produce inteferon-beta. GOC:dsd GOC:tfm PMCID:PMC2882828 PMCID:PMC2882837 PMID:17332250 PMID:20628149 Gr1-high classical monocyte 2010-10-04T11:26:18Z A resident monocyte that is Gr-1 high, CD43-negative, CX3CR1-negative, CD115-positive, and B220-negative. CL:0002395 Markers are associated with mice. The Gr epitope is used to describe this cell type is found on both Ly6c and Ly6g. However, its the Ly6c that is considered the specific marker, and thus used in the cross-product. cell tmeehan A resident monocyte that is Gr-1 high, CD43-negative, CX3CR1-negative, CD115-positive, and B220-negative. GOC:tfm PMID:20628149 PMID:8890901 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte 2010-10-04T12:25:42Z A patrolling monocyte that is CD14-low and CD16-positive. CL:0002396 Markers are associated with human monocytes. cell tmeehan A patrolling monocyte that is CD14-low and CD16-positive. GOC:tfm PMID:20870168 CD14-positive, CD16-positive monocyte 2010-10-04T12:49:47Z An intermediate monocyte that is CD14-positive, CD16-positive. CL:0002397 Markers are associated with human cells. cell tmeehan An intermediate monocyte that is CD14-positive, CD16-positive. GOC:tfm PMID:20628149 Gr1-positive, CD43-positive monocyte 2010-10-04T12:49:49Z An intermediate monocyte that is Gr1-positive, CD43-positive. CL:0002398 cell tmeehan An intermediate monocyte that is Gr1-positive, CD43-positive. GOC:tfm PMID:20628149 CD1c-positive myeloid dendritic cell 2010-10-04T02:39:01Z A myeloid dendritic cell found in the blood that is CD1c-positive. CL:0002399 Normally represent 10-20% of peripheral blood mDCs (human). They are also CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD283-positive (TLR3), CD284-positive (TLR4), CD285-positive (TLR5), CD286-positive (TLR6), CD288-positive (TLR8), and CD290-positive (TLR10) [PMID:20204387]. Upon TLR stimulation, these cells were potent producers of CXCL8 (IL-8), while producing little TNF-alpha. cell tmeehan A myeloid dendritic cell found in the blood that is CD1c-positive. GOC:dsd GOC:tfm PMID:20204387 PMID:20628149 Fraction B/C precursor B cell 2010-10-05T10:11:38Z A precursor B cell that is AA4-positive, IgM-negative, CD19-positive, CD43-positive and HSA-positive. CL:0002400 cell tmeehan A precursor B cell that is AA4-positive, IgM-negative, CD19-positive, CD43-positive and HSA-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html mature dendritic epithelial T cell precursor 2010-10-07T02:05:46Z A thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain that has as part a Vgamma3 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-negative. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus with highest numbers occurring at E17-E18. CL:0002401 NOTE: currently variable immune gene segments are not represented in the OBO Foundry. Cross-product definitions were not made as a result. Also, there are three different nomenclatures for the variable gamma segments. cell mature DEC precursor mature DETC precursor tmeehan A thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain that has as part a Vgamma3 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-negative. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus with highest numbers occurring at E17-E18. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html Peyer's patch B cell 2010-10-05T11:18:03Z A resting mature B cell within the Peyer's patch that is CD19-positive, B220-positive, IgM-positive, AA4-negative, CD23-positive, CD43-negative, and CD5-negative. CL:0002402 Peyers patch B cell cell tmeehan A resting mature B cell within the Peyer's patch that is CD19-positive, B220-positive, IgM-positive, AA4-negative, CD23-positive, CD43-negative, and CD5-negative. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html mature Vgamma2-positive fetal thymocyte 2010-10-07T02:24:36Z A thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-negative. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus. CL:0002403 NOTE: currently variable immune gene segments are not represented in the OBO Foundry. Cross-product definitions were not made as a result. Also, there are three different nomenclatures for the variable gamma segments. cell fetal Vgamma2-positive tmeehan A thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-negative. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html fetal thymocyte 2010-10-07T02:28:25Z A thymocyte found in the fetal thymus. CL:0002404 cell tmeehan A thymocyte found in the fetal thymus. GOC:tfm gamma-delta thymocyte 2010-10-07T02:33:39Z A post-natal thymocyte expressing components of the gamma-delta T cell receptor. This cell type is always double-negative (i.e. CD4-negative, CD8-negative). CL:0002405 cell gammadelta thymocyte gd thymocyte tmeehan A post-natal thymocyte expressing components of the gamma-delta T cell receptor. This cell type is always double-negative (i.e. CD4-negative, CD8-negative). GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org immature Vgamma2-positive thymocyte 2010-10-07T02:53:44Z A double negative post-natal thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing a Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-positive. CL:0002406 NOTE: currently variable immune gene segments are not represented in the OBO Foundry. Cross-product definitions were not made as a result. Also, there are three different nomenclatures for the variable gamma segments. Vgamma2-positive thymocyte cell tmeehan A double negative post-natal thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing a Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org mature Vgamma2-positive thymocyte 2010-10-07T02:53:48Z A thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-negative. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus. CL:0002407 NOTE: currently variable immune gene segments are not represented in the OBO Foundry. Cross-product definitions were not made as a result. Also, there are three different nomenclatures for the variable gamma segments. Vgamma2-positive cell tmeehan A thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-negative. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html immature Vgamma2-negative thymocyte 2010-10-07T02:59:05Z A double negative post-natal thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing a Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-positive. CL:0002408 NOTE: currently variable immune gene segments are not represented in the OBO Foundry. Cross-product definitions were not made as a result. Also, there are three different nomenclatures for the variable gamma segments. Vgamma2-negative thymocyte cell tmeehan A double negative post-natal thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing a Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org mature Vgamma2-negative thymocyte 2010-10-07T02:59:08Z A thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-negative. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus. CL:0002409 NOTE: currently variable immune gene segments are not represented in the OBO Foundry. Cross-product definitions were not made as a result. Also, there are three different nomenclatures for the variable gamma segments. Vgamma2-negative cell tmeehan A thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4- negative, CD8-negative and CD24-negative. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html pancreatic stellate cell 2010-11-10T09:40:33Z A cell that is found in the periacinar space of the exocrine pancreas and in perivascular and periductal regions of the pancreas, and has long cytoplasmic processes that encircle the base of the acinus. Expresses several intermediate filament proteins including vimentin and nestin. Shares many of the characteristics of hepatatic stellate cells, but not stellate cells of the central nervous system. Upon activation, this cell type undergoes morphological and gene expression changes that make the cell suggestive of being a type of myofibroblast. CL:0002410 PaSC cell tmeehan A cell that is found in the periacinar space of the exocrine pancreas and in perivascular and periductal regions of the pancreas, and has long cytoplasmic processes that encircle the base of the acinus. Expresses several intermediate filament proteins including vimentin and nestin. Shares many of the characteristics of hepatatic stellate cells, but not stellate cells of the central nervous system. Upon activation, this cell type undergoes morphological and gene expression changes that make the cell suggestive of being a type of myofibroblast. GOC:mah GOC:tfm PMID:17200706 Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte 2010-10-07T03:07:44Z A gamma-delta receptor that expresses Vgamma1.1 but does not express Vdelta6.3 chains in the T-cell receptor. CL:0002411 Vg1.1-positive, Vd6.3-negative T cell cell tmeehan A gamma-delta receptor that expresses Vgamma1.1 but does not express Vdelta6.3 chains in the T-cell receptor. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte 2010-10-07T03:03:00Z A gamma-delta receptor that expresses Vgamma1.1-Vdelta6.3 chains in the T-cell receptor. CL:0002412 Vg1.1+Vd6.3+ T cell cell tmeehan A gamma-delta receptor that expresses Vgamma1.1-Vdelta6.3 chains in the T-cell receptor. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html mature Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte 2010-10-07T03:10:32Z A Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte that is CD24-negative. CL:0002413 cell mature Vg1.1-positive, Vd6.3-negative T cell tmeehan A Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte that is CD24-negative. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org immature Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte 2010-10-07T03:10:35Z A Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte that is CD24-positive. CL:0002414 cell immature Vg1.1-positive, Vd6.3-negative T cell tmeehan A Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte that is CD24-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html immature Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte 2010-10-07T03:10:39Z A Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte that is CD24-positive. CL:0002415 cell immature Vg1.1+Vd6.3+ T cell tmeehan A Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte that is CD24-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html mature Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte 2010-10-07T03:10:41Z A Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte that is CD24-negative. CL:0002416 cell mature Vg1.1+Vd6.3+ T cell tmeehan A Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte that is CD24-negative. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html primitive erythroid lineage cell 2010-10-12T11:22:41Z An immature or mature cell of the first erythroid lineage to arise during embryonic development. CL:0002417 cell tmeehan An immature or mature cell of the first erythroid lineage to arise during embryonic development. GOC:tfm hemangioblast 2010-10-12T12:21:16Z A pluripotent cell in the yolk sac that can give rise to mesenchymal cells including erythrocytes and endothelial cells. CL:0002418 See cell tmeehan A pluripotent cell in the yolk sac that can give rise to mesenchymal cells including erythrocytes and endothelial cells. GOC:tfm ISBN:0813817986 PMID:11495698 mature T cell 2010-10-12T01:56:15Z A T cell that expresses a T cell receptor complex and has completed T cell selection. CD3e-positive T cell CD3epsilon T cell CL:0002419 cell mature T-cell tmeehan A T cell that expresses a T cell receptor complex and has completed T cell selection. GOC:tfm immature T cell 2010-10-12T01:56:17Z A T cell that has not completed T cell selection. BTO:0001372 CL:0002420 cell immature T-cell tmeehan A T cell that has not completed T cell selection. GOC:tfm nucleated reticulocyte 2010-10-15T09:24:05Z A reticulocyte that retains the nucleus and other organelles. Found in birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles. CL:0002421 cell tmeehan A reticulocyte that retains the nucleus and other organelles. Found in birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles. GOC:tfm PMID:18182572 PMID:9011180 PMID:9046052 enucleated reticulocyte 2010-10-15T09:24:08Z A reticulocyte lacking a nucleus and showing a basophilic reticulum under vital staining due to the presence of ribosomes. CL:0002422 FMA:66785 cell tmeehan A reticulocyte lacking a nucleus and showing a basophilic reticulum under vital staining due to the presence of ribosomes. GOC:tfm ISBN:0-12203-052-4 ISBN:0721601464 DN2a thymocyte 2010-10-21T10:12:05Z A DN2 thymocyte that is Kit-hi. CL:0002423 Observed in mice. cell tmeehan A DN2 thymocyte that is Kit-hi. GOC:tfm PMID:20595614 DN2b thymocyte 2010-10-21T10:12:08Z A DN2 thymocyte that is Kit-low. CL:0002424 Observed in mice. cell tmeehan A DN2 thymocyte that is Kit-low. GOC:tfm PMID:20595614 early T lineage precursor 2010-10-21T01:16:24Z A pro-T cell that is lin-negative, CD25-negative, CD127-negative, CD44-positive and kit-positive. CL:0002425 ETP ETPs are reportedly CD1a-negative, CD4-negative, CD7-positive, CD8a-negative, CD8b-negative, CD33-low, CD34-high, CD38-low, CD45RA-positive, and CD45RO-negative. cell preT.ETP.Th tmeehan A pro-T cell that is lin-negative, CD25-negative, CD127-negative, CD44-positive and kit-positive. GOC:dsd GOC:tfm PMID:16551251 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD11b-positive, CD27-positive natural killer cell 2010-10-25T03:07:59Z A mature natural killer cell that is CD11b-positive and CD27-positive. A natural killer cell that is NK1.1-positive, CD11b-positive, and CD27-positive. CL:0002426 cell tmeehan A mature natural killer cell that is CD11b-positive and CD27-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html resting double-positive thymocyte 2010-10-21T01:59:06Z A double-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte that is small and not proliferating. CL:0002427 T.DP.sm.Th cell tmeehan A double-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte that is small and not proliferating. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html double-positive blast 2010-10-21T01:59:11Z A double-positive thymocyte that is large (i.e. has a high forward scatter signal in flow cytometry) and is actively proliferating. CL:0002428 T.DPb.Th activated double-positive thymocyte cell tmeehan A double-positive thymocyte that is large (i.e. has a high forward scatter signal in flow cytometry) and is actively proliferating. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD69-positive double-positive thymocyte 2010-10-21T02:11:52Z A double-positive thymocyte that is CD69-positive and has begun positive selection. CL:0002429 T.DP69+.Th cell tmeehan A double-positive thymocyte that is CD69-positive and has begun positive selection. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD4-intermediate, CD8-positive double-positive thymocyte 2010-10-21T02:29:19Z A double-positive thymocyte that is undergoing positive selection, has high expression of the alpha-beta T cell receptor, is CD69-positive, and is in the process of down regulating the CD4 co-receptor. CL:0002430 T.4int8+.Th cell tmeehan A double-positive thymocyte that is undergoing positive selection, has high expression of the alpha-beta T cell receptor, is CD69-positive, and is in the process of down regulating the CD4 co-receptor. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD4-positive, CD8-intermediate double-positive thymocyte 2010-10-21T02:29:23Z A double-positive thymocyte that is undergoing positive selection, has high expression of the alpha-beta T cell receptor, is CD69-positive, and is in the process of down regulating the CD4 co-receptor. CL:0002431 T.4int8+.th cell tmeehan A double-positive thymocyte that is undergoing positive selection, has high expression of the alpha-beta T cell receptor, is CD69-positive, and is in the process of down regulating the CD4 co-receptor. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD24-positive, CD4 single-positive thymocyte 2010-10-21T02:43:52Z A CD4-positive, CD8-negative thymocyte that is CD24-positive and expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor. CD24-positive, CD4 single-positive semimature thymocyte CL:0002432 Described in the immgene database as being CD24-intermediate. T.4SP24int.Th cell tmeehan A CD4-positive, CD8-negative thymocyte that is CD24-positive and expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD69-positive, CD4-positive single-positive thymocyte 2010-10-21T02:46:02Z A CD4-positive, CD8-negative thymocyte that expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor and is CD69-positive. CL:0002433 T.4SP69+.Th cell intermediate CD4-single-positive tmeehan A CD4-positive, CD8-negative thymocyte that expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor and is CD69-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD24-positive, CD8 single-positive thymocyte 2010-10-21T02:59:10Z A CD8-positive, CD4-negative thymocyte that is CD24-positive and expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor. CD24-positive, CD8 single-positive semimature thymocyte CL:0002434 Described in the immgene database as being CD24-intermediate. T.8SP24int.Th cell tmeehan A CD8-positive, CD4-negative thymocyte that is CD24-positive and expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD69-positive, CD8-positive single-positive thymocyte 2010-10-21T02:59:14Z A CD4-positive, CD8-negative thymocyte that expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor and is CD69-positive. CL:0002435 T.8SP69+.Th cell intermediate CD8-single-positive tmeehan A CD4-positive, CD8-negative thymocyte that expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor and is CD69-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html mature CD4 single-positive thymocyte 2010-10-21T03:31:19Z A mature CD4-positive, CD8-negative alpha-beta T cell found in the thymus that is CD24-low and has high expression of the T cell receptor. CL:0002436 T.4SP24-.Th cell tmeehan A mature CD4-positive, CD8-negative alpha-beta T cell found in the thymus that is CD24-low and has high expression of the T cell receptor. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html mature CD8 single-positive thymocyte 2010-10-21T03:51:50Z A mature CD8-positive, CD4-negative alpha-beta T cell found in the thymus that is CD24-low and has high expression of the T cell receptor. CL:0002437 T.8SP24-.Th cell tmeehan A mature CD8-positive, CD4-negative alpha-beta T cell found in the thymus that is CD24-low and has high expression of the T cell receptor. GOC:tfm http:www.immgen.org/index_content.html NK1.1-positive natural killer cell 2010-10-25T03:18:04Z A mature NK cell that is NK1.1-positive. CL:0002438 NK.sp NK1.1-positive NK cell Note: Nk1.1 expression is restricted to C57BL strains of laboratory mice. cell tmeehan A mature NK cell that is NK1.1-positive. GOC:tfm NKGA2-positive natural killer cell 2010-10-25T03:31:09Z A NK1.1-positive T cell that is NKGA2-positive. CL:0002439 NK.G2A+.SP cell tmeehan A NK1.1-positive T cell that is NKGA2-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html Ly49D-positive natural killer cell 2010-10-25T03:36:19Z A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49D-positive. CL:0002440 NK.49D+.Sp cell tmeehan A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49D-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD94-positive natural killer cell 2010-10-25T03:36:28Z A NK1.1-positive T cell that is CD94-positive. CL:0002441 NK.94+.Sp cell tmeehan A NK1.1-positive T cell that is CD94-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD94-negative, Ly49CI-negative natural killer cell 2010-10-25T03:56:21Z A NK1.1-positive T cell that is CD94-negative and Ly49Cl-negative. CD94- Ly49I-negative NK cell CL:0002442 NK.49Cl-94-.Sp cell tmeehan A NK1.1-positive T cell that is CD94-negative and Ly49Cl-negative. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html Ly49CI-positive natural killer cell 2010-10-25T03:36:38Z A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49Cl-positive. CL:0002443 Ly49I-positive NK cell NK.49Cl+.Sp cell tmeehan A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49Cl-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html Ly49H-positive natural killer cell 2010-10-25T03:36:43Z A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49H-positive. CL:0002444 LyH49H-positive cell tmeehan A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49H-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html Ly49D-negative natural killer cell 2010-10-25T03:39:02Z A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49D-negative. CL:0002445 NK.49D-.Sp cell tmeehan A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49D-negative. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html Ly49CI-negative natural killer cell 2010-10-25T03:52:04Z A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49Cl-negative. CL:0002446 Ly49I-negative NK cell NK.49Cl-.Sp cell tmeehan A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49Cl-negative. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD94-negative natural killer cell 2010-10-25T03:54:18Z A NK1.1-positive T cell that is CD94-negative. CL:0002447 NK.94-.Sp cell tmeehan A NK1.1-positive T cell that is CD94-negative. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html Ly49H-negative natural killer cell 2010-10-25T03:42:42Z A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49H-negative. CL:0002448 LyH49H-negative cell tmeehan A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49H-negative. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD94-positive Ly49CI-positive natural killer cell 2010-10-25T03:56:27Z A NK1.1-positive T cell that is CD94-positive and Ly49Cl-positive. CL:0002449 NK.49Cl+94+.Sp cell tmeehan A NK1.1-positive T cell that is CD94-positive and Ly49Cl-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html tether cell 2010-11-10T01:41:00Z A specialized hair cell that has an elongated kinocilium upon which an otolith accretes. The tether cell then anchors the otolith in place. CL:0002450 cell tmeehan A specialized hair cell that has an elongated kinocilium upon which an otolith accretes. The tether cell then anchors the otolith in place. GOC:cvs GOC:tfm PMID:9398434 mammary stem cell 2010-11-10T01:46:51Z A multi-fate stem cell that is the source of cells for growth of the mammary gland during puberty and gestation. This cell type gives rise to both the luminal and myoepithelial cell types of the gland, and have been shown to have the ability to regenerate the entire organ in mice. This cell type also plays an important role in carcinogenesis of the breast. This cell type is Lin-,CD24-positive, CD29-hi. CL:0002451 cell tmeehan A multi-fate stem cell that is the source of cells for growth of the mammary gland during puberty and gestation. This cell type gives rise to both the luminal and myoepithelial cell types of the gland, and have been shown to have the ability to regenerate the entire organ in mice. This cell type also plays an important role in carcinogenesis of the breast. This cell type is Lin-,CD24-positive, CD29-hi. GOC:hjd GOC:tfm PMID:15987436 PMID:16397499 PMID:17851544 oligodendrocyte precursor cell 2010-11-10T02:51:34Z CL:0002453 The cell type from which oligodendrocytes develop. This cell originates from multiple structures within the developing brain including the medial ganglion eminence and the lateral ganglionic eminence. These cells migrate throughout the central nervous system and persist into adulthood where they play an important role in remyelination of injured neurons. cell tmeehan GOC:tfm PMID:20142420 The cell type from which oligodendrocytes develop. This cell originates from multiple structures within the developing brain including the medial ganglion eminence and the lateral ganglionic eminence. These cells migrate throughout the central nervous system and persist into adulthood where they play an important role in remyelination of injured neurons. Cd4-negative, CD8_alpha-negative, CD11b-positive dendritic cell 2010-11-22T01:10:28Z CL:0002454 Cd4-negative, CD8_alpha-negative, CD11b-positive dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-positive, CD4-negative, CD8_alpha-negative and is CD205-positive. DC.8-4-11b+ cell spleen double-negative dendritic cell tmeehan Cd4-negative, CD8_alpha-negative, CD11b-positive dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-positive, CD4-negative, CD8_alpha-negative and is CD205-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD8_alpha-negative plasmactyoid dendritic cell 2010-11-22T01:27:37Z A CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell that is CD8alpha-negative and CD4-positive. CL:0002455 DC.pDC.8- cell tmeehan A CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell that is CD8alpha-negative and CD4-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD8_alpha-positive plasmactyoid dendritic cell 2010-11-22T01:23:07Z A CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell that is CD8alpha-positive and CD4-positive. CL:0002456 DC.pDC.8+ cell tmeehan A CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell that is CD8alpha-positive and CD4-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html epidermal Langerhans cell 2010-11-22T03:57:57Z A Langerhans cell that is in the epidermis and is CD45-positive, MHCII-positive, and CD11b-positive. CL:0002457 cell tmeehan A Langerhans cell that is in the epidermis and is CD45-positive, MHCII-positive, and CD11b-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html langerin-positive dermal dendritic cell 2010-11-22T04:06:22Z A dermal dendritic cell that is langerin-positive, CD103-positive, and CD11b-negative. CL:0002458 cell tmeehan A dermal dendritic cell that is langerin-positive, CD103-positive, and CD11b-negative. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html langerin-negative dermal dendritic cell 2010-11-22T04:09:44Z A dermal dendritic cell that is langerin-negative, CD103-negative, and CD11b-positive. CL:0002459 cell tmeehan A dermal dendritic cell that is langerin-negative, CD103-negative, and CD11b-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD8alpha-negative thymic conventional dendritic cell 2010-11-23T10:58:53Z A conventional thymic dendritic cell that is CD8alpha-negative. CL:0002460 DC.8-.Th cell tmeehan A conventional thymic dendritic cell that is CD8alpha-negative. GOC:tfm PMID:19273629 http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD103-positive dendritic cell 2010-11-23T01:32:43Z A conventional dendritic cell that is CD103-positive. This cell type is usually found in non-lymphoid tissue. CL:0002461 cell tmeehan A conventional dendritic cell that is CD103-positive. This cell type is usually found in non-lymphoid tissue. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html adipose dendritic cell 2010-11-23T01:38:21Z A F4/80-negative dendritic cell located in adipose tissue. CL:0002462 cell tmeehan A F4/80-negative dendritic cell located in adipose tissue. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html SIRPa-positive adipose dendritic cell 2010-11-23T01:40:44Z An adipose dendritic cell that is SIRPa-positive. CL:0002463 DC.SIRPa+.Ad cell tmeehan An adipose dendritic cell that is SIRPa-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html SIRPa-negative adipose dendritic cell 2010-11-23T01:40:46Z An adipose dendritic cell that is SIRPa-negative. CL:0002464 DC.SIRPa-.Ad cell tmeehan An adipose dendritic cell that is SIRPa-negative. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD11b-positive dendritic cell 2010-11-23T01:50:05Z A conventional dendritic cell that expresses CD11b (ITGAM). CL:0002465 cell tmeehan A conventional dendritic cell that expresses CD11b (ITGAM). GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html small intestine serosal dendritic cell 2010-11-23T02:00:21Z A CD11b-positive dendritic cell located in the serosal portion of the small intestine epithelium. This cell type is CD45-positive, MHC-II-positive, CD11c-low, CD103-negative. CL:0002466 DC.11cloSer.SI cell tmeehan A CD11b-positive dendritic cell located in the serosal portion of the small intestine epithelium. This cell type is CD45-positive, MHC-II-positive, CD11c-low, CD103-negative. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html Gr1-high myeloid suppressor cell 2010-11-23T02:15:12Z A myeloid suppressor cell that is Gr1-high and CD11c-negative. CL:0002467 MDS.Gr1hi cell tmeehan A myeloid suppressor cell that is Gr1-high and CD11c-negative. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html Gr1-low myeloid suppressor cell 2010-11-23T02:19:43Z A myeloid suppressor cell that is Gr1-low and CD11c-positive. CL:0002468 MDS.Gr1lo cell tmeehan A myeloid suppressor cell that is Gr1-low and CD11c-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html MHC-II-negative classical monocyte 2010-11-23T03:27:12Z CL:0002469 Gr1-high monocyte that lacks MHC-II receptor complex. Mo.6C+II- cell tmeehan GOC:tfm Gr1-high monocyte that lacks MHC-II receptor complex. http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html MHC-II-positive classical monocyte 2010-11-23T03:30:21Z CL:0002470 Gr1-high monocyte that has a MHC-II receptor complex. Mo.6c+II cell tmeehan GOC:tfm Gr1-high monocyte that has a MHC-II receptor complex. http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html MHC-II-negative non-classical monocyte 2010-11-23T03:38:15Z CL:0002471 Gr1-low non-classical monocyte that lacks expression of a MHC-II complex. Mo.6C-II- cell tmeehan GOC:tfm Gr1-low non-classical monocyte that lacks expression of a MHC-II complex. http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html MHC-II-low non-classical monocyte 2010-11-23T03:47:53Z CL:0002472 Gr1-low non-classical monocyte that has low to intermediate expression of the MHC-II complex. Mo.6C-IIint cell tmeehan GOC:tfm Gr1-low non-classical monocyte that has low to intermediate expression of the MHC-II complex. http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html MHC-II-high non-classical monocyte 2010-11-23T03:47:55Z CL:0002473 Gr1-low non-classical monocyte that has high surface expression of a MHC-II complex. Mo.6C-II+ cell tmeehan GOC:tfm Gr1-low non-classical monocyte that has high surface expression of a MHC-II complex. http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html lymphoid MHC-II-negative classical monocyte 2010-11-23T04:00:52Z A MHC-II-negative classical monocyte located in lymphoid tissue that is F4/80-positive, CD11c-negative, and CD11b-high. CL:0002474 cell tmeehan A MHC-II-negative classical monocyte located in lymphoid tissue that is F4/80-positive, CD11c-negative, and CD11b-high. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html lymphoid MHC-II-negative non-classical monocyte 2010-11-23T04:09:09Z A MHC-II-negative classical monocyte located in lymphoid tissue that is F4/80-positive, CD11c-intermediate, and CD11b-high. CL:0002475 cell tmeehan A MHC-II-negative classical monocyte located in lymphoid tissue that is F4/80-positive, CD11c-intermediate, and CD11b-high. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html bone marrow macrophage 2010-11-23T04:19:25Z A tissue-resident macrophage located in the bone marrow. This cell type is B220-negative, CD3e-negative, Ly-6C-negative, CD115-positive, F4/80-positive. BTO:0004732 CL:0002476 MF.BM cell tmeehan A tissue-resident macrophage located in the bone marrow. This cell type is B220-negative, CD3e-negative, Ly-6C-negative, CD115-positive, F4/80-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html adipose macrophage 2010-11-23T04:31:28Z A macrophage located in adipose tissue that is CD45-positive, CD11c-positive, and SIRPa-positive. CL:0002477 cell tmeehan A macrophage located in adipose tissue that is CD45-positive, CD11c-positive, and SIRPa-positive. GOC:tfm F4/80-negative adipose macrophage 2010-11-23T04:40:50Z An adipose macrophage that does not express F4/80but is MHC-II-positive. This cell typeis autofluorescence under typical flow cyometry conditions. CL:0002478 MF.Autofl.Ad cell tmeehan An adipose macrophage that does not express F4/80but is MHC-II-positive. This cell typeis autofluorescence under typical flow cyometry conditions. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html F4/80-positive adipose macrophage 2010-11-23T04:35:53Z An adipose macrophage that does not express MHC-II but is F4/80-positive. CL:0002479 MF.F480+.Ad cell tmeehan An adipose macrophage that does not express MHC-II but is F4/80-positive. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html nasal mucosa goblet cell 2010-12-03T03:03:02Z A goblet cell located in the nasal epithelium. CL:0002480 MP:0002262 cell tmeehan A goblet cell located in the nasal epithelium. GOC:cjm GOC:tfm peritubular myoid cell 2010-12-03T03:11:48Z CL:0002481 The flattened smooth myoepithelial cells of mesodermal origin that lie just outside the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule. cell tmeehan GOC:cjm GOC:tfm MP:0006420 The flattened smooth myoepithelial cells of mesodermal origin that lie just outside the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule. dermal melanocyte 2010-12-03T03:17:05Z A melanocyte that produces pigment in the dermis. CL:0002482 cell tmeehan A melanocyte that produces pigment in the dermis. GOC:cjm GOC:tfm MP:0009386 hair follicle melanocyte 2010-12-03T03:17:09Z A melanocyte that produces pigment within the hair follicle. CL:0002483 cell tmeehan A melanocyte that produces pigment within the hair follicle. GOC:tfm MP:0004381 epithelial melanocyte 2010-12-03T03:17:14Z A melanocyte that produces pigment in the epithelium. CL:0002484 cell tmeehan A melanocyte that produces pigment in the epithelium. GOC:tfm MP:0009388 retinal melanocyte 2010-12-03T03:25:32Z A melanocyte of the retina. This cell type is distinct from pigmented retinal epithelium. CL:0002485 cell tmeehan A melanocyte of the retina. This cell type is distinct from pigmented retinal epithelium. GOC:tfm MP:0010190 strial intermediate cell 2010-12-03T03:29:15Z A melanocyte located between the epithelial marginal cell layer and the mesodermal basal cell layer within the intrastrial space; the predominant cellular component of the electrogenic machinery that generates an endocochlear potential (80-100 mV) . CL:0002486 cell tmeehan A melanocyte located between the epithelial marginal cell layer and the mesodermal basal cell layer within the intrastrial space; the predominant cellular component of the electrogenic machinery that generates an endocochlear potential (80-100 mV) . GOC:tfm MP:0000048 cutaneous/subcutaneous mechanoreceptor cell 2010-12-06T02:53:30Z A neuronal receptor that respond to mechanical pressure or distortion in the skin. CL:0002487 cell tmeehan A neuronal receptor that respond to mechanical pressure or distortion in the skin. GOC:tfm MP:0000973 trophoblast giant cell 2010-12-06T02:55:24Z A trophoblast cell that has a large volume of cytoplasm, is polyploidy and is usually mononuclear but is also occasionally multi-nucleate. This cell type is important in establishing maternal physiology and remodeling of the vasculature of the placenta. CL:0002488 cell giant trophoblast cell tmeehan A trophoblast cell that has a large volume of cytoplasm, is polyploidy and is usually mononuclear but is also occasionally multi-nucleate. This cell type is important in establishing maternal physiology and remodeling of the vasculature of the placenta. GOC:tfm MP:0001714 MP:19876834 double negative thymocyte 2010-12-06T03:03:38Z A thymocyte that lacks expression of CD4 and CD8. CL:0002489 cell double negative T cell tmeehan A thymocyte that lacks expression of CD4 and CD8. GOC:tfm MP:0002407 organ of Corti supporting cell 2010-12-06T03:09:01Z A supporting cell of the organ of Corti. CL:0002490 cell tmeehan A supporting cell of the organ of Corti. GOC:tfm MP:0004300 auditory epithelial cell 2010-12-06T03:18:43Z A specialized cell involved in auditory sensory perception. CL:0002491 cell tmeehan A specialized cell involved in auditory sensory perception. GOC:tfm strial marginal cell 2010-12-06T03:20:41Z A polarized columnar cell that covesr the lateral surface of the cochlear duct, secretes potassium ions and forms a continuous sheet in contact with the endolymph; marginal cells form extensive interdigitations with the basal and intermediate cells in the normal adult stria. CL:0002492 cell tmeehan A polarized columnar cell that covesr the lateral surface of the cochlear duct, secretes potassium ions and forms a continuous sheet in contact with the endolymph; marginal cells form extensive interdigitations with the basal and intermediate cells in the normal adult stria. GOC:tfm MP:0004366 strial basal cell 2010-12-06T03:26:53Z A polarized cell that is juxtaposed to fibrocytes in the underlying spiral ligament. This cell type secretes potassium ions derived from fibrocytes through gap junctions. CL:0002493 cell tmeehan A polarized cell that is juxtaposed to fibrocytes in the underlying spiral ligament. This cell type secretes potassium ions derived from fibrocytes through gap junctions. GOC:tfm MP:0004365 cardiocyte 2010-12-07T09:37:22Z A cell located in the heart, including both muscle and non muscle cells. BTO:0001539 CL:0002494 FMA:83808 FMA:84791 From Onard of the FMA: Cardiac muscle cell or cardiac myocyte is a striated muscle cell. Cardiocyte on the other hand is any cell in the heart which includes cells other than muscle cells (e.g. endothelial cell of endocardium). Unless there is a consensus among anatomists that cardiocytes refer only to muscle cells, we will treat them as a general class of cells in the heart. cell heart cell tmeehan A cell located in the heart, including both muscle and non muscle cells. GOC:tfm fetal cardiomyocyte 2010-12-07T09:50:41Z A fetal and neonatal heart cell that undergoes proliferation and is not yet terminally differentiated into a binucleate or a multinucleate cardiac myocyte. CL:0002495 cell embryonic cardiomyocyte neonatal cardiomyocyte tmeehan A fetal and neonatal heart cell that undergoes proliferation and is not yet terminally differentiated into a binucleate or a multinucleate cardiac myocyte. GOC:tfm MP:0008788 intraepithelial lymphocyte 2010-12-07T09:54:50Z A T cell that is located in the intestinal epithelium and is capable of a mucosal immune response. CL:0002496 IEL cell intraepithelial T cell intraepithelial T-cell tmeehan A T cell that is located in the intestinal epithelium and is capable of a mucosal immune response. GOC:tfm MP:0008894 primary trophoblast giant cell 2010-12-07T10:07:47Z A trophoblast giant cell derived from the mural trophectoderm. CL:0002497 EMAPA:16066 cell tmeehan A trophoblast giant cell derived from the mural trophectoderm. GOC:tfm PMCID:PMC85124 secondary trophoblast giant cell 2010-12-07T10:07:52Z A trophoblast giant cell that is derived from ectoplacental cone and, later in gestation, the spongiotrophoblast. CL:0002498 cell tmeehan A trophoblast giant cell that is derived from ectoplacental cone and, later in gestation, the spongiotrophoblast. GOC:tfm PMCID:PMC85124 spongiotrophoblast cell 2010-12-07T12:56:56Z A trophoblast cell that arises in the junctional zone (basal plate) of the placenta. CL:0002499 cell tmeehan A trophoblast cell that arises in the junctional zone (basal plate) of the placenta. GOC:tfm MP:0008959 P enteroendocrine cell 2010-12-07T03:42:06Z A P/D1 enteroendocrine cell that is Grimelius positive and stores bombesin-like polypeptide. CL:0002500 cell tmeehan A P/D1 enteroendocrine cell that is Grimelius positive and stores bombesin-like polypeptide. FMA:63418 GOC:tfm type D1 enteroendocrine cell 2010-12-07T03:42:09Z A P/D1 enteroendocrine cell that is argyrophilic and stores vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. CL:0002501 FMA:63207 cell tmeehan A P/D1 enteroendocrine cell that is argyrophilic and stores vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. FMA:63207 GOC:tfm type M enteroendocrine cell 2010-12-07T03:55:49Z An enteroendocrine cell of the small intestine that secretes motilin. CL:0002502 FMA:63420 Mo enteroendocrine cell cell tmeehan An enteroendocrine cell of the small intestine that secretes motilin. GOC:tfm PMID:15153415 adventitial cell 2010-12-07T04:03:56Z A cell of the adventitial layer of ductal structures such as the uterer, defent duct, biliary duct, etc BTO:0002441 CL:0002503 FMA:84639 cell tmeehan A cell of the adventitial layer of ductal structures such as the uterer, defent duct, biliary duct, etc GOC:tfm enteric smooth muscle cell 2011-01-17T03:39:38Z A smooth muscle cell of the intestine. CL:0002504 cell intestinal smooth muscle cell tmeehan A smooth muscle cell of the intestine. GOC:tfm liver CD103-negative dendritic cell 2011-01-21T01:27:41Z A CD11b-positive dendritic cell that is CD11b-high, CD45-positive, MHC-II-positive and CD103-negative. CL:0002505 DC.103-11b+.Lv cell tmeehan A CD11b-positive dendritic cell that is CD11b-high, CD45-positive, MHC-II-positive and CD103-negative. GOC:tfm http:http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html liver CD103-positive dendritic cell 2011-01-21T01:27:45Z A CD11b-positive dendritic cell that is CD11b-low, CD45-positive, MHC-II-high and CD103-positive that is located in the liver. CL:0002506 DC.103+11b-.Lv cell tmeehan A CD11b-positive dendritic cell that is CD11b-low, CD45-positive, MHC-II-high and CD103-positive that is located in the liver. GOC:tfm http:http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html langerin-positive lymph node dendritic cell 2011-01-21T01:57:00Z A dermal dendritic cell isolated from skin draining lymph nodes that is langerin-positive, MHC-II-positive, and CD4-negative and CD8a-negative. CL:0002507 cell tmeehan A dermal dendritic cell isolated from skin draining lymph nodes that is langerin-positive, MHC-II-positive, and CD4-negative and CD8a-negative. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html langerin-negative, CD103-negative lymph node dendritic cell 2011-01-21T02:13:58Z A dermal dendritic cell isolated from skin draining lymph nodes that is langerin-negative, MHC-II-positive, and CD4-negative and CD8a-negative. CL:0002508 cell tmeehan A dermal dendritic cell isolated from skin draining lymph nodes that is langerin-negative, MHC-II-positive, and CD4-negative and CD8a-negative. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD103-positive, langerin-positive lymph node dendritic cell 2011-01-21T02:07:54Z A langerin-positive lymph node dendritic cell that is CD103-positive and CD11b-low. CL:0002509 cell tmeehan A langerin-positive lymph node dendritic cell that is CD103-positive and CD11b-low. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD103-negative, langerin-positive lymph node dendritic cell 2011-01-21T02:11:14Z A langerin-positive lymph node dendritic cell that is CD103-negative and CD11b-high. CL:0002510 cell tmeehan A langerin-positive lymph node dendritic cell that is CD103-negative and CD11b-high. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD11b-low, CD103-negative, langerin-negative lymph node dendritic cell 2011-01-21T02:22:15Z A langerin-negative lymph node dendritic cell that is CD103-negative and CD11b-low. CL:0002511 cell tmeehan A langerin-negative lymph node dendritic cell that is CD103-negative and CD11b-low. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html CD11b-high, CD103-negative, langerin-negative lymph node dendritic cell 2011-01-21T02:16:21Z A langerin-negative lymph node dendritic cell that is CD103-negative and CD11b-high. CL:0002512 cell tmeehan A langerin-negative lymph node dendritic cell that is CD103-negative and CD11b-high. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html Vgamma5-positive CD8alpha alpha positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell 2011-01-24T10:22:18Z A CD8alpha alpha positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that expresses a TCR encoded in part by the Vgamma5 gene segment. CL:0002513 cell tgd.vg5+.IEL tmeehan A CD8alpha alpha positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that expresses a TCR encoded in part by the Vgamma5 gene segment. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html Vgamma5-negative CD8alpha alpha positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell 2011-01-24T10:25:44Z A CD8alpha alpha positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that does not express a TCR partially encoded by the Vgamma5 gene segment. CL:0002514 cell tgd.vg5-.IEL tmeehan A CD8alpha alpha positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that does not express a TCR partially encoded by the Vgamma5 gene segment. GOC:tfm http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html interrenal norepinephrine type cell 2011-02-08T10:11:55Z An interrenal chromaffin cell found in teleosts that contain heterogeneous vesicles with electron-dense granules located asymmetrically within the vesicular membrane. CL:0002515 cell interrenal noradrenaline type cell tmeehan type n interrenal cell An interrenal chromaffin cell found in teleosts that contain heterogeneous vesicles with electron-dense granules located asymmetrically within the vesicular membrane. GOC:MH GOC:tfm PMID:12668625 interrenal chromaffin cell 2011-02-08T10:21:35Z A chromaffin cell interspersed among the interrenal epithelial layer of the anterior kidney of teloest fish. CL:0002516 cell tmeehan A chromaffin cell interspersed among the interrenal epithelial layer of the anterior kidney of teloest fish. GOC:MH GOC:tfm PMID:12668625 interrenal epinephrin secreting cell 2011-02-08T10:27:05Z An interrenal chromaffin cell found in teleosts that contain small, homogeneous electron-lucent granules that are separated from the vesicular membrane by a visible halo. CL:0002517 cell interrenal adrenaline secreting cell tmeehan type a interrenal cell An interrenal chromaffin cell found in teleosts that contain small, homogeneous electron-lucent granules that are separated from the vesicular membrane by a visible halo. GOC:MH GOC:tfm PMID:12668625 kidney epithelial cell 2011-02-08T10:46:34Z An epithelial cell of the kidney. CL:0002518 KUPO:0001019 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the kidney. GOC:tfm KUPO:SJ interrenal epithelial cell 2011-02-08T11:03:32Z CL:0002519 The interrenal epithelial kidney cell is an epithelial cell found in the anterior kidney of teleosts fish. This cell type is arranged in layers around the posterior cardinal vein and contains many mitochondria with tubulovesicular cristae. Interrenal chromaffin cells are interspersed among the tissue layer created by this cell type. cell tmeehan GOC:mh GOC:tfm PMID:12668625 The interrenal epithelial kidney cell is an epithelial cell found in the anterior kidney of teleosts fish. This cell type is arranged in layers around the posterior cardinal vein and contains many mitochondria with tubulovesicular cristae. Interrenal chromaffin cells are interspersed among the tissue layer created by this cell type. nephrocyte 2011-02-08T01:34:56Z An insect excretory cell that regulates haemolymph composition by filtration and filtrate endocytosis. BTO:0004597 CL:0002520 FMA:83807 cell tmeehan An insect excretory cell that regulates haemolymph composition by filtration and filtrate endocytosis. GOC:tfm PMID:19783135 subcutaneous fat cell 2011-02-21T02:51:22Z A fat cell that is part of subcutaneous adipose tissue. CL:0002521 cell subcutaneous adipocyte tmeehan A fat cell that is part of subcutaneous adipose tissue. GOC:tfm renal filtration cell 2011-02-08T01:37:59Z A renal filtration cell is a specialized cell of the renal system that filter fluids by charge, size or both. CL:0002522 cell tmeehan A renal filtration cell is a specialized cell of the renal system that filter fluids by charge, size or both. GOC:tfm mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell 2011-02-08T01:58:30Z A mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros CL:0002523 cell tmeehan A mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros GOC:tfm disseminated nephrocyte 2011-02-08T02:07:33Z A disseminated nephrocyte is a nephrocyte that filters hemolymph and is found at scattered locations in the fat body or other tissues. CL:0002524 cell tmeehan A disseminated nephrocyte is a nephrocyte that filters hemolymph and is found at scattered locations in the fat body or other tissues. GOC:tfm PMID:19783135 metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell 2011-02-08T02:02:13Z A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros. CL:0002525 cell tmeehan A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros. GOC:tfm CD14-positive dermal dendritic cell A dermal dendritic cell that is CD1a-negative and CD14-positive. CD14+ dermal DC CL:0002526 They are also CD11c-positive, CD40-positive, CD85j-positive (ILT-2), CD163-positive, CD205-positive (DEC205), CD207-negative (langerin), CD209-positive (DC-SIGN), CD274-positive (PD-L1), CD324-negative (E-cadherin), Factor XIIIa-positive, LOX-I-positive, CLEC6-positive, Dectin-1-positive, and DCIR-positive. Upon stimulation, these cells are capable of producing IL1-beta, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12p40, IL19, IL20, IL24, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and MCP1. They reside in the dermis. cell A dermal dendritic cell that is CD1a-negative and CD14-positive. GOC:dsd PMID:19236899 PMID:20309010 immature CD14-positive dermal dendritic cell An immature CD14-positive dermal dendritic cell is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low. CL:0002527 cell An immature CD14-positive dermal dendritic cell is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low. GOC:dsd mature CD14-positive dermal dendritic cell A mature CD14-positive dermal dendritic cell is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive. CL:0002528 cell A mature CD14-positive dermal dendritic cell is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive. GOC:dsd CD1a-positive dermal dendritic cell A dermal dendritic cell that is CD1a-positive and CD14-negative. CD1a+ dermal DC CL:0002529 Reside in the dermis. They are also CD11c-positive, CD40-positive, CD207-negative (langerin), CD209-negative (DC-SIGN), and CD324-negative (E-cadherin). When activated, they are capable of producing CXCL8 (IL-8) and IL-15. Possibly a precursor of Langerhan cells or equivalent of langerin-positive dermal DCs in the mouse. cell A dermal dendritic cell that is CD1a-positive and CD14-negative. GOC:dsd PMID:20309010 immature CD1a-positive dermal dendritic cell An immature CD1a-positive dermal dendritic cell is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low. CL:0002530 cell An immature CD1a-positive dermal dendritic cell is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low. GOC:dsd mature CD1a-positive dermal dendritic cell A mature CD1a-positive dermal dendritic cell is CD80-high, CD83-positive, CD86-high, and MHCII-high. CL:0002531 cell A mature CD1a-positive dermal dendritic cell is CD80-high, CD83-positive, CD86-high, and MHCII-high. GOC:dsd CD16-positive myeloid dendritic cell A myeloid dendritic cell found in the blood that is CD16-positive. CD16+ mDC CD16-mDC CL:0002532 Normally represent 65-75% of peripheral blood mDCs (human). They are also CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD284-positive (TLR4), CD285-positive (TLR5), CD286-positive (TLR6), CD288-positive (TLR8), CD289-positive (TLR9), and CD290-positive (TLR10) by RT-PCR [PMID:17332250]. Upon TLR stimulation, these cells are potent producers of TNF-alpha, while producing little CXCL8 (IL8). cell A myeloid dendritic cell found in the blood that is CD16-positive. GOC:dsd PMID:17332250 immature CD16-positive myeloid dendritic cell An immature CD16-positive myeloid dendritic cell is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low. CL:0002533 cell An immature CD16-positive myeloid dendritic cell is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low. GOC:dsd mature CD16-positive myeloid dendritic cell A mature CD16-positive myeloid dendritic cell is CD80-high, CD83-positive, CD86-high, and MHCII-high. CL:0002534 cell A mature CD16-positive myeloid dendritic cell is CD80-high, CD83-positive, CD86-high, and MHCII-high. GOC:dsd epithelial cell of cervix 2011-02-24T08:20:08Z An epithelial cell of the cervix. CL:0002535 cell cervical canal epithelial cell cervical canal of uterus epithelial cell cervix epithelial cell cervix of uterus epithelial cell epithelial cell of cervical canal epithelial cell of cervical canal of uterus epithelial cell of cervix epithelial cell of cervix of uterus epithelial cell of neck of uterus epithelial cell of uterine cervix neck of uterus epithelial cell tmeehan uterine cervix epithelial cell GOC:tfm cervix of uterus epithelial cell GOC:tfm epithelial cell of cervical canal GOC:tfm cervical canal of uterus epithelial cell GOC:tfm cervix epithelial cell GOC:tfm epithelial cell of cervix of uterus GOC:tfm neck of uterus epithelial cell GOC:tfm epithelial cell of neck of uterus GOC:tfm cervical canal epithelial cell GOC:tfm epithelial cell of cervical canal of uterus GOC:tfm epithelial cell of cervix GOC:tfm uterine cervix epithelial cell GOC:tfm epithelial cell of uterine cervix An epithelial cell of the cervix. GOC:tfm amniotic epithelial cell 2011-02-28T12:38:01Z An epithelial cell that is part of the amnion. CL:0002536 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell that is part of the amnion. GOC:tfm amnion mesenchymal stem cell 2011-02-28T12:44:24Z A mesenchymal stem cell of the amnion membrane. CL:0002537 amniotic membrane stem cell cell tmeehan A mesenchymal stem cell of the amnion membrane. GOC:tfm PMID:20446274 PMID:21339039 intrahepatic bile duct epithelial cell 2011-02-28T01:20:20Z An epithelial cell of the intrahepatic portion of the bile duct. CL:0002538 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the intrahepatic portion of the bile duct. GOC:tfm aortic smooth muscle cell 2011-02-28T01:42:12Z A smooth muscle cell of the aorta. BTO:0004577 CL:0002539 cell tmeehan A smooth muscle cell of the aorta. GOC:tfm mesenchymal stem cell of the bone marrow 2011-02-28T01:47:47Z A mesenchymal stem cell that is part of the bone marrow. CL:0002540 cell tmeehan A mesenchymal stem cell that is part of the bone marrow. GOC:tfm chorionic membrane mesenchymal stem cell 2011-02-28T03:04:35Z A mesenchymal stem cell of the chorionic membrane. CL:0002541 cell tmeehan A mesenchymal stem cell of the chorionic membrane. GOC:tfm vein endothelial cell 2011-02-28T03:48:11Z An endothelial cell that is part of the vein. CL:0002543 CL:1000393 FMA:62104 KUPO:0001099 cell endothelial cell of vein tmeehan An endothelial cell that is part of the vein. GOC:tfm aortic endothelial cell 2011-02-28T03:54:42Z An arterial endothelial cell that is part of the aorta endothelium. BTO:0003245 CL:0002544 cell tmeehan An arterial endothelial cell that is part of the aorta endothelium. GOC:tfm thoracic aorta endothelial cell 2011-02-28T03:59:09Z An endothelial cell that is part of the thoracic endothelium. CL:0002545 cell tmeehan An endothelial cell that is part of the thoracic endothelium. GOC:tfm embryonic blood vessel endothelial progenitor cell 2011-02-28T04:20:39Z An endothelial progenitor cell that participates in angiogenesis during development. CL:0002546 cell see CL:0002619 tmeehan An endothelial progenitor cell that participates in angiogenesis during development. GOC:tfm fibroblast of the aortic adventitia 2011-02-28T04:43:41Z A fibroblast of the aortic adventitia. CL:0002547 cell tmeehan A fibroblast of the aortic adventitia. GOC:tfm cardiac fibroblast 2011-02-28T04:57:44Z A fibroblast that is part of the heart. CL:0002548 cell tmeehan A fibroblast that is part of the heart. GOC:tfm fibroblast of choroid plexus 2011-02-28T05:01:39Z A fibroblast that is part of the choroid plexus. CL:0002549 cell tmeehan A fibroblast that is part of the choroid plexus. GOC:tfm fibroblast of the conjuctiva 2011-02-28T05:03:44Z A fibroblast that is part of the conjuctiva of the eye. CL:0002550 cell tmeehan A fibroblast that is part of the conjuctiva of the eye. GOC:tfm fibroblast of dermis 2011-02-28T05:05:33Z CL:0002551 cell tmeehan fibroblast of gingiva 2011-02-28T05:09:12Z CL:0002552 cell tmeehan fibroblast of lung 2011-02-28T05:11:03Z A fibroblast that is part of lung. BTO:0000764 CL:0002553 cell tmeehan A fibroblast that is part of lung. GOC:tfm fibroblast of lymphatic vessel 2011-02-28T05:16:18Z A fibroblast of the lymphatic system. CL:0002554 cell tmeehan A fibroblast of the lymphatic system. GOC:tfm fibroblast of mammary gland 2011-02-28T05:18:38Z A fibroblast that is part of the mammary gland. CL:0002555 cell tmeehan A fibroblast that is part of the mammary gland. GOC:tfm fibroblast of periodontium 2011-02-28T05:19:48Z A fibroblast of the periodontium. CL:0002556 cell tmeehan A fibroblast of the periodontium. GOC:tfm fibroblast of pulmonary artery 2011-02-28T05:22:27Z A fibroblast of pulmonary artery. CL:0002557 cell tmeehan A fibroblast of pulmonary artery. GOC:tfm fibroblast of villous mesenchymal 2011-02-28T05:24:28Z A fibroblast that is part of villous mesenchymal. CL:0002558 cell tmeehan A fibroblast that is part of villous mesenchymal. GOC:tfm hair follicle cell 2011-03-01T04:11:01Z An animal cell that is part of a hair follicle. CL:0002559 cell tmeehan An animal cell that is part of a hair follicle. GOC:tfm inner root sheath cell 2011-03-01T04:27:51Z An epithelial cell that resides in the inner root sheath of the hair follicle. CL:0002560 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell that resides in the inner root sheath of the hair follicle. GOC:tfm outer root sheath cell 2011-03-01T04:29:47Z An epithelial cell that is part of the outer root sheath. CL:0002561 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell that is part of the outer root sheath. GOC:tfm hair germinal matrix cell 2011-03-01T04:31:06Z An epidermal cell that is part of the germinal matrix. CL:0002562 cell tmeehan trichocyte An epidermal cell that is part of the germinal matrix. GOC:tfm intestinal epithelial cell 2011-03-01T05:18:31Z An epithelial cell of the intestine. CL:0002563 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the intestine. GOC:tfm nucleus pulposus cell of intervertebral disc 2011-03-02T02:12:23Z A connective tissue cell of the nucleus pulposus cell of intervertebral disc. CL:0002564 cell tmeehan A connective tissue cell of the nucleus pulposus cell of intervertebral disc. GOC:tfm iris pigment epithelial cell 2011-03-01T05:28:52Z A pigment cell located in the epithelium of the iris. CL:0002565 cell tmeehan A pigment cell located in the epithelium of the iris. GOC:tfm dark melanocyte 2011-03-01T05:57:11Z A melanocyte that appears darker due to content or amount of melanin granules. CL:0002566 cell tmeehan A melanocyte that appears darker due to content or amount of melanin granules. GOC:tfm light melanocyte 2011-03-01T05:58:23Z A melanocyte that appears lighter in color. CL:0002567 cell tmeehan A melanocyte that appears lighter in color. GOC:tfm mesenchymal stem cell of Wharton's jelly 2011-03-01T09:51:18Z A mesenchymal stem cell that is part of Wharton's jelly. CL:0002568 cell tmeehan A mesenchymal stem cell that is part of Wharton's jelly. GOC:tfm mesenchymal stem cell of umbilical cord 2011-03-01T09:55:12Z A mesenchymal stem cell of the umbilical cord. CL:0002569 cell tmeehan A mesenchymal stem cell of the umbilical cord. GOC:tfm mesenchymal stem cell of adipose 2011-03-01T09:57:17Z A mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue. CL:0002570 cell tmeehan A mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue. GOC:tfm hepatic mesenchymal stem cell 2011-03-01T09:58:51Z A mesenchymal stem cell of liver. CL:0002571 cell tmeehan A mesenchymal stem cell of liver. GOC:tfm vertebral mesenchymal stem cell 2011-03-01T10:40:27Z A mesenchymal stem cell of the vertebrae. CL:0002572 cell tmeehan A mesenchymal stem cell of the vertebrae. GOC:tfm Schwann cell 2011-03-02T01:19:27Z A glial cell that ensheathes axons of neuron in the peripheral nervous system and are necessary for their maintainance and function. BTO:0001220 CL:0002573 cell tmeehan A glial cell that ensheathes axons of neuron in the peripheral nervous system and are necessary for their maintainance and function. GOC:tfm stromal cell of pancreas 2011-03-02T02:40:41Z A stromal cell of the pancreas. CL:0002574 cell tmeehan A stromal cell of the pancreas. GOC:tfm central nervous system pericyte 2011-03-02T02:54:18Z A pericyte of the central nervous system. CL:0002575 cell tmeehan A pericyte of the central nervous system. GOC:tfm perineural cell 2011-03-02T03:03:58Z A myofibroblast that lies in the connective tissue of the spinal cord that has a distinctly lamellar arrangement. CL:0002576 cell tmeehan A myofibroblast that lies in the connective tissue of the spinal cord that has a distinctly lamellar arrangement. GO:tfm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perineurium placental epithelial cell 2011-03-02T03:21:30Z An epithelial cell of the placenta. CL:0002577 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the placenta. GOC:tfm mesenteric preadipocyte 2011-03-03T04:19:40Z A preadipocyte found in mesenteric tissue. CL:0002578 cell tmeehan A preadipocyte found in mesenteric tissue. GOC:tfm omentum preadipocyte 2011-03-03T04:19:42Z CL:0002579 cell tmeehan preadipocyte of the breast 2011-03-03T04:19:46Z A preadipocyte that is part of the breast. CL:0002580 cell tmeehan A preadipocyte that is part of the breast. GOC:tfm perirenal preadipocyte 2011-03-03T04:20:04Z CL:0002581 cell tmeehan visceral preadipocyte 2011-03-03T04:32:56Z A preadipocyte that is part of visceral tissue. CL:0002582 cell tmeehan A preadipocyte that is part of visceral tissue. GOC:tfm subcutaneous preadipocyte 2011-03-03T04:33:01Z A preadipocyte that is part of subcutaneous tissue. CL:0002583 cell tmeehan A preadipocyte that is part of subcutaneous tissue. GOC:tfm renal cortical epithelial cell An epithelial cell of the kidney cortex. CL:0002584 KUPO:0001016 cell kidney cortex cell An epithelial cell of the kidney cortex. GOC:tfm retinal blood vessel endothelial cell 2011-03-06T03:28:27Z A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of the retina. CL:0002585 cell tmeehan A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of the retina. GOC:tfm retinal pigment epithelial cell 2011-03-06T03:37:09Z An epithelial cell of the retinal pigmented epithelium. BTO:0004910 CL:0002586 FMA:75802 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the retinal pigmented epithelium. GOC:tfm smooth muscle cell of the umbilical vein 2011-03-06T05:00:51Z A smooth muscle cell of the umbilical vein. CL:0002588 cell tmeehan A smooth muscle cell of the umbilical vein. GOC:tfm smooth muscle cell of the brachiocephalic vasculature 2011-03-06T05:00:58Z A smooth muscle cell of the bachiocephalic vasculature. CL:0002589 cell tmeehan A smooth muscle cell of the bachiocephalic vasculature. GOC:tfm smooth muscle cell of the brain vasculature 2011-03-06T05:01:20Z A vascular associated smooth muscle cell of the brain vasculature. CL:0002590 cell tmeehan A vascular associated smooth muscle cell of the brain vasculature. GOC:tfm smooth muscle cell of the pulmonary artery 2011-03-06T05:01:28Z A smooth muscle of the pulmonary artery. BTO:0003336 CL:0002591 cell tmeehan A smooth muscle of the pulmonary artery. GOC:tfm smooth muscle cell of the coronary artery 2011-03-06T05:01:34Z A smooth muscle cell of the coronary artery. CL:0002592 cell tmeehan A smooth muscle cell of the coronary artery. GOC:tfm smooth muscle cell of the internal thoracic artery 2011-03-06T05:01:41Z A smooth muscle of the internal thoracic artery. CL:0002593 cell tmeehan A smooth muscle of the internal thoracic artery. GOC:tfm smooth muscle cell of the umbilical artery 2011-03-06T05:01:48Z A smooth muscle cell of the umbilical artery. CL:0002594 cell tmeehan A smooth muscle cell of the umbilical artery. GOC:tfm smooth muscle cell of the subclavian artery 2011-03-06T05:01:52Z A smooth muscle cell of the subclavian artery. CL:0002595 cell tmeehan A smooth muscle cell of the subclavian artery. GOC:tfm smooth muscle cell of the carotid artery 2011-03-06T05:01:56Z CL:0002596 Smooth muscle cell of the carotid artery. cell tmeehan GOC:tfm Smooth muscle cell of the carotid artery. smooth muscle cell of bladder 2011-03-06T05:43:24Z A smooth muscle cell of the bladder. CL:0002597 KUPO:0001122 cell tmeehan A smooth muscle cell of the bladder. GC:tfm bronchial smooth muscle cell 2011-03-06T05:46:39Z BTO:0004402 CL:0002598 cell tmeehan smooth muscle cell of the esophagus 2011-03-06T05:48:17Z A smooth muscle cell of the esophagus. CL:0002599 cell tmeehan A smooth muscle cell of the esophagus. GOC:tfm smooth muscle cell of trachea 2011-03-06T05:50:28Z A smooth muscle cell of the trachea. CL:0002600 cell tmeehan A smooth muscle cell of the trachea. GOC:tfm uterine smooth muscle cell 2011-03-06T05:53:28Z A smooth muscle cell of the uterus. CL:0002601 cell tmeehan A smooth muscle cell of the uterus. GOC:tfm annulus pulposus cell 2011-03-06T06:50:53Z CL:0002602 anulus pulposus cell cell tmeehan astrocyte of the cerebellum 2011-03-06T06:57:27Z An astrocyte of the cerebellum. CL:0002603 cell tmeehan An astrocyte of the cerebellum. GOC:tfm astrocyte of the hippocampus 2011-03-06T06:57:33Z CL:0002604 cell tmeehan astrocyte of the cerebral cortex 2011-03-06T06:57:36Z An astrocyte of the cerebral cortex. CL:0002605 cell tmeehan An astrocyte of the cerebral cortex. GOC:tfm astrocyte of the spinal cord 2011-03-06T07:11:26Z An astrocyte of the spinal cord. CL:0002606 cell tmeehan An astrocyte of the spinal cord. GOC:tfm enteric neural crest cell 2011-03-06T07:24:35Z A neural crest cell that is part of the enteric nervous system. CL:0002607 cell tmeehan A neural crest cell that is part of the enteric nervous system. GOC:tfm hippocampal neuron 2011-03-06T07:31:49Z A neuron of the hippocampus. CL:0002608 cell tmeehan A neuron of the hippocampus. GOC:tfm neuron of cerebral cortex 2011-03-06T07:37:08Z A CNS neuron of the cerebral cortex. BTO:0004102 CL:0002609 FMA:84104 cell cortical neuron tmeehan A CNS neuron of the cerebral cortex. GOC:tfm raphe nuclei neuron 2011-03-06T07:42:06Z A neuron of the raphe nuclei. CL:0002610 cell tmeehan A neuron of the raphe nuclei. GOC:tfm neuron of the dorsal spinal cord 2011-03-06T07:43:34Z A CNS neuron of the dorsal spinal cord. CL:0002611 cell tmeehan A CNS neuron of the dorsal spinal cord. GOC:tfm neuron of the ventral spinal cord 2011-03-06T07:46:03Z A neuron of the ventral spinal cord. CL:0002612 cell tmeehan A neuron of the ventral spinal cord. GOC:tfm striatum neuron 2011-03-06T07:47:12Z A neuron of the striatum. CL:0002613 cell tmeehan A neuron of the striatum. GOC:tfm neuron of the substantia nigra 2011-03-06T07:48:42Z A neuron of the substantia nigra. CL:0002614 cell tmeehan A neuron of the substantia nigra. GOC:tfm adipocyte of omentum tissue 2011-03-14T10:17:00Z A fat cell that is part of omentum tissue. CL:0002615 cell omental adipocyte omental fat cell tmeehan A fat cell that is part of omentum tissue. GOC:tfm perirenal adipocyte cell 2011-03-14T10:17:05Z A fat cell of perirenal fat tissue. CL:0002616 cell perirenal fat cell tmeehan A fat cell of perirenal fat tissue. GOC:tfm adipocyte of breast 2011-03-14T10:17:07Z A fat cell that is part of the breast. CL:0002617 cell fat cell of breast tmeehan A fat cell that is part of the breast. GOC:tfm endothelial cell of umbilical vein 2011-03-14T11:36:51Z An endothelial cell of the umbilical vein. BTO:0004296 CL:0002618 cell tmeehan adult endothelial progenitor cell 2011-03-14T12:11:18Z An adult angioblastic cell released from the bone marrow, capable of blood circulation and participation in angiogenesis by differentiating into blood vessel endothelial cells. Their existence is controversial. CL:0002619 EPC cell tmeehan An adult angioblastic cell released from the bone marrow, capable of blood circulation and participation in angiogenesis by differentiating into blood vessel endothelial cells. Their existence is controversial. GOC:tfm PMID:20807818 PMID:9020076 skin fibroblast 2011-03-14T12:31:49Z A fibroblast of skin. BTO:0001255 CL:0002620 cell tmeehan A fibroblast of skin. GOC:tfm gingival epithelial cell 2011-03-14T12:46:28Z CL:0002621 cell tmeehan prostate stromal cell 2011-03-14T02:11:10Z A stromal cell of the prostate. BTO:0003972 CL:0002622 cell tmeehan A stromal cell of the prostate. GOC:tfm acinar cell of salivary gland 2011-03-14T02:22:22Z An acinar cell of salivary gland. CL:0002623 cell tmeehan An acinar cell of salivary gland. GOC:tfm paneth cell of the appendix 2011-03-15T09:38:18Z A paneth cell of the appendix. CL:0002624 cell tmeehan A paneth cell of the appendix. GOC:tfm seminiferous tubule epithelial cell 2011-03-15T11:59:23Z A cell of the seminiferous tubule epithelium. CL:0002625 cell tmeehan A cell of the seminiferous tubule epithelium. GOC:tfm immature astrocyte An immature astrocyte. CL:0002626 cell immature astrocytic glia An immature astrocyte. GOC:dsd mature astrocyte A mature astrocyte that is capable of producing cytokines. CL:0002627 Mature astrocytes are reportedly able to produce aspartate, ATP, BDNF, BMP-2a, BMP-3, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL19, CCL20,CD40L, CNTF, CTGF, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, edn-1, aFGF, bFGF, G-CSF, glutamate, GM-CSF, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, IGF-1, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, Il-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, LIF, MIP-2, NGF, nitric oxide, NT3, taurine, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, TNF-beta. activated astrocyte cell mature astrocytic glia A mature astrocyte that is capable of producing cytokines. GOC:dsd PMID:12898703 PMID:8734446 immature microglial cell An immature microglial cell with a ramified morphology. CL:0002628 Immature microglia are reportedly CD34-positive, CD163-negative, MHCI-negative, MHCII-negative. cell immature microglia quiescent microglia resting microglia PMID:18396103 resting microglia An immature microglial cell with a ramified morphology. GOC:dsd PMID:18396103 PMID:19461673 PMID:18396103 quiescent microglia mature microglial cell A mature microglial cell that has changed shape to an amoeboid morphology and is capable of cytokine production and antigen presentation. CL:0002629 Mature microglia are reportedly CCR2-positive, CD4-positive, CD9-positive, CD11a-positive, CD11b-positive, CD11c-positive, CD13-positive, CD16-positive, CDw17-positive, CD18-positive, CD21-positive, CD26-negative, CD32-positive, CD35-positive, CD36-positive, CD40-positive, CD44-positive, CD45-positive, CD53-positive, CD54-positive, CD56-negative, CD58-positive, CD63-positive, CD64-positive, CD66-positive, CD80-positive, CD86-positive, CD87-positive, CD92-positive, CD106-positive, CD107a-positive, CD147-positive, CD155-positive, CD162-positive, CD163-positive, CD171-negative, CD200R-positive, CXCR3-positive, CX3CR1-positive, fibronectin-positive, GD3-positive, GLUT1-positive, GLUT3-negative, GLUT5-positive, MHCI-positive, MHCII-positive, P2X4-positive, RFD7-negative, RGS5-negative, alpha-SMA-negative, vimentin-positive, and vwf-negative. Mature microglia are capable of producing BDNF, CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL9, CCL19, CCL20,CD40L, CSF, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL4, CXCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, glutamate, IL-1beta, IL-1ra, IL-3, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, LT, MMP-2, MMP-9, NGF, nitric oxide, ROS, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, activated microglia cell mature microglia reactive microglia PMID:18396103 reactive microglia PMID:18396103 activated microglia A mature microglial cell that has changed shape to an amoeboid morphology and is capable of cytokine production and antigen presentation. GOC:dsd PMID:11517395 PMID:14612429 PMID:15246020 PMID:16177057 PMID:18396103 PMID:20021364 actinomycete-type spore 2011-06-16T01:01:41Z A spore formed from bacteria in the order Actinomycetales. CL:0002630 cell tmeehan A spore formed from bacteria in the order Actinomycetales. GO:0034304 GOC:tfm epithelial cell of upper respiratory tract 2011-06-21T12:28:55Z CL:0002631 cell tmeehan epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract 2011-06-21T12:29:31Z CL:0002632 cell tmeehan respiratory basal cell 2011-06-21T03:11:10Z A basal cell in the respiratory tract. CL:0002633 airway basal cell airway basal stem cell cell tmeehan A basal cell in the respiratory tract. GOC:tfm PMID:20699479 epithelial cell of anal column 2011-07-08T12:11:38Z An epithelial cell of the anal column. CL:0002634 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the anal column. GOC:tfm nonkeratinized epithelial cell of anal column 2011-07-08T02:05:33Z A nonkeratinized epithelial cell of the anal canal. CL:0002635 FMA:263146 cell tmeehan A nonkeratinized epithelial cell of the anal canal. GOC:tfm nonkeratinized epithelial cell of inferior part of anal canal 2011-07-08T02:06:53Z A nonkeratinized cell epithleial cell of the inferior part of the anal canal. CL:0002636 FMA:263144 cell tmeehan A nonkeratinized cell epithleial cell of the inferior part of the anal canal. GOC:tfm keratinized epithelial cell of the anal canal 2011-07-08T02:08:40Z An epithelial cell of the anal canal that is keratinized. This cell type is found towards the lower, rectal end of the anal canal. CL:0002637 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the anal canal that is keratinized. This cell type is found towards the lower, rectal end of the anal canal. GOC:tfm bronchioalveolar stem cell 2011-06-21T03:26:08Z A respiratory stem cell found at the junction of the terminal (conductive) bronchiole and the respiratory bronchiole. This cell types gives rise to alveolar cell types and Clara cells in response to lung injury. This cell type expresses markers Scgb1a1 and Sftpc. BASC CL:0002638 basal epithelial cell of bronchioalveolar duct junction cell tmeehan A respiratory stem cell found at the junction of the terminal (conductive) bronchiole and the respiratory bronchiole. This cell types gives rise to alveolar cell types and Clara cells in response to lung injury. This cell type expresses markers Scgb1a1 and Sftpc. GOC:tfm PMID:15960971 amniotic stem cell 2011-06-21T03:55:39Z An amniotic stem cell is a mesenchymalstem cell extracted from amniotic fluid. Amniotic stem cells are able to differentiate into various tissue type such as skin, cartilage, cardiac tissue, nerves, muscle, and bone CL:0002639 Not clear to me if amniotic stem cell is a different cell type from amnion mesenchymal stem cells. They are treated as distinct in the literature as isolations methods are different, so I will keep them as seperate terms for now. cell tmeehan An amniotic stem cell is a mesenchymalstem cell extracted from amniotic fluid. Amniotic stem cells are able to differentiate into various tissue type such as skin, cartilage, cardiac tissue, nerves, muscle, and bone GOC:tfm PMID:20942606 amniotic epithelial stem cell 2011-06-21T04:06:17Z An epithelial fate stem cell derived form the amnion membrane. CL:0002640 cell tmeehan An epithelial fate stem cell derived form the amnion membrane. GOC:tfm PMID:20446274 epithelial cell of esophageal gland proper 2011-07-08T02:16:51Z An epithelial cell of the esophageal gland proper. CL:0002641 FMA:256141 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the esophageal gland proper. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of esophageal cardiac gland 2011-07-08T02:16:54Z An epithelial cell of the esophageal cardiac gland that occurs both in the proximal and distal esophagusm, within the lamina propia. CL:0002642 FMA:256143 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of the esophageal cardiac gland that occurs both in the proximal and distal esophagusm, within the lamina propia. GOC:tfm http://web.mac.com/wjkrause/iWeb/Histology/Blog/E3FA5916-1AA9-4885-B579-5051838D98CB.html nonkeratinized cell of stratum corneum of esophageal epithelium 2011-07-08T02:22:09Z An epithelial cell of stratum corneum of esophageal epithelium that lacks keratin. CL:0002643 FMA:263148 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of stratum corneum of esophageal epithelium that lacks keratin. GOC:tfm endo-epithelial cell of tympanic part of viscerocranial mucosa 2011-07-08T02:25:44Z An endothelial cell of viscerocranial mucosa that is part of the tympanic region of the viscerocranial mucosa. CL:0002644 FMA:70628 cell tmeehan An endothelial cell of viscerocranial mucosa that is part of the tympanic region of the viscerocranial mucosa. GOC:tfm endo-epithelial cell of pharyngotympanic part of viscerocranial mucosa 2011-07-08T02:25:46Z An endocranial viscerocranial mucosa cell that is part of viscerocranial mucosa. CL:0002645 FMA:70629 cell tmeehan An endocranial viscerocranial mucosa cell that is part of viscerocranial mucosa. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of buccal part of viscerocranial mucosa 2011-07-08T02:34:12Z An ecto-epithelial cell of the buccal region of the viscerocranial mucosa. CL:0002646 FMA:70577 cell tmeehan An ecto-epithelial cell of the buccal region of the viscerocranial mucosa. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of anterior palatal part of viscerocranial mucosa 2011-07-08T02:34:14Z An ecto-epithelial cell of the palatal region of the viscerocranial mucosa. CL:0002647 FMA:70580 cell tmeehan An ecto-epithelial cell of the palatal region of the viscerocranial mucosa. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of nasal part of viscerocranial mucosa 2011-07-08T02:36:06Z An ecto-epithelial cell of the nasal region of the viscerocranial mucosa. CL:0002648 FMA:70554 cell tmeehan An ecto-epithelial cell of the nasal region of the viscerocranial mucosa. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of gingival part of viscerocranial mucosa 2011-07-08T02:36:11Z An ecto-epithelial cell of the gingival region of the viscerocranial mucosa. CL:0002649 FMA:70579 cell tmeehan An ecto-epithelial cell of the gingival region of the viscerocranial mucosa. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of paranasal sinus part of viscerocranial mucosa 2011-07-08T02:38:18Z An ecto-epithelial cell of the paranasal region of the viscerocranial mucosa. CL:0002650 FMA:70578 cell tmeehan An ecto-epithelial cell of the paranasal region of the viscerocranial mucosa. GOC:tfm endothelial cell of venous sinus of spleen 2011-07-08T03:06:49Z An endothelial cell that is part of the venous sinus of spleen. This endothelial cell has an elongated, spindle-shaped, flattened morphology that is parallel to long axis of sinus. This cell type rests on a basement membrane interrupted by numerous narrow slits. CL:0002651 FMA:72140 cell stave cell tmeehan FMA:62817 stave cell An endothelial cell that is part of the venous sinus of spleen. This endothelial cell has an elongated, spindle-shaped, flattened morphology that is parallel to long axis of sinus. This cell type rests on a basement membrane interrupted by numerous narrow slits. GOC:tfm endothelial cell of high endothelial venule endothelial cell of postcapillary venule of lymph node 2011-07-08T03:14:10Z A venule endothelial cell that is cubodial, expresses leukocyte-specific receptors, and allows for passage of lymphocytes into bloodstream. CL:0002652 FMA:67759 HEV cell Markers expressed on HEV include: MAdCAM-1,PNAd (sulfated and glycosylated molecules, i.e. GlyCAM-1, CD34, endomucin, nepmucin), ICAM-1, ICAM-2,Fuc-TVII, beta 3GlcNAcT-3, GlcNAc6ST2,CCL21, CCL19, CXCL13, CXCL12, Autotaxin, DARC, angiomodulin, LRHG. cell tmeehan A venule endothelial cell that is cubodial, expresses leukocyte-specific receptors, and allows for passage of lymphocytes into bloodstream. GOC:tfm PMID:20726857 squamous endothelial cell 2011-07-08T03:31:25Z A endothelial cell of the venule that is squamous shaped. This is in contrast to the cubodial shape of high endothelial venule cells. CL:0002653 cell tmeehan A endothelial cell of the venule that is squamous shaped. This is in contrast to the cubodial shape of high endothelial venule cells. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of stratum corneum of esophageal epithelium 2011-07-08T03:46:35Z An epithelial cell of stratum corneum of esophageal epithelium. CL:0002654 FMA:70733 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of stratum corneum of esophageal epithelium. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of stratum spinosum of esophageal epithelium 2011-07-08T03:48:26Z An epithelial cell of stratum spinosum of esophageal epithelium. CL:0002655 FMA:70732 cell tmeehan An epithelial cell of stratum spinosum of esophageal epithelium. GOC:tfm glandular cell of endometrium 2011-07-08T03:54:08Z A glandular epithelial cell of the endometrium. CL:0002656 FMA:86489 cell tmeehan A glandular epithelial cell of the endometrium. GOC:tfm glandular cell of esophagus 2011-07-08T03:55:57Z A glandular epithelial cell of the endometrium. CL:0002657 FMA:86489 FMA:86548 cell tmeehan A glandular epithelial cell of the endometrium. GOC:tfm glandular cell of the large intestine 2011-07-08T04:03:01Z A glandular epithelial cell of the large intestine. CL:0002658 FMA:87194 cell tmeehan A glandular epithelial cell of the large intestine. GOC:tfm glandular cell of stomach 2011-07-11T01:20:35Z A glandular epithelial cell that is part of the stomach. CL:0002659 FMA:86554 cell tmeehan A glandular epithelial cell that is part of the stomach. GOC:tfm luminal cell of acinus of lactiferous gland 2011-07-11T01:44:31Z A luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland located in acinus of structure. CL:0002660 FMA:74505 cell consider if synonymous with mammary alveolar cell CL:0002325. Some use this term to refer to the nonlactating cell type that gives rise to the lactating cell type. tmeehan A luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland located in acinus of structure. GOC:tfm luminal cell of lactiferous terminal ductal lobular unit 2011-07-11T01:44:33Z A luminal cell of terminal ducts, i.e.e the terminal branch of a lactiferous duct which alveolar cells drain into. CL:0002661 FMA:87168 cell tmeehan A luminal cell of terminal ducts, i.e.e the terminal branch of a lactiferous duct which alveolar cells drain into. GOC:tfm luminal cell of lactiferous duct 2011-07-11T01:44:48Z A luminal epithelial cell of the lactiferous duct. This cuboidal epithelial cell expresses keratin-18 and is estrogen-receptor alpha positive. CL:0002662 FMA:74504 FMA:74505 cell tmeehan A luminal epithelial cell of the lactiferous duct. This cuboidal epithelial cell expresses keratin-18 and is estrogen-receptor alpha positive. GOC:tfm PMID:19022771 myocardial endocrine cell of atrium 2011-07-11T02:45:39Z A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the atrium. CL:0002663 FMA:83389 cell tmeehan A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the atrium. GOC:tfm cardioblast 2011-07-11T03:15:38Z A stem cell that can give rise to multiple cell types (i.e. smooth muscle, endothelial) in the developing heart. CL:0002664 Describency in develops from origins prevents me from making the assertion that cardioblasts give rise to all instances of cardiocytes as we state cardiac musce cells develop from cardiac myoblast, which in turn develop from muscle stem cell. cell tmeehan A stem cell that can give rise to multiple cell types (i.e. smooth muscle, endothelial) in the developing heart. GOC:tfm PMID:19745164 otic fibrocyte 2011-07-11T03:35:01Z A fibrocyte of the cochlea that has specialized structural and molecular adaptions. CL:0002665 cell tmeehan A fibrocyte of the cochlea that has specialized structural and molecular adaptions. GOC:tfm PMID:18353863 type 2 otic fibrocyte 2011-07-11T03:40:40Z An otic fibrocyte that underlies the spiral prominence and is part of a mesenchymal gap junction network that regulates ionic homeostasis of the endolymph. CL:0002666 cell tmeehan type II otic fibrocyte An otic fibrocyte that underlies the spiral prominence and is part of a mesenchymal gap junction network that regulates ionic homeostasis of the endolymph. GOC:tfm PMID:18353863 type 5 otic fibrocyte 2011-07-11T03:40:42Z An otic fibrocyte that resides above the stria vasularis and is part of a mesenchymal gap junction network that regulates ionic homeostasis of the endolymph. CL:0002667 cell tmeehan type V otic fibrocyte An otic fibrocyte that resides above the stria vasularis and is part of a mesenchymal gap junction network that regulates ionic homeostasis of the endolymph. GOC:tfm PMID:18353863 type 4 otic fibrocyte 2011-07-11T03:40:46Z An otic fibrocyte that is lateral to the basilar membrane and anchoris it to the lateral wall. CL:0002668 cell tmeehan type IV otic fibrocyte An otic fibrocyte that is lateral to the basilar membrane and anchoris it to the lateral wall. GOC:tfm PMID:18353863 type 3 otic fibrocyte 2011-07-11T03:40:50Z An otic fibrocyte that lines the otic capsule. CL:0002669 cell tmeehan type III otic fibrocyte An otic fibrocyte that lines the otic capsule. GOC:tfm PMID:18353863 type 1 otic fibrocyte 2011-07-11T03:39:27Z An otic fibrocyte that underlies the stria vascularis and is part of a mesenchymal gap junction network that regulates ionic homeostasis of the endolymph. CL:0002670 cell tmeehan type I otic fibrocyte An otic fibrocyte that underlies the stria vascularis and is part of a mesenchymal gap junction network that regulates ionic homeostasis of the endolymph. GOC:tfm PMID:18353863 endothelial stalk cell 2011-08-16T01:49:32Z An endothelial stalk cell is a specialized endothelial cell that follows behind the tip cell of an angiogenic sprout. CL:0002671 cell tmeehan An endothelial stalk cell is a specialized endothelial cell that follows behind the tip cell of an angiogenic sprout. GOC:tfm PMID:21521739 retinal progenitor cell 2011-08-16T02:38:01Z A multi-fate stem cell that can give rise to different retinal cell types including rod and cone cells. CL:0002672 cell tmeehan A multi-fate stem cell that can give rise to different retinal cell types including rod and cone cells. GOC:tfm PMID:20959166 PMID:21148186 tongue muscle cell 2011-08-16T03:10:02Z A skeletal muscle cell that is part of the tongue. CL:0002673 cell tmeehan A skeletal muscle cell that is part of the tongue. GOC:tfm PMID:18816858 H minus 2011-08-16T03:20:53Z A S. pombe mating type determined by the mat1-Mc and mat1-Mi on the mat1 locus. CL:0002674 H- cell tmeehan A S. pombe mating type determined by the mat1-Mc and mat1-Mi on the mat1 locus. GOC:tfm H plus 2011-08-16T03:20:58Z A S. pombe cell type determined by mat1-Pc and mat1-Pi on the mat1 locus. CL:0002675 cell tmeehan A S. pombe cell type determined by mat1-Pc and mat1-Pi on the mat1 locus. GOC:tfm neural crest derived neuroblast 2011-08-22T09:24:15Z A neuroblast derived from a neural crest cell. CL:0002676 cell tmeehan A neuroblast derived from a neural crest cell. GOC:tfm PMID:17407019 naive regulatory T cell 2011-08-25T03:17:21Z A regulatory T cell that has not encountered antigen. CL:0002677 This cell type has been described as CD45RA-negative, but this doesn't fit with our current definition of naive T cell. cell tmeehan A regulatory T cell that has not encountered antigen. GOC:tfm memory regulatory T cell 2011-08-25T03:17:34Z A CD4-positive, CD25-positive alpha-beta regulatory T cell that has encountered antigen. CL:0002678 Cell has been described as being CD45RA-positive in human, but this doesn't fit with our current definition memory T cell. cell tmeehan A CD4-positive, CD25-positive alpha-beta regulatory T cell that has encountered antigen. GOC:tfm PMID:21739668 natural helper lymphocyte 2011-08-29T10:08:02Z A lymphocyte found in adipose tissue that lacks lineage markers of other lymphocytes but is capable of mediating TH2 cytokine responses. This cell type is found in fat associated lymphoid clusters, proliferates in response to IL2 and produce large amounts of TH2 cytokines such as IL5, IL6 and IL13 CL:0002679 cell tmeehan A lymphocyte found in adipose tissue that lacks lineage markers of other lymphocytes but is capable of mediating TH2 cytokine responses. This cell type is found in fat associated lymphoid clusters, proliferates in response to IL2 and produce large amounts of TH2 cytokines such as IL5, IL6 and IL13 GOC:tfm PMID:20023630 spinal cord interneuron A CNS interneuron located in the spinal cord. CL:0005000 Is_a interneuron, part_of UBERON:0002240. cell A CNS interneuron located in the spinal cord. CL:CVS iridoblast A non-terminally differentiated cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into an iridophore. CL:0005001 Derived from UBERON:0002342 neural crest. cell A non-terminally differentiated cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into an iridophore. CL:CVS xanthoblast A non-terminally differentiated cell that differentiates into a xanthophore. CL:0005002 cell A non-terminally differentiated cell that differentiates into a xanthophore. CL:CVS leucoblast A non-terminally differentiated cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a leucophore. CL:0005003 cell A non-terminally differentiated cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a leucophore. CL:CVS pigment erythroblast A non-terminally differentiated cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into an erythrophore. CL:0005004 cell A non-terminally differentiated cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into an erythrophore. CL:CVS cyanoblast A non-terminally differentiated cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a cyanophore. CL:0005005 cell A non-terminally differentiated cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a cyanophore. CL:CVS ionocyte CL:0005006 Specialized epithelial cells involved in the maintenance of osmotic homeostasis. They are characterized by abundant mitochondria and ion transporters. In amniotes, they are present in the renal system. In freshwater fish, ionocytes in the skin and gills help maintain osmotic homeostasis by absorbing salt from the external environment. cell PMID:17555741 PMID:19268451 Specialized epithelial cells involved in the maintenance of osmotic homeostasis. They are characterized by abundant mitochondria and ion transporters. In amniotes, they are present in the renal system. In freshwater fish, ionocytes in the skin and gills help maintain osmotic homeostasis by absorbing salt from the external environment. Kolmer-Agduhr neuron CL:0005007 KA cell KA interneuron KA neuron Kolmer-Agduhr cell Kolmer-Agduhr neurons are ciliated GABAergic neurons that contact the central canal of the spinal cord and have ipsilateral ascending axons. cell KA interneuron PMID:15539490 KA neuron PMID:9634146 Kolmer-Agduhr neurons are ciliated GABAergic neurons that contact the central canal of the spinal cord and have ipsilateral ascending axons. PMID:18680739 macular hair cell An auditory hair cell located in the macula that is sensitive to auditory stimuli. CL:0005008 cell An auditory hair cell located in the macula that is sensitive to auditory stimuli. GO:cvs renal principal cell A cuboidal epithelial cell of the kidney which regulates sodium and potassium balance. The activity of sodium and potassium channels on the cells apical membrane is regulated by aldosterone and vasopressin. In mammals these cells are located in the renal collecting ducts. CL:0005009 cell A cuboidal epithelial cell of the kidney which regulates sodium and potassium balance. The activity of sodium and potassium channels on the cells apical membrane is regulated by aldosterone and vasopressin. In mammals these cells are located in the renal collecting ducts. CL:CVS renal intercalated cell A cuboidal epithelial cell of the kidney that regulates acid/base balance. CL:0005010 FMA:86560 Intercalated cell cell A cuboidal epithelial cell of the kidney that regulates acid/base balance. CL:CVS renal alpha-intercalated cell A cuboidal epithelial cell of the kidney which secretes acid and reabsorbs base to regulate acid/base balance. CL:0005011 cell A cuboidal epithelial cell of the kidney which secretes acid and reabsorbs base to regulate acid/base balance. CL:CVS multi-ciliated epithelial cell A ciliated epithelial cell with many cilium. CL:0005012 cell A ciliated epithelial cell with many cilium. CL:CVS single ciliated epithelial cell A ciliated epithelial cell with a single cilium. CL:0005013 cell A ciliated epithelial cell with a single cilium. CL:CVS auditory epithelial support cell A non-sensory cell that extends from the basement membrane to the apical surface of the auditory epithelium and provides support for auditory hair cells. CL:0005014 cell A non-sensory cell that extends from the basement membrane to the apical surface of the auditory epithelium and provides support for auditory hair cells. CL:CVS GOC:tfm inner phalangeal cell An auditory epithelial support cell that surrounds the nerve fibers and synapses of the auditory inner hair cells. CL:0005015 FMA:79801 cell An auditory epithelial support cell that surrounds the nerve fibers and synapses of the auditory inner hair cells. CL:CVS apical cell CL:0005016 Obsolete. Use PO:0030007 from Plant Ontology instead. The apical cell is the upper cell formed after the first division of a plant zygote. cell replaced_by: PO:0030007 true Obsolete. Use PO:0030007 from Plant Ontology instead. The apical cell is the upper cell formed after the first division of a plant zygote. TAIR:TB plant basal cell CL:0005017 Obsolete. Use PO:0002002 from Plant Ontology instead. The lower cell formed after the first division of a plant zygote. cell replaced_by: PO:0002002 true Obsolete. Use PO:0002002 from Plant Ontology instead. The lower cell formed after the first division of a plant zygote. TAIR:TB ghrelin secreting cell A cell that secretes ghrelin, the peptide hormone that stimulates hunger. CL:0005018 cell A cell that secretes ghrelin, the peptide hormone that stimulates hunger. CL:curator pancreatic epsilon cell CL:0005019 Ghrelin secreting cells found in the found in the exocrine pancreas. In mammals the endocrine pancreas is call the Islets of Langerhans. cell Ghrelin secreting cells found in the found in the exocrine pancreas. PMID:14970313 stretch receptor cell CL:1000082 cell stratified keratinized epithelial stem cell CL:1000083 cell stratified non keratinized epithelial stem cell CL:1000085 cell pillar cell A rod-like cell in the inner ear, having their heads joined and their bases on the basilar membrane widely separated so as to form a spiral tunnel known as the tunnel of Corti. CL:1000191 FMA:75722 Rod cell of Corti cell cochlear pillar cell pillar cell of cochlea pillar cell of corti A rod-like cell in the inner ear, having their heads joined and their bases on the basilar membrane widely separated so as to form a spiral tunnel known as the tunnel of Corti. GOC:tfm PMID:12417662 trophectodermal cell CL:1000274 cell trophectoderm cell smooth muscle cell of small intestine A smooth muscle cell that is part of the small intestine. CL:1000275 FMA:15050 cell non-striated muscle fiber of small intestine A smooth muscle cell that is part of the small intestine. GOC:tfm FMA:15050 non-striated muscle fiber of small intestine smooth muscle fiber of duodenum A smooth muscle cell that is part of the duodenum. CL:1000276 FMA:15058 cell non-striated muscle fiber of duodenum A smooth muscle cell that is part of the duodenum. GOC:tfm FMA:15058 non-striated muscle fiber of duodenum smooth muscle fiber of jejunum A smooth muscle cell that is part of the jejunum. CL:1000277 FMA:15062 cell non-striated muscle fiber of jejunum A smooth muscle cell that is part of the jejunum. GOC:tfm FMA:15062 non-striated muscle fiber of jejunum smooth muscle fiber of ileum A smooth muscle cell that is part of the ileum. CL:1000278 FMA:15066 cell non-striated muscle fiber of ileum A smooth muscle cell that is part of the ileum. GOC:tfm FMA:15066 non-striated muscle fiber of ileum smooth muscle cell of large intestine A smooth muscle cell that is part of the large intestine. CL:1000279 FMA:15653 cell non-striated muscle fiber of large intestine A smooth muscle cell that is part of the large intestine. GOC:tfm FMA:15653 non-striated muscle fiber of large intestine smooth muscle cell of colon A smooth muscle cell that is part of the colon. CL:1000280 FMA:15663 cell non-striated muscle fiber of colon FMA:15663 non-striated muscle fiber of colon A smooth muscle cell that is part of the colon. GOC:tfm smooth muscle cell of cecum A smooth muscle cell that is part of the cecum. CL:1000281 FMA:15681 cell non-striated muscle fiber of cecum smooth muscle fiber of cecum FMA:15681 non-striated muscle fiber of cecum A smooth muscle cell that is part of the cecum. GOC:tfm smooth muscle fiber of ascending colon A smooth muscle cell that is part of the ascending colon. CL:1000282 FMA:17518 cell non-striated muscle fiber of ascending colon FMA:17518 non-striated muscle fiber of ascending colon A smooth muscle cell that is part of the ascending colon. GOC:tfm smooth muscle fiber of transverse colon A smooth muscle cell that is part of the transverse colon. CL:1000283 FMA:17519 cell non-striated muscle fiber of transverse colon A smooth muscle cell that is part of the transverse colon. GOC:tfm FMA:17519 non-striated muscle fiber of transverse colon smooth muscle fiber of descending colon A smooth muscle cell that is part of the descending colon. CL:1000284 FMA:17520 cell non-striated muscle fiber of descending colon A smooth muscle cell that is part of the descending colon. GOC:tfm FMA:17520 non-striated muscle fiber of descending colon smooth muscle cell of sigmoid colon A smooth muscle cell that is part of the sigmoid colon. CL:1000285 FMA:17521 cell non-striated muscle fiber of sigmoid colon A smooth muscle cell that is part of the sigmoid colon. GOC:tfm FMA:17521 non-striated muscle fiber of sigmoid colon smooth muscle cell of rectum A smooth muscle cell that is part of the rectum. CL:1000286 FMA:17522 cell non-striated muscle fiber of rectum smooth muscle fiber of rectum A smooth muscle cell that is part of the rectum. GOC:tfm FMA:17522 non-striated muscle fiber of rectum myocyte of anterior internodal tract A muscle cell that is part of the anterior internodal tract. CL:1000287 FMA:223276 cell A muscle cell that is part of the anterior internodal tract. GOC:tfm myocyte of atrial branch of anterior internodal tract A muscle cell that is part of the atrial branch of anterior internodal tract. CL:1000288 FMA:223277 cell A muscle cell that is part of the atrial branch of anterior internodal tract. GOC:tfm myocyte of atrial septal branch of anterior internodal tract A muscle cell that is part of the atrial septal branch of anterior internodal tract. CL:1000289 FMA:223278 cell A muscle cell that is part of the atrial septal branch of anterior internodal tract. GOC:tfm myocyte of middle internodal tract A muscle cell that is part of the middle internodal tract. CL:1000290 FMA:223279 cell A muscle cell that is part of the middle internodal tract. GOC:tfm myocyte of posterior internodal tract A muscle cell that is part of the posterior internodal tract. CL:1000291 FMA:223280 cell A muscle cell that is part of the posterior internodal tract. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of urethra An epithelial cell that is part of the urethra. CL:1000296 FMA:256165 cell An epithelial cell that is part of the urethra. GOC:tfm mesothelial cell of dura mater A mesothelial cell that is part of the dura mater. CL:1000298 FMA:256516 cell squamous mesothelial cell of dura mater A mesothelial cell that is part of the dura mater. GOC:tfm FMA:256516 squamous mesothelial cell of dura mater fibroblast of connective tissue of prostate A fibroblast that is part of the connective tissue of prostate. CL:1000299 FMA:261271 cell A fibroblast that is part of the connective tissue of prostate. GOC:tfm fibroblast of outer membrane of prostatic capsule A fibroblast that is part of the outer membrane of prostatic capsule. CL:1000300 FMA:261273 cell A fibroblast that is part of the outer membrane of prostatic capsule. GOC:tfm fibroblast of subepithelial connective tissue of prostatic gland A fibroblast that is part of the subepithelial connective tissue of prostatic gland. CL:1000301 FMA:261275 cell A fibroblast that is part of the subepithelial connective tissue of prostatic gland. GOC:tfm fibroblast of papillary layer of dermis A fibroblast that is part of the papillary layer of dermis. CL:1000302 FMA:261277 cell A fibroblast that is part of the papillary layer of dermis. GOC:tfm fibroblast of areolar connective tissue A fibroblast that is part of the areolar connective tissue. CL:1000303 FMA:261279 cell A fibroblast that is part of the areolar connective tissue. GOC:tfm fibroblast of connective tissue of nonglandular part of prostate A fibroblast that is part of the connective tissue of nonglandular part of prostate. CL:1000304 FMA:261281 cell A fibroblast that is part of the connective tissue of nonglandular part of prostate. GOC:tfm fibroblast of connective tissue of glandular part of prostate A fibroblast that is part of the connective tissue of glandular part of prostate. CL:1000305 FMA:261283 cell A fibroblast that is part of the connective tissue of glandular part of prostate. GOC:tfm fibroblast of tunica adventitia of artery A fibroblast that is part of the tunica adventitia of artery. CL:1000306 FMA:261285 cell A fibroblast that is part of the tunica adventitia of artery. GOC:tfm fibroblast of dense regular elastic tissue A fibroblast that is part of the dense regular elastic tissue. CL:1000307 FMA:261287 cell A fibroblast that is part of the dense regular elastic tissue. GOC:tfm fibrocyte of adventitia of ureter A fibrocyte that is part of the adventitia of ureter. CL:1000308 FMA:261289 cell A fibrocyte that is part of the adventitia of ureter. GOC:tfm epicardial adipocyte A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat. CL:1000309 FMA:261293 adipocyte of epicardial fat cell epicardial fat cell A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat. GOC:tfm FMA:261293 epicardial fat cell FMA:261293 adipocyte of epicardial fat adipocyte of epicardial fat of right ventricle A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat of right ventricle. CL:1000310 FMA:261297 cell epicardial adipocyte of right ventricle epicardial fat cell of right ventricle A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat of right ventricle. GOC:tfm FMA:261297 epicardial adipocyte of right ventricle FMA:261297 epicardial fat cell of right ventricle adipocyte of epicardial fat of left ventricle A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat of left ventricle. CL:1000311 FMA:261300 cell epicardial adipocyte of left ventricle epicardial fat cell of left ventricle FMA:261300 epicardial fat cell of left ventricle FMA:261300 epicardial adipocyte of left ventricle A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat of left ventricle. GOC:tfm bronchial goblet cell A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchus. CL:1000312 FMA:263032 cell goblet cell of epithelium of bronchus A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchus. GOC:tfm FMA:263032 goblet cell of epithelium of bronchus gastric goblet cell A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of stomach. CL:1000313 FMA:263035 cell goblet cell of epithelium of stomach FMA:263035 goblet cell of epithelium of stomach A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of stomach. GOC:tfm goblet cell of epithelium of gastric cardiac gland A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of gastric cardiac gland. CL:1000314 FMA:263038 cell A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of gastric cardiac gland. GOC:tfm goblet cell of epithelium of principal gastric gland A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of principal gastric gland. CL:1000315 FMA:263040 cell A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of principal gastric gland. GOC:tfm goblet cell of epithelium of small intestine A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of small intestine. CL:1000316 FMA:263042 cell A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of small intestine. GOC:tfm goblet cell of epithelium of intestinal villus A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of intestinal villus. CL:1000317 FMA:263046 cell A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of intestinal villus. GOC:tfm goblet cell of epithelium of crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine. CL:1000318 FMA:263050 cell A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine. GOC:tfm goblet cell of epithelium proper of small intestine A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of small intestine. CL:1000319 FMA:263052 cell A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of small intestine. GOC:tfm goblet cell of epithelium of large intestine A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of large intestine. CL:1000320 FMA:263054 cell A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of large intestine. GOC:tfm goblet cell of epithelium of crypt of lieberkuhn of large intestine A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of crypt of lieberkuhn of large intestine. CL:1000321 FMA:263056 cell A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of crypt of lieberkuhn of large intestine. GOC:tfm pancreatic goblet cell A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of pancreatic duct. CL:1000322 FMA:263058 cell goblet cell of epithelium of pancreatic duct FMA:263058 goblet cell of epithelium of pancreatic duct A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of pancreatic duct. GOC:tfm goblet cell of epithelium of pyloric gland A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of pyloric gland. CL:1000323 FMA:263061 cell A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of pyloric gland. GOC:tfm goblet cell of epithelium proper of duodenum A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of duodenum. CL:1000324 FMA:263063 cell A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of duodenum. GOC:tfm goblet cell of epithelium proper of jejunum A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of jejunum. CL:1000325 FMA:263065 cell A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of jejunum. GOC:tfm goblet cell of epithelium proper of ileum A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of ileum. CL:1000326 FMA:263067 cell A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of ileum. GOC:tfm goblet cell of epithelium proper of appendix A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of appendix. CL:1000327 FMA:263069 cell A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of appendix. GOC:tfm goblet cell of epithelium proper of large intestine A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of large intestine. CL:1000328 FMA:263071 cell A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of large intestine. GOC:tfm tracheal goblet cell A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea. CL:1000329 FMA:263075 cell goblet cell of epithelium of trachea A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea. GOC:tfm FMA:263075 goblet cell of epithelium of trachea serous cell of epithelium of trachea A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea. CL:1000330 FMA:263078 cell A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea. GOC:tfm serous cell of epithelium of bronchus A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchus. CL:1000331 FMA:263080 cell A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchus. GOC:tfm serous cell of epithelium of terminal bronchiole A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of terminal bronchiole. CL:1000332 FMA:263082 cell A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of terminal bronchiole. GOC:tfm serous cell of epithelium of lobular bronchiole A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchiole. CL:1000333 FMA:263084 cell A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchiole. GOC:tfm enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium of small intestine. CL:1000334 FMA:263086 cell An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium of small intestine. GOC:tfm enterocyte of epithelium of intestinal villus An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium of intestinal villus. CL:1000335 FMA:263088 cell An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium of intestinal villus. GOC:tfm enterocyte of epithelium of duodenal gland An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium of duodenal gland. CL:1000337 FMA:263092 cell An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium of duodenal gland. GOC:tfm enterocyte of epithelium of crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium of crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine. CL:1000338 FMA:263094 cell An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium of crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine. GOC:tfm enterocyte of epithelium proper of small intestine An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium proper of small intestine. CL:1000339 FMA:263096 cell An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium proper of small intestine. GOC:tfm enterocyte of epithelium proper of duodenum An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium proper of duodenum. CL:1000340 FMA:263098 cell An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium proper of duodenum. GOC:tfm enterocyte of epithelium proper of jejunum An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium proper of jejunum. CL:1000341 FMA:263100 cell An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium proper of jejunum. GOC:tfm enterocyte of epithelium proper of ileum An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium proper of ileum. CL:1000342 FMA:263102 cell An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium proper of ileum. GOC:tfm paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine A paneth cell that is part of the epithelium of small intestine. CL:1000343 FMA:263104 cell A paneth cell that is part of the epithelium of small intestine. GOC:tfm paneth cell of epithelium proper of small intestine A Paneth cell that is part of the epithelium proper of small intestine. CL:1000344 FMA:263106 cell A Paneth cell that is part of the epithelium proper of small intestine. GOC:tfm paneth cell of epithelium of crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine A Paneth cell that is part of the epithelium of crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine. CL:1000345 FMA:263108 cell A Paneth cell that is part of the epithelium of crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine. GOC:tfm vacuolar absorptive cell of epithelium proper of large intestine CL:1000336 CL:1000346 FMA:263090 FMA:263112 MERGED DEFINITION: TARGET DEFINITION: A columnar cell of the colon that is part of the epithelium proper of large intestine. -------------------- SOURCE DEFINITION: An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium proper of large intestine. cell enterocyte of epithelium proper of large intestine GOC:tfm MERGED DEFINITION: TARGET DEFINITION: A columnar cell of the colon that is part of the epithelium proper of large intestine. -------------------- SOURCE DEFINITION: An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium proper of large intestine. vacuolar absorptive cell of epithelium of colon A columnar cell of the colon that is part of the colonic epithelium. CL:1000347 FMA:263114 cell A columnar cell of the colon that is part of the colonic epithelium. GOC:tfm basal cell of epithelium of trachea A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea. CL:1000348 FMA:263118 cell A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea. GOC:tfm basal cell of epithelium of bronchus A basal cell found in the bronchus epithelium. CL:0002331 CL:1000349 FMA:263120 basal cell of bronchus cell A basal cell found in the bronchus epithelium. GOC:tfm basal cell of epithelium of terminal bronchiole A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of terminal bronchiole. CL:1000350 FMA:263122 cell A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of terminal bronchiole. GOC:tfm basal cell of epithelium of respiratory bronchiole A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of respiratory bronchiole. CL:1000351 FMA:263124 cell A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of respiratory bronchiole. GOC:tfm basal cell of epithelium of lobular bronchiole A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchiole. CL:1000352 FMA:263126 cell A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchiole. GOC:tfm microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine A M cell that is part of the epithelium of small intestine. CL:1000353 FMA:263128 cell A M cell that is part of the epithelium of small intestine. GOC:tfm microfold cell of epithelium of intestinal villus A M cell that is part of the epithelium of intestinal villus. CL:1000354 FMA:263130 cell A M cell that is part of the epithelium of intestinal villus. GOC:tfm microfold cell of epithelium proper of small intestine A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of small intestine. CL:1000355 FMA:263132 cell A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of small intestine. GOC:tfm microfold cell of epithelium proper of duodenum A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of duodenum. CL:1000356 FMA:263134 cell A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of duodenum. GOC:tfm microfold cell of epithelium proper of jejunum A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of jejunum. CL:1000357 FMA:263136 cell A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of jejunum. GOC:tfm microfold cell of epithelium proper of ileum A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of ileum. CL:1000358 FMA:263138 cell A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of ileum. GOC:tfm microfold cell of epithelium proper of appendix A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of appendix. CL:1000359 FMA:263140 cell A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of appendix. GOC:tfm microfold cell of epithelium proper of large intestine A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of large intestine. CL:1000360 FMA:263142 cell A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of large intestine. GOC:tfm transitional myocyte of interatrial septum A transitional myocyte that is part of the interatrial septum. CL:1000361 FMA:263152 cell A transitional myocyte that is part of the interatrial septum. GOC:tfm transitional myocyte of interventricular septum A transitional myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum. CL:1000362 FMA:263154 cell A transitional myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum. GOC:tfm transitional myocyte of atrial branch of anterior internodal tract A transitional myocyte that is part of the atrial branch of anterior internodal tract. CL:1000363 FMA:263156 cell A transitional myocyte that is part of the atrial branch of anterior internodal tract. GOC:tfm transitional myocyte of anterior internodal tract A transitional myocyte that is part of the anterior internodal tract. CL:1000364 FMA:263158 cell A transitional myocyte that is part of the anterior internodal tract. GOC:tfm transitional myocyte of atrial septal branch of anterior internodal tract A transitional myocyte that is part of the atrial septal branch of anterior internodal tract. CL:1000365 FMA:263160 cell A transitional myocyte that is part of the atrial septal branch of anterior internodal tract. GOC:tfm transitional myocyte of middle internodal tract A transitional myocyte that is part of the middle internodal tract. CL:1000366 FMA:263162 cell A transitional myocyte that is part of the middle internodal tract. GOC:tfm transitional myocyte of posterior internodal tract A transitional myocyte that is part of the posterior internodal tract. CL:1000367 FMA:263164 cell A transitional myocyte that is part of the posterior internodal tract. GOC:tfm transitional myocyte of anterior division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle A transitional myocyte that is part of the anterior division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle. CL:1000368 FMA:263166 cell A transitional myocyte that is part of the anterior division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle. GOC:tfm transitional myocyte of septal division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle A transitional myocyte that is part of the septal division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle. CL:1000369 FMA:263168 cell A transitional myocyte that is part of the septal division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle. GOC:tfm transitional myocyte of left branch of atrioventricular bundle A transitional myocyte that is part of the left branch of atrioventricular bundle. CL:1000370 FMA:263170 cell A transitional myocyte that is part of the left branch of atrioventricular bundle. GOC:tfm transitional myocyte of right branch of atrioventricular bundle A transitional myocyte that is part of the right branch of atrioventricular bundle. CL:1000371 FMA:263172 cell A transitional myocyte that is part of the right branch of atrioventricular bundle. GOC:tfm transitional myocyte of atrial part of atrioventricular bundle A transitional myocyte that is part of the atrial part of atrioventricular bundle. CL:1000372 FMA:263174 cell A transitional myocyte that is part of the atrial part of atrioventricular bundle. GOC:tfm transitional myocyte of ventricular part of atrioventricular bundle A transitional myocyte that is part of the ventricular part of atrioventricular bundle. CL:1000373 FMA:263176 cell A transitional myocyte that is part of the ventricular part of atrioventricular bundle. GOC:tfm transitional myocyte of posterior division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle A transitional myocyte that is part of the posterior division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle. CL:1000374 FMA:263178 cell A transitional myocyte that is part of the posterior division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle. GOC:tfm myocardial endocrine cell of septal division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the septal division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle. CL:1000375 FMA:263180 cell A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the septal division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle. GOC:tfm purkinje myocyte of interventricular septum A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum. CL:1000376 FMA:263182 cell A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum. GOC:tfm dense-core granulated cell of epithelium of trachea A Feyrter cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea. CL:1000377 FMA:263184 cell A Feyrter cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea. GOC:tfm type 1 vestibular sensory cell of stato-acoustic epithelium A type I vestibular sensory cell that is part of the stato-acoustic epithelium. CL:1000378 FMA:263186 cell A type I vestibular sensory cell that is part of the stato-acoustic epithelium. GOC:tfm type 1 vestibular sensory cell of epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth A type I vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth. CL:1000379 FMA:263188 cell A type I vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth. GOC:tfm type 1 vestibular sensory cell of epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth A type I vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth. CL:1000380 FMA:263190 cell A type I vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth. GOC:tfm type 1 vestibular sensory cell of epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth A type I vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth. CL:1000381 FMA:263192 cell A type I vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth. GOC:tfm type 2 vestibular sensory cell of stato-acoustic epithelium A type II vestibular sensory cell that is part of the stato-acoustic epithelium. CL:1000382 FMA:263194 cell A type II vestibular sensory cell that is part of the stato-acoustic epithelium. GOC:tfm type 2 vestibular sensory cell of epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth A type II vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth. CL:1000383 FMA:263196 cell A type II vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth. GOC:tfm type 2 vestibular sensory cell of epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth A type II vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth. CL:1000384 FMA:263198 cell A type II vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth. GOC:tfm type 2 vestibular sensory cell of epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth A type II vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth. CL:1000385 FMA:263200 cell A type II vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth. GOC:tfm melanocyte of eyelid A melanocyte that is part of the eyelid. CL:1000391 FMA:59175 cell eyelid melanocyte sebaceous gland of wolff FMA:59175 eyelid melanocyte FMA:59175 sebaceous gland of wolff A melanocyte that is part of the eyelid. GOC:tfm myoepithelial cell of intralobular lactiferous duct A myoepithelial cell that is part of the intralobular part of terminal lactiferous duct. CL:1000394 FMA:62158 cell A myoepithelial cell that is part of the intralobular part of terminal lactiferous duct. GOC:tfm endothelial cell of venous sinus of red pulp of spleen An endothelial cell that is part of the venous sinus of red pulp of spleen. CL:1000397 FMA:62817 cell An endothelial cell that is part of the venous sinus of red pulp of spleen. GOC:tfm endothelial cell of hepatic sinusoid An endothelial cell that is part of the hepatic sinusoid. CL:1000398 FMA:62911 cell endotheliocyte of hepatic sinusoid FMA:62911 endotheliocyte of hepatic sinusoid An endothelial cell that is part of the hepatic sinusoid. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of appendix An epithelial cell that is part of the appendix. CL:1000405 FMA:63602 cell columnar epitheliocyte of appendix epithelial cell of vermiform appendix An epithelial cell that is part of the appendix. GOC:tfm FMA:63602 columnar epitheliocyte of appendix FMA:63602 epithelial cell of vermiform appendix myocyte of sinuatrial node A muscle cell that is part of the sinuatrial node. CL:1000409 FMA:67102 cell myocyte of sinoatrial node sa nodal myocyte sinuatrial node myocyte FMA:67102 sa nodal myocyte FMA:67102 sinuatrial node myocyte FMA:67102 myocyte of sinoatrial node A muscle cell that is part of the sinuatrial node. FMA:67102 GOC:tfm myocyte of atrioventricular node A muscle cell that is part of the atrioventricular node. AV nodal myocyte CL:1000410 FMA:67106 atrioventricular node myocyte cell A muscle cell that is part of the atrioventricular node. FMA:67106 GOC:tfm AV nodal myocyte FMA:67106 FMA:67106 atrioventricular node myocyte endothelial cell of peyer's patch An endothelial cell that is part of the small intestine Peyer's patch. CL:1000411 FMA:67757 cell An endothelial cell that is part of the small intestine Peyer's patch. GOC:tfm endothelial cell of arteriole An endothelial cell that is part of the arteriole. CL:1000412 FMA:67760 KUPO:0001097 cell An endothelial cell that is part of the arteriole. GOC:tfm endothelial cell of artery A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of an arterial endothelium. BTO:0004758 CL:0002542 CL:1000413 FMA:67761 KUPO:0001095 arterial endothelial cell cell A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of an arterial endothelium. GOC:tfm endothelial cell of venule An endothelial cell that is part of the venule. CL:1000414 FMA:67762 cell An endothelial cell that is part of the venule. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of gall bladder An epithelial cell that is part of the gallbladder. CL:1000415 FMA:67780 cell An epithelial cell that is part of the gallbladder. GOC:tfm myoepithelial cell of lactiferous gland A myoepithelial cell that is part of the mammary gland. CL:1000416 FMA:67800 basal cell of lactiferous duct cell A myoepithelial cell that is part of the mammary gland. GOC:tfm FMA:67800 basal cell of lactiferous duct myoepithelial cell of sweat gland A myoepithelial cell that is part of the sweat gland. CL:1000417 FMA:67801 cell A myoepithelial cell that is part of the sweat gland. GOC:tfm myoepithelial cell of lactiferous alveolus A myoepithelial cell that is part of the mammary gland alveolus. CL:1000418 FMA:67802 basal cell of alveolus of lactiferous gland cell myoepithelial cell of mammary alveolus FMA:67802 basal cell of alveolus of lactiferous gland A myoepithelial cell that is part of the mammary gland alveolus. GOC:tfm FMA:67802 myoepithelial cell of mammary alveolus myoepithelial cell of lactiferous duct A myoepithelial cell that is part of the lactiferous duct. CL:1000419 FMA:67803 cell A myoepithelial cell that is part of the lactiferous duct. GOC:tfm myoepithelial cell of terminal lactiferous duct A myoepithelial cell that is part of the terminal lactiferous duct. CL:1000420 FMA:67804 cell A myoepithelial cell that is part of the terminal lactiferous duct. GOC:tfm chromaffin cell of paraaortic body A chromaffin cell that is part of the paraaortic body. CL:1000424 FMA:69328 cell chromaffin cell of para-aortic body A chromaffin cell that is part of the paraaortic body. GOC:tfm FMA:69328 chromaffin cell of para-aortic body chromaffin cell of paraganglion A chromaffin cell that is part of the paraganglion. CL:1000425 FMA:69335 cell A chromaffin cell that is part of the paraganglion. GOC:tfm chromaffin cell of adrenal gland A chromaffin cell that is part of the adrenal gland. CL:1000426 FMA:69794 cell A chromaffin cell that is part of the adrenal gland. GOC:tfm adrenal cortex chromaffin cell A chromaffin cell that is part of the adrenal cortex. CL:1000427 FMA:69795 Not clear this cell type exists. Can't call it a cortical adrenal cell because of different germ layer origin. cell chromaffin cell of adrenal cortex A chromaffin cell that is part of the adrenal cortex. GOC:tfm stem cell of epidermis A somatic stem cell that is part of the epidermis. CL:1000428 FMA:70541 cell epidermal stem cell FMA:70541 epidermal stem cell A somatic stem cell that is part of the epidermis. GOC:tfm conjunctival epithelial cell An epithelial cell that is part of the conjunctiva. CL:1000432 FMA:70552 cell epithelial cell of conjunctiva FMA:70552 epithelial cell of conjunctiva An epithelial cell that is part of the conjunctiva. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of lacrimal canaliculus An epithelial cell that is part of the lacrimal canaliculus. CL:1000433 FMA:70553 cell An epithelial cell that is part of the lacrimal canaliculus. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of external acoustic meatus An epithelial cell that is part of the external acoustic meatus. CL:1000434 FMA:70555 cell An epithelial cell that is part of the external acoustic meatus. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of lacrimal duct An epithelial cell that is part of the lacrimal duct. CL:1000435 FMA:70559 cell An epithelial cell that is part of the lacrimal duct. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of lacrimal sac An epithelial cell that is part of the lacrimal sac. CL:1000436 FMA:70560 cell An epithelial cell that is part of the lacrimal sac. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of nasolacrimal duct An epithelial cell that is part of the nasolacrimal duct. CL:1000437 FMA:70561 cell An epithelial cell that is part of the nasolacrimal duct. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of wall of inferior part of anal canal An epithelial cell that is part of the wall of inferior part of anal canal. CL:1000438 FMA:70562 cell An epithelial cell that is part of the wall of inferior part of anal canal. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of viscerocranial mucosa An epithelial cell that is part of the viscerocranial mucosa. CL:1000441 FMA:70583 cell An epithelial cell that is part of the viscerocranial mucosa. GOC:tfm urothelial cell of trigone of urinary bladder An urothelial cell that is part of the trigone of urinary bladder. CL:1000442 FMA:70598 cell epithelial cell of vesical trigone An urothelial cell that is part of the trigone of urinary bladder. GOC:tfm FMA:70598 epithelial cell of vesical trigone ciliary muscle cell A smooth muscle cell that is part of the ciliary body. CL:1000443 FMA:70610 cell smooth muscle cell of ciliary body FMA:70610 smooth muscle cell of ciliary body A smooth muscle cell that is part of the ciliary body. GOC:tfm mesothelial cell of anterior chamber of eye A mesothelial cell that is part of the anterior chamber of eyeball. CL:1000444 FMA:70615 cell A mesothelial cell that is part of the anterior chamber of eyeball. GOC:tfm myoepithelial cell of dilator pupillae A myoepithelial cell that is part of the dilatator pupillae. CL:1000445 FMA:70619 cell A myoepithelial cell that is part of the dilatator pupillae. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of stratum germinativum of esophagus A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of esophagus. CL:1000447 FMA:70731 basal cell of esophageal epithelium cell A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of esophagus. GOC:tfm FMA:70731 basal cell of esophageal epithelium epithelial cell of sweat gland An epithelial cell that is part of the sweat gland. CL:1000448 FMA:70952 cell An epithelial cell that is part of the sweat gland. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of nephron An epithelial cell that is part of the nephron. CL:1000449 FMA:70965 cell An epithelial cell that is part of the nephron. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of glomerular capsule An epithelial cell that is part of the glomerular capsule. CL:1000450 FMA:70966 KUPO:0001034 bowmans capsule epithelial cell cell epithelial cell of bowman's capsule FMA:70966 epithelial cell of bowman's capsule An epithelial cell that is part of the glomerular capsule. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of visceral layer of glomerular capsule An epithelial cell that is part of the visceral layer of glomerular capsule. CL:1000451 FMA:70967 cell glomerular podocyte An epithelial cell that is part of the visceral layer of glomerular capsule. GOC:tfm FMA:70967 glomerular podocyte epithelial cell of parietal layer of glomerular capsule An epithelial cell that is part of the glomerular parietal epithelium. CL:1000452 FMA:70968 cell An epithelial cell that is part of the glomerular parietal epithelium. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of intermediate tubule An epithelial cell that is part of the intermediate tubule. CL:1000453 FMA:70980 cell An epithelial cell that is part of the intermediate tubule. GOC:tfm kidney collecting duct epithelial cell An epithelial cell that is part of the collecting duct of renal tubule. CL:1000454 FMA:70982 KUPO:0001059 cell epithelial cell of renal collecting tubule FMA:70982 epithelial cell of renal collecting tubule An epithelial cell that is part of the collecting duct of renal tubule. GOC:tfm mesothelial cell of parietal peritoneum A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal peritoneum. CL:1000456 FMA:72142 cell A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal peritoneum. GOC:tfm mesothelial cell of visceral peritoneum A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral peritoneum. CL:1000457 FMA:72143 cell A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral peritoneum. GOC:tfm melanocyte of skin A melanocyte that is part of the skin of body. CL:1000458 FMA:72144 cell skin melanocyte A melanocyte that is part of the skin of body. GOC:tfm FMA:72144 skin melanocyte chromaffin cell of ovary A chromaffin cell that is part of the ovary. CL:1000465 FMA:74319 cell A chromaffin cell that is part of the ovary. GOC:tfm chromaffin cell of right ovary A chromaffin cell that is part of the right ovary. CL:1000466 FMA:74320 cell A chromaffin cell that is part of the right ovary. GOC:tfm chromaffin cell of left ovary A chromaffin cell that is part of the left ovary. CL:1000467 FMA:74321 cell A chromaffin cell that is part of the left ovary. GOC:tfm myoepithelial cell of acinus of lactiferous gland A myoepithelial cell that is part of the acinus of lactiferous gland. CL:1000468 FMA:74469 basal cell of acinus of lactiferous gland cell A myoepithelial cell that is part of the acinus of lactiferous gland. GOC:tfm FMA:74469 basal cell of acinus of lactiferous gland myoepithelial cell of main lactiferous duct A myoepithelial cell that is part of the main lactiferous duct. CL:1000469 FMA:74499 cell A myoepithelial cell that is part of the main lactiferous duct. GOC:tfm myoepithelial cell of primary lactiferous duct A myoepithelial cell that is part of the primary lactiferous duct. CL:1000470 FMA:74500 cell A myoepithelial cell that is part of the primary lactiferous duct. GOC:tfm myoepithelial cell of secondary lactiferous duct A myoepithelial cell that is part of the secondary lactiferous duct. CL:1000471 FMA:74501 cell A myoepithelial cell that is part of the secondary lactiferous duct. GOC:tfm myoepithelial cell of tertiary lactiferous duct A myoepithelial cell that is part of the tertiary lactiferous duct. CL:1000472 FMA:74502 cell A myoepithelial cell that is part of the tertiary lactiferous duct. GOC:tfm myoepithelial cell of quarternary lactiferous duct A myoepithelial cell that is part of the quarternary lactiferous duct. CL:1000473 FMA:74503 cell A myoepithelial cell that is part of the quarternary lactiferous duct. GOC:tfm pacemaker cell of sinuatrial node A nodal myocyte that is part of the sinuatrial node. CL:1000477 FMA:83383 cell pacemaker cell of sinoatrial node A nodal myocyte that is part of the sinuatrial node. GOC:tfm transitional myocyte of sinuatrial node A transitional myocyte that is part of the sinuatrial node. CL:1000478 FMA:83384 cell transitinal myocyte of sinoatrial node A transitional myocyte that is part of the sinuatrial node. GOC:tfm purkinje myocyte of atrioventricular node A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the atrioventricular node. CL:1000479 FMA:83386 cell A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the atrioventricular node. GOC:tfm transitional myocyte of internodal tract A transitional myocyte that is part of the internodal tract. CL:1000480 FMA:83387 cell A transitional myocyte that is part of the internodal tract. GOC:tfm transitional myocyte of atrioventricular bundle A transitional myocyte that is part of the atrioventricular bundle. CL:1000481 FMA:83388 FMA:83885 cell A transitional myocyte that is part of the atrioventricular bundle. GOC:tfm myocardial endocrine cell of interventricular septum A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the interventricular septum. CL:1000482 FMA:83390 cell A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the interventricular septum. GOC:tfm purkinje myocyte of internodal tract A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the internodal tract. CL:1000483 FMA:83392 cell A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the internodal tract. GOC:tfm purkinje myocyte of atrioventricular bundle A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the atrioventricular bundle. CL:1000484 FMA:83393 cell A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the atrioventricular bundle. GOC:tfm basal cell of urothelium A basal cell that is part of the urothelium. CL:1000486 FMA:84150 cell A basal cell that is part of the urothelium. GOC:tfm smooth muscle cell of prostate A smooth muscle cell that is part of the prostate gland. CL:1000487 FMA:84583 cell smooth muscle fiber of prostate FMA:84583 smooth muscle fiber of prostate A smooth muscle cell that is part of the prostate gland. GOC:tfm cholangiocyte An epithelial cell that is part of the bile duct. Cholangiocytes contribute to bile secretion via net release of bicarbonate and water. They are cuboidal epithelium in the small interlobular bile ducts, but become columnar and mucus secreting in larger bile ducts approaching the porta hepatis and the extrahepatic ducts. CL:1000488 FMA:86481 cell epithelial cell of bile duct hepatoblast An epithelial cell that is part of the bile duct. Cholangiocytes contribute to bile secretion via net release of bicarbonate and water. They are cuboidal epithelium in the small interlobular bile ducts, but become columnar and mucus secreting in larger bile ducts approaching the porta hepatis and the extrahepatic ducts. GOC:tfm PMID:16550043<new dbxref> PMID:18356246 reticular cell of splenic cord A reticular cell that is part of the splenic cord. CL:1000489 FMA:86497 cell A reticular cell that is part of the splenic cord. GOC:tfm mesothelial cell of peritoneum A mesothelial cell that is part of the peritoneum. CL:1000490 FMA:86736 cell peritoneal mesothelial cell A mesothelial cell that is part of the peritoneum. GOC:tfm FMA:86736 peritoneal mesothelial cell mesothelial cell of pleura A mesothelial cell that is part of the pleura. CL:1000491 FMA:86737 cell pleural mesothelial cell FMA:86737 pleural mesothelial cell A mesothelial cell that is part of the pleura. GOC:tfm mesothelial cell of parietal pleura A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal pleura. CL:1000492 FMA:86738 cell A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal pleura. GOC:tfm mesothelial cell of visceral pleura A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral pleura. CL:1000493 FMA:86739 cell A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral pleura. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of renal tubule An epithelial cell that is part of the renal tubule. CL:1000494 FMA:86785 KUPO:0001022 cell kidney tubule epithelial cell An epithelial cell that is part of the renal tubule. GOC:tfm goblet cell of small intestine A goblet cell that is part of the small intestine. CL:1000495 FMA:86929 cell small intestinal goblet cell FMA:86929 small intestinal goblet cell A goblet cell that is part of the small intestine. GOC:tfm kidney cell CL:1000497 KUPO:0001010 cell kidney interstitial cell CL:1000500 KUPO:0001013 cell kidney medulla cell CL:1000504 KUPO:0001017 cell kidney pelvis cell CL:1000505 KUPO:0001018 cell kidney tubule cell CL:1000507 KUPO:0001020 cell kidney glomerular epithelial cell CL:1000510 KUPO:0001023 cell kidney medulla collecting duct epithelial cell CL:1000546 KUPO:0001060 cell kidney inner medulla collecting duct epithelial cell CL:1000547 KUPO:0001061 cell kidney outer medulla collecting duct epithelial cell CL:1000548 KUPO:0001062 cell kidney cortex collecting duct epithelial cell CL:1000549 KUPO:0001063 cell kidney papillary duct principal epithelial cell CL:1000550 KUPO:0001064 cell inner renal cortex cell CL:1000596 KUPO:0001111 cell papillary tips cell CL:1000597 KUPO:0001112 cell lower urinary tract cell CL:1000600 KUPO:0001115 cell ureteral cell CL:1000601 KUPO:0001116 cell kidney nerve cell CL:1000606 KUPO:0001015 cell kidney corpuscule cell CL:1000612 KUPO:0001021 cell kidney cortex tubule cell CL:1000615 KUPO:0001024 cell kidney outer medulla cell CL:1000616 KUPO:0001025 cell kidney inner medulla cell CL:1000617 KUPO:0001026 cell juxtaglomerular complex cell CL:1000618 KUPO:0001028 cell kidney cortex interstitial cell CL:1000681 KUPO:0001091 cell kidney medulla interstitial cell CL:1000682 KUPO:0001092 cell kidney interstitial myofibroblast CL:1000691 KUPO:0001101 cell kidney interstitial fibroblast CL:1000692 KUPO:0001102 cell kidney interstitial fibrocyte CL:1000693 KUPO:0001103 cell kidney interstitial alternatively activated macrophage CL:1000695 KUPO:0001106 cell kidney interstitial inflammatory macrophage CL:1000696 KUPO:0001107 cell kidney interstitial suppressor macrophage CL:1000697 KUPO:0001108 cell kidney resident macrophage CL:1000698 KUPO:0001109 cell kidney resident dendritic cell CL:1000699 KUPO:0001110 cell kidney pelvis smooth muscle cell CL:1000702 KUPO:0001113 cell kidney pelvis urothelial cell CL:1000703 KUPO:0001114 cell ureter urothelial cell CL:1000706 KUPO:0001117 cell ureter adventitial cell CL:1000708 KUPO:0001119 cell kidney cortex collecting duct principal cell CL:1000714 KUPO:0001130 cell kidney cortex collecting duct intercalated cell CL:1000715 KUPO:0001131 cell kidney outer medulla collecting duct principal cell CL:1000716 KUPO:0001132 cell kidney outer medulla collecting duct intercalated cell CL:1000717 KUPO:0001133 cell kidney inner medulla collecting duct principal cell CL:1000718 KUPO:0001134 cell kidney inner medulla collecting duct intercalated cell CL:1000719 KUPO:0001135 cell kidney papillary duct intercalated cell CL:1000720 KUPO:0001136 cell kidney papillary duct principal cell CL:1000721 KUPO:0001137 cell glomerular mesangial cell CL:1000742 KUPO:0001032 cell glomerular cell CL:1000746 KUPO:0001036 cell kidney connecting tubule epithelial cell CL:1000768 KUPO:0001058 cell kidney inner medulla interstitial cell CL:1000803 KUPO:0001093 cell kidney outer medulla interstitial cell CL:1000804 KUPO:0001094 cell kidney proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cell CL:1000838 KUPO:0001045 cell kidney proximal straight tubule epithelial cell CL:1000839 KUPO:0001046 cell kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cell CL:1000849 KUPO:0001056 cell macula densa epithelial cell CL:1000850 KUPO:0001057 cell kidney blood vessel cell CL:1000854 KUPO:0001014 cell kidney arterial blood vessel cell CL:1000891 KUPO:0001029 cell kidney capillary endothelial cell CL:1000892 KUPO:0001030 cell kidney venous blood vessel cell CL:1000893 KUPO:0001031 cell parietal epithelial cell CL:1000897 KUPO:0001035 cell kidney loop of henle epithelial cell CL:1000909 KUPO:0001047 cell ureter smooth muscle cell CL:1000979 KUPO:0001118 cell glomerular capillary endothelial cell CL:1001005 KUPO:0001037 cell kidney afferent arteriole cell CL:1001006 KUPO:0001038 cell kidney efferent arteriole cell CL:1001009 KUPO:0001041 cell kidney loop of henle ascending limb epithelial cell CL:1001016 KUPO:0001048 cell kidney loop of henle descending limb epithelial cell CL:1001021 KUPO:0001053 cell peritubular capillary endothelial cell CL:1001033 KUPO:0001065 cell vasa recta cell CL:1001036 KUPO:0001068 cell kidney cortex artery cell CL:1001045 KUPO:0001077 cell kidney cortex vein cell CL:1001052 KUPO:0001084 cell kidney artery smooth muscle cell CL:1001064 KUPO:0001096 cell note that the source of this term is KUPO:0001096 (artery smooth muscle cell), which we believe actually denotes the kidney specific structure kidney arteriole smooth muscle cell CL:1001066 KUPO:0001098 cell note that the source of this term is KUPO:0001098 (arteriole smooth muscle cell), which we believe actually denotes the kidney specific structure kidney venous system smooth muscle cell CL:1001068 KUPO:0001100 cell note that the source of this term is KUPO:0001068 (venous system smooth muscle cell), which we believe actually denotes the kidney specific structure kidney afferent arteriole endothelial cell CL:1001096 KUPO:0001039 cell kidney afferent arteriole smooth muscle cell CL:1001097 KUPO:0001040 cell kidney efferent arteriole endothelial cell CL:1001099 KUPO:0001042 cell kidney efferent arteriole smooth muscle cell CL:1001100 KUPO:0001043 cell kidney loop of henle thick ascending limb epithelial cell CL:1001106 KUPO:0001049 cell kidney loop of henle thin ascending limb epithelial cell CL:1001107 KUPO:0001050 cell kidney loop of henle medullary thick ascending limb epithelial cell CL:1001108 KUPO:0001051 cell kidney loop of henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell CL:1001109 KUPO:0001052 cell kidney loop of henle thin descending limb epithelial cell CL:1001111 KUPO:0001054 cell kidney outer medulla peritubular capillary cell CL:1001123 KUPO:0001066 cell kidney cortex peritubular capillary cell CL:1001124 KUPO:0001067 cell inner renal medulla vasa recta cell CL:1001126 KUPO:0001069 cell outer renal medulla vasa recta cell CL:1001127 KUPO:0001070 cell vasa recta ascending limb cell CL:1001131 KUPO:0001074 cell arcuate artery cell CL:1001135 KUPO:0001078 cell interlobular artery cell CL:1001138 KUPO:0001081 cell arcuate vein cell CL:1001142 KUPO:0001085 cell interlobular vein cell CL:1001145 KUPO:0001088 cell inner medulla vasa recta ascending limb cell CL:1001209 KUPO:0001075 cell outer medulla vasa recta ascending limb cell CL:1001210 KUPO:0001076 cell arcuate artery endothelial cell CL:1001213 KUPO:0001079 cell arcuate artery smooth muscle cell CL:1001214 KUPO:0001080 cell interlobulary artery endothelial cell CL:1001216 KUPO:0001082 cell interlobulary artery smooth muscle cell CL:1001217 KUPO:0001083 cell arcuate vein endothelial cell CL:1001220 KUPO:0001086 cell arcuate vein smooth muscle cell CL:1001221 KUPO:0001087 cell interlobulary vein endothelial cell CL:1001223 KUPO:0001089 cell interlobulary vein smooth muscle cell CL:1001224 KUPO:0001090 cell kidney collecting duct cell CL:1001225 KUPO:0001012 cell vasa recta descending limb cell CL:1001285 KUPO:0001071 cell inner medulla vasa recta descending limb cell CL:1001286 KUPO:0001072 cell outer medulla vasa recta descending limb cell CL:1001287 KUPO:0001073 cell renal interstitial pericyte CL:1001318 KUPO:0001104 cell bladder cell CL:1001319 KUPO:0001120 cell urethra cell CL:1001320 KUPO:0001123 cell bladder urothelial cell CL:1001428 KUPO:0001121 cell urethra urothelial cell CL:1001430 KUPO:0001124 cell kidney collecting duct principal cell CL:1001431 KUPO:0001128 cell kidney collecting duct intercalated cell CL:1001432 KUPO:0001129 cell epithelial cell of exocrine pancreas An epithelial cell of the exocrine pancreas. CL:1001433 FMA:70986 cell exocrine pancreas cell An epithelial cell of the exocrine pancreas. GOC:tfm reproduction GO:0000003 GO:0019952 GO:0050876 The production by an organism of new individuals that contain some portion of their genetic material inherited from that organism. Wikipedia:Reproduction biological_process reproductive physiological process GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete ISBN:0198506732 The production by an organism of new individuals that contain some portion of their genetic material inherited from that organism. regulation of DNA recombination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a DNA metabolic process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. GO:0000018 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a DNA metabolic process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 M phase of mitotic cell cycle GO:0000087 M phase occurring as part of the mitotic cell cycle. M phase is the part of the cell cycle during which nuclear division takes place. A mitotic cell cycle is one which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. M-phase of mitotic cell cycle Reactome:REACT_105412 Reactome:REACT_107095 Reactome:REACT_109059 Reactome:REACT_29488 Reactome:REACT_33490 Reactome:REACT_82055 Reactome:REACT_87132 Reactome:REACT_88263 Reactome:REACT_910 Reactome:REACT_92998 Reactome:REACT_93131 Reactome:REACT_93566 Reactome:REACT_93720 Reactome:REACT_94536 biological_process GOC:dph GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 M phase occurring as part of the mitotic cell cycle. M phase is the part of the cell cycle during which nuclear division takes place. A mitotic cell cycle is one which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. microtubule cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. GO:0000226 biological_process microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis microtubule dynamics GOC:mah microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. GOC:mah GOC:dph GOC:tb microtubule dynamics polysaccharide biosynthetic process GO:0000271 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides, polymers of more than 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages. biological_process glycan biosynthesis glycan biosynthetic process polysaccharide anabolism polysaccharide biosynthesis polysaccharide formation polysaccharide synthesis GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides, polymers of more than 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages. mitotic cell cycle GO:0000278 Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent. Reactome:REACT_100451 Reactome:REACT_103627 Reactome:REACT_104195 Reactome:REACT_105856 Reactome:REACT_108233 Reactome:REACT_152 Reactome:REACT_28464 Reactome:REACT_28953 Reactome:REACT_33388 Reactome:REACT_53493 Reactome:REACT_79085 Reactome:REACT_84794 Reactome:REACT_85137 Reactome:REACT_85950 Reactome:REACT_90332 Reactome:REACT_90846 Reactome:REACT_96281 Reactome:REACT_97744 Reactome:REACT_98208 biological_process GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent. Reactome:69278 M phase A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through M phase, the part of the cell cycle comprising nuclear division. GO:0000279 M-phase Wikipedia:M_phase biological_process A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through M phase, the part of the cell cycle comprising nuclear division. GOC:dph GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 nuclear division GO:0000280 The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei. biological_process karyokinesis GOC:mah The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei. lytic vacuole A vacuole that is maintained at an acidic pH and which contains degradative enzymes, including a wide variety of acid hydrolases. GO:0000323 cellular_component A vacuole that is maintained at an acidic pH and which contains degradative enzymes, including a wide variety of acid hydrolases. GOC:krc chromatin GO:0000785 GO:0005717 NIF_Subcellular:sao1615953555 The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. cellular_component chromosome scaffold GOC:elh PMID:20404130 The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. euchromatin A dispersed and relatively uncompacted form of chromatin. GO:0000791 NIF_Subcellular:sao445485807 Wikipedia:Euchromatin cellular_component A dispersed and relatively uncompacted form of chromatin. GOC:elh heterochromatin A compact and highly condensed form of chromatin. GO:0000792 NIF_Subcellular:sao581845896 Wikipedia:Heterochromatin cellular_component A compact and highly condensed form of chromatin. GOC:elh skeletal system development GO:0001501 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton). biological_process skeletal development GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton). http://www.stedmans.com/ ossification GO:0001503 The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. Wikipedia:Ossification biological_process bone biosynthesis bone formation osteogenesis GOC:mtg_mpo PMID:17572649 The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. angiogenesis Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. GO:0001525 Wikipedia:Angiogenesis biological_process blood vessel formation from pre-existing blood vessels blood vessel formation from pre-existing blood vessels Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. ISBN:0878932453 blood vessel development GO:0001568 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. biological_process GOC:hjd The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. UBERON:0001981 microtubule bundle formation A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules. GO:0001578 biological_process microtubule bundling A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules. GOC:dph osteoblast differentiation GO:0001649 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, the mesodermal cell that gives rise to bone. biological_process osteoblast cell differentiation CL:0000062 GOC:jid The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, the mesodermal cell that gives rise to bone. ameboidal cell migration Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. GO:0001667 ameboid cell migration amoeboid cell migration amoeboidal cell migration biological_process Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. GOC:dph acrosome assembly GO:0001675 The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi. acrosome formation biological_process GOC:dph GOC:hjd GOC:tb The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi. GOC:dph GOC:tb acrosome formation gastric acid secretion GO:0001696 The regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion. biological_process hydrochloric acid secretion GOC:hjd The regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion. photoreceptor outer segment GO:0001750 The outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor that contains discs of photoreceptive membranes. cellular_component ISBN:0824072820 The outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor that contains discs of photoreceptive membranes. morphogenesis of a branching structure GO:0001763 The process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes. biological_process branching morphogenesis GOC:dph branching morphogenesis ISBN:0721662544 The process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes. myeloid dendritic cell activation GO:0001773 The change in morphology and behavior of a dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. biological_process GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735149 The change in morphology and behavior of a dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. cell activation A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. GO:0001775 biological_process A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. GOC:mgi_curators leukocyte homeostasis GO:0001776 Note that this term represents the return of immune system cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus. The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. biological_process immune cell homeostasis leucocyte homeostasis GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. B cell homeostasis B lymphocyte homeostasis B-cell homeostasis B-lymphocyte homeostasis GO:0001782 Note that this term represents the return of B cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of B cells required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus. The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. biological_process GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12956429 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. B cell apoptosis B cell programmed cell death by apoptosis B lymphocyte apoptosis B lymphocyte programmed cell death by apoptosis B-cell apoptosis B-cell programmed cell death by apoptosis B-lymphocyte apoptosis B-lymphocyte programmed cell death by apoptosis GO:0001783 The process of apoptosis in B cells. apoptosis of B cells apoptosis of B lymphocytes apoptosis of B-cells apoptosis of B-lymphocytes biological_process programmed cell death of B cells by apoptosis programmed cell death of B lymphocytes by apoptosis programmed cell death of B-cells by apoptosis programmed cell death of B-lymphocytes by apoptosis programmed cell death, B cells programmed cell death, B lymphocytes programmed cell death, B-cells programmed cell death, B-lymphocytes GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process of apoptosis in B cells. cytokine production GO:0001816 Note that this term is intended for use when a gene product is seen to cause apparent increases in intracellular or extracellular cytokine levels, without specific regard as to whether the increase is due to increased biosynthesis, increased secretion of preexisting cytokine molecules, or increased conversion from precursor molecules. The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process interferon production interleukin production GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:add GOC:mah interferon production GOC:add GOC:mah interleukin production serotonin secretion 5-HT secretion 5-hydroxytryptamine secretion GO:0001820 The regulated release of serotonin by a cell or group of cells. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system, enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and some immune system cells. biological_process GOC:ef ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0781735149 The regulated release of serotonin by a cell or group of cells. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system, enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and some immune system cells. embryonic epithelial tube formation GO:0001838 The morphogenesis of an embryonic epithelium into a tube-shaped structure. biological_process GOC:dph ISBN:0824072820 The morphogenesis of an embryonic epithelium into a tube-shaped structure. neural tube formation GO:0001679 GO:0001841 The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system. Wikipedia:Neurulation biological_process neural tube morphogenesis neurulation GOC:dph ISBN:0878932437 The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system. GOC:dph neural tube morphogenesis tissue homeostasis A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. GO:0001894 biological_process tissue maintenance GOC:add tissue maintenance A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. GOC:add GOC:isa_complete cell killing Any process in an organism that results in the killing of its own cells or those of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions. GO:0001906 biological_process necrosis Any process in an organism that results in the killing of its own cells or those of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions. GOC:add leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity GO:0001909 The directed killing of a target cell by a leukocyte. This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was moved. Note that this term and its children describe contact-dependent killing of target cells by lymphocytes and myeloid cells of the immune system. biological_process immune cell mediated cell death immune cell mediated cell killing immune cell mediated cytotoxicity leucocyte mediated cytotoxicity GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 PMID:11911826 The directed killing of a target cell by a leukocyte. T cell mediated cytotoxicity GO:0001913 Note that either or both mechanisms mentioned in the definition may be used in this process. Note that both granule release and the engagement of death receptors on target cells result in the induction of apoptosis in the target cell. Note that both CD4 and CD8 positive T cells can mediate apoptosis of target cells, independently of their definition as 'helper' T cells or not. T cell mediated apoptosis T cell mediated cell death T cell mediated cell killing T cell mediated cytolysis T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity T-cell mediated apoptosis T-cell mediated cell death T-cell mediated cell killing T-cell mediated cytotoxicity T-lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors. biological_process GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:11911826 The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors. photoreceptor inner segment GO:0001917 The inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor containing mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs. cellular_component GOC:add PMID:12019563 The inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor containing mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs. hair follicle development GO:0001942 GO:0001943 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open. biological_process GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open. UBERON:0002073 vasculature development GO:0001944 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism. biological_process vascular system development GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism. UBERON:0002409 GOC:curators vascular system development intramembranous ossification GO:0001957 The formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed. Wikipedia:Intramembranous_ossification biological_process ISBN:0878932437 The formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed. endochondral ossification GO:0001958 The formation of bone by the replacement of cartilage tissue with mineralized bone. Wikipedia:Endochondral_ossification biological_process ISBN:0878932437 The formation of bone by the replacement of cartilage tissue with mineralized bone. blood vessel remodeling GO:0001974 The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels. biological_process GOC:hjd The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels. neurological system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure GO:0001976 The regulation of blood pressure mediated by detection of stimuli and a neurological response. biological_process blood pressure regulation by neurological process fast control of arterial pressure neurological process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure GOC:dph GOC:tb neurological process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure GOC:mtg_cardio ISBN:0721643949 The regulation of blood pressure mediated by detection of stimuli and a neurological response. renal system process involved in regulation of blood volume A slow mechanism of blood pressure regulation that responds to changes in pressure resulting from fluid and salt intake by modulating the quantity of blood in the circulatory system. GO:0001977 biological_process renal blood volume control of blood pressure renal regulation of blood volume GOC:dph GOC:tb renal regulation of blood volume A slow mechanism of blood pressure regulation that responds to changes in pressure resulting from fluid and salt intake by modulating the quantity of blood in the circulatory system. GOC:dph GOC:tb ISBN:0721643949 regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by carotid sinus baroreceptor feedback GO:0001978 The process that modulates blood pressure by sensing the amount of stretch occurring in large arteries and responding to the input via central nervous system control. baroreceptor feedback control of blood pressure baroreceptor pressure buffer system biological_process carotid sinus baroreceptor feedback regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure ISBN:068340007X baroreceptor pressure buffer system GOC:dph GOC:tb ISBN:0721643949 The process that modulates blood pressure by sensing the amount of stretch occurring in large arteries and responding to the input via central nervous system control. GOC:dph GOC:tb carotid sinus baroreceptor feedback regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure morphogenesis of an epithelium GO:0002009 The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube. biological_process GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:tb ISBN:0198506732 The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube. regulation of heart rate Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction. GO:0002027 biological_process cardiac chronotropy regulation of heart contraction rate regulation of rate of heart contraction Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction. GOC:dph GOC:tb PMID:10358008 GOC:dph GOC:tb cardiac chronotropy amphibian larval development GO:0002117 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the amphibian larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Amphibian larvae, sometimes called pollywogs or tadpoles, hatch from eggs and begin to grow limbs and other adult physical features at various times, depending on the species, before they metamorphose into the adult form. biological_process GOC:bf GOC:go_curators The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the amphibian larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Amphibian larvae, sometimes called pollywogs or tadpoles, hatch from eggs and begin to grow limbs and other adult physical features at various times, depending on the species, before they metamorphose into the adult form. http://www.livingunderworld.org/biology/ nematode larval development GO:0002119 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew. biological_process GOC:ems GOC:kmv The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew. larval development GO:0002164 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The larva is the early, immature form of an that at birth or hatching is fundamentally unlike its parent and must metamorphose before assuming the adult characters. biological_process GOC:jid ISBN:0877795088 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The larva is the early, immature form of an that at birth or hatching is fundamentally unlike its parent and must metamorphose before assuming the adult characters. instar larval or pupal development GO:0002165 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the instar larva or pupa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. biological_process GOC:jid GOC:mtg_sensu The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the instar larva or pupa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. instar larval development GO:0002168 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This begins with the newly hatched first-instar larva, through its maturation to the end of the last larval stage. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. biological_process GOC:bf GOC:mtg_sensu The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This begins with the newly hatched first-instar larva, through its maturation to the end of the last larval stage. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. somatic diversification of immune receptors GO:0002200 Note that this process covers somatic recombination, gene conversion, hypermutation, N-region addition, and alternate splicing processes of immune receptor diversification. The somatic process allowing for the production of immune receptors whose specificity is not encoded in the germline genomic sequences. biological_process GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:16102575 PMID:16166509 The somatic process allowing for the production of immune receptors whose specificity is not encoded in the germline genomic sequences. somatic recombination of immunoglobulin genes involved in immune response GO:0002204 The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, also known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus following the induction of and contributing to an immune response. biological_process somatic recombination of antibody genes during immune response somatic recombination of immunoglobulin genes during immune response GOC:dph somatic recombination of immunoglobulin genes during immune response GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, also known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus following the induction of and contributing to an immune response. somatic diversification of immunoglobulins involved in immune response GO:0002208 The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins after induction, and contributes to an immune response. biological_process somatic diversification of antibodies during immune response somatic diversification of immunoglobulins during immune response GOC:dph somatic diversification of immunoglobulins during immune response GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:14991701 The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins after induction, and contributes to an immune response. defense response to nematode A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from a nematode or nematodes, which results in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. GO:0002215 GO:0002216 biological_process physiological defense response to nematode A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from a nematode or nematodes, which results in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. GOC:add PMID:11516579 PMID:14506883 innate immune response in mucosa Any process of the innate immune response that takes place in the mucosal tissues. GO:0002227 biological_process Any process of the innate immune response that takes place in the mucosal tissues. GOC:add PMID:10719665 PMID:15971105 natural killer cell mediated immunity GO:0002228 NK cell mediated immunity The promotion of an immune response by natural killer cells through direct recognition of target cells or through the release of cytokines. This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. biological_process GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 The promotion of an immune response by natural killer cells through direct recognition of target cells or through the release of cytokines. hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GO:0002244 The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hemopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells. biological_process haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:16551251 The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hemopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells. lymphocyte anergy Any process contributing to lymphocyte anergy, a state of functional inactivation. GO:0002249 biological_process Any process contributing to lymphocyte anergy, a state of functional inactivation. GOC:add adaptive immune response An immune response based on directed amplification of specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for enhanced response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). GO:0002250 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. Wikipedia:Adaptive_immune_system acquired immune response biological_process An immune response based on directed amplification of specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for enhanced response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 ISBN:068340007X acquired immune response organ or tissue specific immune response An immune response taking place in an organ or tissues such as the liver, brain, mucosa, or nervous system tissues. GO:0002251 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. biological_process immune response in organ or tissue An immune response taking place in an organ or tissues such as the liver, brain, mucosa, or nervous system tissues. GOC:jal GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 immune effector process Any process of the immune system that can potentially contribute to an immune response. GO:0002252 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. biological_process Any process of the immune system that can potentially contribute to an immune response. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 lymphocyte homeostasis GO:0002260 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. biological_process GOC:add PMID:15826826 PMID:16319493 PMID:16551252 PMID:16551262 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. cell activation involved in immune response A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GO:0002263 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. biological_process cell activation during immune response A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 GOC:tb cell activation during immune response myeloid leukocyte activation A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. GO:0002274 biological_process myeloid leucocyte activation A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 lymphocyte activation involved in immune response A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GO:0002285 biological_process lymphocyte activation during immune response A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 GOC:tb lymphocyte activation during immune response T cell activation involved in immune response GO:0002286 T cell activation during immune response T lymphocyte activation during immune response T-cell activation during immune response T-lymphocyte activation during immune response The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. biological_process GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GOC:tb T cell activation during immune response alpha-beta T cell activation involved in immune response GO:0002287 The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. alpha-beta T cell activation during immune response alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation during immune response alpha-beta T-cell activation during immune response alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation during immune response biological_process GOC:tb alpha-beta T cell activation during immune response GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. NK T cell activation involved in immune response GO:0002288 NK T cell activation during immune response NK T lymphocyte activation during immune response NK T-cell activation during immune response NK T-lymphocyte activation during immune response The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. biological_process natural killer T lymphocyte activation during immune response natural killer T-cell activation during immune response natural killer T-lymphocyte activation during immune response GOC:tb NK T cell activation during immune response GOC:add PMID:15771592 The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. T cell differentiation involved in immune response GO:0002292 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. T cell development involved in immune response T cell differentiation during immune response T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response T-cell differentiation during immune response T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. biological_process GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. GOC:add T cell development involved in immune response GOC:tb T cell differentiation during immune response alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response GO:0002293 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. The process in which an antigenically naive alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell during an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. alpha-beta T cell development involved in immune response alpha-beta T cell differentiation during immune response alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response alpha-beta T-cell differentiation during immune response alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response biological_process GOC:tb alpha-beta T cell differentiation during immune response GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process in which an antigenically naive alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell during an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. GOC:add alpha-beta T cell development involved in immune response CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell development involved in immune response CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation during immune response CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell differentiation during immune response CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response GO:0002294 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. biological_process GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell development involved in immune response GOC:add CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation during immune response GOC:tb B cell activation involved in immune response B cell activation during immune response B lymphocyte activation during immune response B-cell activation during immune response B-lymphocyte activation during immune response GO:0002312 The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell during an immune response, resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. biological_process GOC:jal The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell during an immune response, resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. B cell activation during immune response GOC:tb mature B cell differentiation involved in immune response GO:0002313 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. The process in which a naive B cell acquires the specialized features of a mature or memory B cell during an immune response. biological_process mature B cell development involved in immune response mature B cell differentiation during immune response mature B lymphocyte differentiation during immune response mature B-cell differentiation during immune response mature B-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response GOC:add mature B cell development involved in immune response GOC:jal The process in which a naive B cell acquires the specialized features of a mature or memory B cell during an immune response. GOC:tb mature B cell differentiation during immune response germinal center B cell differentiation GO:0002314 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a germinal center B cell. Germinal center B cells are rapidly cycling B cells which have downregulated IgD expression and exhibit high levels of binding by peanut agglutinin (PNA). biological_process germinal center B cell development germinal center B lymphocyte differentiation germinal center B-cell differentiation germinal center B-lymphocyte differentiation GOC:add germinal center B cell development GOC:jal ISBN:0781735149 The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a germinal center B cell. Germinal center B cells are rapidly cycling B cells which have downregulated IgD expression and exhibit high levels of binding by peanut agglutinin (PNA). memory B cell differentiation GO:0002319 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. The process in which a B cell acquires the specialized features of a memory B cell. Memory B cells are cells that can respond rapidly to antigen re-exposure by production of high-affinity antibody. biological_process memory B cell development memory B lymphocyte differentiation memory B-cell differentiation memory B-lymphocyte differentiation GOC:add memory B cell development GOC:jal ISBN:0781735149 The process in which a B cell acquires the specialized features of a memory B cell. Memory B cells are cells that can respond rapidly to antigen re-exposure by production of high-affinity antibody. mature B cell differentiation GO:0002335 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. The process in which transitional stage B cells acquire the specialized features of mature B cells in the spleen. biological_process mature B lymphocyte differentiation mature B-cell differentiation mature B-lymphocyte differentiation mature cell development GOC:add mature cell development GOC:jal ISBN:0781735149 The process in which transitional stage B cells acquire the specialized features of mature B cells in the spleen. B cell selection B lymphocyte selection B-cell selection B-lymphocyte selection GO:0002339 The process dependent upon B cell antigen receptor signaling in response to self or foreign antigen through which B cells are selected for survival. biological_process GOC:jal The process dependent upon B cell antigen receptor signaling in response to self or foreign antigen through which B cells are selected for survival. peripheral B cell selection Any B cell selection process that occurs in the periphery. GO:0002343 biological_process peripheral B lymphocyte selection peripheral B-cell selection peripheral B-lymphocyte selection Any B cell selection process that occurs in the periphery. GOC:jal B cell affinity maturation B lymphocyte affinity maturation B-cell affinity maturation B-lymphocyte affinity maturation GO:0002344 The process in which B cells produce antibodies with increased antigen affinity. This is accomplished by somatic hypermutation and selection for B cells which produce higher affinity antibodies to antigen. This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. biological_process GOC:jal GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 The process in which B cells produce antibodies with increased antigen affinity. This is accomplished by somatic hypermutation and selection for B cells which produce higher affinity antibodies to antigen. histamine production involved in inflammatory response GO:0002349 The synthesis or release of histamine following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process histamine production involved in acute inflammatory response GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:16730260 The synthesis or release of histamine following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. serotonin production involved in inflammatory response GO:0002351 The synthesis or release of serotonin following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process serotonin production involved in acute inflammatory response GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:16730260 The synthesis or release of serotonin following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. leukocyte activation involved in immune response A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GO:0002366 biological_process immune cell activation during immune response leucocyte activation during immune response leukocyte activation during immune response GOC:tb leukocyte activation during immune response A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 cytokine production involved in immune response GO:0002367 The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus contributing to an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. Note that this term is intended for use when a gene product is seen to cause apparent increases in intracellular or extracellular cytokine levels, without specific regard as to whether the increase is due to increased biosynthesis, increased secretion of preexisting cytokine molecules, or increased conversion from precursor molecules. biological_process cytokine production during immune response GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus contributing to an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:dph cytokine production during immune response T cell cytokine production Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T cell. GO:0002369 T lymphocyte cytokine production T-cell cytokine production T-lymphocyte cytokine production biological_process Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T cell. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 immune system process Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats. GO:0002376 Note that this term is a direct child of 'biological_process ; GO:0008150' because some immune system processes are types of cellular process (GO:0009987), whereas others are types of multicellular organism process (GO:0032501). This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. Wikipedia:Immune_system biological_process Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 immunoglobulin production GO:0002377 The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. antibody production biological_process GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. immunoglobulin production involved in immunoglobulin mediated immune response GO:0002381 The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. antibody production during immune response biological_process immunoglobulin production during immune response immunoglobulin production involved in immune response GOC:dph immunoglobulin production during immune response GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:dph immunoglobulin production involved in immune response hepatic immune response An immune response taking place in the liver. GO:0002384 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. biological_process An immune response taking place in the liver. GOC:jal GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 mucosal immune response An immune response taking place in mucosal tissues, including those of the intestinal tract, nasal and upper respiratory tract, and genital tract. GO:0002385 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. biological_process An immune response taking place in mucosal tissues, including those of the intestinal tract, nasal and upper respiratory tract, and genital tract. GOC:jal GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 immune response in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue GO:0002386 Immune response taking place in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes. biological_process immune response in MALT GOC:jal ISBN:0781735149 Immune response taking place in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes. immune response in gut-associated lymphoid tissue GO:0002387 Immune response taking place in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). GALT includes Peyer's patches, appendix, and solitary lymph nodules. biological_process immune response in GALT GOC:jal ISBN:0781735149 Immune response taking place in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). GALT includes Peyer's patches, appendix, and solitary lymph nodules. immune response in nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue An immune response taking place in the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). NALT includes the tonsils and adenoids. GO:0002395 biological_process immune response in NALT An immune response taking place in the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). NALT includes the tonsils and adenoids. GOC:jal ISBN:0781735149 granuloma formation GO:0002432 The formation of nodular inflammatory lesions, usually small or granular, firm, persistent, well-structured, and containing compactly grouped T lymphocytes and modified phagocytes such as epithelioid cells, giant cells, and other macrophages. Granuloma formation represents a chronic inflammatory response initiated by various infectious and noninfectious agents. The center of a granuloma consists of fused macrophages, which can become necrotic. This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. biological_process GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:068340007X ISBN:0721601464 ISBN:081533642X The formation of nodular inflammatory lesions, usually small or granular, firm, persistent, well-structured, and containing compactly grouped T lymphocytes and modified phagocytes such as epithelioid cells, giant cells, and other macrophages. Granuloma formation represents a chronic inflammatory response initiated by various infectious and noninfectious agents. The center of a granuloma consists of fused macrophages, which can become necrotic. production of molecular mediator of immune response GO:0002440 The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. biological_process production of cellular mediator of immune response GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. leukocyte mediated immunity Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte. GO:0002443 GO:0019723 GO:0042087 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. biological_process cell-mediated immune response cellular immune response immune cell effector process immune cell mediated immunity leucocyte immune effector process leucocyte mediated immunity leukocyte immune effector process Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 lymphocyte mediated immunity Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a lymphocyte. GO:0002449 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. biological_process cell-mediated immunity cellular immune response Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a lymphocyte. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 T cell mediated immunity Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell. GO:0002456 T lymphocyte mediated immunity T-cell mediated immunity T-lymphocyte mediated immunity This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. biological_process cell-mediated immunity cellular immune response Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains An immune response based on directed amplification of specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of germline gene segments encoding immunoglobulin superfamily domains, and allowing for enhanced responses upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). Recombined receptors for antigen encoded by immunoglobulin superfamily domains include T cell receptors and immunoglobulins (antibodies). An example of this is the adaptive immune response found in Mus musculus. GO:0002460 biological_process An immune response based on directed amplification of specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of germline gene segments encoding immunoglobulin superfamily domains, and allowing for enhanced responses upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). Recombined receptors for antigen encoded by immunoglobulin superfamily domains include T cell receptors and immunoglobulins (antibodies). An example of this is the adaptive immune response found in Mus musculus. GOC:add GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0781735149 tolerance induction dependent upon immune response GO:0002461 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. Tolerance induction dependent upon an immune response, typically a response by a mature T or B cell in the periphery resulting tolerance towards an antigen via induction of anergy, cellular deletion, or regulatory T cell activation. biological_process immune response-dependent tolerance induction GOC:jal GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 Tolerance induction dependent upon an immune response, typically a response by a mature T or B cell in the periphery resulting tolerance towards an antigen via induction of anergy, cellular deletion, or regulatory T cell activation. peripheral tolerance induction GO:0002465 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. Tolerance induction in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues. biological_process GOC:jal GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 Tolerance induction in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues. germinal center formation GO:0002467 The process in which germinal centers form. A germinal center is a specialized microenvironment formed when activated B cells enter lymphoid follicles. Germinal centers are the foci for B cell proliferation and somatic hypermutation. This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. biological_process GOC:jal GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:081533642X The process in which germinal centers form. A germinal center is a specialized microenvironment formed when activated B cells enter lymphoid follicles. Germinal centers are the foci for B cell proliferation and somatic hypermutation. antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I GO:0002474 Reactome:REACT_110097 Reactome:REACT_75820 Reactome:REACT_77569 Reactome:REACT_83138 Reactome:REACT_84092 Reactome:REACT_86224 Reactome:REACT_88020 Reactome:REACT_90151 Reactome:REACT_94042 The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. biological_process peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15224092 PMID:15771591 The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen GO:0002478 The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. biological_process exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II GO:0002495 The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. biological_process peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15531770 PMID:15771591 The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II GO:0002504 The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. biological_process peptide or polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation of via MHC class II GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15531770 PMID:15771591 PMID:16153240 The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. tolerance induction A process that directly activates any of the steps required for tolerance, a physiologic state in which the immune system does not react destructively against the components of an organism that harbors it or against antigens that are introduced to it. GO:0002507 This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. biological_process A process that directly activates any of the steps required for tolerance, a physiologic state in which the immune system does not react destructively against the components of an organism that harbors it or against antigens that are introduced to it. GOC:jal GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 B cell tolerance induction A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in B cells. B lymphocyte tolerance induction B-cell tolerance induction B-lymphocyte tolerance induction GO:0002514 biological_process A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in B cells. GOC:jal ISBN:0781735149 PMID:16460922 B cell anergy Any process contributing to anergy in B cells, a state of functional inactivation which is part of B cell tolerance induction. B lymphocyte anergy B-cell anergy B-lymphocyte anergy GO:0002515 biological_process Any process contributing to anergy in B cells, a state of functional inactivation which is part of B cell tolerance induction. GOC:jal ISBN:0781735149 immune system development GO:0002520 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. biological_process GOC:add GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. leukocyte differentiation GO:0002521 The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. biological_process immune cell differentiation leucocyte differentiation CL:0000738 GOC:add PMID:16551264 The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. production of molecular mediator involved in inflammatory response GO:0002532 The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process production of cellular mediator of acute inflammation production of molecular mediator involved in acute inflammatory response GOC:add GOC:dph GOC:tb ISBN:0781735149 The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels. GO:0002536 biological_process oxidative burst during acute inflammatory response production of reactive oxygen species during acute inflammatory response respiratory burst involved in acute inflammatory response A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 nitric oxide production involved in inflammatory response GO:0002537 The synthesis or release of nitric oxide following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process nitric oxide production involved in acute inflammatory response production of nitric oxide involved in acute inflammatory response production of nitric oxide involved in inflammatory response GOC:curators production of nitric oxide involved in inflammatory response GOC:mah nitric oxide production involved in acute inflammatory response GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The synthesis or release of nitric oxide following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. arachidonic acid metabolite production involved in inflammatory response GO:0002538 The synthesis or release of products of arachidonic acid metabolism following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels. arachidonic acid metabolite production involved in acute inflammatory response biological_process production of arachidonic acid metabolites involved in acute inflammatory response production of arachidonic acid metabolites involved in inflammatory response GOC:curators production of arachidonic acid metabolites involved in inflammatory response GOC:mah arachidonic acid metabolite production involved in acute inflammatory response GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The synthesis or release of products of arachidonic acid metabolism following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels. prostaglandin production involved in inflammatory response GO:0002539 The synthesis or release of any prostaglandin following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process prostaglandin production involved in acute inflammatory response GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The synthesis or release of any prostaglandin following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response GO:0002540 The synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process leukotriene production involved in acute inflammatory response GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. chronic inflammatory response GO:0002544 Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair are proceeding simultaneously. Although it may follow acute inflammation, chronic inflammation frequently begins insidiously, as a low-grade, smoldering, often asymptomatic response. This term was added by GO_REF:0000022. biological_process GOC:jal GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair are proceeding simultaneously. Although it may follow acute inflammation, chronic inflammation frequently begins insidiously, as a low-grade, smoldering, often asymptomatic response. monocyte chemotaxis GO:0002548 The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus. biological_process GOC:add PMID:11696603 PMID:15173832 The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus. somatic diversification of immune receptors via germline recombination within a single locus GO:0002562 The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through recombination of the germline genetic elements within a single genetic locus. biological_process GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:16102575 PMID:16166509 The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through recombination of the germline genetic elements within a single genetic locus. somatic diversification of immune receptors via somatic mutation GO:0002566 The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through somatic mutation. biological_process ISBN:0781735149 PMID:16102575 The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through somatic mutation. myeloid leukocyte differentiation GO:0002573 The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage. biological_process myeloid leucocyte differentiation GOC:add PMID:16551251 The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage. thrombocyte differentiation GO:0002574 Note that platelets are the non-nucleated mammalian functional equivalent of the nucleated thrombocytes of non-mammalian vertebrates and are sometimes also referred to as thrombocytes. Platelet formation in mammals is covered by the biological_process term platelet formation ; GO:0030220. The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a thrombocyte, a nucleated cell found in all vertebrates but mammals involved in hemostasis. biological_process GOC:add The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a thrombocyte, a nucleated cell found in all vertebrates but mammals involved in hemostasis. regulation of germinal center formation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation. GO:0002634 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation. GOC:add regulation of immunoglobulin production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production. GO:0002637 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production. GOC:add regulation of tolerance induction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction. GO:0002643 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction. GOC:add positive regulation of tolerance induction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction. GO:0002645 activation of tolerance induction biological_process stimulation of tolerance induction up regulation of tolerance induction up-regulation of tolerance induction upregulation of tolerance induction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction. GOC:add regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response. GO:0002652 biological_process regulation of immune response-dependent tolerance induction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response. GOC:add positive regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response. GO:0002654 activation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response biological_process positive regulation of immune response-dependent tolerance induction stimulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response up regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response up-regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response upregulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response. GOC:add regulation of peripheral tolerance induction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction. GO:0002658 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction. GOC:add positive regulation of peripheral tolerance induction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction. GO:0002660 activation of peripheral tolerance induction biological_process stimulation of peripheral tolerance induction up regulation of peripheral tolerance induction up-regulation of peripheral tolerance induction upregulation of peripheral tolerance induction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction. GOC:add respiratory burst involved in defense response A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as part of a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. GO:0002679 biological_process A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as part of a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12789499 regulation of immune system process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. GO:0002682 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. GOC:add negative regulation of immune system process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. GO:0002683 biological_process down regulation of immune system process down-regulation of immune system process downregulation of immune system process inhibition of immune system process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. GOC:add positive regulation of immune system process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. GO:0002684 activation of immune system process biological_process stimulation of immune system process up regulation of immune system process up-regulation of immune system process upregulation of immune system process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. GOC:add regulation of leukocyte migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration. GO:0002685 biological_process regulation of immune cell migration regulation of leucocyte migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration. GOC:add positive regulation of leukocyte migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration. GO:0002687 activation of leukocyte migration biological_process positive regulation of immune cell migration positive regulation of leucocyte migration stimulation of leukocyte migration up regulation of leukocyte migration up-regulation of leukocyte migration upregulation of leukocyte migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration. GOC:add regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis. GO:0002688 biological_process regulation of immune cell chemotaxis regulation of leucocyte chemotaxis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis. GOC:add positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis. GO:0002690 activation of leukocyte chemotaxis biological_process positive regulation of immune cell chemotaxis positive regulation of leucocyte chemotaxis stimulation of leukocyte chemotaxis up regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis up-regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis upregulation of leukocyte chemotaxis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis. GOC:add regulation of leukocyte activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation. GO:0002694 biological_process regulation of immune cell activation regulation of leucocyte activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation. GOC:add positive regulation of leukocyte activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation. GO:0002696 activation of leukocyte activation biological_process positive regulation of immune cell activation positive regulation of leucocyte activation stimulation of leukocyte activation up regulation of leukocyte activation up-regulation of leukocyte activation upregulation of leukocyte activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation. GOC:add regulation of immune effector process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. GO:0002697 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. GOC:add positive regulation of immune effector process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. GO:0002699 activation of immune effector process biological_process stimulation of immune effector process up regulation of immune effector process up-regulation of immune effector process upregulation of immune effector process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. GOC:add regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response. GO:0002700 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response. GOC:add regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. GO:0002703 biological_process regulation of immune cell mediated immunity regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity. GO:0002706 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add regulation of B cell mediated immunity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity. GO:0002712 biological_process regulation of B lymphocyte mediated immunity regulation of B-cell mediated immunity regulation of B-lymphocyte mediated immunity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity. GOC:add antimicrobial peptide production GO:0002775 The synthesis or release of an antimicrobial peptide during an immune response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa. biological_process GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:11807545 PMID:15638771 The synthesis or release of an antimicrobial peptide during an immune response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa. antimicrobial peptide secretion GO:0002776 The regulated release of an antimicrobial peptide from a cell or group of cells. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa. biological_process GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:11807545 PMID:15638771 The regulated release of an antimicrobial peptide from a cell or group of cells. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa. peptide secretion GO:0002790 The controlled release of a peptide from a cell or group of cells. biological_process GOC:add The controlled release of a peptide from a cell or group of cells. regulation of adaptive immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response. GO:0002819 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response. GOC:add positive regulation of adaptive immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response. GO:0002821 activation of adaptive immune response biological_process stimulation of adaptive immune response up regulation of adaptive immune response up-regulation of adaptive immune response upregulation of adaptive immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response. GOC:add regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata. GO:0002822 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata. GOC:add GOC:mtg_sensu positive regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata. GO:0002824 biological_process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata. GOC:add GOC:mtg_sensu regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response. GO:0002825 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response. GOC:add positive regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response. GO:0002827 activation of T-helper 1 type immune response biological_process stimulation of T-helper 1 type immune response up regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response up-regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response upregulation of T-helper 1 type immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response. GOC:add regulation of type 2 immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response. GO:0002828 biological_process regulation of T-helper 2 type immune response regulation of Th2 immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response. GOC:add GOC:add regulation of T-helper 2 type immune response GOC:add regulation of Th2 immune response positive regulation of type 2 immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response. GO:0002830 activation of type 2 immune response biological_process positive regulation of T-helper 2 type immune response positive regulation of Th2 immune response stimulation of type 2 immune response up regulation of type 2 immune response up-regulation of type 2 immune response upregulation of type 2 immune response GOC:add positive regulation of Th2 immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response. GOC:add GOC:add positive regulation of T-helper 2 type immune response regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response. GO:0002889 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response. GOC:add mature B cell apoptosis GO:0002901 The process of apoptosis in mature B cells. apoptosis of mature B cells apoptosis of mature B lymphocytes apoptosis of mature B-cells apoptosis of mature B-lymphocytes biological_process mature B cell programmed cell death by apoptosis mature B lymphocyte apoptosis mature B lymphocyte programmed cell death by apoptosis mature B-cell apoptosis mature B-cell programmed cell death by apoptosis mature B-lymphocyte apoptosis mature B-lymphocyte programmed cell death by apoptosis programmed cell death of mature B cells by apoptosis programmed cell death of mature B lymphocytes by apoptosis programmed cell death of mature B-cells by apoptosis programmed cell death of mature B-lymphocytes by apoptosis programmed cell death, mature B cells programmed cell death, mature B lymphocytes programmed cell death, mature B-cells programmed cell death, mature B-lymphocytes GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process of apoptosis in mature B cells. regulation of B cell apoptosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptosis. GO:0002902 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptosis. GOC:add regulation of mature B cell apoptosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptosis. GO:0002905 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptosis. GOC:add generation of a signal involved in cell-cell signaling GO:0003001 The cellular process that creates a physical entity or change in state, i.e. a signal, that originates in one cell and is used to transfer information to another cell. This process begins with the initial formation of the signal and ends with the mature form and placement of the signal. biological_process formation of a signal generation of a signal involved in cell-cell signalling signal generation GOC:dph The cellular process that creates a physical entity or change in state, i.e. a signal, that originates in one cell and is used to transfer information to another cell. This process begins with the initial formation of the signal and ends with the mature form and placement of the signal. developmental process involved in reproduction A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring. GO:0003006 biological_process reproductive developmental process GOC:dph GOC:tb reproductive developmental process A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete system process A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective. GO:0003008 biological_process organ system process A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective. GOC:mtg_cardio muscle system process A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers. GO:0003012 biological_process muscle physiological process A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers. GOC:mtg_cardio circulatory system process A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves extracellular fluids to and from tissue within a multicellular organism. GO:0003013 Wikipedia:Circulatory_system biological_process A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves extracellular fluids to and from tissue within a multicellular organism. GOC:mtg_cardio renal system process A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system is responsible for fluid volume regulation and detoxification in an organism. GO:0003014 biological_process kidney system process A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system is responsible for fluid volume regulation and detoxification in an organism. GOC:mtg_cardio heart process A circulatory system process carried out by the heart. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. GO:0003015 biological_process cardiac process A circulatory system process carried out by the heart. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. GOC:mtg_cardio central nervous system control of baroreceptor feedback GO:0003019 The neurological process in which nerve impulses arising in the aorta or the carotid sinuses travel to the medulla and reach the nucleus of tractus solaris. biological_process GOC:mtg_cardio ISBN:0323031951 The neurological process in which nerve impulses arising in the aorta or the carotid sinuses travel to the medulla and reach the nucleus of tractus solaris. regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by baroreceptor feedback GO:0003025 The neural regulation of blood pressure in which baroreceptors sense the amount of stretch occurring in vessels and respond to the input via central nervous system control. baroreceptor regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure biological_process GOC:dph GOC:mtg_cardio GOC:tb The neural regulation of blood pressure in which baroreceptors sense the amount of stretch occurring in vessels and respond to the input via central nervous system control. GOC:dph GOC:tb baroreceptor regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure renal system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure GO:0003071 Renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure. biological_process renal control of blood pressure renal regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure GOC:dph GOC:mtg_cardio GOC:tb Renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure. GOC:dph GOC:tb renal regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure GO:0003073 The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure. biological_process GOC:mtg_cardio The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure. renal water homeostasis GO:0003091 Renal process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water in the body. biological_process water homeostasis by the kidney GOC:mtg_cardio Renal process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water in the body. regulation of glomerular filtration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the process in which blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule. GO:0003093 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the process in which blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule. GOC:mtg_cardio glomerular filtration GO:0003094 The process in which plasma is filtered through the glomerular membrane which consists of capillary endothelial cells, the basement membrane, and epithelial cells. The glomerular filtrate is the same as plasma except it has no significant amount of protein. biological_process GOC:mtg_cardio ISBN:0721643949 The process in which plasma is filtered through the glomerular membrane which consists of capillary endothelial cells, the basement membrane, and epithelial cells. The glomerular filtrate is the same as plasma except it has no significant amount of protein. renal water transport GO:0003097 The directed movement of water (H2O) by the kidney. biological_process GOC:mtg_cardio The directed movement of water (H2O) by the kidney. molecular_function Elemental activities, such as catalysis or binding, describing the actions of a gene product at the molecular level. A given gene product may exhibit one or more molecular functions. GO:0003674 GO:0005554 Note that, in addition to forming the root of the molecular function ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose molecular function is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the molecular function of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this. molecular function molecular function unknown molecular_function Elemental activities, such as catalysis or binding, describing the actions of a gene product at the molecular level. A given gene product may exhibit one or more molecular functions. GOC:go_curators signal transducer activity Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. GO:0004871 GO:0005062 GO:0009369 GO:0009370 Ligands do NOT have the molecular function 'signal transducer activity'. hematopoietin/interferon-class (D200-domain) cytokine receptor signal transducer activity molecular_function quorum sensing response regulator activity quorum sensing signal generator activity Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. GOC:go_curators receptor activity Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. GO:0004872 GO:0019041 molecular_function receptor guanylate cyclase activity viral antireceptor activity Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:ceb ISBN:0198506732 transmembrane signaling receptor activity Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. GO:0004888 GO:0004926 molecular_function non G protein coupled 7TM receptor activity non-G-protein coupled 7TM receptor activity non-G-protein-coupled 7TM receptor activity transmembrane receptor activity GOC:bf GOC:signaling transmembrane receptor activity Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. GOC:go_curators Wikipedia:Transmembrane_receptor G-protein coupled receptor activity A receptor that binds an extracellular ligand and transmits the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. These receptors are characteristically seven-transmembrane receptors and are made up of hetero- or homodimers. EBV-induced receptor Epstein-Barr Virus-induced receptor activity G protein coupled receptor activity G protein linked receptor activity G-protein coupled receptor activity, unknown ligand G-protein linked receptor activity G-protein-coupled receptor activity GO:0001622 GO:0001623 GO:0001624 GO:0001625 GO:0004930 GO:0016526 GPCR activity Mas proto-oncogene receptor activity RDC1 receptor activity Reactome:REACT_100062 Reactome:REACT_100632 Reactome:REACT_101654 Reactome:REACT_108337 Reactome:REACT_108705 Reactome:REACT_109480 Reactome:REACT_109715 Reactome:REACT_110075 Reactome:REACT_1430 Reactome:REACT_15298 Reactome:REACT_28243 Reactome:REACT_29193 Reactome:REACT_29686 Reactome:REACT_30471 Reactome:REACT_32708 Reactome:REACT_32983 Reactome:REACT_34075 Reactome:REACT_637 Reactome:REACT_77079 Reactome:REACT_78692 Reactome:REACT_79526 Reactome:REACT_85249 Reactome:REACT_85989 Reactome:REACT_86240 Reactome:REACT_92494 Reactome:REACT_95526 Reactome:REACT_97825 Reactome:REACT_98882 SREB receptor ligand-dependent GPCR activity molecular_function orphan G protein coupled receptor activity orphan G-protein coupled receptor activity orphan GPCR activity super conserved receptor expressed in brain receptor activity A receptor that binds an extracellular ligand and transmits the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. These receptors are characteristically seven-transmembrane receptors and are made up of hetero- or homodimers. GOC:dph GOC:tb http://www.iuphar-db.org scavenger receptor activity Combining with any modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or other polyanionic ligand and delivering the ligand into the cell via endocytosis. Ligands include acetylated and oxidized LDL, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, apoptotic cells, beta-amyloid fibrils, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs). GO:0005044 Note that many gene products that are called scavenger receptors have a broad range of potential ligands and also can be annotated to 'pattern recognition receptor activity ; GO:0008329' or its child terms, or to 'lipoprotein receptor activity ; GO:0030228' or its child terms. For receptors that transduce a signal rather than endocytose their ligand, consider instead the terms 'signaling receptor activity ; GO:0038023' and its children. macrophage receptor activity molecular_function Combining with any modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or other polyanionic ligand and delivering the ligand into the cell via endocytosis. Ligands include acetylated and oxidized LDL, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, apoptotic cells, beta-amyloid fibrils, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs). GOC:bf PMID:11790542 PMID:12379907 PMID:12621157 PMID:20981357 transporter activity Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. GO:0005215 GO:0005478 Reactome:REACT_6315 molecular_function small-molecule carrier or transporter Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. GOC:ai GOC:dgf binding For ligands that bind to signal transducing receptors, consider the molecular function term 'receptor binding ; GO:0005102' and its children. GO:0005488 The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. Wikipedia:Binding_(molecular) ligand molecular_function GOC:ceb GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. cellular_component GO:0005575 GO:0008372 NIF_Subcellular:sao1337158144 Note that, in addition to forming the root of the cellular component ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose cellular component is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the cellular component of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this. The part of a cell or its extracellular environment in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together. cellular component cellular component unknown cellular_component GOC:go_curators The part of a cell or its extracellular environment in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together. extracellular region GO:0005576 Note that this term is intended to annotate gene products that are not attached to the cell surface. For gene products from multicellular organisms which are secreted from a cell but retained within the organism (i.e. released into the interstitial fluid or blood), consider the cellular component term 'extracellular space ; GO:0005615'. The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. Wikipedia:Extracellular cellular_component extracellular GOC:go_curators The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. proteinaceous extracellular matrix A layer consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that forms a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. The proteins are secreted by cells in the vicinity. An example of this component is found in Mus musculus. GO:0005578 cellular_component A layer consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that forms a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. The proteins are secreted by cells in the vicinity. An example of this component is found in Mus musculus. GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0198547684 collagen Any of the various assemblies in which collagen chains form a left-handed triple helix; may assemble into higher order structures. GO:0005581 Wikipedia:Collagen cellular_component other collagen Any of the various assemblies in which collagen chains form a left-handed triple helix; may assemble into higher order structures. GOC:mah ISBN:0721639976 fibrillar collagen Any collagen polymer in which collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils. GO:0005583 cellular_component Any collagen polymer in which collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils. GOC:mah ISBN:0721639976 collagen type I A collagen trimer containing alpha(I) chains. The most common form of type I collagen is a heterotrimer containing two alpha1(I) chains and one alpha2(I) chain; homotrimers containing three alpha1(I) chains are also found. Type I collagen triple helices associate to form banded fibrils. GO:0005584 Wikipedia:Collagen_type_I cellular_component A collagen trimer containing alpha(I) chains. The most common form of type I collagen is a heterotrimer containing two alpha1(I) chains and one alpha2(I) chain; homotrimers containing three alpha1(I) chains are also found. Type I collagen triple helices associate to form banded fibrils. GOC:mah GOC:sl ISBN:0721639976 extracellular space GO:0005615 NIF_Subcellular:sao1425028079 Note that for multicellular organisms, the extracellular space refers to everything outside a cell, but still within the organism (excluding the extracellular matrix). Gene products from a multi-cellular organism that are secreted from a cell into the interstitial fluid or blood can therefore be annotated to this term. That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. cellular_component intercellular space ISBN:0198547684 That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. intracellular GO:0005622 The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. Wikipedia:Intracellular cellular_component internal to cell nucleocytoplasm protoplasm protoplast GOC:mah protoplast ISBN:0198506732 The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. GOC:mah nucleocytoplasm cell GO:0005623 NIF_Subcellular:sao1813327414 The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. Wikipedia:Cell_(biology) cellular_component GOC:go_curators The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. nucleus A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. GO:0005634 NIF_Subcellular:sao1702920020 Wikipedia:Cell_nucleus cell nucleus cellular_component A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. GOC:go_curators chromosome A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. GO:0005694 Wikipedia:Chromosome cellular_component chromatid interphase chromosome prophase chromosome A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. ISBN:0198547684 nucleolus A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. GO:0005730 NIF_Subcellular:sao1820400233 Wikipedia:Nucleolus cellular_component A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. ISBN:0198506732 cytoplasm All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. GO:0005737 Wikipedia:Cytoplasm cellular_component All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. ISBN:0198547684 lysosome A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions. GO:0005764 NIF_Subcellular:sao585356902 Wikipedia:Lysosome cellular_component A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 primary lysosome A lysosome before it has fused with a vesicle or vacuole. GO:0005766 NIF_Subcellular:sao1140587416 cellular_component A lysosome before it has fused with a vesicle or vacuole. GOC:jl ISBN:0815316194 vacuole A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol. GO:0005773 Wikipedia:Vacuole cellular_component vacuolar carboxypeptidase Y A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol. GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0198506732 Golgi apparatus A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. GO:0005794 Golgi Golgi complex Golgi ribbon NIF_Subcellular:sao451912436 Note that the Golgi apparatus can be located in various places in the cytoplasm. In plants and lower animal cells, the Golgi apparatus exists as many copies of discrete stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, while the Golgi apparatus of interphase mammalian cells is a juxtanuclear, often pericentriolar reticulum, where the discrete Golgi stacks are stitched together to form a compact and interconnected ribbon, sometimes called the Golgi ribbon. Wikipedia:Golgi_apparatus cellular_component A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions. ISBN:0198506732 ribosome An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. GO:0005840 GO:0033279 NIF_Subcellular:sao1429207766 Wikipedia:Ribosome cellular_component ribosomal RNA ribosomal subunit GOC:mah GOC:vw ribosomal subunit An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. ISBN:0198506732 plasma membrane GO:0005886 GO:0005904 NIF_Subcellular:sao1663586795 The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. Wikipedia:Cell_membrane bacterial inner membrane cell membrane cellular_component cytoplasmic membrane inner endospore membrane juxtamembrane plasma membrane lipid bilayer plasmalemma ISBN:0716731363 The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. GOC:mah plasma membrane lipid bilayer integral to plasma membrane GO:0005887 Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. cellular_component GOC:go_curators Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. microvillus GO:0005902 Note that this term refers to a projection from a single cell, and should not be confused with 'microvillus' as used to refer to a multicellular structure such as that found in the placenta. Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells. Wikipedia:Microvillus cellular_component ISBN:0813516194 Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells. cell-cell junction A cell junction that forms a connection between two cells; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals. GO:0005911 NIF_Subcellular:sao1922892319 cellular_component intercellular junction A cell junction that forms a connection between two cells; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals. GOC:dgh GOC:hb GOC:mah cilium A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. GO:0005929 NIF_Subcellular:sao787716553 Wikipedia:Cilium cellular_component A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. GOC:kmv ISBN:0198547684 carbohydrate metabolic process GO:0005975 Reactome:REACT_101193 Reactome:REACT_102834 Reactome:REACT_103806 Reactome:REACT_104502 Reactome:REACT_105321 Reactome:REACT_106046 Reactome:REACT_107409 Reactome:REACT_28218 Reactome:REACT_32291 Reactome:REACT_33141 Reactome:REACT_33953 Reactome:REACT_34800 Reactome:REACT_474 Reactome:REACT_77669 Reactome:REACT_81945 Reactome:REACT_83038 Reactome:REACT_83329 Reactome:REACT_88330 Reactome:REACT_88558 Reactome:REACT_96375 Reactome:REACT_98394 The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule. Wikipedia:Carbohydrate_metabolism biological_process carbohydrate metabolism GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule. polysaccharide metabolic process GO:0005976 The chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides, a polymer of more than 20 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages. biological_process glycan metabolic process glycan metabolism polysaccharide metabolism ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides, a polymer of more than 20 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages. aminoglycan metabolic process GO:0006022 The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages. aminoglycan metabolism biological_process GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages. aminoglycan biosynthetic process GO:0006023 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages. aminoglycan anabolism aminoglycan biosynthesis aminoglycan formation aminoglycan synthesis biological_process GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages. glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process GO:0006024 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. biological_process glycosaminoglycan anabolism glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis glycosaminoglycan formation glycosaminoglycan synthesis ISBN:0192800981 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. alcohol metabolic process GO:0006066 The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom. alcohol metabolism biological_process CHEBI:30879 ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom. organic acid metabolic process GO:0006082 The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. biological_process organic acid metabolism ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GO:0006139 GO:0055134 biological_process cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process DNA metabolic process Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides. DNA metabolism GO:0006259 GO:0055132 biological_process cellular DNA metabolism Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides. ISBN:0198506732 DNA recombination Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction. GO:0006310 biological_process Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction. ISBN:0198506732 DNA packaging Any process in which DNA and associated proteins are formed into a compact, orderly structure. DNA organisation DNA organization GO:0006323 biological_process Any process in which DNA and associated proteins are formed into a compact, orderly structure. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 DNA organization GOC:curators DNA organisation GOC:curators cellular amino acid metabolic process GO:0006519 GO:0006520 The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells. amino acid and derivative metabolism amino acid metabolic process biological_process cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process cellular amino acid metabolism GOC:curators amino acid metabolic process CHEBI:33709 GOC:curators ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells. GOC:curators amino acid and derivative metabolism cellular modified amino acid metabolic process GO:0006575 The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. amino acid derivative metabolic process biological_process cellular amino acid derivative metabolic process cellular amino acid derivative metabolism cellular modified amino acid metabolism modified amino acid metabolic process modified amino acid metabolism GOC:curators amino acid derivative metabolic process GOC:mah modified amino acid metabolic process CHEBI:25359 GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. GOC:mah modified amino acid metabolism GOC:curators cellular amino acid derivative metabolic process GOC:mah cellular modified amino acid metabolism thyroid hormone generation GO:0006590 Note that this term does not fall under the general GO definition for biosynthetic processes, which is 'The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of... ', because thyroid hormones can only be formed by the proteolysis of a larger molecule (see term definition). The word 'generation' is therefore used in place of biosynthesis. The formation of either of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, mainly thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This is achieved by the iodination and joining of tyrosine molecules to form the precursor thyroglobin, proteolysis of this precursor gives rise to the thyroid hormones. biological_process GOC:jl ISBN:0716720094 The formation of either of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, mainly thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This is achieved by the iodination and joining of tyrosine molecules to form the precursor thyroglobin, proteolysis of this precursor gives rise to the thyroid hormones. lipid metabolic process GO:0006629 Reactome:REACT_104930 Reactome:REACT_107479 Reactome:REACT_108775 Reactome:REACT_28745 Reactome:REACT_31395 Reactome:REACT_32539 Reactome:REACT_33836 Reactome:REACT_602 Reactome:REACT_77176 Reactome:REACT_77191 Reactome:REACT_79244 Reactome:REACT_81778 Reactome:REACT_82512 Reactome:REACT_82723 Reactome:REACT_90757 Reactome:REACT_94607 Reactome:REACT_97906 Reactome:REACT_98052 Reactome:REACT_98129 Reactome:REACT_99706 The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. Wikipedia:Lipid_metabolism biological_process lipid metabolism GOC:ma The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. steroid biosynthetic process GO:0006694 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification. Wikipedia:Steroid_metabolisms#Steroid_biosynthesis biological_process steroid anabolism steroid biosynthesis steroid formation steroid synthesis steroidogenesis GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification. C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process C21-steroid hormone anabolism C21-steroid hormone biosynthesis C21-steroid hormone formation C21-steroid hormone synthesis GO:0006700 Reactome:REACT_100114 Reactome:REACT_107086 Reactome:REACT_11038 Reactome:REACT_32512 Reactome:REACT_79584 Reactome:REACT_81844 Reactome:REACT_84578 Reactome:REACT_85889 Reactome:REACT_86180 Reactome:REACT_89702 Reactome:REACT_91740 Reactome:REACT_91942 Reactome:REACT_92167 Reactome:REACT_96917 Reactome:REACT_98782 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones. biological_process GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones. glucocorticoid biosynthetic process GO:0006704 Reactome:REACT_100413 Reactome:REACT_101421 Reactome:REACT_102866 Reactome:REACT_107330 Reactome:REACT_107450 Reactome:REACT_107635 Reactome:REACT_108788 Reactome:REACT_11036 Reactome:REACT_77995 Reactome:REACT_79303 Reactome:REACT_84297 Reactome:REACT_85887 Reactome:REACT_86974 Reactome:REACT_88537 Reactome:REACT_94676 Reactome:REACT_96615 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. biological_process glucocorticoid anabolism glucocorticoid biosynthesis glucocorticoid formation glucocorticoid synthesis ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. mineralocorticoid biosynthetic process GO:0006705 Reactome:REACT_103517 Reactome:REACT_107471 Reactome:REACT_108854 Reactome:REACT_109273 Reactome:REACT_11047 Reactome:REACT_30217 Reactome:REACT_32293 Reactome:REACT_77462 Reactome:REACT_86556 Reactome:REACT_88868 Reactome:REACT_94686 Reactome:REACT_97241 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. biological_process mineralocorticoid anabolism mineralocorticoid biosynthesis mineralocorticoid formation mineralocorticoid synthesis ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. cellular aromatic compound metabolic process GO:0006725 The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells. aromatic compound metabolism aromatic hydrocarbon metabolic process aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism biological_process GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells. sulfur compound metabolic process GO:0006790 Reactome:REACT_27247 The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. Wikipedia:Sulfur_metabolism biological_process sulfur metabolism sulphur metabolic process sulphur metabolism GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. superoxide metabolic process GO:0006801 The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species. biological_process oxygen free radical metabolic process oxygen free radical metabolism superoxide free radical metabolic process superoxide free radical metabolism superoxide metabolism CHEBI:18421 GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species. nitrogen compound metabolic process GO:0006807 Note that amino acid and derivative metabolism should not be annotated here. Instead use the 'amino acid and derivative metabolism' node. The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium. biological_process nitrogen compound metabolism CHEBI:51143 GOC:go_curators GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium. transport GO:0006810 GO:0015457 GO:0015460 The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. auxiliary transport protein activity biological_process small molecule transport solute:solute exchange transport accessory protein activity GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah transport accessory protein activity GOC:mah auxiliary transport protein activity ion transport GO:0006811 Reactome:REACT_102356 Reactome:REACT_102895 Reactome:REACT_106972 Reactome:REACT_109067 Reactome:REACT_110862 Reactome:REACT_19397 Reactome:REACT_29110 Reactome:REACT_31978 Reactome:REACT_33992 Reactome:REACT_34201 Reactome:REACT_79109 Reactome:REACT_82618 Reactome:REACT_87822 Reactome:REACT_91472 Reactome:REACT_91958 Reactome:REACT_92903 Reactome:REACT_93485 Reactome:REACT_94357 Reactome:REACT_96078 Reactome:REACT_96919 Reactome:REACT_98077 The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GOC:ai The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. anion transport GO:0006820 GO:0006822 The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GOC:ai The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. water transport GO:0006833 Reactome:REACT_100323 Reactome:REACT_100528 Reactome:REACT_100926 Reactome:REACT_101266 Reactome:REACT_101470 Reactome:REACT_102276 Reactome:REACT_104925 Reactome:REACT_106426 Reactome:REACT_107038 Reactome:REACT_107112 Reactome:REACT_108199 Reactome:REACT_108998 Reactome:REACT_109077 Reactome:REACT_109206 Reactome:REACT_110412 Reactome:REACT_23826 Reactome:REACT_23887 Reactome:REACT_24023 Reactome:REACT_28487 Reactome:REACT_29327 Reactome:REACT_30349 Reactome:REACT_30374 Reactome:REACT_31971 Reactome:REACT_32279 Reactome:REACT_32908 Reactome:REACT_33949 Reactome:REACT_34264 Reactome:REACT_77446 Reactome:REACT_77599 Reactome:REACT_80678 Reactome:REACT_80794 Reactome:REACT_82029 Reactome:REACT_83369 Reactome:REACT_84018 Reactome:REACT_84275 Reactome:REACT_84902 Reactome:REACT_86198 Reactome:REACT_87355 Reactome:REACT_88899 Reactome:REACT_89286 Reactome:REACT_90368 Reactome:REACT_91961 Reactome:REACT_92364 Reactome:REACT_94824 Reactome:REACT_95030 Reactome:REACT_96766 Reactome:REACT_97951 Reactome:REACT_98054 Reactome:REACT_98188 Reactome:REACT_99705 The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GOC:ai The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. serotonin transport GO:0006837 The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems. biological_process GOC:ai The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems. endocytosis A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. GO:0006897 GO:0016193 GO:0016196 Wikipedia:Endocytosis biological_process nonselective vesicle endocytosis plasma membrane invagination vesicle endocytosis A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0716731363 receptor-mediated endocytosis An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles. GO:0006898 Reactome:REACT_100248 Reactome:REACT_100330 Reactome:REACT_103823 Reactome:REACT_103978 Reactome:REACT_104437 Reactome:REACT_105792 Reactome:REACT_106851 Reactome:REACT_106981 Reactome:REACT_107174 Reactome:REACT_107413 Reactome:REACT_107880 Reactome:REACT_109308 Reactome:REACT_110306 Reactome:REACT_110472 Reactome:REACT_110785 Reactome:REACT_28736 Reactome:REACT_29541 Reactome:REACT_30278 Reactome:REACT_30568 Reactome:REACT_30705 Reactome:REACT_30731 Reactome:REACT_31404 Reactome:REACT_31638 Reactome:REACT_33230 Reactome:REACT_33281 Reactome:REACT_34027 Reactome:REACT_50314 Reactome:REACT_50874 Reactome:REACT_6720 Reactome:REACT_6775 Reactome:REACT_6810 Reactome:REACT_6849 Reactome:REACT_6860 Reactome:REACT_6901 Reactome:REACT_6924 Reactome:REACT_6934 Reactome:REACT_6940 Reactome:REACT_6951 Reactome:REACT_77527 Reactome:REACT_78454 Reactome:REACT_78761 Reactome:REACT_80639 Reactome:REACT_80964 Reactome:REACT_81206 Reactome:REACT_81516 Reactome:REACT_81850 Reactome:REACT_82541 Reactome:REACT_82595 Reactome:REACT_83238 Reactome:REACT_83320 Reactome:REACT_83479 Reactome:REACT_84153 Reactome:REACT_84233 Reactome:REACT_84451 Reactome:REACT_84602 Reactome:REACT_84963 Reactome:REACT_84978 Reactome:REACT_84983 Reactome:REACT_85895 Reactome:REACT_86311 Reactome:REACT_87254 Reactome:REACT_87301 Reactome:REACT_90065 Reactome:REACT_90294 Reactome:REACT_90795 Reactome:REACT_91303 Reactome:REACT_91595 Reactome:REACT_93284 Reactome:REACT_93519 Reactome:REACT_94912 Reactome:REACT_95536 Reactome:REACT_96679 Reactome:REACT_98265 Reactome:REACT_99018 Wikipedia:Receptor-mediated_endocytosis biological_process receptor mediated endocytosis An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles. GOC:mah ISBN:0716731363 phagocytosis An endocytosis process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles. GO:0006909 Wikipedia:Phagocytosis biological_process An endocytosis process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles. ISBN:0198506732 apoptosis A form of programmed cell death that begins when a cell receives internal or external signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, proceeds through a series of characteristic stages typically including rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), and plasma membrane blebbing (but maintenance of its integrity until the final stages of the process), and ends with the death of the cell. GO:0006915 GO:0008632 Reactome:REACT_100045 Reactome:REACT_100962 Reactome:REACT_101249 Reactome:REACT_101916 Reactome:REACT_104187 Reactome:REACT_105149 Reactome:REACT_106405 Reactome:REACT_106672 Reactome:REACT_107264 Reactome:REACT_108651 Reactome:REACT_109165 Reactome:REACT_110081 Reactome:REACT_13526 Reactome:REACT_13638 Reactome:REACT_13643 Reactome:REACT_28795 Reactome:REACT_28816 Reactome:REACT_30266 Reactome:REACT_30361 Reactome:REACT_30371 Reactome:REACT_30548 Reactome:REACT_30763 Reactome:REACT_31349 Reactome:REACT_34139 Reactome:REACT_578 Reactome:REACT_77132 Reactome:REACT_77313 Reactome:REACT_77415 Reactome:REACT_78287 Reactome:REACT_78802 Reactome:REACT_79809 Reactome:REACT_82724 Reactome:REACT_83328 Reactome:REACT_85877 Reactome:REACT_86749 Reactome:REACT_86873 Reactome:REACT_87570 Reactome:REACT_88740 Reactome:REACT_88784 Reactome:REACT_89196 Reactome:REACT_90267 Reactome:REACT_91011 Reactome:REACT_91243 Reactome:REACT_93937 Reactome:REACT_94099 Reactome:REACT_95069 Reactome:REACT_95675 Reactome:REACT_97627 Reactome:REACT_99784 Reactome:REACT_99799 Wikipedia:Apoptosis apoptotic cell death apoptotic program apoptotic programmed cell death biological_process programmed cell death by apoptosis signaling (initiator) caspase activity type I programmed cell death A form of programmed cell death that begins when a cell receives internal or external signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, proceeds through a series of characteristic stages typically including rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), and plasma membrane blebbing (but maintenance of its integrity until the final stages of the process), and ends with the death of the cell. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 PMID:18846107 GOC:add apoptotic program GOC:sl apoptotic cell death induction of apoptosis A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. GO:0006917 activation of apoptosis apoptosis activator activity apoptosis signaling biological_process commitment to apoptosis induction of apoptosis by p53 A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. GOC:go_curators cellular component disassembly involved in apoptosis GO:0006921 Reactome:REACT_100800 Reactome:REACT_108463 Reactome:REACT_29660 Reactome:REACT_77151 Reactome:REACT_78666 Reactome:REACT_79472 Reactome:REACT_79859 Reactome:REACT_80493 Reactome:REACT_81021 Reactome:REACT_81052 Reactome:REACT_84120 Reactome:REACT_89424 Reactome:REACT_90988 Reactome:REACT_92689 Reactome:REACT_93576 Reactome:REACT_94230 Reactome:REACT_97703 Reactome:REACT_995 The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis. biological_process disassembly of cell structures GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis. cellular component movement GO:0006928 Note that in GO cellular components include whole cells (cell is_a cellular component). The directed, self-propelled movement of a cellular component without the involvement of an external agent such as a transporter or a pore. biological_process cell movement cellular component motion GOC:dph GOC:jl cellular component motion GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mlg The directed, self-propelled movement of a cellular component without the involvement of an external agent such as a transporter or a pore. chemotaxis GO:0006935 The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). Wikipedia:Chemotaxis biological_process taxis in response to chemical stimulus ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. GO:0006936 Reactome:REACT_100109 Reactome:REACT_102067 Reactome:REACT_20558 Reactome:REACT_29015 Reactome:REACT_77478 Reactome:REACT_80035 Reactome:REACT_81255 Reactome:REACT_83607 Reactome:REACT_85440 Reactome:REACT_87764 Reactome:REACT_88232 Reactome:REACT_90741 Reactome:REACT_97034 Wikipedia:Muscle_contraction biological_process A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0198506732 regulation of muscle contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction. GO:0006937 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction. GOC:go_curators smooth muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length. GO:0006939 biological_process visceral muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length. GOC:ef GOC:jl GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0198506732 regulation of smooth muscle contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction. GO:0006940 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction. GOC:go_curators striated muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope. GO:0006941 biological_process sarcomeric muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0198506732 response to stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). GO:0006950 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Annotations to this term will be removed during annotation QC. biological_process response to abiotic stress response to biotic stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). GOC:mah defense response GO:0002217 GO:0006952 GO:0042829 Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. antimicrobial peptide activity biological_process defence response defense/immunity protein activity physiological defense response GOC:go_curators Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. inflammatory response GO:0006954 The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was moved. Wikipedia:Inflammation biological_process GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0198506732 The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. immune response Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. GO:0006955 This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was redefined and moved. biological_process Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 humoral immune response An immune response mediated through a body fluid. GO:0006959 Wikipedia:Humoral_immunity biological_process An immune response mediated through a body fluid. GOC:hb ISBN:0198506732 organelle organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. GO:0006996 biological_process organelle organisation organelle organization and biogenesis A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:mah GOC:curators organelle organisation GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah organelle organization and biogenesis nucleus organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus. GO:0006997 GO:0048287 biological_process nuclear morphology nuclear organisation nuclear organization nuclear organization and biogenesis nucleus organization and biogenesis A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus. GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:jl GOC:mah GOC:mah nuclear organization and biogenesis GOC:curators nuclear organization GOC:mah nucleus organization and biogenesis GOC:curators nuclear organisation cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. GO:0007010 biological_process cytoskeletal organization and biogenesis cytoskeletal regulator activity cytoskeleton organisation cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah cytoskeletal organization and biogenesis GOC:curators cytoskeleton organisation A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah microtubule-based process Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. GO:0007017 biological_process Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. GOC:mah cell cycle GO:0007049 The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division. Wikipedia:Cell_cycle biological_process cell-division cycle GOC:go_curators The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division. mitosis A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell. GO:0007067 Wikipedia:Mitosis biological_process A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell. GOC:dph GOC:ma GOC:mah ISBN:0198547684 endomitotic cell cycle A mitotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are replicated and sister chromatids separate, but spindle formation, nuclear membrane breakdown and nuclear division do not occur, resulting in an increased number of chromosomes in the cell. GO:0007113 Note that this term should not be confused with 'abortive mitotic cell cycle ; GO:0033277'. Although abortive mitosis is sometimes called endomitosis, GO:0033277 refers to a process in which a mitotic spindle forms and chromosome separation begins. Wikipedia:Mitosis#Endomitosis biological_process endomitosis A mitotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are replicated and sister chromatids separate, but spindle formation, nuclear membrane breakdown and nuclear division do not occur, resulting in an increased number of chromosomes in the cell. GOC:curators GOC:dos GOC:expert_vm meiosis A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations. GO:0007126 Wikipedia:Meiosis biological_process A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations. GOC:dph GOC:mah PMID:9334324 meiosis II A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the second phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and separate the two chromatids in each chromosome. GO:0007135 Wikipedia:Meiosis#Meiosis_II biological_process A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the second phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and separate the two chromatids in each chromosome. GOC:dph GOC:mah ISBN:0198547684 male meiosis A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline. GO:0007140 biological_process A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline. GOC:dph GOC:mah male meiosis II A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis II, the second meiotic division in the male germline. GO:0007142 biological_process A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis II, the second meiotic division in the male germline. GOC:dph GOC:mah female meiosis A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline. GO:0007143 Note that female germ lines can be found in female or hermaphroditic organisms, so this term can be used to annotate gene products from hermaphrodites such as those of C. elegans. See also the biological process term 'meiosis ; GO:0007126'. biological_process A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline. GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:mah female meiosis II GO:0007147 The cell cycle process in which the second meiotic division occurs in the female germline. biological_process GOC:mah The cell cycle process in which the second meiotic division occurs in the female germline. cell communication Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GO:0007154 Wikipedia:Cell_signaling biological_process Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:mah signal transduction GO:0007165 GO:0023033 Note that signal transduction is defined broadly to include a ligand interacting with a receptor, downstream signaling steps and a response being triggered. A change in form of the signal in every step is not necessary. Note that in many cases the end of this process is regulation of the initiation of transcription. Note that specific transcription factors may be annotated to this term, but core/general transcription machinery such as RNA polymerase should not. Reactome:REACT_100624 Reactome:REACT_102354 Reactome:REACT_12478 Reactome:REACT_31232 Reactome:REACT_78535 Reactome:REACT_89740 Reactome:REACT_93680 Reactome:REACT_98872 The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal, e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell, and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. Wikipedia:Signal_transduction biological_process signaling cascade signaling pathway signalling cascade signalling pathway GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11 The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal, e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell, and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. GOC:mah signalling pathway cell surface receptor linked signaling pathway Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell. GO:0007166 Reactome:REACT_6290 biological_process cell surface receptor linked signal transduction cell surface receptor linked signalling pathway GOC:mah cell surface receptor linked signalling pathway Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell. GOC:mah G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway G-protein-coupled receptor protein signaling pathway G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway GO:0007186 GPCR protein signaling pathway GPCR protein signalling pathway The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand. biological_process GOC:mah The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand. cell-cell signaling Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. GO:0007267 biological_process cell-cell signalling Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. GOC:mah multicellular organismal development GO:0007275 Note that this term was 'developmental process'. The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). biological_process GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:isa_complete GOC:tb The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). gamete generation GO:0007276 GO:0009552 The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell. biological_process gametogenesis GOC:ems GOC:mtg_sensu The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell. germ cell development GO:0007281 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism. biological_process germ-cell development primordial germ cell development GOC:go_curators The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism. spermatogenesis GO:0007283 The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. Wikipedia:Spermatogenesis biological_process generation of spermatozoa GOC:jid ISBN:9780878933846 The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. generation of spermatozoa spermatid development GO:0007286 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Wikipedia:Spermiogenesis biological_process spermatid cell development spermiogenesis GOC:dph GOC:go_curators The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure. sperm axoneme assembly GO:0007288 The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellar axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of the eukaryotic sperm flagellum, and is responsible for movement. biological_process GOC:bf ISBN:0198547684 The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellar axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of the eukaryotic sperm flagellum, and is responsible for movement. spermatid nucleus differentiation GO:0007289 See also the Cell Ontology term 'spermatid ; CL:0000018'. The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization. biological_process spermatid nuclear differentiation GOC:bf GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization. female gamete generation GO:0007292 Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction. biological_process GOC:dph Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction. ISBN:0198506732 gastrulation A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. GO:0007369 Wikipedia:Gastrulation biological_process A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. GOC:curators ISBN:9780878933846 nervous system development GO:0007399 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. biological_process pan-neural process GOC:dgh The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. heart development GO:0007507 GO:0007511 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. Wikipedia:Heart_development biological_process cardiac development dorsal vessel development GOC:jid The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. UBERON:0000948 female pregnancy GO:0007565 The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth. Wikipedia:Gestation biological_process carrying of young gestation ISBN:0192800825 The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth. respiratory gaseous exchange GO:0007585 The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. biological_process breathing respiration ISBN:0198506732 The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. digestion GO:0007586 The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. Wikipedia:Digestion biological_process GOC:isa_complete ISBN:0198506732 The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. excretion GO:0007588 The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds. Wikipedia:Excretion biological_process ISBN:0192801023 The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds. body fluid secretion GO:0007589 The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or group of cells in an animal. biological_process GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or group of cells in an animal. blood coagulation GO:0007596 Reactome:REACT_101311 Reactome:REACT_101372 Reactome:REACT_102544 Reactome:REACT_102650 Reactome:REACT_105166 Reactome:REACT_105212 Reactome:REACT_107268 Reactome:REACT_108583 Reactome:REACT_108655 Reactome:REACT_1439 Reactome:REACT_2051 Reactome:REACT_32530 Reactome:REACT_32765 Reactome:REACT_33270 Reactome:REACT_34525 Reactome:REACT_604 Reactome:REACT_76944 Reactome:REACT_78290 Reactome:REACT_81054 Reactome:REACT_81972 Reactome:REACT_82283 Reactome:REACT_82383 Reactome:REACT_82403 Reactome:REACT_82445 Reactome:REACT_82812 Reactome:REACT_82940 Reactome:REACT_83271 Reactome:REACT_84055 Reactome:REACT_84833 Reactome:REACT_85674 Reactome:REACT_86354 Reactome:REACT_89750 Reactome:REACT_89805 Reactome:REACT_90236 Reactome:REACT_90805 Reactome:REACT_92318 Reactome:REACT_94085 Reactome:REACT_94213 Reactome:REACT_94315 Reactome:REACT_94798 Reactome:REACT_96458 The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers. Wikipedia:Coagulation biological_process blood clotting ISBN:0198506732 The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers. http://www.graylab.ac.uk/omd/ hemostasis GO:0007599 The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part. Wikipedia:Hemostasis biological_process ISBN:0198506732 The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part. sensory perception GO:0007600 The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. Wikipedia:Perception biological_process GOC:ai GOC:dph The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. visual perception GO:0007601 The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image. Wikipedia:Visual_perception biological_process sense of sight sensory visual perception vision GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image. sensory perception of sound GO:0007605 The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound. Wikipedia:Hearing_(sense) biological_process hearing perception of sound GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound. sensory perception of chemical stimulus GO:0007606 The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. biological_process chemosensory perception GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. sensory perception of smell GO:0007608 The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process. Wikipedia:Olfaction biological_process olfaction scent perception sense of smell smell perception GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process. http://www.onelook.com/ behavior GO:0007610 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Annotations to this term will be removed during annotation QC. The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Patterned activity of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions. Wikipedia:Behavior behavioral response to stimulus behaviour behavioural response to stimulus biological_process GOC:ems ISBN:0395448956 The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Patterned activity of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions. learning or memory GO:0007611 The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time. biological_process GOC:jid PMID:8938125 The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time. learning Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience. GO:0007612 Wikipedia:Learning biological_process Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience. ISBN:0582227089 ISBN:0721662544 memory GO:0007613 The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task). Wikipedia:Memory biological_process GOC:curators ISBN:0582227089 The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task). http://www.onelook.com/ mating GO:0007618 The pairwise union of individuals for the purpose of sexual reproduction, ultimately resulting in the formation of zygotes. biological_process ISBN:0387520546 The pairwise union of individuals for the purpose of sexual reproduction, ultimately resulting in the formation of zygotes. copulation GO:0007620 The act of sexual union between male and female, involving the transfer of sperm. biological_process ISBN:0721662544 The act of sexual union between male and female, involving the transfer of sperm. rhythmic behavior GO:0007622 The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with measured regularity. biological_process rhythmic behavioral response to stimulus rhythmic behaviour rhythmic behavioural response to stimulus GOC:jl The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with measured regularity. circadian rhythm Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. GO:0007623 GO:0050895 Wikipedia:Circadian_rhythm biological_process circadian process circadian response response to circadian rhythm Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. GOC:bf GOC:go_curators grooming behavior GO:0007625 The specific actions or reactions of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites. biological_process grooming behaviour GOC:jl The specific actions or reactions of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites. feeding behavior Behavior associated with the intake of food. GO:0007631 See also the biological process term 'behavior ; GO:0007610'. Wikipedia:List_of_feeding_behaviours behavioral response to food behavioural response to food biological_process drinking eating feeding behaviour Behavior associated with the intake of food. GOC:mah chemosensory behavior Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals. GO:0007635 behavioral response to chemical stimulus behavioural response to chemical stimulus biological_process chemosensory behaviour Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals. GOC:go_curators blood circulation GO:0008015 GO:0070261 The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products. biological_process hemolymph circulation GOC:mtg_heart ISBN:0192800825 The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products. regulation of heart contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body. GO:0008016 biological_process regulation of cardiac contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb protein localization Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GO:0008104 biological_process establishment and maintenance of protein localization protein localisation Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:ai GOC:mah protein localisation biological_process Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end. GO:0000004 GO:0007582 GO:0008150 Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this. Wikipedia:Biological_process biological process biological process unknown biological_process physiological process Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end. GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete metabolic process GO:0008152 Note that metabolic processes do not include single functions or processes such as protein-protein interactions, protein-nucleic acids, nor receptor-ligand interactions. The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. Wikipedia:Metabolism biological_process metabolic process resulting in cell growth metabolism metabolism resulting in cell growth GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. steroid metabolic process GO:0008202 Reactome:REACT_100535 Reactome:REACT_104514 Reactome:REACT_104993 Reactome:REACT_105831 Reactome:REACT_108650 Reactome:REACT_109307 Reactome:REACT_109504 Reactome:REACT_110283 Reactome:REACT_11057 Reactome:REACT_31074 Reactome:REACT_32683 Reactome:REACT_34426 Reactome:REACT_77930 Reactome:REACT_81781 Reactome:REACT_85390 Reactome:REACT_86063 Reactome:REACT_86862 Reactome:REACT_90075 Reactome:REACT_93239 Reactome:REACT_96786 The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. Wikipedia:Steroid_metabolism biological_process steroid metabolism ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. C21-steroid hormone metabolic process C21-steroid hormone metabolism GO:0008207 The chemical reactions and pathways involving C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones. biological_process GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones. glucocorticoid metabolic process GO:0008211 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects. biological_process glucocorticoid metabolism glucocorticosteroid metabolic process glucocorticosteroid metabolism ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects. mineralocorticoid metabolic process GO:0008212 The chemical reactions and pathways involving mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance. biological_process mineralocorticoid metabolism ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance. regulation of blood pressure Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure. GO:0008217 Wikipedia:Blood_pressure#Regulation biological_process blood pressure homeostasis blood pressure regulation control of blood pressure Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_cardio ISBN:0721643949 cell death A biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. GO:0008219 biological_process necrosis A biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. GOC:mah cell proliferation GO:0008283 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. This term was moved out from being a child of 'cellular process' because it is a cell population-level process, and cellular processes are restricted to those processes that involve individual cells. biological_process GOC:mah GOC:mb The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. positive regulation of cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. GO:0008284 activation of cell proliferation biological_process stimulation of cell proliferation up regulation of cell proliferation up-regulation of cell proliferation upregulation of cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. GOC:go_curators lipid binding GO:0008289 Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a lipid. molecular_function GOC:ai Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a lipid. associative learning GO:0008306 Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect). Pavlovian conditioning Wikipedia:Learning#Associative_learning biological_process classical conditioning conditional learning conditional response ISBN:0582227089 Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect). olfactory learning Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs in response to (repeated) exposure to an olfactory cue. GO:0008355 biological_process Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs in response to (repeated) exposure to an olfactory cue. ISBN:0582227089 anion transmembrane transporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of a negatively charged ion from one side of a membrane to the other. GO:0008509 Reactome:REACT_100348 Reactome:REACT_102329 Reactome:REACT_106026 Reactome:REACT_6188 Reactome:REACT_79542 Reactome:REACT_86643 Reactome:REACT_87003 Reactome:REACT_88207 Reactome:REACT_90836 Reactome:REACT_93989 Reactome:REACT_96294 Reactome:REACT_99908 anion transporter activity molecular_function Catalysis of the transfer of a negatively charged ion from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:dgf GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 taste receptor activity Combining with soluble compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of taste. GO:0008527 gustatory receptor molecular_function Combining with soluble compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of taste. GOC:dph epidermis development GO:0008544 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species. biological_process hypodermis development GOC:kmv GOC:rk hypodermis development GOC:go_curators The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species. UBERON:0001003 lipid biosynthetic process GO:0008610 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. biological_process lipid anabolism lipid biosynthesis lipid formation lipid synthesis lipogenesis GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. GOC:sl lipogenesis biosynthetic process GO:0009058 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones. Wikipedia:Anabolism anabolism biological_process biosynthesis formation synthesis GOC:curators ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones. macromolecule biosynthetic process GO:0009059 GO:0043284 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process biopolymer biosynthetic process macromolecule anabolism macromolecule biosynthesis macromolecule formation macromolecule synthesis CHEBI:33694 GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:mtg_chebi_dec09 biopolymer biosynthetic process flagellum assembly GO:0009296 The assembly of a flagellum. In bacteria, this is a whiplike motility appendage present on the surface of some species; in eukaryotes, flagella are threadlike protoplasmic extensions used to propel flagellates and sperm. Flagella are composed of flagellin and have the same basic structure as cilia but are longer in proportion to the cell and present in much smaller numbers. biological_process flagella assembly flagella biogenesis flagellum biogenesis GOC:mah flagellum biogenesis GOC:mah flagella assembly GOC:curators ISBN:0815316194 The assembly of a flagellum. In bacteria, this is a whiplike motility appendage present on the surface of some species; in eukaryotes, flagella are threadlike protoplasmic extensions used to propel flagellates and sperm. Flagella are composed of flagellin and have the same basic structure as cilia but are longer in proportion to the cell and present in much smaller numbers. protein secretion GO:0009306 GO:0045166 GO:0045731 The controlled release of proteins from a cell or group of cells. biological_process glycoprotein secretion protein secretion during cell fate commitment protein secretion resulting in cell fate commitment GOC:ai The controlled release of proteins from a cell or group of cells. amine metabolic process GO:0009308 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. amine metabolism biological_process GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. response to radiation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation. GO:0009314 Note that 'radiation' refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength. biological_process response to electromagnetic radiation stimulus response to radiation stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation. GOC:jl Wikipedia:Electromagnetic_radiation response to water deprivation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a water deprivation stimulus, prolonged deprivation of water. GO:0009414 biological_process drought tolerance response to dehydration response to drought response to thirst Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a water deprivation stimulus, prolonged deprivation of water. GOC:lr response to water Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a water stimulus. GO:0009415 biological_process Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a water stimulus. GOC:jl response to light stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light. GO:0009416 biological_process Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0582227089 fertilization GO:0009566 The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy). Wikipedia:Fertilisation biological_process GOC:tb ISBN:0198506732 The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy). detection of external stimulus GO:0009581 The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process perception of external stimulus GOC:hb The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. detection of abiotic stimulus GO:0009582 The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process perception of abiotic stimulus GOC:hb The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. detection of light stimulus GO:0009583 The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process detection of light perception of light GOC:go_curators The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal. detection of visible light GO:0009584 The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm. biological_process perception of visible light GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm. detection of gravity GO:0009590 The series of events in which a gravitational stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process perception of gravity GOC:hb The series of events in which a gravitational stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. detection of chemical stimulus GO:0009593 The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process chemoperception detection of chemical substance perception of chemical stimulus perception of chemical substance GOC:jl The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. response to external stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus. GO:0009605 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Annotations to this term will be removed during annotation QC. biological_process response to environmental stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus. GOC:hb response to biotic stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism. GO:0009607 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Annotations to this term will be removed during annotation QC. biological_process response to biotic stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism. GOC:hb response to wounding Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism. GO:0002245 GO:0009611 biological_process physiological response to wounding Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism. GOC:go_curators response to mechanical stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus. GO:0009612 biological_process chemi-mechanical coupling mechanical stimulus response Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus. GOC:hb response to bacterium Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium. GO:0009617 GO:0009618 GO:0009680 biological_process response to bacteria Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium. GOC:hb response to nematode Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a nematode. GO:0009624 biological_process response to nematodes Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a nematode. GOC:hb response to abiotic stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus. GO:0009628 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Annotations to this term will be removed during annotation QC. biological_process response to abiotic stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus. GOC:hb response to gravity Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gravitational stimulus. GO:0009629 biological_process response to gravitational stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gravitational stimulus. GOC:hb anatomical structure morphogenesis GO:0009653 The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. Wikipedia:Morphogenesis anatomical structure organization biological_process embryogenesis and morphogenesis morphogenesis GOC:go_curators ISBN:0521436125 The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. embryo development GO:0009790 GO:0009795 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. Wikipedia:Embryogenesis biological_process embryogenesis embryogenesis and morphogenesis embryonal development GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete GOC:mtg_sensu The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. post-embryonic development GO:0009791 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development. biological_process GOC:go_curators The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development. embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching GO:0009792 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell. biological_process embryogenesis GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete GOC:mtg_sensu The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell. organ morphogenesis GO:0009887 Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. biological_process histogenesis and organogenesis GOC:dgh GOC:go_curators ISBN:0471245208 ISBN:0721662544 Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. tissue development GO:0009888 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Wikipedia:Histogenesis biological_process histogenesis histogenesis and organogenesis ISBN:0471245208 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. positive regulation of metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GO:0009893 activation of metabolic process biological_process positive regulation of metabolism stimulation of metabolic process up regulation of metabolic process up-regulation of metabolic process upregulation of metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GOC:go_curators epidermal cell differentiation GO:0009913 GO:0043355 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis. biological_process hypodermal cell differentiation GOC:kmv GOC:rk hypodermal cell differentiation GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis. hormone transport GO:0009914 The directed movement of hormones into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GOC:tb The directed movement of hormones into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. cellular process Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GO:0008151 GO:0009987 GO:0050875 biological_process cell growth and/or maintenance cell physiology cellular physiological process Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete membrane invagination GO:0010324 The infolding of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle. biological_process GOC:tb The infolding of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle. mesenchymal cell proliferation GO:0010463 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. biological_process GOC:dph GOC:tb The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. GO:0010464 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GO:0010604 biological_process Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of hormone levels Any process that modulates the levels of hormone within an organism or a tissue. A hormone is any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. GO:0010817 biological_process Any process that modulates the levels of hormone within an organism or a tissue. A hormone is any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis GO:0010927 The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression. biological_process GOC:dph GOC:tb The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression. regulation of cell death Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. GO:0010941 biological_process Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of cell death Any process that increases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. GO:0010942 biological_process Any process that increases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. GOC:dph GOC:tb programmed cell death Cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GO:0012501 GO:0016244 Note that this term should be used to annotate gene products in the organism undergoing the programmed cell death. To annotate genes in another organism whose products modulate programmed cell death in a host organism, consider the term 'modulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death ; GO:0052040'. Wikipedia:Programmed_cell_death biological_process non-apoptotic programmed cell death nonapoptotic programmed cell death Cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GOC:lr induction of programmed cell death A process which directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death. GO:0012502 GO:0012503 biological_process induction of non-apoptotic programmed cell death induction of nonapoptotic programmed cell death A process which directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death. GOC:lr endomembrane system A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles. GO:0012505 Wikipedia:Endomembrane_system cellular_component A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles. GOC:lh vesicle membrane GO:0012506 NIF_Subcellular:sao1153182838 The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell. cellular_component GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell. dopamine secretion GO:0014046 The regulated release of dopamine by a cell or group of cells. Dopamine is a catecholamine and a precursor of adrenaline and noradrenaline. It acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system but it is also produced peripherally and acts as a hormone. biological_process GOC:ef The regulated release of dopamine by a cell or group of cells. Dopamine is a catecholamine and a precursor of adrenaline and noradrenaline. It acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system but it is also produced peripherally and acts as a hormone. striated muscle tissue development GO:0014706 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells. biological_process CL:0000737 GOC:dph GOC:mtg_muscle The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells. protein transport GO:0015031 GO:0015831 The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process enzyme transport GOC:ai The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. ion transmembrane transporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other. GO:0015075 ion transporter activity molecular_function Catalysis of the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:dgf GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of inorganic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage. GO:0015103 molecular_function Catalysis of the transfer of inorganic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage. GOC:ai bicarbonate transmembrane transporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of bicarbonate from one side of a membrane to the other. Bicarbonate is the hydrogencarbonate ion, HCO3-. GO:0015106 molecular_function Catalysis of the transfer of bicarbonate from one side of a membrane to the other. Bicarbonate is the hydrogencarbonate ion, HCO3-. GOC:ai gas transport GO:0015669 The directed movement of substances that are gaseous in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GOC:ai The directed movement of substances that are gaseous in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. oxygen transport GO:0015671 The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GOC:ai The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. inorganic anion transport GO:0015698 The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage. biological_process GOC:krc The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage. bicarbonate transport GO:0015701 Reactome:REACT_100525 Reactome:REACT_100774 Reactome:REACT_102789 Reactome:REACT_103081 Reactome:REACT_19298 Reactome:REACT_31940 Reactome:REACT_58996 Reactome:REACT_84164 Reactome:REACT_92211 Reactome:REACT_95367 Reactome:REACT_95717 Reactome:REACT_96648 The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GOC:krc The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. organic anion transport GO:0015711 The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage. biological_process GOC:ai GOC:krc The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage. peptide transport GO:0015833 The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GOC:ai The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. amine transport GO:0015837 The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. amine/polyamine transport biological_process GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. monoamine transport GO:0015844 GO:0015873 The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process CHEBI:25375 GOC:mah The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. organic alcohol transport GO:0015850 The directed movement of organic alcohols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic alcohol is any carbon-containing compound containing a hydroxyl group. biological_process GOC:ai The directed movement of organic alcohols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic alcohol is any carbon-containing compound containing a hydroxyl group. dopamine transport GO:0015872 The directed movement of dopamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. biological_process GOC:ai The directed movement of dopamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. norepinephrine transport GO:0015874 The directed movement of norepinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. biological_process levarterenol transport noradrenaline transport GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of norepinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. membrane Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. GO:0016020 Wikipedia:Biological_membrane cellular_component Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 integral to membrane GO:0016021 Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane. Wikipedia:Transmembrane_protein cellular_component transmembrane GOC:mah transmembrane GOC:go_curators Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane. cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle A membrane-bounded vesicle found in the cytoplasm of the cell. GO:0016023 cellular_component cytoplasmic membrane bounded vesicle cytoplasmic membrane-enclosed vesicle A membrane-bounded vesicle found in the cytoplasm of the cell. GOC:ai GOC:mah cellular component organization A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. GO:0016043 biological_process cell organisation cell organization and biogenesis A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. GOC:ai GOC:jl GOC:mah GOC:mah cell organization and biogenesis cellular membrane organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. GO:0016044 Reactome:REACT_101524 Reactome:REACT_103082 Reactome:REACT_11123 Reactome:REACT_29278 Reactome:REACT_32337 Reactome:REACT_33741 Reactome:REACT_34084 Reactome:REACT_78213 Reactome:REACT_78288 Reactome:REACT_83546 Reactome:REACT_86557 Reactome:REACT_87431 Reactome:REACT_88307 Reactome:REACT_91154 Reactome:REACT_93714 Reactome:REACT_95586 Reactome:REACT_96516 Reactome:REACT_97881 biological_process membrane organisation membrane organization and biogenesis GOC:mah membrane organization and biogenesis A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah GOC:curators membrane organisation vesicle organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle. GO:0016050 biological_process vesicle organisation vesicle organization and biogenesis GOC:mah vesicle organization and biogenesis A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle. GOC:mah GOC:curators vesicle organisation carbohydrate biosynthetic process GO:0006093 GO:0016051 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. anabolic carbohydrate metabolic process anabolic carbohydrate metabolism biological_process carbohydrate anabolism carbohydrate biosynthesis carbohydrate formation carbohydrate synthesis ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. immunoglobulin mediated immune response An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution. GO:0016064 This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was renamed and redefined. antibody-mediated immune response biological_process An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 vesicle-mediated transport A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. GO:0006899 GO:0016192 biological_process nonselective vesicle transport protein sorting along secretory pathway vesicle trafficking vesicle transport vesicular transport A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. GOC:ai GOC:mah ISBN:08789310662000 GOC:mah vesicular transport death A permanent cessation of all vital functions: the end of life; can be applied to a whole organism or to a part of an organism. GO:0016265 See also the biological process term 'apoptosis ; GO:0006915'. Wikipedia:Death biological_process A permanent cessation of all vital functions: the end of life; can be applied to a whole organism or to a part of an organism. GOC:mah ISBN:0877797099 morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium GO:0016331 The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized. biological_process GOC:jl The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized. somatic cell DNA recombination GO:0016444 Recombination occurring within or between DNA molecules in somatic cells. biological_process GOC:ma Recombination occurring within or between DNA molecules in somatic cells. somatic diversification of immunoglobulins GO:0016445 The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins. biological_process somatic diversification of antibodies GOC:add GOC:ma ISBN:0781735149 The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins. somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes GO:0016446 Mutations occurring somatically that result in amino acid changes in the rearranged V regions of immunoglobulins. biological_process somatic hypermutation of antibody genes GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Mutations occurring somatically that result in amino acid changes in the rearranged V regions of immunoglobulins. PMID:11205330 PMID:11205333 PMID:14975236 PMID:7813007 somatic recombination of immunoglobulin gene segments GO:0016447 The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, as known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus. biological_process somatic recombination of antibody gene segments GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, as known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus. cell migration GO:0016477 The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. Wikipedia:Cell_migration biological_process GOC:ems GOC:pf The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. stem cell division GO:0017145 The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types. biological_process stem cell renewal GOC:jid ISBN:0582227089 The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types. phenol-containing compound metabolic process GO:0018958 Note that phenol metabolism is not included as a child of 'xenobiotic metabolism' because although it is synthesized industrially, phenol is also found naturally in animal wastes and other organic materials. It is often formed by the activity of microorganisms, which can chemically modify a variety of xenobiotic and naturally occurring phenolic compounds. The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. UM-BBD_pathwayID:phe biological_process carbolic acid metabolic process carbolic acid metabolism hydroxybenzene metabolic process hydroxybenzene metabolism phenol-containing compound metabolism CHEBI:33853 ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. GOC:curators phenol-containing compound metabolism regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process Any cellular process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GO:0019219 biological_process regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism Any cellular process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:go_curators GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process regulation of metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GO:0019222 biological_process regulation of metabolism Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GOC:go_curators proprioception GO:0019230 The series of events by which an organism senses the position, location, orientation, and movement of the body and its parts. Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, sensory nerve terminals found in muscles, tendons, and joint capsules, which give information concerning movements and position of the body. The receptors in the labyrinth are sometimes also considered proprioceptors. Wikipedia:Proprioception biological_process ISBN:072168677X The series of events by which an organism senses the position, location, orientation, and movement of the body and its parts. Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, sensory nerve terminals found in muscles, tendons, and joint capsules, which give information concerning movements and position of the body. The receptors in the labyrinth are sometimes also considered proprioceptors. http://www.onelook.com/ sensory perception of pain GO:0019233 The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. This is a neurological process. Wikipedia:Nociception biological_process nociception perception of physiological pain The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. This is a neurological process. http://www.onelook.com/ B cell mediated immunity Any process involved with the carrying out of an immune response by a B cell, through, for instance, the production of antibodies or cytokines, or antigen presentation to T cells. B lymphocyte mediated immune effector process B lymphocyte mediated immunity B-cell mediated immune effector process B-cell mediated immunity B-lymphocyte mediated immune effector process B-lymphocyte mediated immunity GO:0019724 This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was moved. biological_process Any process involved with the carrying out of an immune response by a B cell, through, for instance, the production of antibodies or cytokines, or antigen presentation to T cells. GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 antimicrobial humoral response An immune response against microbes mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are seen in the antimicrobial humoral response of Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus. GO:0006960 GO:0019730 GO:0019735 biological_process An immune response against microbes mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are seen in the antimicrobial humoral response of Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu carboxylic acid metabolic process GO:0019752 The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). biological_process carboxylic acid metabolism ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). immunoglobulin complex A protein complex that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds and sometimes complexed with additional proteins. An immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GO:0019814 Note that an immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available. cellular_component A protein complex that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds and sometimes complexed with additional proteins. An immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GOC:add GOC:jl ISBN:0781765196 B cell receptor complex An immunoglobulin complex that is present in the plasma membrane of B cells and that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins. B cell receptor accessory molecule complex B lymphocyte receptor complex B-cell receptor complex B-lymphocyte receptor complex BCR complex GO:0019815 GO:0042570 Note that an immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available. antibody cellular_component immunoglobulin complex, membrane bound GOC:mah antibody An immunoglobulin complex that is present in the plasma membrane of B cells and that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 antigen processing and presentation GO:0019882 GO:0030333 The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was renamed and redefined. Wikipedia:Antigen_presentation antigen presentation antigen processing biological_process GOC:add GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771591 PMID:15928678 The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. antigen processing and presentation of exogenous antigen GO:0019884 The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. antigen presentation, exogenous antigen biological_process GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771591 PMID:15928678 The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. sexual reproduction GO:0019953 The regular alternation, in the life cycle of haplontic, diplontic and diplohaplontic organisms, of meiosis and fertilization which provides for the production offspring. In diplontic organisms there is a life cycle in which the products of meiosis behave directly as gametes, fusing to form a zygote from which the diploid, or sexually reproductive polyploid, adult organism will develop. In diplohaplontic organisms a haploid phase (gametophyte) exists in the life cycle between meiosis and fertilization (e.g. higher plants, many algae and Fungi); the products of meiosis are spores that develop as haploid individuals from which haploid gametes develop to form a diploid zygote; diplohaplontic organisms show an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. In haplontic organisms meiosis occurs in the zygote, giving rise to four haploid cells (e.g. many algae and protozoa), only the zygote is diploid and this may form a resistant spore, tiding organisms over hard times. Wikipedia:Sexual_reproduction biological_process ISBN:0387520546 The regular alternation, in the life cycle of haplontic, diplontic and diplohaplontic organisms, of meiosis and fertilization which provides for the production offspring. In diplontic organisms there is a life cycle in which the products of meiosis behave directly as gametes, fusing to form a zygote from which the diploid, or sexually reproductive polyploid, adult organism will develop. In diplohaplontic organisms a haploid phase (gametophyte) exists in the life cycle between meiosis and fertilization (e.g. higher plants, many algae and Fungi); the products of meiosis are spores that develop as haploid individuals from which haploid gametes develop to form a diploid zygote; diplohaplontic organisms show an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. In haplontic organisms meiosis occurs in the zygote, giving rise to four haploid cells (e.g. many algae and protozoa), only the zygote is diploid and this may form a resistant spore, tiding organisms over hard times. developmental maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state. GO:0021700 This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. biological_process A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 neural tube development GO:0021915 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium. This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. biological_process GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium. neurogenesis GO:0022008 Generation of cells within the nervous system. This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. Wikipedia:Neurogenesis biological_process nervous system cell generation neural cell differentiation GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 Generation of cells within the nervous system. GOC:BHF GOC:dph neural cell differentiation nervous system cell generation cell cycle process A cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. GO:0022402 biological_process A cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. GOC:isa_complete cell cycle phase A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through one of the biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. GO:0022403 biological_process A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through one of the biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:tb molting cycle process A multicellular organismal process involved in the periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin. GO:0022404 biological_process A multicellular organismal process involved in the periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin. GOC:isa_complete hair cycle process A multicellular organismal process involved in the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body. GO:0022405 biological_process A multicellular organismal process involved in the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body. GOC:isa_complete circadian sleep/wake cycle process A behavioral process involved in the cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm. GO:0022410 biological_process A behavioral process involved in the cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm. GOC:isa_complete cellular component disassembly A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component. GO:0022411 biological_process cell structure disassembly A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component. GOC:isa_complete cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. GO:0022412 biological_process reproductive cellular process in multicellular organism A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. GOC:isa_complete GOC:curators reproductive cellular process in multicellular organism reproductive process A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents. GO:0022414 biological_process A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete digestive system process A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. GO:0022600 biological_process A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. GOC:isa_complete GOC:jid GOC:mtg_cardio regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis. GO:0022603 biological_process regulation of morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis. GOC:mah cellular component assembly GO:0022607 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component. biological_process cell structure assembly GOC:isa_complete The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component. transmembrane transporter activity Enables the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other. GO:0005386 GO:0015646 GO:0022857 Reactome:REACT_100033 Reactome:REACT_106735 Reactome:REACT_19288 Reactome:REACT_77235 Reactome:REACT_80497 Reactome:REACT_81225 Reactome:REACT_88503 Reactome:REACT_91849 Reactome:REACT_94185 molecular_function Enables the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity Enables the transfer of a specific substance or group of related substances from one side of a membrane to the other. GO:0022891 molecular_function Enables the transfer of a specific substance or group of related substances from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:jid GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 substrate-specific transporter activity Enables the directed movement of a specific substance or group of related substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. GO:0022892 molecular_function Enables the directed movement of a specific substance or group of related substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. GOC:mtg_transport signaling 2010-02-16T09:30:50Z GO:0023046 GO:0023052 Note that a signal is any variable property or parameter that serves to convey information, and may be a physical entity such as a gene product or small molecule, a photon, or a change in state such as movement or voltage change. The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered. biological_process signaling process signalling signalling process GOC:mah signalling process GOC:mtg_signal GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11 GOC:signaling The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered. signal release 2010-02-16T09:30:50Z GO:0023061 The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source. biological_process GOC:mtg_signal The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source. cell projection organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. GO:0030030 biological_process cell projection organisation cell projection organization and biogenesis cell surface structure organization and biogenesis GOC:curators cell projection organisation GOC:mah cell surface structure organization and biogenesis A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. GOC:jl GOC:mah http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/ GOC:mah cell projection organization and biogenesis cell projection assembly Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. GO:0030031 biological_process cell projection biogenesis formation of a cell surface projection Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. GOC:jl GOC:mah http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/ GOC:mah cell projection biogenesis cell junction A plasma membrane part that forms a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix. GO:0030054 Wikipedia:Cell_junction cellular_component A plasma membrane part that forms a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_a.html peptide hormone secretion GO:0030072 The regulated release of a peptide hormone from a cell or organ. biological_process GOC:mah The regulated release of a peptide hormone from a cell or organ. insulin secretion GO:0030073 The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin. biological_process GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin. hemopoiesis GO:0030097 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates. Wikipedia:Haematopoiesis biological_process blood cell biosynthesis blood cell formation haemopoiesis hematopoiesis GOC:dgh ISBN:0198506732 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates. lymphocyte differentiation GO:0030098 GO:0046650 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of a lymphocyte. A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin. biological_process lymphocyte cell differentiation lymphocyte development lymphocytic blood cell differentiation GOC:add lymphocyte development CL:0000542 GOC:go_curators The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of a lymphocyte. A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin. myeloid cell differentiation GO:0030099 The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages. biological_process GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages. natural killer cell activation GO:0030101 NK cell activation The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. biological_process GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735140 The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. water homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within an organism or cell. GO:0018987 GO:0030104 biological_process osmoregulation regulation of osmotic pressure Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within an organism or cell. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb stored secretory granule A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules. GO:0030141 Note that the term 'secretory vesicle' is sometimes used in this sense, but can also mean 'transport vesicle ; GO:0030133'. cellular_component secretory vesicle A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules. GOC:mah ISBN:0198596732 cell differentiation GO:0030154 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. Wikipedia:Cellular_differentiation biological_process ISBN:0198506732 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. neuron differentiation GO:0030182 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron. biological_process GOC:mah The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron. B cell differentiation B cell development B lymphocyte differentiation B-cell differentiation B-lymphocyte differentiation GO:0030183 GO:0042115 The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. A B cell is a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity. This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was moved. Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. biological_process GOC:mah GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. A B cell is a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity. B cell development GOC:add heparin metabolic process GO:0030202 The chemical reactions and pathways involving heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells. They are similar to heparan sulfates but are of somewhat higher average Mr (6000-20000) and contain fewer N-acetyl groups and more N-sulfate and O-sulfate groups; they may be attached in the same manner to protein, forming proteoglycans. They consist predominantly of alternating alpha1->4-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues. biological_process heparan sulfate metabolic process heparin metabolism GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells. They are similar to heparan sulfates but are of somewhat higher average Mr (6000-20000) and contain fewer N-acetyl groups and more N-sulfate and O-sulfate groups; they may be attached in the same manner to protein, forming proteoglycans. They consist predominantly of alternating alpha1->4-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues. glycosaminoglycan metabolic process GO:0030203 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. Formerly known as mucopolysaccharides, they include hyaluronic acid and chondroitin, which provide lubrication in joints and form part of the matrix of cartilage. The three-dimensional structure of these molecules enables them to trap water, which forms a gel and gives glycosaminoglycans their elastic properties. biological_process glycosaminoglycan metabolism ISBN:0192800981 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. Formerly known as mucopolysaccharides, they include hyaluronic acid and chondroitin, which provide lubrication in joints and form part of the matrix of cartilage. The three-dimensional structure of these molecules enables them to trap water, which forms a gel and gives glycosaminoglycans their elastic properties. heparin biosynthetic process GO:0030210 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans of average Mr (6000-20000), consisting predominantly of alternating alpha1->4-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues. biological_process heparan sulfate biosynthetic process heparin anabolism heparin biosynthesis heparin formation heparin synthesis GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans of average Mr (6000-20000), consisting predominantly of alternating alpha1->4-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues. keratinocyte differentiation GO:0030216 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte. biological_process keratinocyte cell differentiation GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte. T cell differentiation GO:0030217 GO:0042112 GO:0046652 T cell development T lymphocyte differentiation T-cell differentiation T-lymphocyte differentiation The process in which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex. This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was moved. Note that the term 'thymocyte differentiation' was merged into this term because thymocytes are T cells, and thus the term was essentially redundant. Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. biological_process GOC:add T cell development GOC:jid GOC:mah GOC:mtg_15nov05 GO_REF:0000022 The process in which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex. erythrocyte differentiation GO:0030218 RBC differentiation The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte. Wikipedia:Erythropoiesis biological_process erythrocyte cell differentiation erythropoiesis red blood cell differentiation CL:0000232 red blood cell differentiation GOC:mah The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte. GOC:add GOC:dph erythropoiesis CL:0000232 RBC differentiation megakaryocyte differentiation GO:0030219 The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of a megakaryocyte. biological_process megakaryocyte cell differentiation GOC:mah The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of a megakaryocyte. basophil differentiation GO:0030221 The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of a basophil cell. basophil cell differentiation biological_process GOC:jid GOC:mah The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of a basophil cell. eosinophil differentiation GO:0030222 The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specializes features of an eosinophil. biological_process eosinophil cell differentiation GOC:mah The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specializes features of an eosinophil. neutrophil differentiation GO:0030223 The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a neutrophil. biological_process neutrophil cell differentiation neutrophil granulocyte differentiation neutrophil granulocytopoiesis GOC:yaf neutrophil granulocytopoiesis GOC:mah The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a neutrophil. GOC:yaf neutrophil granulocyte differentiation monocyte differentiation GO:0030224 The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a monocyte. biological_process monocyte cell differentiation GOC:mah The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a monocyte. macrophage differentiation GO:0030225 The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage. biological_process macrophage cell differentiation GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage. chromosome condensation GO:0000068 GO:0030261 The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells. biological_process GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells. apoptotic nuclear change A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the disassembly of the nucleus and contributes to apoptosis. GO:0030262 biological_process A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the disassembly of the nucleus and contributes to apoptosis. GOC:mah apoptotic chromosome condensation GO:0030263 The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis. Wikipedia:Pyknosis biological_process pyknosis GOC:mah The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis. bone mineralization GO:0030282 The deposition of calcium phosphate in bone tissue. biological_process bone calcification GOC:mah The deposition of calcium phosphate in bone tissue. osteoclast differentiation GO:0030316 The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of an osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue. biological_process osteoclast cell differentiation CL:0000092 GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12161749 The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of an osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue. sperm motility Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell. GO:0030317 Wikipedia:Sperm_motility biological_process sperm movement Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell. GOC:jl regulation of cell migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. GO:0030334 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of cell migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. GO:0030335 activation of cell migration biological_process stimulation of cell migration up regulation of cell migration up-regulation of cell migration upregulation of cell migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. GOC:go_curators axon GO:0030424 NIF_Subcellular:sao1770195789 The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. Wikipedia:Axon cellular_component GOC:nln ISBN:0198506732 The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. sleep Any process in which an organism enters and maintains a periodic, readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity. Usually accompanied by physical relaxation, the onset of sleep in humans and other mammals is marked by a change in the electrical activity of the brain. GO:0030431 Wikipedia:Sleep biological_process diapause dormancy lethargus Any process in which an organism enters and maintains a periodic, readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity. Usually accompanied by physical relaxation, the onset of sleep in humans and other mammals is marked by a change in the electrical activity of the brain. ISBN:0192800981 ribonucleoprotein complex A macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules. GO:0030529 RNA-protein complex RNP Wikipedia:Ribonucleoprotein cellular_component protein-RNA complex ribonucleoprotein A macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules. GOC:krc neutrophil chemotaxis GO:0030593 The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. biological_process GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. leukocyte chemotaxis GO:0030595 The movement of a leukocyte in response to an external stimulus. biological_process immune cell chemotaxis leucocyte chemotaxis GOC:add GOC:jl The movement of a leukocyte in response to an external stimulus. cytoplasmic vesicle membrane GO:0030659 The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle. cellular_component GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle. secretory granule membrane GO:0030667 The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule. cellular_component secretory vesicle membrane GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule. granulocyte differentiation GO:0030851 The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a granulocyte. Granulocytes are a class of leukocytes characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are active in allergic immune reactions such as arthritic inflammation and rashes. This class includes basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils. biological_process granulocyte cell differentiation GOC:ecd The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a granulocyte. Granulocytes are a class of leukocytes characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are active in allergic immune reactions such as arthritic inflammation and rashes. This class includes basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils. http://life.nthu.edu.tw/~g864204/dict-search1.htm epithelial cell differentiation GO:0030855 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium. biological_process GOC:ecd PMID:11839751 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium. extracellular matrix A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues; may be completely external to the cell (as in animals) or be part of the cell (as in plants). GO:0031012 Wikipedia:Extracellular_matrix cellular_component A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues; may be completely external to the cell (as in animals) or be part of the cell (as in plants). GOC:mah organelle membrane GO:0031090 The lipid bilayer surrounding an organelle. cellular_component GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding an organelle. regeneration GO:0031099 The regrowth of a lost or destroyed body part, such as an organ or tissue. Wikipedia:Regeneration_(biology) biological_process GOC:mah The regrowth of a lost or destroyed body part, such as an organ or tissue. biomineral tissue development Formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds, and also contain a small amounts of organic matrices that are believed to play important roles in their formation. GO:0031214 Wikipedia:Biomineralisation biological_process biomineral formation biomineralization mineralization GOC:dph GOC:tb biomineral formation Formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds, and also contain a small amounts of organic matrices that are believed to play important roles in their formation. PMID:15132736 intrinsic to membrane GO:0031224 Located in a membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. Note that proteins intrinsic to membranes cannot be removed without disrupting the membrane, e.g. by detergent. cellular_component GOC:mah Located in a membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. intrinsic to plasma membrane GO:0031226 Located in the plasma membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. cellular_component GOC:mah Located in the plasma membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product, for example part of a peptide sequence or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor, spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. pseudopodium organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pseudopodium, a temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with cellular movement. GO:0031268 biological_process pseudopodium organisation pseudopodium organization and biogenesis GOC:curators pseudopodium organisation A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pseudopodium, a temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with cellular movement. GOC:pg GOC:mah pseudopodium organization and biogenesis lymphocyte costimulation GO:0031294 The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the B- or T cell receptor to augment B- or T cell activation. biological_process lymphocyte co-stimulation ISBN:0781735149 The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the B- or T cell receptor to augment B- or T cell activation. regulation of cellular metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. GO:0031323 biological_process regulation of cellular metabolism Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. GOC:mah positive regulation of cellular metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. GO:0031325 Reactome:REACT_101225 Reactome:REACT_102187 Reactome:REACT_102331 Reactome:REACT_105293 Reactome:REACT_108571 Reactome:REACT_109170 Reactome:REACT_2122 Reactome:REACT_28360 Reactome:REACT_31270 Reactome:REACT_79603 Reactome:REACT_80902 Reactome:REACT_83058 Reactome:REACT_84314 Reactome:REACT_86633 Reactome:REACT_87840 Reactome:REACT_88060 Reactome:REACT_91293 Reactome:REACT_91429 Reactome:REACT_91906 Reactome:REACT_92487 Reactome:REACT_99393 activation of cellular metabolic process biological_process positive regulation of cellular metabolism stimulation of cellular metabolic process up regulation of cellular metabolic process up-regulation of cellular metabolic process upregulation of cellular metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. GOC:mah regulation of defense response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. GO:0031347 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. GOC:mah negative regulation of defense response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. GO:0031348 biological_process down regulation of defense response down-regulation of defense response downregulation of defense response inhibition of defense response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. GOC:mah positive regulation of defense response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. GO:0031349 activation of defense response biological_process stimulation of defense response up regulation of defense response up-regulation of defense response upregulation of defense response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. GOC:mah cytoplasmic vesicle A vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell. GO:0031410 NIF_Subcellular:sao180601769 cellular_component A vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell. GOC:mah keratinization GO:0031424 The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns. biological_process GOC:dph GOC:ebc GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns. nonmotile primary cilium A primary cilium which contains a variable array of axonemal microtubules but does not contain molecular motors. Nonmotile primary cilia are found on many different cell types and function as sensory organelles that concentrate and organize sensory signaling molecules. GO:0031513 cellular_component immotile primary cilium nonmotile primary cilia sensory cilium A primary cilium which contains a variable array of axonemal microtubules but does not contain molecular motors. Nonmotile primary cilia are found on many different cell types and function as sensory organelles that concentrate and organize sensory signaling molecules. GOC:dgh GOC:kmv PMID:17009929 PMID:20144998 GOC:curators nonmotile primary cilia GOC:curators sensory cilium GOC:curators immotile primary cilium membrane-enclosed lumen GO:0031974 The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen. cellular_component GOC:add GOC:mah The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen. nuclear lumen GO:0031981 The volume enclosed by the nuclear inner membrane. cellular_component GOC:mah GOC:pz The volume enclosed by the nuclear inner membrane. vesicle Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane or protein. GO:0031982 NIF_Subcellular:sao221389602 Wikipedia:Vesicle_(biology) cellular_component Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane or protein. GOC:mah GOC:pz membrane-bounded vesicle Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by a lipid bilayer. GO:0031988 cellular_component membrane-enclosed vesicle Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by a lipid bilayer. GOC:mah regulation of response to external stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. GO:0032101 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. GOC:mah negative regulation of response to external stimulus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. GO:0032102 biological_process down regulation of response to external stimulus down-regulation of response to external stimulus downregulation of response to external stimulus inhibition of response to external stimulus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. GOC:mah positive regulation of response to external stimulus Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus. GO:0032103 activation of response to external stimulus biological_process stimulation of response to external stimulus up regulation of response to external stimulus up-regulation of response to external stimulus upregulation of response to external stimulus Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus. GOC:mah MHC class Ib receptor activity Combining with an MHC class Ib protein complex to initiate a change in cellular activity. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families. GO:0032394 Note that this term is intended for annotation of gene products that act as receptors for MHC class Ib protein complexes, not for components of the MHC class Ib protein complexes themselves. T cell receptor activity alpha-beta T cell receptor activity gamma-delta T cell receptor activity molecular_function Combining with an MHC class Ib protein complex to initiate a change in cellular activity. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 multicellular organismal process Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function. GO:0032501 GO:0050874 biological_process organismal physiological process Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function. GOC:curators GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:tb developmental process A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition. GO:0032502 biological_process development A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition. GOC:isa_complete multicellular organism reproduction GO:0032504 The biological process in which new individuals are produced by one or two multicellular organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents. biological_process GOC:isa_complete GOC:jid The biological process in which new individuals are produced by one or two multicellular organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents. type I interferon production GO:0032606 The appearance of type I interferon due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families. biological_process interferon type I production type I IFN production GOC:add ISBN:0126896631 PMID:15546383 PMID:16681834 The appearance of type I interferon due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families. interferon-gamma production GO:0032609 IFNG production The appearance of interferon-gamma due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. biological_process type II IFN production type II interferon production GOC:mah IFNG production GOC:add GOC:mah The appearance of interferon-gamma due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. GOC:mah type II IFN production interleukin-1 beta production GO:0032611 IL-1 beta production The appearance of interleukin-1 beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process GOC:mah The appearance of interleukin-1 beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. interleukin-1 production GO:0032612 IL-1 production The appearance of interleukin-1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process GOC:mah The appearance of interleukin-1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. interleukin-10 production GO:0032613 IL-10 production The appearance of interleukin-10 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process GOC:mah The appearance of interleukin-10 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. interleukin-13 production GO:0032616 IL-13 production The appearance of interleukin-13 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process GOC:mah The appearance of interleukin-13 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. interleukin-17 production GO:0032620 IL-17 production The appearance of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process GOC:mah GOC:rv PR:000001092 The appearance of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_17 interleukin-2 production GO:0032623 IL-2 production The appearance of interleukin-2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process GOC:mah The appearance of interleukin-2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. interleukin-4 production GO:0032633 IL-4 production The appearance of interleukin-4 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process GOC:mah The appearance of interleukin-4 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. interleukin-6 production GO:0032635 IL-6 production The appearance of interleukin-6 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process GOC:mah The appearance of interleukin-6 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. interleukin-8 production GO:0032637 IL-8 production The appearance of interleukin-8 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process GOC:mah The appearance of interleukin-8 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. interleukin-9 production GO:0032638 IL-9 production The appearance of interleukin-9 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process GOC:mah The appearance of interleukin-9 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. tumor necrosis factor production GO:0032640 Note that this term refers only to the specific, original 'tumor necrosis factor' protein (TNF) and not other members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (those with the gene symbol root 'TNFSF'). TNF production TNF-alpha production The appearance of tumor necrosis factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process tumor necrosis factor-alpha production GOC:mah The appearance of tumor necrosis factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. regulation of natural killer cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation. GO:0032814 biological_process regulation of NK cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation. GOC:mah positive regulation of natural killer cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation. GO:0032816 activation of natural killer cell activation biological_process positive regulation of NK cell activation stimulation of natural killer cell activation up regulation of natural killer cell activation up-regulation of natural killer cell activation upregulation of natural killer cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation. GOC:mah regulation of homeostatic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a homeostatic process. GO:0032844 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a homeostatic process. GOC:mah regulation of localization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GO:0032879 biological_process regulation of localisation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:mah GOC:mah regulation of localisation regulation of protein localization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GO:0032880 biological_process regulation of protein localisation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb GOC:mah regulation of protein localisation secretion by cell GO:0032940 The controlled release of a substance by a cell. Wikipedia:Secretion biological_process cellular secretion GOC:mah The controlled release of a substance by a cell. secretion by tissue GO:0032941 The controlled release of a substance by a tissue. biological_process expulsion of gland contents tissue secretion GOC:mah expulsion of gland contents GOC:mah The controlled release of a substance by a tissue. mononuclear cell proliferation GO:0032943 PBMC proliferation The expansion of a mononuclear cell population by cell division. A mononuclear cell is a leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form. biological_process peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation GOC:add The expansion of a mononuclear cell population by cell division. A mononuclear cell is a leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form. cellular component morphogenesis GO:0032989 The process in which cellular structures, including whole cells or cell parts, are generated and organized. biological_process cellular structure morphogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb cellular structure morphogenesis GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb The process in which cellular structures, including whole cells or cell parts, are generated and organized. macromolecular complex A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which the constituent parts function together. GO:0032991 cellular_component macromolecule complex A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which the constituent parts function together. GOC:mah Fc receptor complex A protein complex composed of a subunit or subunits capable of binding the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin with additional signaling components. The complex functions as a receptor for immunoglobulin. Fc-receptor complex FcR complex GO:0032997 cellular_component immunoglobulin receptor complex A protein complex composed of a subunit or subunits capable of binding the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin with additional signaling components. The complex functions as a receptor for immunoglobulin. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Fc-gamma receptor III complex A protein complex composed of an Fc-gamma RIII alpha chain and an Fc-epsilon RI gamma chain dimer with or without an Fc-epsilon RI beta chain and additional signaling components. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgG. FcgRIII complex GO:0033001 IgG receptor complex cellular_component immunoglobulin G receptor complex A protein complex composed of an Fc-gamma RIII alpha chain and an Fc-epsilon RI gamma chain dimer with or without an Fc-epsilon RI beta chain and additional signaling components. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgG. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:11244038 PMID:12413532 macromolecule localization Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GO:0033036 biological_process macromolecule localisation Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:mah GOC:mah macromolecule localisation V(D)J recombination GO:0033151 The process in which immune receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific receptor, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). V(D)J joining V-D-J joining V-D-J recombination V-J joining V-J recombination Wikipedia:V(D)J_recombination biological_process GOC:add ISBN:0781700221 ISBN:0781735149 The process in which immune receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific receptor, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination GO:0033152 The process in which immunoglobulin gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). For immunoglobulin heavy chains V, D, and J gene segments are joined, and for immunoglobulin light chains V and J gene segments are joined. biological_process immunoglobulin V(D)J joining immunoglobulin V-D-J joining immunoglobulin V-D-J recombination immunoglobulin V-J joining immunoglobulin V-J recombination GOC:add immunoglobulin V(D)J joining GOC:add immunoglobulin V-J recombination GOC:add immunoglobulin V-D-J joining GOC:add immunoglobulin V-J joining GOC:add immunoglobulin V-D-J recombination GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process in which immunoglobulin gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). For immunoglobulin heavy chains V, D, and J gene segments are joined, and for immunoglobulin light chains V and J gene segments are joined. secretory granule organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. GO:0033363 biological_process secretory granule organization and biogenesis GOC:mah secretory granule organization and biogenesis A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. GOC:mah protein localization to organelle A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle. GO:0033365 biological_process protein localisation to organelle protein localization in organelle A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle. GOC:mah GOC:mah protein localization in organelle GOC:mah protein localisation to organelle protein localization in secretory granule A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule. GO:0033366 biological_process protein localisation in secretory granule protein localization to secretory granule A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule. GOC:mah GOC:mah protein localization to secretory granule GOC:mah protein localisation in secretory granule T cell secretory granule organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule in a T cell. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. GO:0033371 T cell secretory granule organization and biogenesis T lymphocyte secretory granule organization T-cell secretory granule organization T-lymphocyte secretory granule maturation T-lymphocyte secretory granule organization biological_process A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule in a T cell. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. GOC:mah GOC:mah T cell secretory granule organization and biogenesis protein localization in T cell secretory granule A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule in a T cell. GO:0033374 biological_process protein localisation in T cell secretory granule protein localization in T lymphocyte secretory granule protein localization in T-cell secretory granule protein localization in T-lymphocyte secretory granule GOC:mah protein localisation in T cell secretory granule A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule in a T cell. GOC:mah protease localization in T cell secretory granule Any process in which a protease is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule in a T cell. GO:0033375 biological_process protease localisation in T cell secretory granule protease localization in T lymphocyte secretory granule protease localization in T-cell secretory granule protease localization in T-lymphocyte secretory granule Any process in which a protease is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule in a T cell. GOC:mah GOC:mah protease localisation in T cell secretory granule granzyme B localization in T cell secretory granule Any process in which the protease granzyme B is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule in a T cell. GO:0033380 biological_process granzyme B localisation in T cell secretory granule granzyme B localization in T lymphocyte secretory granule granzyme B localization in T-cell secretory granule granzyme B localization in T-lymphocyte secretory granule GOC:mah granzyme B localisation in T cell secretory granule Any process in which the protease granzyme B is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule in a T cell. GOC:mah erythrocyte homeostasis Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism. GO:0034101 RBC homeostasis biological_process red blood cell homeostasis CL:0000232 RBC homeostasis CL:0000232 red blood cell homeostasis Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism. GOC:add PMID:10694114 PMID:14754397 erythrocyte clearance GO:0034102 Note that this term is intended for annotation of self-gene products that lead to elimination of erythrocytes without the involvement of a symbiont. RBC clearance The selective elimination of erythrocytes from the body by autoregulatory mechanisms. biological_process neocytolysis red blood cell clearance CL:0000232 red blood cell clearance PMID:14754397 neocytolysis GOC:add PMID:12905029 PMID:14754397 The selective elimination of erythrocytes from the body by autoregulatory mechanisms. CL:0000232 RBC clearance ion transmembrane transport A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0034220 Reactome:REACT_100497 Reactome:REACT_101721 Reactome:REACT_103924 Reactome:REACT_105437 Reactome:REACT_107347 Reactome:REACT_108844 Reactome:REACT_109050 Reactome:REACT_25149 Reactome:REACT_25300 Reactome:REACT_25387 Reactome:REACT_28150 Reactome:REACT_28672 Reactome:REACT_30601 Reactome:REACT_31166 Reactome:REACT_32763 Reactome:REACT_33389 Reactome:REACT_34584 Reactome:REACT_77153 Reactome:REACT_77267 Reactome:REACT_78982 Reactome:REACT_79679 Reactome:REACT_81685 Reactome:REACT_82102 Reactome:REACT_84760 Reactome:REACT_89671 Reactome:REACT_89674 Reactome:REACT_89758 Reactome:REACT_89890 Reactome:REACT_92146 Reactome:REACT_93475 Reactome:REACT_94109 Reactome:REACT_94939 Reactome:REACT_94986 Reactome:REACT_95760 Reactome:REACT_96459 Reactome:REACT_97506 Reactome:REACT_97619 Reactome:REACT_98518 Reactome:REACT_99181 biological_process transmembrane ion transport GOC:dph GOC:tb transmembrane ion transport A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah cellular protein localization Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell. GO:0016249 GO:0034613 biological_process cellular protein localisation channel localizer activity GOC:mah channel localizer activity Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell. GOC:mah GOC:mah cellular protein localisation cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process GO:0034641 Reactome:REACT_102000 Reactome:REACT_102044 Reactome:REACT_103710 Reactome:REACT_107293 Reactome:REACT_108179 Reactome:REACT_13 Reactome:REACT_28699 Reactome:REACT_29108 Reactome:REACT_32429 Reactome:REACT_33347 Reactome:REACT_34326 Reactome:REACT_55564 Reactome:REACT_77741 Reactome:REACT_82379 Reactome:REACT_86268 Reactome:REACT_90299 Reactome:REACT_91959 Reactome:REACT_93580 Reactome:REACT_95666 Reactome:REACT_98086 Reactome:REACT_99241 The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells. biological_process cellular nitrogen compound metabolism GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells. cellular hormone metabolic process GO:0034754 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone, as carried out by individual cells. biological_process GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone, as carried out by individual cells. cardiac cell differentiation GO:0035051 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual. biological_process heart cell differentiation GOC:bf The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual. axoneme assembly GO:0035082 The assembly and organization of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia and flagella in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. axoneme biogenesis biological_process GOC:bf ISBN:0815316194 The assembly and organization of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia and flagella in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. GOC:mah axoneme biogenesis flagellar axoneme assembly GO:0035084 The assembly of the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of flagellar in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. biological_process flagella axoneme assembly flagella axoneme biogenesis flagellar axoneme biogenesis flagellum axoneme assembly flagellum axoneme biogenesis GOC:mah flagellum axoneme assembly GOC:bf ISBN:0815316194 The assembly of the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of flagellar in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. GOC:mah flagella axoneme assembly tube formation Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure through which gases and/or liquids flow. GO:0035148 biological_process lumen formation in an anatomical structure tube lumen formation GOC:dph GOC:mah lumen formation in an anatomical structure GOC:dph GOC:mah tube lumen formation Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure through which gases and/or liquids flow. GOC:bf pupal development GO:0035209 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pupa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pupa is a dormant life stage interposed between the larval and the adult stages in insects that undergo a complete metamorphosis. biological_process GOC:bf GOC:mtg_sensu The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pupa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pupa is a dormant life stage interposed between the larval and the adult stages in insects that undergo a complete metamorphosis. tube morphogenesis GO:0035239 The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. biological_process GOC:bf PMID:14624839 The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. tube development GO:0035295 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tube over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts. biological_process PMID:12526790 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tube over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts. pre-B cell receptor complex 2010-03-11T10:46:10Z An immunoglobulin-like complex that is present in at least the plasma membrane of pre-B cells, and that is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two surrogate light chains, each composed of the lambda-5 and VpreB proteins, and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins. Despite its name, the pre-BCR is not a receptor complex, as it appears to provide a low level of signal not dependent on a ligand, but rather simply on correct assembly of the complex as a measure for correct Ig heavy chain recombination and folding. A significant proportion of pre-BCR complexes fail to reach the cell surface, and in some cases may provide their signaling function from the trans-Golgi network or lysosome. GO:0035369 cellular_component pre-BCR rfoulger An immunoglobulin-like complex that is present in at least the plasma membrane of pre-B cells, and that is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two surrogate light chains, each composed of the lambda-5 and VpreB proteins, and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins. GOC:add ISBN:0781765196 PMID:16464608 PMID:17306522 CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation 2011-03-02T03:04:11Z GO:0035710 The change in morphology and behavior of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. biological_process rfoulger CL:0000624 GOC:BHF The change in morphology and behavior of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. parathyroid hormone secretion 2011-06-22T09:28:54Z GO:0035898 PTH secretion The regulated release of parathyroid hormone into the circulatory system. biological_process parathormone secretion parathyrin secretion rfoulger PR:000013429 parathormone secretion GOC:cjm PMID:12171519 PMID:21164021 PR:000013429 The regulated release of parathyroid hormone into the circulatory system. PMID:12171519 PR:000013429 PTH secretion PR:000013429 parathyrin secretion signaling receptor activity 2011-08-01T02:45:27Z GO:0038023 Note that this term and its child terms are intended for receptors that are directly coupled to a signal transduction pathway. This term should therefore not be used to annotate decoy receptors and other proteins that bind a signal but do not pass the signal on. For receptors that mediate transport of a substance into the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis, consider instead the term 'cargo receptor activity ; GO:0038024' and its children. Receiving an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. molecular_function receptor activity involved in signal transduction rfoulger GOC:bf receptor activity involved in signal transduction GOC:bf GOC:signaling Receiving an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response. cargo receptor activity 2011-08-01T02:50:45Z Combining selectively with an extracellular macromolecule and delivering the macromolecule into the cell via endocytosis. GO:0038024 Note that this term and its child terms are intended for receptors that bind to and internalize molecules by receptor-mediated endocytosis. For receptors that are coupled to a signal transduction pathway, consider instead the term 'signaling receptor activity ; GO:0038023' and its children. endocytic receptor activity molecular_function receptor activity involved in ligand uptake receptor activity involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis rfoulger transport receptor activity GOC:bf receptor activity involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis GOC:signaling transport receptor activity Combining selectively with an extracellular macromolecule and delivering the macromolecule into the cell via endocytosis. GOC:bf GOC:signaling PMID:15239958 GOC:signaling ISBN:0123645387 PMID:12671190 endocytic receptor activity PMID:12671190 receptor activity involved in ligand uptake growth GO:0040007 GO:0048590 See also the biological process term 'cell growth ; GO:0016049'. The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell. biological_process growth pattern non-developmental growth GOC:mah non-developmental growth GOC:bf GOC:ma The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell. locomotion GO:0040011 Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another. biological_process GOC:dgh Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another. regulation of locomotion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. GO:0040012 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. GOC:ems embryonic cleavage GO:0040016 The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg. biological_process GOC:clt ISBN:0070524300 The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg. positive regulation of locomotion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. GO:0040017 activation of locomotion biological_process stimulation of locomotion up regulation of locomotion up-regulation of locomotion upregulation of locomotion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. GOC:go_curators fluid transport GO:0042044 The directed movement of substances that are in liquid form in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GOC:ai The directed movement of substances that are in liquid form in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. olfactory behavior GO:0042048 The actions or reactions of an organism in response to an odor. behavioral response to scent behavioral response to smell behavioural response to odour behavioural response to scent behavioural response to smell biological_process olfactory behaviour GOC:jid The actions or reactions of an organism in response to an odor. wound healing GO:0042060 The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury. Wikipedia:Wound_healing biological_process GOC:bf PMID:15269788 The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury. T-helper 1 type immune response An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis, and which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 1 cells, most notably interferon-gamma, IL-2, and lymphotoxin. GO:0042088 Th1 immune response biological_process An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis, and which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 1 cells, most notably interferon-gamma, IL-2, and lymphotoxin. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 type 2 immune response An immune response which is associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths and pathological conditions such as allergy, which is orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines, most notably IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, by any of a variety of cell types including T-helper 2 cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and nuocytes, resulting in enhanced production of certain antibody isotypes and other effects. GO:0042092 T-helper 2 type immune response Th2 immune response biological_process GOC:add Th2 immune response GOC:add T-helper 2 type immune response An immune response which is associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths and pathological conditions such as allergy, which is orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines, most notably IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, by any of a variety of cell types including T-helper 2 cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and nuocytes, resulting in enhanced production of certain antibody isotypes and other effects. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:18000958 PMID:18007680 PMID:20065995 PMID:20200518 T-helper cell differentiation GO:0042093 T-helper cell development The process in which a relatively unspecialized thymocyte acquires specialized features of a T-helper cell. biological_process helper T cell differentiation GOC:ebc The process in which a relatively unspecialized thymocyte acquires specialized features of a T-helper cell. GOC:add T-helper cell development CL:0000912 helper T cell differentiation B cell proliferation B lymphocyte proliferation B-cell proliferation B-lymphocyte proliferation GO:0042100 GO:0042114 The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation. biological_process GOC:jl The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation. T cell receptor complex A protein complex that contains a disulfide-linked heterodimer of T cell receptor (TCR) chains, which are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and mediates antigen recognition, ultimately resulting in T cell activation. The TCR heterodimer is associated with the CD3 complex, which consists of the nonpolymorphic polypeptides gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and, in some cases, eta (an RNA splice variant of zeta) or Fc epsilon chains. GO:0042101 T lymphocyte receptor complex T-cell receptor complex T-lymphocyte receptor complex TCR Wikipedia:T_cell_receptor cellular_component A protein complex that contains a disulfide-linked heterodimer of T cell receptor (TCR) chains, which are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and mediates antigen recognition, ultimately resulting in T cell activation. The TCR heterodimer is associated with the CD3 complex, which consists of the nonpolymorphic polypeptides gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and, in some cases, eta (an RNA splice variant of zeta) or Fc epsilon chains. GOC:mah ISBN:0781735149 alpha-beta T cell receptor complex A T cell receptor complex in which the TCR heterodimer comprises alpha and beta chains, associated with the CD3 complex; recognizes a complex consisting of an antigen-derived peptide bound to a class I or class II MHC protein. GO:0042105 alpha-beta T lymphocyte receptor complex alpha-beta T-cell receptor complex alpha-beta T-lymphocyte receptor complex alpha-beta TCR complex cellular_component A T cell receptor complex in which the TCR heterodimer comprises alpha and beta chains, associated with the CD3 complex; recognizes a complex consisting of an antigen-derived peptide bound to a class I or class II MHC protein. GOC:mah ISBN:0781735149 gamma-delta T cell receptor complex A T cell receptor complex in which the TCR heterodimer comprises gamma and delta chains, associated with the CD3 complex; recognizes antigen directly, without a requirement for processing and presentation by an MHC protein. GO:0042106 cellular_component gamma-delta T lymphocyte receptor complex gamma-delta T-cell receptor complex gamma-delta T-lymphocyte receptor complex gamma-delta TCR complex A T cell receptor complex in which the TCR heterodimer comprises gamma and delta chains, associated with the CD3 complex; recognizes antigen directly, without a requirement for processing and presentation by an MHC protein. GOC:mah ISBN:0781735149 T cell activation GO:0042110 T lymphocyte activation T-cell activation T-lymphocyte activation The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. biological_process GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735140 The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. B cell activation B lymphocyte activation B-cell activation B-lymphocyte activation GO:0042113 The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. biological_process GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735140 The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. regulation of cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. GO:0042127 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. GOC:jl cellular ketone metabolic process GO:0042180 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. biological_process ketone metabolism GOC:jl ISBN:0787650153 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. response to chemical stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus. GO:0042221 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Annotations to this term will be removed during annotation QC. biological_process response to chemical substance Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus. GOC:jl natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity GO:0042267 NK cell mediated cell death NK cell mediated cell killing NK cell mediated cytolysis NK cell mediated cytotoxicity Note that either or both mechanisms mentioned in the definition may be used in this process. Note that both granule release and the engagement of death receptors on target cells result in induction of apoptosis in the target cell. The directed killing of a target cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors. biological_process killer activity natural killer cell mediated cell death natural killer cell mediated cell killing natural killer cell mediated cytolysis natural killer-cell mediated cytolysis GOC:add The directed killing of a target cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors. molting cycle GO:0042303 The periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin, etc. biological_process GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin, etc. taxis GO:0042330 The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to an external stimulus. Wikipedia:Taxis biological_process directed movement in response to stimulus GOC:jl ISBN:0192801023 The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to an external stimulus. thyroid hormone metabolic process GO:0042403 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine. biological_process thyroid hormone metabolism GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine. hormone metabolic process GO:0042445 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. biological_process hormone metabolism CHEBI:24621 GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. hormone biosynthetic process GO:0042446 Reactome:REACT_102442 Reactome:REACT_104251 Reactome:REACT_105476 Reactome:REACT_107945 Reactome:REACT_110983 Reactome:REACT_15314 Reactome:REACT_32056 Reactome:REACT_33912 Reactome:REACT_80318 Reactome:REACT_85276 Reactome:REACT_85503 Reactome:REACT_86029 Reactome:REACT_87059 Reactome:REACT_88717 Reactome:REACT_91733 Reactome:REACT_92236 Reactome:REACT_99547 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. biological_process hormone anabolism hormone biosynthesis hormone formation hormone synthesis CHEBI:24621 GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. melanosome A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosomes are synthesized in melanocyte cells. GO:0042470 Wikipedia:Melanosome cellular_component A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosomes are synthesized in melanocyte cells. GOC:jl PMID:11584301 odontogenesis GO:0042476 GO:0042477 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food. Wikipedia:Odontogenesis biological_process odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth odontogeny odontosis tooth development GOC:jl GOC:mah The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food. regulation of odontogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth. GO:0042481 GO:0042484 biological_process regulation of odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth regulation of tooth development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth. GOC:jl negative regulation of odontogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth. GO:0042483 GO:0042486 biological_process down regulation of odontogenesis down-regulation of odontogenesis downregulation of odontogenesis inhibition of odontogenesis negative regulation of odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth negative regulation of tooth development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth. GOC:jl gamma-delta T cell differentiation GO:0042492 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic cell acquires specialized features of a gamma-delta T cell. A gamma-delta T cell is a T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex. biological_process gamma-delta T cell development gamma-delta T lymphocyte differentiation gamma-delta T-cell differentiation gamma-delta T-lymphocyte differentiation GOC:add gamma-delta T cell development CL:0000798 GOC:jl The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic cell acquires specialized features of a gamma-delta T cell. A gamma-delta T cell is a T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex. benzene-containing compound metabolic process GO:0042537 The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzene, C6H6, a volatile, very inflammable liquid, contained in the naphtha produced by the destructive distillation of coal, from which it is separated by fractional distillation, or any of its derivatives. benzene and derivative metabolic process benzene and derivative metabolism benzene-containing compound metabolism biological_process GOC:mah benzene-containing compound metabolism CHEBI:22712 GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzene, C6H6, a volatile, very inflammable liquid, contained in the naphtha produced by the destructive distillation of coal, from which it is separated by fractional distillation, or any of its derivatives. GOC:curators benzene and derivative metabolic process superoxide anion generation GO:0042554 The enzymatic generation of superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species, by a cell in response to environmental stress, thereby mediating the activation of various stress-inducible signaling pathways. biological_process superoxide release GOC:jl PMID:12359750 The enzymatic generation of superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species, by a cell in response to environmental stress, thereby mediating the activation of various stress-inducible signaling pathways. GOC:hjd GOC:mah superoxide release immunoglobulin complex, circulating An immunoglobulin complex that is secreted into extracellular space and found in mucosal areas or other tissues or circulating in the blood or lymph. In its canonical form, a circulating immunoglobulin complex is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Some forms of are polymers of the basic structure and contain additional components such as J-chain and the secretory component. GO:0042571 Note that an immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available. Wikipedia:Antibody antibody cellular_component An immunoglobulin complex that is secreted into extracellular space and found in mucosal areas or other tissues or circulating in the blood or lymph. In its canonical form, a circulating immunoglobulin complex is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Some forms of are polymers of the basic structure and contain additional components such as J-chain and the secretory component. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 GOC:add antibody azurophil granule GO:0042582 Primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes. Contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid. cellular_component primary granule GOC:jl PMID:17152095 Primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes. Contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid. zymogen granule A membrane-bounded, cytoplasmic secretory granule found in enzyme-secreting cells and visible by light microscopy. Contain zymogen, an inactive enzyme precursor, often of a digestive enzyme. GO:0042588 cellular_component A membrane-bounded, cytoplasmic secretory granule found in enzyme-secreting cells and visible by light microscopy. Contain zymogen, an inactive enzyme precursor, often of a digestive enzyme. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 zymogen granule membrane GO:0042589 The lipid bilayer surrounding a zymogen granule. cellular_component GOC:jl The lipid bilayer surrounding a zymogen granule. antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I GO:0042590 The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. antigen presentation, exogenous antigen via MHC class I antigen presentation, exogenous antigen via major histocompatibility complex class I biological_process cross presentation cross priming cross-presentation cross-priming exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771591 The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. homeostatic process Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state. GO:0042592 biological_process homeostasis Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 MHC protein complex A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC alpha chain and, in most cases, either an MHC class II beta chain or an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide, lipid, or polysaccharide antigen. GO:0042611 cellular_component A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC alpha chain and, in most cases, either an MHC class II beta chain or an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide, lipid, or polysaccharide antigen. GOC:add GOC:jl ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15928678 PMID:16153240 MHC class II protein complex A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC class II alpha and MHC class II beta chain, and with or without a bound peptide or polysaccharide antigen. GO:0042613 cellular_component A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC class II alpha and MHC class II beta chain, and with or without a bound peptide or polysaccharide antigen. GOC:add GOC:jl ISBN:0120781859 PMID:15928678 hair cycle GO:0042633 The cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body. biological_process GOC:go_curators PMID:12230507 The cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body. exogen GO:0042638 The shedding phase of the hair cycle. biological_process hair shedding PMID:12230507 The shedding phase of the hair cycle. muscle cell differentiation GO:0042692 Reactome:REACT_109683 Reactome:REACT_21303 Reactome:REACT_32665 Reactome:REACT_34056 Reactome:REACT_77596 Reactome:REACT_84060 Reactome:REACT_84715 Reactome:REACT_85310 Reactome:REACT_90630 Reactome:REACT_95727 Reactome:REACT_95839 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell. biological_process CL:0000187 GOC:go_curators The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell. defense response to bacterium GO:0042742 GO:0042830 Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. antibacterial peptide activity biological_process defence response to bacteria defence response to bacterium defense response to bacteria GOC:jl Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. circadian sleep/wake cycle GO:0042745 The cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm. biological_process GOC:jl The cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm. http://www.sleepquest.com circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep All sleep stages in the circadian sleep/wake cycle other than REM sleep. These stages are characterized by a slowing of brain waves and other physiological functions. GO:0042748 biological_process All sleep stages in the circadian sleep/wake cycle other than REM sleep. These stages are characterized by a slowing of brain waves and other physiological functions. GOC:jl http://www.sleepquest.com regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the circadian sleep/wake cycle. GO:0042749 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the circadian sleep/wake cycle. GOC:jl regulation of circadian rhythm Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm. A circadian rhythm is a biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. GO:0042752 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm. A circadian rhythm is a biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:tb regulation of apoptosis Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis. GO:0042981 Reactome:REACT_103151 Reactome:REACT_106248 Reactome:REACT_109234 Reactome:REACT_109339 Reactome:REACT_13648 Reactome:REACT_29911 Reactome:REACT_30641 Reactome:REACT_79698 Reactome:REACT_85908 Reactome:REACT_86575 Reactome:REACT_91144 Reactome:REACT_95902 Reactome:REACT_95946 Reactome:REACT_96201 Reactome:REACT_99944 apoptosis regulator activity biological_process Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis. GOC:jl cell projection A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. GO:0042995 cell process cellular process cellular projection cellular_component A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. GOC:jl http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/ neuron projection A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. GO:0043005 NIF_Subcellular:sao-867568886 cellular_component neurite neuron process neuron protrusion neuronal cell projection A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. GOC:jl http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/ chordate embryonic development GO:0043009 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching. biological_process GOC:mtg_sensu The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching. myeloid dendritic cell differentiation GO:0043011 Langerhans cell differentiation The process in which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell, an immunocompetent cell of the lymphoid and hemopoietic systems and skin. Wikipedia:Dendritic_cell biological_process CL:0000782 GOC:jl The process in which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell, an immunocompetent cell of the lymphoid and hemopoietic systems and skin. neuronal cell body GO:0043025 NIF_Subcellular:sao1044911821 Note that 'cell body' and 'cell soma' are not used in the literature for cells that lack projections, nor for some cells (e.g. yeast with mating projections) that do have projections. The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections such as axons and dendrites. Wikipedia:Soma_(biology) cellular_component neuron cell body neuronal cell soma GOC:go_curators The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections such as axons and dendrites. flagellum organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a flagellum, a long thin projection from a cell, used in movement. GO:0043064 biological_process flagellum organisation flagellum organization and biogenesis GOC:curators flagellum organisation A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a flagellum, a long thin projection from a cell, used in movement. GOC:curators ISBN:0815316194 GOC:mah flagellum organization and biogenesis positive regulation of apoptosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis. GO:0043065 activation of apoptosis biological_process stimulation of apoptosis up regulation of apoptosis up-regulation of apoptosis upregulation of apoptosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis. GOC:jl regulation of programmed cell death Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GO:0043067 GO:0043070 biological_process regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GOC:jl positive regulation of programmed cell death Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GO:0043068 GO:0043071 activation of programmed cell death biological_process positive regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death stimulation of programmed cell death up regulation of programmed cell death up-regulation of programmed cell death upregulation of programmed cell death Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GOC:jl penile erection GO:0043084 The hardening, enlarging and rising of the penis which often occurs in the sexually aroused male and enables sexual intercourse. Achieved by increased inflow of blood into the vessels of erectile tissue, and decreased outflow. Wikipedia:Erection#Penile_erection biological_process GOC:jl The hardening, enlarging and rising of the penis which often occurs in the sexually aroused male and enables sexual intercourse. Achieved by increased inflow of blood into the vessels of erectile tissue, and decreased outflow. Wikipedia:Penile_erection surfactant homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of the surface-active lipoprotein mixture which coats the alveoli. GO:0043129 biological_process Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of the surface-active lipoprotein mixture which coats the alveoli. PMID:9751757 hindgut contraction A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the hindgut. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The hindgut is the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine. GO:0043133 biological_process A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the hindgut. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The hindgut is the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_muscle UBERON:0001046 regulation of hindgut contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine. GO:0043134 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine. GOC:jl UBERON:0001046 macromolecule metabolic process GO:0043170 GO:0043283 The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process biopolymer metabolic process macromolecule metabolism CHEBI:33694 GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:mtg_chebi_dec09 biopolymer metabolic process glycosphingolipid binding GO:0043208 Interacting selectively and non-covalently with glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide. molecular_function GOC:jl Interacting selectively and non-covalently with glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide. myelin sheath An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system. GO:0043209 NIF_Subcellular:sao-593830697 Schwann Cell Myelin Sheath Wikipedia:Myelin cellular_component An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system. GOC:jl NIF_Subcellular:sao-593830697 Wikipedia:Myelin organelle GO:0043226 NIF_Subcellular:sao1539965131 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane. Wikipedia:Organelle cellular_component GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane. membrane-bounded organelle GO:0043227 NIF_Subcellular:sao414196390 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. cellular_component membrane-enclosed organelle GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. non-membrane-bounded organelle GO:0043228 NIF_Subcellular:sao1456184038 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes. cellular_component non-membrane-enclosed organelle GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes. intracellular organelle GO:0043229 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. cellular_component GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. intracellular membrane-bounded organelle GO:0043231 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. cellular_component intracellular membrane-enclosed organelle GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle GO:0043232 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes. cellular_component intracellular non-membrane-enclosed organelle GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes. organelle lumen GO:0043233 The internal volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle; includes the volume enclosed by a single organelle membrane, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the volume enclosed by the innermost of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope, e.g. nuclear lumen. cellular_component GOC:jl GOC:mah The internal volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle; includes the volume enclosed by a single organelle membrane, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the volume enclosed by the innermost of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope, e.g. nuclear lumen. protein complex Any macromolecular complex composed of two or more polypeptide subunits, which may or may not be identical. Protein complexes may have other associated non-protein prosthetic groups, such as nucleotides, metal ions or other small molecules. GO:0043234 Wikipedia:Protein_complex cellular_component protein-protein complex Any macromolecular complex composed of two or more polypeptide subunits, which may or may not be identical. Protein complexes may have other associated non-protein prosthetic groups, such as nucleotides, metal ions or other small molecules. GOC:go_curators receptor complex Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. GO:0043235 cellular_component Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. GOC:go_curators apoptotic cell clearance GO:0043277 Note that unlike mammals or Drosophila, C. elegans (and many lower organisms) do not have professional macrophages/phagocytes, instead cell corpses are engulfed by neighboring cells. Cell types that can function as engulfing cells include hypodermal cells, gonadal sheath cells, pharyngeal muscle cells, and intestinal cells. The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte. apoptotic cell removal biological_process efferocytosis programmed cell clearance PMID:17548650 efferocytosis GOC:rk PMID:14685684 The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte. CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell development CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell differentiation CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation GO:0043367 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell. biological_process CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell development GOC:add CL:0000624 ISBN:0781735149 The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell. CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation GOC:bf positive T cell selection GO:0043368 The process of sparing immature T cells which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death. biological_process positive T lymphocyte selection positive T-cell selection positive T-lymphocyte selection ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12414722 The process of sparing immature T cells which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death. regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation. GO:0043370 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. biological_process regulation of CD4-positive T lymphocyte differentiation regulation of CD4-positive T-cell differentiation regulation of CD4-positive T-lymphocyte differentiation regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell development regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T lymphocyte differentiation regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-cell differentiation regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-lymphocyte differentiation GOC:bf regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 GOC:add regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell development positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation. GO:0043372 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. activation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation biological_process positive regulation of CD4-positive T lymphocyte differentiation positive regulation of CD4-positive T-cell differentiation positive regulation of CD4-positive T-lymphocyte differentiation positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell development positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T lymphocyte differentiation positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-cell differentiation positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-lymphocyte differentiation stimulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation up regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation up-regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation upregulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation GOC:bf positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation GOC:add positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 pre-T cell receptor complex A receptor complex found on immature T cells consisting of a T cell receptor beta chain and the pre-TCR-alpha chain, along with additional signaling components including CD3 family members and additional signaling proteins. GO:0043384 cellular_component pre-T lymphocyte receptor complex pre-T-cell receptor complex pre-T-lymphocyte receptor complex pre-TCR complex A receptor complex found on immature T cells consisting of a T cell receptor beta chain and the pre-TCR-alpha chain, along with additional signaling components including CD3 family members and additional signaling proteins. ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12220932 oxoacid metabolic process GO:0043436 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any oxoacid; an oxoacid is a compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons). biological_process keto acid metabolic process keto acid metabolism ketoacid metabolic process ketoacid metabolism oxo acid metabolic process oxo acid metabolism oxoacid metabolism CHEBI:24833 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any oxoacid; an oxoacid is a compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons). regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. GO:0043576 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. GOC:jl regulation of system process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. GO:0044057 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. GOC:jl regulation of digestive system process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. GO:0044058 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. GOC:jl cellular component biogenesis A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component. GO:0044085 biological_process A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component. GOC:jl GOC:mah cellular amine metabolic process 2009-07-15T11:55:44Z GO:0044106 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. biological_process jane GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. cellular metabolic process GO:0044237 The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. biological_process cellular metabolism intermediary metabolism GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. GOC:mah intermediary metabolism primary metabolic process GO:0044238 The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism. biological_process primary metabolism GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism. http://www.metacyc.org cellular biosynthetic process GO:0044249 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. biological_process cellular anabolism cellular biosynthesis cellular formation cellular synthesis GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. cellular macromolecule metabolic process GO:0034960 GO:0044260 The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, as carried out by individual cells. biological_process cellular biopolymer metabolic process cellular macromolecule metabolism CHEBI:33694 GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, as carried out by individual cells. GOC:mtg_chebi_dec09 cellular biopolymer metabolic process sulfur compound biosynthetic process GO:0044272 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. biological_process sulfur biosynthesis sulfur biosynthetic process sulfur compound anabolism sulfur compound biosynthesis sulfur compound formation sulfur compound synthesis GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. small molecule metabolic process 2010-01-26T12:05:20Z GO:0044281 The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any monomeric molecule of small relative molecular mass. biological_process jane small molecule metabolism GOC:curators GOC:vw The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any monomeric molecule of small relative molecular mass. cell body 2010-02-05T10:37:16Z GO:0044297 Note that 'cell body' and 'cell soma' are not used in the literature for cells that lack projections, nor for some cells (e.g. yeast with mating projections) that do have projections. The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. cell soma cellular_component jane GOC:go_curators The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. extracellular matrix part Any constituent part of the extracellular matrix, the structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues; may be completely external to the cell (as in animals) or be part of the cell (as often seen in plants). GO:0044420 cellular_component Any constituent part of the extracellular matrix, the structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues; may be completely external to the cell (as in animals) or be part of the cell (as often seen in plants). GOC:jl extracellular region part Any constituent part of the extracellular region, the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers constituent parts of the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. GO:0044421 cellular_component Any constituent part of the extracellular region, the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers constituent parts of the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. GOC:jl organelle part Any constituent part of an organelle, an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes constituent parts of the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, but excludes the plasma membrane. GO:0044422 cellular_component Any constituent part of an organelle, an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes constituent parts of the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, but excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:jl intracellular part Any constituent part of the living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. GO:0044424 cellular_component Any constituent part of the living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. GOC:jl membrane part Any constituent part of a membrane, a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. GO:0044425 cellular_component Any constituent part of a membrane, a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. GOC:jl chromosomal part Any constituent part of a chromosome, a structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. GO:0044427 cellular_component chromosomal component chromosome component chromosome part Any constituent part of a chromosome, a structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. GOC:jl nuclear part Any constituent part of the nucleus, a membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. GO:0044428 cellular_component nucleus component Any constituent part of the nucleus, a membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. GOC:jl cytoplasmic vesicle part Any constituent part of cytoplasmic vesicle, a vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell. GO:0044433 cellular_component Any constituent part of cytoplasmic vesicle, a vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell. GOC:jl cytoplasmic part Any constituent part of the cytoplasm, all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. GO:0044444 cellular_component cytoplasm component Any constituent part of the cytoplasm, all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. GOC:jl intracellular organelle part A constituent part of an intracellular organelle, an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes constituent parts of the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton but excludes the plasma membrane. GO:0044446 cellular_component A constituent part of an intracellular organelle, an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes constituent parts of the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton but excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:jl plasma membrane part Any constituent part of the plasma membrane, the membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. GO:0044459 cellular_component Any constituent part of the plasma membrane, the membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. GOC:jl cell part Any constituent part of a cell, the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. GO:0044464 cellular_component protoplast GOC:mah protoplast Any constituent part of a cell, the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. GOC:jl T cell selection GO:0045058 T lymphocyte selection T-cell selection T-lymphocyte selection The process in which T cells that express T cell receptors that are restricted by self MHC protein complexes and tolerant to self antigens are selected for further maturation. Wikipedia:Thymocyte biological_process ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12414722 The process in which T cells that express T cell receptors that are restricted by self MHC protein complexes and tolerant to self antigens are selected for further maturation. T-helper 1 cell differentiation GO:0045063 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. T-helper 1 cell development The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires the specialized features of a T-helper 1 (Th1) cell. A Th1 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive and produces interferon-gamma. biological_process GOC:add T-helper 1 cell development CL:0000545 GOC:ebc The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires the specialized features of a T-helper 1 (Th1) cell. A Th1 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive and produces interferon-gamma. T-helper 2 cell differentiation GO:0045064 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. T-helper 2 cell development The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a T-helper 2 (Th2) cell. A Th2 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive and produces interleukin-4. biological_process CL:0000546 GOC:ebc The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a T-helper 2 (Th2) cell. A Th2 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive and produces interleukin-4. GOC:add T-helper 2 cell development innate immune response GO:0002226 GO:0045087 Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. Reactome:REACT_101086 Reactome:REACT_108180 Reactome:REACT_110518 Reactome:REACT_31297 Reactome:REACT_32992 Reactome:REACT_6802 Reactome:REACT_78575 Reactome:REACT_81815 Reactome:REACT_81962 Reactome:REACT_86987 Reactome:REACT_88681 Reactome:REACT_90618 Reactome:REACT_90753 Reactome:REACT_94451 Reactome:REACT_95471 Reactome:REACT_95642 Reactome:REACT_99610 This term was improved by GO_REF:0000022. It was moved. Wikipedia:Innate_immune_system biological_process nonspecific immune response GOC:add GOC:ebc GOC:mtg_15nov05 GOC:mtg_sensu GO_REF:0000022 Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. establishment of protein localization GO:0045184 The directed movement of a protein to a specific location. biological_process establishment of protein localisation protein positioning protein recruitment GOC:mah establishment of protein localisation GOC:bf The directed movement of a protein to a specific location. regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sleep; a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals. GO:0045187 biological_process regulation of sleep Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sleep; a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals. GOC:jl ISBN:0192800981 regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-rapid eye movement sleep. GO:0045188 biological_process regulation of non-REM sleep Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-rapid eye movement sleep. GOC:go_curators isotype switching GO:0045190 Note that IgM and IgD can be coexpressed by B cells via an alternate splicing mechanism, but true recombinational isotype switching to IgD has been demonstrated as well. Note that this term is best used to annotate gene products which are involved in the mechanism of DNA recombination used in isotype switching, like the B cell specific Swap70 factor in the mouse, rather than gene products which promote isotype switching such as cytokines or co-stimulatory molecules, which should instead be annotated to 'regulation of isotype switching ; GO:0045191'. The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of other isotypes of immunoglobulin, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion involving switch regions that reside 5' of each constant region gene segment in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. Wikipedia:Immunoglobulin_class_switching biological_process class switch recombination class switching isotype switch recombination ISBN:0781735149 The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of other isotypes of immunoglobulin, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion involving switch regions that reside 5' of each constant region gene segment in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. regulation of isotype switching Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching. GO:0045191 biological_process regulation of class switch recombination regulation of class switching regulation of isotype switch recombination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching. GOC:ai natural killer cell receptor activity A receptor found on the surface of natural killer cells which binds Class I MHC antigens and is required for activation of NK activity. It belongs to the Ly49i family. GO:0045233 Ly49i NK cell receptor activity molecular_function A receptor found on the surface of natural killer cells which binds Class I MHC antigens and is required for activation of NK activity. It belongs to the Ly49i family. GOC:ebc leukocyte activation A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. GO:0045321 Wikipedia:Immunologic_activation biological_process immune cell activation leucocyte activation A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. GOC:add fat cell differentiation GO:0045444 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat. adipocyte cell differentiation adipocyte differentiation adipogenesis adipose cell differentiation biological_process CL:0000136 GOC:go_curators The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat. bone resorption GO:0045453 The process in which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products. Wikipedia:Bone_resorption biological_process GOC:mah PMID:10968780 The process in which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products. regulation of T cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation. GO:0045580 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. biological_process regulation of T cell development regulation of T lymphocyte differentiation regulation of T-cell differentiation regulation of T-lymphocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators GOC:add regulation of T cell development positive regulation of T cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation. GO:0045582 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. activation of T cell differentiation biological_process positive regulation of T cell development positive regulation of T lymphocyte differentiation positive regulation of T-cell differentiation positive regulation of T-lymphocyte differentiation stimulation of T cell differentiation up regulation of T cell differentiation up-regulation of T cell differentiation upregulation of T cell differentiation GOC:add positive regulation of T cell development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators regulation of cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features. GO:0045595 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. GO:0045597 activation of cell differentiation biological_process stimulation of cell differentiation up regulation of cell differentiation up-regulation of cell differentiation upregulation of cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators regulation of lymphocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation. GO:0045619 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. biological_process regulation of lymphocyte development GOC:add regulation of lymphocyte development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of lymphocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation. GO:0045621 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. activation of lymphocyte differentiation biological_process positive regulation of lymphocyte development stimulation of lymphocyte differentiation up regulation of lymphocyte differentiation up-regulation of lymphocyte differentiation upregulation of lymphocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators GOC:add positive regulation of lymphocyte development regulation of T-helper cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation. GO:0045622 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. biological_process regulation of T-helper cell development GOC:add regulation of T-helper cell development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of T-helper cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation. GO:0045624 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. activation of T-helper cell differentiation biological_process positive regulation of T-helper cell development stimulation of T-helper cell differentiation up regulation of T-helper cell differentiation up-regulation of T-helper cell differentiation upregulation of T-helper cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators GOC:add positive regulation of T-helper cell development regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation. GO:0045625 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. biological_process regulation of T-helper 1 cell development GOC:add regulation of T-helper 1 cell development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation. GO:0045627 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. activation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation biological_process positive regulation of T-helper 1 cell development stimulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation up regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation up-regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation upregulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators GOC:add positive regulation of T-helper 1 cell development regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation. GO:0045628 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. biological_process regulation of T-helper 2 cell development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators GOC:add regulation of T-helper 2 cell development positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation. GO:0045630 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. activation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation biological_process positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell development stimulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation up regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation up-regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation upregulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation GOC:add positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators respiratory burst A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. GO:0045730 Wikipedia:Respiratory_burst biological_process metabolic burst oxidative burst A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. ISBN:0198506732 positive regulation of isotype switching Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching. GO:0045830 activation of isotype switching biological_process positive regulation of class switch recombination positive regulation of class switching positive regulation of isotype switch recombination stimulation of isotype switching up regulation of isotype switching up-regulation of isotype switching upregulation of isotype switching Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of DNA recombination Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination. GO:0045911 activation of DNA recombination biological_process stimulation of DNA recombination up regulation of DNA recombination up-regulation of DNA recombination upregulation of DNA recombination Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process Any cellular process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GO:0045935 activation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process biological_process positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism stimulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process up regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process up-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process upregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process Any cellular process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:go_curators sphingolipid binding GO:0046625 Interacting selectively and non-covalently with sphingolipids, a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). molecular_function ISBN:0198506732 Interacting selectively and non-covalently with sphingolipids, a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). gamma-delta T cell activation GO:0046629 The change in morphology and behavior of a gamma-delta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. biological_process gamma-delta T lymphocyte activation gamma-delta T-cell activation gamma-delta T-lymphocyte activation GOC:add The change in morphology and behavior of a gamma-delta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. alpha-beta T cell activation GO:0046631 The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation alpha-beta T-cell activation alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation biological_process GOC:add The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. alpha-beta T cell differentiation GO:0046632 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta T cell. An alpha-beta T cell is a T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex. alpha-beta T cell development alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation alpha-beta T-cell differentiation alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process CL:0000789 GOC:ai The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta T cell. An alpha-beta T cell is a T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex. GOC:add alpha-beta T cell development regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation. GO:0046634 biological_process regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation regulation of alpha-beta T-cell activation regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation. GOC:ai positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation. GO:0046635 activation of alpha-beta T cell activation biological_process positive regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation positive regulation of alpha-beta T-cell activation positive regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation stimulation of alpha-beta T cell activation up regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation up-regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation upregulation of alpha-beta T cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation. GOC:ai regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation. GO:0046637 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. biological_process regulation of alpha-beta T cell development regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation regulation of alpha-beta T-cell differentiation regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation. GOC:ai GOC:add regulation of alpha-beta T cell development positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation. GO:0046638 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. activation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation biological_process positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell development positive regulation of alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation positive regulation of alpha-beta T-cell differentiation positive regulation of alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation stimulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation up regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation up-regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation upregulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation GOC:add positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation. GOC:ai lymphocyte activation A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. GO:0046649 biological_process A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735140 lymphocyte proliferation GO:0046651 The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division. biological_process GOC:ai The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division. acid secretion GO:0046717 The controlled release of acid by a cell or group of cells. biological_process GOC:ai The controlled release of acid by a cell or group of cells. bone remodeling GO:0046849 The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive bone formation (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. An imbalance in the regulation of bone resorption and bone formation results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis. Wikipedia:Bone_remodeling biological_process bone remodelling GOC:curators The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive bone formation (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. An imbalance in the regulation of bone resorption and bone formation results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis. hormone secretion GO:0046879 The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells. biological_process ISBN:0198506732 The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells. secretion GO:0046903 The controlled release of a substance by a cell, a group of cells, or a tissue. biological_process GOC:ai The controlled release of a substance by a cell, a group of cells, or a tissue. antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen GO:0048002 The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC protein complex on its cell surface, including proteolysis and transport steps for the peptide antigen both prior to and following assembly with the MHC protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from an endogenous or exogenous protein. antigen presentation, peptide antigen biological_process peptide antigen processing and presentation GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771591 The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC protein complex on its cell surface, including proteolysis and transport steps for the peptide antigen both prior to and following assembly with the MHC protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from an endogenous or exogenous protein. somatic stem cell division GO:0048103 The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. biological_process somatic stem cell renewal GOC:jid ISBN:0582227089 The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. germ-line cyst formation Formation of a cluster of germ-line cells derived from a single founder cell. GO:0048134 biological_process Formation of a cluster of germ-line cells derived from a single founder cell. GOC:jid PMID:10370240 male germ-line cyst formation Formation of a cluster of germ-line cells, in the male gonad of an insect, derived from a single founder cell (cystoblast). GO:0048136 biological_process Formation of a cluster of germ-line cells, in the male gonad of an insect, derived from a single founder cell (cystoblast). GOC:jid spermatocyte division GO:0048137 The meiotic divisions undergone by the primary and secondary spermatocytes to produce a cyst of haploid spermatids. biological_process spermatocyte cell division GOC:jid ISBN:0879694238 The meiotic divisions undergone by the primary and secondary spermatocytes to produce a cyst of haploid spermatids. male gamete generation GO:0048232 Generation of the male gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a female gamete takes part in sexual reproduction. biological_process GOC:dph GOC:jid Generation of the male gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a female gamete takes part in sexual reproduction. sperm capacitation A process required for sperm to reach fertilization competence. Sperm undergo an incompletely understood series of morphological and molecular maturational processes, termed capacitation, involving, among other processes, protein tyrosine phosphorylation and increased intracellular calcium. GO:0048240 biological_process A process required for sperm to reach fertilization competence. Sperm undergo an incompletely understood series of morphological and molecular maturational processes, termed capacitation, involving, among other processes, protein tyrosine phosphorylation and increased intracellular calcium. GOC:jid PMID:11820818 norepinephrine secretion GO:0048243 The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell or group of cells. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine and it acts as a hormone and as a neurotransmitter of most of the sympathetic nervous system. biological_process noradrenaline secretion GOC:ef GOC:jid The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell or group of cells. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine and it acts as a hormone and as a neurotransmitter of most of the sympathetic nervous system. organelle fission GO:0048285 The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle. biological_process GOC:jid The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle. isotype switching to IgE isotypes GO:0048289 The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to IgE biosynthesis, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and IgE constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. biological_process class switch recombination to IgE isotypes class switching to IgE isotypes isotype switch recombination to IgE isotypes ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12370374 PMID:2113175 PMID:9186655 The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to IgE biosynthesis, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and IgE constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes. GO:0048293 biological_process regulation of class switch recombination to IgE isotypes regulation of class switching to IgE isotypes regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgE isotypes Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes. GOC:jid positive regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes. GO:0048295 activation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes biological_process positive regulation of class switch recombination to IgE isotypes positive regulation of class switching to IgE isotypes positive regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgE isotypes stimulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes up regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes up-regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes upregulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes. GOC:jid immunoglobulin secretion GO:0048305 The regulated release of immunoglobulins from a B cell or plasma cell, whose mechanism includes the use of alternate polyadenylylation signals to favor the biosynthesis of secreted forms of immunoglobulin over membrane-bound immunoglobulin. antibody secretion biological_process GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:9185563 The regulated release of immunoglobulins from a B cell or plasma cell, whose mechanism includes the use of alternate polyadenylylation signals to favor the biosynthesis of secreted forms of immunoglobulin over membrane-bound immunoglobulin. cell development GO:0048468 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. biological_process terminal differentiation GOC:dph GOC:tb terminal differentiation GOC:go_curators The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. cell maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state. GO:0048469 biological_process functional differentiation GOC:dph functional differentiation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state. GOC:go_curators oogenesis GO:0009993 GO:0048157 GO:0048477 The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster. Wikipedia:Oogenesis biological_process ovum development GOC:kmv GOC:mtg_sensu The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster. ovum development rhythmic process Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism. GO:0048511 biological_process rhythm Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism. GOC:jid circadian behavior GO:0048512 The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. biological_process circadian rhythm behavior GOC:bf GOC:go_curators The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. organ development Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GO:0048513 Wikipedia:Organogenesis biological_process development of an organ organogenesis Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GOC:dph GOC:jid blood vessel morphogenesis GO:0048514 The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. biological_process GOC:jid The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. spermatid differentiation GO:0048515 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process spermatid cell differentiation GOC:dph GOC:jid The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. positive regulation of biological process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GO:0043119 GO:0048518 activation of biological process biological_process positive regulation of physiological process stimulation of biological process up regulation of biological process up-regulation of biological process upregulation of biological process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GOC:jid negative regulation of biological process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GO:0043118 GO:0048519 biological_process down regulation of biological process down-regulation of biological process downregulation of biological process inhibition of biological process negative regulation of physiological process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GOC:jid positive regulation of behavior Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. GO:0048520 activation of behavior biological_process stimulation of behavior up regulation of behavior up-regulation of behavior upregulation of behavior Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. GOC:jid positive regulation of cellular process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GO:0048522 GO:0051242 activation of cellular process biological_process positive regulation of cellular physiological process stimulation of cellular process up regulation of cellular process up-regulation of cellular process upregulation of cellular process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GOC:jid hemopoietic or lymphoid organ development GO:0048534 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of any organ involved in hemopoiesis or lymphoid cell activation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Such development includes differentiation of resident cell types (stromal cells) and of migratory cell types dependent on the unique microenvironment afforded by the organ for their proper differentiation. biological_process haematopoietic or lymphoid organ development haemopoietic or lymphoid organ development hematopoietic or lymphoid organ development GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of any organ involved in hemopoiesis or lymphoid cell activation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Such development includes differentiation of resident cell types (stromal cells) and of migratory cell types dependent on the unique microenvironment afforded by the organ for their proper differentiation. regulation of response to stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. GO:0048583 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Annotations to this term will be removed during annotation QC. biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. GOC:jid positive regulation of response to stimulus Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. GO:0048584 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Annotations to this term will be removed during annotation QC. activation of response to stimulus biological_process stimulation of response to stimulus up regulation of response to stimulus up-regulation of response to stimulus upregulation of response to stimulus Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. GOC:jid negative regulation of response to stimulus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. GO:0048585 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Annotations to this term will be removed during annotation QC. biological_process down regulation of response to stimulus down-regulation of response to stimulus downregulation of response to stimulus inhibition of response to stimulus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. GOC:jid embryonic morphogenesis GO:0048598 GO:0048828 The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants. biological_process GOC:jid GOC:mtg_sensu The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants. multicellular organismal reproductive process GO:0048609 The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs. biological_process organismal reproductive process reproductive process in a multicellular organism GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs. GOC:curators reproductive process in a multicellular organism GOC:curators organismal reproductive process cellular process involved in reproduction A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular or single-celled organism. GO:0048610 biological_process reproductive cellular process GOC:dph GOC:tb reproductive cellular process A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular or single-celled organism. GOC:dph GOC:jid anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis GO:0048646 Note that, for example, the formation of a pseudopod in an amoeba would not be considered formation involved in morphogenesis because it would not be thought of as the formation of an anatomical structure that was part of the shaping of the amoeba during its development. The formation of an axon from a neuron would be considered the formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis because it contributes to the creation of the form of the neuron in a developmental sense. The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. biological_process formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. generation of neurons GO:0048699 The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons. biological_process neuron generation GOC:nln The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons. GOC:curators neuron generation skeletal system morphogenesis GO:0048705 The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized. biological_process skeletal morphogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb skeletal morphogenesis GOC:dph GOC:dsf GOC:jid GOC:tb The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized. tissue morphogenesis GO:0048729 The process in which the anatomical structures of a tissue are generated and organized. biological_process GOC:dph GOC:jid The process in which the anatomical structures of a tissue are generated and organized. system development GO:0048731 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. biological_process GOC:dph GOC:jid The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. cardiac muscle tissue development GO:0048738 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process heart muscle development GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:lm The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. branching morphogenesis of a tube GO:0048754 The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in a tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder. biological_process tubulogenesis GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in a tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder. GOC:dph GOC:tb tubulogenesis pigment granule A small, subcellular membrane-bounded vesicle containing pigment and/or pigment precursor molecules. Pigment granule biogenesis is poorly understood, as pigment granules are derived from multiple sources including the endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, lysosomes, and endosomes. GO:0048770 cellular_component A small, subcellular membrane-bounded vesicle containing pigment and/or pigment precursor molecules. Pigment granule biogenesis is poorly understood, as pigment granules are derived from multiple sources including the endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, lysosomes, and endosomes. GOC:jid GOC:mh tissue remodeling GO:0048771 The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling. biological_process GOC:ebc The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling. hair follicle maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a hair follicle to attain its fully functional state. GO:0048820 biological_process A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a hair follicle to attain its fully functional state. GOC:devbiol anatomical structure development GO:0048856 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. This term was added by GO_REF:0000021. biological_process development of an anatomical structure GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. cellular developmental process A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cell over time from an initial condition to a later condition. GO:0048869 biological_process A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cell over time from an initial condition to a later condition. GOC:isa_complete cell motility Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another. GO:0048870 biological_process cell locomotion cell movement movement of a cell Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:mlg multicellular organismal homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the multicellular organism. GO:0048871 biological_process Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the multicellular organism. GOC:isa_complete homeostasis of number of cells Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells. GO:0048872 biological_process cell population homeostasis homeostasis of cell number GOC:dph homeostasis of cell number Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells. GOC:isa_complete chemical homeostasis within a tissue Any process involved in the maintenance of the internal steady state of the amount of a chemical at the level of the tissue. GO:0048875 biological_process Any process involved in the maintenance of the internal steady state of the amount of a chemical at the level of the tissue. GOC:isa_complete chemical homeostasis Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical. GO:0048878 biological_process Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical. GOC:isa_complete catecholamine secretion GO:0050432 The regulated release of catecholamines by a cell or group of cells. The catecholamines are a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. biological_process GOC:ai GOC:ef The regulated release of catecholamines by a cell or group of cells. The catecholamines are a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. epithelial cell proliferation GO:0050673 The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances. biological_process ISBN:0721662544 The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances. regulation of epithelial cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. GO:0050678 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. GOC:ai positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. GO:0050679 activation of epithelial cell proliferation biological_process stimulation of epithelial cell proliferation up regulation of epithelial cell proliferation up-regulation of epithelial cell proliferation upregulation of epithelial cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. GOC:ai regulation of protein secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell or group of cells. GO:0050708 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai positive regulation of protein secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell or group of cells. GO:0050714 activation of protein secretion biological_process stimulation of protein secretion up regulation of protein secretion up-regulation of protein secretion upregulation of protein secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai regulation of inflammatory response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. GO:0050727 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. GOC:ai negative regulation of inflammatory response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. GO:0030236 GO:0050728 anti-inflammatory response biological_process down regulation of inflammatory response down-regulation of inflammatory response downregulation of inflammatory response inhibition of inflammatory response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. GOC:ai positive regulation of inflammatory response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. GO:0050729 activation of inflammatory response biological_process stimulation of inflammatory response up regulation of inflammatory response up-regulation of inflammatory response upregulation of inflammatory response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. GOC:ai regulation of immune response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. GO:0050776 Reactome:REACT_101484 Reactome:REACT_106667 Reactome:REACT_107426 Reactome:REACT_11152 Reactome:REACT_81657 Reactome:REACT_82803 Reactome:REACT_87475 Reactome:REACT_94152 Reactome:REACT_95389 Reactome:REACT_97860 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. GOC:ai negative regulation of immune response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. GO:0050777 biological_process down regulation of immune response down-regulation of immune response downregulation of immune response inhibition of immune response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. GOC:ai positive regulation of immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. GO:0050778 biological_process stimulation of immune response up regulation of immune response up-regulation of immune response upregulation of immune response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. GOC:ai regulation of biological process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GO:0050789 GO:0050791 biological_process regulation of physiological process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GOC:ai GOC:go_curators regulation of developmental process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). GO:0050793 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). GOC:go_curators regulation of cellular process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GO:0050794 GO:0051244 biological_process regulation of cellular physiological process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GOC:go_curators regulation of behavior Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. GO:0050795 biological_process regulation of behaviour Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. GOC:go_curators ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ions within an organism or cell. GO:0050801 biological_process electrolyte homeostasis negative regulation of crystal biosynthesis negative regulation of crystal formation Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ions within an organism or cell. GOC:ai circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep GO:0050802 The part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is asleep. biological_process GOC:ai The part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is asleep. coagulation GO:0050817 The process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass. biological_process clotting ISBN:0198506732 The process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass. regulation of T cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. GO:0050863 biological_process regulation of T lymphocyte activation regulation of T-cell activation regulation of T-lymphocyte activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. GOC:ai regulation of B cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation. GO:0050864 biological_process regulation of B lymphocyte activation regulation of B-cell activation regulation of B-lymphocyte activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation. GOC:ai regulation of cell activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation, the change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. GO:0050865 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation, the change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. GOC:ai positive regulation of cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation. GO:0050867 activation of cell activation biological_process stimulation of cell activation up regulation of cell activation up-regulation of cell activation upregulation of cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation. GOC:ai positive regulation of T cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. GO:0050870 activation of T cell activation biological_process positive regulation of T lymphocyte activation positive regulation of T-cell activation positive regulation of T-lymphocyte activation stimulation of T cell activation up regulation of T cell activation up-regulation of T cell activation upregulation of T cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. GOC:ai positive regulation of B cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation. GO:0050871 activation of B cell activation biological_process positive regulation of B lymphocyte activation positive regulation of B-cell activation positive regulation of B-lymphocyte activation stimulation of B cell activation up regulation of B cell activation up-regulation of B cell activation upregulation of B cell activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation. GOC:ai neurological system process A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system. GO:0050877 biological_process neurophysiological process pan-neural process A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system. GOC:ai GOC:mtg_cardio regulation of body fluid levels Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids. GO:0050878 biological_process Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb neuromuscular process controlling posture Any process in which an organism voluntarily modulates its posture, the alignment of its anatomical parts. GO:0050884 biological_process regulation of posture Any process in which an organism voluntarily modulates its posture, the alignment of its anatomical parts. GOC:dph GOC:tb neuromuscular process controlling balance Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors. GO:0050885 biological_process regulation of balance Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors. GOC:ai GOC:dph http://www.onelook.com/ endocrine process GO:0050886 The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system. biological_process endocrine physiological process endocrine physiology ISBN:0721662544 The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system. cognition GO:0050890 The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory. Wikipedia:Cognition biological_process ISBN:0721619908 The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory. http://www.onelook.com/ multicellular organismal water homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within a tissue, organ, or a multicellular organism. GO:0050891 biological_process body fluid osmoregulation GOC:dph GOC:tb body fluid osmoregulation Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within a tissue, organ, or a multicellular organism. GOC:dph GOC:tb response to stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. GO:0050896 GO:0051869 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Annotations to this term will be removed during annotation QC. biological_process physiological response to stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. GOC:ai GOC:bf leukocyte migration GO:0050900 Reactome:REACT_100059 Reactome:REACT_12051 Reactome:REACT_28425 Reactome:REACT_34071 Reactome:REACT_77198 Reactome:REACT_83057 Reactome:REACT_86476 Reactome:REACT_86886 Reactome:REACT_89386 Reactome:REACT_93252 Reactome:REACT_98799 The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body. biological_process immune cell migration immune cell trafficking leucocyte migration leucocyte trafficking leukocyte trafficking GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:14680625 PMID:14708592 PMID:7507411 PMID:8600538 The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body. neuromuscular process Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism. GO:0050905 biological_process neuromotor process neuromuscular physiological process Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism. GOC:ai detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception GO:0050906 The series of events involved in sensory perception in which a sensory stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Wikipedia:Transduction_(physiology) biological_process sensory detection of stimulus sensory perception, sensory transduction of stimulus sensory perception, stimulus detection sensory transduction GOC:ai GOC:dph The series of events involved in sensory perception in which a sensory stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception GO:0050907 The series of events in which a sensory chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process sensory detection of chemical stimulus sensory detection of chemical stimulus during sensory perception sensory perception, sensory detection of chemical stimulus sensory perception, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus sensory transduction of chemical stimulus sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during sensory perception GOC:ai The series of events in which a sensory chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. detection of light stimulus involved in visual perception GO:0050908 The series of events involved in visual perception in which a sensory light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process sensory detection of light during visual perception sensory detection of light stimulus during visual perception sensory transduction of light during visual perception sensory transduction of light stimulus during visual perception visual perception, detection of light stimulus visual perception, sensory transduction during perception of light visual perception, sensory transduction of light stimulus GOC:ai The series of events involved in visual perception in which a sensory light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. sensory perception of taste GO:0050909 The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells. This is a neurological process. Wikipedia:Taste biological_process gustation sense of taste taste taste perception GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells. This is a neurological process. http://www.onelook.com/ detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sound GO:0009592 GO:0050910 GO:0055128 The series of events involved in the perception of sound vibration. The vibration is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process detection of sound hearing, sensory transduction of sound perception of sound, detection of mechanical stimulus perception of sound, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus perception of sound, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of sound sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of sound sensory transduction of sound GOC:ai The series of events involved in the perception of sound vibration. The vibration is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste GO:0050912 The series of events involved in the perception of taste in which a gustatory chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process perception of taste, detection of chemical stimulus perception of taste, sensory detection of chemical stimulus perception of taste, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of taste sensory detection of taste sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of taste sensory transduction of taste taste perception GOC:ai The series of events involved in the perception of taste in which a gustatory chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. regulation of chemotaxis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient. GO:0050920 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient. GOC:ai positive regulation of chemotaxis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient. GO:0050921 activation of chemotaxis biological_process stimulation of chemotaxis up regulation of chemotaxis up-regulation of chemotaxis upregulation of chemotaxis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient. GOC:ai sensory perception of electrical stimulus GO:0050952 The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory electrical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. biological_process GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory electrical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. sensory perception of light stimulus GO:0050953 The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. biological_process GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. sensory perception of mechanical stimulus GO:0050954 The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. biological_process chemi-mechanical coupling mechanosensory perception perception of mechanical stimulus GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. electroception GO:0050956 The series of events required for an organism to receive an electrical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Many fish possess an electroception sense; for example, the electric eel uses low voltage pulses of electricity for navigation and prey location. Wikipedia:Electroreception biological_process electroception sense electroceptive sense GOC:ai PMID:10210663 The series of events required for an organism to receive an electrical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Many fish possess an electroception sense; for example, the electric eel uses low voltage pulses of electricity for navigation and prey location. http://www.wikipedia.org/Electroreception equilibrioception GO:0050957 The series of events required for an organism to receive an orientational stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Equilibrioception refers to a combination of processes by which an organism can perceive its orientation with respect to gravity. In animals, stimuli come from labyrinth system of the inner ears, monitoring the direction of motion; visual stimuli, with information on orientation and motion; pressure receptors, which tell the organism which body surfaces are in contact with the ground; and proprioceptive cues, which report which parts of the body are in motion. Wikipedia:Equilibrioception biological_process sensory perception of orientation with respect to gravity The series of events required for an organism to receive an orientational stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Equilibrioception refers to a combination of processes by which an organism can perceive its orientation with respect to gravity. In animals, stimuli come from labyrinth system of the inner ears, monitoring the direction of motion; visual stimuli, with information on orientation and motion; pressure receptors, which tell the organism which body surfaces are in contact with the ground; and proprioceptive cues, which report which parts of the body are in motion. http://www.medterms.com http://www.onelook.com/ echolocation Echolocation is the method used by some animals (e.g. bats, dolphins and some whales) to determine the location of something by measuring the time it takes for an echo to return from it. These animals emit sound waves and listen for the echo, calculating the distance to the object from the time lapse between sound emission and the echo returning. GO:0050959 Wikipedia:Echolocation biological_process perception of environment using reflected sound waves Echolocation is the method used by some animals (e.g. bats, dolphins and some whales) to determine the location of something by measuring the time it takes for an echo to return from it. These animals emit sound waves and listen for the echo, calculating the distance to the object from the time lapse between sound emission and the echo returning. PMID:16005275 http://www.onelook.com/ http://www.wikipedia.org/Animal_echolocation detection of light stimulus involved in sensory perception GO:0050962 The series of events in which a sensory light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process sensory detection of light stimulus sensory detection of light stimulus during sensory perception sensory perception, sensory detection of light stimulus sensory perception, sensory transduction of light stimulus sensory transduction of light stimulus sensory transduction of light stimulus during sensory perception GOC:ai The series of events in which a sensory light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. detection of electrical stimulus involved in sensory perception GO:0050963 The series of events in which a sensory electrical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process sensory detection of electrical stimulus sensory detection of electrical stimulus during sensory perception sensory perception, sensory detection of electrical stimulus sensory perception, sensory transduction of electrical stimulus sensory transduction of electrical stimulus sensory transduction of electrical stimulus during sensory perception GOC:ai The series of events in which a sensory electrical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. detection of electrical stimulus involved in electroception GO:0050964 The series of events that contribute to electroception in which a sensory electrical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process detection of electrical stimulus during electroreception electroception, detection of electrical stimulus electroception, sensory detection of electrical stimulus electroception, sensory transduction electroception, sensory transduction of electrical stimulus sensory detection of electrical stimulus during electroception sensory transduction of electrical stimulus during electroception GOC:ai The series of events that contribute to electroception in which a sensory electrical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:dph GOC:tb detection of electrical stimulus during electroreception detection of mechanical stimulus involved in equilibrioception GO:0050973 The series of events involved in equilibrioception in which a sensory mechanical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. During equilibrioception, mechanical stimuli may be in the form of input from pressure receptors or from the labyrinth system of the inner ears. biological_process equilibrioception, detection of mechanical stimulus equilibrioception, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus equilibrioception, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during equilibrioception sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during equilibrioception GOC:ai The series of events involved in equilibrioception in which a sensory mechanical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. During equilibrioception, mechanical stimuli may be in the form of input from pressure receptors or from the labyrinth system of the inner ears. detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception GO:0050974 The series of events in which a sensory mechanical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process sensory detection of mechanical stimulus sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during sensory perception sensory perception, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus sensory perception, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during sensory perception GOC:ai The series of events in which a sensory mechanical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. detection of electrical stimulus GO:0050981 The series of events by which an electrical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process GOC:ai The series of events by which an electrical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. detection of mechanical stimulus GO:0050982 The series of events by which a mechanical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process GOC:ai The series of events by which a mechanical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. regulation of immunoglobulin secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of immunoglobulins from a cell or group of cells. GO:0051023 biological_process regulation of antibody secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of immunoglobulins from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai positive regulation of immunoglobulin secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of immunoglobulins from a cell or group of cells. GO:0051024 activation of immunoglobulin secretion biological_process positive regulation of antibody secretion stimulation of immunoglobulin secretion up regulation of immunoglobulin secretion up-regulation of immunoglobulin secretion upregulation of immunoglobulin secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of immunoglobulins from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai regulation of secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or group of cells. GO:0051046 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai positive regulation of secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or group of cells. GO:0051047 activation of secretion biological_process stimulation of secretion up regulation of secretion up-regulation of secretion upregulation of secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or group of cells. GOC:ai regulation of transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0051049 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai positive regulation of transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0051050 activation of transport biological_process stimulation of transport up regulation of transport up-regulation of transport upregulation of transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai regulation of DNA metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA. GO:0051052 biological_process regulation of DNA metabolism Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA. GOC:ai positive regulation of DNA metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA. GO:0051054 activation of DNA metabolic process biological_process positive regulation of DNA metabolism stimulation of DNA metabolic process up regulation of DNA metabolic process up-regulation of DNA metabolic process upregulation of DNA metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA. GOC:ai negative regulation of developmental process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). GO:0051093 biological_process down regulation of developmental process down-regulation of developmental process downregulation of developmental process inhibition of developmental process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). GOC:ai positive regulation of developmental process Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). GO:0051094 activation of developmental process biological_process stimulation of developmental process up regulation of developmental process up-regulation of developmental process upregulation of developmental process Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). GOC:ai NK T cell activation GO:0051132 NK T lymphocyte activation NK T-cell activation NK T-lymphocyte activation NKT cell activation NT cell activation Note that NK T cells are a distinct lineage of T cells expressing natural killer cell markers and having T cell receptors characterized by the usage of a restricted repetoire of variable region gene segments. The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. biological_process natural T cell activation natural killer T cell activation ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12154375 PMID:9133426 The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. striated muscle cell differentiation GO:0051146 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle. biological_process voluntary muscle cell differentiation CL:0000737 GOC:ai The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle. regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. GO:0051171 biological_process regulation of nitrogen metabolic process regulation of nitrogen metabolism GOC:tb regulation of nitrogen metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. GOC:ai GOC:tb positive regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. GO:0051173 activation of nitrogen metabolic process biological_process positive regulation of nitrogen metabolic process positive regulation of nitrogen metabolism stimulation of nitrogen metabolic process up regulation of nitrogen metabolic process up-regulation of nitrogen metabolic process upregulation of nitrogen metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. GOC:ai GOC:tb GOC:tb positive regulation of nitrogen metabolic process localization Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in a specific location. GO:0051179 biological_process establishment and maintenance of cellular component location establishment and maintenance of localization establishment and maintenance of position establishment and maintenance of substance location establishment and maintenance of substrate location localisation Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in a specific location. GOC:ai GOC:mah localisation cartilage development GO:0051216 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. Wikipedia:Chondrogenesis biological_process cartilage biogenesis cartilage biosynthesis cartilage formation chondrogenesis The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. http://www.onelook.com positive regulation of protein transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0051222 activation of protein transport biological_process stimulation of protein transport up regulation of protein transport up-regulation of protein transport upregulation of protein transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai regulation of protein transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0051223 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai establishment of localization GO:0051234 The directed movement of a cell, substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, to a specific location. biological_process establishment of localisation GOC:ai The directed movement of a cell, substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, to a specific location. GOC:mah establishment of localisation regulation of multicellular organismal process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multicellular organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of a multicellular organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. GO:0051239 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multicellular organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of a multicellular organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of lymphocyte activation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation. GO:0051249 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation. GOC:ai positive regulation of lymphocyte activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation. GO:0051251 activation of lymphocyte activation biological_process stimulation of lymphocyte activation up regulation of lymphocyte activation up-regulation of lymphocyte activation upregulation of lymphocyte activation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation. GOC:ai regulation of cellular component movement Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cellular component. GO:0051270 biological_process regulation of cell movement regulation of cellular component motion GOC:mah regulation of cellular component motion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cellular component. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:jl positive regulation of cellular component movement Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cellular component. GO:0051272 activation of cell motility biological_process positive regulation of cell movement positive regulation of cellular component motion stimulation of cell motility up regulation of cell motility up-regulation of cell motility upregulation of cell motility Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cellular component. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah positive regulation of cellular component motion chromosome organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. GO:0007001 GO:0051276 GO:0051277 biological_process chromosome organisation chromosome organization and biogenesis maintenance of genome integrity nuclear genome maintenance A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah GOC:mah chromosome organization and biogenesis cell division GO:0051301 Note that this term differs from 'cytokinesis ; GO:0000910' in that cytokinesis excludes nuclear division; in prokaryotes, there is little difference between cytokinesis and cell division. Note that there is no relationship between this term and 'nuclear division ; GO:0000280' because cell division can take place without nuclear division (as in prokaryotes) and vice versa (as in syncytium formation by mitosis without cytokinesis. The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells. Wikipedia:Cell_division biological_process GOC:go_curators The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells. meiotic cell cycle GO:0051321 Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell. biological_process GOC:ai Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell. M phase of meiotic cell cycle GO:0051327 M phase occurring as part of the meiotic cell cycle. M phase is the part of the cell cycle during which nuclear division takes place. A meiotic cell cycle is one in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell. biological_process GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:mah M phase occurring as part of the meiotic cell cycle. M phase is the part of the cell cycle during which nuclear division takes place. A meiotic cell cycle is one in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell. response to electrical stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus. GO:0051602 biological_process response to electricity Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus. GOC:ai detection of stimulus GO:0051606 The series of events in which a stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process perception of stimulus stimulus detection stimulus sensing GOC:add GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:mah The series of events in which a stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal. cellular localization A localization process that takes place at the cellular level; as a result of a cellular localization process, a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell. GO:0051641 biological_process cellular localisation establishment and maintenance of cellular localization establishment and maintenance of localization in cell or cell membrane intracellular localization localization within cell GOC:mah cellular localisation A localization process that takes place at the cellular level; as a result of a cellular localization process, a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell. GOC:ai GOC:mah establishment of localization in cell GO:0051649 The directed movement of a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, to a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell. biological_process establishment of cellular localization establishment of intracellular localization establishment of localisation in cell establishment of localization within cell positioning within cell GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb The directed movement of a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, to a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell. GOC:dph GOC:tb establishment of cellular localization GOC:mah establishment of localisation in cell localization of cell Any process in which a cell is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. GO:0051674 biological_process cell localization establishment and maintenance of cell localization establishment and maintenance of localization of cell localisation of cell GOC:mah localisation of cell Any process in which a cell is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:ai multi-organism process Any process in which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species. GO:0051704 GO:0051706 biological_process interaction between organisms physiological interaction between organisms physiological interaction with other organism Any process in which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species. GOC:ai response to other organism Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism. GO:0009613 GO:0042828 GO:0051707 biological_process Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism. GOC:ai cellular response to stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus by a cell and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell. GO:0051716 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Annotations to this term will be removed during annotation QC. biological_process Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus by a cell and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell. GOC:bf GOC:jl glycolipid binding GO:0051861 Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a glycolipid, any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic group such as an acylglycerol, a sphingoid, a ceramide (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. molecular_function Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a glycolipid, any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic group such as an acylglycerol, a sphingoid, a ceramide (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/misc/glylp.html#2.1 catecholamine transport GO:0051937 The directed movement of catecholamines, a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. biological_process GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of catecholamines, a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. cardiac muscle cell differentiation GO:0055007 The process in which a cardiac muscle precursor cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. biological_process cardiomyocyte differentiation heart muscle cell differentiation GOC:devbiol GOC:mtg_heart The process in which a cardiac muscle precursor cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. metal ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of metal ions within an organism or cell. GO:0055065 biological_process Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of metal ions within an organism or cell. GOC:ai GOC:jid GOC:mah monovalent inorganic cation homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monovalent inorganic cations within an organism or cell. GO:0055067 biological_process Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monovalent inorganic cations within an organism or cell. GOC:ai GOC:jid GOC:mah calcium ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within an organism or cell. GO:0055074 biological_process regulation of calcium ion concentration Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within an organism or cell. GOC:ceb GOC:jid GOC:mah sodium ion homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions within an organism or cell. GO:0055078 biological_process Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions within an organism or cell. GOC:ai GOC:jid GOC:mah cation homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cations within an organism or cell. GO:0055080 biological_process Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cations within an organism or cell. GOC:ceb GOC:jid GOC:mah transmembrane transport GO:0055085 Reactome:REACT_100480 Reactome:REACT_101577 Reactome:REACT_101877 Reactome:REACT_102348 Reactome:REACT_102897 Reactome:REACT_102974 Reactome:REACT_104555 Reactome:REACT_108243 Reactome:REACT_109832 Reactome:REACT_110770 Reactome:REACT_15480 Reactome:REACT_15518 Reactome:REACT_19118 Reactome:REACT_28801 Reactome:REACT_29093 Reactome:REACT_29184 Reactome:REACT_29635 Reactome:REACT_30969 Reactome:REACT_32055 Reactome:REACT_32223 Reactome:REACT_32423 Reactome:REACT_32562 Reactome:REACT_32713 Reactome:REACT_33571 Reactome:REACT_61245 Reactome:REACT_79086 Reactome:REACT_79921 Reactome:REACT_80022 Reactome:REACT_80510 Reactome:REACT_80848 Reactome:REACT_80977 Reactome:REACT_81024 Reactome:REACT_81153 Reactome:REACT_82725 Reactome:REACT_83770 Reactome:REACT_86135 Reactome:REACT_86409 Reactome:REACT_86576 Reactome:REACT_87124 Reactome:REACT_88059 Reactome:REACT_88521 Reactome:REACT_88894 Reactome:REACT_89376 Reactome:REACT_91272 Reactome:REACT_91803 Reactome:REACT_92006 Reactome:REACT_92624 Reactome:REACT_93747 Reactome:REACT_94160 Reactome:REACT_94393 Reactome:REACT_94944 Reactome:REACT_94972 Reactome:REACT_96636 Reactome:REACT_97365 Reactome:REACT_97867 Reactome:REACT_98509 Reactome:REACT_98716 Reactome:REACT_99579 Reactome:REACT_99829 The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. Transmembrane transport requires transport of a solute across a lipid bilayer. Note that transport through the nuclear pore complex is not transmembrane because the nuclear membrane is a double membrane and is not traversed. For transport through the nuclear pore, consider instead the term 'nucleocytoplasmic transport ; GO:0006913' and its children. biological_process GOC:dph GOC:jid The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. reflex An automatic response to a stimulus beginning with a nerve impulse from a receptor and ending with the action of an effector such as a gland or a muscle. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness. GO:0060004 Wikipedia:Reflex biological_process An automatic response to a stimulus beginning with a nerve impulse from a receptor and ending with the action of an effector such as a gland or a muscle. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness. GOC:dph ISBN:087797099 vestibular reflex A reflex process in which a response to an angular or linear acceleration stimulus begins with an afferent nerve impulse from a receptor in the inner ear and ends with the compensatory action of eye muscles. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness. GO:0060005 biological_process A reflex process in which a response to an angular or linear acceleration stimulus begins with an afferent nerve impulse from a receptor in the inner ear and ends with the compensatory action of eye muscles. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness. PMID:11784757 linear vestibuloocular reflex A vestibular reflex by which a response to a linear acceleration stimulus begins with an afferent nerve impulse from a receptor in the otolith and ends with the compensatory action of eye muscles. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness. GO:0060007 biological_process A vestibular reflex by which a response to a linear acceleration stimulus begins with an afferent nerve impulse from a receptor in the otolith and ends with the compensatory action of eye muscles. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness. GOC:dph PMID:11784757 heart contraction GO:0060047 The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body. biological_process cardiac contraction heart beating hemolymph circulation GOC:dph The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body. cardiac muscle contraction GO:0060048 Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue. biological_process heart muscle contraction GOC:dph Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue. positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in wound healing Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation, contributing to the restoration of integrity to a damaged tissue following an injury. GO:0060054 biological_process Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation, contributing to the restoration of integrity to a damaged tissue following an injury. GOC:dph micturition GO:0060073 The regulation of body fluids process in which parasympathetic nerves stimulate the bladder wall muscle to contract and expel urine from the body. Wikipedia:Urination biological_process urination urine voiding GOC:dph The regulation of body fluids process in which parasympathetic nerves stimulate the bladder wall muscle to contract and expel urine from the body. eye blink reflex GO:0060082 The reflex process in which a mechanical stimulus applied to the eye elicits a response of the eyelid closing. biological_process nictitating membrane reflex GOC:dph PMID:2913208 The reflex process in which a mechanical stimulus applied to the eye elicits a response of the eyelid closing. molecular transducer activity GO:0060089 The molecular function that accepts an input of one form and creates an output of a different form. molecular_function GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07 The molecular function that accepts an input of one form and creates an output of a different form. anatomical structure homeostasis A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined anatomical structure of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. GO:0060249 anatomical structure maintenance biological_process A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined anatomical structure of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. GOC:dph GOC:dph anatomical structure maintenance regulation of macromolecule metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GO:0060255 biological_process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of feeding behavior Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the behavior associated with the intake of food. GO:0060259 biological_process regulation of feeding behaviour Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the behavior associated with the intake of food. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of feeding behaviour cell chemotaxis GO:0060326 The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). biological_process GOC:dph The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). regulation of cellular localization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell. GO:0060341 biological_process regulation of cellular localisation GOC:mah regulation of cellular localisation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell. GOC:dph GOC:tb bone development GO:0060348 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of bone over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Bone is the hard skeletal connective tissue consisting of both mineral and cellular components. biological_process GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of bone over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Bone is the hard skeletal connective tissue consisting of both mineral and cellular components. bone morphogenesis GO:0060349 The process in which bones are generated and organized. biological_process GOC:dph The process in which bones are generated and organized. endochondral bone morphogenesis GO:0060350 The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone. biological_process GOC:dph PMID:11680679 The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone. flight GO:0060361 Self-propelled movement of an organism from one location to another through the air, usually by means of active wing movement. biological_process GOC:dph Self-propelled movement of an organism from one location to another through the air, usually by means of active wing movement. mast cell differentiation GO:0060374 The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation. biological_process GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation. epithelium development GO:0060429 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. biological_process GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. muscle tissue development 2009-04-10T08:05:37Z GO:0060537 The progression of muscle tissue over time, from its initial formation to its mature state. Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers. biological_process dph GOC:dph The progression of muscle tissue over time, from its initial formation to its mature state. Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers. epithelial tube morphogenesis 2009-04-28T09:33:36Z GO:0060562 The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an epithelium. Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. biological_process dph GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an epithelium. Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. chondroblast differentiation 2009-05-11T07:47:36Z GO:0060591 The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes. biological_process chondrocyte progenitor cell differentiation dph GOC:dph The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes. GOC:dph chondrocyte progenitor cell differentiation endocrine hormone secretion 2010-01-11T09:03:48Z GO:0060986 The regulated release of a hormone into the circulatory system. biological_process dph GOC:dph The regulated release of a hormone into the circulatory system. membrane organization 2010-02-08T02:43:11Z A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. GO:0061024 biological_process dph A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of cartilage development 2010-02-09T03:41:35Z Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. GO:0061035 biological_process dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. GOC:dph negative regulation of cartilage development 2010-02-09T03:41:35Z Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. GO:0061037 biological_process dph Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. GOC:dph muscle structure development 2010-03-09T08:55:14Z GO:0061061 The progression of a muscle structure over time, from its formation to its mature state. Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms. biological_process dph GOC:dph The progression of a muscle structure over time, from its formation to its mature state. Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms. biological regulation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any biological process, quality or function. GO:0065007 biological_process regulation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any biological process, quality or function. GOC:isa_complete regulation of biological quality Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc. GO:0065008 biological_process regulation of biological attribute regulation of biological characteristic Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc. GOC:isa_complete intracellular organelle lumen An organelle lumen that is part of an intracellular organelle. GO:0070013 cellular_component An organelle lumen that is part of an intracellular organelle. GOC:mah glucagon secretion GO:0070091 The regulated release of glucagon from secretory granules in the A (alpha) cells of the pancreas (islets of Langerhans). biological_process GOC:BHF GOC:rl The regulated release of glucagon from secretory granules in the A (alpha) cells of the pancreas (islets of Langerhans). regulation of establishment of protein localization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location. GO:0070201 biological_process regulation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:mah regulation of establishment of protein localisation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location. GOC:BHF GOC:mah lymphocyte apoptosis GO:0070227 Note that a lymphocyte is a cell of the B cell, T cell, or natural killer cell lineage (CL:0000542). The process of apoptosis in a lymphocyte. biological_process GOC:add ISBN:0781765196 The process of apoptosis in a lymphocyte. regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of lymphocyte death by apoptosis. GO:0070228 Note that a lymphocyte is a cell of the B cell, T cell, or natural killer cell lineage (CL:0000542). biological_process Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of lymphocyte death by apoptosis. GOC:add ISBN:0781765196 somatostatin secretion GO:0070253 The regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas. biological_process GOC:mah The regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas. renal absorption A renal system process in which water, ions, glucose and proteins are taken up from the collecting ducts, glomerulus and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. GO:0070293 biological_process nephron absorption renal reabsorption GOC:mah nephron absorption GOC:dph renal reabsorption A renal system process in which water, ions, glucose and proteins are taken up from the collecting ducts, glomerulus and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:yaf renal water absorption A renal system process in which water is taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. GO:0070295 biological_process nephron water absorption renal water reabsorption GOC:mah nephron water absorption GOC:dph renal water reabsorption A renal system process in which water is taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. GOC:dph GOC:mah cell hair A long, thin cell projection that contains F-actin and tubulin, with microtubules centrally located and F-actin peripherally located. GO:0070451 Wikipedia:Membrane_nanotube cellular_component imaginal disc-derived wing hair non-sensory hair A long, thin cell projection that contains F-actin and tubulin, with microtubules centrally located and F-actin peripherally located. PMID:11526084 GOC:mah imaginal disc-derived wing hair GOC:bf non-sensory hair leukocyte proliferation 2009-05-28T05:25:28Z GO:0070661 The expansion of a leukocyte population by cell division. biological_process midori GOC:add The expansion of a leukocyte population by cell division. cellular macromolecule localization 2009-06-16T04:08:29Z Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell. GO:0070727 biological_process cellular macromolecule localisation midori Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell. GOC:mah GOC:mah cellular macromolecule localisation tertiary granule 2009-07-20T03:57:00Z A secretory granule that contains cathepsin and gelatinase and is readily exocytosed upon cell activation; found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. GO:0070820 cellular_component midori A secretory granule that contains cathepsin and gelatinase and is readily exocytosed upon cell activation; found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. GOC:BHF GOC:mah GOC:rl PMID:12070036 cellular response to chemical stimulus 2009-08-27T04:41:45Z Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus. GO:0070887 biological_process midori Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus. GOC:mah organelle assembly 2009-09-15T03:00:51Z GO:0070925 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. biological_process midori GOC:mah The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. DNA conformation change 2009-11-09T11:36:34Z A cellular process that results in a change in the spatial configuration of a DNA molecule. A conformation change can bend DNA, or alter the, twist, writhe, or linking number of a DNA molecule. DNA conformation modification GO:0071103 biological_process midori DNA conformation modification GOC:mah A cellular process that results in a change in the spatial configuration of a DNA molecule. A conformation change can bend DNA, or alter the, twist, writhe, or linking number of a DNA molecule. GOC:mah vocalization behavior 2010-02-10T11:02:58Z GO:0071625 The behavior in which an organism produces sounds by a mechanism involving its respiratory system. biological_process midori vocalisation behaviour GOC:mah vocalisation behaviour GOC:mah The behavior in which an organism produces sounds by a mechanism involving its respiratory system. mastication 2010-02-10T11:19:48Z GO:0071626 The process of biting and mashing food with the teeth prior to swallowing. biological_process chewing midori GOC:mah chewing GOC:gvg The process of biting and mashing food with the teeth prior to swallowing. anatomical structure maturation 2010-03-02T11:43:38Z A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure to attain its fully functional state. GO:0071695 biological_process midori A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure to attain its fully functional state. GOC:mah organic substance transport 2010-03-08T02:15:14Z GO:0071702 The directed movement of organic substances into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic substance is a molecular entity that contains carbon. biological_process midori CHEBI:50860 GOC:mah The directed movement of organic substances into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic substance is a molecular entity that contains carbon. nitrogen compound transport 2010-03-08T03:56:28Z GO:0071705 The directed movement of nitrogen-containing compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process midori CHEBI:51143 GOC:mah The directed movement of nitrogen-containing compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production 2010-03-09T02:40:35Z GO:0071706 TNF superfamily production TNFSF cytokine production The appearance of any member of the TNF superfamily due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process midori GOC:add TNFSF cytokine production GOC:rv TNF superfamily production GOC:add The appearance of any member of the TNF superfamily due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. immunoglobulin heavy chain V-D-J recombination 2010-03-09T04:20:31Z GO:0071707 The process in which immunoglobulin heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). biological_process immunoglobulin V(D)J joining immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination immunoglobulin V-D-J joining midori GOC:add immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination GOC:add immunoglobulin V(D)J joining GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process in which immunoglobulin heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). GOC:add immunoglobulin V-D-J joining immunoglobulin light chain V-J recombination 2010-03-09T04:22:29Z GO:0071708 The process in which immunoglobulin light chain V and J gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). biological_process immunoglobulin V(D)J joining immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination immunoglobulin V-J joining midori GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process in which immunoglobulin light chain V and J gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). GOC:add immunoglobulin V(D)J joining GOC:add immunoglobulin V-J joining GOC:add immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination IgG immunoglobulin complex 2010-03-24T01:44:53Z A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgG isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgG immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GO:0071735 IgG1 IgG2 IgG2a IgG2b IgG2c IgG3 IgG4 Note that an IgG immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available. Also, IgG isotypes vary by species. cellular_component midori GOC:add IgG3 A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgG isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgG immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GOC:add ISBN:0781765196 GOC:add IgG2 GOC:add IgG4 GOC:add IgG2b GOC:add IgG1 GOC:add IgG2c GOC:add IgG2a IgG immunoglobulin complex, circulating 2010-03-24T01:44:53Z A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgG isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GO:0071736 IgG antibody IgG1 antibody IgG2 antibody IgG2a antibody IgG2b antibody IgG2c antibody IgG3 antibody IgG4 antibody Note that an IgG immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available. Also, IgG isotypes vary by species. cellular_component midori GOC:add IgG4 antibody GOC:add IgG2a antibody GOC:add IgG antibody GOC:add IgG3 antibody GOC:add IgG2 antibody GOC:add IgG1 antibody GOC:add IgG2b antibody A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgG isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GOC:add ISBN:0781765196 GOC:add IgG2c antibody IgD immunoglobulin complex 2010-03-24T01:44:53Z A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgD isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgD immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GO:0071738 Note that an IgD immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available. cellular_component midori A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgD isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgD immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GOC:add ISBN:0781765196 PMID:11282392 IgD immunoglobulin complex, circulating 2010-03-24T01:44:53Z A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgD isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GO:0071739 IgD antibody Note that an IgD immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available. cellular_component midori A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgD isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GOC:add ISBN:0781765196 PMID:11282392 GOC:add IgD antibody IgE immunoglobulin complex 2010-03-24T01:44:53Z A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgE isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgE immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GO:0071742 Note that an IgE immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available. cellular_component midori A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgE isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgE immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GOC:add ISBN:0781765196 IgE immunoglobulin complex, circulating 2010-03-24T01:44:53Z A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgE isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GO:0071743 IgE antibody Note that an IgE immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available. cellular_component midori GOC:add IgE antibody A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgE isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GOC:add ISBN:0781765196 IgA immunoglobulin complex 2010-03-24T01:44:53Z A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and sometimes complexed with J chain or J chain and secretory component. An IgA immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GO:0071745 IgA1 antibody IgA2 antibody Note that an IgA immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available. cellular_component midori GOC:add IgA1 antibody A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and sometimes complexed with J chain or J chain and secretory component. An IgA immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GOC:add ISBN:0781765196 PMID:16362985 GOC:add IgA2 antibody IgA immunoglobulin complex, circulating 2010-03-24T01:44:53Z A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, sometimes complexed with J chain or J chain and secretory component, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GO:0071746 IgA antibody IgA1 antibody IgA2 antibody Note that an IgA immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available. cellular_component midori GOC:add IgA1 antibody GOC:add IgA antibody A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, sometimes complexed with J chain or J chain and secretory component, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GOC:add ISBN:0781765196 PMID:16362985 GOC:add IgA2 antibody IgM immunoglobulin complex 2010-03-24T01:44:53Z A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgM isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and in its circulating form complexed with J chain in polymeric forms. An IgM immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GO:0071753 Note that an IgM immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available. cellular_component midori A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgM isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and in its circulating form complexed with J chain in polymeric forms. An IgM immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. GOC:add ISBN:0781765196 PMID:20176268 IgM immunoglobulin complex, circulating 2010-03-24T01:44:53Z A polymer of five or six IgM core units each composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgM isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds; the individual IgM core units are held together via disulfide bonds with a single J chain polypeptide acting as a bridge between two of the polymeric units. Circulating IgM is present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or in the blood or lymph. GO:0071754 IgM antibody Note that an IgM immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available. cellular_component midori GOC:add IgM antibody A polymer of five or six IgM core units each composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgM isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds; the individual IgM core units are held together via disulfide bonds with a single J chain polypeptide acting as a bridge between two of the polymeric units. Circulating IgM is present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or in the blood or lymph. GOC:add ISBN:0781765196 PMID:20176268 cellular component organization or biogenesis 2010-09-10T01:39:16Z A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. GO:0071840 biological_process midori A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. GOC:mah cellular component organization or biogenesis at cellular level 2010-09-10T01:40:19Z A process that is carried out at the cellular level, and results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. GO:0071841 biological_process midori A process that is carried out at the cellular level, and results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. GOC:mah cellular component organization at cellular level 2010-09-10T01:41:56Z A process that is carried out at the cellular level and results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. GO:0071842 biological_process midori A process that is carried out at the cellular level and results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. GOC:mah cellular component assembly at cellular level 2010-09-10T01:42:25Z A process that is carried out at the cellular level and results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component. GO:0071844 biological_process midori A process that is carried out at the cellular level and results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component. GOC:mah cellular component disassembly at cellular level 2010-09-10T01:42:34Z A process that is carried out at the cellular level and results in the breakdown of a cellular component. GO:0071845 biological_process midori A process that is carried out at the cellular level and results in the breakdown of a cellular component. GOC:mah leukocyte apoptosis 2010-09-14T12:44:09Z GO:0071887 Note that a lymphocyte is a cell of the B cell, T cell, or natural killer cell lineage (CL:0000542). The process of apoptosis in a leukocyte. biological_process midori CL:0000738 GOC:BHF GOC:mah The process of apoptosis in a leukocyte. cell periphery 2010-10-04T01:51:47Z GO:0071944 The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures. cellular_component midori GOC:mah The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures. elastic fiber 2010-10-11T11:44:57Z An extracellular matrix part that consists of an insoluble core of polymerized tropoelastin monomers and a surrounding mantle of microfibrils. Elastic fibers provide elasticity and recoiling to tissues and organs, and maintain structural integrity against mechanical strain. GO:0071953 cellular_component elastic fibre elastin fiber midori An extracellular matrix part that consists of an insoluble core of polymerized tropoelastin monomers and a surrounding mantle of microfibrils. Elastic fibers provide elasticity and recoiling to tissues and organs, and maintain structural integrity against mechanical strain. GOC:BHF GOC:mah PMID:20236620 GOC:BHF elastin fiber GOC:mah elastic fibre extracellular vesicular exosome assembly 2010-10-18T03:44:18Z GO:0071971 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an extracellular vesicular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. biological_process midori GOC:mah GOC:tfm PMID:19442504 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an extracellular vesicular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. epithelial tube formation 2010-02-26T02:15:40Z GO:0072175 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an epithelial tube. biological_process midori GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an epithelial tube. cardiovascular system development 2010-11-16T11:25:49Z GO:0072358 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiovascular system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiovascular system is the anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels. biological_process midori GOC:mah The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiovascular system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiovascular system is the anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels. UBERON:0004535 circulatory system development 2010-11-16T11:27:39Z GO:0072359 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the circulatory system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The circulatory system is the organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis. biological_process midori GOC:mah The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the circulatory system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The circulatory system is the organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis. UBERON:0001009 primary cilium 2010-11-18T04:27:48Z A cilium found on many different cell types that is typically present in a single copy per cell. A primary cilium may have a variable array of axonemal microtubules and may or may not contain molecular motors. GO:0072372 cellular_component midori A cilium found on many different cell types that is typically present in a single copy per cell. A primary cilium may have a variable array of axonemal microtubules and may or may not contain molecular motors. GOC:curators PMID:17009929 PMID:20144998 divalent inorganic cation homeostasis 2010-12-16T03:22:48Z Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of divalent cations within an organism or cell. GO:0072507 Note that this term was split from 'di-, tri-valent inorganic cation homeostasis ; GO:0055066' (sibling term 'trivalent inorganic cation homeostasis' ; GO:0072508'). biological_process midori Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of divalent cations within an organism or cell. GOC:mah reactive oxygen species metabolic process 2011-02-11T10:50:06Z GO:0072593 ROS metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers. biological_process midori reactive oxygen species metabolism GOC:mah reactive oxygen species metabolism CHEBI:26523 GOC:mah ROS metabolic process CHEBI:26523 GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers. regulation of primary metabolic process 2009-04-22T04:30:52Z Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism involving those compounds formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism. GO:0080090 biological_process donghui Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism involving those compounds formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism. PMID:19211694 regulation of response to stress 2009-05-06T04:51:28Z Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to stress. Response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). GO:0080134 biological_process donghui Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to stress. Response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). GOC:dhl regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis 2009-08-03T10:09:34Z Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. GO:0090022 biological_process tanyaberardini Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis 2009-08-03T10:12:23Z Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. GO:0090023 biological_process tanyaberardini Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of muscle system process 2010-02-03T11:48:13Z Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a muscle system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in a muscle system. GO:0090257 biological_process tanyaberardini Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a muscle system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in a muscle system. GOC:dph GOC:tb nucleic acid metabolic process 2010-04-07T10:18:47Z Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleic acids. GO:0090304 biological_process tanyaberardini Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleic acids. GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of multicellular organismal development 2010-08-05T11:25:59Z Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multicellular organismal development. GO:2000026 biological_process tanyaberardini Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multicellular organismal development. GOC:obol regulation of organ morphogenesis 2010-08-05T11:26:27Z Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organ morphogenesis. GO:2000027 biological_process regulation of histogenesis and organogenesis tanyaberardini Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organ morphogenesis. GOC:obol GOC:obol regulation of histogenesis and organogenesis regulation of response to water deprivation 2010-08-23T11:32:32Z Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to water deprivation. GO:2000070 biological_process regulation of drought tolerance regulation of response to dehydration regulation of response to drought regulation of response to thirst tanyaberardini Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to water deprivation. GOC:obol GOC:obol regulation of response to drought GOC:obol regulation of response to dehydration GOC:obol regulation of drought tolerance GOC:obol regulation of response to thirst regulation of leukocyte apoptosis 2010-09-15T01:42:05Z Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptosis. GO:2000106 biological_process midori Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptosis. GOC:BHF regulation of cell motility 2010-10-01T09:41:21Z Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility. GO:2000145 biological_process midori regulation of cell locomotion regulation of cell movement regulation of movement of a cell GOC:obol regulation of cell movement Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility. GOC:mah GOC:obol regulation of cell locomotion GOC:obol regulation of movement of a cell positive regulation of cell motility 2010-10-01T09:41:30Z Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility. GO:2000147 biological_process midori positive regulation of cell locomotion positive regulation of cell movement positive regulation of movement of a cell GOC:obol positive regulation of movement of a cell Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility. GOC:mah GOC:obol positive regulation of cell movement GOC:obol positive regulation of cell locomotion regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation 2011-03-22T10:36:56Z Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation. GO:2000514 biological_process ebc Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation. GOC:obol positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation 2011-03-22T10:37:06Z Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation. GO:2000516 biological_process ebc Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation. GOC:obol root NCBITaxon:1 all unknown Muridae NCBITaxon:10066 unknown Mus NCBITaxon:10088 Nannomys mice unknown Rattus NCBITaxon:10114 rat rats unknown Myxininae NCBITaxon:110551 unknown Myxine NCBITaxon:110555 unknown Hyperotreti Agnatha NCBITaxon:117565 fishes unknown Teleostomi NCBITaxon:117570 unknown Euteleostomi NCBITaxon:117571 bony vertebrates unknown cellular organisms NCBITaxon:131567 biota unknown Eleutherozoa NCBITaxon:133551 unknown Actinopteri NCBITaxon:186623 unknown Elopocephala NCBITaxon:186624 unknown Clupeocephala NCBITaxon:186625 unknown Otophysi NCBITaxon:186626 unknown Cypriniphysi NCBITaxon:186627 unknown Otocephala NCBITaxon:186634 unknown Annelida/Echiura/Pogonophora group NCBITaxon:193545 unknown Pancrustacea NCBITaxon:197562 unknown Mandibulata NCBITaxon:197563 mandibulates unknown Homo/Pan/Gorilla group NCBITaxon:207598 unknown Eukaryota Eucarya Eucaryotae Eukarya Eukaryotae NCBITaxon:2759 eucaryotes eukaryotes unknown Cyprinoidea Cyprinoidei NCBITaxon:30727 unknown Laurasiatheria NCBITaxon:314145 unknown Euarchontoglires NCBITaxon:314146 unknown Glires NCBITaxon:314147 Rodents and rabbits unknown Simiiformes Anthropoidea NCBITaxon:314293 unknown Hominoidea NCBITaxon:314295 apes unknown Teleostei NCBITaxon:32443 teleost fishes unknown Ostariophysi NCBITaxon:32519 unknown Tetrapoda NCBITaxon:32523 tetrapods unknown Amniota NCBITaxon:32524 amniotes unknown Theria NCBITaxon:32525 unknown Sauria Diapsida NCBITaxon:32561 diapsids unknown Fungi/Metazoa group NCBITaxon:33154 unknown Metazoa Animalia NCBITaxon:33208 animals metazoans multicellular animals unknown Bilateria NCBITaxon:33213 unknown Acoelomata NCBITaxon:33214 unknown Pseudocoelomata NCBITaxon:33217 unknown Coelomata NCBITaxon:33316 unknown Protostomia NCBITaxon:33317 unknown Neoptera NCBITaxon:33340 unknown Endopterygota Holometabola NCBITaxon:33392 unknown Deuterostomia NCBITaxon:33511 unknown Sciurognathi NCBITaxon:33553 unknown Carnivora NCBITaxon:33554 carnivores unknown Muroidea NCBITaxon:337687 unknown Scleroglossa NCBITaxon:34971 unknown Haplorrhini NCBITaxon:376913 unknown Caniformia NCBITaxon:379584 unknown Murinae NCBITaxon:39107 unknown Rasborinae Danioninae NCBITaxon:39562 unknown Mammalia NCBITaxon:40674 mammals unknown Neopterygii NCBITaxon:41665 unknown Dinosauria NCBITaxon:436486 unknown Saurischia NCBITaxon:436489 unknown Theropoda NCBITaxon:436491 unknown Coelurosauria NCBITaxon:436492 unknown Insecta NCBITaxon:50557 true insects unknown Porifera NCBITaxon:6040 Parazoa sponges unknown Eumetazoa NCBITaxon:6072 unknown Cnidaria Coelenterata NCBITaxon:6073 cnidarians coelenterates unknown Platyhelminthes NCBITaxon:6157 flatworm flatworms unknown Nematoda NCBITaxon:6231 Nemata nematode nematodes roundworm roundworms unknown Annelida NCBITaxon:6340 annelid worms segmented worms unknown Mollusca NCBITaxon:6447 molluscs mollusks unknown Gastropoda NCBITaxon:6448 gastropods unknown Arthropoda NCBITaxon:6656 arthropods unknown Hexapoda Atelocerata NCBITaxon:6960 Tracheata Uniramia insects unknown Pterygota NCBITaxon:7496 unknown winged insects Echinodermata NCBITaxon:7586 echinoderms unknown Echinozoa NCBITaxon:7624 unknown Echinoidea NCBITaxon:7625 sea urchins unknown Chordata NCBITaxon:7711 chordates unknown Urochordata NCBITaxon:7712 Tunicata tunicates unknown Cephalochordata NCBITaxon:7735 lancelets unknown Branchiostomidae NCBITaxon:7736 amphioxi amphioxius lancelets unknown Branchiostoma NCBITaxon:7737 unknown Vertebrata NCBITaxon:7742 unknown vertebrates Petromyzontidae 2008-07-21T02:19:59Z NCBITaxon:7746 jdeegan unknown Myxiniformes Myxinoidea NCBITaxon:7761 hagfishes unknown Myxinidae NCBITaxon:7762 hagfishes unknown Myxine glutinosa Atlantic hagfish NCBITaxon:7769 unknown Gnathostomata NCBITaxon:7776 jawed vertebrates unknown Actinopterygii NCBITaxon:7898 Osteichthyes bony fishes fishes ray-finned fishes unknown Cypriniformes NCBITaxon:7952 unknown Cyprinidae NCBITaxon:7953 unknown Danio Brachydanio NCBITaxon:7954 unknown Danio rerio Brachidanio rerio Brachydanio rerio Cyprinus rerio Cyprinus rerio Hamilton, 1822 Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822) NCBITaxon:7955 leopard danio unknown zebra danio zebra fish zebrafish Sarcopterygii NCBITaxon:8287 unknown Amphibia NCBITaxon:8292 amphibians unknown Sauropsida NCBITaxon:8457 sauropsids unknown Testudines Anapsida NCBITaxon:8459 Reptilia Testudinata anapsid reptiles reptiles turtles unknown Archosauria NCBITaxon:8492 unknown Lepidosauria NCBITaxon:8504 Reptilia lepidosaurs lizards reptiles unknown Squamata NCBITaxon:8509 squamates unknown Dicondylia NCBITaxon:85512 unknown Serpentes NCBITaxon:8570 Ophidia snakes unknown Aves NCBITaxon:8782 birds unknown Panarthropoda NCBITaxon:88770 unknown Craniata NCBITaxon:89593 unknown Cetartiodactyla NCBITaxon:91561 unknown whales, hippos, ruminants, pigs, camels etc. Prototheria NCBITaxon:9254 unknown Monotremata NCBITaxon:9255 egg-laying mammals monotremes unknown Eutheria NCBITaxon:9347 Placentalia eutherian mammals placental mammals placentals unknown Primates NCBITaxon:9443 Primata primate primates unknown Catarrhini NCBITaxon:9526 unknown Hominidae NCBITaxon:9604 Pongidae great apes unknown Homo NCBITaxon:9605 unknown Homo sapiens NCBITaxon:9606 human man unknown Canidae NCBITaxon:9608 dog, coyote, wolf, fox unknown Canis NCBITaxon:9611 unknown Cetacea NCBITaxon:9721 unknown whale whales whales, dolphins, and porpoises Ruminantia Artiodactyla NCBITaxon:9845 unknown Rodentia NCBITaxon:9989 rodents unknown quality A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities. PATO:0000001 PATO:0000072 trait A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities. PATOC:GVG life span A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's expected maximum age. PATO:0000050 A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's expected maximum age. PATOC:GVG morphology A quality of a single physical entity inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's size or shape or structure. PATO:0000051 A quality of a single physical entity inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's size or shape or structure. PATOC:GVG shape A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ratios of distances between its features (points, edges, surfaces and also holes etc). PATO:0000052 PATO:0001647 Shapes are invariant on size transformations. Shapes can be subdivided into 2D and 3D shapes, We can also make a distinction between shapes of complete self-connected objects, and shapes of parts of objects. relational shape quality A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ratios of distances between its features (points, edges, surfaces and also holes etc). PATOC:GVG qualitative PATO:0000068 TODO: define this or obsolete it and move children somewhere else. deviation(from_normal) A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the whether the bearer differs from normal or average. PATO:0000069 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the whether the bearer differs from normal or average. PATOC:GVG size A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude. PATO:0000117 A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude. WordNet:WordNet structure A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative position, shape, arrangements and connectivity of an organism's various parts; the pattern underlying its form. PATO:0000141 PATO:0001452 relational structural quality A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative position, shape, arrangements and connectivity of an organism's various parts; the pattern underlying its form. PATOC:GVG time A quality in which events occur in sequence. PATO:0000165 A quality in which events occur in sequence. PATOC:GVG maturity A quality of a single physical entity which is held by a bearer when the latter exhibits complete growth, differentiation, or development. PATO:0000261 A quality of a single physical entity which is held by a bearer when the latter exhibits complete growth, differentiation, or development. Merriam-Webster:Merriam-Webster curved A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or being marked by a curve or smoothly rounded bend. PATO:0000406 bowing curled A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or being marked by a curve or smoothly rounded bend. WordNet:WordNet round A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being such that every part of the surface or the circumference is equidistant from the center. PATO:0000411 circular rounded A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being such that every part of the surface or the circumference is equidistant from the center. thefreedictionary.com:thefreedictionary.com normal A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting no deviation from normal or average. PATO:0000461 average A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting no deviation from normal or average. PATOC:GVG increased size A size quality which is relatively high. PATO:0000586 PATO:0001202 big enlarged great large A size quality which is relatively high. PATOC:GVG decreased size A size quality which is relatively low. PATO:0000587 hypoplasia small tiny underdeveloped A size quality which is relatively low. PATOC:GVG physical quality A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities. PATO:0001018 PATO:0002079 Wikipedia:Physical_property relational physical quality A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities. PATOC:GVG physical object quality A quality which inheres in a continuant. PATO:0001237 PATO:0001238 PATO:0001241 Relational qualities are qualities that hold between multiple entities. Normal (monadic) qualities such as the shape of a eyeball exist purely as a quality of that eyeball. A relational quality such as sensitivity to light is a quality of that eyeball (and connecting nervous system) as it relates to incoming light waves/particles. monadic quality of a continuant monadic quality of an object monadic quality of continuant multiply inhering quality of a physical entity quality of a continuant quality of a single physical entity quality of an object quality of continuant snap:Quality A quality which inheres in a continuant. PATOC:GVG ploidy A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's number of homologous sets of chromosomes in the nucleus or primary chromosome-containing compartment of the cell, each set essentially coding for all the biological traits of the organism. PATO:0001374 A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's number of homologous sets of chromosomes in the nucleus or primary chromosome-containing compartment of the cell, each set essentially coding for all the biological traits of the organism. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidy haploid A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing a single set of homologous chromosomes. PATO:0001375 A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing a single set of homologous chromosomes. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid euploid A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing an integral multiple of the monoploid number, possibly excluding the sex-determining chromosomes. PATO:0001393 A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing an integral multiple of the monoploid number, possibly excluding the sex-determining chromosomes. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euploid diploid A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two copies (homologs) of each chromosome, usually one from the mother and one from the father. PATO:0001394 The exact number may be one or two different from the 2n number and still be classified as diploidy (although with aneuploidy). Nearly all mammals are diploid organisms, although all individuals have some small fracton of cells that are polyploidy. A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two copies (homologs) of each chromosome, usually one from the mother and one from the father. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploid cellular quality A monadic quality of continuant that exists at the cellular level of organisation. PATO:0001396 A monadic quality of continuant that exists at the cellular level of organisation. PATOC:GVG cellular potency A cellular quality that arises by virtue of whether the bearer's disposition to differentiate into one or more mature cell types. PATO:0001397 A cellular quality that arises by virtue of whether the bearer's disposition to differentiate into one or more mature cell types. PATOC:GVG unipotent A cellular potency that is the capacity to produce only one differentiated cell type. PATO:0001400 Unipotent cells have the quality of self-renewal which distinguishes them from non-stem cells. A cellular potency that is the capacity to produce only one differentiated cell type. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unipotent oligopotent A cellular potency that is the capacity to form multiple differentiated cell types of a specific lineage and lack self renewing capacity. Less potent than multipotent, often thought of as precursor or progenitor cell status. PATO:0001401 A cellular potency that is the capacity to form multiple differentiated cell types of a specific lineage and lack self renewing capacity. PATOC:MAH multipotent A cellular potency that is the capacity to form multiple differentiated cell types. PATO:0001402 A cellular potency that is the capacity to form multiple differentiated cell types. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipotent nucleate quality A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of bearer's number of nuclei. PATO:0001404 A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of bearer's number of nuclei. PATOC:GVG anucleate A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having no nucleus. PATO:0001405 A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having no nucleus. Biology-online:Biology-online binucleate A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two nuclei. PATO:0001406 A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two nuclei. Biology-online:Biology-online mononucleate A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one nucleus. PATO:0001407 A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one nucleus. Biology-online:Biology-online immature A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking complete growth, differentiation, or development. PATO:0001501 underdeveloped A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking complete growth, differentiation, or development. Merriam-Webster:Merriam-Webster curvature A surface shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a degree of bending. PATO:0001591 A surface shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a degree of bending. WordNet:WordNet decreased life span A life span which is relatively low. PATO:0001604 low life span A life span which is relatively low. PATO:GVG domed A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a shape resembling a dome. PATO:0001789 A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a shape resembling a dome. PATOC:GVG concave A shape quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward. PATO:0001857 A shape quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward. WordNet:WordNet cylindrical A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently-sized round cross section. PATO:0001203 PATO:0001873 rod-like rod-shaped tube-like tube-shaped tubelike tubular tubulate A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently-sized round cross section. PATOC:MAH discoid A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being cylindrical, in which the height is less than the diameter. PATO:0001874 disc-shaped disk-shaped A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being cylindrical, in which the height is less than the diameter. PATOC:cjm multinucleate A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having more than one nucleus. PATO:0001908 A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having more than one nucleus. PATOC:GVG saccular A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a three dimensional cavity with a narrow or no opening, and often containing an anatomical substance. PATO:0001987 sacular A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a three dimensional cavity with a narrow or no opening, and often containing an anatomical substance. PATOC:MAH organismal quality A quality that inheres in an entire organism or part of an organism. PATO:0001995 A quality that inheres in an entire organism or part of an organism. PATOC:CJM concavity PATO:0002005 Surface shape that refers to the inward or outward curvature of the surface. PATOC:MAH Surface shape that refers to the inward or outward curvature of the surface. 2-D shape 2-D projection A shape that inheres in a 2 dimensional entity, such as a cross section or projection of a 3 dimensional entity. PATO:0002006 cross-sectional A shape that inheres in a 2 dimensional entity, such as a cross section or projection of a 3 dimensional entity. PATOC:CJM convex 3-D shape A complete three dimensional shape in which for every line connecting pair of points on the object is within the object. Or: a shape lacking cavities. Contrast: concave. Image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Convex_polygon_illustration1.png PATO:0002007 Use this term or an is_a child of this term when the entire shape of the object is known. A complete three dimensional shape in which for every line connecting pair of points on the object is within the object. Or: a shape lacking cavities. Contrast: concave. PATOC:CJM structure, cavities A structural quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing hollow areas. PATO:0002014 A structural quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing hollow areas. PATOC:GVG biconcave A concave quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward on both sides or surfaces. PATO:0002039 A concave quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward on both sides or surfaces. PATOC:GVG hollow 2009-09-18T02:19:20Z A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an empty space or cavity within. George Gkoutos PATO:0002078 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an empty space or cavity within. url:http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hollow differentiated 2009-10-05T12:58:54Z A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its stable specialization to a particular cell type. PATO:0002099 george A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its stable specialization to a particular cell type. PATOC:GVG 3-D shape 2010-10-05T12:31:16Z A shape that inheres in a 3 dimensional entity. PATO:0002266 george A shape that inheres in a 3 dimensional entity. PATOC:OREGON protein An amino acid chain that is produced de novo by ribosome-mediated translation of a genetically-encoded mRNA. PR:000000001 Proteins descended from a common ancestor can be classified into families and superfamilies composed of products of evolutionarily-related genes. The domain architecture of a protein is described by the order of its constituent domains. Proteins with the same domains in the same order are defined as homeomorphic [PRO:WCB]. An amino acid chain that is produced de novo by ribosome-mediated translation of a genetically-encoded mRNA. PRO:DAN PRO:WCB CD19 A protein that is a translation product of the CD19 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is composed of an N-terminal extracellular domain containing two Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains, followed by a single-pass transmembrane segment and a cytoplasmic C-terminal tail. CD19 expression is restricted to members of the B cell lineage. It functions as a co-receptor for B-cell antigen receptor (BCR), regulating signal transduction. B-lymphocyte surface antigen B4 CD19 Category=gene. PIRSF:PIRSF016630 PR:000001002 T-cell surface antigen Leu-12 differentiation antigen CD19 A protein that is a translation product of the CD19 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is composed of an N-terminal extracellular domain containing two Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains, followed by a single-pass transmembrane segment and a cytoplasmic C-terminal tail. CD19 expression is restricted to members of the B cell lineage. It functions as a co-receptor for B-cell antigen receptor (BCR), regulating signal transduction. PMID:15778510 CD34 A protein that is a translation product of the CD34 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is a leukocyte membrane protein expressed specifically by lymphohematopoietic progenitor cells. It contains a single-pass transmembrane domain and that show distinct expression on early hematopoietic precursors and vascular-associated tissue. Acts as a scaffold that presents selectin carbohydrate ligands in a clustered, tissue specific manner to allow for higher avidity interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells during the inflammatory process. In common with related sialomucins (endoglycan and podocalyxin), the extracellular region is dominated by an N-terminal mucin-like domain, which is densely substituted with sialylated O-linked carbohydrates. The mucin-like region is followed by a cysteine-containing and presumably globular domain. This domain may fold into an immunoglobulin-like structure as the positions of 2 of the cysteines are conserved in the C2 set of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The cytoplasmic domain is around 73-76 residues long and highly conserved. CD34 Category=gene. PIRSF:PIRSF028749 PR:000001003 A protein that is a translation product of the CD34 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is a leukocyte membrane protein expressed specifically by lymphohematopoietic progenitor cells. It contains a single-pass transmembrane domain and that show distinct expression on early hematopoietic precursors and vascular-associated tissue. Acts as a scaffold that presents selectin carbohydrate ligands in a clustered, tissue specific manner to allow for higher avidity interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells during the inflammatory process. In common with related sialomucins (endoglycan and podocalyxin), the extracellular region is dominated by an N-terminal mucin-like domain, which is densely substituted with sialylated O-linked carbohydrates. The mucin-like region is followed by a cysteine-containing and presumably globular domain. This domain may fold into an immunoglobulin-like structure as the positions of 2 of the cysteines are conserved in the C2 set of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The cytoplasmic domain is around 73-76 residues long and highly conserved. PMID:16720896 PMID:8983065 CD4 A protein that is a translation product of the CD4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD4 is an accessory protein for MHC class-II antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. It is the primary receptor for HIV-1. CD4 has four immunoglobulin-like domains in its extracellular region that share the same structure, but can differ in sequence. CD4 Category=gene. PIRSF:PIRSF001977 PR:000001004 T-cell differentiation antigen L3T4 T-cell surface antigen T4/Leu-3 A protein that is a translation product of the CD4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD4 is an accessory protein for MHC class-II antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. It is the primary receptor for HIV-1. CD4 has four immunoglobulin-like domains in its extracellular region that share the same structure, but can differ in sequence. PMID:15326605 integrin alpha with A domain An integrin alpha that contains an A domain. A hallmark of this class is the presence of a von Willebrand factor type A domain (PF00092) (I-domain) of approximately 200 amino acid residues at the N-terminus, which confers divalent cation binding properties. Unlike other integrin alpha proteins, they do not undergo proteolytic cleavage. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF002497 PR:000001005 integrin alpha with I domain An integrin alpha that contains an A domain. A hallmark of this class is the presence of a von Willebrand factor type A domain (PF00092) (I-domain) of approximately 200 amino acid residues at the N-terminus, which confers divalent cation binding properties. Unlike other integrin alpha proteins, they do not undergo proteolytic cleavage. PIRSF:PIRSF002497 leukocyte common antigen CD45 A protein that is a translation product of the PTPRC gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is composed of an extracellular domain, a single transmembrane segment and two tandem intracytoplasmic protein-tyrosine phosphatase domains. Contains 1 to 3 copies of the Fibronectin type III domain (PF00041) followed by two copies of the Protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PF00102) domain. CD45 regulates signal transduction and lymphocyte activation by specific association with receptor molecules on T and B cells. Multiple isoforms of CD45 (180-235 kDa) can be generated asa result of alternative splicing of three variable exons 4(A), 5(B) and 6(C), encoding sequences at the N-terminal extracellular domain of the molecule. CD45 Category=gene. L-CA PIRSF:PIRSF002004 PR:000001006 PTPRC T200 leukocyte common antigen ly-5 lymphocyte antigen 5 A protein that is a translation product of the PTPRC gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is composed of an extracellular domain, a single transmembrane segment and two tandem intracytoplasmic protein-tyrosine phosphatase domains. Contains 1 to 3 copies of the Fibronectin type III domain (PF00041) followed by two copies of the Protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PF00102) domain. CD45 regulates signal transduction and lymphocyte activation by specific association with receptor molecules on T and B cells. Multiple isoforms of CD45 (180-235 kDa) can be generated asa result of alternative splicing of three variable exons 4(A), 5(B) and 6(C), encoding sequences at the N-terminal extracellular domain of the molecule. PMID:1351092 PRO:CNA integrin alpha-2 An integrin alpha with A domain that is a translation product of the ITGA2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD49 antigen-like family member B CD49b Category=gene. GPIa ITGA2 PR:000001008 VLA-2 subunit alpha collagen receptor platelet membrane glycoprotein Ia An integrin alpha with A domain that is a translation product of the ITGA2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA integrin alpha-E An integrin alpha with A domain that is a translation product of the ITGAE gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD103 Category=gene. HML-1 antigen ITGAE PR:000001010 integrin alpha M290 integrin alpha-IEL mucosal lymphocyte 1 antigen An integrin alpha with A domain that is a translation product of the ITGAE gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA integrin alpha-M An integrin alpha with A domain that is a translation product of the ITGAM gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. They constitute subunits of the integrin alpha-M/beta-2 receptor. This receptor is implicated in various adhesive interactions of monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes as well as in mediating the uptake of complement-coated particles. It is also a receptor for fibrinogen, factor X and ICAM1. CD11 antigen-like family member B CD11b CR-3 alpha chain CR3A Category=gene. ITGAM PR:000001012 cell surface glycoprotein MAC-1 subunit alpha leukocyte adhesion receptor MO1 neutrophil adherence receptor An integrin alpha with A domain that is a translation product of the ITGAM gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. They constitute subunits of the integrin alpha-M/beta-2 receptor. This receptor is implicated in various adhesive interactions of monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes as well as in mediating the uptake of complement-coated particles. It is also a receptor for fibrinogen, factor X and ICAM1. UniProtKB:P11215 integrin alpha-X An integrin alpha with A domain that is a translation product of the ITGAX gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Integrin alpha-X complexed with beta-2 is a receptor for fibrinogen. It recognizes the sequence GPR in fibrinogen. It mediates cell-cell interaction during inflammatory responses. It is especially important in monocyte adhesion and chemotaxis. CD11 antigen-like family member C CD11c Category=gene. ITGAX Leu M5 PR:000001013 leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein p150,95 alpha chain leukocyte adhesion receptor p150,95 An integrin alpha with A domain that is a translation product of the ITGAX gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Integrin alpha-X complexed with beta-2 is a receptor for fibrinogen. It recognizes the sequence GPR in fibrinogen. It mediates cell-cell interaction during inflammatory responses. It is especially important in monocyte adhesion and chemotaxis. UniProtKB:P20702 :DNx Leu M5 leukocyte common antigen CD45 isoform CD45R A leukocyte common antigen CD45 that is a translation product of a mature transcript of the PTPRC gene, that includes the region encoded by the variable exons 4(A), 5(B), and 6(C). Represented by the sequence UniProtKB:P08575-1. B220 CD45R CD45RABC Category=sequence. PR:000001014 A leukocyte common antigen CD45 that is a translation product of a mature transcript of the PTPRC gene, that includes the region encoded by the variable exons 4(A), 5(B), and 6(C). Represented by the sequence UniProtKB:P08575-1. PMID:1351092 PRO:CNA leukocyte common antigen CD45 isoform CD45RA A leukocyte common antigen CD45 that is a translation product of a mature transcript of the PTPRC gene, that includes the region encoded by the variable exon 4(A), and lacks the region encoded by exons 5(B) and 6(C). CD45RA Category=sequence. PR:000001015 A leukocyte common antigen CD45 that is a translation product of a mature transcript of the PTPRC gene, that includes the region encoded by the variable exon 4(A), and lacks the region encoded by exons 5(B) and 6(C). PMID:1351092 PRO:CNA leukocyte common antigen CD45 isoform CD45RO 180 kDa form A leukocyte common antigen CD45 that is a translation product of a mature transcript of the PTPRC gene, that lacks the region encoded by the variable exons 4(A), 5(B), and 6(C). Represented by the sequence UniProtKB:P08575-2. Category=sequence. PR:000001017 T200 A leukocyte common antigen CD45 that is a translation product of a mature transcript of the PTPRC gene, that lacks the region encoded by the variable exons 4(A), 5(B), and 6(C). Represented by the sequence UniProtKB:P08575-2. PMID:1351092 PRO:CNA CD3 subunit with immunoglobulin domain A protein with a core domain composition consisting of an extracellular N-terminal domain that adopts an immunoglobulin fold, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular C-terminal domain with a single copy of the Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (PF02189) (ITAM). It constitutes the invariant subunit of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR). TCR is a surface receptor on T cells responsible for recognizing MHC-restricted antigens and initiating the cellular immune response. CD3 subunit with Ig-like domain Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF001993 PR:000001018 A protein with a core domain composition consisting of an extracellular N-terminal domain that adopts an immunoglobulin fold, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular C-terminal domain with a single copy of the Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (PF02189) (ITAM). It constitutes the invariant subunit of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR). TCR is a surface receptor on T cells responsible for recognizing MHC-restricted antigens and initiating the cellular immune response. PMID:16473826 PMID:1724736 CD3 epsilon A CD3 subunit that is a translation product of the CD3E gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD3e Category=gene. PR:000001020 T-cell surface antigen T3/Leu-4 epsilon chain T3E A CD3 subunit that is a translation product of the CD3E gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA neural cell adhesion molecule A protein with a domain composition consisting of a large extracellular domain, including five Ig-like C2-type domains followed by two copies of the Fibronectin type-III domain (PF00041), a single-pass transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic C-terminal domain. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF002507 PR:000001022 A protein with a domain composition consisting of a large extracellular domain, including five Ig-like C2-type domains followed by two copies of the Fibronectin type-III domain (PF00041), a single-pass transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic C-terminal domain. PRO:CNA neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM A neural cell adhesion molecule which is involved in neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and regeneration. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF501037 PR:000001023 A neural cell adhesion molecule which is involved in neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and regeneration. PMID:17975827 neural cell adhesion molecule 1 A neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM that is a translation product of the NCAM1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD56 Category=gene. N-CAM-1 NCAM NCAM-1 NCAM1 PR:000001024 A neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM that is a translation product of the NCAM1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA C-type lectin with multiple lectin domains A protein that is a type I transmembrane receptor with an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain, a single Fibronectin type II (FNII) domain (PF00040) and eight to ten copies of the Lectin C-type domain (PF00059) (CTLDs). The presence of multiple copies of the CTLD domain is a hallmark of this class. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF002427 PR:000001025 A protein that is a type I transmembrane receptor with an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain, a single Fibronectin type II (FNII) domain (PF00040) and eight to ten copies of the Lectin C-type domain (PF00059) (CTLDs). The presence of multiple copies of the CTLD domain is a hallmark of this class. PMID:12223280 lymphocyte antigen 75 A C-type lectin with multiple lectin domains that is a translation product of the LY75 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It consists of 12 extracellular domains (an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain, a fibronectin type II domain and 10 C-type carbohydrate recognition domains), a transmembrane region and a small cytoplasmic C terminus containing a single Tyr residue, but no obvious kinase domain. Acts as an endocytic receptor to direct captured antigens from the extracellular space to a specialized antigen-processing compartment. C-type lectin domain family 13 member B CD205 CLEC13B Category=gene. DEC-205 LY75 PR:000001026 gp200-MR6 ly-75 A C-type lectin with multiple lectin domains that is a translation product of the LY75 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It consists of 12 extracellular domains (an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain, a fibronectin type II domain and 10 C-type carbohydrate recognition domains), a transmembrane region and a small cytoplasmic C terminus containing a single Tyr residue, but no obvious kinase domain. Acts as an endocytic receptor to direct captured antigens from the extracellular space to a specialized antigen-processing compartment. PMID:9862343 T-cell surface antigen CD2 A protein that is a translation product of the CD2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD2 Category=gene. LFA-2 LFA-3 receptor PIRSF:PIRSF001984 PR:000001083 SRBC T-cell surface antigen T11/Leu-5 T-cell surface glycoprotein CD2 erythrocyte receptor ly-37 lymphocyte antigen 37 rosette receptor A protein that is a translation product of the CD2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain A protein that is a translation product of the CD8A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD8 is a transmembrane that is a co-receptor for MHC class-I antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. The most common form of CD8 is composed of a CD8 alpha and a CD8 beta chain. CD8a Category=gene. Lyt-2 Lyt2 MAL PANTHER:PTHR10441:SF1 PR:000001084 T-cell surface glycoprotein Lyt-2 T-lymphocyte differentiation antigen T8/Leu-2 A protein that is a translation product of the CD8A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD8 is a transmembrane that is a co-receptor for MHC class-I antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. The most common form of CD8 is composed of a CD8 alpha and a CD8 beta chain. PMID:11114424 PRO:CNA Wikipedia:CD8 T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain A protein that is a translation product of the CD8B1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CCD8 is a transmembrane that is a co-receptor for MHC class-I antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. The most common form of CD8 is composed of a CD8 alpha and a CD8 beta chain. CD8B1 CD8b Category=gene. Ly-3 Lyt-3 Lyt3 PIRSF:PIRSF002020 PR:000001085 T-cell membrane glycoprotein Ly-3 T-cell surface glycoprotein Lyt-3 lymphocyte antigen 3 A protein that is a translation product of the CD8B1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CCD8 is a transmembrane that is a co-receptor for MHC class-I antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. The most common form of CD8 is composed of a CD8 alpha and a CD8 beta chain. PRO:CNA Wikipedia:CD8 rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor A protein that contains the 7 transmembrane receptor (rhodopsin family) domain (Pfam:PF00001), which includes 7 transmembrane helices (TMI-TM7) with 3 intracellular loops (IL1-IL3) and 3 extracellular loops (EL1-EL3) between the helices. The amino-terminal region is extracellular and the carboxyl-terminal region is intracellular. Rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are unique among the several classes of GPCRs in that most have a very short amino-terminal segment and several characteristic sequence motifs, particularly NSxxNPxxY in TM7 and D/E-R-Y/F between TM3 and loop IL2. Most bind their ligands within a cavity between the TM regions. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF800006 PR:000001094 class 1 G protein-coupled receptor class A G protein-coupled receptor A protein that contains the 7 transmembrane receptor (rhodopsin family) domain (Pfam:PF00001), which includes 7 transmembrane helices (TMI-TM7) with 3 intracellular loops (IL1-IL3) and 3 extracellular loops (EL1-EL3) between the helices. The amino-terminal region is extracellular and the carboxyl-terminal region is intracellular. Rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are unique among the several classes of GPCRs in that most have a very short amino-terminal segment and several characteristic sequence motifs, particularly NSxxNPxxY in TM7 and D/E-R-Y/F between TM3 and loop IL2. Most bind their ligands within a cavity between the TM regions. PMID:12761335 PRO:WCB PMID:15914470 class 1 G protein-coupled receptor IUPHAR:http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorListForward class A G protein-coupled receptor chemokine receptor A rhodopsin-like G protein coupled receptor whose active form binds one or more chemokines. Only those that have been unequivocally shown to activate a G protein-coupled signaling pathway appear on the official IUPHAR list. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF038545 PR:000001128 A rhodopsin-like G protein coupled receptor whose active form binds one or more chemokines. Only those that have been unequivocally shown to activate a G protein-coupled signaling pathway appear on the official IUPHAR list. PMID:12037138 PRO:WCB chemokine receptor CCR1/3/1L A rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor that is a translation product of the CCR1, CCR3, or CCR1L1 genes (the last found so far only in mouse). Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF501024 PR:000001197 A rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor that is a translation product of the CCR1, CCR3, or CCR1L1 genes (the last found so far only in mouse). PRO:WCB chemokine receptor CCR2 A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the CCR2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligands include CCL2, CCL7, CCL8, CCL13. C-C CKR-2 CC-CKR-2 CCR-2 CCR2 CD192 CMKBR2 Category=gene. JE/FIC receptor MCP-1 receptor MCP-1-R PR:000001199 monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 receptor A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the CCR2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligands include CCL2, CCL7, CCL8, CCL13. PMID:12037138 PRO:WCB chemokine receptor CCR5 A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the CCR5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligands include CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL8, CCL14. C-C CKR-5 CC-CKR-5 CCR-5 CCR5 CD195 CHEMR13 CMKBR5 Category=gene. HIV-1 fusion coreceptor MIP-1 alpha receptor PR:000001201 A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the CCR5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligands include CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL8, CCL14. PMID:12037138 PRO:WCB chemokine receptor CCR6 A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the CCR6 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is CCL20. C-C CKR-6 CC-CKR-6 CCR-6 CCR6 CD196 CKR-L3 CKRL3 CMKBR6 Category=gene. DRY6 G-protein coupled receptor 29 GPR-CY4 GPR29 GPRCY4 KY411 LARC receptor PR:000001202 STRL22 chemokine receptor-like 3 A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the CCR6 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is CCL20. PMID:12037138 PRO:WCB chemokine receptor CCR7 A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the CCR7 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligands are CCL19 and CCL21. BLR2 C-C CKR-7 CC-CKR-7 CCR-7 CCR7 CD197 CDw197 CMKBR7 Category=gene. EBI1 EBV-induced G-protein coupled receptor 1 EVI1 Ebi1h MIP-3 beta receptor PR:000001203 epstein-Barr virus-induced G-protein coupled receptor 1 A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the CCR7 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligands are CCL19 and CCL21. PMID:12037138 PRO:WCB chemokine receptor CX3CR1 A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the CX3CR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is CX3CL1. C-X3-C CKR-1 CMK-BRL-1 CMK-BRL1 CMKBRL1 CX3CR1 Category=gene. G-protein coupled receptor 13 GPR13 PIRSF:PIRSF501025 PR:000001206 V28 beta chemokine receptor-like 1 fractalkine receptor A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the CX3CR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is CX3CL1. PMID:12037138 PRO:WCB chemokine receptor CXCR4 A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the CXCR4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is CXCL12. CD184 CXC-R4 CXCR-4 CXCR4 Category=gene. Cmkar4 FB22 HM89 LCR1 LESTR NPYRL PB-CKR PIRSF:PIRSF501021 PR:000001208 SDF-1 receptor Sdf1r fusin leukocyte-derived seven transmembrane domain receptor pre-B-cell-derived chemokine receptor stromal cell-derived factor 1 receptor A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the CXCR4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is CXCL12. PMID:12037138 PRO:WCB chemokine receptor CXCR5 A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the CXCR5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is CXCL13. BLR1 CD185 CXC-R5 CXCR-5 CXCR5 Category=gene. Gpcr6 MDR-15 MDR15 PANTHER:PTHR24227:SF213 PR:000001209 burkitt lymphoma receptor 1 burkitt lymphoma receptor 1 homolog monocyte-derived receptor 15 A chemokine receptor that is a translation product of the CXCR5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is CXCL13. PMID:12037138 PRO:WCB high affinity interleukin-8 receptor A chemokine receptor whose active form binds interleukin-8 with high affinity. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF501022 PR:000001226 A chemokine receptor whose active form binds interleukin-8 with high affinity. PRO:WCB chemokine receptor CCR1 A chemokine receptor CCR1/3/1L that is a translation product of the CCR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. C-C CKR-1 CC-CKR-1 CCR-1 CCR1 CD191 CMKBR1 CMKR1 Category=gene. HM145 LD78 receptor MIP-1alpha-R PR:000001254 RANTES-R SCYAR1 macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha receptor A chemokine receptor CCR1/3/1L that is a translation product of the CCR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB chemokine receptor CCR3 A chemokine receptor CCR1/3/1L that is a translation product of the CCR3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. C-C CKR-3 CC-CKR-3 CCR-3 CCR3 CD193 CKR3 CMKBR3 Category=gene. Cmkbr1l2 MIP-1 alpha RL2 PR:000001255 eosinophil eotaxin receptor macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha receptor-like 2 A chemokine receptor CCR1/3/1L that is a translation product of the CCR3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PMID:12037138 PRO:WCB high affinity interleukin-8 receptor A A high affinity interleukin-8 receptor that is a translation product of the IL8RA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD181 CDw128a CMKAR1 CXC-R1 CXCR-1 CXCR1 Category=gene. IL-8 receptor type 1 IL-8R A IL8RA PR:000001256 high affinity interleukin-8 receptor A A high affinity interleukin-8 receptor that is a translation product of the IL8RA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB high affinity interleukin-8 receptor B A high affinity interleukin-8 receptor that is a translation product of the IL8RB gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD182 CDw128b CXC-R2 CXCR-2 CXCR2 Category=gene. Cmkar2 GRO/MGSA receptor Gpcr16 IL-8 receptor type 2 IL-8R B IL8RB PR:000001257 high affinity interleukin-8 receptor B A high affinity interleukin-8 receptor that is a translation product of the IL8RB gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB ADP-ribosyl cyclase A protein that contains the ADP-ribosyl cyclase domain (PF02267). Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF005736 PR:000001281 A protein that contains the ADP-ribosyl cyclase domain (PF02267). PRO:WCB B-cell receptor CD22 A protein that is a translation product of the CD22 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. B-lymphocyte cell adhesion molecule BL-CAM CD22 Category=gene. Lyb-8 PR:000001288 SIGLEC2 T-cell surface antigen Leu-14 sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 2 siglec-2 A protein that is a translation product of the CD22 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB B-cell surface antigen CD20 A protein that is a translation product of the MS4A1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. B-cell differentiation antigen Ly-44 B-lymphocyte surface antigen B1 Bp35 CD20 Category=gene. Ly-44 MS4A1 Ms4a2 PIRSF:PIRSF001995 PR:000001289 leukocyte surface antigen Leu-16 lymphocyte antigen 44 membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 A protein that is a translation product of the MS4A1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB :DNx Bp35 B7-related protein A protein that is a member of a family that includes translation products of genes CD86, CD276, ICOSLG, and others. These are membrane-anchored proteins with a small intracellular domain and an extracellular domain with signal sequence, an Immunoglobulin V-set domain (PF07686), and a CD80-like C2-set immunoglobulin domain (PF08205). Category=family. PR:000001290 A protein that is a member of a family that includes translation products of genes CD86, CD276, ICOSLG, and others. These are membrane-anchored proteins with a small intracellular domain and an extracellular domain with signal sequence, an Immunoglobulin V-set domain (PF07686), and a CD80-like C2-set immunoglobulin domain (PF08205). PRO:WCB C-type lectin domain family 4 member C A protein that is a translation product of the CLEC4C gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. BDCA-2 BDCA2 C-type lectin superfamily member 7 CD303 CLEC4C CLECSF11 CLECSF7 Category=gene. DLEC HECL PR:000001292 blood dendritic cell antigen 2 dendritic lectin A protein that is a translation product of the CLEC4C gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB C-type lectin domain family 4 member K A protein that is a translation product of the CD207 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD207 CLEC4K Category=gene. PR:000001293 langerin A protein that is a translation product of the CD207 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB CD209 antigen A protein that is a translation product of the CD209 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. C-type lectin domain family 4 member L CD209 CLEC4L Category=gene. This gene and CLEC4M are products of a recent gene duplication in the primate lineage. Independent duplications of an ancestral gene have given rise to several orthologs in rodents, including CD209A. DC-SIGN DC-SIGN1 PR:000001300 dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin 1 A protein that is a translation product of the CD209 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB CD44 antigen A protein that is a translation product of the CD44 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD44 CDw44 Category=gene. ECMR-III GP90 lymphocyte homing/adhesion receptor HUTCH-I LHR MDU2 MDU3 MIC4 PGP-1 PGP-I PR:000001307 epican extracellular matrix receptor III heparan sulfate proteoglycan hermes antigen hyaluronate receptor ly-24 lymphocyte antigen 24 phagocytic glycoprotein 1 phagocytic glycoprotein I A protein that is a translation product of the CD44 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB CD48 antigen A protein that is a translation product of the CD48 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. B-lymphocyte activation marker BLAST-1 BCM1 BCM1 surface antigen BLAST-1 BLAST1 Bcm-1 CD48 Category=gene. HM48-1 MRC OX-45 surface antigen PANTHER:PTHR12080:SF3 PIRSF:PIRSF001973 PR:000001308 TCT.1 leukocyte antigen MEM-102 sgp-60 A protein that is a translation product of the CD48 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB CD83 antigen A protein that is a translation product of the CD83 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. B-cell activation protein CD83 Category=gene. PR:000001310 cell surface protein HB15 hCD83 A protein that is a translation product of the CD83 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB L-selectin A protein that is a translation product of the SELL gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is a leukocyte adhesion receptor that play an important role in regulating the inflammatory response by mediating leukocyte tethering and rolling on adherent leukocytes. CD62 antigen-like family member L CD62L Category=gene. LAM-1 LECAM1 LNHR LYAM1 Ly22 PIRSF:PIRSF002421 PR:000001318 SELL TQ1 gp90-MEL leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 leukocyte surface antigen Leu-8 leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 ly-22 lymph node homing receptor lymphocyte antigen 22 lymphocyte surface MEL-14 antigen A protein that is a translation product of the SELL gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is a leukocyte adhesion receptor that play an important role in regulating the inflammatory response by mediating leukocyte tethering and rolling on adherent leukocytes. PMID:12403782 PRO:JAN SLAM family member 5 A protein that is a translation product of the CD84 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD84 Category=gene. PANTHER:PTHR12080:SF6 PR:000001319 SLAMF5 cell surface antigen MAX.3 hly9-beta leukocyte differentiation antigen CD84 signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 5 A protein that is a translation product of the CD84 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase A protein that is a stand alone version of the Glycosyltransferase family 10 (fucosyltransferase) (PF00852) domain. Proteins in this class may catalyze alpha-1,3 glycosidic linkages. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF005726 PR:000001320 A protein that is a stand alone version of the Glycosyltransferase family 10 (fucosyltransferase) (PF00852) domain. Proteins in this class may catalyze alpha-1,3 glycosidic linkages. PMID:9451017 bone marrow stromal antigen 2 A protein that is a translation product of the BST2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. BST-2 BST2 CD317 Category=gene. HM1.24 antigen PIRSF:PIRSF023920 PR:000001326 tetherin A protein that is a translation product of the BST2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB cadherin A protein that has a core domain structure of signal sequence, propeptide, five Cadherin domains (PF00028), a transmembrane region, and a Cadherin cytoplasmic region (PF01049). Cadherins function as adhesion molecules that mediate Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion in solid tissues. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF002504 PR:000001327 A protein that has a core domain structure of signal sequence, propeptide, five Cadherin domains (PF00028), a transmembrane region, and a Cadherin cytoplasmic region (PF01049). Cadherins function as adhesion molecules that mediate Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion in solid tissues. PRO:WCB carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 8 A protein that is a translation product of the CEACAM8 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD66b CD67 antigen CEACAM8 CGM6 Category=gene. PR:000001332 carcinoembryonic antigen CGM6 non-specific cross-reacting antigen NCA-95 A protein that is a translation product of the CEACAM8 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA complement receptor type 1 A protein that is a translation product of the CR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. There is no counterpart in mouse. C3BR C3b/C4b receptor CD35 CR1 Category=gene. PR:000001337 A protein that is a translation product of the CR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. There is no counterpart in mouse. PRO:WCB complement receptor type 2 A protein that is a translation product of the CR2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. C3DR CD21 Category=gene. Cr2 EBV receptor PIRSF:PIRSF002484 PR:000001338 complement C3d receptor epstein-Barr virus receptor A protein that is a translation product of the CR2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB :DNx Cr2 early activation antigen CD69 A protein that is a translation product of the CD69 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. A type II transmembrane protein with a C-type lectin binding domain in the extracellular portion of the molecule. Involved in lymphocyte proliferation and functions as a signal transmitting receptor in lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and platelets. AIM BL-AC/P26 C-type lectin domain family 2 member C CD69 CLEC2C Category=gene. EA1 GP32/28 MLR-3 PR:000001343 activation inducer molecule early T-cell activation antigen p60 leukocyte surface antigen Leu-23 A protein that is a translation product of the CD69 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. A type II transmembrane protein with a C-type lectin binding domain in the extracellular portion of the molecule. Involved in lymphocyte proliferation and functions as a signal transmitting receptor in lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and platelets. PMID:10466080 PRO:CNA UniProtKB:Q07108 ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 3 A protein that is a translation product of the ENPP3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD203c Category=gene. E-NPP 3 ENPP3 PD-Ibeta PDNP3 PR:000001344 phosphodiesterase I beta phosphodiesterase I/nucleotide pyrophosphatase 3 A protein that is a translation product of the ENPP3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB endoglin A protein that is a translation product of the ENG gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD105 Category=gene. END ENG Edg PIRSF:PIRSF038746 PR:000001345 cell surface MJ7/18 antigen A protein that is a translation product of the ENG gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA forkhead box protein P3 A protein that is a translation product of the FOXP3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. FOXP3 IPEX PR:000001350 scurfin A protein that is a translation product of the FOXP3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA glycophorin A protein that contains an extracellular Glycophorin A domain (PF01102), followed by a single-pass transmembrane region and a small intracellular domain. A protein that is an integral protein of the red cell membrane. Proteins in this class are responsible for the molecular basis of the blood group antigens, surface markers on the outside of the red blood cell membrane. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF002466 PR:000001352 A protein that contains an extracellular Glycophorin A domain (PF01102), followed by a single-pass transmembrane region and a small intracellular domain. A protein that is an integral protein of the red cell membrane. Proteins in this class are responsible for the molecular basis of the blood group antigens, surface markers on the outside of the red blood cell membrane. InterPro:IPR001195 PRO:CNA immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor II/III/IV A protein with a core domain architecture consisting of an extracellular domain containing two copies of the Immunoglobulin domain (PF00047), followed by a single-pass transmembrane region and a small intracellular domain. The active protein is a low affinity receptor for immunoglobulin gamma chain Fc region. Human II-a, II-b, and II-c represent a recent gene expansion and are equally related to mouse II, III, and IV. Human III-A and III-B are closely related and closer to mouse IV than to mouse III. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF001980 PR:000001355 A protein with a core domain architecture consisting of an extracellular domain containing two copies of the Immunoglobulin domain (PF00047), followed by a single-pass transmembrane region and a small intracellular domain. The active protein is a low affinity receptor for immunoglobulin gamma chain Fc region. Human II-a, II-b, and II-c represent a recent gene expansion and are equally related to mouse II, III, and IV. Human III-A and III-B are closely related and closer to mouse IV than to mouse III. PRO:WCB immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I A protein with a core domain architecture consisting of an extracellular domain containing two or three copies of the Immunoglobulin domain (PF00047), followed by a single-pass transmembrane region and a small intracellular domain. The active protein is a low affinity receptor for immunoglobulin gamma chain Fc region. It comprises the translation products of the FCGR1 gene (mouse) or one of the closely related FCGR1A, FCGR1B, or FCGR1C genes (human). FCGR1C may be a pseudogene in humans. Category=family. Fc-gamma receptor PIRSF:PIRSF001981 PR:000001356 A protein with a core domain architecture consisting of an extracellular domain containing two or three copies of the Immunoglobulin domain (PF00047), followed by a single-pass transmembrane region and a small intracellular domain. The active protein is a low affinity receptor for immunoglobulin gamma chain Fc region. It comprises the translation products of the FCGR1 gene (mouse) or one of the closely related FCGR1A, FCGR1B, or FCGR1C genes (human). FCGR1C may be a pseudogene in humans. PRO:CNA interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha A protein that is a translation product of the IL2RA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD25 Category=gene. IL-2 receptor subunit alpha IL-2-RA IL-2R subunit alpha IL2-RA IL2RA Il2r PIRSF:PIRSF001954 PR:000001380 TAC antigen p55 A protein that is a translation product of the IL2RA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta A protein that is a translation product of the IL2RB gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD122 Category=gene. IL-2 receptor subunit beta IL-2R subunit beta IL-2RB IL2RB PR:000001381 high affinity IL-2 receptor subunit beta p70-75 p75 A protein that is a translation product of the IL2RB gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily A member 4 A protein that is a translation product of the LILRA4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. This gene is a member of a lineage-specific gene expansion in primates. CD85 antigen-like family member G CD85g Category=gene. ILT-7 ILT7 LILRA4 PR:000001398 immunoglobulin-like transcript 7 A protein that is a translation product of the LILRA4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. This gene is a member of a lineage-specific gene expansion in primates. PRO:WCB natural killer cells antigen CD94 A protein that is a translation product of the KLRD1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD94 Category=gene. KLRD1 KP43 NK cell receptor PR:000001402 killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily D member 1 A protein that is a translation product of the KLRD1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB tetraspanin A protein with four transmembrane domains, small intracellular amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions, and two extracellular loops, a small one (EC1) and a larger one (EC2) of about 100 residues. The EC2 loop contains at least 4 cysteine residues, including a highly conserved 'CCG' motif. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF002419 PR:000001403 A protein with four transmembrane domains, small intracellular amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions, and two extracellular loops, a small one (EC1) and a larger one (EC2) of about 100 residues. The EC2 loop contains at least 4 cysteine residues, including a highly conserved 'CCG' motif. PRO:WCB Wikipedia:Tetraspanin ADP-ribosyl cyclase 1 An ADP-ribosyl cyclase that is a translation product of the CD38 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD38 Category=gene. I-19 NIM-R5 antigen PR:000001408 T10 cADPr hydrolase 1 cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1 An ADP-ribosyl cyclase that is a translation product of the CD38 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB CD86 antigen A B7-related protein that is a translation product of the CD86 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. B70 BU63 CD28LG2 CD86 CTLA-4 counter-receptor B7.2 Category=gene. ETC-1 FUN-1 PANTHER:PTHR25462:SF45 PR:000001412 activation B7-2 antigen early T-cell costimulatory molecule 1 A B7-related protein that is a translation product of the CD86 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB N-formyl peptide receptor A rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor that is a translation product of the FPR1, FPR2, or FPR3 gene and whose active form binds N-formyl methionyl peptides. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF038561 PR:000001431 A rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor that is a translation product of the FPR1, FPR2, or FPR3 gene and whose active form binds N-formyl methionyl peptides. InterPro:IPR000826 PRO:WCB T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD80 A B7-related protein that is a translation product of the CD80 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. B7 BB1 CD28LG CD28LG1 CD80 CTLA-4 counter-receptor B7.1 Category=gene. LAB7 PR:000001438 activation B7-1 antigen A B7-related protein that is a translation product of the CD80 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB cadherin-5 7B4 antigen A cadherin that is a translation product of the CDH5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD144 CDH5 Category=gene. PR:000001444 VE-cadherin vascular endothelial cadherin A cadherin that is a translation product of the CDH5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB epithelial cadherin A cadherin that is a translation product of the CDH1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. ARC-1 CAM 120/80 CD324 CDH1 CDHE Category=gene. E-cadherin PR:000001447 UVO epithelial cadherin uvomorulin A cadherin that is a translation product of the CDH1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB fucosyltransferase FUT4 A fucosyltransferase that is a translation product of the FUT4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD15 Category=gene. ELAM-1 ligand fucosyltransferase ELFT FCT3A FUT4 Fuc-TIV FucT-IV PR:000001456 fucosyltransferase 4 fucosyltransferase IV galactoside 3-L-fucosyltransferase :DNx Fuc-TIV A fucosyltransferase that is a translation product of the FUT4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA glycophorin-A A glycophorin that is a translation product of the GYPA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is the major sialoglycoprotein of the erythrocyte membrane. Structurally, glycophorin A consists of an N-terminal extracellular domain, heavily glycosylated on Ser and threonine residues, followed by a transmembrane region and a C-terminal cytoplasmic domain. CD235a Category=gene. GPA GYPA MN sialoglycoprotein PAS-2 PR:000001460 sialoglycoprotein alpha A glycophorin that is a translation product of the GYPA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is the major sialoglycoprotein of the erythrocyte membrane. Structurally, glycophorin A consists of an N-terminal extracellular domain, heavily glycosylated on Ser and threonine residues, followed by a transmembrane region and a C-terminal cytoplasmic domain. InterPro:IPR001195 PRO:CNA high affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I An immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I that is a translation product of the FCGR1A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD64 Category=gene. The Fcgr1 gene in mouse is a 1:1 ortholog of FCGR1A, not FCGR1B. FCG1 FCGR1 FCGR1A Fc-gamma RI FcRI IGFR1 IgG Fc receptor I PR:000001465 An immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I that is a translation product of the FCGR1A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II An immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor II/III/IV that is a translation product of the FCGR2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD32 Category=gene. Fc gamma receptor IIB Fc-gamma RII Fc-gamma-RIIB FcRII Fcgr2 Fcgr2b IgG Fc receptor II beta PR:000001479 ly-17 lymphocyte antigen 17 An immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor II/III/IV that is a translation product of the FCGR2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-b An immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor II/III/IV that is a translation product of the FCGR2B gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD32 CDw32 Category=gene. FCG2 FCGR2B Fc-gamma RII-b Fc-gamma-RIIb FcRII-b IGFR2 IgG Fc receptor II-b PR:000001481 An immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor II/III/IV that is a translation product of the FCGR2B gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III An immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor II/III/IV that is a translation product of the FCGR3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD16 Category=gene. Fc-gamma RIII FcRIII Fcgr3 IgG Fc receptor III PR:000001483 An immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor II/III/IV that is a translation product of the FCGR3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA fMet-Leu-Phe receptor An N-formyl peptide receptor that is a translation product of the FPR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is the peptide fMet-Leu-Phe, a bacterial peptide that acts as a chemoattractant in various pathophysiological conditions. Category=gene. FPR FPR1 N-formyl peptide receptor N-formylpeptide chemoattractant receptor PR:000001580 fMLP receptor An N-formyl peptide receptor that is a translation product of the FPR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The preferred ligand is the peptide fMet-Leu-Phe, a bacterial peptide that acts as a chemoattractant in various pathophysiological conditions. InterPro:IPR000826 PRO:WCB transcription factor NF-kappa-B A protein with a core domain composition consisting of a Rel homology domain (RHD) (PF00554), an IPT/TIG domain (PF01833), six copies of the Ankyrin repeat (PF00023), a Death domain (PF00531) and a C-terminal PEST region. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF036310 PR:000001753 A protein with a core domain composition consisting of a Rel homology domain (RHD) (PF00554), an IPT/TIG domain (PF01833), six copies of the Ankyrin repeat (PF00023), a Death domain (PF00531) and a C-terminal PEST region. PRO:JAN prominin A protein with core architecture consisting of one Prominin (PF05478) domain. The prominins are an emerging family of proteins that, among the multispan membrane proteins, display a novel topology. Mouse and Homo sapiens prominin and prominin-like 1 are predicted to contain five membrane spanning domains, with an N-terminal domain exposed to the extracellular space followed by four, alternating small cytoplasmic and large extracellular, loops and a cytoplasmic C-terminal domain. Category=family. PANTHER:PTHR22730 PIRSF:PIRSF017831 PR:000001785 A protein with core architecture consisting of one Prominin (PF05478) domain. The prominins are an emerging family of proteins that, among the multispan membrane proteins, display a novel topology. Mouse and Homo sapiens prominin and prominin-like 1 are predicted to contain five membrane spanning domains, with an N-terminal domain exposed to the extracellular space followed by four, alternating small cytoplasmic and large extracellular, loops and a cytoplasmic C-terminal domain. InterPro:IPR008795 PMID:11467842 prominin-1 A prominin that is a translation product of the PROM1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD133 Category=gene. PR:000001786 PROM1 PROML1 Prom antigen AC133 antigen AC133 homolog prominin-like protein 1 A prominin that is a translation product of the PROM1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA 5'-nucleotidase 5'-NT A protein that is a translation product of the NT5E gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD73 Category=gene. NT5 NT5E NTE PR:000001800 ecto-5'-nucleotidase A protein that is a translation product of the NT5E gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB C-type lectin domain family 6 member A A protein that is a translation product of the CLEC6A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. C-type lectin superfamily member 10 CLEC6A CLECSF10 Category=gene. Clec4n DC-associated C-type lectin 2 DECTIN2 PR:000001806 dectin-2 dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin 2 A protein that is a translation product of the CLEC6A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB C-type lectin domain family 7 member A A protein that is a translation product of the CLEC7A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. BGR C-type lectin superfamily member 12 CLEC7A CLECSF12 Category=gene. DC-associated C-type lectin 1 DECTIN1 PR:000001807 beta-glucan receptor dectin-1 dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin 1 A protein that is a translation product of the CLEC7A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB CD59-like glycoprotein A protein that is a translation product of the CD59 or closely related gene. This gene is present as a single copy in human and has undergone a lineage-specific duplication in mouse. CD59 antigen has a core architecture consisting of one UPAR/Ly-6 domain (PF00021), a small domain of about 70 amino acids and containing 5 conserved disulfide bonds. It is both N- and O-glycosylated and is a GPI-anchored protein that releases soluble forms in some tissues. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF038782 PR:000001809 A protein that is a translation product of the CD59 or closely related gene. This gene is present as a single copy in human and has undergone a lineage-specific duplication in mouse. CD59 antigen has a core architecture consisting of one UPAR/Ly-6 domain (PF00021), a small domain of about 70 amino acids and containing 5 conserved disulfide bonds. It is both N- and O-glycosylated and is a GPI-anchored protein that releases soluble forms in some tissues. PRO:WCB CSF-1/PDGF receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase A protein with core architecture consisting of asignal sequence, 5 Ig-like domains, followed by a transmembrane sequence, followed by a Protein tyrosine kinase domain (PF07714). However, only 1-3 of the Ig domains are detected by the Pfam HMMs in most of the sequences. PF00047 is most common, but other members of the Ig domain clan, PF07679 and PF07686 can be identified instead. The fourth Ig domain lacks the disulfide-bonded cysteines. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF000615 PR:000001810 A protein with core architecture consisting of asignal sequence, 5 Ig-like domains, followed by a transmembrane sequence, followed by a Protein tyrosine kinase domain (PF07714). However, only 1-3 of the Ig domains are detected by the Pfam HMMs in most of the sequences. PF00047 is most common, but other members of the Ig domain clan, PF07679 and PF07686 can be identified instead. The fourth Ig domain lacks the disulfide-bonded cysteines. PRO:WCB EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1 A protein that is a translation product of the EMR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. EGF-like module receptor 1 EMR1 EMR1 hormone receptor Gpf480 PIRSF:PIRSF038685 PR:000001813 TM7LN3 cell surface glycoprotein F4/80 A protein that is a translation product of the EMR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB SIRP/SHPS-1 family protein A protein with core architecture consisting of a signal sequence, one Immunoglobulin V-set domain (PF07686), two Immunoglobulin C1-set domains (PF07654), a single-pass transmembrane region and a very small cytoplasmic region. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF038063 PR:000001832 A protein with core architecture consisting of a signal sequence, one Immunoglobulin V-set domain (PF07686), two Immunoglobulin C1-set domains (PF07654), a single-pass transmembrane region and a very small cytoplasmic region. PRO:WCB SLAM family member 1 A protein that is a translation product of the SLAMF1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD150 CDw150 Category=gene. IPO-3 PANTHER:PTHR12080:SF1 PR:000001833 SLAM SLAMF1 A protein that is a translation product of the SLAMF1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB T-box transcription factor TBX21 A protein that is a translation product of the TBX21 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. PR:000001835 T-box protein 21 T-cell-specific T-box transcription factor T-bet TBET TBLYM TBX21 transcription factor TBLYM A protein that is a translation product of the TBX21 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB T-cell antigen CD7 A protein that is a translation product of the CD7 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD7 Category=gene. GP40 PIRSF:PIRSF038791 PR:000001836 T-cell leukemia antigen T-cell surface antigen Leu-9 TP41 A protein that is a translation product of the CD7 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1 A protein with core architecture consisting of a signal sequence, an extracellular region with Class I Histocompatibility antigen, domains alpha 1 and alpha two (PF00129) and an Immunoglobulin C1-set domain (PF07654), a single-pass transmembrane region, and a very short cytoplasmic region. Forms a heterodimer with beta-2 microglobulin. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF038798 PR:000001838 A protein with core architecture consisting of a signal sequence, an extracellular region with Class I Histocompatibility antigen, domains alpha 1 and alpha two (PF00129) and an Immunoglobulin C1-set domain (PF07654), a single-pass transmembrane region, and a very short cytoplasmic region. Forms a heterodimer with beta-2 microglobulin. PRO:WCB T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 A protein that is a translation product of the CD5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD5 Category=gene. LEU1 Lyt-1 PANTHER:PTHR19331:SF6 PR:000001839 ly-1 lymphocyte antigen 1 lymphocyte antigen T1/Leu-1 :DNx Lyt-1 A protein that is a translation product of the CD5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 A protein that is a translation product of the CD28 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD28 Category=gene. PR:000001841 TP44 A protein that is a translation product of the CD28 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB Thy-1 membrane glycoprotein A protein that is a translation product of the THY1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD90 CDw90 Category=gene. PIRSF:PIRSF038777 PR:000001843 THY1 Thy-1 Thy-1 antigen A protein that is a translation product of the THY1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB :DNx Thy-1 antigen arginase-1 A protein that is a translation product of the ARG1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. ARG1 Category=gene. PR:000001844 liver-type arginase type I arginase A protein that is a translation product of the ARG1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB cathepsin K A protein that is a translation product of the CTSK gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CTSK CTSO CTSO2 Category=gene. PR:000001850 cathepsin O cathepsin O2 cathepsin X A protein that is a translation product of the CTSK gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 A protein that is a translation product of the CTLA4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD152 CTLA-4 CTLA4 Category=gene. PR:000001852 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 A protein that is a translation product of the CTLA4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB immunoglobulin iota chain A protein that is a translation product of the VPREB1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The gene is recently and independently duplicated in mouse and rabbit, giving rise to very closely related VPREB2 genes in those species. The protein associates with the Ig-mu chain to form a molecular complex that is expressed only on the surface of pre-B-cells. CD179 antigen-like family member A CD179a Category=gene. PIRSF:PIRSF038787 PR:000001858 V(pre)B protein VPREB VPREB1 VpreB protein protein VPreB1 A protein that is a translation product of the VPREB1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. The gene is recently and independently duplicated in mouse and rabbit, giving rise to very closely related VPREB2 genes in those species. The protein associates with the Ig-mu chain to form a molecular complex that is expressed only on the surface of pre-B-cells. PRO:WCB immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 1 A protein that is a translation product of the IGLL1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD179 antigen-like family member B CD179b Category=gene. IGL1 IGLL1 Ig lambda-5 Igl-5 PR:000001859 immunoglobulin omega polypeptide immunoglobulin-related protein 14.1 A protein that is a translation product of the IGLL1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB inducible T-cell costimulator A protein that is a translation product of the ICOS gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. AILIM CCLP CD278 CD28 and CTLA-4-like protein CD28-related protein 1 CRP-1 Category=gene. ICOS PR:000001860 activation-inducible lymphocyte immunomediatory molecule A protein that is a translation product of the ICOS gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB integrin beta A protein with core architecture consisting of a large extracellular region containing one Integrin, beta chain domain (PF00362), up to four EGF-like domains (PF07974), and an Integrin beta tail domain (PF07965), followed by a single-pass transmembrane region and a small cytoplasmic region often containing an Integrin beta cytoplasmic domain (PF08725). Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF002512 PR:000001861 A protein with core architecture consisting of a large extracellular region containing one Integrin, beta chain domain (PF00362), up to four EGF-like domains (PF07974), and an Integrin beta tail domain (PF07965), followed by a single-pass transmembrane region and a small cytoplasmic region often containing an Integrin beta cytoplasmic domain (PF08725). PRO:WCB interleukin-3 receptor class 2 alpha chain A protein that is a translation product of the IL3RA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD123 Category=gene. IL-3 receptor subunit alpha IL-3R subunit alpha IL-3R-alpha IL-3RA IL3R IL3RA PR:000001865 Sut-1 interleukin-3 receptor class II alpha chain A protein that is a translation product of the IL3RA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha A protein that is a translation product of the IL5RA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD125 CDw125 Category=gene. IL-5 receptor subunit alpha IL-5R subunit alpha IL-5R-alpha IL-5RA IL5R IL5RA PIRSF:PIRSF018419 PR:000001867 A protein that is a translation product of the IL5RA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha A protein that is a translation product of the IL7R gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD127 CDw127 Category=gene. IL-7 receptor subunit alpha IL-7R subunit alpha IL-7R-alpha IL-7RA IL7R PIRSF:PIRSF001960 PR:000001869 A protein that is a translation product of the IL7R gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB KLRB1-like protein A protein that is a translation product of the KLRB1 gene or its closely related paralogs (KLRB1A-F). There are lineage-specific expansions in mouse and rat. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF038804 PR:000001874 A protein that is a translation product of the KLRB1 gene or its closely related paralogs (KLRB1A-F). There are lineage-specific expansions in mouse and rat. PRO:WCB leukosialin A protein that is a translation product of the SPN gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. B-cell differentiation antigen LP-3 CD43 Category=gene. GALGP PIRSF:PIRSF001994 PR:000001879 SPN galactoglycoprotein leukocyte sialoglycoprotein ly-48 lymphocyte antigen 48 sialophorin A protein that is a translation product of the SPN gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB low affinity immunoglobulin epsilon Fc receptor A protein that is a translation product of the FCER2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. BLAST-2 C-type lectin domain family 4 member J CD23 CD23A CLEC4J Category=gene. FCE2 FCER2 Fc-epsilon-RII Fcer2a IGEBF PIRSF:PIRSF002426 PR:000001880 immunoglobulin E-binding factor lymphocyte IgE receptor A protein that is a translation product of the FCER2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB lysosome-associated membrane protein A protein with core architecture consisting of a Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein (PF01299) domain. It is a single-pass type I membrane protein that shuttles between lysosomes, endosomes, and the plasma membrane. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF002462 PR:000001883 A protein with core architecture consisting of a Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein (PF01299) domain. It is a single-pass type I membrane protein that shuttles between lysosomes, endosomes, and the plasma membrane. PRO:WCB macrophage receptor MARCO A protein that is a translation product of the MARCO gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. MARCO PR:000001884 SCARA2 macrophage receptor with collagenous structure scavenger receptor class A member 2 A protein that is a translation product of the MARCO gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB macrophage scavenger receptor types I and II A protein that is a translation product of the MSR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD204 Category=gene. MSR1 PR:000001885 SCARA1 SR-A Scvr macrophage acetylated LDL receptor I and II scavenger receptor class A member 1 scavenger receptor type A A protein that is a translation product of the MSR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB membrane alanyl aminopeptidase-like metallopeptidase A protein with core architecture consisting of a Peptidase family M1 domain (PF01433). Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF005502 PR:000001888 A protein with core architecture consisting of a Peptidase family M1 domain (PF01433). PRO:WCB monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 A protein that is a translation product of the CD14 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD14 Category=gene. PIRSF:PIRSF002017 PR:000001889 myeloid cell-specific leucine-rich glycoprotein A protein that is a translation product of the CD14 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB myeloid cell surface antigen CD33 A protein that is a translation product of the CD33 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD33 Category=gene. PR:000001892 SIGLEC3 gp67 sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 3 siglec-3 A protein that is a translation product of the CD33 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1 A protein that is a translation product of the NCR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD335 Category=gene. LY94 NCR1 NK cell-activating receptor NK-p46 NKp46 PR:000001893 activating receptor 1 hNKp46 lymphocyte antigen 94 lymphocyte antigen 94 homolog mAR-1 mNKp46 natural killer cell p46-related protein A protein that is a translation product of the NCR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB natural killer cell receptor 2B4 2B4 A protein that is a translation product of the CD244 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD244 Category=gene. NAIL NK cell activation-inducing ligand NK cell type I receptor protein 2B4 NKR2B4 Nmrk PR:000001896 h2B4 non-MHC restricted killing associated A protein that is a translation product of the CD244 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB natural killer cell receptor NKG2 A protein with core architecture consisting of an as yet unnamed domain in the amino-terminal half and a carboxyl-terminal Lectin C-type domain (PF00059). Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF005558 PR:000001897 A protein with core architecture consisting of an as yet unnamed domain in the amino-terminal half and a carboxyl-terminal Lectin C-type domain (PF00059). PRO:WCB neprilysin A protein that is a translation product of the MME gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CALLA CD10 Category=gene. EPN MME NEP PIRSF:PIRSF501074 PR:000001898 atriopeptidase common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen enkephalinase neutral endopeptidase neutral endopeptidase 24.11 A protein that is a translation product of the MME gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB nuclear receptor ROR-gamma A protein that is a translation product of the RORC gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. NR1F3 PR:000001902 RORC RORG RZRG TOR Thor nuclear receptor RZR-gamma nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group F member 3 retinoid-related orphan receptor-gamma thymus orphan receptor A protein that is a translation product of the RORC gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB paired box protein PAX-5 A protein that is a translation product of the PAX5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. B-cell-specific transcription factor BSAP Category=gene. PAX5 PR:000001903 Pax-5 A protein that is a translation product of the PAX5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB platelet glycoprotein 4 A protein that is a translation product of the CD36 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD36 Category=gene. FAT GP3B GP4 GPIIIB GPIV PAS IV PAS-4 PR:000001905 fatty acid translocase glycoprotein IIIb leukocyte differentiation antigen CD36 platelet collagen receptor platelet glycoprotein IV thrombospondin receptor A protein that is a translation product of the CD36 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha chain A protein that is a translation product of the GP1BA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD42b Category=gene. GP-Ib alpha GP1BA GPIb-alpha GPIbA PIRSF:PIRSF002493 PR:000001907 antigen CD42b-alpha glycoprotein Ibalpha A protein that is a translation product of the GP1BA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB programmed cell death protein 1 A protein that is a translation product of the PDCD1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD279 Category=gene. PD1 PDCD1 PIRSF:PIRSF018380 PR:000001919 hPD-1 mPD-1 protein PD-1 A protein that is a translation product of the PDCD1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type 1 protein M130 A protein that is a translation product of the CD163 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD163 Category=gene. M130 PR:000001925 hemoglobin scavenger receptor A protein that is a translation product of the CD163 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 5 A protein that is a translation product of the SIGLEC5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD170 CD33 antigen-like 2 CD33L2 Category=gene. OB-BP2 OB-binding protein 2 OBBP2 PR:000001927 SIGLEC5 Siglecf mSiglec-F obesity-binding protein 2 sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin F siglec-5 siglec-F A protein that is a translation product of the SIGLEC5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB sialoadhesin A protein that is a translation product of the SIGLEC1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD169 Category=gene. PR:000001931 SER SIGLEC1 SN Sa sheep erythrocyte receptor sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 1 siglec-1 A protein that is a translation product of the SIGLEC1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB signal transducer CD24 A protein that is a translation product of the CD24 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD24 CD24A Category=gene. The mouse ortholog is Cd24a. Mouse protein Cd24b likely also orthologous. Currently it is not in UniProt. HSA M1/69-J11D heat stable antigen PR:000001932 R13-Ag X62 heat stable antigen ly-52 lymphocyte antigen 52 nectadrin small cell lung carcinoma cluster 4 antigen A protein that is a translation product of the CD24 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB syndecan-1 A protein that is a translation product of the SDC1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD138 Category=gene. PIRSF:PIRSF015854 PR:000001935 SDC SDC1 SYND1 Synd-1 A protein that is a translation product of the SDC1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5 A protein that is a translation product of the ACP5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. ACP5 Category=gene. PIRSF:PIRSF000898 PR:000001937 T5ap TR-AP TrATPase Trap tartrate-resistant acid ATPase type 5 acid phosphatase A protein that is a translation product of the ACP5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB :DNx TrATPase thrombomodulin-like receptor A protein with core architecture consisting of a signal sequence, a Lectin C-type domain (PF00059), 5 or 6 EGF-like domains (PF00008, PF09064, or PF07645), a transmembrane region, and a small cytoplasmic region (36-51 amino acids). Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF001775 PR:000001938 A protein with core architecture consisting of a signal sequence, a Lectin C-type domain (PF00059), 5 or 6 EGF-like domains (PF00008, PF09064, or PF07645), a transmembrane region, and a small cytoplasmic region (36-51 amino acids). PRO:WCB trans-actingT-cell-specific transcription factor GATA-3 A protein that is a translation product of the GATA3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. GATA-binding factor 3 GATA3 Gata-3 PR:000001941 A protein that is a translation product of the GATA3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB transcription factor PU.1 31 kDa-transforming protein A protein that is a translation product of the SPI1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. PR:000001944 SFFV proviral integration 1 protein SPI1 Sfpi-1 Sfpi1 A protein that is a translation product of the SPI1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB transferrin receptor protein 1 A protein that is a translation product of the TFRC gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD71 Category=gene. PR:000001945 T9 TFRC TR TfR TfR1 Trfr p90 A protein that is a translation product of the TFRC gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB :DNx Trfr tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 5 A protein that is a translation product of the CD40LG gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD154 CD40-L CD40L CD40LG Category=gene. PIRSF:PIRSF016527 PR:000001950 T-cell antigen Gp39 TNF-related activation protein TNFSF5 TRAP tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 5 A protein that is a translation product of the CD40LG gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11A A protein that is a translation product of the TNFRSF11A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD265 Category=gene. ODFR PIRSF:PIRSF038806 PR:000001954 RANK TNFRSF11A osteoclast differentiation factor receptor receptor activator of NF-KB A protein that is a translation product of the TNFRSF11A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 7 A protein that is a translation product of the CD27 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD27 CD27L receptor Category=gene. PIRSF:PIRSF001966 PR:000001963 T-cell activation antigen CD27 T14 TNFRSF7 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 7 A protein that is a translation product of the CD27 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1 A SIRP/SHPS-1 family protein that is a translation product of the SIRPA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Bit CD172 antigen-like family member A CD172a Category=gene. MFR MYD1 MyD-1 antigen PR:000001968 PTPNS1 SHP substrate 1 SHPS-1 SHPS1 SIRP SIRPA Sirp-alpha-1 Sirp-alpha-2 Sirp-alpha-3 brain Ig-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs inhibitory receptor SHPS-1 mSIRP-alpha1 macrophage fusion receptor p84 signal-regulatory protein alpha-1 signal-regulatory protein alpha-2 signal-regulatory protein alpha-3 :DNx Sirp-alpha-2 :DNx Bit :DNx Sirp-alpha-3 :DNx Sirp-alpha-1 A SIRP/SHPS-1 family protein that is a translation product of the SIRPA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor A protein that is a translation product of the PLAUR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD87 Category=gene. MO3 PIRSF:PIRSF002022 PLAUR PR:000001969 U-PAR monocyte activation antigen Mo3 uPAR A protein that is a translation product of the PLAUR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB vascular endothelial growth factor receptor A protein with core architecture consisting of a signal sequence, followed by 7 Ig-like domains (PF00047, PF07679, or PF07686), a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic Protein tyrosine kinase domain. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF038502 PR:000001971 A protein with core architecture consisting of a signal sequence, followed by 7 Ig-like domains (PF00047, PF07679, or PF07686), a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic Protein tyrosine kinase domain. PRO:WCB FL cytokine receptor A CSF-1/PDGF receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase that is a translation product of the FLT3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD135 Category=gene. FLK-2 FLT-3 FLT3 Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 PIRSF:PIRSF500949 PR:000002001 STK-1 STK1 fetal liver kinase 2 stem cell tyrosine kinase 1 tyrosine-protein kinase FLT3 tyrosine-protein kinase receptor FLT3 tyrosine-protein kinase receptor flk-2 A CSF-1/PDGF receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase that is a translation product of the FLT3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB :DNx Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 NKG2-A/NKG2-B type II integral membrane protein A natural killer cell receptor NKG2 that is a translation product of the KLRC1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD159 antigen-like family member A CD159a Category=gene. KLRC1 NK cell receptor A NKG2-A/B-activating NK receptor NKG2A PR:000002023 A natural killer cell receptor NKG2 that is a translation product of the KLRC1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1a A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1 that is a translation product of the CD1A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD1a Category=gene. PR:000002025 T-cell surface antigen T6/Leu-6 hTa1 thymocyte antigen A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1 that is a translation product of the CD1A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1c A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1 that is a translation product of the CD1C gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD1c Category=gene. PR:000002027 A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1 that is a translation product of the CD1C gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1d A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1 that is a translation product of the CD1D gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD1d CD1d.1 Category=gene. Cd1.1 Cd1d1 PR:000002028 R3G1 A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1 that is a translation product of the CD1D gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB aminopeptidase N A membrane alanyl aminopeptidase-like metallopeptidase that is a translation product of the ANPEP gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. ANPEP AP-M AP-N APN CD13 Category=gene. Lap-1 Lap1 PEPN PR:000002031 alanyl aminopeptidase aminopeptidase M gp150 hAPN mAPN membrane protein p161 microsomal aminopeptidase myeloid plasma membrane glycoprotein CD13 A membrane alanyl aminopeptidase-like metallopeptidase that is a translation product of the ANPEP gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB complement component C1q receptor A thrombomodulin-like receptor that is a translation product of the CD93 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Aa4 C1QR1 C1q/MBL/SPA receptor C1qR C1qR(p) C1qRp CD93 CDw93 Category=gene. Ly68 MXRA4 PR:000002037 cell surface antigen AA4 complement component 1 q subcomponent receptor 1 ly-68 lymphocyte antigen 68 matrix-remodeling-associated protein 4 A thrombomodulin-like receptor that is a translation product of the CD93 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB glutamyl aminopeptidase A membrane alanyl aminopeptidase-like metallopeptidase that is a translation product of the ENPEP gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. AP-A BP-1/6C3 antigen CD249 Category=gene. EAP ENPEP PR:000002039 aminopeptidase A differentiation antigen gp160 A membrane alanyl aminopeptidase-like metallopeptidase that is a translation product of the ENPEP gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor A CSF-1/PDGF receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase that is a translation product of the CSF1R gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD115 CSF-1-R CSF1R Category=gene. Csfmr FMS PIRSF:PIRSF500947 PR:000002062 proto-oncogene c-Fms A CSF-1/PDGF receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase that is a translation product of the CSF1R gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB macrosialin A lysosome-associated membrane protein that is a translation product of the CD68 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD68 Category=gene. PR:000002064 gp110 A lysosome-associated membrane protein that is a translation product of the CD68 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB mast/stem cell growth factor receptor A CSF-1/PDGF receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase that is a translation product of the KIT gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD117 Category=gene. KIT PIRSF:PIRSF500951 PR:000002065 SCFR Sl proto-oncogene c-Kit tyrosine-protein kinase Kit A CSF-1/PDGF receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase that is a translation product of the KIT gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB thrombomodulin A thrombomodulin-like receptor that is a translation product of the THBD gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD141 Category=gene. PR:000002105 THBD THRM TM fetomodulin A thrombomodulin-like receptor that is a translation product of the THBD gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor that is a translation product of the KDR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD309 Category=gene. FLK-1 FLK1 KDR PR:000002112 VEGFR-2 fetal liver kinase 1 kinase NYK kinase insert domain receptor protein-tyrosine kinase receptor flk-1 A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor that is a translation product of the KDR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB macrophage mannose receptor 1 A C-type lectin with multiple lectin domains that is a translation product of the MRC1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. C-type lectin domain family 13 member D CD206 CLEC13D Category=gene. MMR MRC1 PR:000002972 A C-type lectin with multiple lectin domains that is a translation product of the MRC1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PMID:8297379 PRO:CNA ly-6-like protein A protein that is the translation product of any of the LY6 genes (LY6A-LY6I). Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF002021 PR:000002976 A protein that is the translation product of any of the LY6 genes (LY6A-LY6I). PRO:CNA killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily B member 1C A KLRB1-like protein that is a translation product of the mouse Klrb1c gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD161 antigen-like family member C CD161c Category=gene. Klrb1c Ly55c NK1.1 NKR-P1 40 NKR-P1.9 NKR-P1C Nkrp1c PR:000002977 PR:000009625 ly-55c lymphocyte antigen 55c natural killer cell surface protein P1-40 A KLRB1-like protein that is a translation product of the mouse Klrb1c gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA lymphocyte antigen 6G A ly-6-like protein that is a translation product of the LY6G gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Ly6g PR:000002978 ly-6G ly-6G.1 A ly-6-like protein that is a translation product of the LY6G gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA lymphocyte antigen 6A-2/6E-1 A ly-6-like protein that is a translation product of the LY6A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Ly6 Ly6a PR:000002979 SCA-1 T-cell-activating protein TAP ly-6A.2/Ly-6E.1 stem cell antigen 1 A ly-6-like protein that is a translation product of the LY6A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA lymphocyte antigen 6C An ly-6-like protein that is a translation product of the LY6C2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Ly6c Ly6c2 PR:000002980 ly-6C2 An ly-6-like protein that is a translation product of the LY6C2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA lymphocyte antigen 76 A protein that is a translation product of the LY76 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. PR:000002981 ly76 ter-119 ter119 A protein that is a translation product of the LY76 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. MGI:106910 PMID:10848813 B-cell lymphoma 6 protein A protein that is a translation product of the BCL6 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. B-cell lymphoma 5 protein BCL-5 BCL-6 BCL5 BCL6 Category=gene. LAZ3 PR:000003450 PR:000004700 ZBTB27 ZNF51 protein LAZ-3 zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 27 zinc finger protein 51 A protein that is a translation product of the BCL6 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 2 A nuclear receptor ROR-gamma that is a translation product of some mRNA giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P51450-2 or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=sequence. PR:000003455 A nuclear receptor ROR-gamma that is a translation product of some mRNA giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P51450-2 or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA V(D)J recombination-activating protein 1 A protein that is a translation product of the RAG1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. PR:000003457 PR:000013688 RAG-1 RAG1 RING finger protein 74 RNF74 A protein that is a translation product of the RAG1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA V(D)J recombination-activating protein 2 A protein that is a translation product of the RAG2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. PR:000003460 PR:000013690 RAG-2 RAG2 A protein that is a translation product of the RAG2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA eomesodermin A T-brain transcription factor that is a translation product of the EOMES gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. EOMES PR:000003463 PR:000007101 T-box brain protein 2 T-brain-2 TBR-2 TBR2 A T-brain transcription factor that is a translation product of the EOMES gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PMID:10407135 PRO:CNA perforin-1 A protein that is a translation product of the PRF1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. P1 PFP PR:000003466 PR:000013205 PRF1 cytolysin lymphocyte pore-forming protein A protein that is a translation product of the PRF1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA early growth response protein 2 A protein that is a translation product of the EGR2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. AT591 Category=gene. EGR-2 EGR2 KROX20 Krox-20 PR:000003469 PR:000006938 Zfp-25 zinc finger protein Krox-20 A protein that is a translation product of the EGR2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA granzyme B A leukocyte granule-associated proteinase that is a translation product of the human GZMB gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. C11 CGL1 CSPB CTLA-1 CTLA1 CTSGL1 Category=gene. GRB GZMB HLP PR:000003499 SECT T-cell serine protease 1-3E cathepsin G-like 1 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte proteinase 2 fragmentin-2 granzyme-2 human lymphocyte protein lymphocyte protease A leukocyte granule-associated proteinase that is a translation product of the human GZMB gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA leukocyte granule-associated proteinase A protein that is a serine protease of the granules from mast cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and/or natural killer cells. Leukocyte granule-associated proteinase is a component of the immune system that protect higher organisms against viral infection and cellular transformation. Members of this class have features that are strongly conserved including: consensus sequences at their N-termini and around the three catalytic residues, activation from zymogenic forms, and conserved disulphide bridges. Category=family. PR:000003505 A protein that is a serine protease of the granules from mast cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and/or natural killer cells. Leukocyte granule-associated proteinase is a component of the immune system that protect higher organisms against viral infection and cellular transformation. Members of this class have features that are strongly conserved including: consensus sequences at their N-termini and around the three catalytic residues, activation from zymogenic forms, and conserved disulphide bridges. PMID:11790262 PMID:7952649 PMID:8929545 T-brain transcription factor A protein that contains one copy of the T-box domain (PF00907) and it is involved in the anterior neural specification. Category=family. Eomes/Tbr1/Tbx21 family protein PR:000003506 A protein that contains one copy of the T-box domain (PF00907) and it is involved in the anterior neural specification. PMID:10750050 PMID:12210112 lactosylceramide 4-alpha-galactosyltransferase A protein that is a translation product of the A4GALT gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. A14GALT A4GALT A4GALT1 CD77 synthase Category=gene. Flag=automatic. Gb3 synthase P1/Pk synthase PR:000003516 UDP-galactose:beta-D-galactosyl-beta1-R 4-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase alpha-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase alpha-1,4-galactosyltransferase alpha4Gal-T1 globotriaosylceramide synthase :DNx Gb3 synthase A protein that is a translation product of the A4GALT gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx CD9 antigen 5H9 antigen A tetraspanin that is a translation product of the CD9 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD9 Category=gene. Flag=automatic. MIC3 MRP-1 PR:000005178 TSPAN29 cell growth-inhibiting gene 2 protein leukocyte antigen MIC3 motility-related protein p24 tetraspanin-29 tspan-29 A tetraspanin that is a translation product of the CD9 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha A protein that is a translation product of the CEBPA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. C/EBP alpha CEBPA Category=gene. Flag=automatic. PR:000005307 A protein that is a translation product of the CEBPA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein epsilon A protein that is a translation product of the CEBPE gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. C/EBP epsilon CEBPE Category=gene. Flag=automatic. Gm294 PR:000005310 A protein that is a translation product of the CEBPE gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx cell surface glycoprotein CD200 receptor 3 A protein that is a translation product of the Cd200r3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD200 cell surface glycoprotein receptor-like 3 CD200 cell surface glycoprotein receptor-like b CD200 receptor-like 3 CD200RLb Category=gene. Flag=automatic. Cd200r3 PR:000006169 cell surface glycoprotein OX2 receptor 3 A protein that is a translation product of the Cd200r3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx CD209 antigen-like protein B A protein that is a translation product of the Cd209b gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. Cd209b DC-SIGN-related protein 1 DC-SIGNR1 OtB7 PR:000006172 A protein that is a translation product of the Cd209b gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx DNA nucleotidylexotransferase A protein that is a translation product of the DNTT gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. DNTT PR:000006611 TDT TDT terminal addition enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase terminal transferase A protein that is a translation product of the DNTT gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx eosinophil peroxidase A protein that is a translation product of the EPX gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. EPER EPO EPP EPX PR:000007152 A protein that is a translation product of the EPX gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor subunit alpha An immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor II/III/IV that is a translation product of the FCER1A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. FCE1A FCER1A Fc-epsilon RI-alpha FcERI IgE Fc receptor subunit alpha PR:000007431 An immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor II/III/IV that is a translation product of the FCER1A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx fibroblast growth factor 8 A protein that is a translation product of the FGF8 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. AIGF Category=gene. Flag=automatic. FGF-8 FGF8 HBGF-8 PR:000007499 androgen-induced growth factor heparin-binding growth factor 8 A protein that is a translation product of the FGF8 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx proto-oncogene c-Fos A protein that is a translation product of the FOS gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. FOS G0/G1 switch regulatory protein 7 G0S7 PR:000007597 cellular oncogene fos proto-oncogene protein c-fos A protein that is a translation product of the FOS gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx forkhead box protein N1 A protein that is a translation product of the FOXN1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. FOXN1 Fkh19 HFH-11 HNF-3/forkhead homolog 11 Hfh11 PR:000007636 RONU WHN hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 forkhead homolog 11 winged-helix transcription factor nude A protein that is a translation product of the FOXN1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx erythroid transcription factor A protein that is a translation product of the GATA1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. Eryf1 GATA-1 GATA-binding factor 1 GATA1 GF-1 GF1 NF-E1 DNA-binding protein PR:000007857 A protein that is a translation product of the GATA1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx :DNx Eryf1 endothelial transcription factor GATA-2 A protein that is a translation product of the GATA2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. GATA-binding protein 2 GATA2 PR:000007858 A protein that is a translation product of the GATA2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx glial fibrillary acidic protein A protein that is a translation product of the GFAP gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. GFAP PR:000007939 A protein that is a translation product of the GFAP gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx hemoglobin subunit zeta A protein that is a translation product of the HBZ gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. HBAZ HBZ HBZ2 Hba-x Hbz1 PR:000008467 alpha-like embryonic globin chain x hemoglobin zeta chain zeta-globin A protein that is a translation product of the HBZ gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx hemoglobin subunit beta-1 A protein that is a translation product of the Hbb-b1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. Hbb-b1 PR:000008857 beta-1-globin hemoglobin beta-1 chain hemoglobin beta-major chain A protein that is a translation product of the Hbb-b1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx interleukin-17 receptor B A protein that is a translation product of the IL17RB gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CRL4 Category=gene. Flag=automatic. EVI27 IL-17 receptor B IL-17 receptor homolog 1 IL-17B receptor IL-17ER IL-17RB IL-17Rh1 IL17BR IL17RB IL17Rh1 PR:000008982 cytokine receptor-like 4 interleukin-17B receptor A protein that is a translation product of the IL17RB gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx interleukin-1 receptor-like 1 A protein that is a translation product of the IL1RL1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. DER4 IL1RL1 Ly84 PR:000008994 ST2 Ste2 T1 lymphocyte antigen 84 protein ST2 protein T1 A protein that is a translation product of the IL1RL1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx integrin alpha-IIb An integrin alpha lacking A domain that is a translation product of the ITGA2B gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD41 Category=gene. Flag=automatic. GP2B GPIIb GPalpha IIb ITGA2B ITGAB PR:000009127 platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb An integrin alpha lacking A domain that is a translation product of the ITGA2B gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx integrin alpha-4 An integrin alpha lacking A domain that is a translation product of the ITGA4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD49 antigen-like family member D CD49d Category=gene. Flag=automatic. ITGA4 LPAM subunit alpha PR:000009129 VLA-4 subunit alpha integrin alpha-IV lymphocyte Peyer patch adhesion molecules subunit alpha An integrin alpha lacking A domain that is a translation product of the ITGA4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx integrin beta-7 An integrin beta that is a translation product of the ITGB7 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. Gut homing receptor beta subunit ITGB7 M290 IEL antigen PR:000009143 integrin beta-P :DNx Gut homing receptor beta subunit An integrin beta that is a translation product of the ITGB7 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx T-cell surface glycoprotein YE1/48 A protein that is a translation product of the Klra1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. Klra1 Ly-49 Ly49 Ly49A PR:000009616 T lymphocyte antigen A1 ly-49a lymphocyte antigen 49a A protein that is a translation product of the Klra1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx killer cell lectin-like receptor 3 5E6 A protein that is a translation product of the Klra3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. Klra3 Ly49C PR:000009618 T-cell surface glycoprotein Ly-49C ly-49c lymphocyte antigen 49c A protein that is a translation product of the Klra3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx killer cell lectin-like receptor 4 A protein that is a translation product of the Klra4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. Klra4 Ly49-d Ly49d PR:000009619 T-cell surface glycoprotein Ly-49D ly-49d lymphocyte antigen 49d A protein that is a translation product of the Klra4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx killer cell lectin-like receptor 8 A protein that is a translation product of the Klra8 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. Klra8 Ly49-h Ly49H PR:000009623 T-cell surface glycoprotein Ly-49H ly-49h lymphocyte antigen 49h A protein that is a translation product of the Klra8 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 25 kDa alpha-2-microglobulin-related subunit of MMP-9 A protein that is a translation product of the LCN2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. HNL LCN2 NGAL PR:000009725 SV-40-induced 24P3 protein lipocalin-2 oncogene 24p3 p25 A protein that is a translation product of the LCN2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx galectin-1 14 kDa laminin-binding protein 14 kDa lectin A protein that is a translation product of the LGALS1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. Gbp HBL HLBP14 HPL LGALS1 PR:000009766 S-Lac lectin 1 beta-galactoside-binding lectin L-14-I gal-1 galaptin lactose-binding lectin 1 lectin galactoside-binding soluble 1 putative MAPK-activating protein PM12 A protein that is a translation product of the LGALS1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx lactotransferrin A protein that is a translation product of the LTF gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. LF LTF PR:000009978 lactoferrin talalactoferrin A protein that is a translation product of the LTF gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase MER A protein that is a translation product of the MERTK gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. MER MERTK PR:000010329 proto-oncogene c-Mer receptor tyrosine kinase MerTK A protein that is a translation product of the MERTK gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx myeloperoxidase A protein that is a translation product of the MPO gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. MPO PR:000010543 A protein that is a translation product of the MPO gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx myb proto-oncogene protein A protein that is a translation product of the MYB gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. MYB PR:000010799 proto-oncogene c-Myb A protein that is a translation product of the MYB gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit A transcription factor NF-kappa-B that is a translation product of the NFKB2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. DNA-binding factor KBF2 H2TF1 NFKB2 PR:000011178 lymphocyte translocation chromosome 10 protein lyt10 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 2 oncogene Lyt-10 A transcription factor NF-kappa-B that is a translation product of the NFKB2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx bone marrow proteoglycan A protein that is a translation product of the PRG2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. BMPG Category=gene. Flag=automatic. MBP Mbp-1 PR:000013206 PRG2 proteoglycan 2 A protein that is a translation product of the PRG2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx parathyroid hormone A protein that is a translation product of the PTH gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. PR:000013429 PTH parathormone parathyrin A protein that is a translation product of the PTH gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx non-secretory ribonuclease A protein that is a translation product of the RNASE2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. EDN Ear4 MR-4 PR:000014046 RNASE2 RNS2 RNase 2 RNase UpI-2 eosinophil cationic-type ribonuclease 4 eosinophil-derived neurotoxin ribonuclease 2 ribonuclease US A protein that is a translation product of the RNASE2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx eosinophil cationic protein A protein that is a translation product of the RNASE3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. ECP PR:000014047 RNASE3 RNS3 RNase 3 ribonuclease 3 A protein that is a translation product of the RNASE3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx runt-related transcription factor 1 A protein that is a translation product of the RUNX1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. AML1 CBF-alpha-2 CBFA2 Category=gene. Flag=automatic. PEA2-alpha B PEBP2-alpha B PR:000014362 Pebp2ab RUNX1 SL3-3 enhancer factor 1 alpha B subunit SL3/AKV core-binding factor alpha B subunit acute myeloid leukemia 1 protein core-binding factor subunit alpha-2 oncogene AML-1 polyomavirus enhancer-binding protein 2 alpha B subunit A protein that is a translation product of the RUNX1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 A protein that is a translation product of the TAL1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. PR:000016043 SCL T-cell leukemia/lymphoma protein 5 TAL-1 TAL1 TCL5 bHLHa17 class A basic helix-loop-helix protein 17 stem cell protein A protein that is a translation product of the TAL1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein 1 A protein that is a translation product of the TMED1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=gene. Flag=automatic. IL1RL1L IL1RL1LG PR:000016401 TMED1 interleukin-1 receptor-like 1 ligand putative T1/ST2 receptor-binding protein A protein that is a translation product of the TMED1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx amino acid chain A polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. PR:000018263 peptide polypeptide A polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. PRO:DAN proteolytic cleavage product An amino acid chain produced as the result of peptide bond cleavage of a longer amino acid chain. PR:000018264 peptide polypeptide An amino acid chain produced as the result of peptide bond cleavage of a longer amino acid chain. PRO:DAN bone marrow proteoglycan proteolytic cleavage product A proteolytic cleavage product that is derived from bone marrow proteoglycan. Category=modification. Flag=automatic. PR:000021082 A proteolytic cleavage product that is derived from bone marrow proteoglycan. PRO:DNx bone marrow proteoglycan isoform 1 A bone marrow proteoglycan that is a translation product of some mRNA giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P13727-1 or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Category=sequence. PR:000022003 A bone marrow proteoglycan that is a translation product of some mRNA giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P13727-1 or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA eosinophil granule major basic protein A bone marrow proteoglycan proteolytic cleavage product that derives from bone marrow proteoglycan isoform 1, signal peptide removed form that has had the acidic propeptide removed. Category=modification. PR:000022006 A bone marrow proteoglycan proteolytic cleavage product that derives from bone marrow proteoglycan isoform 1, signal peptide removed form that has had the acidic propeptide removed. PMID:9657764 T cell receptor co-receptor CD8 A protein complex that is a membrane-bound heterodimeric co-receptor for MHC class-I antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. CD8alphabeta Category=complex. PR:000025402 TCR co-receptor CD8 A protein complex that is a membrane-bound heterodimeric co-receptor for MHC class-I antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. PMID:18275828 PMID:3264320 PRO:DAN T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain isoform 1 A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain that is a translation product of some mRNA giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P01732-1 or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Having a single-pass transmembrane domain, this form is membrane bound. Category=sequence. PR:000025403 mCD8alpha A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain that is a translation product of some mRNA giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P01732-1 or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Having a single-pass transmembrane domain, this form is membrane bound. PRO:DAN T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain isoform 1 A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain that is a translation product of some mRNA giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P10966-1 or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD8beta isoform M-1 Category=sequence. PR:000025405 CD8beta isoform M-1 PMID:1541829 A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain that is a translation product of some mRNA giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P10966-1 or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DAN T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain isoform 1, signal peptide removed form A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain isoform 1 that has had the signal peptide removed to yield the mature form. Category=modification. PR:000025406 A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain isoform 1 that has had the signal peptide removed to yield the mature form. PRO:DAN T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain isoform 1, signal peptide removed form A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain isoform 1 that has had the signal peptide removed to yield the mature form. Category=modification. PR:000025407 A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain isoform 1 that has had the signal peptide removed to yield the mature form. PRO:DAN T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain isoform 1, signal peptide removed glycosylated form A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain isoform 1, signal peptide removed form that has been post-translationally modified to include at least one glycosylated residue. Category=modification. PR:000025408 A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain isoform 1, signal peptide removed form that has been post-translationally modified to include at least one glycosylated residue. PRO:DAN T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain isoform 1, signal peptide removed glycosylated form A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain isoform 1, signal peptide removed form that has been post-translationally modified to include at least one glycosylated residue. Category=modification. PR:000025409 A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 beta chain isoform 1, signal peptide removed form that has been post-translationally modified to include at least one glycosylated residue. PRO:DAN bone marrow proteoglycan isoform 1, signal peptide removed form A bone marrow proteoglycan isoform 1 that has had the signal peptide removed. Category=modification. PR:000025466 A bone marrow proteoglycan isoform 1 that has had the signal peptide removed. PRO:DAN integrin alpha A protein that is composed of a long N-terminal extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic C-terminal domain. The N-terminal domain contains beta-propeller repeats (interrupted by an A domain in a subset of integrins alpha), while the C-terminal domain contains a GFFxR motif. Category=family. Integrins are heterodimeric complexes of an alpha and a beta subunit. They are a structurally elaborate family of adhesion molecules that transmit signals bidirectionally across the plasma membrane by undergoing large-scale structural rearrangements. By regulating cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts, integrins participate in a wide-range of biological interactions including development, tissue repair, angiogenesis, inflammation and hemostasis. [PMID:10402956, PMID:11988479, PMID:9676575]. PR:000025796 A protein that is composed of a long N-terminal extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic C-terminal domain. The N-terminal domain contains beta-propeller repeats (interrupted by an A domain in a subset of integrins alpha), while the C-terminal domain contains a GFFxR motif. PMID:19693543 integrin alpha lacking A domain An integrin alpha that lacks an A domain. This type of integrin is often cleaved into heavy and light chains. Category=family. PIRSF:PIRSF005666 PR:000025797 An integrin alpha that lacks an A domain. This type of integrin is often cleaved into heavy and light chains. PRO:DAN calcitonin A protein that is a translation product of the CALCA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CALC CALCA Category=gene. Flag=automatic. PR:000027222 A protein that is a translation product of the CALCA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. MGI:2151253 PRO:CNA processual entity 2009-04-09T05:51:24Z An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity. UBERON:0000000 cjm An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity. span:ProcessualEntity uterine cervix BTO:0001421 EFO:0000979 EV:0100114 FMA:17740 GAID:376 Lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. MA:0000392 MAT:0000292 MESH:A.05.360.319.679.256 OG:0001359 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVipEJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245494008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies. UBERON:0000002 canalis cervicis uteri cervical canal cervical canal of uterus cervix cervix of uterus neck of uterus uterine cervix Lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. Wikipedia:Cervix FMA:17740 FMA:TA canalis cervicis uteri FMA naris AAO:0000311 EHDAA2:0001225 EHDAA:9083 EMAPA:17847 MA:0000282 OG:0000663 Orifice of the olfactory system. The naris is the route by which odorants enter the olfactory system[MAH]. SCTID:272650008 TAO:0000550 UBERON:0000003 ZFA:0000550 editor note: we have classified this as an orifice, according to FMA. Note that in FMA, orifices are immaterial entities, but in ZFA this is a surface structure galen:Naris Orifice of the olfactory system. The naris is the route by which odorants enter the olfactory system[MAH]. UBERON:MAH FMA ZFA olfactory apparatus BTO:0000840 EFO:0000828 EHDAA2:0001274 EHDAA:1502 EMAPA:16542 EV:0100037 EV:0100370 FMA:46472 GAID:77 MA:0000281 MAT:0000139 MESH:A.01.456.505.733 MIAA:0000139 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViCbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181195007 TAO:0000047 TODO - distinguish generic olfactory apparatus from nose. What happens if we have subtypes like epithelium - they become part of nervous system? UBERON:0000004 ZFA:0000047 a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the mouth. Behind the nose are the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses. Behind the nasal cavity, air next passes through the pharynx, shared with the digestive system, and then into the rest of the respiratory system. In humans, the nose is located centrally on the face; on most other mammals, it is on the upper tip of the snout[WP]. GO: The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity). galen:Nose nasal sac ncithesaurus:Nose nose peripheral olfactory organ proboscis ZFA:0000047 nasal sac Wikipedia:Nose a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the mouth. Behind the nose are the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses. Behind the nasal cavity, air next passes through the pharynx, shared with the digestive system, and then into the rest of the respiratory system. In humans, the nose is located centrally on the face; on most other mammals, it is on the upper tip of the snout[WP]. GO: The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity). chemosensory organ FBbt:00005157 UBERON:0000005 chemosensory sensory organ FBbt:00005157 chemosensory sensory organ islet of Langerhans A primitive exocrine pancreas can be found in holocephalan cartilaginous fish; a pancreatic duct directly ending in the gut lumen is connected to a glandular structure made of exocrine cells and associated with cell islets, which comprises three different hormone-producing cell types: insulin, somatostatin and glucagon (Yui and Fujita, 1986)[PMID:16417468] AAO:0010406 BTO:0000991 EFO:0000856 EMAPA:19246 EMAPA:19247 EMAPA:19248 EV:0100130 FMA:16016 GAID:324 MA:0000127 MAT:0000076 MESH:A.03.734.414 MIAA:0000076 OG:0000646 Regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine (i.e., hormone-producing) cells. UBERON:0000006 XAO:0000159 island of Langerhans island of pancreas islets of langerhans ncithesaurus:Islet_of_Langerhans pancreatic insula pancreatic islet BTO:0000991 island of pancreas PMID:16417468 BTO:0000991 island of Langerhans Regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine (i.e., hormone-producing) cells. Wikipedia:Islet_of_Langerhans PMID:16417468 PMID:16417468 pituitary gland AAO:0010536 BM:Die-Hy-HY BTO:0001073 EFO:0000857 EHDAA2:0001471 EHDAA:2183 EHDAA:4477 EMAPA:16647 EMAPA:16898 EV:0100132 FMA:13889 GAID:457 MA:0000176 MAT:0000077 MESH:A.06.407.747 MIAA:0000077 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1353 OG:0000143 OpenCyc:Mx4rv6NQYJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181125003 TAO:0000118 The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands [GO]. An endocrine gland located ventral to the diencephalon and derived from mixed neuroectodermal and non neuroectodermal origin [ZFIN]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000007 XAO:0000017 ZFA:0000118 glandula pituitaria http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray1180.png/200px-Gray1180.png hypophysis hypophysis cerebri ncithesaurus:Pituitary_Gland pituitary pituitary body BTO:0001073 pituitary BTO:0001073 glandula pituitaria ZFA ZFA:0000118 hypophysis ZFA MA:0000176 hypophysis cerebri The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands [GO]. An endocrine gland located ventral to the diencephalon and derived from mixed neuroectodermal and non neuroectodermal origin [ZFIN]. Wikipedia:Pituitary_gland ZFIN:curator BTO:0001073 pituitary body submucosa A layer of dense irregular connective tissue in the gastrointestinal tract that supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of underlying smooth muscle (fibers running circularly within layer of longitudinal muscle). [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002107 FMA:85391 FMA:85392 UBERON:0000009 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Ens.png/200px-Ens.png ncithesaurus:Submucosa organ submucosa region of submucosa see comments re FMA for mucosa submucosa of organ submucosa of region of organ submucous layer tela submucosa FMA:85391 organ submucosa FMA:85392 region of submucosa A layer of dense irregular connective tissue in the gastrointestinal tract that supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of underlying smooth muscle (fibers running circularly within layer of longitudinal muscle). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Submucosa BTO:0002107 submucous layer BTO:0002107 tela submucosa FMA:85392 submucosa of region of organ FMA:85391 submucosa of organ peripheral nervous system AAO:0000429 BILA:0000081 BTO:0001028 EFO:0000891 EHDAA2:0001445 EHDAA:2893 EMAPA:16665 EMAPA:18370 EV:0100335 FBbt:00005098 FMA:9903 GAID:715 MA:0000218 MAT:0000338 MESH:A.08.800 MIAA:0000338 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1111 Nervous structures including ganglia outside of the central nervous system. Divided into somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system OG:0000399 PNS SCTID:362292005 TAO:0000142 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000010 XAO:0000178 ZFA:0000142 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nervous_system_diagram.png/200px-Nervous_system_diagram.png ncithesaurus:Peripheral_Nervous_System FB:gg Nervous structures including ganglia outside of the central nervous system. Divided into somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system OMD:peripheral+nervous+system Wikipedia:Peripheral_nervous_system ZFIN:curator parasympathetic nervous system AAO:0010488 BTO:0001833 EFO:0000894 EHDA:10096 EHDAA2:0001402 EHDAA:4655 EMAPA:17270 FMA:9907 GAID:708 MA:0000223 MAT:0000101 MESH:A.08.800.050.600 MIAA:0000101 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2517 OG:0000755 PNS - parasympathetic SCTID:362496006 TAO:0001575 The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is a division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), along with the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS). The ANS is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). ANS sends fibers to three tissues: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glandular tissue. This stimulation, sympathetic or parasympathetic, is to control smooth muscle contraction, regulate cardiac muscle, or stimulate or inhibit glandular secretion [Wikipedia]. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia [GO]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000011 ZFA:0001575 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gray839.png/200px-Gray839.png ncithesaurus:Parasympathetic_Nervous_System parasympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system pars parasympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi FMA:9907 FMA:TA pars parasympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is a division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), along with the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS). The ANS is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). ANS sends fibers to three tissues: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glandular tissue. This stimulation, sympathetic or parasympathetic, is to control smooth muscle contraction, regulate cardiac muscle, or stimulate or inhibit glandular secretion [Wikipedia]. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia [GO]. Wikipedia:Parasympathetic_nervous_system somatic nervous system EFO:0000892 EFO:0000898 FMA:9904 MA:0002850 MAT:0000099 MAT:0000342 MIAA:0000099 MIAA:0000342 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100301 PNS - somatic The part of the peripheral nervous system consisting of efferent nerves responsible for stimulating muscle contraction, including all the neurons connected with skeletal muscles, skin, and sense organs[WP, modified]. UBERON:0000012 WBbt:0005760 somatic nervous system, somatic division somatic peripheral nervous system NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100301 somatic peripheral nervous system The part of the peripheral nervous system consisting of efferent nerves responsible for stimulating muscle contraction, including all the neurons connected with skeletal muscles, skin, and sense organs[WP, modified]. Wikipedia:Somatic_nervous_system NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100301 somatic nervous system, somatic division sympathetic nervous system AAO:0010487 BTO:0001832 EFO:0000893 EHDAA2:0001971 EHDAA:3769 EMAPA:16985 FMA:9906 GAID:710 MA:0000225 MESH:A.08.800.050.800 MIAA:0000100 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2516 OG:0000384 SCTID:362484004 TAO:0001576 The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is a branch of the autonomic nervous system along with the enteric nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. It is always active at a basal level (called sympathetic tone) and becomes more active during times of stress. Its actions during the stress response comprise the fight-or-flight response [Wikipedia]. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter [GO]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000013 ZFA:0001576 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray838.png/200px-Gray838.png ncithesaurus:Sympathetic_Nervous_System pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi sympathetic nervous system sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system FMA:9906 FMA:TA pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is a branch of the autonomic nervous system along with the enteric nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. It is always active at a basal level (called sympathetic tone) and becomes more active during times of stress. Its actions during the stress response comprise the fight-or-flight response [Wikipedia]. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter [GO]. Wikipedia:Sympathetic_nervous_system zone of skin A sub-region of the skin. Note the distinct between the entire skin of the body, of which there is only 1 in an organism, and zones of skin, of which there can be many. Examples: skin of knee EHDAA2:0001844 EHDAA:6530 EV:0100152 FMA:86166 GAID:933 MA:0000151 MAT:0000284 MESH:A.17.815 MIAA:0000284 OG:0000860 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjX3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:20795001 UBERON:0000014 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Skin.svg/200px-Skin.svg.png portion of skin region of skin skin skin region skin zone we assume that mouse, HOG and GAID all mean zone of skin when they say skin. We also choose skin as an exact synonym, as it is more intuitive MA:0000151 skin A sub-region of the skin. Note the distinct between the entire skin of the body, of which there is only 1 in an organism, and zones of skin, of which there can be many. Examples: skin of knee GOC:cjm Wikipedia:Skin anatomical boundary AEO:0000192 FMA:50705 Structural anatomical relation which holds between each anatomical entity of one to three dimensions and some immaterial anatomical entity of one lower dimension such that the latter demarcates (delimits) the former from its neighborhood. UBERON:0000015 anatomical boundary entity FMA:50705 anatomical boundary entity FMA:256502 Structural anatomical relation which holds between each anatomical entity of one to three dimensions and some immaterial anatomical entity of one lower dimension such that the latter demarcates (delimits) the former from its neighborhood. endocrine pancreas BTO:0000650 EV:0100129 FMA:16018 MA:0001582 MESH:A.03.734.414 OG:0000049 SCTID:361339003 TAO:0001260 The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin[GO]. UBERON:0000016 ZFA:0001260 endocrine pancreas endocrine part of pancreas islets of Langerhans ncithesaurus:Endocrine_Pancreas pars endocrina pancreatis GO GOC:GO The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin[GO]. Wikipedia:Endocrine_pancreas BTO:0000650 endocrine part of pancreas GO GO exocrine pancreas AAO:0010407 BTO:0000434 EV:0100093 FMA:16017 MA:0002415 OG:0000048 SCTID:248202004 TAO:0001249 The exocrine pancreas produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells [GO]. The exocrine pancreas is composed of acinar epithelial cells and ductal epithelium that manufacture the proteolytic enzymes and bicarbonate required for digestion. UBERON:0000017 XAO:0000137 ZFA:0001249 exocrine pancreas exocrine part of pancreas ncithesaurus:Exocrine_Pancreas pars exocrina pancreatis GOC:GO The exocrine pancreas produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells [GO]. The exocrine pancreas is composed of acinar epithelial cells and ductal epithelium that manufacture the proteolytic enzymes and bicarbonate required for digestion. Wikipedia:Exocrine_pancreas BTO:0000434 exocrine part of pancreas compound eye A light sensing organ composed of ommatidia BTO:0001921 FBbt:00004508 Facettenauge HAO:0000217 Komplexauge TGMA:0000024 UBERON:0000018 adult compound eye insect eye zusammengesetztes Auge BTO:0001921 Facettenauge A light sensing organ composed of ommatidia FB:gg Wikipedia:Compound_eye BTO:0001921 Komplexauge BTO:0001921 zusammengesetztes Auge camera-type eye AAO:0010340 BTO:0004688 EHDAA2:0000484 EHDAA:936 FMA distinguishes Eye (subdivision of face) from Eyeball (organ). Here we are referring to the organ but we also include Eye as being subsumed FMA:12513 FMA:54448 GO: The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field[FMA]. MA:0000261 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1169 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngx4rwKSh9pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVil5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvViTvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Orbital part of face Orbital region TAO:0000107 UBERON:0000019 UBERON:FMA_12513-MIAA_0000283-XAO_0000181 XAO:0000179 ZFA:0000107 eyeball ncithesaurus:Eye regio orbitalis vertebrate eye GO: The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field[FMA]. GO:0043010 Image:http://genome.cshlp.org/content/14/8/1555/F1.large.jpg Image:http://www.pnas.org/content/94/6/2098/F1.large.jpg FMA:12513 eyeball FMA:54448 FMA:TA regio orbitalis sense organ AEO:0000094 An organ that is part of a sense organ system. BTO:0000202 EHDAA2:0001824 EHDAA:500 EMAPA:16192 FBbt:00005155 GAID:63 HAO:0000930 MA:0000017 MESH:A.09 OG:0001407 SCTID:244485009 Sinnesorgan This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000020 WBbt:0006929 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gray722.png/200px-Gray722.png organ of sense organ system organ of sensory organ system organ of sensory system sense organ system organ sensillum sensor sensory organ sensory organ system organ sensory system organ OBOL:automatic organ of sensory system OBOL:automatic sense organ system organ OBOL:automatic sensory system organ WBbt:0006929 sensillum OBOL:automatic organ of sense organ system OBOL:automatic sensory organ system organ An organ that is part of a sense organ system. Wikipedia:Sense_organ BTO:0000202 Sinnesorgan OBOL:automatic organ of sensory organ system cutaneous appendage Appendage that protrudes from the skin. FMA:71012 SCTID:276160000 UBERON:0000021 epidermal appendage epidermal growth examples: hair, nail (FMA); feather, claw, hoof, horn, wattle, spur, beak, scale(?), antler, bristle. Mammary glands develop by similar mechanisms, and their is an argument for including them here (e.g. PMID:20484386), but they don't fit the current definition. skin appendage FMA:71012 skin appendage Appendage that protrudes from the skin. UBERON:cjm feather BTO:0000447 EFO:0000955 GAID:1214 MAT:0000156 MESH:A.13.370 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjW-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:410027006 They are among the characteristics that distinguish the extant Aves from other living groups. Feathers have also been noticed in those Theropoda which have been termed feathered dinosaurs. Although feathers cover most parts of the body of birds, they arise only from certain well-defined tracts on the skin. They aid in flight, thermal insulation, waterproofing and coloration that helps in communication and protection UBERON:0000022 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Parts_of_feather_modified.jpg one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. Feathers are formed in tiny follicles in the epidermis, or outer skin layer, that produce keratin proteins. The β-keratins in feathers, beaks and claws — and the claws, scales and shells of reptiles — are composed of protein strands hydrogen-bonded into β-pleated sheets, which are then further twisted and crosslinked by disulfide bridges into structures even tougher than the α-keratins of mammalian hair, horns and hoof. The exact signals that induce the growth of feathers on the skin are not known but it has been found that the transcription factor cDermo-1 induces the growth of feathers on skin and scales on the leg. Wikipedia:Feather one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. Feathers are formed in tiny follicles in the epidermis, or outer skin layer, that produce keratin proteins. The β-keratins in feathers, beaks and claws — and the claws, scales and shells of reptiles — are composed of protein strands hydrogen-bonded into β-pleated sheets, which are then further twisted and crosslinked by disulfide bridges into structures even tougher than the α-keratins of mammalian hair, horns and hoof. The exact signals that induce the growth of feathers on the skin are not known but it has been found that the transcription factor cDermo-1 induces the growth of feathers on skin and scales on the leg. wing Appendage that is used to produce lift for flight through the air. BTO:0001463 EFO:0000885 GAID:1217 MAT:0000202 MESH:A.13.395.823 MIAA:0000202 This class is not monophyletic. See also: GO:0007629 UBERON:0000023 Appendage that is used to produce lift for flight through the air. Wikipedia:Wing forelimb wing Forelimb that is used to produce lift for flight through the air. TODO - check specific definition of forelimb UBERON:0000024 tube Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts. with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system UBERON:0000025 epithelial or endothelial tube galen:Tube ncithesaurus:Tube Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts. with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system GO:0035295 PMID:12526790 appendage AEO:0000193 BILA:0000018 CARO:0010003 EFO:0000799 EHDAA2:0003193 EV:0100155 FBbt:00007000 GO includes tree trunks, but excludes antennae. We modify trunk to body in our definition. Note this is currently a subtype of organism subdivision - which would exclude feathers HAO:0000144 MAT:0000023 MIAA:0000023 Major subdivision of an organism that protrudes from the body[DOS]. Organ or organ part that is attached to the body of an organism. For example a limb[GO, modified]. An appendage is an external body part, or natural prolongation, that protrudes from an organism's body, such as a vertebrate's limbs[BILA]. OpenCyc:Mx4rvViC-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000026 VAO:0000075 XAO:0000218 limbs/digits/tail ncithesaurus:Appendage MP:0000001 limbs/digits/tail BILA:0000018 GO:0048736 Major subdivision of an organism that protrudes from the body[DOS]. Organ or organ part that is attached to the body of an organism. For example a limb[GO, modified]. An appendage is an external body part, or natural prolongation, that protrudes from an organism's body, such as a vertebrate's limbs[BILA]. Wikipedia:Appendage lymph node BTO:0000784 EFO:0000872 EV:0100050 FMA:5034 GAID:947 MA:0000139 MAT:0000442 MESH:A.15.382.520.604.412 OG:0001273 OpenCyc:Mx4rwLPqLpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are garrisons of B, T, and other immune cells. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as filters or traps for foreign particles. They contain white blood cells that use oxygen to process. Thus they are important in the proper functioning of the immune system. The lymph node is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, and inside the lymph node the fibrous capsule extends to form trabeculae. The substance of the lymph node is divided into the outer cortex and the inner medulla surrounded by the former all around except for at the hilum, where the medulla comes in direct contact with the surface. Thin reticular fibers, elastin and reticular fibers form a supporting meshwork called reticular network (RN) inside the node, within which the white blood cells (WBCs), most prominently, lymphocytes are tightly packed as follicles in the cortex. Elsewhere, there are only occasional WBCs. The RN provides not just the structural support, but also provide surface for adhesion of the dendritic cells, macrophages and lymphocytes. It allows for exchange of material with blood through the high endothelial venules and provides the growth and regulatory factors necessary for activation and maturation of immune cells[WP]. SCTID:181756000 UBERON:0000029 ZFA:0005318 galen:Lymphnode ncithesaurus:Lymph_Node Wikipedia GAID:947 Oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are garrisons of B, T, and other immune cells. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as filters or traps for foreign particles. They contain white blood cells that use oxygen to process. Thus they are important in the proper functioning of the immune system. The lymph node is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, and inside the lymph node the fibrous capsule extends to form trabeculae. The substance of the lymph node is divided into the outer cortex and the inner medulla surrounded by the former all around except for at the hilum, where the medulla comes in direct contact with the surface. Thin reticular fibers, elastin and reticular fibers form a supporting meshwork called reticular network (RN) inside the node, within which the white blood cells (WBCs), most prominently, lymphocytes are tightly packed as follicles in the cortex. Elsewhere, there are only occasional WBCs. The RN provides not just the structural support, but also provide surface for adhesion of the dendritic cells, macrophages and lymphocytes. It allows for exchange of material with blood through the high endothelial venules and provides the growth and regulatory factors necessary for activation and maturation of immune cells[WP]. Wikipedia:Lymph_node lamina propria A thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa[WP]. The lamina propria contains capillaries and a central lacteal (lymph vessel) in the small intestine, as well as lymphoid tissue. Lamina propria also contains glands with the ducts opening on to the mucosal epithelium, that secrete mucus and serous secretions. BTO:0002330 FMA:62517 SCTID:298225002 UBERON:0000030 lamina propria mucosa lamina propria mucosae ncithesaurus:Lamina_Propria tunica propria A thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa[WP]. The lamina propria contains capillaries and a central lacteal (lymph vessel) in the small intestine, as well as lymphoid tissue. Lamina propria also contains glands with the ducts opening on to the mucosal epithelium, that secrete mucus and serous secretions. Wikipedia:Lamina_propria BTO:0002330 tunica propria lamina propria of trachea MA:0001858 UBERON:0000031 lamina propria mucosa of trachea lamina propria mucosa of windpipe lamina propria mucosae of trachea lamina propria mucosae of windpipe lamina propria of windpipe ncithesaurus:Trachea_Lamina_Propria trachea lamina propria trachea lamina propria mucosa trachea lamina propria mucosae tracheal lamina propria windpipe lamina propria windpipe lamina propria mucosa windpipe lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of windpipe OBOL:automatic windpipe lamina propria OBOL:automatic lamina propria of windpipe OBOL:automatic trachea lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic trachea lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic windpipe lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of windpipe OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of trachea OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of trachea OBOL:automatic windpipe lamina propria mucosae cranial structure UBERON:0000032 skeletal element that is part of a cranium. UBERON:automatic skeletal element that is part of a cranium. head AAO:0010335 AEO:0000106 BILA:0000115 BTO:0000282 EFO:0000964 EHDAA2:0003106 FBbt:00000004 FMA:7154 GAID:61 HAO:0000397 MA:0000023 MAT:0000294 MESH:A.01.456 MIAA:0000294 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1230 OpenCyc:Mx4rEOLm4rgPEdmAAAACs6hRjg OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi6YJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302548004 SPD:0000016 TAO:0001114 TGMA:0000002 The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO]. UBERON:0000033 UBERON:FBbt_00000004-FBbt_00003007-FMA_46565-FMA_7154-FMA_87596-MA_0000023-MA_0000316-MIAA_0000017-MIAA_0000149-MIAA_0000294-MIAA_0000340-WBbt_0005739-XAO_0003024-ZFA_0000737-ZFA_0001114 WBbt:0005739 XAO:0003024 ZFA:0001114 adult head cephalic area galen:Head head (volume) ncithesaurus:Head GO:0060322 The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO]. Wikipedia:Head FMA:7154 head (volume) SPD:0000016 cephalic area primary ovarian follicle BTO:0000410 EMAPA:19284 FMA:18634 MA:0002907 SCTID:258665002 UBERON:0000035 folliculus ovaricus primarius ovary primary follicle preantral follicle of ovary primary egg follicle primary follicle of ovary FMA:18634 primary follicle of ovary MA:0002907 ovary primary follicle secondary ovarian follicle EMAPA:29862 FMA:18637 MA:0002908 MA:0002909 UBERON:0000036 antral follice antral follicle of ovary antral ovarian follice folliculus ovaricus secondarius ovary antral follicle ovary secondary follicle secondary egg follicle secondary follicle of ovary MA:0002909 ovary antral follicle MA:0002908 ovary secondary follicle GO:0001547 antral follice GO:0001547 antral ovarian follice tertiary ovarian follicle EMAPA:30763 FMA:18641 Graafian follicle Ovarian follicle is the basic unit of female reproductive biology and is composed of roughly spherical aggregations of cells found in the ovary. They contain a single oocyte (aka ovum or egg). These structures are periodically initiated to grow and develop, culminating in ovulation of usually a single competent oocyte. These eggs/ova are only developed once every menstrual cycle (i. e, once a month). [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:362261008 UBERON:0000037 folliculi ovarici vesiculosi folliculus ovaricus tertiarius folliculus ovaricus tertiarius (vesiculosus) folliculus ovaricus tertiarius (vesiculous) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Primary_follicle-4.JPG/200px-Primary_follicle-4.JPG ncithesaurus:Graafian_Follicle tertiary egg follicle tertiary follicle of ovary vesicular follicle of ovary vesicular ovarian follicle FMA:18641 vesicular ovarian follicle FMA:18641 vesicular follicle of ovary FMA:18641 tertiary follicle of ovary FMA:18641 FMA:TA folliculi ovarici vesiculosi FMA:18641 folliculus ovaricus tertiarius (vesiculosus) Ovarian follicle is the basic unit of female reproductive biology and is composed of roughly spherical aggregations of cells found in the ovary. They contain a single oocyte (aka ovum or egg). These structures are periodically initiated to grow and develop, culminating in ovulation of usually a single competent oocyte. These eggs/ova are only developed once every menstrual cycle (i. e, once a month). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Graafian_follicle follicular fluid BTO:0004383 FMA:18665 Follicular fluid is a liquid which fills the follicular antrum and surrounds the ovum in an ovarian follicle. This fluid is rich in hyaluronic acid. GAID:372 MA:0002511 MESH:A.05.360.319.114.630.535.150 The fluid surrounding the OVUM and GRANULOSA CELLS in the Graafian follicle ( OVARIAN FOLLICLE). The follicular fluid contains sex steroids, glycoprotein hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and enzymes. UBERON:0000038 antral fluid, ovarian follicle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray3.png/200px-Gray3.png liquor follicularis liquor folliculi ovarian follicular fluid ovary follicle fluid ovary follicular fluid BTO:0004383 ovarian follicular fluid MESH:D015571 The fluid surrounding the OVUM and GRANULOSA CELLS in the Graafian follicle ( OVARIAN FOLLICLE). The follicular fluid contains sex steroids, glycoprotein hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and enzymes. Wikipedia:Follicular_fluid MA:0002511 ovary follicle fluid BTO:0004383 ovary follicular fluid FMA:18665 liquor follicularis follicular antrum FMA:18675 Region of ovarian follicle filled with follicular fluid. UBERON:0000039 antral cavity antrum folliculare FMA:18675 antrum folliculare Region of ovarian follicle filled with follicular fluid. Wikipedia:Follicular_antrum http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_antrum FMA:18675 antral cavity Leydig's organ Along with the spleen and special tissue around the gonads, this structure produces red blood cells and it is nestled along the top and bottom of the esophagus. Found in elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) but with some exceptions. Leydig's organ can be quite large - a 1.6-kilogram (3.5-pound) one was reported from a 1.8-metre (6-foot) long Bluntnose Sixgill Shark (Hexanchus griseus) UBERON:0000040 Along with the spleen and special tissue around the gonads, this structure produces red blood cells and it is nestled along the top and bottom of the esophagus. Found in elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) but with some exceptions. Leydig's organ can be quite large - a 1.6-kilogram (3.5-pound) one was reported from a 1.8-metre (6-foot) long Bluntnose Sixgill Shark (Hexanchus griseus) Wikipedia:Leydig's_organ http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/p_blood_cells.htm dermal denticle Multi-tissue structure composed of enameloid, dentine surrounding a pulp cavity, and bone of attachment anchoring the element into the dermis[VAO]. small outgrowths which cover the skin of many cartilaginous fish including sharks. They are similar in structure to teeth, and teeth may have evolved from denticle-like structures in primitive fish.[citation needed] The placoid scales in sharks are formed of dentine with dermal papillae located in the core. These scales develop from the dermal layer of the skin, which is in contrast to the epidermal development seen the in the elasmoid scales of tetrapods. The shape of denticle varies from species to species and can be used in identification. Studies have found that the denticles create tiny vortices that reduce drag to make swimming more efficient. Denticles also allow sharks to swim silently compared to other fish that generate considerable noise when they ply the water[WP]. TODO check dentin def // Scales and teeth of sharks are examples of dermal skeletal elements that are still composed of the three ancient components-enamel, dentine, and bone. UBERON:0000041 VAO:0000079 placoid scale Multi-tissue structure composed of enameloid, dentine surrounding a pulp cavity, and bone of attachment anchoring the element into the dermis[VAO]. small outgrowths which cover the skin of many cartilaginous fish including sharks. They are similar in structure to teeth, and teeth may have evolved from denticle-like structures in primitive fish.[citation needed] The placoid scales in sharks are formed of dentine with dermal papillae located in the core. These scales develop from the dermal layer of the skin, which is in contrast to the epidermal development seen the in the elasmoid scales of tetrapods. The shape of denticle varies from species to species and can be used in identification. Studies have found that the denticles create tiny vortices that reduce drag to make swimming more efficient. Denticles also allow sharks to swim silently compared to other fish that generate considerable noise when they ply the water[WP]. VAO:0000079 Wikipedia:Dermal_denticle serous membrane FMA:45637 FMA:9581 GAID:19 MESH:A.10.615.789 SCTID:362878009 TODO - add generic membrane parent? TODO - split into serosa and serous membrane? UBERON:0000042 ZFA:0005425 a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which excrete serous fluid. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement. Serosa is not to be confused with adventitia, a connective tissue layer which binds together structures rather than reducing friction between them. Each serous membrane is composed of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer underneath. The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a single layer of avascular flat nucleated cells (cuboidal epithelium) which produce the lubricating serous fluid. This fluid has a consistency similar to thin mucus. These cells are bound tightly to the underlying connective tissue. The connective tissue layer provides the blood vessels and nerves for the overlying secretory cells, and also serves as the binding layer which allows the whole serous membrane to adhere to organs and other structures.[WP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Ens.png/200px-Ens.png ncithesaurus:Serosa serosa tunica serosa wall of serous sac Wikipedia:Serosa Wikipedia:Serous_membrane a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which excrete serous fluid. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement. Serosa is not to be confused with adventitia, a connective tissue layer which binds together structures rather than reducing friction between them. Each serous membrane is composed of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer underneath. The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a single layer of avascular flat nucleated cells (cuboidal epithelium) which produce the lubricating serous fluid. This fluid has a consistency similar to thin mucus. These cells are bound tightly to the underlying connective tissue. The connective tissue layer provides the blood vessels and nerves for the overlying secretory cells, and also serves as the binding layer which allows the whole serous membrane to adhere to organs and other structures.[WP]. FMA:9581 wall of serous sac FMA:9581 tunica serosa Wikipedia tendon A fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone or integument and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons are similar to ligaments except that ligaments join one bone to another. Tendons and muscles work together and can only exert a pulling force. AEO:0000091 BTO:0001356 EFO:0000952 EHDAA2:0003091 EMAPA:25053 EV:0100149 FMA:9721 GAID:276 MA:0000115 MESH:A.02.880 OG:0001286 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjefJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:256667004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000043 VAO:0000073 XAO:0000173 galen:Tendon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Achilles-tendon.jpg/200px-Achilles-tendon.jpg ncithesaurus:Tendon sinew OG Wikipedia:Tendon sinew MA A fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone or integument and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons are similar to ligaments except that ligaments join one bone to another. Tendons and muscles work together and can only exert a pulling force. BTO:0000421 OMD:connective+tissue OMD:tendon Wikipedia:Tendon http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon dorsal root ganglion AAO:0011032 BTO:0001264 DRG EFO:0000900 EHDAA2:0000418 EHDAA2:0001897 EHDAA:2899 EMAPA:16668 EMAPA:18372 EV:0100373 FMA treats dorsal root ganglion and spinal ganglion as equivalent labels. MA is the only ontology to introduce two classes here (also EHDAA2) FMA:5888 MA:0000231 MA:0000232 MAT:0000162 MIAA:0000162 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2596 OG:0000222 SCTID:244455004 TAO:0000200 UBERON:0000044 XAO:0000210 ZFA:0000200 dorsal root ganglia dorsal root ganglion ganglion of dorsal root ganglion on the dorsal root of each spinal nerve that is one of a series of ganglia lodging cell bodies of sensory neurons[BTO]. Trunk ganglion which is located adjacent to the spine on a dorsal root and contains the cell bodies of afferent sensory nerves[..]. one on the posterior root of each spinal nerve, composed of unipolar nerve cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the nerve[TFD]. ganglion sensorium nervi spinalis ganglion spinale ganglion spinalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/DRG_Chicken_e7.jpg/200px-DRG_Chicken_e7.jpg ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Root_Ganglion spinal ganglion FMA:5888 ganglion spinalis BTO:0001264 ganglion spinale dorsal root ganglia MA Wikipedia:Dorsal_root_ganglion ganglion on the dorsal root of each spinal nerve that is one of a series of ganglia lodging cell bodies of sensory neurons[BTO]. Trunk ganglion which is located adjacent to the spine on a dorsal root and contains the cell bodies of afferent sensory nerves[..]. one on the posterior root of each spinal nerve, composed of unipolar nerve cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the nerve[TFD]. FMA:5888 spinal ganglion BTO:0001264 dorsal root ganglion BTO:0001264 ganglion sensorium nervi spinalis OBOL:automatic ganglion of dorsal root ganglion A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies. AAO:0010426 AEO:0000135 BTO:0000497 EFO:0000899 EHDAA2:0003135 EHDAA:2897 EHDAA:4662 EHDAA:5621 EHDAA:918 EV:0100372 FBbt:00005137 FMA:5884 MA:0002406 MAT:0000207 MAT:0000343 MESH:A.08.340 MIAA:0000207 MIAA:0000343 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100302 OG:0000156 TAO:0000190 TGMA:0001016 TODO - check vert vs invert. Other species: Any of a number of aggregations of neurons, glial cells and their processes, surrounded by a glial cell and connective tissue sheath (plural: ganglia). // Subdivision of neural tree (organ) which primarily consists of cell bodies of neurons located outside the neuraxis (brain and spinal cord); together with a nucleus and its associated nerve, it constitutes a neural tree (organ). Examples: spinal ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, superior cervical ganglion, celiac ganglion, inferior hypogastric (pelvic) ganglion. // a cluster of nerve cells and associated glial cells (nuclear location) // Portion of tissue that contains cell bodies of neurons and is located outside the central nervous system. // Structures containing a collection of nerve cell bodies. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com). UBERON:0000045 UBERON:FBbt_00005137-FMA_5884-FMA_5888-MA_0000232-MA_0002406-MIAA_0000162-MIAA_0000207-MIAA_0000343-WBbt_0005189-XAO_0000209-XAO_0000210-ZFA_0000190-ZFA_0000200 WBbt:0005189 XAO:0000209 ZFA:0000190 ganglia ncithesaurus:Ganglion neural ganglion BTO:0000497 neural ganglion EHDAA2 A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies. Wikipedia:Ganglion stemma UBERON:0000046 eye-spots which may be set into a pit to reduce the angles of light that enters and affects the eyespot, to allow the organism to deduce the angle of incoming light pit eye Wikipedia:Eye#Pit_eyes Wikipedia:Stemma eye-spots which may be set into a pit to reduce the angles of light that enters and affects the eyespot, to allow the organism to deduce the angle of incoming light Wikipedia:Eye#Pit_eyes pit eye simple eye An eye with one concave chamber. Note that 'simple' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity. TGMA:0000729 UBERON:0000047 An eye with one concave chamber. Note that 'simple' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity. Wikipedia:Eye#Simple_eyes pinhole eye Simple eye that has a small aperture (which may be adjustable) and deep pit. It is only found in the nautiloids. UBERON:0000048 DOI:10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.000245 Simple eye that has a small aperture (which may be adjustable) and deep pit. It is only found in the nautiloids. Wikipedia:Pinhole_eye spherical lensed eye UBERON:0000049 simple eye that consists of a lens of one refractive index Wikipepedia:Eye#Spherical_lensed_eye simple eye that consists of a lens of one refractive index simple eye with multiple lenses UBERON:0000050 simple eye that has two or more lenses. Some marine organisms bear more than one lens; for instance the copeopod Pontella has three. The outer has a parabolic surface, countering the effects of spherical aberration while allowing a sharp image to be formed. Copilla's eyes have two lenses, which move in and out like a telescope Wikipedia:Eye#Multiple_lenses simple eye that has two or more lenses. Some marine organisms bear more than one lens; for instance the copeopod Pontella has three. The outer has a parabolic surface, countering the effects of spherical aberration while allowing a sharp image to be formed. Copilla's eyes have two lenses, which move in and out like a telescope fornix of vagina FMA:19985 SCTID:245475003 There are three named fornices: The posterior fornix is the larger recess, behind the cervix. It is close to the rectouterine pouch. There are two smaller recesses in front and at the sides: the anterior fornix is close to the vesicouterine pouch. the lateral fornix. Some women receive enjoyment from stimulation of the fornices, while other women say that their fornices cannot be stimulated without stimulation of the cervix, which may be painful. The fornices appear to be close to at least two erogenous zones, the AFE zone, which is near the anterior fornix, and the cul-de-sac, which is near the posterior fornix. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000051 fornix fornix vaginae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Vaginal_Fornix vaginal fornix FMA:19985 FMA:TA fornix vaginae There are three named fornices: The posterior fornix is the larger recess, behind the cervix. It is close to the rectouterine pouch. There are two smaller recesses in front and at the sides: the anterior fornix is close to the vesicouterine pouch. the lateral fornix. Some women receive enjoyment from stimulation of the fornices, while other women say that their fornices cannot be stimulated without stimulation of the cervix, which may be painful. The fornices appear to be close to at least two erogenous zones, the AFE zone, which is near the anterior fornix, and the cul-de-sac, which is near the posterior fornix. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Fornix_vaginae fornix of brain FMA:83865 MA:0002747 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_705 The fornix (Latin, 'vault' or 'arch') is a C-shaped bundle of fibres in the brain, and carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000052 brain fornix fornix fornix of neuraxis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gray747.png/200px-Gray747.png neuraxis fornix FMA:83865 neuraxis fornix FMA:83865 fornix of neuraxis The fornix (Latin, 'vault' or 'arch') is a C-shaped bundle of fibres in the brain, and carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Fornix_of_brain macula lutea BTO:0003015 EV:0100349 FMA:58637 GAID:909 MA:0001306 MESH:A.09.371.729.522 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2540 Oval yellow spot near the center of the retina of the human eye. It has a diameter of around 5 mm and is often histologically defined as having two or more layers of ganglion cells. Near its center is the fovea, a small pit that contains the largest concentration of cone cells in the eye and is responsible for central vision, and also contains the parafovea and perifovea[WP]. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed) SCTID:362517001 UBERON:0000053 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png/200px-Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png macula macula flava retinae macula retinae maculae ncithesaurus:Macula BTO:0003015 macula retinae MESH:A.09.371.729.522 Oval yellow spot near the center of the retina of the human eye. It has a diameter of around 5 mm and is often histologically defined as having two or more layers of ganglion cells. Near its center is the fovea, a small pit that contains the largest concentration of cone cells in the eye and is responsible for central vision, and also contains the parafovea and perifovea[WP]. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed) Wikipedia:Macula_lutea BTO:0003015 macula flava retinae macula GAID:777 Patches of thickened, pseudostratified epithelium of the inner ear, consisting of regular arrays of sensory hair cells interspersed with supporting cells. Each patch has its own charcteristic shape and polarity pattern. TAO:0000386 UBERON:0000054 ZFA:0000386 macula maculae sensory macula sensory patch ZFA:0000386 sensory patch ZFA:0000386 sensory macula :Macula_of_saccule Patches of thickened, pseudostratified epithelium of the inner ear, consisting of regular arrays of sensory hair cells interspersed with supporting cells. Each patch has its own charcteristic shape and polarity pattern. ZFIN:curator maculae vessel A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph. UBERON:0000055 compare with UBERON:0008782 A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph. UBERON:cjm ureter AAO:0010254 BTO:0001409 EFO:0000930 EHDAA2:0002139 EHDAA:9341 EMAPA:17950 EV:0100097 FMA:9704 GAID:438 MA:0000378 MAT:0000120 MESH:A.05.810.776 MIAA:0000120 OG:0000605 OpenCyc:Mx4rvhmm6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302511008 The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.[GO]. Muscular duct that propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, or related organs. In humans, organ with organ cavity which connects the renal sinus to the urinary bladder. Examples: There are only two ureters, the right and the left ureters. UBERON:0000056 XAO:0000144 galen:Ureter http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Urinary_system.svg/200px-Urinary_system.svg.png metanephric duct ncithesaurus:Ureter MA:0000378 GO:0090189 The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.[GO]. Muscular duct that propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, or related organs. In humans, organ with organ cavity which connects the renal sinus to the urinary bladder. Examples: There are only two ureters, the right and the left ureters. Wikipedia:Ureter ISBN10:0073040584 OG:0000605 metanephric duct GO urethra A tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. In males, the urethra travels through the penis, and carries semen as well as urine. In females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. BTO:0001426 EFO:0000931 EMAPA:30901 EV:0100099 FMA:19667 GAID:390 MA:0000379 MAT:0000121 MESH:A.05.360.444.492.726 MIAA:0000121 OG:0001264 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjkypwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302513006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000057 XAO:0000153 galen:Urethra http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Urethra A tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. In males, the urethra travels through the penis, and carries semen as well as urine. In females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. Wikipedia:Urethra Wikipedia duct A tube shaped portion of tissue lined with epithelial cells that collects secretions and routes them to their destination[ZFA]. FMA:30320 TODO - make distinctions between duct and tube clearer. Single layer of cells vs multiples? Function (e.g. exocrine gland duct?). Different ontologies use it in different ways UBERON:0000058 XAO:0004000 ZFA:0005171 anatomical duct exocrine duct exocrine gland duct galen:Duct ncithesaurus:Duct A tube shaped portion of tissue lined with epithelial cells that collects secretions and routes them to their destination[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Duct_(anatomy) ZFA:0005171 large intestine AAO:0010396 BTO:0000706 EFO:0000840 EMAPA:19252 EV:0100077 FMA:7201 GAID:306 MA:0000333 MESH:A.03.492.411.495 MIAA:0000046 OG:0000054 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkF5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181254001 The large intestine consists of the cecum and colon[WP]. Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the small intestine and distally with the anal canal.[FMA]. UBERON:0000059 XAO:0000131 galen:LargeIntestine intestinum crassum ncithesaurus:Large_Intestine FMA:7201 The large intestine consists of the cecum and colon[WP]. Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the small intestine and distally with the anal canal.[FMA]. Wikipedia:Large_intestine_(anatomy) BTO:0000706 intestinum crassum anatomical wall EMAPA:25036 UBERON:0000060 anatomical structure with bona-fide boundary that functions as a barrier. galen:Wall ncithesaurus:Wall wall UBERON:cjm anatomical structure with bona-fide boundary that functions as a barrier. anatomical structure AAO:0010825 AEO:0000003 BILA:0000003 CARO:0000003 EHDAA2:0003003 FBbt:00007001 FMA:67135 GAID:781 HAO:0000003 MESH:A.13 Material anatomical entity that has inherent 3D shape and is generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. SCTID:362889002 TAO:0000037 TGMA:0001823 UBERON:0000061 UBERON:CARO_0000003-CARO_0000024-FBbt_00000001-FBbt_00007001-FMA_67135-FMA_67498-WBbt_0003760-WBbt_0007833-XAO_0003000-XAO_0003041-ZFA_0000037-ZFA_0000496-ZFA_0001094 XAO:0003000 ZFA:0000037 biological structure CARO:0000003 Material anatomical entity that has inherent 3D shape and is generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. organ Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP]. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions[GO]. BILA:0000053 EFO:0000634 FMA:67498 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4 OpenCyc:Mx4rv5XMb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rwP3iWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000062 ncithesaurus:Organ note that CARO does not include a generic 'organ' class, only simple and compound organ Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP]. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions[GO]. Wikipedia:Organ_(anatomy) Wikipedia organ segment FMA:86140 Organ region with one or more fixed or anchored fiat boundaries. Examples: artery, trunk of nerve, cervical part of esophagus, pelvic part of vagina, horn of thyroid cartilage, anterior segment of eyeball[FMA]. UBERON:0000063 organ region with fixed fiat boundary segment of organ FMA:86140 segment of organ FMA:86140 organ region with fixed fiat boundary FMA:86140 Organ region with one or more fixed or anchored fiat boundaries. Examples: artery, trunk of nerve, cervical part of esophagus, pelvic part of vagina, horn of thyroid cartilage, anterior segment of eyeball[FMA]. organ part EFO:0000635 FMA:82472 SCTID:91717005 UBERON:0000064 anatomical structure which has as its direct parts two or more types of tissue and is continuous with one or more anatomical structures likewise constituted by two or more portions of tissues distinct from those of their complement. Examples: osteon, cortical bone, neck of femur, bronchopulmonary segment, left lobe of liver, anterior right side of heart, interventricular branch of left coronary artery, right atrium, mitral valve, head of pancreas[FMA]. cardinal organ part FMA:82472 anatomical structure which has as its direct parts two or more types of tissue and is continuous with one or more anatomical structures likewise constituted by two or more portions of tissues distinct from those of their complement. Examples: osteon, cortical bone, neck of femur, bronchopulmonary segment, left lobe of liver, anterior right side of heart, interventricular branch of left coronary artery, right atrium, mitral valve, head of pancreas[FMA]. respiratory tract EHDAA2:0001606 EHDAA:1568 EHDAA:2219 EMAPA:16737 MESH:A.04 OG:0000393 OpenCyc:Mx4rvvM--pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361110005 UBERON:0000065 anatomical structure that is part of the respiratory system. In mammals consists of upper and lower tracts UBERON:cjm anatomical structure that is part of the respiratory system. In mammals consists of upper and lower tracts fully formed stage BTO:0001043 FBdv:00005369 The stage of development at which the animal is fully formed, including immaturity and maturity. Includes both juvenile stage, and adult stage. UBERON:0000066 WBls:0000041 adult stage fully formed animal stage juvenile-adult stage The stage of development at which the animal is fully formed, including immaturity and maturity. Includes both juvenile stage, and adult stage. UBERON:cjm embryo stage part A stage that is part of the embryo stage. UBERON:0000067 embryonic stage part A stage that is part of the embryo stage. UBERON:cjm embryo stage A life cycle stage that starts with fertilization and ends with the fully formed embryo. EV:0300001 FBdv:00005289 OGES:000000 OGES:000022 SCTID:296280003 UBERON:0000068 XAO:1000012 embryogenesis embryonic stage larval stage AEO:0000126 BTO:0000915 BTO:0000954 EFO:0001303 It is a misunderstanding that the larval form always reflects the group's evolutionary history. It could be the case, but often the larval stage has evolved secondarily, as in insects. In these cases the larval form might differ more from the group's common origin than the adult form[WP]. Uberon includes clade-specific subclasses. OGES:000008 UBERON:0000069 a distinct juvenile stage many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. ammocoete ammocoete stage bipinnaria bipinnaria stage caterpillar caterpillar stage glochidium glochidium stage grub grub stage larva larva stage leptocephalus leptocephalus stage maggot maggot stage naiad, nymph naiad, nymph stage nauplius nauplius stage nymph nymph stage planula planula stage trochophore trochophore stage veliger veliger stage wriggler wriggler stage zoea zoea stage Wikipedia:Larva naiad, nymph Wikipedia:Larva wriggler Wikipedia:Larva veliger stage Wikipedia:Larva zoea stage Wikipedia:Larva trochophore stage Wikipedia:Larva nymph Wikipedia:Larva ammocoete stage Wikipedia:Larva caterpillar Wikipedia:Larva leptocephalus Wikipedia:Larva a distinct juvenile stage many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. Wikipedia:Larva nauplius stage Wikipedia:Larva grub Wikipedia:Larva caterpillar stage Wikipedia:Larva trochophore Wikipedia:Larva maggot Wikipedia:Larva planula stage Wikipedia:Larva bipinnaria stage Wikipedia:Larva wriggler stage Wikipedia:Larva maggot stage Wikipedia:Larva ammocoete Wikipedia:Larva zoea Wikipedia:Larva grub stage Wikipedia:Larva leptocephalus stage Wikipedia:Larva veliger Wikipedia:Larva planula Wikipedia:Larva bipinnaria Wikipedia:Larva nymph stage Wikipedia:Larva naiad, nymph stage Wikipedia:Larva glochidium stage Wikipedia:Larva nauplius Wikipedia:Larva glochidium pupal stage A life stage of some insects undergoing transformation. The pupal stage is found only in holometabolous insects, those that undergo a complete metamorphosis, going through four life stages; embryo, larva, pupa and imago. FBdv:00005349 UBERON:0000070 pupa stage A life stage of some insects undergoing transformation. The pupal stage is found only in holometabolous insects, those that undergo a complete metamorphosis, going through four life stages; embryo, larva, pupa and imago. Wikipedia:Pupa death stage End of the life of an organism. UBERON:0000071 XAO:0000437 death ncithesaurus:Death End of the life of an organism. XAO:0000437 segment of respiratory tract An organ segment that is part of a respiratory tract [Obol]. MA:0000434 Note that MA:0000434 has subclasses upper and lower, so it corresponds to a segment of the tract, rather than the tract as a whole UBERON:0000072 respiratory tract MA:0000434 respiratory tract An organ segment that is part of a respiratory tract [Obol]. OBOL:automatic regional part of nervous system 2009-06-18T09:00:04Z An anatomical structure that is part of a nervous system [Obol]. Melissa Haendel NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1157 SCTID:25087005 UBERON:0000073 grouping class ncithesaurus:Nervous_System_Part part of nervous system NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1157 part of nervous system An anatomical structure that is part of a nervous system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic renal glomerulus 2009-06-18T09:26:37Z A capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney[GO]. AAO:0010388 BTO:0000530 EFO:0003667 EV:0100386 FMA:15624 MA:0001657 MESH:A.05.810.453.736.520 Melissa Haendel UBERON:0000074 XAO:0000146 ZFA - The multi-tissue structure where the glomerular basement membrane supported by mesonephric podocytes filters blood from the glomerular capillaries. TODO - split glomerulus and glomerular tuft? DONE. GUDMAP: 'Together, the Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus comprise the definitive renal corpuscle.' - here the glomerulus is part of the capsule? ZFA:0001288 glomerular capillary tuft glomerular tuft glomerulus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Renal_corpuscle.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray1130.svg/200px-Gray1130.svg.png malphigian glomerulus ncithesaurus:Glomerulus renal corpuscle BTO:0000530 malphigian glomerulus A capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney[GO]. MP:0005325 Wikipedia:Glomerulus Wikipedia ZFA:0001288 glomerular capillary tuft subdivision of skeletal system 2009-07-30T03:53:53Z FMA:23879 FMA:85544 SCTID:118966000 UBERON:0000075 cjm galen:ComplexSkeletalStructure ncithesaurus:Skeletal_System_Part note we consciously merge the two FMA classes below skeletal system part skeletal system subdivision skeleton part subdivision of skeleton subdivision of skeleton (in vivo) FMA:23879 subdivision of skeleton (in vivo) FMA:85544 skeletal system subdivision external ectoderm EHDAA2:0001968 EHDAA:1494 EHDAA:350 EHDAA:4784 EHDAA:4790 EHDAA:4796 EHDAA:7860 EMAPA:16096 EMAPA:16539 FMA:87656 In vertebrates, the ectoderm has three parts: external ectoderm (also known as surface ectoderm), the neurectoderm (neural crest, and neural tube). The surface ectoderm (or external ectoderm forms the following structures: Skin Epithelium of the mouth and nasal cavity saliavary glands, and glands of mouth and nasal cavity Enamel - as a side note dentin and dental pulp are formed from ectomesenchyme which is derived from ectoderm Epithelium of pineal and pituitary glands Lens and cornea of the eye Apical ectodermal ridge inducing development of the limb buds of the embryo. Sensory receptors in epidermis [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000076 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ectoderm.png/200px-Ectoderm.png ncithesaurus:Surface_Ectoderm surface ectoderm The surface ectoderm (or external ectoderm forms the following structures: Skin Epithelium of the mouth and nasal cavity saliavary glands, and glands of mouth and nasal cavity Enamel - as a side note dentin and dental pulp are formed from ectomesenchyme which is derived from ectoderm Epithelium of pineal and pituitary glands Lens and cornea of the eye Apical ectodermal ridge inducing development of the limb buds of the embryo. Sensory receptors in epidermis [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:External_ectoderm mixed endoderm/mesoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops from the endoderm and the mesoderm. Grouping term for query purposes. UBERON:0000077 An anatomical structure that develops from the endoderm and the mesoderm. UBERON:cjm mixed ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops from the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Grouping term for query purposes UBERON:0000078 An anatomical structure that develops from the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. UBERON:cjm male reproductive system BTO:0000082 EFO:0000970 EHDAA2:0001054 EHDAA:8136 EMAPA:17968 EV:0100101 FBbt:00004828 FMA:45664 GAID:386 HAO:0000505 MA:0000396 MESH:A.05.360.444 OG:0000725 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViCepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361340001 TGMA:0000634 UBERON:0000079 WBbt:0008423 XAO:0000155 genitalia of male organism male genital organ male genital system male genitalia male genitals male organism genitalia male organism reproductive system male reproductive tract ncithesaurus:Male_Reproductive_System reproductive system of male organism systema genitale masculinum the organs associated with producing offspring in the gender that produces spermatozoa. BTO:0000082 systema genitale masculinum BTO:0000082 male genital organ MP:0001145 the organs associated with producing offspring in the gender that produces spermatozoa. FMA:45664 male genital system OBOL:automatic reproductive system of male organism OBOL:automatic genitalia of male organism OBOL:automatic male organism genitalia OBOL:automatic male organism reproductive system MA:0000396 male reproductive tract mesonephros BTO:0001542 By contrast to the pronephros, the histological features of the mesonephros, with its primitive glomeruli, suggest that it probably functions as a primitive kidney, and is involved in the production of much of the amniotic fluid. Within the two mesonephroi, one located on either side of the dorsal mesentery of the hindgut, a substantial number (in the region of about 40 or more) of cranio-caudally segmented mesonephric tubules are formed. It has, however, been suggested that only the most rostrally located 4-6 pairs of mesonephric tubules drain into the mesonephric portion of the nephric duct. This is now seen to extend along the length of the mesonephroi, being located towards their lateral sides. The mesonephros is also retained over a considerably longer period than the pronephros, but gradually undergoes regression in a cranio-caudal direction. While the rostral part displays clear evidence of regression its more caudal part appears to display evidence of functional activity. Within the medial part of the mesonephros, vesicles are formed, although no glomeruli are formed there in this species. It is, however, difficult to believe that the relatively enormous mesonephroi do not have an excretory role in the mouse, only serving as a base for gonadal differentiation. In the human embryo, the medial part of the mesonephric tubules enlarges, become invaginated by capillaries, and form glomeruli. These then take on an excretory role. In the mouse, the mesonephric ducts appear to be patent throughout their length[GUDMAP] EFO:0000928 EHDAA2:0001130 EHDAA:1581 EHDAA:5903 EMAPA:16744 EMAPA:27644 FMA:72171 GAID:1308 In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney[GO]. One of three excretory organs that develop in vertebrates. It serves as the main excretory organ of aquatic vertebrates and as a temporary kidney in higher vertebrates. composed of the mesonephric duct (also called the Wolffian duct), mesonephric tubules, and associated capillary tufts. A single tubule and its associated capillary tuft is called a mesonephric excretory unit; these units are similar in structure and function to nephrons of the adult kidney. The mesonephros is derived from intermediate mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo. MESH:A.16.254.500 OG:0000038 SCTID:308799002 UBERON:0000080 Wolffian body XAO:0000141 ZFA:0000529 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gray986.png/200px-Gray986.png mesonephric kidney mesonephroi ncithesaurus:Mesonephros opisthonephros opisto nephros opistonephros BTO:0001542 GOC:yaf MESH:A.16.254.500 Wikipedia:Mesonephros Wolffian body OG:0000038 XAO:0000141 opisthonephros http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio/courses/bio205/bio205_26_sex.html opistonephros GO:0001823 In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney[GO]. One of three excretory organs that develop in vertebrates. It serves as the main excretory organ of aquatic vertebrates and as a temporary kidney in higher vertebrates. composed of the mesonephric duct (also called the Wolffian duct), mesonephric tubules, and associated capillary tufts. A single tubule and its associated capillary tuft is called a mesonephric excretory unit; these units are similar in structure and function to nephrons of the adult kidney. The mesonephros is derived from intermediate mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo. Wikipedia:Mesonephros http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron mesonephroi XAO:0000141 mesonephric kidney metanephros BTO:0001543 EHDAA2:0001137 EHDAA:3089 EHDAA:5911 EMAPA:17207 EMAPA:17373 FMA:72172 In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine[GO]. During the fifth week of gestation, the mesonephric duct develops an outpouching, the ureteric bud, near its attachment to the cloaca. This bud, also called the metanephrogenic diverticulum, grows posteriorly and towards the head of the embryo. The elongated stalk of the ureteric bud, the metanephric duct, later forms the ureter. As the cranial end of the bud extends into the intermediate mesoderm, it undergoes a series of branchings to form the collecting duct system of the kidney. It also forms the major and minor calyces and the renal pelvis. OG:0000039 SCTID:308797000 TODO check developmental relationships UBERON:0000081 definite kidney definitive kidney hind kidney metanephron ncithesaurus:Metanephros GO GO:0001656 In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine[GO]. During the fifth week of gestation, the mesonephric duct develops an outpouching, the ureteric bud, near its attachment to the cloaca. This bud, also called the metanephrogenic diverticulum, grows posteriorly and towards the head of the embryo. The elongated stalk of the ureteric bud, the metanephric duct, later forms the ureter. As the cranial end of the bud extends into the intermediate mesoderm, it undergoes a series of branchings to form the collecting duct system of the kidney. It also forms the major and minor calyces and the renal pelvis. Wikipedia:Metanephros#Metanephros BTO:0001543 hind kidney BTO:0001543 metanephron BTO:0001543 definite kidney BTO:0001543 definitive kidney ISBN:9780878932504 adult mammalian kidney UBERON:0000082 mesonephric tubule A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros[GO]. Genital ridge that is next to the mesonephros[WP]. AAO:0010389 EHDAA2:0001134 EMAPA:27588 EMAPA:27659 OG:0000500 TODO check UBERON:0000083 XAO:0000148 A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros[GO]. Genital ridge that is next to the mesonephros[WP]. Wikipedia:Mesonephric_tubules ureteric bud BTO:0001646 EHDAA2:0002140 EHDAA:3091 EHDAA:5917 EMAPA:17209 EMAPA:17376 OG:0000541 SCTID:361528000 UBERON:0000084 a protrusion from the mesonephric duct during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It later develops into the adult kidney, except for the nephrons, which, in contrast, originate from the metanephric blastema[WP]. epithelial swelling on the Wolffian duct that elongates to invade the adjacent metanephric mesenchyme[MP] diverticulum metanephric bud metanephric diverticulum ncithesaurus:Metanephric_Diverticulum Wikipedia:Metanephros#Metanephros metanephric diverticulum BTO:0001646 diverticulum BTO:0001646 metanephric bud MP:0010979 PMID:19828308 Wikipedia:Ureteric_bud a protrusion from the mesonephric duct during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It later develops into the adult kidney, except for the nephrons, which, in contrast, originate from the metanephric blastema[WP]. epithelial swelling on the Wolffian duct that elongates to invade the adjacent metanephric mesenchyme[MP] ISBN:9780878932504 morula An embryo at an early stage of embryonic development, consisting of cells (called blastomeres) in a solid ball contained within the zona pellucida[WP] The compacted embryo before cavity formation. BTO:0001508 EHDAA2:0000005 GAID:1295 MESH:A.16.254.270.550 SCTID:361474003 UBERON:0000085 XAO:1000029 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blastulation.png/200px-Blastulation.png ncithesaurus:Morula An embryo at an early stage of embryonic development, consisting of cells (called blastomeres) in a solid ball contained within the zona pellucida[WP] The compacted embryo before cavity formation. Wikipedia:Morula zona pellucida A glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte. It is a vital constitutive part of the latter, external but not extraneous to it. The zona pellucida first appears in multilaminar primary oocytes. BTO:0003135 EHDAA2:0002220 EHDAA:31 EHDAA:62 EMAPA:16035 EMAPA:16049 FMA:18674 GAID:410 MA:0001715 MESH:A.05.360.490.690.950 UBERON:0000086 ZFA:0001111 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray3.png/200px-Gray3.png ncithesaurus:Zona_Pellucida oolemma pellucid zone striated membrane vitelline envelope vitelline membrane zona radiata zona striata BTO:0003135 zona striata BTO:0003135 pellucid zone BTO:0003135 zona radiata A glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte. It is a vital constitutive part of the latter, external but not extraneous to it. The zona pellucida first appears in multilaminar primary oocytes. Wikipedia:Zona_pellucida BTO:0003135 oolemma BTO:0003135 striated membrane inner cell mass EFO:0000547 EHDAA2:0000830 EHDAA:40 EMAPA:16041 FMA:86557 Mass of cells inside the primordial embryo that will eventually give rise to the definitive structures of the fetus. This structure forms in the earliest steps of development, before implantation into the endometrium of the uterus has occurred. The ICM lies within the blastocoele (more correctly termed 'blastocyst cavity', as it is not strictly homologous to the blastocoele of anamniote vertebrates) and is entirely surrounded by the single layer of cells called trophoblast. OG:0000742 SCTID:361456007 UBERON:0000087 embryoblast http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Blastocyst_English.svg/200px-Blastocyst_English.svg.png ncithesaurus:Inner_Cell_Mass pluriblast Mass of cells inside the primordial embryo that will eventually give rise to the definitive structures of the fetus. This structure forms in the earliest steps of development, before implantation into the endometrium of the uterus has occurred. The ICM lies within the blastocoele (more correctly termed 'blastocyst cavity', as it is not strictly homologous to the blastocoele of anamniote vertebrates) and is entirely surrounded by the single layer of cells called trophoblast. Wikipedia:Inner_cell_mass Wikipedia trophoblast Aggregate of cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They are formed during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg. BTO:0001079 EV:0100120 FMA:83029 GAID:1152 MESH:A.11.936 SCTID:362839005 UBERON:0000088 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Blastocyst_English.svg/200px-Blastocyst_English.svg.png trophoblast layer trophoderm MP:0005031 trophoblast layer Aggregate of cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They are formed during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg. Wikipedia:Trophoblast BTO:0001079 trophoderm hypoblast AAO:0000229 AAO:0010619 BTO:0003953 EFO:0001930 MAT:0000418 MIAA:0000418 OG:0001222 TAO:0000117 The inner of the two layers of the blastoderm that forms during gastrulation and give rise to the definitive mesoderm and endoderm UBERON:0000089 XAO:0003044 ZFA:0000117 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Cell_differentiation_gastrula.PNG mesendoderm ncithesaurus:Hypoblast this term groups together disparate structures with different relationships. TODO - consider relationship to UBERON:0000091 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 mesendoderm The inner of the two layers of the blastoderm that forms during gastrulation and give rise to the definitive mesoderm and endoderm Wikipedia:Hypoblast ZFIN:curator blastocele AAO:0010433 EHDAA2:0000175 EHDAA:50 EMAPA:16044 OG:0000811 SCTID:361455006 UBERON:0000090 XAO:0000294 blastocoele blastocoelic cavity blastocyst cavity cleavage cavity fluid-filled central region of a blastocyst. A blastocoele forms during embryogenesis when a zygote (a fertilized ovum) divides into many cells through mitosis. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Blastocyst.gif/200px-Blastocyst.gif segmentation cavity EHDAA2:0000175 blastocoelic cavity Wikipedia:Blastocele fluid-filled central region of a blastocyst. A blastocoele forms during embryogenesis when a zygote (a fertilized ovum) divides into many cells through mitosis. http://zfin.org/zf_info/zfbook/stages/gast.html bilaminar disc UBERON:0000091 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gray21.png/200px-Gray21.png the epiblast and the hypoblast, evolved from the embryoblast Wikipedia:Bilaminar_disc the epiblast and the hypoblast, evolved from the embryoblast post-embryonic stage OGES:000010 OGES:000014 OGES:000024 UBERON:0000092 WBls:0000022 postembryonic postembryonic stage stage succeeding embryo, including mature structure UBERON:cjm stage succeeding embryo, including mature structure sulcus 2009-04-09T06:23:22Z UBERON:0000093 a depression or fissure in the surface of an organ. cjm Wikipedia:Sulcus_(anatomy) a depression or fissure in the surface of an organ. membrane organ 2009-07-30T05:19:13Z FMA:7145 Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue organized into a sheet which interconnects two or more organs, separates two or more body spaces from one another, or surrounds an organ or body part. Examples: interosseous membrane of forearm, obturator membrane, tympanic membrane, fibrous pericardium, fascia lata, dura mater. [FMA] UBERON:0000094 cjm membrane of organ FMA:7145 Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue organized into a sheet which interconnects two or more organs, separates two or more body spaces from one another, or surrounds an organ or body part. Examples: interosseous membrane of forearm, obturator membrane, tympanic membrane, fibrous pericardium, fascia lata, dura mater. [FMA] cardiac neural crest 2009-07-30T07:57:38Z UBERON:0000095 XAO:0004190 ZFA:0001648 cardiac neural crest complex cjm portion of neural crest that develops from the dorsal neural tube. It overlaps the vagal neural crest and migrates to populate the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 (producing structures in the head) and to the heart, forming connective tissue that separates the great vessels of the heart. [Wikipedia] Wikipedia:Cardiac_neural_crest portion of neural crest that develops from the dorsal neural tube. It overlaps the vagal neural crest and migrates to populate the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 (producing structures in the head) and to the heart, forming connective tissue that separates the great vessels of the heart. [Wikipedia] Wikipedia:Cardiac_neural_crest cardiac neural crest complex blastopore AAO:0000045 BTO:0001695 In protostome development, the first opening in development, the blastopore, becomes the animal's mouth; In deuterostome development, the blastopore becomes the animal's anus Structure around the opening into the archenteron during the embryonic stages of an organism. The distinction between protostomes and deuterostomes is based on the direction in which the mouth (stoma) develops in relation to the blastopore. UBERON:0000100 XAO:0000208 vOG:0001202 http://zfin.org/zf_info/zfbook/stages/gast.html Structure around the opening into the archenteron during the embryonic stages of an organism. The distinction between protostomes and deuterostomes is based on the direction in which the mouth (stoma) develops in relation to the blastopore. Wikipedia:Blastopore lobe of lung A lung lobe is one of the rounded projections that compose the lung[GO]. FMA:7311 OpenCyc:Mx4rvo6-vpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245524004 UBERON:0000101 galen:LobeOfLung lung lobe ncithesaurus:Lung_Lobe pulminory lobe pulmonary lobe FMA:7311 pulmonary lobe A lung lobe is one of the rounded projections that compose the lung[GO]. GOC:GO lung vasculature FMA:73750 The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs[GO]. UBERON:0000102 lung vascular network pulmonary vasculature vascular network of lung vasculature of lung OBOL:automatic vasculature of lung FMA:73750 pulmonary vasculature GOC:GO The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs[GO]. OBOL:automatic lung vascular network OBOL:automatic vascular network of lung life cycle stage boundary Instant starting or ending a life cycle stage. These can be arbitrary/fiat. UBERON:0000103 life cycle stage transition event life cycle stage transition instant span:ProcessBoundary Instant starting or ending a life cycle stage. These can be arbitrary/fiat. UBERON:cjm life cycle An entire span of an organism's life, commencing with the zygote stage and ending in the death of the organism. FBdv_root:00000000 OGES:000011 UBERON:0000104 life lifespan ncithesaurus:Life An entire span of an organism's life, commencing with the zygote stage and ending in the death of the organism. UBERON:cjm life cycle stage A spatiotemporal region encompassing some part of the life cycle of an organism. BILS:0000105 BTO:0001043 EFO:0000399 UBERON:0000105 WBls:0000002 XAO:1000000 ZFS:0100000 developmental stage ncithesaurus:Developmental_Stage stage A spatiotemporal region encompassing some part of the life cycle of an organism. UBERON:cjm zygote stage 1-cell stage A stage at which the organism is a single cell produced by means of sexual reproduction. BILS:0000106 EHDAA:27 EMAPA:16033 OG:0000745 UBERON:0000106 XAO:1000001 ZFS:0000001 fertilized egg stage one cell stage BTO:0000854 fertilized egg stage A stage at which the organism is a single cell produced by means of sexual reproduction. Wikipedia:Zygote cleavage stage BILS:0000107 EFO:0001290 MESH:A.16.254.270 OGES:000015 OGES:000020 The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg; Stage consisting of division of cells in the early embryo. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula. UBERON:0000107 XAO:1000004 GO:0040016 The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg; Stage consisting of division of cells in the early embryo. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula. Wikipedia:Cleavage_(embryo) blastula stage An early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. BILS:0000108 EFO:0001282 GAID:1294 OGES:000003 OGES:000016 OGES:000021 OpenCyc:Mx4rEetFnKP2EdqAAAACs4vPlg UBERON:0000108 XAO:1000003 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blastulation.png/200px-Blastulation.png An early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. Wikipedia:Blastula gastrula stage A stage defined by complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. BILS:0000109 EFO:0001296 FBdv:00005317 OGES:000004 OGES:000019 UBERON:0000109 XAO:1000005 A stage defined by complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. GO:0007369 neurula stage BILS:0000110 Staged defined by the formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system. UBERON:0000110 XAO:1000006 GO:0001841 Staged defined by the formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system. organogenesis stage A stage at which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism. BILS:0000111 OGES:000005 OGES:000032 UBERON:0000111 segmentation stage A stage at which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism. Wikipedia:Organogenesis juvenile stage BILS:0000112 BTO:0002168 EFO:0001300 EV:0300051 OGES:000009 The stage of being a sexually immature adult animal. UBERON:0000112 XAO:1000010 ZFS:0000042 ZFS:0000043 The stage of being a sexually immature adult animal. XAO:1000010 post-juvenile adult stage BILS:0000113 BTO:0001043 EV:0300064 EV:0300070 MIAA:0000403 OGES:000026 OGES:000027 The stage of being a sexually mature adult animal. UBERON:0000113 UBERON:MIAA_0000403-XAO_1000009 XAO:1000009 ZFS:0000044 adult stage The stage of being a sexually mature adult animal. UBERON:cjm lung connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lung [Obol]. MA:0001782 UBERON:0000114 connective tissue of lung lung interstitial tissue lung portion of connective tissue lung textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of lung textus connectivus of lung OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lung OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lung MA:0001782 lung interstitial tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lung OBOL:automatic lung textus connectivus OBOL:automatic lung portion of connective tissue lung epithelium BTO:0001653 MA:0001783 UBERON:0000115 epithelial tissue of lung epithelium of lung lung epithelial tissue pulmonary epithelium the epithelial layer of the lung. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lung MP:0006382 the epithelial layer of the lung. OBOL:automatic lung epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of lung BTO:0001653 pulmonary epithelium lung saccule Primitive gas exchange portion of the lung composed of type I and type II cells[GO]. UBERON:0000116 GO GO:0060430 Primitive gas exchange portion of the lung composed of type I and type II cells[GO]. respiratory tube A tube in the respiratory tract. UBERON:0000117 A tube in the respiratory tract. GO:0030323 lung bud BTO:0001643 EHDAA2:0004089 SCTID:361427007 Structure derived from foregut that becomes a lung. UBERON:0000118 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gray948.png/200px-Gray948.png lung bud ncithesaurus:Respiratory_Diverticulum primary lung bud respiratory diverticulum GO:0060572 GO:0060431 Structure derived from foregut that becomes a lung. Wikipedia:Lung_buds lung bud Wikipedia:Lung_buds respiratory diverticulum cell layer Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of cells connected to each other by cell junctions UBERON:0000119 cell sheath layer of cells Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of cells connected to each other by cell junctions UBERON:cjm blood brain barrier BBB Cell layer consisting of lining cells that separates the central nervous system and the bloodstream. The BBB may consist of endothelial cells or glial cells. An endothelial barrier may have arisen independently several times during evolution. In bichir and lungfish the barrier is formed by brain endothelial cells, while in sturgeon it is formed by a complex perivascular glial sheath, but with no detectable tight junctions. NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_100205 UBERON:0000120 blood-brain barrier ncithesaurus:Blood-Brain_Barrier Cell layer consisting of lining cells that separates the central nervous system and the bloodstream. The BBB may consist of endothelial cells or glial cells. An endothelial barrier may have arisen independently several times during evolution. In bichir and lungfish the barrier is formed by brain endothelial cells, while in sturgeon it is formed by a complex perivascular glial sheath, but with no detectable tight junctions. DOI:10.1002/glia.20642 Wikipedia:Blood-brain_barrier perineurium BTO:0003153 Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle. FMA:52585 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090205 SCTID:362299001 UBERON:0000121 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray636.png/200px-Gray636.png ncithesaurus:Perineurium Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle. Wikipedia:Perineurium neuron projection bundle A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses. CARO:0001001 FBbt:00005099 UBERON:0000122 UBERON:0005163 funiculus nerve fiber bundle neural fiber bundle A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses. CARO:0001001 FBC:DOS FBbt:00005099 FBbt:00005099 nerve fiber bundle endoneurium FMA:52586 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090202 SCTID:15931004 UBERON:0000123 a layer of delicate connective tissue that encloses the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber within a funiculus. ncithesaurus:Endoneurium Wikipedia:Endodeurium a layer of delicate connective tissue that encloses the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber within a funiculus. epineurium BTO:0003154 FMA:12234 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090203 SCTID:64482002 UBERON:0000124 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray636.png/200px-Gray636.png ncithesaurus:Epineurium outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve. It includes the blood vessels supplying the nerve. It consists of adipose tissue and fibrocollagenous tissues. Wikipedia:Epineurium outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve. It includes the blood vessels supplying the nerve. It consists of adipose tissue and fibrocollagenous tissues. neural nucleus Anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma[GO]. FMA:83686 UBERON:0000125 do not include NIF_Subcellular:sao1702920020 Nucleus. Proposed CUMBO def from MM: A subcortical part of the nervous system consisting of a relatively compact group of cells that is distinguishable histologically that share a commonality of cytoarchitecture, chemoarchitecturel and connectivity. (comments: I put in "subcortical" because I don't think we consider either the cerebellar cortex or cerebral cortex to be nuclei. Some people distinguish between a nucleus and a laminar structure (see Wikipedia definition). However, there are structures identified as nuclei that are laminar, e.g., lateral geniculate nucleus, although they are not laminated in all species. Also, I put in "relatively compact" and "distiguishable by histology" because we have groups of cells, e.g., cholinergic cell groups, doparminergic cell groups that are related on the 3 criteria but which we don't tend to consider nuclei because they don't occupy an easily defined territory. But all is open to debate. neuraxis nucleus nucleus nucleus of neuraxis Anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma[GO]. GO:0048857 GO_REF:0000021 Wikipedia:Nucleus_(neuroanatomy) FMA:83686 neuraxis nucleus cranial nerve nucleus FMA:54501 SCTID:280160003 UBERON:0000126 collection of neurons (gray matter) in the brain stem that is associated with one or more cranial nerves. cranial neural nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray696.png/200px-Gray696.png nucleus of cranial nerve Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve_nucleus collection of neurons (gray matter) in the brain stem that is associated with one or more cranial nerves. FMA:54501 cranial neural nucleus facial nucleus BM:Pons-VII EV:0100267 FMA has 3 subclasses - left, right and motor nucleus of facial nerve, but no defs. It's not clear how facial nucleus is distinct from facial motor nucleus. FMA:54572 MA:0001014 OG:0001412 SCTID:280166009 UBERON:0000127 facial VII motor nucleus facial VII nucleus facial nerve nucleus ncithesaurus:Facial_Nerve_Nucleus nucleus of facial nerve MA:0001014 facial VII nucleus FMA:54572 nucleus of facial nerve MA:0001014 facial VII motor nucleus olivary body BTO:0002299 SCTID:279293003 UBERON:0000128 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gray679.png/200px-Gray679.png olive olive body prominent oval structure in the medulla oblongata, present in pairs, the lower portion of the brainstem. They contain the olivary nuclei Wikipedia:Olivary_body prominent oval structure in the medulla oblongata, present in pairs, the lower portion of the brainstem. They contain the olivary nuclei transverse foramen FMA:23997 Foramen that pierces the transverse processes of the seven cervical vertebrae. In the upper six vertebrae, the foramen gives passage to the vertebral artery, vertebral vein, and a plexus of sympathetic nerves. The seventh foramen lacks the artery, but contains the vein and sympathetic nerves. SCTID:280735005 UBERON:0000130 foramen transversarium foramen transversarium of cervical vertebra transverse foramen of cervical vertebra Foramen that pierces the transverse processes of the seven cervical vertebrae. In the upper six vertebrae, the foramen gives passage to the vertebral artery, vertebral vein, and a plexus of sympathetic nerves. The seventh foramen lacks the artery, but contains the vein and sympathetic nerves. Wikipedia:Transverse_foramen FMA:23997 transverse foramen of cervical vertebra FMA:23998 foramen transversarium of cervical vertebra FMA Wikipedia:Transverse_foramen foramen transversarium trochlea of humerus FMA:23370 SCTID:282817004 The medial portion of the articular surface of the humerus is named the trochlea, and presents a deep depression between two well-marked borders; it is convex from before backward, concave from side to side, and occupies the anterior, lower, and posterior parts of the extremity. It is directly inferior to the most prominent anterior humeral fossia, the Coronoid fossia. It articulates with the ulna. UBERON:0000144 humeral trochlea FMA:23370 humeral trochlea FMA The medial portion of the articular surface of the humerus is named the trochlea, and presents a deep depression between two well-marked borders; it is convex from before backward, concave from side to side, and occupies the anterior, lower, and posterior parts of the extremity. It is directly inferior to the most prominent anterior humeral fossia, the Coronoid fossia. It articulates with the ulna. Wikipedia:Trochlea_of_humerus pectoral fin BTO:0004653 SCTID:416982006 TAO:0001161 The paired pectoral fins are located on each side, usually just behind the operculum, and are homologous to the forelimbs of tetrapods. UBERON:0000151 ZFA:0001161 check definition of limb such that is excludes fins. Note the GO includes pectoral and pelvic fins as types of limbs. The Actinopterygii (ray finned fish) pectoral and pelvic fins aren't homologous as fore- or hindlimbs to those of tetrapods, whereas those of the Sarcopterygii (lobe finned fish) are in fact homologous. The paired pectoral fins are located on each side, usually just behind the operculum, and are homologous to the forelimbs of tetrapods. Wikipedia:Pectoral_fin#Fins pelvic fin BTO:0004651 EFO:0003644 TAO:0001184 The paired pelvic or ventral fins are located ventrally below the pectoral fins. They are homologous to the hindlimbs of tetrapods. The pelvic fin assists the fish in going up or down through the water, turning sharply, and stopping quickly. UBERON:0000152 ZFA:0001184 check definition of limb such that is excludes fins. Note the GO includes pectoral and pelvic fins as types of limbs. The paired pelvic or ventral fins are located ventrally below the pectoral fins. They are homologous to the hindlimbs of tetrapods. The pelvic fin assists the fish in going up or down through the water, turning sharply, and stopping quickly. Wikipedia:Pectoral_fin#Fins anterior region of body UBERON:0000153 posterior region of body UBERON:0000154 theca cell layer A layer of the ovarian follicles. They appear as the follicles become tertiary follicles. The theca folliculi are responsible for the production of testosterone from androstenedione in females, and indirectly the production of estrogens by supplying the neighboring granulosa cells with androstenedione that can then be used as a substrate for aromatase. BTO:0002853 EFO:0003629 FMA:18656 TAO:0001113 UBERON:0000155 ZFA:0001113 layer of theca cells theca cell layer of ovarian follicle theca folliculi theca of follicle thecal cell layer ZFA:0001113 thecal cell layer A layer of the ovarian follicles. They appear as the follicles become tertiary follicles. The theca folliculi are responsible for the production of testosterone from androstenedione in females, and indirectly the production of estrogens by supplying the neighboring granulosa cells with androstenedione that can then be used as a substrate for aromatase. Wikipedia:Theca_of_follicle theca externa BTO:0002852 FMA:18657 MA:0001713 SCTID:258767003 The theca externa is the outer layers of the theca folliculi. It contains abundant collagen and is mainly supportive. UBERON:0000156 UBERON:0005182 external coat of theca folliculi http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mature_Graffian_follicle.jpg/200px-Mature_Graffian_follicle.jpg ovary theca externa theca externa (folliculus ovaricus tertiarius) tunica externa of theca folliculi tunica externa thecae folliculi The theca externa is the outer layers of the theca folliculi. It contains abundant collagen and is mainly supportive. Wikipedia:Theca_externa FMA:18657 theca externa (folliculus ovaricus tertiarius) MA:0001713 ovary theca externa BTO:0002852 external coat of theca folliculi FMA:18657 tunica externa of theca folliculi BTO:0002852 tunica externa thecae folliculi theca interna BTO:0002851 FMA:18658 MA:0001714 SCTID:258869006 Theca interna cells express receptors for luteinizing hormone, which when activated will stimulate the production of androstenedione from cholesterol by the enzyme desmolase. Androstenedione ultimately gives the granulosa cells the precursor substrate for estrogen manufacturing. UBERON:0000157 UBERON:0005183 internal coat of capsule of graafian follicle ovary theca interna theca interna (folliculus ovaricus tertiarius) tunica interna of theca folliculi tunica interna thecae folliculi BTO:0002851 tunica interna thecae folliculi BTO:0002851 internal coat of capsule of graafian follicle MA:0001714 ovary theca interna Theca interna cells express receptors for luteinizing hormone, which when activated will stimulate the production of androstenedione from cholesterol by the enzyme desmolase. Androstenedione ultimately gives the granulosa cells the precursor substrate for estrogen manufacturing. Wikipedia:Theca_externa#Theca_interna FMA:18658 tunica interna of theca folliculi FMA:18658 theca interna (folliculus ovaricus tertiarius) membranous layer FMA:82500 UBERON:0000158 membranous organ component FMA:82500 membranous organ component anal canal BTO:0001978 EMAPA:18256 FMA:15703 MA:0000330 SCTID:245438008 TGMA:0001022 The terminal part of the large intestine, continuous proximally with the rectum and distally terminates with the anus. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000159 adult alimentary canal anal canal anal canal viewed anatomically anal pad anatomical anal canal anus canalis analis cloaca cloacal chamber galen:AnalCanal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gray1078.png/200px-Gray1078.png mesenteron ncithesaurus:Anal_Canal pars analis recti BTO:0001978 pars analis recti BTO:0001978 canalis analis The terminal part of the large intestine, continuous proximally with the rectum and distally terminates with the anus. Wikipedia:Anal_canal intestine AAO:0000246 BTO:0000648 EFO:0000834 EV:0100071 FMA:7199 GAID:295 MA also has a class MA:0001524 bowel, not clear how this is different MA:0000328 MA:0001524 MESH:A.03.492.411 MIAA:0000043 OG:0000056 SCTID:256876008 Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. TAO:0001338 UBERON:0000160 UBERON:FBbt_00005785-FMA_15703-FMA_7199-MA_0000328-MA_0000330-MIAA_0000042-MIAA_0000043-WBbt_0005772-WBbt_0005774-XAO_0000129-XAO_0000244-ZFA_0000330-ZFA_0001338 WBbt:0005772 XAO:0000129 ZFA:0001338 bowel galen:Intestine ncithesaurus:Intestine GOC:GO Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. Wikipedia:Intestine orifice Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces, surrounded by two or more subdivisions of two or more organs. Examples: right atrioventricular orifice, orifice of artery, hilum of kidney, porta hepatis[FMA,modified]. FMA:3724 SCTID:91837002 UBERON:0000161 anatomical orifice anatomical ostium hilum in FMA, this is an anatomical conduit *space*, rather than anatomical conduit Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces, surrounded by two or more subdivisions of two or more organs. Examples: right atrioventricular orifice, orifice of artery, hilum of kidney, porta hepatis[FMA,modified]. FMA:3724 FMA:3724 anatomical orifice FMA:3724 anatomical ostium cloaca AAO:0000095 GAID:1206 Human beings only have an embryonic cloaca, which is split up into separate tracts during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs[WP] MESH:A.13.223 OG:0001186 Posterior opening that serves as the only such opening for the intestinal and urinary tracts of certain animal species SCTID:362857006 UBERON:0000162 WBbt:0005774 XAO:0000244 ZFA:0000330 cloacal chamber ncithesaurus:Cloaca vent Posterior opening that serves as the only such opening for the intestinal and urinary tracts of certain animal species Wikipedia:Cloaca embryonic cloaca EHDAA2:0000256 EHDAA:4895 EMAPA:27573 EMAPA:27638 Structure in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs[WP]. endoderm-lined chamber into which the hidgut and allantois empty in early embryos[MP]. UBERON:0000163 cloaca compare UBERON:0000162 cloaca cloaca MP:0010115 Structure in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs[WP]. endoderm-lined chamber into which the hidgut and allantois empty in early embryos[MP]. Wikipedia:Cloaca_(embryology) primitive urogenital sinus EHDAA2:0002142 EHDAA2:0004060 EHDAA:5029 EHDAA:5919 EMAPA:17211 EMAPA:17379 Note that the term "urogenital sinus" may refer to the primitive urogenital sinus present as a transient developmental structure in most mammals or it may refer to a condition in which an unseptated cloaca persists in animals longer than normal[MP]. OG:0000414 Part of the human body only present in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It is the ventral part of the cloaca, formed after the cloaca separates from the rectum. It eventually becomes, among other things, the bladder[WP]. ventral part of the cloaca remaining after septation of the rectum, which further develops into part of the bladder, part of the prostatic part of the male urethra and the urethra and vestibule in females[MP]. SCTID:50961009 UBERON:0000164 UGS http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gray1109.png/200px-Gray1109.png ncithesaurus:Urogenital_Sinus urogenital sinus Part of the human body only present in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It is the ventral part of the cloaca, formed after the cloaca separates from the rectum. It eventually becomes, among other things, the bladder[WP]. ventral part of the cloaca remaining after septation of the rectum, which further develops into part of the bladder, part of the prostatic part of the male urethra and the urethra and vestibule in females[MP]. Wikipedia:Urogenital_sinus MP:0010116 UGS MP:0010116 urogenital sinus mouth AAO:0010355 BTO:0001090 EFO:0000825 FBbt:00003126 FMA:49184 First portion of the digestive tract[WP]. The portion of the digestive that develops from the stomodeum GAID:75 MA:0002474 MAT:0000038 MESH:A.01.456.505.631 MIAA:0000038 OG:0000812 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVidh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TADS:0000040 TAO:0000547 TGMA:0000131 TODO - check fly mouthpart. note in uberon we distinguish between the mouth and the oral opening. the mouth is part of the digestive tract. TODO - check isa parent subdivision of head - is it a subdivision of the head or digestive tract UBERON:0000165 XAO:0003029 ZFA:0000547 adult mouth cavitas oris cavum oris galen:Mouth http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg/200px-Illu01_head_neck.jpg mouth cavity oral vestibule regio oralis rima oris stoma vestibule of mouth vestibulum oris BTO:0001090 vestibule of mouth FMA:49184 FMA:TA regio oralis BTO:0001090 cavum oris BTO:0001090 rima oris BTO:0001090 oral vestibule BTO:0001090 vestibulum oris First portion of the digestive tract[WP]. The portion of the digestive that develops from the stomodeum Wikipedia:Mouth BTO:0001090 mouth cavity BTO:0001090 cavitas oris oral opening BTO:0004698 EHDAA2:0001326 EHDAA:542 EMAPA:16262 FMA:59806 MA:0000341 OG:0000280 TAO:0000590 TGMA:0000131 The opening of the head through which food passes into the body. UBERON:0000166 ZFA:0000590 adult mouth mouth note MA includes as parts of 'oral region' the tongue, tonsils, etc, so an equivalence to the oral opening itself may not be appropriate. oral fissure oral orifice oral part of face oral region orofacial cavity subdivision of mouth FMA:59806 oral orifice NLM:mouth The opening of the head through which food passes into the body. FMA:59806 oral fissure FMA oral cavity AAO:0000053 AAO:0000960 EFO:0001975 EHDAA2:0001324 EHDAA:6970 EMAPA:17411 EV:0100057 FMA:20292 HAO:0000669 OG:0000188 SCTID:181220002 TAO:0001027 TGMA:0000102 UBERON:0000167 WBbt:0005255 XAO:0000126 ZFA:0001027 buccal cavity cavity of mouth ncithesaurus:Oral_Cavity FMA:20292 buccal cavity segment of colon An organ segment that is part of a colon [Obol]. FMA:222905 UBERON:0000168 An organ segment that is part of a colon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic pair of lungs BTO:0000763 EFO:0000934 FMA:68877 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000170 lungs lungs pair ncithesaurus:Lung pulmones set of lungs FMA:68877 FMA:TA pulmones respiration organ EMAPA:17607 Organ that functions in gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. SCTID:272626006 TGMA:0001247 UBERON:0000171 apparatus respiratorius organ breathing organ gas exchange organ organ of apparatus respiratorius organ of respiratory system respiratory organ respiratory system organ OBOL:automatic organ of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system organ GO:0007585 Organ that functions in gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. OBOL:automatic organ of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius organ vomit ENVO:00000338 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViQTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000172 Vomit is a bodily fluid consisting of the expulsed contents of the stomach of an organism disgorged through the mouth or nose. galen:Vomitus ENVO:00000338 Vomit is a bodily fluid consisting of the expulsed contents of the stomach of an organism disgorged through the mouth or nose. amniotic fluid Amniotic fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within the amnion. It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the uterus being too tight against its body. Buoyancy is also provided. BTO:0000068 ENVO:02000021 EV:0100123 GAID:1155 MA:0002893 MESH:A.12.098 OG:0001267 UBERON:0000173 acqua amnii liquor amnii ncithesaurus:Amniotic_Fluid Amniotic fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within the amnion. It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the uterus being too tight against its body. Buoyancy is also provided. ENVO:02000021 BTO:0000068 liquor amnii BTO:0000068 acqua amnii excreta AEO:0000184 BTO:0000491 EHDAA2:0003184 ENVO:02000022 Excreta are bodily fluids consisting of waste matter, such as sweat or feces, discharged from the body. FMA:9674 UBERON:0000174 UBERON:0000324 UBERON:0007550 UBERON:BTO_0000491-FMA_9674 excretion galen:Excretion waste substance ENVO:02000022 Excreta are bodily fluids consisting of waste matter, such as sweat or feces, discharged from the body. BTO:0000491 excretion AEO:0000184 waste substance dubious pleural effusion ENVO:02000033 OpenCyc:Mx4rLaTGCK2TEduAAAAOpmP6tw Pleural effusion is a bodily fluid that is produced in exess and accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during inhalation. UBERON:0000175 ncithesaurus:Pleural_Effusion ENVO:02000033 Pleural effusion is a bodily fluid that is produced in exess and accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during inhalation. oronasal secretion ENVO:02000035 Oronasal secretion is a bodily fluid secreted from the body via the mouth or nose. UBERON:0000176 ENVO:02000035 Oronasal secretion is a bodily fluid secreted from the body via the mouth or nose. pus ENVO:02000038 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjG6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Pus is a bodily fluid consisting of a whitish-yellow or yellow substance produced during inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of pyogenic bacterial infections. Pus is produced from the dead and living cells which travel into the intercellular spaces around the affected cells. UBERON:0000177 galen:Pus ncithesaurus:Pus ENVO:02000038 Pus is a bodily fluid consisting of a whitish-yellow or yellow substance produced during inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of pyogenic bacterial infections. Pus is produced from the dead and living cells which travel into the intercellular spaces around the affected cells. blood AAO:0000046 BTO:0000089 Circulating body substance which consists of blood plasma and hemoglobin-carrying red blood cells. Excludes blood analogues (see UBERON:0000179 haemolymphatic fluid). EFO:0000296 EHDAA2:0000176 EHDAA:418 EMAPA:16332 ENVO:02000027 EV:0100047 FMA:9670 GAID:965 MA:0000059 MESH:A.12.207.152 MIAA:0000315 OG:0000224 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjI8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000007 UBERON:0000178 XAO:0000124 ZFA:0000007 galen:Blood ncithesaurus:Blood portion of blood vertebrate blood whole blood BTO:0000089 whole blood Circulating body substance which consists of blood plasma and hemoglobin-carrying red blood cells. Excludes blood analogues (see UBERON:0000179 haemolymphatic fluid). FMA:9670 Wikipedia:Blood haemolymphatic fluid 2009-04-08T04:38:19Z Circulating fluid that is part of the hemolymphoid system. Blood, lymph, interstitial fluid or its analogs. UBERON:0000179 blood or blood analog cjm haematological system portion of organism substance haemopoietic system portion of organism substance hematopoietic system portion of organism substance organa haemopoietica portion of organism substance portion of organism substance of haematological system portion of organism substance of haemopoietic system portion of organism substance of hematopoietic system portion of organism substance of organa haemopoietica OBOL:automatic hematopoietic system portion of organism substance OBOL:automatic haematological system portion of organism substance OBOL:automatic portion of organism substance of haemopoietic system OBOL:automatic organa haemopoietica portion of organism substance OBOL:automatic haemopoietic system portion of organism substance OBOL:automatic portion of organism substance of haematological system OBOL:automatic portion of organism substance of organa haemopoietica OBOL:automatic portion of organism substance of hematopoietic system lateral lumbar region of abdomen FMA:14603 SCTID:243329008 UBERON:0000180 a region of the posterior torso (lower back) beneath the ribs and above the ilium. flank galen:Flank http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray1220.png lateral region lateral region of abdomen latus regio lateralis FMA:14603 flank FMA:14603 lateral region FMA:14603 regio lateralis FMA:14603 lateral region of abdomen Wikipedia:Abdomen#9-region_scheme Wikipedia:Flank a region of the posterior torso (lower back) beneath the ribs and above the ilium. FMA:14603 latus neck of radius FMA:23479 SCTID:181942005 UBERON:0000199 galen:NeckOfRadius radial neck the narrow part of the shaft of the radius just below the head. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=58913 the narrow part of the shaft of the radius just below the head. FMA FMA:23479 radial neck gyrus A ridge, generally surrounded by one or more sulci. BTO:0002495 FMA:83874 SCTID:279165009 UBERON:0000200 cerebral gyrus gyri gyri of cerebrum gyrus of cerebrum gyrus of neuraxis ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Gyrus BTO:0002495 gyrus of cerebrum BTO:0002495 cerebral gyrus BTO:0002495 gyri of cerebrum A ridge, generally surrounded by one or more sulci. Wikipedia:Gyrus FMA:83874 gyrus of neuraxis BTO:0002495 gyri endothelial blood brain barrier 2009-04-10T08:15:44Z A blood brain barrier that is composed of endothelial cells. NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_100205 UBERON:0000201 cjm A blood brain barrier that is composed of endothelial cells. UBERON:cjm glial blood brain barrier 2009-04-10T08:42:24Z A blood brain barrier composed of glial cells. FBbt:00007091 UBERON:0000202 cjm A blood brain barrier composed of glial cells. UBERON:cjm pallium 2009-04-18T12:03:09Z Editor note: check comparative anatomy Roof region of the telencephalon[GO]. In humans the cerebrum has three parts: the archipallium, the paleopallium and the neopallium. The developing telencephalon or forebrain is divided into pallium and subpallium. In amphibians, the cerebrum includes archipallium, paleopallium and some of the basal nuclei. Reptiles first developed a neopallium, which continued to develop in the brains of more recent species to become the neocortex of humans and Old World monkeys. In fish, the archipallium is the largest part of the cerebrum. Some researchers suggest the early archipallium gave rise to the human hippocampus. SCTID:369224000 UBERON:0000203 ZFA:0007007 cjm GO:0021543 Roof region of the telencephalon[GO]. In humans the cerebrum has three parts: the archipallium, the paleopallium and the neopallium. The developing telencephalon or forebrain is divided into pallium and subpallium. In amphibians, the cerebrum includes archipallium, paleopallium and some of the basal nuclei. Reptiles first developed a neopallium, which continued to develop in the brains of more recent species to become the neocortex of humans and Old World monkeys. In fish, the archipallium is the largest part of the cerebrum. Some researchers suggest the early archipallium gave rise to the human hippocampus. Wikipedia:Pallium_(neuroanatomy) ZFA ventral telencephalon 2009-04-18T12:12:27Z BTO:0003401 Base region of the telencephalon. EFO:0003522 UBERON:0000204 ZFA:0000304 area ventralis telencephali cjm note that the term subpallium sometimes refers specifically to the avian structure subpallium BTO:0003401 GO:0021544 ZFA:0000304 subpallium Base region of the telencephalon. GO:0021544 GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12626695 ZFA:0000304 area ventralis telencephali echinoderm gill 2009-04-18T01:13:57Z Respiration in the Echinodermata (includes starfish and sea urchins) is carried out using a very primitive version of gills called papulli. These are thin protuberances on the surface of the body containing diverticula of the water vascular system. UBERON:0000205 cjm papulli pharyngeal gill 2009-04-18T01:18:17Z Gills of vertebrates are developed in the walls of the pharynx along a series of gill slits opening to the exterior. In fish, the gills are located on both sides of the pharynx. Gills are made of filaments which help increase surface area for oxygen exchange. In bony fish, the gills are covered by a bony cover called an operculum. When a fish breathes, it opens its mouth at regular times and draws in a mouthful of water. It then draws the sides of its throat together, forcing the water through the gill openings. The water passes over the gills on the outside. Valves inside the mouth keep the water from escaping through the mouth again. The operculum can be very important in adjusting the pressure of water inside of the pharynx to allow proper ventilation of the gills. Lampreys and sharks lack an operculum, they have multiple gill openings. Also, they must use different methods to force water over the gills. In sharks and rays, this ventilation of the gills is achieved either by the use of spiracles or ram ventilation (ventilation by constantly swimming). Although some animals use this method it is much better for animals to use a spiracle because they are less susceptible to injury. UBERON:0000206 cjm Gills of vertebrates are developed in the walls of the pharynx along a series of gill slits opening to the exterior. In fish, the gills are located on both sides of the pharynx. Gills are made of filaments which help increase surface area for oxygen exchange. In bony fish, the gills are covered by a bony cover called an operculum. When a fish breathes, it opens its mouth at regular times and draws in a mouthful of water. It then draws the sides of its throat together, forcing the water through the gill openings. The water passes over the gills on the outside. Valves inside the mouth keep the water from escaping through the mouth again. The operculum can be very important in adjusting the pressure of water inside of the pharynx to allow proper ventilation of the gills. Lampreys and sharks lack an operculum, they have multiple gill openings. Also, they must use different methods to force water over the gills. In sharks and rays, this ventilation of the gills is achieved either by the use of spiracles or ram ventilation (ventilation by constantly swimming). Although some animals use this method it is much better for animals to use a spiracle because they are less susceptible to injury. Wikipedia:Gill#Vertebrate_gills compound eye corneal lens 2009-04-18T01:35:32Z A chitinous extracellular secretion of the four underlying cone cells and the pigment cells. FBbt:00004199 TADS:0000304 UBERON:0000207 acellular lens cjm A chitinous extracellular secretion of the four underlying cone cells and the pigment cells. GO:0048058 cellular lens 2009-04-18T01:37:39Z UBERON:0000208 UBERON:0000965 cjm true tetrapod frontal bone AAO:0000206 EMAPA:19016 FMA:52734 GAID:226 In humans: A bone resembling a cockleshell in two portions the squama frontalis, corresponding with the region of the forehead, and an orbital or horizontal portion, the pars orbitalis, which enters into the formation of the roofs of the orbital and nasal cavities. MA:0001466 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.375 OG:0001324 The parietal bone in teleost fish is the homolog of the frontal bone in tetrapods. In the mouse the parietal originates from cephalic paraxial mesoderm (Jiang 2000; Morriss-Kay 2001), whereas in the chicken it is traced back to either mesodermal (Noden 1978) or neural crest (Couly 1992, 1993). UBERON:0000209 UBERON:FMA_9613-MA_0001469-ZFA_0000486 frontal frontal bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray136.png/200px-Gray136.png ncithesaurus:Frontal_Bone FMA:52734 MA:0001466 frontal bone In humans: A bone resembling a cockleshell in two portions the squama frontalis, corresponding with the region of the forehead, and an orbital or horizontal portion, the pars orbitalis, which enters into the formation of the roofs of the orbital and nasal cavities. Wikipedia:Frontal_bone AAO:0000206 frontal tetrapod parietal bone AAO:0000390 EMAPA:18715 FMA:9613 GAID:229 In humans: bone forming side and roof of cranium. Each bone is irregularly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles. MA:0001469 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.651 OG:0001324 The frontal bone in teleost fish is the homolog of the parietal bone in tetrapods UBERON:0000210 UBERON:FMA_52734-MA_0001466-ZFA_0000514 frontal bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gray132.png/200px-Gray132.png ncithesaurus:Parietal_Bone os parietale parietal parietal bone teleost frontal bone TAO:0000514 teleost frontal bone In humans: bone forming side and roof of cranium. Each bone is irregularly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles. Wikipedia:Parietal_bone ZFA:0000514 FMA:9613 parietal bone AAO:0000390 parietal Wikipedia:Parietal_bone os parietale TAO:0000514 frontal bone ligament EFO:0001966 FMA:21496 MA:0000113 Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi by connective tissue. Examples: sutural ligament, radiate sternocostal ligament, ligament of liver, ovarian ligament[FMA]. Note this groups both skeletal and non-skeletal ligaments. What is called a "ligament" in many AOs is actually a skeletal ligament OG:0001272 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjqpZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182358004 UBERON:0000211 XAO:0004031 galen:Ligament ligament organ ncithesaurus:Ligament FMA:21496 Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi by connective tissue. Examples: sutural ligament, radiate sternocostal ligament, ligament of liver, ovarian ligament[FMA]. Wikipedia:Ligament FMA:21496 ligament organ toilet claw 2009-05-19T08:19:58Z UBERON:0000212 cjm specialized claw or nail on the foot of certain primates, used for personal grooming. Wikipedia:Toilet-claw specialized claw or nail on the foot of certain primates, used for personal grooming. vertebral arch of axis FMA:24053 UBERON:0000218 vertebral foramen of second cervical vertebra vertebral foramen of atlas . FMA:24293 SCTID:281228008 UBERON:0000219 vertebral foramen of first cervical vertebra . Wikipedia:Atlas_(anatomy)#Vertebral_foramen atlanto-occipital joint FMA:24939 SCTID:361831006 The Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints. The atlanto-occipital joint is a synovial joint. The ligaments connecting the bones are: Two Articular capsules; Posterior atlantoöccipital membrane; Anterior atlantoöccipital membrane; Lateral atlantoöccipital UBERON:0000220 articulatio atlanto-occipitalis craniovertebral joint ncithesaurus:Atlanto-occipital_Joint-Atlanto FMA FMA:24939 articulatio atlanto-occipitalis The Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints. The atlanto-occipital joint is a synovial joint. The ligaments connecting the bones are: Two Articular capsules; Posterior atlantoöccipital membrane; Anterior atlantoöccipital membrane; Lateral atlantoöccipital Wikipedia:Atlanto-occipital_joint FMA:24939 craniovertebral joint supraauricular point FMA:224222 UBERON:0000221 a craniometric point on the posterior root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone directly above the auricular point. supra-auricular part of head FMA:224222 supra-auricular part of head a craniometric point on the posterior root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone directly above the auricular point. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=70620 FMA amniotic cavity BTO:0000025 EHDAA2:0000119 EHDAA:83 EMAPA:16079 FMA:63941 OG:0000855 SCTID:280366002 The amniotic cavity is formed by the fusion of the parts of the amniotic fold, which first makes its appearance at the cephalic extremity, and subsequently at the caudal end and sides of the embryo. As the amniotic fold rises and fuses over the dorsal aspect of the embryo, the amniotic cavity is formed. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000301 UBERON:BTO_0000025-FMA_63941 ncithesaurus:Amniotic_Cavity The amniotic cavity is formed by the fusion of the parts of the amniotic fold, which first makes its appearance at the cephalic extremity, and subsequently at the caudal end and sides of the embryo. As the amniotic fold rises and fuses over the dorsal aspect of the embryo, the amniotic cavity is formed. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Amniotic_cavity adductor longus BTO:0000029 FMA:22441 SCTID:181686003 The adductor longus muscle is a muscle of the human body. It is a part of the adductor group of the thigh, that as the name suggests adducts the thigh. The adductor longus muscle forms the medial wall of the femoral triangle[WP]. UBERON:0000303 UBERON:BTO_0000029-FMA_22441 adductor longus muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG long adductor muscle musculus adductor longus The adductor longus muscle is a muscle of the human body. It is a part of the adductor group of the thigh, that as the name suggests adducts the thigh. The adductor longus muscle forms the medial wall of the femoral triangle[WP]. Wikipedia:Adductor_longus_muscle BTO:0000029 long adductor muscle BTO:0000029 musculus adductor longus tendon sheath A layer of membrane around a tendon. It has 2 layers: synovial sheath + fibrous tendon sheath BTO:0000051 FMA:76715 SCTID:361885006 TODO: add layer relations UBERON:0000304 UBERON:BTO_0000051-FMA_76715 A layer of membrane around a tendon. It has 2 layers: synovial sheath + fibrous tendon sheath Wikipedia:Tendon_sheath amnion A membrane building the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects an embryo. It is developed in reptiles, birds, and mammals, which are hence called “Amniota”; but not in amphibians and fish (Ichthyopsida), which are consequently termed “Anamniota”. The primary function of this is the protection of the embryo for its development. It stems from parts of the mesoderm on the outer side and the ectoderm on the inner side[WP]. BTO:0000065 EHDAA2:0000116 EHDAA:136 EMAPA:16109 EV:0100122 FMA:80223 GAID:1298 MESH:A.16.254.403.277 OG:0000721 SCTID:181457005 UBERON:0000305 UBERON:BTO_0000065-FMA_80223 ncithesaurus:Amnion ISBN10:0073040584 A membrane building the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects an embryo. It is developed in reptiles, birds, and mammals, which are hence called “Amniota”; but not in amphibians and fish (Ichthyopsida), which are consequently termed “Anamniota”. The primary function of this is the protection of the embryo for its development. It stems from parts of the mesoderm on the outer side and the ectoderm on the inner side[WP]. Wikipedia:Amnion ISBN10:0073040584 blastula BILA:0000059 BTO:0000128 GAID:1294 MESH:A.16.254.270.274 OGEM:000006 OpenCyc:Mx4rEetFnKP2EdqAAAACs4vPlg Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. TODO - check relationship with epiblast. Note in FMA this is not a subclass of embryo, but in uberon embryo is the whole organism from zygote onwards and thus includes the blastula UBERON:0000307 UBERON:0007011 UBERON:BTO_0000128-FMA_83041 blastosphere blastula embryo http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blastulation.png/200px-Blastulation.png Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. Wikipedia:Blastula Wikipedia:Blastula blastosphere BILA:0000059 blastula embryo body wall BTO:0000139 FMA:10427 Koerperwand SCTID:281483004 UBERON:0000309 UBERON:BTO_0000139-FMA_10427 galen:BodyWall the external portion of an animal body comprised of ectoderm and mesoderm layers that encloses the body cavity. trunk wall wall of trunk FMA:10427 wall of trunk BTO:0000139 Koerperwand FMA:10427 trunk wall MP:0003385 the external portion of an animal body comprised of ectoderm and mesoderm layers that encloses the body cavity. breast BTO:0000149 EV:0100124 FMA:9601 GAID:33 MESH:A.01.236 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjV7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181131000 The breast is the upper ventral region of an animal's torso, particularly that of mammals, including human beings. The breasts of a female primate’s body contain the mammary glands, which secrete milk used to feed infants. Both men and women develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. However, at puberty female sex hormones, mainly estrogens, promote breast development, which does not happen with men. As a result women's breasts become more prominent than men's. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000310 UBERON:BTO_0000149-FMA_9601 galen:Breast http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Closeup_of_female_breast.jpg/200px-Closeup_of_female_breast.jpg mammary part of chest mammary region ncithesaurus:Breast The breast is the upper ventral region of an animal's torso, particularly that of mammals, including human beings. The breasts of a female primate’s body contain the mammary glands, which secrete milk used to feed infants. Both men and women develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. However, at puberty female sex hormones, mainly estrogens, promote breast development, which does not happen with men. As a result women's breasts become more prominent than men's. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Breast FMA:9601 mammary part of chest FMA:9601 mammary region extensor muscle A muscle that, upon contraction, tends to straighten a joint or limb. The antagonist of a flexor muscle[BTO]. Any of the muscles that increase the angle between members of a limb, as by straightening the elbow or knee or bending the wrist or spine backward. The movement is usually directed backward, with the notable exception of the knee joint. In humans, certain muscles of the hand and foot are named for this function. In the hand these include the extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, and extensor carpi ulnaris, which run from the humerus (bone of the upper arm) along the back of the forearm to the metacarpal bones at the back of the hand[Britannica] BTO:0000151 FMA:75000 UBERON:0000311 UBERON:BTO_0000151-FMA_74561 extensor A muscle that, upon contraction, tends to straighten a joint or limb. The antagonist of a flexor muscle[BTO]. Any of the muscles that increase the angle between members of a limb, as by straightening the elbow or knee or bending the wrist or spine backward. The movement is usually directed backward, with the notable exception of the knee joint. In humans, certain muscles of the hand and foot are named for this function. In the hand these include the extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, and extensor carpi ulnaris, which run from the humerus (bone of the upper arm) along the back of the forearm to the metacarpal bones at the back of the hand[Britannica] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/198909/extensor-muscle cambium FMA:234358 UBERON:0000312 UBERON:BTO_0000170-FMA_234358 cambial layer cambial layer of periosteum cambium layer of periosteum inner cambial layer of periosteum FMA:234358 cambial layer of periosteum FMA:234358 cambium layer of periosteum FMA:234358 inner cambial layer of periosteum FMA:234358 cambial layer tibial cartilage A cartilage that is part of a tibia [Obol]. BTO:0000207 FMA:33923 UBERON:0000313 UBERON:BTO_0000207-FMA_33923 cartilage of tibia A cartilage that is part of a tibia [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33923 cartilage of tibia cecum mucosa A mucosa that is part of a cecum [Obol]. BTO:0000213 Cecal mucosa FMA:14998 UBERON:0000314 UBERON:BTO_0000213-FMA_14998 caecum mucosa caecum mucosa of organ caecum mucous membrane caecum organ mucosa cecum mucosa of organ cecum mucous membrane cecum organ mucosa intestinum crassum caecum mucosa intestinum crassum caecum mucosa of organ intestinum crassum caecum mucous membrane intestinum crassum caecum organ mucosa mucosa of caecum mucosa of cecum mucosa of intestinum crassum caecum mucosa of organ of caecum mucosa of organ of cecum mucosa of organ of intestinum crassum caecum mucous membrane of caecum mucous membrane of cecum mucous membrane of intestinum crassum caecum organ mucosa of caecum organ mucosa of cecum organ mucosa of intestinum crassum caecum OBOL:automatic cecum organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a cecum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic intestinum crassum caecum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of intestinum crassum caecum OBOL:automatic cecum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic caecum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of caecum OBOL:automatic intestinum crassum caecum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of caecum OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of cecum OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of caecum OBOL:automatic intestinum crassum caecum mucosa OBOL:automatic intestinum crassum caecum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of cecum OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of cecum OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of intestinum crassum caecum OBOL:automatic caecum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic caecum mucous membrane Cecal mucosa FMA:14998 OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of intestinum crassum caecum OBOL:automatic mucosa of cecum OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of caecum OBOL:automatic cecum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of intestinum crassum caecum OBOL:automatic caecum mucosa subarachnoid space BTO:0000230 EMAPA:18211 EMAPA:19053 EMAPA:19054 EMAPA:19055 EMAPA:25079 FMA:83716 GAID:689 MESH:A.08.186.566.166.686 SCTID:362311001 UBERON:0000315 UBERON:BTO_0000230-FMA_83716 cavitas subarachnoidea http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gray769.png/200px-Gray769.png spatium leptomeningeum spatium subarachnoideum subarachnoid cavity the space between the arachnoid and dura mater that is traversed by fibrous trabeculae and contains cerebrospinal fluid. BTO:0000230 spatium subarachnoideum MP:0009027 Wikipedia:Subarachnoid_space the space between the arachnoid and dura mater that is traversed by fibrous trabeculae and contains cerebrospinal fluid. BTO:0000230 cavitas subarachnoidea BTO:0000230 spatium leptomeningeum BTO:0000230 subarachnoid cavity cervical mucus BTO:0000242 FMA:83689 MESH:A.12.200.503.339 Thick acidic mucus that blocks the cervical os after mestruation[WP]. This 'infertile' mucus blocks spermatozoa from entering the uterus. UBERON:0000316 UBERON:BTO_0000242-FMA_83689 Thick acidic mucus that blocks the cervical os after mestruation[WP]. This 'infertile' mucus blocks spermatozoa from entering the uterus. Wikipedia:Cervix#Cervical_mucus colonic mucosa A mucosa that is part of a colon [Obol]. BTO:0000271 EFO:0003038 EMAPA:27375 FMA:14984 FMA:85388 SCTID:362157008 UBERON:0000317 UBERON:0003347 UBERON:0004981 UBERON:BTO_0000271-FMA_14984 colon mucosa colon mucosa of organ colon mucous membrane colon organ mucosa colonic mucous membrane large bowel mucosa large bowel mucosa of organ large bowel mucous membrane large bowel organ mucosa mucosa of colon mucosa of large bowel mucosa of organ of colon mucosa of organ of large bowel mucosa of segment of colon mucous membrane of colon mucous membrane of large bowel organ mucosa of colon organ mucosa of large bowel FMA:14984 colonic mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of colon OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of large bowel FMA:85388 mucosa of segment of colon OBOL:automatic large bowel mucous membrane A mucosa that is part of a colon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic large bowel mucosa FMA:14984 mucosa of colon OBOL:automatic colon mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of large bowel OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of large bowel OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of large bowel OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of colon FMA:14984 colon mucosa OBOL:automatic large bowel mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic colon organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of colon OBOL:automatic large bowel organ mucosa OBOL:automatic colon mucosa of organ cytotrophoblast BTO:0000322 Cellular trophoblast Cytotrophoblastic cell EHDAA:127 EHDAA:152 EHDAA:89 EMAPA:16067 FMA:83039 Langhans' layer SCTID:308841008 The cytotrophoblast (or layer of Langhans) is the inner layer of the trophoblast, interior to the syncytiotrophoblast in an embryo. It serves to anchor the embryonic chorion to the maternal endometrium. Cytotrophoblasts are stem cells in the chorionic villi. During differentiation, mononuclear cytotrophoblast fuse together into the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblasts. The primary villi has only the cytotrophoblast as an axe. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000319 UBERON:BTO_0000322-FMA_83039 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gray36.png/200px-Gray36.png ncithesaurus:Cytotrophoblast Cytotrophoblastic cell FMA:83039 Cellular trophoblast FMA:83039 The cytotrophoblast (or layer of Langhans) is the inner layer of the trophoblast, interior to the syncytiotrophoblast in an embryo. It serves to anchor the embryonic chorion to the maternal endometrium. Cytotrophoblasts are stem cells in the chorionic villi. During differentiation, mononuclear cytotrophoblast fuse together into the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblasts. The primary villi has only the cytotrophoblast as an axe. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cytotrophoblast BTO:0000322 Langhans' layer duodenal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a duodenum [Obol]. BTO:0000367 Doudenal mucosa Duodenal mucous membrane EMAPA:27235 FMA:14942 SCTID:362146003 UBERON:0000320 UBERON:0003348 UBERON:BTO_0000367-FMA_14942 duodenum mucosa mucosa of duodenum mucous membrane of duodenum BTO:0000367 duodenum mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of duodenum Doudenal mucosa FMA:14942 A mucosa that is part of a duodenum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of duodenum Duodenal mucous membrane FMA:14942 cerebral lobe BTO:0000445 Cerebral lobes Cerebral lobes set FMA:77800 SCTID:272632001 UBERON:0000322 UBERON:BTO_0000445-FMA_77800 lobi cerebri set/singular FMA:77800 FMA:TA lobi cerebri Cerebral lobes FMA:77800 Cerebral lobes set FMA:77800 late embryo BTO:0000449 EFO:0001323 FMA:63919 GAID:552 MESH:A.16.378 OpenCyc:Mx4rvZfC2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:83418008 TODO - check fetus/embryo. WP: An embryo is a multicellular diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development, from the time of first cell division until birth, hatching, or germination. In humans, it is called an embryo until about eight weeks after fertilization (i.e. ten weeks LMP), and from then it is instead called a fetus. UBERON:0000323 UBERON:BTO_0000449-FMA_63919 embryo late growth stage embryo late stage fetus ncithesaurus:Fetus BTO:0000449 embryo late stage BTO:0000449 fetus BTO:0000449 embryo late growth stage gastric gland BTO:0000503 FMA:14919 UBERON:0000325 UBERON:BTO_0000503-FMA_14919 pancreatic juice BTO:0000504 FMA:62973 GAID:1166 MESH:A.12.200.567 Pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline and contains numerous enzymes and inactive enzyme precursors including alpha-amylase, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, prophospholipase A2, ribonuclease, and trypsinogen. Its high concentration of bicarbonate ions helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach. UBERON:0000326 UBERON:BTO_0000504-FMA_62973 succus pancreaticus GO:0030157 Pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline and contains numerous enzymes and inactive enzyme precursors including alpha-amylase, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, prophospholipase A2, ribonuclease, and trypsinogen. Its high concentration of bicarbonate ions helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach. BTO:0000504 succus pancreaticus gut wall BTO:0000547 FMA:45653 UBERON:0000328 UBERON:BTO_0000547-FMA_45653 wall of gut FMA:45653 wall of gut hair root BTO:0000555 FMA:70730 The enlarged basal part of a hair within the skin[BTO]. The root of the hair ends in an enlargement, the hair bulb, which is whiter in color and softer in texture than the shaft, and is lodged in a follicular involution of the epidermis called the hair follicle. [Wikipedia]. UBERON:0000329 UBERON:BTO_0000555-FMA_70730 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gray944.png/200px-Gray944.png ncithesaurus:Hair_Root root of hair BTO:0000555 The enlarged basal part of a hair within the skin[BTO]. The root of the hair ends in an enlargement, the hair bulb, which is whiter in color and softer in texture than the shaft, and is lodged in a follicular involution of the epidermis called the hair follicle. [Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Hair_root FMA:70730 root of hair ileal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a ileum [Obol]. BTO:0000619 FMA:14956 Ileal mucous membrane Ileum mucosa SCTID:85458007 UBERON:0000331 UBERON:BTO_0000619-FMA_14956 ileum mucosa ileum mucosa of organ ileum mucous membrane ileum organ mucosa mucosa of ileum mucosa of organ of ileum mucous membrane of ileum organ mucosa of ileum OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ileum FMA:14956 Ileum mucosa FMA:14956 Ileal mucous membrane OBOL:automatic ileum organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a ileum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ileum mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ileum OBOL:automatic ileum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ileum OBOL:automatic mucosa of ileum OBOL:automatic ileum mucous membrane yellow bone marrow BTO:0000635 FMA:74596 SCTID:5023006 UBERON:0000332 UBERON:BTO_0000635-FMA_74596 fat marrow medulla ossium flava yellow marrow BTO:0000635 yellow marrow BTO:0000635 medulla ossium flava BTO:0000635 fat marrow intestinal gland A gland that is part of a intestinal mucosa [Obol]. BTO:0000640 FMA:15052 Glandula intestinalis Lieberkuehn`s gland SCTID:266297002 TODO check UBERON:0001983 UBERON:0000333 UBERON:BTO_0000640-FMA_15052 bowel mucosa gland bowel mucosa of organ gland bowel mucous membrane gland bowel organ mucosa gland crypt of Lieberkuehn gland of Lieberkuehn gland of bowel mucosa gland of bowel mucosa of organ gland of bowel mucous membrane gland of bowel organ mucosa gland of intestinal mucosa gland of intestine mucosa gland of intestine mucosa of organ gland of intestine mucous membrane gland of intestine organ mucosa gland of mucosa of bowel gland of mucosa of intestine gland of mucosa of organ of bowel gland of mucosa of organ of intestine gland of mucous membrane of bowel gland of mucous membrane of intestine gland of organ mucosa of bowel gland of organ mucosa of intestine intestinal mucosa gland intestine mucosa gland intestine mucosa of organ gland intestine mucous membrane gland intestine organ mucosa gland mucosa of bowel gland mucosa of intestine gland mucosa of organ of bowel gland mucosa of organ of intestine gland mucous membrane of bowel gland mucous membrane of intestine gland organ mucosa of bowel gland organ mucosa of intestine gland OBOL:automatic gland of mucous membrane of intestine OBOL:automatic mucosa of intestine gland OBOL:automatic gland of organ mucosa of intestine OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bowel gland OBOL:automatic intestine organ mucosa gland OBOL:automatic bowel mucosa of organ gland OBOL:automatic gland of bowel organ mucosa OBOL:automatic gland of mucosa of organ of bowel BTO:0000640 crypt of Lieberkuehn OBOL:automatic gland of bowel mucous membrane OBOL:automatic gland of intestine mucosa of organ FMA:15052 Glandula intestinalis OBOL:automatic intestinal mucosa gland OBOL:automatic bowel mucous membrane gland OBOL:automatic intestine mucosa of organ gland BTO:0000640 gland of Lieberkuehn OBOL:automatic intestine mucous membrane gland OBOL:automatic gland of organ mucosa of bowel OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of intestine gland OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bowel gland OBOL:automatic bowel organ mucosa gland OBOL:automatic gland of bowel mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic gland of intestinal mucosa A gland that is part of a intestinal mucosa [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic gland of mucosa of organ of intestine BTO:0000640 Lieberkuehn`s gland OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of intestine gland OBOL:automatic gland of mucosa of bowel OBOL:automatic mucosa of bowel gland OBOL:automatic gland of mucous membrane of bowel OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of intestine gland OBOL:automatic gland of intestine mucous membrane OBOL:automatic gland of bowel mucosa OBOL:automatic intestine mucosa gland OBOL:automatic gland of intestine organ mucosa OBOL:automatic gland of intestine mucosa OBOL:automatic gland of mucosa of intestine OBOL:automatic bowel mucosa gland OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bowel gland throat BTO:0000828 FMA:228738 In anatomy, the throat is the anterior part of the neck, in front of the vertebral column. It consists of the pharynx and larynx. An important feature of the throat is the epiglottis, a flap which separates the esophagus from the trachea and prevents inhalation of food or drink. The throat contains various blood vessels, various pharyngeal muscles, the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus. The hyoid bone and the clavicle are the only bones located in the throat of mammals. It is sometimes considered a synonym for fauces. [WP,unvetted]. OpenCyc:Mx4rwQtO_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000341 UBERON:BTO_0000828-FMA_228738 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Throat_Diagram.png/200px-Throat_Diagram.png ncithesaurus:Throat In anatomy, the throat is the anterior part of the neck, in front of the vertebral column. It consists of the pharynx and larynx. An important feature of the throat is the epiglottis, a flap which separates the esophagus from the trachea and prevents inhalation of food or drink. The throat contains various blood vessels, various pharyngeal muscles, the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus. The hyoid bone and the clavicle are the only bones located in the throat of mammals. It is sometimes considered a synonym for fauces. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Throat mucosa A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP] AEO:0000199 BTO:0000886 EHDAA2:0003234 EV:0100382 FMA:85355 FMA:85358 GAID:297 MESH:A.10.615.550 OpenCyc:Mx4rvmKNOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361693009 TODO - check - mucosa vs region of mucosa. In FMA these are subtypes of Mucosa: Mucosa of {gallbladder, tongue, ...}. The following are subtypes of Region of mucosa: Mucosa of {zone of stomach, trachea, bronchus, dorsum of tongue...}. Depends on whether the covered area is an organ or organ component. Uberon does not regard organ vs organ component as crucial distinction and thus collapses these into a single class deliberately UBERON:0000344 UBERON:BTO_0000886-FMA_85355 galen:Mucosa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Ens.png/200px-Ens.png mucosa of organ mucosa of organ part mucosal region mucous membrane ncithesaurus:Mucosa organ mucosa region of mucosa tunica mucosa FMA:85355 mucous membrane FMA:85358 region of mucosa FMA:85358 mucosal region FMA:85355 organ mucosa FMA:85355 mucosa of organ FMA:85358 mucosa of organ part BTO:0000886 tunica mucosa A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP] Wikipedia:Mucous_membrane myelin BTO:0000894 FMA:62977 UBERON:0000345 UBERON:BTO_0000894-FMA_62977 ncithesaurus:Myelin myelin membrane BTO has def The multilamellar myelin membrane is a specisalised lipid-rich domain of the glial cell plasma membrane. FMA has primary term name Myelinated plasma membrane of Schwann cell BTO:0000895 FMA:73417 UBERON:0000346 UBERON:BTO_0000895-FMA_73417 myelinated plasma membrane of Schwann cell FMA:73417 myelinated plasma membrane of Schwann cell myelin sheath BTO:0000900 FMA:62983 GAID:731 GO:0043209 MESH:A.08.637.600.500 UBERON:0000347 UBERON:BTO_0000900-FMA_62983 medullary sheath ncithesaurus:Myelin_Sheath the insulating envelope that surrounds nerve fibers or axons. BTO:0000900 medullary sheath MP:0003871 the insulating envelope that surrounds nerve fibers or axons. ophthalmic nerve BTO:0000926 EHDAA2:0002088 EHDAA:3744 EMAPA:17800 FMA:52621 First division of fifth cranial nerve First division of trigeminal nerve GAID:837 MA:0001104 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.760.650 Nervus ophthalmicus (V1) Nervus ophthalmicus (Va) OG:0001349 OpenCyc:Mx4rwEs_K5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Ophthalmic division [V1] Ophthalmic division [Va] Ophthalmic division of fifth cranial nerve Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (V1) Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (Va) Ophthalmic nerve [V1] Ophthalmic nerve [Va] SCTID:280210000 UBERON:0000348 UBERON:BTO_0000926-FMA_52621 ncithesaurus:Ophthalmic_Nerve nervus ophthalmicus [v1] nervus ophthalmicus [va] ophthalmic division the sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the orbit and its contents, the nasal cavity and the skin of the nose and forehead. trigeminal V nerve ophthalmic division FMA:52621 Ophthalmic nerve [V1] BTO:0000926 ophthalmic division FMA:52621 Nervus ophthalmicus (V1) MP:0009798 the sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the orbit and its contents, the nasal cavity and the skin of the nose and forehead. FMA:52621 Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (V1) FMA:52621 Ophthalmic division of fifth cranial nerve FMA:52621 First division of trigeminal nerve FMA:52621 Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (Va) FMA:52621 FMA:TA nervus ophthalmicus [va] MA:0001104 trigeminal V nerve ophthalmic division FMA:52621 Ophthalmic division [Va] FMA:52621 FMA:TA nervus ophthalmicus [v1] FMA:52621 First division of fifth cranial nerve FMA:52621 Ophthalmic nerve [Va] FMA:52621 Ophthalmic division [V1] FMA:52621 Nervus ophthalmicus (Va) limbic system A set of midline structures surrounding the brainstem of the mammalian brain, originally described anatomically, e.g., hippocampal formation, amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex. Although the original designation was anatomical, the limbic system has come to be associated with the system in the brain subserving emotional functions. As such, it is very poorly defined and doesn't correspond closely to the anatomical meaning any longer. [BirnLex]. including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, and limbic cortex, which support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction [Wikipedia]. BTO:0000928 FMA:242000 GAID:615 MESH:A.08.186.211.577 OpenCyc:Mx4rwAeba5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361342009 UBERON:0000349 UBERON:BTO_0000928-FMA_242000 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Brain_limbicsystem.jpg/200px-Brain_limbicsystem.jpg obsoletion recommended. The current part_of children were chosen as the intersection of what is stated in wikipedia and in the FMA. NIF: We are including Limbic System because it is still used by neuroscientists and others, but as a data annotation term, it is very poor because it is not a clearly defined entity. A set of midline structures surrounding the brainstem of the mammalian brain, originally described anatomically, e.g., hippocampal formation, amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex. Although the original designation was anatomical, the limbic system has come to be associated with the system in the brain subserving emotional functions. As such, it is very poorly defined and doesn't correspond closely to the anatomical meaning any longer. [BirnLex]. including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, and limbic cortex, which support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction [Wikipedia]. BIRNLEX:Limbic_system Wikipedia:Limbic_system GO nuchal ligament BTO:0000952 EMAPA:19207 FMA:13427 Ligament of neck SCTID:166962007 UBERON:0000351 UBERON:BTO_0000952-FMA_13427 ligamentum nuchae FMA:13427 ligamentum nuchae FMA:13427 Ligament of neck parenchyma EHDAA:3015 EHDAA:3905 EHDAA:3999 EHDAA:4005 EHDAA:6899 EHDAA:6903 EHDAA:6994 EHDAA:8086 EHDAA:9182 EHDAA:9190 EHDAA:9196 EHDAA:9202 FMA:45732 UBERON:0000353 UBERON:BTO_0000999-FMA_45732 functional part of an organ in the body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, being exactly, connective tissues. Early in development the mammalian embryo has three distinct layers: ectoderm (external layer), endoderm (internal layer) and in between those two layers the middle layer or mesoderm. The parenchyma of most organs is of ectodermal (brain, skin) or endodermal origin (lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas). The parenchyma of a few organs (spleen, kidneys, heart) is of mesodermal origin. The stroma of all organs is of mesodermal origin[WP]. ncithesaurus:Parenchyma Wikipedia:Parenchyma functional part of an organ in the body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, being exactly, connective tissues. Early in development the mammalian embryo has three distinct layers: ectoderm (external layer), endoderm (internal layer) and in between those two layers the middle layer or mesoderm. The parenchyma of most organs is of ectodermal (brain, skin) or endodermal origin (lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas). The parenchyma of a few organs (spleen, kidneys, heart) is of mesodermal origin. The stroma of all organs is of mesodermal origin[WP]. pharyngeal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a pharynx [Obol]. BTO:0001047 EMAPA:26957 EMAPA:26965 FMA:55031 Mucous membrane of pharynx SCTID:362121003 UBERON:0000355 UBERON:0003344 UBERON:BTO_0001047-FMA_55031 mucosa of organ of pharynx mucosa of pharynx mucous membrane of pharynx mucous membrane of the pharynx organ mucosa of pharynx pharynx mucosa pharynx mucosa of organ pharynx mucous membrane pharynx organ mucosa tunica mucosa pharyngea OBOL:automatic pharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pharynx BTO:0001047 mucous membrane of the pharynx OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pharynx FMA:55031 FMA:TA tunica mucosa pharyngea OBOL:automatic pharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic pharynx mucosa of organ A mucosa that is part of a pharynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pharynx FMA:55031 Mucous membrane of pharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of pharynx OBOL:automatic pharynx mucosa blastocyst BTO:0001099 EFO:0000295 EV:0100394 FMA:83041 GAID:1153 MESH:A.16.254.085 OGEM:000006 SCTID:308837009 The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm[GO]. UBERON:0000358 UBERON:BTO_0001099-FMA_83041 blastula http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Blastocyst_English.svg/200px-Blastocyst_English.svg.png ncithesaurus:Blastocyst GO:0001824 The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm[GO]. Wikipedia:Blastocyst FMA:83041 blastula preputial gland An exocrine gland that are located in front of the genitals of some mammals (including mice) and produce pheromones[WP]. FMA:71652 SCTID:278916008 UBERON:0000359 UBERON:BTO_0001111-FMA_71652 glandulae preputiales ncithesaurus:Prepucial_Gland_MMHCC preputial glands preputial glands set An exocrine gland that are located in front of the genitals of some mammals (including mice) and produce pheromones[WP]. Wikipedia:Preputial_gland FMA:71652 FMA:TA glandulae preputiales FMA:71652 preputial glands set FMA:71652 preputial glands rectal gland UBERON:0000360 UBERON:0004757 UBERON:0004758 UBERON:0004759 UBERON:0004760 UBERON:BTO_0001157-FMA_15724 true red bone marrow BTO:0001160 FMA:74595 SCTID:75330005 UBERON:0000361 UBERON:BTO_0001160-FMA_74595 medulla ossium rubra red marrow BTO:0001160 red marrow BTO:0001160 medulla ossium rubra renal medulla BTO:0001167 EMAPA:19279 FMA:74268 GAID:425 MA:0000373 MESH:A.05.810.453.466 SCTID:30737000 The renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney. The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections, known as the renal pyramids. Blood enters into the kidney via the renal artery, which then splits up to form the arcuate arterioles. The arcuate arterioles each in turn branch into interlobular arterioles, which finally reach the glomeruli. At the glomerulus the blood reaches a highly disfavourable pressure gradient and a large exchange surface area, which forces the serum portion of the blood out of the vessel into the renal tubules. Flow continues through the renal tubules, including the proximal tubule, the Loop of Henle, and finally leaves the kidney by means of the collecting duct, leading to the renal ureter. The renal medulla (latin renes medulla = kidney middle) contains the structures of the nephrons responsible for maintaining the salt and water balance of the blood. The renal medulla is hypertonic to the filtrate in the nephron and aids in the reabsorption of water. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000362 UBERON:BTO_0001167-FMA_86327 galen:MedullaOfKidney http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Illu_kidney.jpg/200px-Illu_kidney.jpg kidney medulla medulla of kidney medulla renalis medullary pyramids ncithesaurus:Renal_Medulla pyramides renales renal marrow renal medullae renal medullae set renal pyramids renal pyramids set The renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney. The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections, known as the renal pyramids. Blood enters into the kidney via the renal artery, which then splits up to form the arcuate arterioles. The arcuate arterioles each in turn branch into interlobular arterioles, which finally reach the glomeruli. At the glomerulus the blood reaches a highly disfavourable pressure gradient and a large exchange surface area, which forces the serum portion of the blood out of the vessel into the renal tubules. Flow continues through the renal tubules, including the proximal tubule, the Loop of Henle, and finally leaves the kidney by means of the collecting duct, leading to the renal ureter. The renal medulla (latin renes medulla = kidney middle) contains the structures of the nephrons responsible for maintaining the salt and water balance of the blood. The renal medulla is hypertonic to the filtrate in the nephron and aids in the reabsorption of water. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Renal_medulla OBOL:automatic kidney medulla FMA:74268 FMA:TA medulla renalis FMA:74268 renal pyramids set OBOL:automatic medulla of kidney BTO:0001167 renal marrow FMA:74268 renal pyramids FMA:74268 FMA:TA pyramides renales FMA:86327 renal medullae FMA:86327 renal medullae set FMA:74268 medullary pyramids reticuloendothelial system A part of the immune system that consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue. The cells are primarily monocytes and macrophages, and they accumulate in lymph nodes and the spleen. The Kupffer cells of the liver and tissue histiocytes are also part of the RES. A lymphoma of the reticuloendothelial system is called reticuloendotheliosis[WP]. BTO:0001174 EV:0100048 FMA:84189 GAID:1004 MESH:A.15.382.812 RES SCTID:278874002 UBERON:0000363 UBERON:BTO_0001174-FMA_84189 lymphoreticular system mononuclear phagocyte system ncithesaurus:Reticuloendothelial_System RES Wikipedia:Reticuloendothelial_system FMA:84189 mononuclear phagocyte system A part of the immune system that consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue. The cells are primarily monocytes and macrophages, and they accumulate in lymph nodes and the spleen. The Kupffer cells of the liver and tissue histiocytes are also part of the RES. A lymphoma of the reticuloendothelial system is called reticuloendotheliosis[WP]. Wikipedia:Reticuloendothelial_system Wikipedia:Reticuloendothelial_system lymphoreticular system rootlet BTO:0001192 FMA:76787 Rootlets Rootlets set UBERON:0000364 UBERON:BTO_0001192-FMA_76787 fila radicularia true FMA:76787 Rootlets set FMA:76787 FMA:TA fila radicularia FMA:76787 Rootlets urothelium BTO:0003906 EMAPA:28089 FMA:67695 GAID:935 MESH:A.10.272.850 SCTID:57789003 The urothelium is the epithelial tissue layer that lines much of the urinary tract, including the renal pelvis, the ureters, the bladder, and parts of the urethra. UBERON:0000365 UBERON:BTO_0001245-FMA_67695 consider merging with transitional epithelium. MA uses the label 'urothelium' exclusively. FMA uses 'transitional epithelium' and has 'urothelium' as a sibling. FMA also lists 'urothelium' as the only example of 'transitional epithelium' ncithesaurus:Urothelium uroepithelium FMA:67695 uroepithelium The urothelium is the epithelial tissue layer that lines much of the urinary tract, including the renal pelvis, the ureters, the bladder, and parts of the urethra. Wikipedia:Urothelium flexor muscle A muscle that when contracted acts to bend a joint or limb in the body. BTO:0001257 FMA:74559 FMA:74999 UBERON:0000366 UBERON:BTO_0001257-FMA_74559 ZFA:0005271 flexor A muscle that when contracted acts to bend a joint or limb in the body. BTO:0001257 adductor brevis BTO:0001288 FMA:22442 Musculus adductos brevis OpenCyc:Mx4rv13lfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181687007 The adductor brevis is a muscle in the thigh situated immediately behind the pectineus and adductor longus. It is somewhat triangular in form, and arises by a narrow origin from the outer surfaces of the superior and inferior rami of the pubis, between the gracilis and obturator externus. Its fibers, passing backward, lateralward, and downward, are inserted, by an aponeurosis, into the line leading from the lesser trochanter to the linea aspera and into the upper part of the linea aspera, immediately behind the pectineus and upper part of the adductor longus.[WP]. UBERON:0000368 UBERON:BTO_0001288-FMA_22442 adductor brevis muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG The adductor brevis is a muscle in the thigh situated immediately behind the pectineus and adductor longus. It is somewhat triangular in form, and arises by a narrow origin from the outer surfaces of the superior and inferior rami of the pubis, between the gracilis and obturator externus. Its fibers, passing backward, lateralward, and downward, are inserted, by an aponeurosis, into the line leading from the lesser trochanter to the linea aspera and into the upper part of the linea aspera, immediately behind the pectineus and upper part of the adductor longus.[WP]. Wikipedia:Adductor_brevis_muscle FMA:22442 Musculus adductos brevis corpus striatum BTO:0001311 EFO:0000381 EMAPA:17549 EV:0100184 FMA:77616 GAID:667 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.105.487 OG:0001175 SCTID:279318005 The corpus striatum (striated body) is a compound structure consisting of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus, which consists of the putamen and the globus pallidus[WP]. The term has been used in a few different ways: * It is a pair of nuclear masses which form the basal ganglia, along with the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra. * It may also refer to both the basal ganglia and internal capsule collectively.[2] * According to the 1917 version of Gray's Anatomy, it is the combination of the lentiform nucleus (also known as the lenticular nucleus) and the caudate nucleus * According to BrainInfo it is a part of the basal ganglia comprising the globus pallidus and striatum UBERON:0000369 UBERON:BTO_0001311-FMA_77616 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gray656.png/200px-Gray656.png ncithesaurus:Corpus_Striatum striate body striated body The corpus striatum (striated body) is a compound structure consisting of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus, which consists of the putamen and the globus pallidus[WP]. Wikipedia:Corpus_striatum BTO:0001311 striated body BTO:0001311 striate body adductor magnus BTO:0001312 FMA:22443 OpenCyc:Mx4rvuSd6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181688002 The adductor magnus is a large triangular muscle, situated on the medial side of the thigh. The portion which arises from the ischiopubic ramus (a small part of the inferior ramus of the pubis, and the inferior ramus of the ischium) is called the 'adductor magnesius portion', and the portion arising from the tuberosity of the ischium is called the 'hamstring portion'. The hamstring portion is not considered part of the hamstring group of muscles, but it is adjacent to it.[WP]. UBERON:0000370 UBERON:BTO_0001312-FMA_22443 adductor magnus muscle galen:AdductorMagnus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG The adductor magnus is a large triangular muscle, situated on the medial side of the thigh. The portion which arises from the ischiopubic ramus (a small part of the inferior ramus of the pubis, and the inferior ramus of the ischium) is called the 'adductor magnesius portion', and the portion arising from the tuberosity of the ischium is called the 'hamstring portion'. The hamstring portion is not considered part of the hamstring group of muscles, but it is adjacent to it.[WP]. Wikipedia:Adductor_magnus_muscle syncytiotrophoblast BTO:0001335 EHDAA:129 EHDAA:91 EMAPA:16068 FMA:83040 SCTID:256965005 UBERON:0000371 UBERON:BTO_0001335-FMA_83040 ncithesaurus:Syncytiotrophoblast outer syncytial layer of the trophoblast. syncytial trophoblast syntrophoblast syntrophoblast layer BTO FMA:83040 syncytial trophoblast FMA ISBN10:0073040584 syntrophoblast layer Wikipedia:Syncytiotrophoblast outer syncytial layer of the trophoblast. EMAPA extensor digitorum brevis BTO:0001337 FMA:51140 UBERON:0000372 UBERON:BTO_0001337-FMA_51140 a muscle on the upper surface of the foot that helps extend digits 2 through 4. extensor digitorum brevis muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray1241.png/200px-Gray1241.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gray441.png/200px-Gray441.png Wikipedia:Extensor_digitorum_brevis_muscle a muscle on the upper surface of the foot that helps extend digits 2 through 4. BTO tapetum of corpus callosum FMA:77208 On either side of the corpus collosum, the fibers radiate in the white substance and pass to the various parts of the cerebral cortex; those curving forward from the genu into the frontal lobe constitute the forceps anterior, and those curving backward into the occipital lobe, the forceps posterior. Between these two parts is the main body of the fibers which constitute the tapetum and extend laterally on either side into the temporal lobe, and cover in the central part of the lateral ventricle. [Wikipedia via Greys] SCTID:279312006 UBERON:0000373 UBERON:BTO_0001350-FMA_77208 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gray733.png/200px-Gray733.png not to be confused with BTO:0001350 or GO:0048655-tapetal layer morphogenesis tapetum FMA:77208 tapetum On either side of the corpus collosum, the fibers radiate in the white substance and pass to the various parts of the cerebral cortex; those curving forward from the genu into the frontal lobe constitute the forceps anterior, and those curving backward into the occipital lobe, the forceps posterior. Between these two parts is the main body of the fibers which constitute the tapetum and extend laterally on either side into the temporal lobe, and cover in the central part of the lateral ventricle. [Wikipedia via Greys] Wikipedia:Tapetum_of_corpus_callosum mandibular nerve BTO:0001375 EHDAA2:0002086 FMA:52996 GAID:834 Inferior maxillary nerve MA:0001101 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.760.500 Mandibular division [V3] Mandibular division [Vc] Mandibular division of fifth cranial nerve Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve [Vc; V3] Mandibular nerve [V3] Mandibular nerve [Vc] Nervus mandibularis [Vc; V3] OG:0001345 OpenCyc:Mx4rvcQKSpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280212008 Third division of fifth cranial nerve Third division of trigeminal nerve UBERON:0000375 UBERON:BTO_0001375-FMA_52996 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray781.png/200px-Gray781.png ncithesaurus:Inferior_Maxillary_Nerve nervus mandibularis nervus mandibularis [v3] nervus mandibularis [vc] the motor and sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the auricle, the external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, temporal region, the cheek, the skin overlying the mandible, the anterior portion of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, lower teeth and gingiva and transmits motor information from the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and digastric muscle and the muscles tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini. trigeminal V nerve mandibular division FMA:52996 FMA:TA nervus mandibularis [v3] FMA:52996 Mandibular division [V3] FMA:52996 Inferior maxillary nerve FMA:52996 Third division of trigeminal nerve FMA:52996 Mandibular nerve [V3] FMA:52996 Nervus mandibularis [Vc; V3] FMA:52996 Third division of fifth cranial nerve FMA:52996 FMA:TA nervus mandibularis [vc] BTO:0001375 nervus mandibularis MP:0009800 Wikipedia:Mandibular_nerve the motor and sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the auricle, the external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, temporal region, the cheek, the skin overlying the mandible, the anterior portion of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, lower teeth and gingiva and transmits motor information from the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and digastric muscle and the muscles tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini. FMA:52996 Mandibular division [Vc] FMA:52996 Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve [Vc; V3] MA:0001101 trigeminal V nerve mandibular division FMA:52996 Mandibular nerve [Vc] FMA:52996 Mandibular division of fifth cranial nerve hindlimb stylopod BTO:0001376 EFO:0001943 EHDAA2:0002130 EHDAA:5171 EHDAA:6200 EMAPA:17499 FMA:24967 GAID:50 In humans the thigh is the area between the pelvis and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the lower limb. The single bone in the thigh is called the femur. This bone is very thick and strong (due to the high proportion of cortical bone), and forms a ball and socket joint at the hip, and a condylar joint at the knee. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000052 MESH:A.01.378.610.750 OG:0000349 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjN7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Proximal segment of free lower limb SCTID:302544002 UBERON:0000376 UBERON:BTO_0001376-FMA_24967 galen:Thigh hind limb stylopod hindlimb stylopod hindlimb stylopodium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gray1238.png/200px-Gray1238.png inferior member stylopod lower extremity stylopod ncithesaurus:Thigh stylopod of hind limb stylopod of hindlimb stylopod of inferior member stylopod of lower extremity stylopod of lower limb thigh upper leg OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopod In humans the thigh is the area between the pelvis and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the lower limb. The single bone in the thigh is called the femur. This bone is very thick and strong (due to the high proportion of cortical bone), and forms a ball and socket joint at the hip, and a condylar joint at the knee. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thigh FMA:24967 Proximal segment of free lower limb MA:0000052 upper leg OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopodium OBOL:automatic hind limb stylopod OBOL:automatic inferior member stylopod OBOL:automatic lower extremity stylopod OBOL:automatic stylopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic stylopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic stylopod of hind limb maxillary nerve BTO:0001378 EHDAA2:0002087 FMA:52724 GAID:836 MA:0001103 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.760.550 Maxillary division [V2] Maxillary division [Vb] Maxillary division of fifth cranial nerve Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (Vb; V2) Maxillary nerve [V2] Maxillary nerve [Vb] Nervus maxillaris (Vb; V2) OG:0001346 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWNU9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280211001 Second division of fifth cranial nerve Second division of trigeminal nerve UBERON:0000377 UBERON:BTO_0001378-FMA_52724 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gray779.png/200px-Gray779.png nervus maxillaris nervus maxillaris [v2] nervus maxillaris [vb] the sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the palate, upper teeth and gingiva, the skin between the palpebral fissure and the mouth, and from the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses. trigeminal V nerve maxillary division FMA:52724 Second division of fifth cranial nerve FMA:52724 FMA:TA nervus maxillaris [vb] FMA:52724 Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (Vb; V2) FMA:52724 Maxillary nerve [Vb] FMA:52724 FMA:TA nervus maxillaris [v2] FMA:52724 Maxillary division [V2] FMA:52724 Maxillary division of fifth cranial nerve FMA:52724 Second division of trigeminal nerve FMA:52724 Maxillary division [Vb] MP:0009799 Wikipedia:Maxillary_nerve the sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the palate, upper teeth and gingiva, the skin between the palpebral fissure and the mouth, and from the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses. BTO:0001378 nervus maxillaris FMA:52724 Maxillary nerve [V2] FMA:52724 Nervus maxillaris (Vb; V2) MA:0001103 trigeminal V nerve maxillary division tongue muscle BTO:0001386 FMA:46689 SCTID:244781004 UBERON:0000378 UBERON:BTO_0001386-FMA_46689 muscle of tongue ncithesaurus:Tongue_Muscle the muscular portion of the tongue. FMA:46689 muscle of tongue MP:0004136 Wikipedia:Muscles_of_tongue the muscular portion of the tongue. tracheal mucosa BTO:0001390 FMA:7471 Mucous membrane of trachea SCTID:660006 Tracheal mucous membrane Tunica mucosa (tracheae) UBERON:0000379 UBERON:BTO_0001390-FMA_7471 mucosa of organ of trachea mucosa of organ of windpipe mucosa of trachea mucosa of windpipe mucous membrane of trachea mucous membrane of windpipe organ mucosa of trachea organ mucosa of windpipe trachea mucosa trachea mucosa of organ trachea mucous membrane trachea organ mucosa tunica mucosa tracheae windpipe mucosa windpipe mucosa of organ windpipe mucous membrane windpipe organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of trachea OBOL:automatic windpipe organ mucosa OBOL:automatic windpipe mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic windpipe mucous membrane FMA:7471 Tracheal mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of windpipe OBOL:automatic mucosa of trachea OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of windpipe OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of trachea OBOL:automatic trachea mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of trachea OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of windpipe OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of windpipe OBOL:automatic windpipe mucosa FMA:7471 FMA:TA tunica mucosa tracheae OBOL:automatic trachea mucosa FMA:7471 Mucous membrane of trachea OBOL:automatic trachea mucous membrane FMA:7471 Tunica mucosa (tracheae) OBOL:automatic trachea organ mucosa tuber BTO:0001400 EFO:0001015 FMA:75430 OpenCyc:Mx4raeDj5Cw8QdiT7e8pb2JzAA UBERON:0000380 UBERON:BTO_0001400-FMA_75430 true undefined in FMA. BTO and MIAA refers to plant structure only detrusor BTO:0001453 EMAPA:28637 FMA:68018 MA:0001698 The outer largely longitudinally arranged musculature of the bladder wall[BTO]. The fibers of the detrusor muscle arise from the posterior surface of the body of the pubis in both sexes (musculi pubovesicales), and in the male from the adjacent part of the prostate and its capsule. These fibers pass, in a more or less longitudinal manner, up the inferior surface of the bladder, over its apex, and then descend along its fundus to become attached to the prostate in the male, and to the front of the vagina in the female. At the sides of the bladder the fibers are arranged obliquely and intersect one another[WP]. UBERON:0000381 UBERON:BTO_0001453-FMA_68018 detrusor muscle detrusor muscle of bladder detrusor urinae muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_bladder.jpg/200px-Illu_bladder.jpg muscularis propria of the urinary bladder urinary bladder detrussor smooth muscle BTO:0001453 detrusor muscle BTO:0001453 The outer largely longitudinally arranged musculature of the bladder wall[BTO]. The fibers of the detrusor muscle arise from the posterior surface of the body of the pubis in both sexes (musculi pubovesicales), and in the male from the adjacent part of the prostate and its capsule. These fibers pass, in a more or less longitudinal manner, up the inferior surface of the bladder, over its apex, and then descend along its fundus to become attached to the prostate in the male, and to the front of the vagina in the female. At the sides of the bladder the fibers are arranged obliquely and intersect one another[WP]. Wikipedia:Detrusor_urinae_muscle EMAPA:28637 detrusor muscle of bladder Wikipedia:Detrusor_urinae_muscle detrusor urinae muscle MA:0001698 urinary bladder detrussor smooth muscle Wikipedia:Detrusor_urinae_muscle muscularis propria of the urinary bladder apocrine sweat gland A note of confusion is the difference between apocrine secretion and apocrine sweat gland. Apocrine secretion refers to the apical loss of a cell's membrane to create cell blebs, thus creating a secretory product. Apocrine sweat gland refers to a structure, not a secretion process. Apocrine sweat glands actually use a merocrine type secretion, or that mediated by exocytosis of secretory granules. When "apocrine gland" is used without the word sweat, it is often referring to the gland which uses merocrine secretion, and not the secretion method. The important difference in apocrine sweat gland structure is its larger lumen, compared to the more narrow lumen of the eccrine sweat gland. Apocrine sweat glands are sweat glands composed of a coiled secretory portion located at the junction of the dermis and subcutaneous fat, from which a straight portion inserts and secretes into the infundibular portion of the hair follicle. In humans, apocrine sweat glands are found only in certain locations of the body: the axillae (armpits), the areola of the nipples, and the genitoanal region. The ducts of apocrine glands open into the canals of hair follicles. The stimulus for the secretion of apocrine sweat glands is adrenaline, which is a hormone carried in the blood[WP]. BTO:0001458 FMA:59155 MESH:A.10.336.899.206 SCTID:399916008 UBERON:0000382 UBERON:BTO_0001458-FMA_59155 ncithesaurus:Apocrine_Sweat_Gland Apocrine sweat glands are sweat glands composed of a coiled secretory portion located at the junction of the dermis and subcutaneous fat, from which a straight portion inserts and secretes into the infundibular portion of the hair follicle. In humans, apocrine sweat glands are found only in certain locations of the body: the axillae (armpits), the areola of the nipples, and the genitoanal region. The ducts of apocrine glands open into the canals of hair follicles. The stimulus for the secretion of apocrine sweat glands is adrenaline, which is a hormone carried in the blood[WP]. Wikipedia:Apocrine_sweat_glands musculature of body AAO:0000307 BILA:0000088 BTO:0001369 BTO:0001485 EFO:0000801 FBbt:00005069 FMA:72954 MA:0002888 MAT:0000025 MIAA:0000025 Set of muscles of body The sum of all muscles in the body. There is only one set of muscles per organism UBERON:0000383 UBERON:BTO_0001485-FMA_72954 VAO:0000033 XAO:0004042 muscle system muscle system of body muscular system musculature system muskelsystem set of all muscles vertebrate muscular system we place the MA term musculature here, rather than under uberon:musculature, as this seems more appropriate given the structure of MA FMA:72954 muscular system FMA:72954 Set of muscles of body BTO:0001369 vertebrate muscular system BTO:0001485 muskelsystem FMA:72954 set of all muscles BILA:0000088 musculature system GOC:cjm The sum of all muscles in the body. There is only one set of muscles per organism labial gland BTO:0001548 FMA:71613 HAO:0000449 Labial glands Labial glands set UBERON:0000385 UBERON:BTO_0001548-FMA_71613 glandulae labiales the label 'labial gland' refers to two distinct classes. From the BTO def: 1. One of the small tubular mucous and serous glands lying beneath the mucous membrane of the lips.n2. A salivary gland, or modification thereof, opening at the base of the labium in certain insects. true FMA:71613 Labial glands set FMA:71613 FMA:TA glandulae labiales FMA:71613 Labial glands meniscus BTO:0001592 EV:0100145 FMA:76690 UBERON:0000387 UBERON:BTO_0001592-FMA_76690 articular disc crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure present in the knee, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and temporomandibular joints[2] that, in contrast to articular disks, only partly divides a joint cavity.[3] A small meniscus also occurs in the radio-carpal joint. galen:Meniscus ncithesaurus:Meniscus Wikipedia:Meniscus_(anatomy) crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure present in the knee, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and temporomandibular joints[2] that, in contrast to articular disks, only partly divides a joint cavity.[3] A small meniscus also occurs in the radio-carpal joint. FMA:76690 articular disc epiglottis BTO:0001628 EHDAA2:0004081 EMAPA:18289 FMA:55130 GAID:111 MESH:A.02.165.507.411 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjxE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245502004 UBERON:0000388 UBERON:BTO_0001628-FMA_55130 a flap of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. It projects obliquely upwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone, pointing dorsally. ncithesaurus:Epiglottis todo - epiglottis vs epiglottis cartilage Wikipedia:Epiglottis a flap of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. It projects obliquely upwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone, pointing dorsally. lens cortex BTO:0001632 FMA:58970 MESH:A.09.371.509.225 SCTID:280626006 UBERON:0000389 UBERON:BTO_0001632-FMA_58970 cortex of lens FMA:58970 cortex of lens lens nucleus BTO:0001633 FMA:58971 MESH:A.09.371.509.670 SCTID:280628007 The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex. UBERON:0000390 UBERON:BTO_0001633-FMA_58971 editor note: needs checked; cf nucleus in GO nucleus of lens FMA:58971 nucleus of lens BTO:0001633 The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex. leptomeninx BTO:0001634 FMA:231515 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090207 SCTID:362303006 UBERON:0000391 UBERON:BTO_0001634-FMA_231515 arachnoidea mater et pia mater leptomeninges ncithesaurus:Leptomeninges pia mater or arachnoid mater. pia-arachnoid BTO:0001634 pia-arachnoid BTO:0001634 arachnoidea mater et pia mater NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090207 leptomeninges Wikipedia:Leptomeninges pia mater or arachnoid mater. longissimus BTO:0001648 FMA:77178 The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000392 UBERON:BTO_0001648-FMA_77178 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Longissimus.png/200px-Longissimus.png musculus longissimus BTO:0001648 musculus longissimus The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Longissimus cochlear ganglion BTO:0001688 Corti's ganglion EHDAA2:0002198 FMA:53445 GAID:722 MA:0001085 MESH:A.08.340.390.800 OG:0001183 SCTID:368955007 UBERON:0000395 UBERON:BTO_0001688-FMA_53445 ganglion cochlearis ganglion of Corti ganglion spirale cochleae group of nerve cells that serve the sense of hearing by sending a representation of sound from the cochlea to the brain. The cell bodies of the spiral ganglion neurons are found in the spiral structure of the cochlea[WP]. the group of nerve cell bodies that conveys auditory sensation from the organ of Corti to the hindbrain and resides on the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve)[MP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gray903.png/200px-Gray903.png spiral ganglion spiral ganglion of cochlea vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion cochlear component FMA:53445 ganglion of Corti BTO:0001688 spiral ganglion of cochlea MP:0002855 Wikipedia:Spiral_ganglion group of nerve cells that serve the sense of hearing by sending a representation of sound from the cochlea to the brain. The cell bodies of the spiral ganglion neurons are found in the spiral structure of the cochlea[WP]. the group of nerve cell bodies that conveys auditory sensation from the organ of Corti to the hindbrain and resides on the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve)[MP]. BTO:0001688 ganglion cochlearis BTO:0001688 ganglion spirale cochleae FMA:53445 spiral ganglion MA:0001085 vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion cochlear component Corti's ganglion FMA:53445 vallate papilla Any one of the largest papilla of the tongue, 8 to 12 in number, arranged in the form of a V anterior to the sulcus terminalis of the tongue BTO:0001705 EMAPA:18271 EMAPA:18654 EMAPA:18871 FMA:54822 UBERON:0000396 UBERON:BTO_0001705-FMA_71449 Vallate papilla of tongue Vallate papillae circumvallate papilla of tongue papilla vallatae Any one of the largest papilla of the tongue, 8 to 12 in number, arranged in the form of a V anterior to the sulcus terminalis of the tongue BTO:0001705 FMA:71449 FMA:TA papilla vallatae FMA:54822 circumvallate papilla of tongue colonic epithelium An epithelium that is part of a colon [Obol]. BTO:0001709 Colon epithelium FMA:17302 SCTID:42978003 UBERON:0000397 UBERON:BTO_0001709-FMA_17302 ZFA:0005128 colon epithelial tissue colon epithelium epithelial tissue of colon epithelial tissue of large bowel epithelium of colon epithelium of large bowel large bowel epithelial tissue large bowel epithelium posterior intestine epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of colon OBOL:automatic large bowel epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of colon Colon epithelium FMA:17302 OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of large bowel OBOL:automatic colon epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic large bowel epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic colon epithelium An epithelium that is part of a colon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0005128 posterior intestine epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of large bowel sternal cartilage BTO:0001721 FMA:32567 UBERON:0000398 UBERON:BTO_0001721-FMA_32567 cartilage of sternum cartilago costalis BTO:0001721 cartilago costalis FMA:32567 cartilage of sternum jejunal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a jejunum [Obol]. BTO:0001742 EMAPA:27109 EMAPA:27347 FMA:14949 SCTID:362151009 UBERON:0000399 UBERON:0003349 UBERON:BTO_0001742-FMA_14949 jejunal mucous membrane jejunum mucosa jejunum mucosa of organ jejunum mucous membrane jejunum organ mucosa mucosa of jejunum mucosa of organ of jejunum mucous membrane of jejunum organ mucosa of jejunum OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of jejunum OBOL:automatic jejunum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of jejunum OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of jejunum OBOL:automatic jejunum mucosa of organ A mucosa that is part of a jejunum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic jejunum mucous membrane FMA:14949 jejunum mucosa FMA:14949 jejunal mucous membrane FMA:14949 mucosa of jejunum jejunal epithelium BTO:0001743 FMA:17232 SCTID:57300004 UBERON:0000400 UBERON:BTO_0001743-FMA_17232 FMA BTO mandibular ramus BTO:0001751 EMAPA:25100 FMA:52828 MA:0002815 SCTID:361739000 The ramus of the mandible (perpendicular portion) is quadrilateral in shape, and has two surfaces, four borders, and two processes[WP]. UBERON:0000401 UBERON:BTO_0001751-FMA_52828 lower ramus mandible ramus rami mandibulae ramus mandibulae ramus of mandible Wikipedia:Ramus_of_the_mandible lower ramus Wikipedia:Ramus_of_the_mandible ramus mandibulae MA:0002815 mandible ramus FMA:52828 ramus of mandible Wikipedia:Ramus_of_the_mandible rami mandibulae The ramus of the mandible (perpendicular portion) is quadrilateral in shape, and has two surfaces, four borders, and two processes[WP]. Wikipedia:Ramus_of_the_mandible nasal vestibule BTO:0001761 FMA:59644 SCTID:278940000 The nasal vestibule is the most anterior part of the nasal cavity. It's enclosed by the cartilages of nose and lined by the same epithelium of the skin. The other part of the nasal cavity, which is lined by the respiratory epithelium, is called nasal cavity proper. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000402 UBERON:BTO_0001761-FMA_59644 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gray994.png/200px-Gray994.png vestibular part of nasal cavity vestibulum nasale vestibulum nasi The nasal vestibule is the most anterior part of the nasal cavity. It's enclosed by the cartilages of nose and lined by the same epithelium of the skin. The other part of the nasal cavity, which is lined by the respiratory epithelium, is called nasal cavity proper. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nasal_vestibule BTO:0001761 vestibulum nasale FMA:59644 vestibular part of nasal cavity BTO:0001761 vestibulum nasi scalp BTO:0001809 FMA:46494 GAID:80 MESH:A.01.456.810 OpenCyc:Mx4rwNtaz5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181480002 The scalp is the anatomical area bordered by the face anteriorly and the neck to the sides and posteriorly. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000403 UBERON:BTO_0001809-FMA_46494 galen:Scalp http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Double_cowlick.jpg/200px-Double_cowlick.jpg The scalp is the anatomical area bordered by the face anteriorly and the neck to the sides and posteriorly. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scalp sympathetic trunk AAO:0010791 BTO:0001834 EV:0100374 FMA:6258 One of a a paired bundle of nerve fibers that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx. SCTID:181099004 UBERON:0000407 UBERON:BTO_0001834-FMA_6258 XAO:0000211 gangliated cord sympathetic chain sympathetic ganglionic chain Wikipedia:Sympathetic_trunk gangliated cord FMA:6258 sympathetic chain Wikipedia:Sympathetic_trunk sympathetic ganglionic chain One of a a paired bundle of nerve fibers that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx. Wikipedia:Sympathetic_trunk vertebral ganglion BTO:0001835 FMA:6572 Intermediate ganglion SCTID:176596009 UBERON:0000408 UBERON:BTO_0001835-FMA_6572 FMA:6572 Intermediate ganglion serous gland BTO:0001837 FMA:62889 UBERON:0000409 UBERON:BTO_0001837-FMA_62889 glands that secrete watery albuminous material that often contains enzymes. MP:0008052 glands that secrete watery albuminous material that often contains enzymes. bronchial mucosa A mucosa that is part of a bronchus [Obol]. BTO:0001846 FMA:62652 Mucous membrane of bronchus SCTID:30802009 UBERON:0000410 UBERON:BTO_0001846-FMA_62652 bronchi mucosa bronchi mucosa of organ bronchi mucous membrane bronchi organ mucosa bronchial trunk mucosa bronchial trunk mucosa of organ bronchial trunk mucous membrane bronchial trunk organ mucosa bronchus mucosa bronchus mucosa of organ bronchus mucous membrane bronchus organ mucosa mucosa of bronchi mucosa of bronchial trunk mucosa of bronchus mucosa of organ of bronchi mucosa of organ of bronchial trunk mucosa of organ of bronchus mucous membrane of bronchi mucous membrane of bronchial trunk mucous membrane of bronchus organ mucosa of bronchi organ mucosa of bronchial trunk organ mucosa of bronchus tunica mucosa bronchi A mucosa that is part of a bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchi organ mucosa FMA:62652 Mucous membrane of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchi OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk organ mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk mucosa of organ FMA:62652 FMA:TA tunica mucosa bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchi mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchi OBOL:automatic mucosa of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchi mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic bronchi mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchial trunk visual cortex Area including V1 and extrastriate visual cortical areas such as V2, V3, V4, and V5. BTO:0001857 EFO:0000916 EV:0100171 FMA:242644 GAID:679 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.213.571.735 UBERON:0000411 UBERON:BTO_0001857-FMA_242644 V1 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Brodmann_areas_17_18_19.png/200px-Brodmann_areas_17_18_19.png Area including V1 and extrastriate visual cortical areas such as V2, V3, V4, and V5. Wikipedia:Visual_cortex V1 Wikipedia:Visual_cortex dermal papilla BTO:0001858 DPC FMA:70737 SCTID:320101005 UBERON:0000412 UBERON:BTO_0001858-FMA_70737 dermal papilla cell dermal papillae follicular papilla hair follicle dermal papilla http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Skin.jpg/200px-Skin.jpg ncithesaurus:Dermal_Papilla papilla corii papilla dermatis papilla dermis papilla of corium skin papilla small, nipple-like extensions (or interdigitations) of the dermis into the epidermis. They can be observed at the surface of the skin in hands and feet as epidermal or papillary ridges (colloquially known as fingerprints). The dermal papillae nourishes all hair follicles and bring food and oxygen to the lower layers of epidermal cells. The pattern of ridges they produce in hands and feet are inherited features that are developed before birth. They remain unaltered (except size) throughout life, and are therefore used for fingerprints. The dermal papillae are part of the uppermost layer of the dermis, the papillary dermis, and the ridges they form greatly increase the surface area between the dermis and epidermis. Because the dermis' main function is to support the epidermis, this greatly increases the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between these two layers. Additionally, the increase in surface area prevent the dermal and epidermal layers from separating from each others by strengthening the junction between them. With age, the papillae tend to flatten and sometimes increase in numbers. Dermal papillae also play a pivotal role in hair formation, growth and, cycling MP:0010687 hair follicle dermal papilla dermal papillae BTO:0001858 papilla of corium BTO:0001858 papilla dermatis FMA:70737 follicular papilla BTO:0001858 papilla dermis BTO:0001858 papilla corii BTO:0001858 DPC Wikipedia:Dermal_papillae small, nipple-like extensions (or interdigitations) of the dermis into the epidermis. They can be observed at the surface of the skin in hands and feet as epidermal or papillary ridges (colloquially known as fingerprints). The dermal papillae nourishes all hair follicles and bring food and oxygen to the lower layers of epidermal cells. The pattern of ridges they produce in hands and feet are inherited features that are developed before birth. They remain unaltered (except size) throughout life, and are therefore used for fingerprints. The dermal papillae are part of the uppermost layer of the dermis, the papillary dermis, and the ridges they form greatly increase the surface area between the dermis and epidermis. Because the dermis' main function is to support the epidermis, this greatly increases the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between these two layers. Additionally, the increase in surface area prevent the dermal and epidermal layers from separating from each others by strengthening the junction between them. With age, the papillae tend to flatten and sometimes increase in numbers. Dermal papillae also play a pivotal role in hair formation, growth and, cycling BTO:0001858 dermal papilla cell BTO:0001858 skin papilla mucous gland AAO:0010601 BTO:0001979 FMA:62888 Mucous glands, found in several different parts of the body, typically stain lighter than serous glands during standard histological preparation. Most are multicellular, but goblet cell are single-celled glands. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000414 UBERON:BTO_0001979-FMA_62888 glandula mucosa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gray1021.png/200px-Gray1021.png muciparous gland BTO:0001979 muciparous gland Mucous glands, found in several different parts of the body, typically stain lighter than serous glands during standard histological preparation. Most are multicellular, but goblet cell are single-celled glands. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Mucous_gland BTO:0001979 glandula mucosa artery wall An anatomical wall that is part of an artery [Obol]. Arterial wall BTO:0002009 FMA:14155 UBERON:0000415 UBERON:BTO_0002009-FMA_14155 galen:ArterialWall wall of artery FMA:14155 wall of artery Arterial wall FMA:14155 An anatomical wall that is part of an artery [Obol]. OBOL:automatic subdural space BTO:0002082 FMA:83803 GAID:692 MESH:A.08.186.566.395.687 SCTID:362308002 UBERON:0000416 UBERON:BTO_0002082-FMA_83803 cavum subdurale spatium subdurale subdural cavity subdural cleavage subdural cleft BTO:0002082 subdural cleavage BTO:0002082 subdural cleft BTO:0002082 subdural cavity BTO:0002082 spatium subdurale BTO:0002082 cavum subdurale primitive endoderm BTO:0002123 EHDAA:44 EHDAA:79 EMAPA:16051 EMAPA:16063 FMA:85520 UBERON:0000417 UBERON:0003226 UBERON:BTO_0002123-FMA_85520 tubercle UBERON:0000418 UBERON:BTO_0002173-FMA_75429 true myoepithelium An epithelium consisting of myopethelial cells, which are contractile cells resembling smooth muscle cells that are present in glands, notably the mammary gland, and aid in secretion. This cell has long weaving dendritic processes containing myofilament[CL]. BTO:0002308 FMA:67805 UBERON:0000420 UBERON:BTO_0002308-FMA_67805 myo-epithelium An epithelium consisting of myopethelial cells, which are contractile cells resembling smooth muscle cells that are present in glands, notably the mammary gland, and aid in secretion. This cell has long weaving dendritic processes containing myofilament[CL]. CL:0000185 Wikipedia:Myoepithelial_cell FMA:67805 myo-epithelium eccrine sweat gland BTO:0002323 FMA:59154 GAID:945 MESH:A.10.336.899.480 SCTID:361699008 UBERON:0000423 UBERON:BTO_0002323-FMA_59154 eccrine gland ncithesaurus:Eccrine_Sweat_Gland FMA:59154 eccrine gland gastric pit BTO:0002364 FMA:62947 SCTID:268426007 UBERON:0000424 UBERON:0000425 UBERON:BTO_0002364-FMA_62947 foveola gastrica foveolae gastricae gastric foveola ncithesaurus:Gastric_Pit BTO:0002364 foveola gastrica FMA:76583 FMA:TA foveolae gastricae FMA:62947 gastric foveola extravillous trophoblast BTO:0002366 FMA:86561 UBERON:0000426 UBERON:BTO_0002366-FMA_86561 intermediate trophoblast interstitial trophoblast FMA:86561 intermediate trophoblast BTO:0002366 interstitial trophoblast cytotrophoblastic cell UBERON:0000427 ncithesaurus:Cytotrophoblastic_Cell true prostate epithelium BTO:0002397 FMA:66812 FMA:79643 MA:0001737 TODO - check 2 FMA IDs UBERON:0000428 UBERON:0002452 UBERON:BTO_0002397-FMA_66812 epithelial tissue of prostate epithelial tissue of prostate gland epithelium of prostate epithelium of prostate gland epithelium of prostatic gland ncithesaurus:Prostatic_Epithelium prostate epithelial tissue prostate gland epithelial tissue prostate gland epithelium prostatic epithelium prostatic gland epithelium the prostate epithelium. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of prostate gland OBOL:automatic epithelium of prostate OBOL:automatic epithelium of prostate gland FMA:66812 prostatic epithelium FMA:79643 epithelium of prostatic gland OBOL:automatic prostate epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic prostate gland epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of prostate MP:0001168 the prostate epithelium. enteric plexus A plexus of autonomic nerve fibers within the wall of the digestive tube, and made up of the submucosal, myenteric, and subserosal plexuses; it contains visceral afferent fibers, sympathetic postganglionic fibers, parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers, and parasympathetic postganglionic cell bodies. BTO:0002437 FMA:77597 TODO - add subserosal plexus? UBERON:0000429 UBERON:BTO_0002437-FMA_77597 enteric nerve plexus plexus entericus plexus nervosus entericus sympathetic enteric nerve plexus FMA:77597 sympathetic enteric nerve plexus A plexus of autonomic nerve fibers within the wall of the digestive tube, and made up of the submucosal, myenteric, and subserosal plexuses; it contains visceral afferent fibers, sympathetic postganglionic fibers, parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers, and parasympathetic postganglionic cell bodies. BTO:0002437 FMA:77597 enteric nerve plexus FMA:77597 FMA:TA plexus nervosus entericus BTO:0002437 plexus entericus ventral intermediate nucleus of thalamus A nucleus medially located within the ventral nuclei of the thalamus. BTO:0002469 EV:0100208 FMA:84347 UBERON:0000430 UBERON:BTO_0002469-FMA_84347 ZFA:0000370 nucleus ventralis intermedius thalami BTO-definition ZFA A nucleus medially located within the ventral nuclei of the thalamus. BTO:0002469 BTO:0002469 nucleus ventralis intermedius thalami ventral medial complex of thalamus BTO:0002470 FMA:77795 UBERON:0000431 UBERON:BTO_0002470-FMA_77795 nuclei ventrales mediales thalami ventral medial complex of thalamus ventral medial nuclei of thalamus FMA:77795 ventral medial complex of thalamus FMA:77795 ventral medial nuclei of thalamus BTO:0002470 nuclei ventrales mediales thalami endopeduncular nucleus BTO:0002475 FMA:77691 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.800.240 SCTID:82705008 UBERON:0000432 UBERON:BTO_0002475-FMA_77691 nucleus endopeduncularis BTO:0002475 nucleus endopeduncularis posterior paraventricular nucleus of thalamus BTO:0002477 FMA:76961 UBERON:0000433 UBERON:BTO_0002477-FMA_76961 dorsal paraventricular nucleus of thalamus nucleus paraventricularis posterior thalami FMA:76961 dorsal paraventricular nucleus of thalamus BTO:0002477 nucleus paraventricularis posterior thalami anterior paraventricular nucleus of thalamus BTO:0002478 FMA:76962 UBERON:0000434 UBERON:BTO_0002478-FMA_76962 nucleus paraventricularis anterior thalami ventral paraventricular nucleus of thalamus FMA:76962 ventral paraventricular nucleus of thalamus BTO:0002478 nucleus paraventricularis anterior thalami lateral tuberal nucleus BM:TU BTO:0002481 EV:0100240 FMA:62336 Lateral tuberal hypothalamic nuclei Lateral tuberal nuclei NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1206 UBERON:0000435 UBERON:BTO_0002481-FMA_62336 lateral tuberal nuclear complex nuclei tuberales laterales NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1206 lateral tuberal nuclear complex FMA:62336 Lateral tuberal nuclei BTO:0002481 nuclei tuberales laterales FMA:62336 Lateral tuberal hypothalamic nuclei arachnoid barrier layer BTO:0002498 FMA:231559 UBERON:0000437 UBERON:BTO_0002498-FMA_231559 set of arachnoid trabecula Arachnoid trabeculae set BTO:0002500 FMA:77761 UBERON:0000438 UBERON:BTO_0002500-FMA_77761 trabeculae arachnoideae true FMA:77761 FMA:TA trabeculae arachnoideae Arachnoid trabeculae set FMA:77761 arachnoid trabecula BTO:0002500 FMA:83979 UBERON:0000439 UBERON:BTO_0002500-FMA_83979 a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue. trabecula arachnoideum GO:0060343 a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue. trabecula A small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue. On histological section, a trabecula can look like a septum, but in three dimensions they are topologically distinct, with trabeculae being roughly rod or pillar-shaped and septa being sheet-like.. Trabeculae are usually composed of dense fibrous tissue, i.e. mainly of collagen, and in most cases provide mechanical strengthening or stiffening to a soft solid organ, such as the spleen. They can be composed of other materials, such as bone or muscle[WP]. BTO:0002501 FMA:85273 UBERON:0000440 UBERON:BTO_0002501-FMA_85273 A small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue. On histological section, a trabecula can look like a septum, but in three dimensions they are topologically distinct, with trabeculae being roughly rod or pillar-shaped and septa being sheet-like.. Trabeculae are usually composed of dense fibrous tissue, i.e. mainly of collagen, and in most cases provide mechanical strengthening or stiffening to a soft solid organ, such as the spleen. They can be composed of other materials, such as bone or muscle[WP]. Wikipedia:Trabecula right testicular vein A vein that drains the left pampiniform plexus and empties into the left renal vein. BTO:0002679 FMA:14341 MA:0002220 SCTID:53500001 UBERON:0000442 UBERON:BTO_0002679-FMA_14341 vena testicularis (adrenalis) dextra vena testicularis dextra vena testicularis sinistra BTO:0002679 vena testicularis dextra A vein that drains the left pampiniform plexus and empties into the left renal vein. Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource FMA:14341 vena testicularis (adrenalis) dextra BTO:0002680 vena testicularis sinistra left testicular vein A vein that drains the right pampiniform plexus and empties into the inferior vena cava. BTO:0002680 FMA:14345 MA:0002219 SCTID:90988008 UBERON:0000443 UBERON:BTO_0002680-FMA_14345 vena testicularis dextra vena testicularis sinistra A vein that drains the right pampiniform plexus and empties into the inferior vena cava. Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource BTO:0002680 vena testicularis sinistra BTO:0002679 vena testicularis dextra lymphoid follicle BTO:0002684 FMA:55222 MA:0000742 SCTID:64626006 UBERON:0000444 UBERON:BTO_0002684-FMA_55222 folliculus lymphaticus lymph node follicle lymphatic follicle lymphatic nodule lymphoid nodule ncithesaurus:Lymphoid_Follicle nodular lymphoid tissue nodulus lymphaticus nodulus lymphoideus BTO:0002684 nodulus lymphoideus BTO:0002684 lymphatic nodule BTO:0002684 nodulus lymphaticus BTO:0002684 folliculus lymphaticus BTO:0002684 lymphatic follicle MA:0000742 lymph node follicle FMA:55222 nodular lymphoid tissue FMA:55222 lymphoid nodule habenular trigone BTO:0002700 FMA:74868 The habenular trigone is a small depressed triangular area situated in front of the superior colliculus and on the lateral aspect of the posterior part of the taenia thalami. It contains a group of nerve cells termed the ganglion habenulC&. Fibers enter it from the stalk of the pineal body, and others, forming what is termed the habenular commissure, pass across the middle line to the corresponding ganglion of the opposite side. Most of its fibers are, however, directed downward and form a bundle, the fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert, which passes medial to the red nucleus, and, after decussating with the corresponding fasciculus of the opposite side, ends in the interpeduncular ganglion. UBERON:0000445 UBERON:BTO_0002700-FMA_74868 superclass in BTO is thalamic nucleus, not present in most ontologies trigone of habenulae trigonum habenulae The habenular trigone is a small depressed triangular area situated in front of the superior colliculus and on the lateral aspect of the posterior part of the taenia thalami. It contains a group of nerve cells termed the ganglion habenulC&. Fibers enter it from the stalk of the pineal body, and others, forming what is termed the habenular commissure, pass across the middle line to the corresponding ganglion of the opposite side. Most of its fibers are, however, directed downward and form a bundle, the fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert, which passes medial to the red nucleus, and, after decussating with the corresponding fasciculus of the opposite side, ends in the interpeduncular ganglion. Wikipedia:Habenular_trigone BTO:0002700 trigonum habenulae BTO:0002700 trigone of habenulae septum of telencephalon BTO:0002705 FMA:61842 MA:0000924 MESH:A.08.186.211.577.750 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_963 Subdivision of the telencephalon on the midline between the lateral ventricles which contains the septum pellucidum and the septal nuclei[FMA]. UBERON:0000446 UBERON:BTO_0002705-FMA_61842 area septalis septal area septum septum (NN) telencephalon septum FMA:61842 telencephalon septum FMA:61842 septal area FMA:61842 septum (NN) FMA:61842 FMA:TA area septalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_963 septum FMA:61842 Subdivision of the telencephalon on the midline between the lateral ventricles which contains the septum pellucidum and the septal nuclei[FMA]. decidual cell BTO:0002770 Before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus, the mucous membrane of the body of the uterus undergoes important changes and is then known as the decidua. The thickness and vascularity of the mucous membrane are greatly increased; its glands are elongated and open on its free surface by funnel-shaped orifices, while their deeper portions are tortuous and dilated into irregular spaces. The interglandular tissue is also increased in quantity, and is crowded with large round, oval, or polygonal cells, termed decidual cells. Their enlargement is due to glycogen and lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm allowing these cells to provide a rich source of nutrition for the developing embryo. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:86480 UBERON:0000449 UBERON:BTO_0002770-FMA_86480 ncithesaurus:Decidual_Cell request from CL Before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus, the mucous membrane of the body of the uterus undergoes important changes and is then known as the decidua. The thickness and vascularity of the mucous membrane are greatly increased; its glands are elongated and open on its free surface by funnel-shaped orifices, while their deeper portions are tortuous and dilated into irregular spaces. The interglandular tissue is also increased in quantity, and is crowded with large round, oval, or polygonal cells, termed decidual cells. Their enlargement is due to glycogen and lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm allowing these cells to provide a rich source of nutrition for the developing embryo. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Decidual_cells corpus albicans BTO:0002784 Corpus albicans of ovary EMAPA:29888 FMA:18620 UBERON:0000450 UBERON:BTO_0002784-FMA_18620 corpus fibrosum Corpus albicans of ovary FMA:18620 BTO:0002784 corpus fibrosum prefrontal cortex BTO:0002807 EFO:0001384 FMA:224850 GAID:676 MA:0000906 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.213.270.700 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090801 TODO - check MA The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas. This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior. The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals. The most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the pre-frontal cortex area is executive function. Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social 'control' (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes). Many authors have indicated an integral link between a person's personality and the functions of the prefrontal cortex. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000451 UBERON:BTO_0002807-FMA_224850 frontal association cortex http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg/200px-Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg.png prefrontal association complex prefrontal association cortex The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas. This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior. The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals. The most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the pre-frontal cortex area is executive function. Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social 'control' (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes). Many authors have indicated an integral link between a person's personality and the functions of the prefrontal cortex. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Prefrontal_cortex FMA:224850 prefrontal association cortex MA:0000906 frontal association cortex BTO:0002807 prefrontal association complex decidua basalis BTO:0002819 EFO:0001918 FMA:86477 MA:0002905 SCTID:362841006 UBERON:0000453 UBERON:BTO_0002819-FMA_86477 decidua serotina ncithesaurus:Decidua_Basalis BTO:0002819 decidua serotina cerebral subcortex BTO:0002858 Cerebral medulla FMA:242188 UBERON:0000454 UBERON:BTO_0002858-FMA_242188 subcortex BTO:0002858 subcortex Cerebral medulla FMA:242188 secretion BTO:0002979 FMA:9675 MESH:A.12.200 UBERON:0000456 UBERON:BTO_0002979-FMA_9675 galen:Secretion cavernous artery BTO:0002996 Cavernous branch of cavernous part of internal carotid artery FMA:70527 UBERON:0000457 UBERON:BTO_0002996-FMA_70527 ramus sinus cavernosi (pars cavernosa) (arteria carotis interna) Cavernous branch of cavernous part of internal carotid artery FMA:70527 FMA:70527 FMA:TA ramus sinus cavernosi (pars cavernosa) (arteria carotis interna) endocervix BTO:0003002 FMA:86485 SCTID:264460007 UBERON:0000458 UBERON:BTO_0003002-FMA_86485 ncithesaurus:Endocervix uterine wall An anatomical wall that is part of a uterus [Obol]. BTO:0003083 FMA:17560 SCTID:245485002 UBERON:0000459 UBERON:BTO_0003083-FMA_17560 anatomical wall of uterus uterus anatomical wall uterus wall wall of uterus OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of uterus OBOL:automatic uterus anatomical wall An anatomical wall that is part of a uterus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic wall of uterus OBOL:automatic uterus wall major vestibular gland BTO:0003115 Bartholin's gland Duverney's gland FMA:9598 GAID:384 Gland found in pairs located slightly below and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina in women. Bartholin's glands are homologous to bulbourethral glands in males. However, while Bartholin's glands are located in the superficial perineal pouch, bulbourethral glands are located in the deep perineal pouch. They secrete mucus to provide vaginal lubrication. MA:0002936 MESH:A.05.360.319.887.220 SCTID:362244005 Tiedemann's gland UBERON:0000460 UBERON:BTO_0003115-FMA_9598 Vulvovaginal gland glandula vestibularis major greater vestibular gland Bartholin's gland FMA:9598 Gland found in pairs located slightly below and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina in women. Bartholin's glands are homologous to bulbourethral glands in males. However, while Bartholin's glands are located in the superficial perineal pouch, bulbourethral glands are located in the deep perineal pouch. They secrete mucus to provide vaginal lubrication. Wikipedia:Bartholin's_glands MA:0002936 greater vestibular gland Duverney's gland FMA:9598 FMA:9598 Tiedemann's gland BTO:0003115 glandula vestibularis major FMA:9598 Vulvovaginal gland minor vestibular gland BTO:0003116 EMAPA:29653 FMA:20019 Glandula vestibular minor Guerin's gland SCTID:279869001 Schueller's gland UBERON:0000461 UBERON:BTO_0003116-FMA_20019 glandula vestibulares minor lesser vestibular gland ncithesaurus:Paraurethral_Gland paraurethral gland periurethral gland skene's gland urethral gland of female urethra FMA:20019 Glandula vestibular minor BTO:0003116 periurethral gland BTO:0003116 skene's gland BTO:0003116 glandula vestibulares minor BTO:0003116 urethral gland of female urethra BTO:0003116 paraurethral gland BTO:0003116 Schueller's gland FMA:20019 lesser vestibular gland BTO:0003116 Guerin's gland villus UBERON:0000462 true portion of organism substance AAO:0010839 AEO:0000004 BILA:0000004 CARO:0000004 EHDAA2:0003004 FBbt:00007019 FMA:9669 HAO:0000004 MA:0002450 Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body. TGMA:0001824 UBERON:0000463 UBERON:CARO_0000004-FBbt_00007019 XAO:0004001 ZFA:0001487 body fluid or substance body substance galen:BodySubstance ncithesaurus:Body_Fluid_or_Substance organism substance portion of body substance MA:0002450 body fluid or substance FMA:9669 portion of body substance FMA:9669 body substance CARO:MAH Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body. anatomical space AAO:0010110 AEO:0000005 BILA:0000005 CARO:0000005 EHDAA2:0003005 FBbt:00007017 FMA:5897 HAO:0000005 Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures. TAO:0001668 TGMA:0001825 UBERON:0000464 UBERON:CARO_0000005-FBbt_00007017-FMA_5897-ZFA_0001643 XAO:0003190 ZFA:0001643 CARO:MAH Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures. material anatomical entity AAO:0010264 AEO:0000006 Anatomical entity that has mass. BILA:0000006 CARO:0000006 EHDAA2:0003006 FBbt:00007016 FMA:67165 HAO:0000006 TAO:0001836 TGMA:0001826 UBERON:0000465 UBERON:CARO_0000006-FBbt_00007016-FMA_67165-ZFA_0001487 Anatomical entity that has mass. CARO:MAH immaterial anatomical entity AAO:0010265 AEO:0000007 Anatomical entity that has no mass. BILA:0000007 CARO:0000007 EHDAA2:0003007 FBbt:00007015 FMA:67112 HAO:0000007 TGMA:0001827 UBERON:0000466 UBERON:CARO_0000007-FBbt_00007015 immaterial physical anatomical entity Anatomical entity that has no mass. CARO:MAH FMA:67112 immaterial physical anatomical entity anatomical system AAO:0000007 AEO:0000011 Anatomical group that is has as its parts distinct anatomical structures interconnected by anatomical structures at a lower level of granularity[CARO]. A group of organs that work together to perform a certain task [Wikipedia]. BILA:0000011 CARO:0000011 EHDAA2:0001330 EHDAA2:0003011 EHDAA:392 EMAPA:16103 EV:0100000 FBbt:00004856 FMA:7149 HAO:0000011 MA:0000003 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_14 OpenCyc:Mx4rCWM0QCtDEdyAAADggVbxzQ SCTID:278195005 TAO:0001439 TGMA:0001831 UBERON:0000467 UBERON:CARO_0000011-XAO_0003002-ZFA_0001439 UBERON:FBbt_00004856-FBbt_00004969-FMA_7149-FMA_72979-MA_0000003-MA_0000014-MIAA_0000033-WBbt_0005730-XAO_0000176 WBbt:0005746 XAO:0003002 ZFA:0001439 body system galen:AnatomicalSystem ncithesaurus:Organ_System organ system system GO:0048731 system Anatomical group that is has as its parts distinct anatomical structures interconnected by anatomical structures at a lower level of granularity[CARO]. A group of organs that work together to perform a certain task [Wikipedia]. CARO:0000011 CARO:MAH Wikipedia:Organ_system NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_14 body system multi-cellular organism AAO:0010026 AEO:0000103 AEO:0000191 Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell. BILA:0000012 BTO:0001489 CARO:0000012 EFO:0002906 EHDAA2:0003103 EHDAA2:0003191 EHDAA:1 EHDAA:9178 EMAPA:25765 EV:0100016 FBbt:00000001 FMA:256135 HAO:0000012 Koerper MA:0002405 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_18 OG:0000671 TAO:0001094 TGMA:0001832 TODO - split body and mc organism? body continues after death stage TS28 UBERON:0000468 UBERON:CARO_0000012-XAO_0003004 WBbt:0007833 XAO:0003004 ZFA:0001094 adult mouse body galen:Organism ncithesaurus:Whole_Organism organism whole body whole organism Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell. CARO:0000012 CARO:MAH Wikipedia:Multi-cellular_organism MA:0002405 adult mouse BTO:0001489 whole body MA:0002405 TS28 BTO:0001489 Koerper cell part AAO:0010271 Anatomical structure that is a direct part of the cell. BILA:0000014 CARO:0000014 FBbt:00007012 FMA:86454 GO:0044464 HAO:0000014 NIF_Subcellular:sao-1337158144 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQwkcZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TGMA:0001834 UBERON:0000470 UBERON:CARO_0000014-FBbt_00007012-FMA_86454 cell component ncithesaurus:Cell_Part todo - move metadata to GO and obsolete this class. Note the inconsistency between the usage of the label 'cell component' in GO and CARO Anatomical structure that is a direct part of the cell. CARO:MAH CARO:0000014 cell component compound organ component AAO:0010017 AEO:0000019 BILA:0000019 CARO:0000019 EHDAA2:0003019 HAO:0000019 Multi-tissue structure that is part of a compound organ. TAO:0001489 TGMA:0001835 UBERON:0000471 UBERON:CARO_0000019-XAO_0003039-ZFA_0001489 XAO:0003039 ZFA:0001489 CARO:0000019 CARO:MAH Multi-tissue structure that is part of a compound organ. simple organ AAO:0010051 AEO:0000190 BILA:0000021 CARO:0000021 EHDAA2:0003190 HAO:0000021 Multi-tissue structure that is not part of a compound organ. TAO:0001492 TGMA:0001836 UBERON:0000472 UBERON:CARO_0000021-XAO_0003038-ZFA_0001492 XAO:0003038 ZFA:0001492 CARO:0000021 CARO:MAH Multi-tissue structure that is not part of a compound organ. testis AAO:0000606 BILA:0000124 BTO:0001363 EFO:0000984 EHDAA2:0002007 EHDAA:8146 EMAPA:17972 EV:0100102 FBbt:00004928 FMA:7210 GAID:396 HAO:0001007 MA:0000411 MAT:0000132 MESH:A.05.360.444.849 MIAA:0000132 OG:0000252 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjM25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181431007 TAO:0000598 UBERON:0000473 UBERON:0002117 UBERON:CARO_0000027-FBbt_00004927-FBbt_00004928-FBbt_00007004-FMA_45664-FMA_7210-MA_0000396-MA_0000411-MIAA_0000029-MIAA_0000132-WBbt_0006794-XAO_0000155-XAO_0000157-XAO_0003006-ZFA_0000242-ZFA_0000598 WBbt:0006794 XAO:0000157 ZFA:0000598 galen:Testis genitalia of male organism gonad genitalia of male organism gonada gonad of a male animal, produces and releases sperm. gonad of genitalia of male organism gonad of male genitalia gonad of male genitals gonad of male organism genitalia gonad of male organism reproductive system gonad of male reproductive system gonad of reproductive system of male organism gonada of genitalia of male organism gonada of male genitalia gonada of male genitals gonada of male organism genitalia gonada of male organism reproductive system gonada of male reproductive system gonada of reproductive system of male organism http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gray1144.png/200px-Gray1144.png male genitalia gonad male genitalia gonada male genitals gonad male gonad male organism genitalia gonad male organism genitalia gonada male organism reproductive system gonad male organism reproductive system gonada male reproductive system gonad male reproductive system gonada ncithesaurus:Testis orchis reproductive system of male organism gonad reproductive system of male organism gonada testes testicle testiculus OBOL:automatic gonada of reproductive system of male organism OBOL:automatic male organism genitalia gonad OBOL:automatic male organism genitalia gonada OBOL:automatic male genitals gonad OBOL:automatic male organism reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic gonada of male organism reproductive system BTO:0001363 orchis OBOL:automatic gonad of male organism reproductive system OBOL:automatic gonad of genitalia of male organism OBOL:automatic male organism reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic gonad of male genitalia OBOL:automatic gonad of male genitals OBOL:automatic gonad of male reproductive system OBOL:automatic male reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic reproductive system of male organism gonada FMA:7210 testicle OBOL:automatic gonada of male genitals testes OBOL:automatic gonad of male organism genitalia OBOL:automatic gonada of male reproductive system OBOL:automatic reproductive system of male organism gonad OBOL:automatic genitalia of male organism gonada OBOL:automatic genitalia of male organism gonad OBOL:automatic gonada of male genitalia OBOL:automatic male genitalia gonada OBOL:automatic male genitalia gonad OBOL:automatic gonada of genitalia of male organism Wikipedia:Testis gonad of a male animal, produces and releases sperm. OBOL:automatic male reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic gonada of male organism genitalia BTO:0001363 testiculus OBOL:automatic gonad of reproductive system of male organism OBOL:automatic male gonad female reproductive system BTO:0000083 EFO:0000969 EHDAA2:0000506 EHDAA:8116 EMAPA:17959 EV:0100110 FBbt:00004864 FMA:45663 GAID:364 HAO:0000324 MA:0000381 MESH:A.05.360.319 MIAA:0000028 OG:0000726 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVipTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TGMA:0000635 The organs of the female reproductive system. UBERON:0000474 UBERON:CARO_0000028-FBbt_00004864-FBbt_00007011-FMA_45663-MA_0000381-MIAA_0000028-XAO_0000156-XAO_0003005-ZFA_0000303 WBbt:0006748 XAO:0000156 female genital system female genitalia female organism genitalia female organism reproductive system female reproductive tract genitalia of female organism gynaecological tissue http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg/200px-Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Female_Reproductive_System reproductive system of female organism systema genitale femininum OBOL:automatic female organism genitalia OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive system BTO:0000083 systema genitale femininum OBOL:automatic reproductive system of female organism The organs of the female reproductive system. Wikipedia:Female_genitalia OBOL:automatic genitalia of female organism BTO:0000083 gynaecological tissue MA:0000381 female reproductive tract organism subdivision AAO:0010053 AEO:0000032 Anatomical structure which is a primary subdivision of whole organism. The mereological sum of these is the whole organism. BILA:0000032 CARO:0000032 EFO:0000808 EHDAA2:0003032 FBbt:00007009 FMA:7153 HAO:0000032 MA:0002433 MAT:0000293 MESH:A.01 MIAA:0000293 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViAHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0001308 TGMA:0001840 UBERON:0000475 UBERON:CARO_0000032-FBbt_00007009-FMA_67504-MIAA_0000293-XAO_0003013-ZFA_0001308 XAO:0003013 ZFA:0001308 body part body region cardinal body part galen:BodyPart ncithesaurus:Body_Part todo - check the inclusion of FMA 'cardinal body part here', and check child terms for consistency FMA:7153 body region Anatomical structure which is a primary subdivision of whole organism. The mereological sum of these is the whole organism. CARO:0000032 CARO:MAH Wikipedia:Body_part FMA:7153 cardinal body part acellular anatomical structure AAO:0010268 AEO:0000040 Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue. BILA:0000040 CARO:0000040 EHDAA2:0003040 FBbt:00007013 FMA:63863 HAO:0000040 TAO:0000382 TGMA:0001841 UBERON:0000476 UBERON:CARO_0000040-FBbt_00007013-FMA_63863-ZFA_0000382 XAO:0003162 ZFA:0000382 Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue. CARO:MAH anatomical cluster AAO:0010009 AEO:0000041 Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another. BILA:0000041 CARO:0000041 EHDAA2:0003041 FBbt:00007277 FMA:49443 HAO:0000041 TADS:0000605 TAO:0001478 TGMA:0001842 UBERON:0000477 UBERON:CARO_0000041-FMA_49443-ZFA_0001478 XAO:0003160 ZFA:0001478 Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another. CARO:MAH extraembryonic structure AAO:0010020 AEO:0000042 Anatomical structure that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo. BILA:0000042 CARO:0000042 EHDAA2:0003042 EHDAA:46 EMAPA:16042 FBbt:00005835 FMA:85537 HAO:0000042 OG:0000292 SCTID:314908006 TAO:0000020 TGMA:0001843 UBERON:0000478 UBERON:CARO_0000042-FBbt_00005835-FMA_85537-MIAA_0000061-ZFA_0000020 XAO:0004005 ZFA:0000020 extra-embryonic structure extraembryonic component extraembryonic tissue ncithesaurus:Extraembryonic_Structure see also conceptus extraembryonic component in EHDAA2 Anatomical structure that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo. CARO:MAH tissue AAO:0000607 AAO:0010054 AEO:0000043 Anatomical structure, that consists of similar cells and intercellular matrix, aggregated according to genetically determined spatial relationships. BILA:0000043 CARO:0000043 EHDAA2:0003043 FBbt:00007003 FMA:9637 HAO:0000043 MESH:A.10 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_19 TAO:0001477 TGMA:0001844 This class was sourced from CARO, which was initially sourced from FMA. Nomenclature changes have been made. Note also AEO introduces a class AEO:0000013 'single-cell tissue' UBERON:0000479 UBERON:CARO_0000043-FBbt_00007003-XAO_0003040-ZFA_0001477 WBbt:0005729 XAO:0003040 ZFA:0001477 galen:Tissue ncithesaurus:Normal_Tissue ncithesaurus:Tissue portion of tissue simple tissue tissue portion CARO:0000043 portion of tissue AEO:0000043 simple tissue Anatomical structure, that consists of similar cells and intercellular matrix, aggregated according to genetically determined spatial relationships. CARO:0000043 CARO:MAH FMA:9637 anatomical group AAO:0010008 AEO:0000054 Anatomical structure consisting of at least two non-overlapping organs, multi-tissue aggregates or portion of tissues or cells of different types that does not constitute an organism, organ, multi-tissue aggregate, or portion of tissue. BILA:0000054 CARO:0000054 EHDAA2:0003054 HAO:0000054 TAO:0001512 TGMA:0001846 UBERON:0000480 UBERON:CARO_0000054-XAO_0003001-ZFA_0001512 XAO:0003001 ZFA:0001512 Anatomical structure consisting of at least two non-overlapping organs, multi-tissue aggregates or portion of tissues or cells of different types that does not constitute an organism, organ, multi-tissue aggregate, or portion of tissue. CARO:0000054 CARO:MAH multi-tissue structure AAO:0010048 AEO:0000055 Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types. BILA:0000055 CARO:0000055 EHDAA2:0003055 FBbt:00007010 HAO:0000055 TAO:0001488 TGMA:0001847 UBERON:0000481 UBERON:CARO_0000055-FBbt_00007010-XAO_0003037-ZFA_0001488 XAO:0003037 ZFA:0001488 Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types. CARO:0000055 CARO:MAH basal lamina AAO:0010269 AEO:0000065 Acellular anatomical structure that consists of a thin sheet of fibrous proteins that underlie and support the cells of an epithelium. It separates the cells of an epithelium from any underlying tissue. BILA:0000065 CARO:0000065 EHDAA2:0003065 FMA:62918 GO:0005605 HAO:0000065 MESH:A.10.272.220 NIF_Subcellular:sao1397492660 TAO:0001485 TGMA:0001850 TODO - use GO. UBERON:0000482 UBERON:CARO_0000065-FMA_62918-ZFA_0001485 WBbt:0005756 XAO:0003163 ZFA:0001485 basal lamina of connective tissue ncithesaurus:Basal_Lamina Acellular anatomical structure that consists of a thin sheet of fibrous proteins that underlie and support the cells of an epithelium. It separates the cells of an epithelium from any underlying tissue. CARO:MAH Wikipedia:Basal_lamina epithelium AAO:0000144 AAO:0010055 AEO:0000066 BILA:0000066 BTO:0000416 CARO:0000066 EHDAA2:0003066 FBbt:00007005 FMA:9639 GAID:402 HAO:0000066 MESH:A.10.272 OG:0000387 Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO]. SCTID:31610004 TAO:0001486 UBERON:0000483 UBERON:CARO_0000066-FBbt_00007005-FMA_9639-XAO_0003045-ZFA_0001486 XAO:0003045 ZFA:0001486 epithelial tissue ncithesaurus:Epithelium portion of epithelium CARO:MAH Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO]. Wikipedia:Epithelium FMA:9639 portion of epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium AAO:0010064 AEO:0000067 BILA:0000067 CARO:0000067 EHDAA2:0003067 FMA:45566 HAO:0000067 TAO:0001497 UBERON:0000484 UBERON:CARO_0000067-FMA_45566-ZFA_0001497 Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells. XAO:0004009 ZFA:0001497 epithelium simplex cuboideum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gray1133.png/200px-Gray1133.png ncithesaurus:Simple_Cuboidal_Epithelium CARO:MAH Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells. Wikipedia:Simple_cuboidal_epithelium simple columnar epithelium AAO:0010063 AEO:0000068 BILA:0000068 CARO:0000068 FBbt:00007027 FMA:45567 HAO:0000068 TAO:0001496 UBERON:0000485 UBERON:CARO_0000068-FMA_45567-ZFA_0001496 Unilaminar epithelium, which consists of a single layer of columnar cells. Examples: ciliated columnar epithelium, gastric epithelium, microvillus columnar epithelium.[FMA] XAO:0004008 ZFA:0001496 columnar epithlium epithelium simplex columnare http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gray1059.png/200px-Gray1059.png ncithesaurus:Simple_Columnar_Epithelium simple columnar epithelium CARO:MAH FMA:FMA Unilaminar epithelium, which consists of a single layer of columnar cells. Examples: ciliated columnar epithelium, gastric epithelium, microvillus columnar epithelium.[FMA] Wikipedia:Simple_columnar_epithelium AEO:0000068 columnar epithlium multilaminar epithelium AAO:0010059 AEO:0000069 BILA:0000069 BTO:0002074 CARO:0000069 EHDAA2:0003069 Epithelium which consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells that may or may not be in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.[FMA] FMA:45562 HAO:0000069 SCTID:309044005 TAO:0001494 UBERON:0000486 UBERON:CARO_0000069-FMA_45562-ZFA_0001494 XAO:0004006 ZFA:0001494 laminated epithelium ncithesaurus:Stratified_Epithelium stratified epithelium BTO:0002074 laminated epithelium CARO:MAH Epithelium which consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells that may or may not be in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Stratified_epithelium simple squamous epithelium AAO:0010066 AEO:0000070 BILA:0000070 BTO:0002073 CARO:0000070 EHDAA2:0003070 FMA:45565 HAO:0000070 TAO:0001498 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000487 UBERON:CARO_0000070-FMA_45565-ZFA_0001498 Unilaminar epithelium which consists of a single layer of squamous cells. Examples: pulmonary alveolar epithelium, endothelium.[FMA] XAO:0004010 ZFA:0001498 epithelium simplex squamosum ncithesaurus:Simple_Squamous_Epithelium CARO:MAH FMA:45565 Unilaminar epithelium which consists of a single layer of squamous cells. Examples: pulmonary alveolar epithelium, endothelium.[FMA] Wikipedia:Simple_squamous_epithelium atypical epithelium AAO:0010057 AEO:0000071 BILA:0000071 CARO:0000071 EHDAA2:0003071 Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one ore more layers. FMA:61741 HAO:0000071 TAO:0001493 UBERON:0000488 UBERON:CARO_0000071-FMA_61741-ZFA_0001493 XAO:0004004 ZFA:0001493 heterogenous epithelium CARO:MAH Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one ore more layers. cavitated compound organ AAO:0010016 AEO:0000072 BILA:0000072 CARO:0000072 Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces. EHDAA2:0003072 HAO:0000072 TAO:0001490 TGMA:0001857 UBERON:0000489 UBERON:CARO_0000072-ZFA_0001490 XAO:0003165 ZFA:0001490 CARO:MAH Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces. unilaminar epithelium AAO:0010062 AEO:0000073 BILA:0000073 BTO:0002073 CARO:0000073 EHDAA2:0003073 Epithelium which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. Examples: endothelium, mesothelium, glandular squamous epithelium.[FMA] FMA:45561 HAO:0000073 SCTID:309043004 TAO:0001495 UBERON:0000490 UBERON:CARO_0000073-FMA_45561-ZFA_0001495 XAO:0004007 ZFA:0001495 ncithesaurus:Simple_Epithelium simple epithelium CARO:MAH Epithelium which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. Examples: endothelium, mesothelium, glandular squamous epithelium.[FMA] FMA:45561 solid compound organ AAO:0010019 AEO:0000074 BILA:0000074 CARO:0000074 Compound organ that does not contain macroscopic anatomical spaces. EHDAA2:0003074 HAO:0000074 TAO:0001491 TGMA:0001859 UBERON:0000491 UBERON:CARO_0000074-ZFA_0001491 XAO:0003164 ZFA:0001491 CARO:MAH Compound organ that does not contain macroscopic anatomical spaces. ileocecal valve FMA:15973 SCTID:362153007 The ileocecal valve is a sphincter muscle situated at the junction of the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine. Its critical function is to limit the reflux of colonic contents into the ileum. Tulp's valve UBERON:0000569 galen:IleocecalValve ncithesaurus:Ileocecal_Valve valva ileocaecalis (valva ilealis) Tulp's valve Wikipedia:Ileocecal_valve FMA:15973 valva ileocaecalis (valva ilealis) FMA Wikipedia Obol The ileocecal valve is a sphincter muscle situated at the junction of the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine. Its critical function is to limit the reflux of colonic contents into the ileum. Wikipedia:Ileocecal_valve suspensory ligament of duodenum FMA:20509 Ligament that connects the duodenum of the small intestines to the diaphragm. It contains a slender band of skeletal muscle from the diaphragm and a fibromuscular band of smooth muscle from the horizontal and ascending parts of the duodenum. When it contracts, the suspensory muscle of the duodenum widens the angle of the duodenojejunal flexure, allowing movement of the intestinal contents It arises from the right crus as it passes around the esophagus, continues as connective tissue around the stems of the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery and inserts into the third and fourth portions of the duodenum and frequently into the duodenojejunal (DJ) flexure (between the duodenum and the jejunum) as well. SCTID:279979000 UBERON:0000642 an especially important landmark to note when looking at the bowel for the presence of malrotation of the gut, a syndrome often suspected in young children when they have episodes of recurrent vomiting. Visualizing a normal location of the ligament of Treitz in radiological images is critical in ruling out malrotation of the gut in a child; it is abnormally located when malrotation is present. An abnormally low and fixed position of the ligament of Treitz is a known cause of superior mesenteric artery syndrome. However, identifying it on a CT scan is difficult. Hematemesis (blood in the vomit) or melena (black tarry stools) usually indicate a gastrointestinal bleed from a location proximal to the ligament. Hematochezia (bright red blood or clots in the stools) usually indicates a gastrointestinal bleed from a location distal to the ligament. ligament of Treitz muscle of Treitz musculus suspensorius duodeni suspensory muscle of duodenum Obol FMA:20509 suspensory muscle of duodenum Obol Obol Ligament that connects the duodenum of the small intestines to the diaphragm. It contains a slender band of skeletal muscle from the diaphragm and a fibromuscular band of smooth muscle from the horizontal and ascending parts of the duodenum. When it contracts, the suspensory muscle of the duodenum widens the angle of the duodenojejunal flexure, allowing movement of the intestinal contents It arises from the right crus as it passes around the esophagus, continues as connective tissue around the stems of the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery and inserts into the third and fourth portions of the duodenum and frequently into the duodenojejunal (DJ) flexure (between the duodenum and the jejunum) as well. Wikipedia:Suspensory_muscle_of_duodenum FMA:20509 ligament of Treitz FMA:20509 musculus suspensorius duodeni FMA:20509 muscle of Treitz splenius capitis FMA:22653 SCTID:244850004 The splenius capitis is a broad, straplike muscle in the back of the neck. It pulls on the base of the skull from vertebrae in the neck and upper thorax. It arises from the lower half of the ligamentum nuchæ, from the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra, and from the spinous processes of the upper three or four thoracic vertebræ. The fibers of the muscle are directed upward and lateralward and are inserted, under cover of the Sternocleidomastoideus, into the mastoid process of the temporal bone, and into the rough surface on the occipital bone just below the lateral third of the superior nuchal line. The Splenius Capitis muscle is innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves C3-C4. The splenius muscle is a prime mover for head extension. The splenius capitis can also allow lateral flexion and rotation of the cervical spine. UBERON:0000711 splenius capitis muscle The splenius capitis is a broad, straplike muscle in the back of the neck. It pulls on the base of the skull from vertebrae in the neck and upper thorax. It arises from the lower half of the ligamentum nuchæ, from the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra, and from the spinous processes of the upper three or four thoracic vertebræ. The fibers of the muscle are directed upward and lateralward and are inserted, under cover of the Sternocleidomastoideus, into the mastoid process of the temporal bone, and into the rough surface on the occipital bone just below the lateral third of the superior nuchal line. The Splenius Capitis muscle is innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves C3-C4. The splenius muscle is a prime mover for head extension. The splenius capitis can also allow lateral flexion and rotation of the cervical spine. Wikipedia:Splenius_capitis_muscle FMA Wikipedia:Splenius_capitis_muscle splenius capitis muscle hippocampal commissure FMA:61970 MA:0002723 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_746 SCTID:369115003 The lateral portions of the body of the fornix are joined by a thin triangular lamina, named the psalterium (lyra). This lamina contains some transverse fibers that connect the two hippocampi across the middle line and constitute the commissure of fornix (hippocampal commissure). This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000908 UBERON:Commissure-MA_0002723 commissura hippocampi commissure of fornix commissure of fornix of forebrain delta fornicis dorsal hippocampal commissure fornical commissure fornix commissure hippocampus commissure http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gray747.png/200px-Gray747.png FMA:61970 dorsal hippocampal commissure FMA:61970 fornix commissure The lateral portions of the body of the fornix are joined by a thin triangular lamina, named the psalterium (lyra). This lamina contains some transverse fibers that connect the two hippocampi across the middle line and constitute the commissure of fornix (hippocampal commissure). Wikipedia:Hippocampal_commissure FMA:61970 FMA:TA commissura hippocampi MP:0008221 hippocampus commissure Wikipedia:Commissure_of_fornix commissure of fornix FMA:61970 commissure of fornix of forebrain FMA:61970 fornical commissure MP:0008221 delta fornicis chyme Chyme is a bodily fluid consisting of a liquid substance found in the stomach before passing through the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. It results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes. ENVO:02000026 FMA:62961 UBERON:0000910 UBERON:ENVO_02000026-FMA_62961 chymus Chyme is a bodily fluid consisting of a liquid substance found in the stomach before passing through the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. It results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes. Wikipedia:Chyme ENVO:02000026 chymus chyle Chyle is a bodily fluid consisting of a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats; formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fats. ENVO:02000030 FMA:61403 GAID:1187 MESH:A.12.207.630.350 UBERON:0000911 UBERON:ENVO_02000030-FMA_61403 Chyle is a bodily fluid consisting of a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats; formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fats. Wikipedia:Chyle http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=chyle mucus ENVO:02000040 FMA:66938 GAID:1164 MESH:A.12.200.503 Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water. OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjHq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000912 UBERON:ENVO_02000040-FMA_66938 galen:Mucus ncithesaurus:Mucus Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water. Wikipedia:Mucus interstitial fluid ENVO:02000042 FMA:9673 Interstitial fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid. UBERON:0000913 UBERON:ENVO_02000042-FMA_9673 intercellular fluid tissue fluid ENVO:02000042 tissue fluid ENVO:02000042 intercellular fluid FMA:9673 Interstitial fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid. Wikipedia:Interstitial_fluid organismal segment FBbt:00000003 HAO:0000929 MAT:0000271 MIAA:0000271 One of the repeated divisions of the whole organism. UBERON:0000914 UBERON:FBbt_00000003-FMA_11367-MIAA_0000271 editor note: review this post-CARO2 segment FBbt:00000003 segment FB:gg One of the repeated divisions of the whole organism. Wikipedia:Segmentation_(biology) thoracic segment of trunk FMA:259209 MA:0000022 Organismal subdivision of body that lies between the head and the abdomen [Wikipedia]. SCTID:302551006 UBERON:0000915 UBERON:FBbt_00000015-FMA_9576-MA_0000022-MIAA_0000295 thorax todo - taxonomic constraints. Originally this was defined loosely to include insect thorax but the value of such a high-level grouping class is dubious. Note that FMA distinsguishes between thorax and thoracic region of trunk upper body FMA Organismal subdivision of body that lies between the head and the abdomen [Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Thorax MA:0000022 thorax abdomen BTO:0000020 EFO:0000968 EV:0100011 FMA:9577 GAID:16 In vertebrates such as mammals the abdomen (belly) constitutes the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis. The region enclosed by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity. MA:0000029 MAT:0000298 MESH:A.01.047 MIAA:0000298 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjgyZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302553009 Taxon notes: Vertebrate specific. In arthropods 'abdomen' is the most distal section of the body which lies behind the thorax or cephalothorax. If need be we can introduce some grouping class UBERON:0000916 UBERON:FBbt_00000020-FMA_9577-MA_0000029-MIAA_0000298 abdominopelvic region abdominopelvis adult abdomen belly galen:Abdomen FMA:9577 abdominopelvis MA FMA:9577 abdominopelvic region In vertebrates such as mammals the abdomen (belly) constitutes the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis. The region enclosed by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity. Wikipedia:Abdomen abdominal segment FBbt:00000021 HAO:0000016 SPD:0000055 UBERON:0000917 UBERON:0002417 UBERON:FBbt_00000021-SPD_0000055 segment of abdomen true OBOL:automatic segment of abdomen yolk BTO:0000371 FBbt:00000035 GO:0060417 GO:0060417 MAT:0000335 MIAA:0000335 TAO:0000084 The nutritive substance contained in the egg. UBERON:0000918 UBERON:0007378 UBERON:FBbt_00000035-MIAA_0000335-XAO_0000281 XAO:0000281 ZFA:0000084 true vegetal yolk mass yolk cell FB:gg The nutritive substance contained in the egg. lipid droplet FBbt:00000037 FMA:62962 GO:0005811 GO:0005811 UBERON:0000919 UBERON:FBbt_00000037-FMA_62962 true egg chorion A protective, noncellular membrane that surrounds the eggs of various animals including insects and fish [GO]. FBbt:00000038 TAO:0000329 TGMA:0000681 UBERON:0000920 UBERON:FBbt_00000038-FMA_80224-ZFA_0000329 UBERON:FMA_18674-MA_0001715 ZFA:0000329 chorion chorion (egg) A protective, noncellular membrane that surrounds the eggs of various animals including insects and fish [GO]. GO:0042600 Wikipedia:Chorion_(egg) pronucleus . FBbt:00000048 FMA:84673 GO:0045120 GO:0045120 UBERON:0000921 UBERON:FBbt_00000048-FMA_84673 true . Wikipedia:Pronucleus embryo AAO:0011035 AEO:0000169 Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. BILA:0000056 BTO:0000379 EFO:0001367 EHDAA2:0000002 EHDAA:38 EMAPA:16039 FBbt:00000052 FMA:69068 GAID:963 MAT:0000226 MESH:A.16.254 MIAA:0000019 OGEM:000001 Obsoleted in ZFA. Note that embryo is not classified as an embryonic structure - an embryonic structure is only the parts of an embryo OpenCyc:Mx4rwP1ceZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:57991002 UBERON:0000922 UBERON:FBbt_00000052-FMA_69068-MIAA_0000019-XAO_0000113 XAO:0000113 ZFA:0000103 developing organism developmental tissue embryonic organism ncithesaurus:Embryo BILA:0000056 embryonic organism Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. BTO:0000379 FB:FBrf0039741 FB:FBrf0041814 GO:0009790 Wikipedia:Embryo BILA:0000056 developing organism germ layer A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the animal embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The three types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. AAO:0000480 BILA:0000035 BTO:0000556 FBbt:00000110 FMA:69069 GAID:1303 MESH:A.16.254.425 OG:0001223 TAO:0001122 UBERON:0000923 UBERON:FBbt_00000110-FMA_69069 UBERON:XAO_0003011-ZFA_0001122 XAO:0003011 ZFA:0001122 embryonic germ layer embryonic germ layers embryonic tissue germinal layer ncithesaurus:Embryonic_Tissue ncithesaurus:Germinal_Layer primary germ layer GO:0001704 ZFA:0001122 primary germ layer FMA GO FMA:69069 embryonic tissue A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the animal embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The three types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. Wikipedia:Germ_layer germinal layer ncithesaurus:Germinal_Layer ectoderm AAO:0000137 BILA:0000036 BTO:0000315 EFO:0000414 EHDAA2:0000428 EMAPA:16069 EV:0100003 FBbt:00000111 FMA:69070 GAID:1304 MAT:0000155 MAT:0000173 MESH:A.16.254.425.273 MIAA:0000173 OG:0000153 Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's three germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue. SCTID:362851007 TAO:0000016 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000924 UBERON:FBbt_00000111-FMA_69070-MIAA_0000173-XAO_0000001-ZFA_0000016 XAO:0000001 ZFA:0000016 embryonic ectoderm ncithesaurus:Ectoderm Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's three germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue. Wikipedia:Ectoderm OG:0000153 embryonic ectoderm endoderm AAO:0000139 BILA:0000038 BTO:0000800 EFO:0002545 EHDAA2:0000436 EV:0100005 FBbt:00000125 FMA:69071 GAID:1305 MAT:0000175 MESH:A.16.254.425.407 MIAA:0000175 OG:0000154 Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut. SCTID:362855003 TAO:0000017 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000925 UBERON:FBbt_00000125-FMA_69071-MIAA_0000175-XAO_0000090-ZFA_0000017 XAO:0000090 ZFA:0000017 entoderm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gray10.png/200px-Gray10.png ncithesaurus:Endoderm Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut. Wikipedia:Endoderm mesoderm AAO:0000304 BILA:0000037 BTO:0000839 EFO:0001981 EHDAA2:0001128 EHDAA:124 EHDAA:140 EHDAA:154 EHDAA:160 EHDAA:168 EHDAA:183 EV:0100006 FBbt:00000126 FMA:69072 GAID:522 MAT:0000174 MESH:A.16.254.425.660 MIAA:0000174 OG:0000152 SCTID:362854004 TAO:0000041 Taxon notes: sponges do not seem to have a mesoderm and accordingly Amphimedon lacks transcription factors involved in mesoderm development (Fkh, Gsc, Twist, Snail)[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7307/full/nature09201.html] The middle germ layer of the embryo, between the endoderm and ectoderm. UBERON:0000926 UBERON:0003263 UBERON:FBbt_00000126-FMA_69072-MIAA_0000174-XAO_0000050-ZFA_0000041 XAO:0000050 ZFA:0000041 entire mesoderm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mesoderm.png/200px-Mesoderm.png mesodermal mantle ncithesaurus:Mesoderm SCTID:362854004 UBERON:cjm entire mesoderm The middle germ layer of the embryo, between the endoderm and ectoderm. Wikipedia:Mesoderm mesectoderm A double row of cells which are located at the midline from the end of gastrulations. The morphology of these cells is distinct from adjacent ectodermal cells - they are elongated such that one end remains exposed to the outside of the embryo at the mideline while the other end bissects the internalised mesoderm. FBbt:00000136 MAT:0000243 MIAA:0000243 MesEc Split term? The part of the mesenchyme derived from ectoderm, especially from the embryonic neural crest from which the pigment cells, meninges, and most of the branchial cartilages develop.[TFD] UBERON:0000927 UBERON:FBbt_00000136-MIAA_0000243 A double row of cells which are located at the midline from the end of gastrulations. The morphology of these cells is distinct from adjacent ectodermal cells - they are elongated such that one end remains exposed to the outside of the embryo at the mideline while the other end bissects the internalised mesoderm. FB:FBrf0089570 embryonic segment FBbt:00000154 MAT:0000244 MIAA:0000244 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000928 UBERON:FBbt_00000154-MIAA_0000244 segment - embryonic pharyngeal branch FMA:6234 Motor nerve of the pharynx, arises from the upper part of the ganglion nodosum, and consists principally of filaments from the cranial portion of the accessory nerve. SCTID:280298006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000929 UBERON:FBbt_00000394-FMA_6234 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gray791.png/200px-Gray791.png pharyngeal branch of inferior vagal ganglion pharyngeal branch of vagus pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve ramus pharyngealis nervi vagalis ramus pharyngeus tenth cranial nerve pharyngeal branch vagal pharyngeal branch vagus nerve pharyngeal branch FMA:6234 FMA:TA ramus pharyngeus Motor nerve of the pharynx, arises from the upper part of the ganglion nodosum, and consists principally of filaments from the cranial portion of the accessory nerve. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_branch_of_vagus_nerve stomodeum Anterior part of the embryonic alimentary canal formed as an invagination of the ectoderm; the future mouth[ZFA]. In humans, a depression between the brain and the pericardium in an embryo, and is the precursor of the mouth and the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The stomodeum is lined by ectoderm, and is separated from the anterior end of the fore-gut by the buccopharyngeal membrane. This membrane is devoid of mesoderm, being formed by the apposition of the stomodeal ectoderm with the fore-gut endoderm; at the end of the third week it disappears, and thus a communication is established between the mouth and the future pharynx[WP]. The anterior part of the embryonic digestive system deriving from the stomodeal invagination of the ectoderm[FBbt]. BTO:0004224 EMAPA:16263 FBbt:00000439 TGMA:0000135 This class groups together disparate structures as all being the anterior part of the early metazoan digestive tract and precursor of the mouth. However, the developmental processes vary, so this class may be split in future. E.g. in mammals it is a rostral depression surrounded by prominences. Outgrowth of the prominences produces a stomodeal cavity. UBERON:0000930 UBERON:FBbt_00000439-ZFA_0001290 XAO:0000269 ZFA:0001290 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gray977.png/200px-Gray977.png mouth primordium ncithesaurus:Stomodeum primitive oral cavity stomatodeum stomodaeum XAO:0000269 mouth primordium Anterior part of the embryonic alimentary canal formed as an invagination of the ectoderm; the future mouth[ZFA]. In humans, a depression between the brain and the pericardium in an embryo, and is the precursor of the mouth and the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The stomodeum is lined by ectoderm, and is separated from the anterior end of the fore-gut by the buccopharyngeal membrane. This membrane is devoid of mesoderm, being formed by the apposition of the stomodeal ectoderm with the fore-gut endoderm; at the end of the third week it disappears, and thus a communication is established between the mouth and the future pharynx[WP]. The anterior part of the embryonic digestive system deriving from the stomodeal invagination of the ectoderm[FBbt]. Wikipedia:Stomodeum UBERON:cjm primitive oral cavity Wikipedia:Stomodeum stomatodeum ZFA proctodeum AAO:0011087 FBbt:00000440 Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage[ZFA]. A proctodeum is the back ectodermal part of an alimentary canal. It is created during embryogenesis by a folding of the outer body wall[WP]. OG:0000139 SCTID:298233001 TAO:0000066 UBERON:0000931 UBERON:FBbt_00000440-WBbt_0006795 WBbt:0006795 XAO:0001019 ZFA:0000066 ncithesaurus:Proctodeum proctodaeum removed WBbt:0006795 - junction between the alimentary and genital tracts in the male. Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage[ZFA]. A proctodeum is the back ectodermal part of an alimentary canal. It is created during embryogenesis by a folding of the outer body wall[WP]. Wikipedia:Proctodeum ventral longitudinal muscle FBbt:00000482 UBERON:0000932 UBERON:FBbt_00000482-WBbt_0005814 WBbt:0005814 originally unified on basis of terminological similarity true pharyngeal muscle A muscle that forms part of the pharynx. BTO:0001048 FMA:46619 GAID:154 MA:0001797 MESH:A.02.633.567.800 SCTID:244798004 UBERON:0000933 UBERON:FBbt_00000487-FMA_46619-MA_0001797 muscle of pharynx muscle organ of pharynx musculus pharyngis ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Muscle pharynx muscle pharynx muscle organ todo - add asserted children and check logical definition against these; e.g. is stylopharyngeus part of the pharynx? OBOL:automatic muscle organ of pharynx BTO:0001048 musculus pharyngis OBOL:automatic pharynx muscle organ A muscle that forms part of the pharynx. GO:0043282 ventral nerve cord BTO:0002328 EFO:0000896 FBbt:00001102 MAT:0000339 MIAA:0000339 The pair of closely united ventral longitudinal nerves with their segmental ganglia that is characteristic of many elongate invertebrates (as earthworms)[BTO]. A large process bundle that runs along the vental mid-line extending from the ventral region of the nerve ring[WB]. The ventral cord is one of the distinguishing traits of the central nervous system of all arthropods (such as insects, crustaceans and arachnids) as well as many other invertebrates, such as the annelid worms[GO]. The ventral nerve cords make up the nervous system of some phyla of the invertebrates, particularly within the nematodes, annelids and the arthropods. It usually consists of cerebral ganglia anteriorly with the nerve cords running down the ventral ('belly', as opposed to back) plane of the organism. This characteristic is important in qualifying the difference compared to the chordates, which have a dorsal nerve cord. Ventral nerve cords from anterior to posterior (the thoracic and abdominal tagma in the arthropods) are made up of segmented ganglia that are connected by a tract of nerve fibers passing from one side to the other of the nerve cord called commissures. The complete system bears some likeness to a rope ladder. In some animals the bilateral ganglia are fused into a single large ganglion per segment. This characteristic is found mostly in the insects. UBERON:0000934 UBERON:FBbt_00001102-MIAA_0000339-WBbt_0005829 WBbt:0005829 ventral cord BTO:0002328 GO:0007419 The pair of closely united ventral longitudinal nerves with their segmental ganglia that is characteristic of many elongate invertebrates (as earthworms)[BTO]. A large process bundle that runs along the vental mid-line extending from the ventral region of the nerve ring[WB]. The ventral cord is one of the distinguishing traits of the central nervous system of all arthropods (such as insects, crustaceans and arachnids) as well as many other invertebrates, such as the annelid worms[GO]. WB:Paper00000938 Wikipedia:Ventral_nerve_cord GO:0007419 ventral cord anterior commissure BM:Tel-AC BTO:0002169 EMAPA:19038 FMA:61961 MA:0002722 SCTID:369119009 TAO:0001108 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000935 UBERON:FBbt_00001105-FMA_61961-MA_0002722-ZFA_0001108 ZFA:0001108 bundle of nerve fibers (white matter), connecting the two cerebral hemispheres across the midline, and placed in front of the columns of the fornix. The great majority of fibers connecting the two hemispheres travel through the corpus callosum, which is over 10 times larger than the anterior commissure, and other routes of communication pass through the hippocampal commissure or, indirectly, via subcortical connections. Nevertheless, the anterior commissure is a significant pathway that can be clearly distinguished in the brains of all mammals. commissura anterior commissura rostral commissura rostralis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gray744.png/200px-Gray744.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Commissure precommisure rostral commissure Wikipedia:Anterior_commissure bundle of nerve fibers (white matter), connecting the two cerebral hemispheres across the midline, and placed in front of the columns of the fornix. The great majority of fibers connecting the two hemispheres travel through the corpus callosum, which is over 10 times larger than the anterior commissure, and other routes of communication pass through the hippocampal commissure or, indirectly, via subcortical connections. Nevertheless, the anterior commissure is a significant pathway that can be clearly distinguished in the brains of all mammals. Wikipedia:Anterior_commisure precommisure posterior commissure BM:MB-Tec-PC FMA:62072 MA:0002743 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1026 Rounded band of white fibers crossing the middle line on the dorsal aspect of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct. It is important in the bilateral pupillary light reflex. Its fibers acquire their medullary sheaths early, but their connections have not been definitely determined. Most of them have their origin in a nucleus, the nucleus of the posterior commissure (nucleus of Darkschewitsch), which lies in the central gray substance of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct, in front of the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve. Some are probably derived from the posterior part of the thalamus and from the superior colliculus, whereas others are believed to be continued downward into the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The posterior commissure interconnects the pretectal nuclei, mediating the consensual pupillary light reflex[WP].Diencephalic tract which is located in the vicinity of the dorsal diencephalon and mesencephalon and connects the pretectal nuclei. From Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain[ZFA]. TAO:0000320 UBERON:0000936 UBERON:FBbt_00001120-FMA_62072-MA_0002743-ZFA_0000320 ZFA:0000320 caudal commissure epithalamic commissure http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray715.png/200px-Gray715.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Commissure Rounded band of white fibers crossing the middle line on the dorsal aspect of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct. It is important in the bilateral pupillary light reflex. Its fibers acquire their medullary sheaths early, but their connections have not been definitely determined. Most of them have their origin in a nucleus, the nucleus of the posterior commissure (nucleus of Darkschewitsch), which lies in the central gray substance of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct, in front of the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve. Some are probably derived from the posterior part of the thalamus and from the superior colliculus, whereas others are believed to be continued downward into the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The posterior commissure interconnects the pretectal nuclei, mediating the consensual pupillary light reflex[WP].Diencephalic tract which is located in the vicinity of the dorsal diencephalon and mesencephalon and connects the pretectal nuclei. From Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Posterior_commissure ZFA:0000320 FMA:62072 ZFA:0000320 caudal commissure FMA:62072 epithalamic commissure proneural cluster FBbt:00001135 UBERON:0000937 UBERON:FBbt_00001135-ZFA_0000068 ZFA:0000068 obsoleted because inconsistencies arise due to ZFA term being both embryonic and extraembryonic proneural clusters true ZFA:0000068 proneural clusters imaginal disc A tissue in the larva which gives rise to the adult external cuticle. BTO:0004658 FBbt:00001761 MAT:0000064 MIAA:0000064 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000939 UBERON:FBbt_00001761-MIAA_0000064 imaginal disk A tissue in the larva which gives rise to the adult external cuticle. FB:gg Wikipedia:Imaginal_disc cranial nerve II AAO:0010345 CN-II Cranial nerve which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons running posterior medially towards the optic chiasm, at which some of the axons cross the midline and after which the structure is termed the optic tract. Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain[ZFA]. EHDAA2:0001313 EHDAA:6788 EMAPA:17575 EMAPA:17846 FMA:50863 GAID:831 MA:0001097 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.680 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1640 OG:0000543 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjLm5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000435 UBERON:0000941 UBERON:FBbt_00001956-FMA_50863-MA_0001097-XAO_0000188-ZFA_0000435 XAO:0000188 ZFA:0000435 ncithesaurus:Optic_Nerve nervus opticus [ii] optic optic II optic II nerve optic nerve optic nerve [II] second cranial nerve todo - determine the precise relationship between CN II and the CNS Cranial nerve which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons running posterior medially towards the optic chiasm, at which some of the axons cross the midline and after which the structure is termed the optic tract. Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain[ZFA]. ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Optic_nerve ZFIN:curator FMA:50863 optic nerve EHDAA2:0001313 optic II FMA:50863 FMA:TA nervus opticus [ii] frontal nerve FMA:52638 SCTID:280219004 The frontal nerve is the largest branch of the ophthalmic, and may be regarded, both from its size and direction, as the continuation of the nerve. It enters the orbit through the supraorbital foramen, and runs forward between the Levator palpebræ superioris and the periosteum. Midway between the apex and base of the orbit it divides into two branches, supratrochlear nerve and supraorbital nerve. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000942 UBERON:FBbt_00002630-FMA_52638 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gray787.png/200px-Gray787.png ncithesaurus:Frontal_Nerve The frontal nerve is the largest branch of the ophthalmic, and may be regarded, both from its size and direction, as the continuation of the nerve. It enters the orbit through the supraorbital foramen, and runs forward between the Levator palpebræ superioris and the periosteum. Midway between the apex and base of the orbit it divides into two branches, supratrochlear nerve and supraorbital nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Frontal_nerve labial sensillum FBbt:00002721 UBERON:0000943 UBERON:FBbt_00002721-WBbt_0005107 WBbt:0005107 true dorsal branch FBbt:00003051 FMA:76733 UBERON:0000944 UBERON:FBbt_00003051-FMA_76733 dorsal vein ramus dorsalis true FMA:76733 FMA:TA ramus dorsalis stomach AAO:0000579 BTO:0001307 EFO:0000837 EHDAA2:0001915 EHDAA:2993 EMAPA:17021 EMAPA:18889 EV:0100070 FMA:7148 GAID:293 Internal organ that is the dilated portion of the alimentary tract situated between the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. It produces gastric juices involved in the breakdown of food[XAO]. Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the esophagus and distally with the small intestine[FMA]. MA:0000353 MAT:0000051 MESH:A.03.492.766 MIAA:0000051 OG:0000408 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjlqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181246003 TAO:0002121 UBERON:0000945 UBERON:FBbt_00003138-FMA_7148-MA_0000353-MIAA_0000051-XAO_0000128 XAO:0000128 anterior intestine fly has adult midgut - TODO check. Zebrafish is functionally stomach-less, but may retain ontogenic footprint. TADS:0000172 adult stomach. add functionally defined class? galen:Stomach gaster http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Stomach_diagram.svg/200px-Stomach_diagram.svg.png mesenteron ncithesaurus:Stomach stomach ventriculus BTO:0001307 gaster FB:FBrf0007735 Internal organ that is the dilated portion of the alimentary tract situated between the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. It produces gastric juices involved in the breakdown of food[XAO]. Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the esophagus and distally with the small intestine[FMA]. OMD:stomach Wikipedia:Stomach ZFA cardial valve BTO:0000564 EMAPA:17869 EV:0100024 FMA:7110 Flap of tissue that prevents regurgitation of blood from the ventricles to the atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles. GAID:176 MA:0000086 MESH:A.07.541.510 OG:0000818 OpenCyc:Mx4rv8oyuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Rector et al: One might be tempted to define “heart valve” equivalently to “valve in the heart”, and “valve” as a “structure which functions as a valve”. But this combination results in the “foramen ovale” being classified as a kind of “heart valve”, since it is undoubtedly located in the heart and functions as a valve SCTID:181285005 TAO:0005065 UBERON:0000946 UBERON:FBbt_00003140-FMA_7110-MA_0000086-ZFA_0005065 XAO:0004126 ZFA:0005065 cardiac valve galen:HeartValve heart valve heart valves ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Valve stomodaeal valve valve of heart Flap of tissue that prevents regurgitation of blood from the ventricles to the atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles. Wikipedia:Cardiac_valve aorta AAO:0010213 Artery carrying blood from the heart to all the organs and other structures of the body, bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation BTO:0000135 EFO:0000265 EMAPA:18601 EV:0100027 FMA:3734 GAID:469 MA:0000062 MAT:0000035 MESH:A.07.231.114.056 MIAA:0000035 OG:0001523 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjvTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181298001 TODO: check dorsal aorta. All amniotes have a broadly similar arrangement to that of humans, albeit with a number of individual variations. In fish, however, there are two separate vessels referred to as aortas. The ventral aorta carries de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the gills; part of this vessel forms the ascending aorta in tetrapods (the remainder forms the pulmonary artery). A second, dorsal aorta carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body, and is homologous with the descending aorta of tetrapods. The two aortas are connected by a number of vessels, one passing through each of the gills. Amphibians also retain the fifth connecting vessel, so that the aorta has two parallel arches[WP]. UBERON:0000947 UBERON:FBbt_00003153-FMA_3734-MA_0000062-MA_0000476-MIAA_0000035-XAO_0003010-ZFA_0000014 XAO:0003010 adult aorta dorsal aorta galen:Aorta ncithesaurus:Aorta trunk of aortic tree trunk of systemic arterial tree Wikipedia:Aorta#In_other_animals ZFA:0000014 dorsal aorta MA Wikipedia MA-modified BTO Artery carrying blood from the heart to all the organs and other structures of the body, bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation Wikipedia:Aorta heart AAO:0010210 BILA:0000020 BTO:0000562 EFO:0000815 EHDAA2:0000738 EHDAA:420 EMAPA:16105 EV:0100018 FMA:7088 GAID:174 Herz MA:0000072 MAT:0000036 MESH:A.07.541 MIAA:0000036 OG:0000276 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjvDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302509004 TAO:0000114 UBERON:0000948 UBERON:FBbt_00003154-FMA_7088-MA_0000072-MIAA_0000036-XAO_0000064-ZFA_0000114 XAO:0000064 ZFA:0000114 a myogenic muscular organ found in the cardiovascular system. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The vertebrate heart is composed of cardiac muscle, which is an involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in this organ, and connective tissue. Primitive fish have a four-chambered heart; however, the chambers are arranged sequentially so that this primitive heart is quite unlike the four-chambered hearts of mammals and birds. The first chamber is the sinus venosus, which collects de-oxygenated blood, from the body, through the hepatic and cardinal veins. From here, blood flows into the atrium and then to the powerful muscular ventricle where the main pumping action takes place. The fourth and final chamber is the conus arteriosus which contains several valves and sends blood to the ventral aorta. The ventral aorta delivers blood to the gills where it is oxygenated and flows, through the dorsal aorta, into the rest of the body. (In tetrapods, the ventral aorta has divided in two; one half forms the ascending aorta, while the other forms the pulmonary artery. In the adult fish, the four chambers are not arranged in a straight row but, instead, form an S-shape with the latter two chambers lying above the former two. This relatively simpler pattern is found in cartilaginous fish and in the more primitive ray-finned fish. In teleosts, the conus arteriosus is very small and can more accurately be described as part of the aorta rather than of the heart proper. The conus arteriosus is not present in any amniotes which presumably having been absorbed into the ventricles over the course of evolution. Similarly, while the sinus venosus is present as a vestigial structure in some reptiles and birds, it is otherwise absorbed into the right atrium and is no longer distinguishable[WP]. galen:Heart ncithesaurus:Heart note that we use the term 'circulatory organ' for the generic class. the generic class vertebrate heart BTO:0000562 Herz Wikipedia:Heart a myogenic muscular organ found in the cardiovascular system. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The vertebrate heart is composed of cardiac muscle, which is an involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in this organ, and connective tissue. Primitive fish have a four-chambered heart; however, the chambers are arranged sequentially so that this primitive heart is quite unlike the four-chambered hearts of mammals and birds. The first chamber is the sinus venosus, which collects de-oxygenated blood, from the body, through the hepatic and cardinal veins. From here, blood flows into the atrium and then to the powerful muscular ventricle where the main pumping action takes place. The fourth and final chamber is the conus arteriosus which contains several valves and sends blood to the ventral aorta. The ventral aorta delivers blood to the gills where it is oxygenated and flows, through the dorsal aorta, into the rest of the body. (In tetrapods, the ventral aorta has divided in two; one half forms the ascending aorta, while the other forms the pulmonary artery. In the adult fish, the four chambers are not arranged in a straight row but, instead, form an S-shape with the latter two chambers lying above the former two. This relatively simpler pattern is found in cartilaginous fish and in the more primitive ray-finned fish. In teleosts, the conus arteriosus is very small and can more accurately be described as part of the aorta rather than of the heart proper. The conus arteriosus is not present in any amniotes which presumably having been absorbed into the ventricles over the course of evolution. Similarly, while the sinus venosus is present as a vestigial structure in some reptiles and birds, it is otherwise absorbed into the right atrium and is no longer distinguishable[WP]. endocrine system AAO:0010279 Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. EFO:0002969 EHDAA2:0002224 EV:0100128 FBbt:00005068 FMA:9668 GAID:439 MA:0000012 MESH:A.06 OG:0000098 SCTID:278876000 TAO:0001158 UBERON:0000949 UBERON:FBbt_00003214-FBbt_00005068-FMA_9668-MA_0000012-XAO_0000158-ZFA_0001158 XAO:0000158 ZFA:0001158 endocrine glandular system endocrine system ncithesaurus:Endocrine_System systema endocrinum EHDAA2:0002224 endocrine glandular system Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. NLM:endocrine+system Wikipedia:Endocrine_system gracilis BTO:0000536 FMA:43882 MA:0002311 OpenCyc:Mx4rv7If8pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181689005 The most superficial muscle on the medial side of the thigh. It is thin and flattened, broad above, narrow and tapering below. It arises by a thin aponeurosis from the anterior margins of the lower half of the symphysis pubis and the upper half of the pubic arch. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000950 UBERON:FBbt_00003277-FMA_43882-MA_0002311 galen:Gracilis gracilis muscle ncithesaurus:Gracilis BTO:0000536 gracilis muscle The most superficial muscle on the medial side of the thigh. It is thin and flattened, broad above, narrow and tapering below. It arises by a thin aponeurosis from the anterior margins of the lower half of the symphysis pubis and the upper half of the pubic arch. Wikipedia:Gracilis_muscle rotator muscle FMA:23081 SCTID:244872002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000951 UBERON:FBbt_00003314-FMA_23081 adductor muscle BTO:0000030 FBbt:00003317 FMA:74998 MA:0002267 Muscle that causes adduction can be called an adductor muscle. For example in biology, the muscle or muscles in the interior of a bivalve mollusk which serve to close the valves are called adductor muscles, and the large foot to shell muscle in gastropods such as the abalone and limpet is also known as an adductor muscle[WP]. A muscle that brings a body part closer to the sagittal plane of the body[ZFA, WikipediaLAdduction]. SCTID:181670005 TODO - add functional xp definition. TODO - check MA. Note this is a structural relation in FMA UBERON:0000952 UBERON:FBbt_00003317-FMA_74998 ZFA:0005268 adductor adductor group (leg) MA:0002267 adductor group (leg) Muscle that causes adduction can be called an adductor muscle. For example in biology, the muscle or muscles in the interior of a bivalve mollusk which serve to close the valves are called adductor muscles, and the large foot to shell muscle in gastropods such as the abalone and limpet is also known as an adductor muscle[WP]. A muscle that brings a body part closer to the sagittal plane of the body[ZFA, WikipediaLAdduction]. Wikipedia:Adductor_muscle visceral muscle UBERON:0000953 UBERON:FBbt_00003525-MIAA_0000303-XAO_0000175 adult visceral muscle involuntary non-striated muscle. smooth muscle terminological note: GO uses visceral and smooth interchangeably true Wikipedia:Smooth_muscle involuntary non-striated muscle. intestine muscle BTO:0000643 FBbt:00003537 UBERON:0000954 UBERON:FBbt_00003537-WBbt_0005796 WBbt:0005796 intestinal muscle intestinal muscle cell, attach to intestine and body wall anterior to anus true WB:Paper00000653 intestinal muscle cell, attach to intestine and body wall anterior to anus brain AAO:0010478 ABA:Brain BILA:0000135 BTO:0000142 EFO:0000302 EHDAA2:0000183 EHDAA:2641 EHDAA:6485 EMAPA:16894 EV:0100164 FBbt:00005095 FMA:50801 GAID:571 MA:0000168 MAT:0000098 MESH:A.08.186.211 MIAA:0000098 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_796 OG:0000157 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjT65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:258335003 TAO:0000008 The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals.[1] Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP]. UBERON:0000955 UBERON:FBbt_00003624-FBbt_00005095-FMA_50801-MA_0000168-MIAA_0000098-MIAA_0000341-WBbt_0005440-XAO_0000010-ZFA_0000008 XAO:0000010 ZFA:0000008 encephalon galen:Brain include synganglion? ncithesaurus:Brain synganglion BTO:0000142 encephalon The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals.[1] Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP]. Wikipedia:Brain FMA FMA GO cerebral cortex ABA:CTX BM:Tel-Cx BTO:0000233 EFO:0000328 EHDAA2:0000234 EHDAA:5464 EMAPA:17544 EV:0100166 FMA:61830 GAID:629 MA:0000185 MAT:0000108 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.213 MIAA:0000108 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1494 OG:0000722 SCTID:362880003 The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It constitutes the outermost layer of the cerebrum. In preserved brains, it has a grey color, hence the name 'grey matter'. Grey matter is formed by neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, whereas the white matter below the grey matter of the cortex is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting different regions of the central nervous system. The human cerebral cortex is 2–4 mm (0.08–0.16 inches) thick. The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the grooves, called 'sulci. ' The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex, also called isocortex, is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus (also called archicortex), has at most three cellular layers, and is divided into subfields. Relative variations in thickness or cell type (among other parameters) allow us to distinguish between different neocortical architectonic fields. The geometry of at least some of these fields seems to be related to the anatomy of the cortical folds, and, for example, layers in the upper part of the cortical ridges seem to be more clearly differentiated than in its deeper parts. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000956 UBERON:FBbt_00003625-FMA_61830-MA_0000185-MIAA_0000108 brain cortex cortex of cerebral hemisphere http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cerebral_Cortex_location.jpg/200px-Cerebral_Cortex_location.jpg ncithesaurus:Cortex pallium of the brain Wikipedia BTO:0000233 pallium of the brain GO The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It constitutes the outermost layer of the cerebrum. In preserved brains, it has a grey color, hence the name 'grey matter'. Grey matter is formed by neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, whereas the white matter below the grey matter of the cortex is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting different regions of the central nervous system. The human cerebral cortex is 2–4 mm (0.08–0.16 inches) thick. The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the grooves, called 'sulci. ' The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex, also called isocortex, is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus (also called archicortex), has at most three cellular layers, and is divided into subfields. Relative variations in thickness or cell type (among other parameters) allow us to distinguish between different neocortical architectonic fields. The geometry of at least some of these fields seems to be related to the anatomy of the cortical folds, and, for example, layers in the upper part of the cortical ridges seem to be more clearly differentiated than in its deeper parts. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cerebral_cortex BTO:0000233 brain cortex lamina Any thin layer or plate. TODO - merge with cell layer? UBERON:0000957 UBERON:FBbt_00003708-FMA_67265 Any thin layer or plate. Wikipedia:Lamina medulla BM:Me FMA:61108 Middle part of an organ (as opposed to the cortex)[WP]. This class is used in a very general sense UBERON:0000958 UBERON:FBbt_00003748-FMA_61108 galen:Medulla Middle part of an organ (as opposed to the cortex)[WP]. Wikipedia:Medulla optic chiasma AAO:0010622 BM:Tel-OCX EHDAA2:0001302 EHDAA:10227 EMAPA:17603 FMA:62045 GAID:832 MA:0001098 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.680.600 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1416 Nerve trunk which is continuous with right and left optic nerves and right and left optic tracts.[FMA] OG:0000190 SCTID:244453006 TAO:0000556 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000959 UBERON:FBbt_00003921-FMA_62045-MA_0001098-ZFA_0000556 XAO:0004071 ZFA:0000556 chiasma opticum decussation of optic nerve fibers http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/1543%2CVisalius%27OpticChiasma.jpg/200px-1543%2CVisalius%27OpticChiasma.jpg optic chiasm FMA:FMA Nerve trunk which is continuous with right and left optic nerves and right and left optic tracts.[FMA] Wikipedia:Optic_chiasma ZFIN:curator FMA:62045 FMA:TA chiasma opticum pharyngeal nerve FBbt:00004021 FMA:77524 The pharyngeal nerve (pterygopalatine nerve) is a small branch arising from the posterior part of the pterygopalatine ganglion. It passes through the pharyngeal canal with the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery, and is distributed to the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, behind the auditory tube. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000960 UBERON:FBbt_00004021-FMA_77524-WBbt_0005441 WBbt:0005441 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray780.png/200px-Gray780.png true The pharyngeal nerve (pterygopalatine nerve) is a small branch arising from the posterior part of the pterygopalatine ganglion. It passes through the pharyngeal canal with the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery, and is distributed to the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, behind the auditory tube. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_nerve thoracic ganglion BTO:0001831 EHDAA2:0002012 EHDAA:4664 EMAPA:17158 FMA:6471 MA:0001159 OG:0000515 SCTID:181102004 The thoracic ganglia are paravertebral ganglia. The thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk typically has 12 thoracic ganglia. Emerging from the ganglia are thoracic splancic nerves (the cardiopulmonary, the greater, lesser, and least splanchic nerves) that help provide sympathetic innervation to abdominal structures. Also, the ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic trunk have both white and gray rami communicantes. The white rami carry sympathetic fibers arising in the spinal cord into the sympathetic trunk. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000961 UBERON:FBbt_00004052-FMA_6471-MA_0001159 ganglion of thorax ganglion thoracicum splanchnicum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray849.png/200px-Gray849.png ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Ganglion thoracic paravertebral ganglion thoracic splanchnic ganglion thoracic sympathetic ganglion thorax ganglion OBOL:automatic thorax ganglion The thoracic ganglia are paravertebral ganglia. The thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk typically has 12 thoracic ganglia. Emerging from the ganglia are thoracic splancic nerves (the cardiopulmonary, the greater, lesser, and least splanchic nerves) that help provide sympathetic innervation to abdominal structures. Also, the ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic trunk have both white and gray rami communicantes. The white rami carry sympathetic fibers arising in the spinal cord into the sympathetic trunk. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thoracic_ganglion OBOL:automatic ganglion of thorax FMA:6471 FMA:TA ganglion thoracicum splanchnicum cervical nerve FMA:5859 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090207 SCTID:360497008 The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae. Although there are seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), there are eight cervical nerves (C1-C8). All nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra. (In the other portions of the spine, the nerve emerges below the vertebra with the same name. ) Dorsal (posterior) distribution includes the greater occipital (C2) and third occipital (C3). Ventral (anterior) distribution includes the cervical plexus (C1-C4) and brachial plexus (C5-C8) [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000962 UBERON:FBbt_00004053-FMA_5859 cervical nerve tree cervical spinal nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray795.png/200px-Gray795.png ncithesaurus:Cervical_Nerve The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae. Although there are seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), there are eight cervical nerves (C1-C8). All nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra. (In the other portions of the spine, the nerve emerges below the vertebra with the same name. ) Dorsal (posterior) distribution includes the greater occipital (C2) and third occipital (C3). Ventral (anterior) distribution includes the cervical plexus (C1-C4) and brachial plexus (C5-C8) [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cervical_nerve head sensillum FBbt:00004114 MAT:0000204 MIAA:0000204 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000963 UBERON:FBbt_00004114-MIAA_0000204 cornea AAO:0010344 BTO:0000286 EFO:0000377 EHDAA2:0000316 EHDAA:10199 EMAPA:17161 EV:0100341 FMA:58238 GAID:892 MA:0000266 MESH:A.09.371.060.217 OG:0000164 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViBa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181162001 TAO:0000640 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000964 UBERON:FBbt_00004191-FMA_58238-MA_0000266-XAO_0000180-ZFA_0000640 XAO:0000180 ZFA:0000640 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Cornea transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light, accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. tunica cornea Wikipedia:Cornea transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light, accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. lens AAO:0010348 BTO:0000723 EHDAA2:0000975 EHDAA:9057 EMAPA:17838 EV:0100343 FMA:58241 MA:0000275 MAT:0000141 MESH:A.09.371.509 MIAA:0000141 OG:0000169 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVj0fZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181169005 TAO:0000035 This class excludes compound eye corneal lenses. The naming may be too vertebrate-centric, in which case it could be renamed to camera-eye lens Transparent part of eye that helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. UBERON:0000965 UBERON:FBbt_00004199-FMA_58241-MA_0000275-MIAA_0000141-XAO_0000008-ZFA_0000035 XAO:0000008 ZFA:0000035 camera-type eye lens crystalline lens eye lens ncithesaurus:Crystalline_Lens ocular lens GO:0002088 camera-type eye lens BTO:0000723 ocular lens BTO:0000723 crystalline lens Transparent part of eye that helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy) retina AAO:0010352 BTO:0001175 Currently this class encompasses only verteberate AOs but could in theory also include cephalopod - we may want to make a more specific class for vertebrate retina. note that this class excludes ommatidial retinas, as the retina must be part of an eyeball. Us the parent class photoreceptor array / light-sensitive tissue for arthropods EFO:0000832 EHDAA2:0001627 EHDAA:4757 EMAPA:17168 EV:0100348 FMA:58301 GAID:755 MA:0000276 MAT:0000142 MESH:A.09.371.729 MIAA:0000142 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1153 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1156 Netzhaut OG:0000229 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViTfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181171005 TAO:0000152 The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. UBERON:0000966 UBERON:FBbt_00004200-FMA_58301-MA_0000276-MIAA_0000142-XAO_0000009-ZFA_0000152 XAO:0000009 ZFA:0000152 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png/200px-Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png inner layer of eyeball ncithesaurus:Retina tunica interna of eyeball BTO:0001175 Netzhaut FMA The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. Wikipedia:Retina ZFIN:curator FMA FMA adult thoracic sensillum An arthropod sensillum that is part of a thorax [Obol]. FBbt:00004245 MAT:0000205 MIAA:0000205 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000967 UBERON:FBbt_00004245-MIAA_0000205 arthropod sensillum of thorax sensillum of thorax thoracic sensillum thorax arthropod sensillum thorax sensillum OBOL:automatic thorax sensillum OBOL:automatic thorax arthropod sensillum OBOL:automatic arthropod sensillum of thorax An arthropod sensillum that is part of a thorax [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic sensillum of thorax adult abdominal sensillum FBbt:00004461 MAT:0000206 MIAA:0000206 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000968 UBERON:FBbt_00004461-MIAA_0000206 abdomen arthropod sensillum abdomen sensillum abdominal sensillum arthropod sensillum of abdomen sensillum of abdomen OBOL:automatic arthropod sensillum of abdomen OBOL:automatic abdomen arthropod sensillum OBOL:automatic abdomen sensillum OBOL:automatic sensillum of abdomen joint connecting hardened body parts HAO:0000982 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP1TTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000969 UBERON:FBbt_00004479-FMA_7493-MA_0001475 eye AAO:0010340 BILA:0000017 BTO:0000439 EFO:0000827 EMAPA:16198 EV:0100336 GAID:69 MAT:0000140 MESH:A.01.456.505.420 MIAA:0000140 OG:0000275 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViTvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244486005 TGMA:0000024 UBERON:0000970 UBERON:FBbt_00004508-FMA_54448-MA_0000261-MIAA_0000140-XAO_0000179-ZFA_0000107 organ that detects light visual apparatus UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Eye http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye organ that detects light ommatidium BTO:0001922 FBbt:00004510 HAO:0000666 MAT:0000143 MIAA:0000143 One of the small facets of the compound eye. UBERON:0000971 UBERON:FBbt_00004510-MIAA_0000143 omatidium ISBN:3110148986 One of the small facets of the compound eye. Wikipedia:Ommatidium antenna AEO:0000198 BTO:0000074 EFO:0000874 FBbt:00004511 HAO:0000101 MAT:0000086 MIAA:0000086 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjSAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TGMA:0000007 The paired, usually multiple jointed, sensory organs articulating on the procephalic region of the head capsule; its highly versatile sensory structures are capable to detect the various environmental stimuli. In the context of Drosophila refers to they are the most anterior segmented sensory appendage of the head. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000972 UBERON:FBbt_00004511-MIAA_0000086 feeler BTO:0000074 feeler FB:gg ISBN:3110148986 The paired, usually multiple jointed, sensory organs articulating on the procephalic region of the head capsule; its highly versatile sensory structures are capable to detect the various environmental stimuli. In the context of Drosophila refers to they are the most anterior segmented sensory appendage of the head. Wikipedia:Antenna_(biology) labrum UBERON:0000973 UBERON:FBbt_00004522-FMA_76808 true neck AEO:0000108 BTO:0000420 EFO:0000967 EHDAA2:0003108 FBbt:00004550 FMA:7155 GAID:86 MA:0000024 MAT:0000297 MESH:A.01.598 MIAA:0000297 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjLF5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rvfoqZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302550007 Subdivision of body proper, which consists of a maximal set of diverse subclasses of organ and organ part spatially associated with the cervical vertebral coumn, it is partially surrounded by skin of neck. Examples: There is only one neck[FMA]. TODO - generic definition UBERON:0000974 UBERON:FBbt_00004550-FMA_7155-MA_0000024-MIAA_0000297 galen:Neck http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Female_neck.jpg/200px-Female_neck.jpg ncithesaurus:Neck neck (volume) FMA:7155 neck (volume) Subdivision of body proper, which consists of a maximal set of diverse subclasses of organ and organ part spatially associated with the cervical vertebral coumn, it is partially surrounded by skin of neck. Examples: There is only one neck[FMA]. Wikipedia:Neck vertebrate sternum AAO:0000765 BTO:0001302 EHDAA2:0001914 EHDAA:9561 EMAPA:18344 FMA:7485 GAID:246 Long flat bone shaped like a capital 'T' located in the center of the thorax (chest). MA:0001331 MESH:A.02.835.232.904.766 OG:0000856 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjO6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302522007 The sternum or breastbone, in vertebrate anatomy, is a flat bone. It probably first evolved in early tetrapods as an extension of the pectoral girdle; it is not found in fish. In amphibians and reptiles it is typically a shield-shaped structure, often composed entirely of cartilage. It is absent in both turtles and snakes. In birds it is a relatively large bone and bears an enormous projecting keel to which the flight muscles are attached.[1] It runs axially along the midline of the sternum and extends outward, perpendicular to the plane of the ribs. The keel provides an anchor to which a bird's wing muscles attach, thereby providing adequate leverage for flight. Keels do not exist on all birds; in particular, some flightless birds (ratites) lack a keel structure. It holds the neck and upper back into place and gives protection to the heart from the back. Only in mammals does the sternum take on the elongated, segmented form seen in humans. In some mammals, such as opossums, the individual segments, or sternebrae, never fuse and remain separated by cartilagenous plates throughout life[WP]. UBERON:0000975 UBERON:FBbt_00004557-FMA_7485-MA_0001331 breastbone galen:Sternum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Illu_thoracic_cage.jpg/200px-Illu_thoracic_cage.jpg ncithesaurus:Sternum sternum ISBN:3110148986 Long flat bone shaped like a capital 'T' located in the center of the thorax (chest). Wikipedia:Sternum BTO:0001302 breastbone humerus AAO:0000679 EFO:0001398 EMAPA:18468 EMAPA:19106 FMA:13303 GAID:183 MA:0001356 MESH:A.02.835.232.087.412 OG:0001158 Paired long bones of endochondral origin that extend from the pectoral girdle to the elbows[AAO, modified]. SCTID:181923006 UBERON:0000976 UBERON:FBbt_00004562-FMA_13303-MA_0001356 XAO:0003210 galen:Humerus homologous to proximal metapterygial mesomere [Hall 2007] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Illu_upper_extremity.jpg/200px-Illu_upper_extremity.jpg ncithesaurus:Humerus AAO:0000679 Paired long bones of endochondral origin that extend from the pectoral girdle to the elbows[AAO, modified]. Wikipedia:Humerus pleura BTO:0001791 EFO:0001980 EV:0100044 FMA:9583 GAID:360 In mouse, is_a cavity lining. In FMA, is_a (viscous) serous membrane MA:0000433 MESH:A.04.716 OG:0000394 OpenCyc:Mx4rv3zwLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181609007 The delicate serous membrane that lines each half of the thorax of mammals and is folded back over the surface of the lung of the same side[BTO]. UBERON:0000977 UBERON:FBbt_00004591-FMA_9583-MA_0000433 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Gray965.png/200px-Gray965.png ncithesaurus:Pleural_Tissue pleura pleural tissue wall of pleural sac The delicate serous membrane that lines each half of the thorax of mammals and is folded back over the surface of the lung of the same side[BTO]. Wikipedia:Pleura MESH FMA BTO:0001791 pleural tissue leg BTO:0000721 EFO:0001411 EHDAA2:0000972 EHDAA:5151 EHDAA:6176 EHDAA:8289 EMAPA:17489 GAID:49 MA:0000047 MESH:A.01.378.610 OG:0000345 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViYzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The portion of the hindlimb that contains both the stylopod and zeugopod. The term leg can mean: [1] an appendage on which an animal walks [2] the entire hindlimb of a tetrapod [3] the segment of a human leg between knee and ankle (cf FMA) [4] the region of a hindlimb include the stylopod and zeugopod, but excluding the autopod. We define this class as [4], and thus 'leg' is compltely analagous to 'arm'. For [1], see the class 'locomotive weight-bearing appendage'. For [2] we use 'hindlimb'. For [3] we use the less open to misinterpretation 'hindlimb zeugopod'. Editor note: currently declared as overlapping foot, as AOs disagree over whether some ankle parts are in the leg or foot UBERON:0000978 UBERON:FBbt_00004640-FMA_24979-MA_0000047-MIAA_0000095 lower extremity tetrapod leg MESH:A.01.378.610 lower extremity The portion of the hindlimb that contains both the stylopod and zeugopod. Wikipedia:Leg#Limb tibia AAO:0000890 BTO:0001252 Does not include the tibia segment of the arthropod leg FBbt:00004642 EFO:0003054 EMAPA:18513 EMAPA:19142 FMA:24476 GAID:204 Larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates and connects the knee with the ankle bones. MA:0001361 MESH:A.02.835.232.500.883 OpenCyc:Mx4rvtq3-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182061009 UBERON:0000979 UBERON:FBbt_00004642-FMA_24476-MA_0001361 galen:Tibia http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gray260.png/200px-Gray260.png ncithesaurus:Tibia shankbone shinbone Wikipedia:Tibia shinbone Larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates and connects the knee with the ankle bones. Wikipedia:Tibia Wikipedia:Tibia shankbone trochanter AAO:0000897 FMA:82513 MA:0002821 UBERON:0000980 UBERON:FBbt_00004643-FMA_82513 bony prominences near the upper extremity of the femur; there are two in human (greater and lesser trochanters) and three in many other mammalian species (greater, lesser and third); these normally serve as attachment points for hip and thigh muscles[MP] femoral trochanter ncithesaurus:Trochanter FMA Wikipedia:Trochanter bony prominences near the upper extremity of the femur; there are two in human (greater and lesser trochanters) and three in many other mammalian species (greater, lesser and third); these normally serve as attachment points for hip and thigh muscles[MP] MA AAO:0000897 femoral trochanter femur AAO:0000889 BTO:0001284 EFO:0001396 EMAPA:18514 EMAPA:19143 FMA:9611 GAID:199 MA:0001359 MESH:A.02.835.232.500.247 OG:0001159 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjOJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182046008 The femur, or thigh bone, is the most proximal (closest to the body) bone of the leg in vertebrates capable of walking or jumping, such as most land mammals, birds, many reptiles such as lizards, and amphibians such as frogs. In vertebrates with four legs, the femur is found only in the rear legs. Some species of whales[1], snakes[2], and other non-walking vertebrates have vestigial femurs. One of the earliest known vertebrates to have a femur is the Eusthenopteron, a prehistoric lobe-finned fish from the Late Devonian period. UBERON:0000981 UBERON:FBbt_00004644-FMA_9611-MA_0001359 XAO:0003214 femoral bone galen:Femur homologous to proximal metapterygial mesomere [Hall 2007] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gray252.png/200px-Gray252.png ncithesaurus:Femur os femorale os femoris thigh bone The femur, or thigh bone, is the most proximal (closest to the body) bone of the leg in vertebrates capable of walking or jumping, such as most land mammals, birds, many reptiles such as lizards, and amphibians such as frogs. In vertebrates with four legs, the femur is found only in the rear legs. Some species of whales[1], snakes[2], and other non-walking vertebrates have vestigial femurs. One of the earliest known vertebrates to have a femur is the Eusthenopteron, a prehistoric lobe-finned fish from the Late Devonian period. Wikipedia:Femur BTO:0001284 os femorale BTO:0001284 femoral bone BTO:0001284 os femoris MA skeletal joint AEO:0000182 BTO:0001686 EFO:0000948 EHDAA2:0003182 EMAPA:19204 FMA:7490 GAID:102 Heterogeneous cluster which consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, parts of which are interconnected by organ parts that consist of various types of connective tissue. Together with other joints and bones, a joint constitutes the skeletal system. Examples: pubic symphysis, knee joint, temporomandibular joint. MA:0000319 MAT:0000188 MESH:A.02.835.583 MIAA:0000188 OG:0001276 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjjdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000367 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000982 UBERON:FBbt_00004645-FMA_228659-FMA_7490-MA_0000319-MIAA_0000188-XAO_0000171-ZFA_0001596 XAO:0000171 ZFA:0001596 articular joint galen:Joint joint ncithesaurus:Joint FMA:7490 joint FMA:7490 Heterogeneous cluster which consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, parts of which are interconnected by organ parts that consist of various types of connective tissue. Together with other joints and bones, a joint constitutes the skeletal system. Examples: pubic symphysis, knee joint, temporomandibular joint. Wikipedia:Joint ZFIN:curator BTO:0001686 articular joint metatarsus AAO:0000221 FMA:24997 GAID:43 Limb segment that consists of the long bones of the foot. The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the hand. MA:0000049 MESH:A.01.378.610.250.300.480 OpenCyc:Mx4rva_rBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280711000 UBERON:0000983 UBERON:FBbt_00004648-FMA_24997-MA_0000049 XAO:0003212 hind metapodium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray291.png/200px-Gray291.png metatarsal part of foot metatarsal region regio metatarsalis we group amphibia hind metapodium here, but this should be checked by an expert. Note that mammalian and non-mammalian AOs differ in whether they consider this a part of the skeleton AAO:0000221 hind metapodium http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metapodial FMA:24997 FMA:TA regio metatarsalis Limb segment that consists of the long bones of the foot. The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the hand. Wikipedia:Metatarsus imaginal disc-derived wing A flight organ of the adult external thorax that is derived from a dorsal mesothoracic disc. FBbt:00004729 HAO:0001089 TGMA:0000196 TODO: review. hymenoptera thorax = fusion of thorax and mesosoma/metasoma UBERON:0000984 UBERON:FBbt_00004729-MIAA_0000202 adult mesothoracic wing adult metathoracic wing thoracic wing thorax wing wing wing of thorax A flight organ of the adult external thorax that is derived from a dorsal mesothoracic disc. FB:gg OBOL:automatic wing of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax wing FBbt:00004729 wing axillary vein EMAPA:18758 FMA:13329 GAID:527 In human anatomy, the axillary vein is a large blood vessel that conveys blood from the lateral aspect of the thorax, axilla (armpit) and upper limb toward the heart. There is one axillary vein on each side of the body. Its origin is at the lower margin of the teres major muscle and a continuation of the brachial vein. Its tributaries include the basilic vein and cephalic vein, which are both superficial veins. It terminates at the lateral margin of the first rib, at which it becomes the subclavian vein. It is accompanied along its course by a similarly named artery, the axillary artery. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002084 MESH:A.07.231.908.077 OpenCyc:Mx4rwLSHK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181389002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000985 UBERON:FBbt_00004754-FMA_13329-MA_0002084 galen:AxillaryVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray576.png/200px-Gray576.png ncithesaurus:Axillary_Vein subcostal vein In human anatomy, the axillary vein is a large blood vessel that conveys blood from the lateral aspect of the thorax, axilla (armpit) and upper limb toward the heart. There is one axillary vein on each side of the body. Its origin is at the lower margin of the teres major muscle and a continuation of the brachial vein. Its tributaries include the basilic vein and cephalic vein, which are both superficial veins. It terminates at the lateral margin of the first rib, at which it becomes the subclavian vein. It is accompanied along its course by a similarly named artery, the axillary artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Axillary_vein haltere EFO:0000886 FBbt:00004783 MAT:0000203 MIAA:0000203 OpenCyc:Mx4rwL1JcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The capitate stalk on both sides of the thorax having developed from the dorsal metathoracic wing-buds, it is freely movable and capable of vibration, representing the hind wing of Diptera; used for flight balance. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000987 UBERON:FBbt_00004783-MIAA_0000203 balancer organ FB:gg ISBN:3110148986 The capitate stalk on both sides of the thorax having developed from the dorsal metathoracic wing-buds, it is freely movable and capable of vibration, representing the hind wing of Diptera; used for flight balance. Wikipedia:Haltere pons ABA:P BM:Pons BTO:0001101 Brainstrem structure that has as its parts the pontine tegmentum and basal part of pons[FMA]. EFO:0001394 EMAPA:17563 EV:0100253 FMA:67943 GAID:578 MA:0000204 MAT:0000115 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.810.428.600 MIAA:0000115 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_733 OG:0001176 SCTID:279103004 The pons is not present in zebrafish. In this ontology we currently have some structures which are applicable to zebrafish appearing as parts of the pons. Currently we only include the weaker dubious_for_taxon relationship ubtil this is resolved UBERON:0000988 UBERON:FBbt_00004840-FMA_67943-MA_0000204-MIAA_0000115-ZFA_0001618 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gray768.png/200px-Gray768.png pons of Varolius ABA Brainstrem structure that has as its parts the pontine tegmentum and basal part of pons[FMA]. FMA:67943 Wikipedia:Pons penis BTO:0000405 EFO:0000987 EHDAA2:0001433 EHDAA:9380 EMAPA:18682 EV:0100107 FMA:9707 GAID:389 MA:0000408 MAT:0000186 MESH:A.05.360.444.492 MIAA:0000186 Most male birds (e.g., roosters and turkeys) have a cloaca (also present on the female), but not a penis. Among bird species with a penis are paleognathes (tinamous and ratites), Anatidae (ducks, geese and swans), and a very few other species (such as flamingoes). A bird penis is different in structure from mammal penises, being an erectile expansion of the cloacal wall and being erected by lymph, not blood. It is usually partially feathered and in some species features spines and brush-like filaments, and in flaccid state curls up inside the cloaca[WP] OG:0000727 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjkCZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:265793009 The penis (plural penises, penes) is an external sexual organ of certain biologically male organisms, in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The penis is a reproductive organ, technically an intromittent organ, and for placental mammals, additionally serves as the external organ of urination. The penis is generally found on mammals and reptiles. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000989 UBERON:FBbt_00004852-FMA_9707-MA_0000408-MIAA_0000186 galen:Penis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Labelled_flaccid_penis.jpg/200px-Labelled_flaccid_penis.jpg ncithesaurus:Penis phallus Wikipedia The penis (plural penises, penes) is an external sexual organ of certain biologically male organisms, in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The penis is a reproductive organ, technically an intromittent organ, and for placental mammals, additionally serves as the external organ of urination. The penis is generally found on mammals and reptiles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Penis Wikipedia reproductive system AAO:0010258 Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. BILA:0000103 BTO:0000081 EFO:0000809 EHDAA2:0001603 EHDAA:5923 EMAPA:17381 EV:0100100 FBbt:00004826 FBbt:00004857 FMA:7160 GAID:363 Geschlechtsorgan HAO:0000374 HAO:0000895 MA:0000326 MIAA:0000305 OG:0000182 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVja4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278875001 TAO:0000632 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000990 UBERON:FBbt_00004857-FMA_7160-MA_0000326-MIAA_0000305-WBbt_0005747-XAO_0000142-ZFA_0000632 WBbt:0005747 XAO:0000142 ZFA:0000632 animal reproductive system genital system genitalia http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Penis.svg/200px-Penis.svg.png ncithesaurus:Reproductive_System organa genitalia reproductive tissue BTO:0000081 animal reproductive system genitalia BTO:0000081 organa genitalia BTO:0000081 reproductive tissue Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. Wikipedia:Reproductive_system BTO:0000081 Geschlechtsorgan gonad AAO:0000213 BILA:0000123 BTO:0000534 EMAPA:17383 FBbt:00004858 FMA xref is a 'general anatomical term' FMA:18250 GAID:368 HAO:0000379 MA:0002420 MESH:A.05.360.576 OG:0000397 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQvdiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis). SCTID:304623008 TAO:0000413 UBERON:0000991 UBERON:FBbt_00004858-FMA_18250-MA_0002420-WBbt_0005175-XAO_0003146-ZFA_0000413 WBbt:0005175 XAO:0003146 ZFA:0000413 gonada ncithesaurus:Gonad ISBN:0140512888 Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis). Wikipedia:Gonad ZFA:0000413 ZFIN:curator female gonad AAO:0000371 BILA:0000125 BTO:0000975 EHDAA2:0001360 EHDAA:8124 EMAPA:17962 EV:0100111 FBbt:00004865 FMA:7209 GAID:367 MA:0000384 MESH:A.05.360.319.114.630 MIAA:0000125 OG:0000251 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi9QJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Ovaries of some kind are found in the female reproductive system of many animals that employ sexual reproduction, including invertebrates. However, they develop in a very different way in most invertebrates than they do in vertebrates, and are not truly homologous. Many of the features found in human ovaries are common to all vertebrates, including the presence of follicular cells, tunica albuginea, and so on. However, many species produce a far greater number of eggs during their lifetime than do humans, so that, in fish and amphibians, there may be hundreds, or even millions of fertile eggs present in the ovary at any given time. In these species, fresh eggs may be developing from the germinal epithelium throughout life. Corpora lutea are found only in mammals, and in some elasmobranch fish; in other species, the remnants of the follicle are quickly resorbed by the ovary. In birds, reptiles, and monotremes, the egg is relatively large, filling the follicle, and distorting the shape of the ovary at maturity. Amphibians and reptiles have no ovarian medulla; the central part of the ovary is a hollow, lymph-filled space. The ovary of teleosts is also often hollow, but in this case, the eggs are shed into the cavity, which opens into the oviduct. Although most normal female vertebrates have two ovaries, this is not the case in all species. In birds and platypuses, the right ovary never matures, so that only the left is functional. In some elasmobranchs, the reverse is true, with only the right ovary fully developing. In the primitive jawless fish, and some teleosts, there is only one ovary, formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo[WP]. Ovum-producing female reproductive organ. SCTID:181464007 TAO:0000403 UBERON:0000992 UBERON:FBbt_00004865-FMA_7209-MA_0000384-MIAA_0000125-XAO_0000258-ZFA_0000403 XAO:0000258 ZFA:0000403 female organism genitalia gonad female organism genitalia gonada female organism reproductive system gonad female organism reproductive system gonada female reproductive system gonad female reproductive system gonada genitalia of female organism gonad genitalia of female organism gonada gonad of female organism genitalia gonad of female organism reproductive system gonad of female reproductive system gonad of genitalia of female organism gonad of reproductive system of female organism gonada of female organism genitalia gonada of female organism reproductive system gonada of female reproductive system gonada of genitalia of female organism gonada of reproductive system of female organism http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Ovary ovaries ovary ovum-producing ovary reproductive system of female organism gonad reproductive system of female organism gonada OBOL:automatic gonada of reproductive system of female organism OBOL:automatic gonad of genitalia of female organism Ovum-producing female reproductive organ. Wikipedia:Ovary OBOL:automatic gonad of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic reproductive system of female organism gonada OBOL:automatic gonad of female organism genitalia OBOL:automatic genitalia of female organism gonada OBOL:automatic gonada of female organism reproductive system OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic gonada of genitalia of female organism OBOL:automatic gonad of female organism reproductive system OBOL:automatic gonada of female organism genitalia ovaries OBOL:automatic female organism genitalia gonad GO:0061039 ovum-producing ovary OBOL:automatic gonada of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic gonad of reproductive system of female organism OBOL:automatic reproductive system of female organism gonad OBOL:automatic female organism genitalia gonada OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic genitalia of female organism gonad OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive system gonada oviduct AAO:0010533 BTO:0000980 EFO:0000974 EMAPA:18984 GAID:366 MAT:0000126 MESH:A.13.706 MIAA:0000126 OG:0001136 TAO:0000560 UBERON:0000993 UBERON:FBbt_00004911-FMA_18245-MA_0000385-MIAA_0000126-XAO_0003052-ZFA_0000560 XAO:0003052 ZFA:0000560 ncithesaurus:Oviduct note that the more specific class fallopian tube is included, which has mammal-specific relationships passage from the ovaries to the outside of the body[Wikipedia:Oviduct]. salpinx tuba uterina tuba uterinae uterine tube BTO:0000980 tuba uterina BTO:0000980 tuba uterinae Wikipedia:Oviduct passage from the ovaries to the outside of the body[Wikipedia:Oviduct]. BTO:0000980 salpinx spermathecum BTO:0001273 EFO:0000977 FBbt:00004921 HAO:0000945 MAT:0000168 MIAA:0000168 TGMA:0000560 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000994 UBERON:FBbt_00004921-MIAA_0000168-WBbt_0005319 WBbt:0005319 an organ of the female reproductive tract in insects, some molluscs, oligochaeta worms and certain other invertebrates and vertebrates.[1] Its purpose is to receive and store sperm from the male, and can sometimes be the site of fertilization when the oocytes are ready.[2] Some species have multiple spermathecae, as seen in earthworms, where four pairs of spermathecae are present. One pair in 6,7,8 and 9 segments. They receive and store the spermatozoa of another earthworm during copulation.[3] They are lined with epithelium and are variable in shape; some are thin, heavily coiled tubes, others are vague outpocketings from the main reproductive tract. It is one of the many variations in sexual reproduction[WP]. an accordion-like tube that contains sperm and is the site of oocyte fertilization. receptaculum seminis seminal receptacle spermatheca spermatheca Wikipedia:Spermatheca an organ of the female reproductive tract in insects, some molluscs, oligochaeta worms and certain other invertebrates and vertebrates.[1] Its purpose is to receive and store sperm from the male, and can sometimes be the site of fertilization when the oocytes are ready.[2] Some species have multiple spermathecae, as seen in earthworms, where four pairs of spermathecae are present. One pair in 6,7,8 and 9 segments. They receive and store the spermatozoa of another earthworm during copulation.[3] They are lined with epithelium and are variable in shape; some are thin, heavily coiled tubes, others are vague outpocketings from the main reproductive tract. It is one of the many variations in sexual reproduction[WP]. an accordion-like tube that contains sperm and is the site of oocyte fertilization. BTO:0001273 receptaculum seminis uterus BTO:0001424 EFO:0000975 EMAPA:29915 EV:0100113 FMA:17558 GAID:172 MA:0000389 MAT:0000127 MESH:A.05.360.319.679 MIAA:0000127 Most animals that lay eggs, such as birds and reptiles, have an oviduct instead of a uterus. In monotremes, mammals which lay eggs and include the platypus, either the term uterus or oviduct is used to describe the same organ, but the egg does not develop a placenta within the mother and thus does not receive further nourishment after formation and fertilization. Marsupials have two uteruses, each of which connect to a lateral vagina and which both use a third, middle "vagina" which functions as the birth canal. Marsupial embryos form a choriovitelline "placenta" (which can be thought of as something between a monotreme egg and a "true" placenta), in which the egg's yolk sac supplies a large part of the embryo's nutrition but also attaches to the uterine wall and takes nutrients from the mother's bloodstream. OG:0001137 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViojJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181452004 UBERON:0000995 UBERON:FBbt_00004924-FMA_17558-MA_0000389-MIAA_0000127-WBbt_0006760 a major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ of most mammals including humans. One end, the cervix, opens into the vagina, while the other is connected to one or both fallopian tubes, depending on the species. It is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation, usually developing completely in placental mammals such as humans and partially in marsupials such as kangaroos and opossums. Two uteruses usually form initially in a female fetus, and in placental mammals they may partially or completely fuse into a single uterus depending on the species. In many species with two uteruses, only one is functional. Humans and other higher primates such as chimpanzees, along with horses, usually have a single completely fused uterus, although in some individuals the uteruses may not have completely fused[WP]. galen:Uterus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Uterus uterine horn uterine horns womb Wikipedia:Uterus a major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ of most mammals including humans. One end, the cervix, opens into the vagina, while the other is connected to one or both fallopian tubes, depending on the species. It is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation, usually developing completely in placental mammals such as humans and partially in marsupials such as kangaroos and opossums. Two uteruses usually form initially in a female fetus, and in placental mammals they may partially or completely fuse into a single uterus depending on the species. In many species with two uteruses, only one is functional. Humans and other higher primates such as chimpanzees, along with horses, usually have a single completely fused uterus, although in some individuals the uteruses may not have completely fused[WP]. BTO:0001424 womb vagina BTO:0000243 EFO:0000976 EMAPA:18986 EV:0100117 FMA:19949 GAID:381 MA:0000394 MAT:0000128 MESH:A.05.360.319.779 MIAA:0000128 OG:0001138 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVj1B5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181441005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000996 UBERON:FBbt_00004925-FMA_19949-MA_0000394-MIAA_0000128 a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles[WP]. Organ with organ cavity which connects the cervical canal of uterus to the vestibule of vagina.[FMA] galen:Vagina http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vaginal_opening_-_english_description.jpg/200px-Vaginal_opening_-_english_description.jpg ncithesaurus:Vagina Wikipedia FMA:19949 Wikipedia:Vagina a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles[WP]. Organ with organ cavity which connects the cervical canal of uterus to the vestibule of vagina.[FMA] vulva BTO:0003101 EFO:0000978 EV:0100118 FMA:20462 GAID:383 MA:0000395 MAT:0000169 MESH:A.05.360.319.887 MIAA:0000169 OEC cell OG:0001458 OpenCyc:Mx4rvgAWeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:265796001 UBERON:0000997 UBERON:FBbt_00004926-FMA_20462-FMA_225311-MA_0000395-MIAA_0000169-WBbt_0006748 editor note: todo - add pudendum external genital organs of the female mammal[WP]. female pudendum galen:Vulva ncithesaurus:Vulva ovarian epithelial cell puboperineal region pudendum femininum skin of female pudendum skin of vulva BTO:0001055 ovarian epithelial cell FMA:20462 FMA:TA pudendum femininum BTO:0003101 female pudendum BTO:0001055 OEC cell Wikipedia Wikipedia:Vulva external genital organs of the female mammal[WP]. seminal vesicle AAO:0010788 BTO:0001234 EFO:0000986 EMAPA:19180 EV:0100106 Either of a pair of glandular pouches that lie one on either side of the male reproductive tract and in the human male secrete a sugar- and protein-containing fluid into the ejaculatory duct. FMA:19386 GAID:394 MA:0000410 MAT:0000171 MESH:A.05.360.444.713 MIAA:0000171 OG:0001379 OpenCyc:Mx4rwTtRpJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181434004 The mesonephros persists and form the permanent kidneys in fishes and amphibians, but in reptiles, birds, and mammals, it atrophies and for the most part disappears rapidly as the permanent kidney (metanephros) begins to develop during the sixth or seventh week. By the beginning of the fifth month only the ducts and a few of the tubules of the mesonephros remain. UBERON:0000998 UBERON:FBbt_00004958-FMA_19386-MA_0000410-MIAA_0000171-WBbt_0006870 glandula seminalis glandula vesiculosa gon_male_sves http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Male_anatomy_en.svg/200px-Male_anatomy_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Seminal_Vesicle seminal gland vas efferens vesicul%c3%a6 seminales vesicula seminalis vesiculae seminales vesicular gland vesicular glands vesicular seminalis BTO:0001234 glandula seminalis BTO:0001234 vesicula seminalis Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesicular gland Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesicul%c3%a6 seminales Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesicular glands Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesicular seminalis Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesiculae seminales Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesicula seminalis BTO:0001234 Either of a pair of glandular pouches that lie one on either side of the male reproductive tract and in the human male secrete a sugar- and protein-containing fluid into the ejaculatory duct. Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle BTO:0001234 glandula vesiculosa ejaculatory duct BTO:0001580 EFO:0000985 EMAPA:19088 FBbt:00004965 FMA:19325 GAID:388 HAO:0000283 MAT:0000170 MESH:A.05.360.444.251 MIAA:0000170 OpenCyc:Mx4rwOt7MJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279665005 TADS:0000489 TODO: split off insect classes The Ejaculatory ducts (ductus ejaculatorii) are paired structures in male anatomy, about 2 cm in length. Each ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle. They pass through the prostate, and empty into the urethra at the Colliculus seminalis. During ejaculation, semen passes through the ducts and exits the body via the penis. Surgery to correct Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) may destroy these ducts resulting in retrograde ejaculation. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000999 UBERON:FBbt_00004965-FMA_19325-MIAA_0000170 ductus ejaculatorius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Male_anatomy.png/200px-Male_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Ejaculatory_Duct The Ejaculatory ducts (ductus ejaculatorii) are paired structures in male anatomy, about 2 cm in length. Each ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle. They pass through the prostate, and empty into the urethra at the Colliculus seminalis. During ejaculation, semen passes through the ducts and exits the body via the penis. Surgery to correct Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) may destroy these ducts resulting in retrograde ejaculation. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ejaculatory_duct BTO:0001580 ductus ejaculatorius vas deferens BTO:0001427 EFO:0000981 EMAPA:18681 EV:0100105 FBbt:00004968 FMA:19234 GAID:404 HAO:0001052 MA:0000413 MESH:A.05.360.444.930 MIAA:0000129 OG:0001135 OpenCyc:Mx4rvjv7bpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245467009 TODO: split off insect classes UBERON:0001000 UBERON:FBbt_00004968-FMA_19234-MA_0000413-MIAA_0000129-WBbt_0005337 WBbt:0005337 ZFA:0001268 deferent duct duct that transports sperm. In mammals this is from the epididymis. ductus deferens galen:VasDeferens http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Male_anatomy_en.svg/200px-Male_anatomy_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Vas_Deferens sperm duct vas deferen vasa deferentia Wikipedia:Vas_deferens duct that transports sperm. In mammals this is from the epididymis. Wikipedia:Vas_deferens ductus deferens chitin-based cuticle EFO:0000944 FBbt:00004970 HAO:0000240 MAT:0000150 MIAA:0000150 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkBTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TODO - split from exoskeleton? Also: See above sf item to see if this belongs in GO The main structural component of arthropod cuticle is a polysaccharide, chitin, composed of N-acetylglucosamine units, together with proteins and lipids[WP]. UBERON:0001001 UBERON:FBbt_00004970 arthropod cuticle cuticle exoskeleton insect cuticle The main structural component of arthropod cuticle is a polysaccharide, chitin, composed of N-acetylglucosamine units, together with proteins and lipids[WP]. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Cuticle#Invertebrate_zoology https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3348965&group_id=36855&atid=440764 FBbt:00004970 cuticle cuticle BTO:0001600 TODO - check cuticle vs exoskeleton. Note that GO has a very generic definition of cuticle. See also arthropod-anatomy ontology UBERON:0001002 UBERON:FBbt_00004970-MIAA_0000150-WBbt_0005755 cuticula ncithesaurus:Cuticle tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Cuticles are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure and chemical composition[WP]. BTO:0001600 cuticula Wikipedia:Cuticle http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3348965&group_id=36855&atid=440764 tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Cuticles are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure and chemical composition[WP]. epidermis AAO:0000143 BTO:0000404 EFO:0000954 EHDAA2:0001844 EMAPA:17525 EV:0100153 FMA:70596 GAID:932 MA:0000153 MAT:0000154 MESH:A.10.272.497 MIAA:0000154 OG:0000077 SCTID:361694003 TAO:0000105 The outer layer of the skin[WP]. cellular, multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm[ZFA]. UBERON:0001003 UBERON:FBbt_00004993-FBbt_00005401-FMA_70596-MA_0000153-MIAA_0000154-WBbt_0005733-XAO_0000028-ZFA_0000105 XAO:0000028 ZFA:0000105 Zebrafish epidermis consists only of living cells unlike terrestrial vertebrates in which dead, keratinized cells are present. In terrestrial vertebrates the epidermis often forms an outer keratinized or cornified layer, the stratum corneum. Interaction between the epideris and dermis gives rise to feathers (birds), hair and mammary glands (mammals), teeth and scales (placoid: chondrichthyans; cosmoids, ganoid, cycloid in bony fishes). adult epidermis ncithesaurus:Epidermis skin vertebrate epidermis ISBN10:0073040584 The outer layer of the skin[WP]. cellular, multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Epidermis_(skin) respiratory system AAO:0000541 Atmungssystem BTO:0000203 EFO:0000804 EHDAA2:0001604 EHDAA:2203 EMAPA:16727 EV:0100036 FMA:7158 Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration.. GAID:78 MA:0000327 MAT:0000030 MESH:A.04 MIAA:0000030 OG:0000202 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjzFJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278197002 TAO:0000272 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001004 UBERON:FBbt_00005024-FMA_7158-MA_0000327-MIAA_0000030-XAO_0000117-ZFA_0000272 XAO:0000117 ZFA:0000272 apparatus respiratorius apparatus respiratorius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg/200px-Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Respiratory_System respiratory system Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration.. Wikipedia:Respiratory_system Atmungssystem BTO:0000203 BTO:0000203 apparatus respiratorius respiratory airway An airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms. SCTID:361380005 UBERON:0001005 UBERON:FBbt_00005043-FMA_7394-MA_0000441-MIAA_0000137-XAO_0000118 An airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms. Wikipedia:Trachea spiracle EFO:0000936 FBbt:00005054 HAO:0000950 MAT:0000208 MIAA:0000208 TGMA:0000578 The mostly slit-like opening on the body surface through which air is taken into the respiratory system. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies. In elasmobranchs (sharks and rays), a spiracle is found behind each eye, and is often used to pump water through the gills while the animal is at rest (Fouts, 2003). A spiracle is also found in primitive bony fishes as the chirrups. TODO - check GO:0035277-spiracle morphogenesis, open tracheal system - taxon constraint in GO UBERON:0001006 UBERON:FBbt_00005054-MIAA_0000208 open tracheal system spiracle spiracle of open tracheal system spiracular gland GO:0035277 open tracheal system spiracle GO:0035277 spiracle of open tracheal system ISBN:3110148986 The mostly slit-like opening on the body surface through which air is taken into the respiratory system. Wikipedia:Spiracle digestive system AAO:0000129 Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes. BILA:0000082 BTO:0000058 EFO:0000793 EV:0100056 FBbt:00005055 FMA:7152 GAID:278 MA:0002431 MAT:0000018 MESH:A.03 MIAA:0000018 SCTID:278859004 TADS:0000170 TAO:0000339 UBERON:0001007 UBERON:FBbt_00005055-FMA_7152-MA_0000323-MIAA_0000018-WBbt_0005748-XAO_0000125-ZFA_0000339 WBbt:0005748 XAO:0000125 ZFA:0000339 alimentary system alimentary tract galen:DigestiveSystem gastrointestinal system gut ncithesaurus:Digestive_System note that many anatomy ontologies consider gastrointestinal system synonymous with digestive system. here we follow MA in dividing digestive system into gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary. hepatobiliary includes the liver and biliary tract. species-specific AO classes are categorized according to whether liver is included. For example, XAO includes liver as part of XAO:0000125 alimentary system, so we assume this class is the more generic class Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes. FB:gg NLM:alimentary+system Wikipedia:Digestive_system excretory system AAO:0010257 BILA:0000015 BTO:0003092 EFO:0000803 EHDAA2:0001601 EHDAA:5901 EMAPA:17366 EV:0100095 FBbt:00005056 FMA:7159 GAID:391 In various sources such as Encyclopedia Britannica, the excretory and urinary systems are indeed the same system (see wikipedia talk page) MA:0000325 MAT:0000027 MESH:A.05.810 MIAA:0000027 OG:0000723 SCTID:362204003 TADS:0000162 TAO:0000163 UBERON:0001008 UBERON:FBbt_00005056-FMA_7159-MIAA_0000027-WBbt_0005736-XAO_0000143-ZFA_0000163 WBbt:0005736 XAO:0000143 ZFA:0000163 galen:UrinaryTract he excretory system is the system of an organism that mainly performs the function of excretion, the bodily process of discharging wastes. It is responsible for the elimination of wastes produced by the processes that maintain homeostasis. ncithesaurus:Urinary_System renal or urinary system renal system renal/urinary system systema urinaria systema urinarium urinary system urinary system urinary tract BILA:0000015 Wikipedia:Excretory_system he excretory system is the system of an organism that mainly performs the function of excretion, the bodily process of discharging wastes. It is responsible for the elimination of wastes produced by the processes that maintain homeostasis. Wikipedia BTO:0003092 systema urinarium EHDAA:5901 renal or urinary system circulatory system AAO:0000959 FBbt:00005057 OG:0001248 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjzG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001009 UBERON:FBbt_00005057-FMA_7161-MA_0000010-MIAA_0000016-XAO_0000100-ZFA_0000010 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Circulatory_System_en.svg/200px-Circulatory_System_en.svg.png organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP]. the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system are parts of the circulatory system Wikipedia:Circulatory_system organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP]. diaphysis of ulna FMA:33760 SCTID:302520004 UBERON:0001010 body of ulna corpus ulnae shaft of ulna ulnar diaphysis FMA:33760 corpus ulnae FMA:33760 shaft of ulna FMA:33760 ulnar diaphysis FMA:33760 body of ulna hemolymph BTO:0000572 Blood analogue used by all arthropods and most mollusks that have an open circulatory system. In these animals there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. The liquid fills all of the interior (the hemocoel) of the body and surrounds all cells. FBbt:00005061 GAID:1220 MAT:0000054 MESH:A.13.453 MIAA:0000054 TGMA:0000000 UBERON:0001011 UBERON:FBbt_00005061-MIAA_0000054 haemolymph Blood analogue used by all arthropods and most mollusks that have an open circulatory system. In these animals there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. The liquid fills all of the interior (the hemocoel) of the body and surrounds all cells. Wikipedia:Hemolymph head of radius FMA:33773 SCTID:181941003 The head of the radius has a cylindrical form, and on its upper surface is a shallow cup or fovea for articulation with the capitulum (or capitellum) of the humerus. The circumference of the head is smooth; it is broad medially where it articulates with the radial notch of the ulna, narrow in the rest of its extent, which is embraced by the annular ligament. The deepest point in the fovea is not axi-symmetric with the long axis of the radius, creating a cam effect during pronation and supination[WP]. UBERON:0001012 galen:HeadOfRadius radial head FMA The head of the radius has a cylindrical form, and on its upper surface is a shallow cup or fovea for articulation with the capitulum (or capitellum) of the humerus. The circumference of the head is smooth; it is broad medially where it articulates with the radial notch of the ulna, narrow in the rest of its extent, which is embraced by the annular ligament. The deepest point in the fovea is not axi-symmetric with the long axis of the radius, creating a cam effect during pronation and supination[WP]. Wikipedia:Head_of_radius FMA FMA:33773 radial head FMA adipose tissue AAO:0000001 AEO:000020 BTO:0001487 Dense irregular connective tissue, which predominantly consists of adipocytes. Fat is stored in adipose tissue. EFO:0000234 EFO:0000790 EHDAA2:0003120 EV:0100381 FMA:20110 GAID:920 MA:0000009 MAT:0000015 MESH:A.10.165.114 MIAA:0000015 OG:0001284 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjc_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:55603005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001013 UBERON:FBbt_00005065-FMA_20110-MA_0000009-MIAA_0000015-XAO_0003049 XAO:0003049 ZFA:0005345 adipose bodyfat fat fat tissue fatty tissue galen:FattyTissue ncithesaurus:Adipose_Tissue BTO:0001487 adipose BTO:0001487 bodyfat MA:0000009 fat Dense irregular connective tissue, which predominantly consists of adipocytes. Fat is stored in adipose tissue. NLM:adipose+tissue Wikipedia:Adipose_tissue fat body UBERON:0001014 UBERON:0003917 UBERON:FBbt_00005066-FMA_58616-MA_0002481-MIAA_0000096-XAO_0003050 fat pad the encapsulated adipose tissue. true MP:0005334 the encapsulated adipose tissue. musculature AAO:0011066 Anatomical system that allows the animal move, includes all muscles[WP]. BTO:0000887 EFO:0001949 FMA:32558 In FMA this is classified as a set of organs. ZFA musculature system has subtypes, so it is classified here. WBbt muscular system has subtypes so it goes here. Note that we use the MA term set of skeletal muscles here as it seems most appropriate (not MA:musculature) MA:0000165 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjmr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000548 UBERON:0001015 UBERON:FBbt_00005069-FMA_30316-FMA_32558-MA_0000015-MIAA_0000025-WBbt_0005737-XAO_0000172-ZFA_0000548-ZFA_0005145 WBbt:0005737 ZFA:0000548 muscle group muscle system muscles muscles set musculature musculature system musculi ncithesaurus:Muscle set of muscles set of organs set of skeletal muscles FMA:32558 set of muscles MA:0000165 set of skeletal muscles FMA:32558 FMA:TA musculi Anatomical system that allows the animal move, includes all muscles[WP]. BTO:0000887 Wikipedia:Muscular_system ZFIN:curator nervous system AAO:0000324 BILA:0000079 BTO:0001484 EFO:0000802 EHDAA2:0001246 EHDAA:826 EMAPA:16469 EV:0100162 FBbt:00005093 FMA:7157 GAID:466 MA:0000016 MAT:0000026 MESH:A.08 MIAA:0000026 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_844 Nervensystem OG:0000402 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViT_pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278196006 TAO:0000396 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001016 UBERON:FBbt_00005093-FMA_7157-MA_0000016-MIAA_0000026-WBbt_0005735-XAO_0000177-ZFA_0000396 WBbt:0005735 XAO:0000177 ZFA:0000396 a network of specialized cells that communicate information about an organism's surroundings and itself[Wikipedia]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nervous_system_diagram.png/200px-Nervous_system_diagram.png ncithesaurus:Nervous_System nerve net Wikipedia:Nerve_net nerve net ISBN:0-14-051288-8 ISBN:3110148986 NLM:nervous+system WB:rynl Wikipedia:Nervous_system ZFIN:curator a network of specialized cells that communicate information about an organism's surroundings and itself[Wikipedia]. BTO:0001484 Nervensystem central nervous system AAO:0000090 BILA:0000080 BTO:0000227 CNS EFO:0000908 EHDAA2:0000225 EHDAA:828 EMAPA:16470 EMAPA:16754 EV:0100163 FBbt:00005094 FMA:55675 GAID:570 MA:0000167 MAT:0000457 MESH:A.08.186 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1099 OG:0000293 OpenCyc:Mx4rvzYt3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278199004 TAO:0000012 The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord[GO]. The part of the nervous system which in vertebrates consists of the brain and spinal cord, to which sensory impulses are transmitted and from which motor impulses pass out, and which supervises and coordinates the activity of the entire nervous system[XAO]. Neuraxis plus retina[INCF]. UBERON:0001017 UBERON:FBbt_00005094-FMA_55675-MA_0000167-XAO_0000215-ZFA_0000012 XAO:0000215 ZFA retina NOT part_of CNS. XAO excludes retina in text def, retina part_of CNS. MA retina NOT part_of CNS. NIF_GA retina NOT part_of CNS. Fly also excludes it. EFO also excludes it. GO also excludes it. ZFA:0000012 cerebrospinal axis ncithesaurus:Central_Nervous_System neuraxis systema nervosum centrale FB:gg ISBN:3110148986 NLM:central+nervous+system The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord[GO]. The part of the nervous system which in vertebrates consists of the brain and spinal cord, to which sensory impulses are transmitted and from which motor impulses pass out, and which supervises and coordinates the activity of the entire nervous system[XAO]. Neuraxis plus retina[INCF]. Wikipedia:Central_nervous_system ZFIN:curator FMA:55675 FMA:TA systema nervosum centrale FMA:55675 neuraxis FMA:55675 cerebrospinal axis axon tract A group of axons linking two or more neuropils and having a common origin, termination[FBbt]. EV:0100304 FBbt:00005100 FMA:83847 UBERON:0001018 UBERON:FBbt_00005100-FMA_76739 WP says this is the analog of peripheral nerves in CNS neuraxis tract tract tract of neuraxis FMA:83847 neuraxis tract A group of axons linking two or more neuropils and having a common origin, termination[FBbt]. http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html FMA:83847 tract of neuraxis fascicle A slender neuron projection bundle[FBbt]. BTO:0004101 FBbt:00005101 FMA:12235 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_872 TGMA:0000088 TODO - invert specific? note FBbt class not disjoint from tract. Consider merging with 'neuron projection bundle' UBERON:0001019 UBERON:FBbt_00005101-FMA_76740 fasciculus ncithesaurus:Fascicle nerve bundle nerve fasciculus neural fasciculus FMA:12235 neural fasciculus FMA:12235 nerve bundle A slender neuron projection bundle[FBbt]. Wikipedia:Nerve_fascicle FMA:12235 nerve fasciculus commissure *not* the same as FMA:76741 Commissure FBbt:00005103 FMA:83906 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090513 OpenCyc:Mx4rdBrmE6gOEdudWQACs5b6Bw TADS:0000201 UBERON:0001020 UBERON:FBbt_00005103-FMA_76741 White matter fiber bundle that crosses the midline of the brain or spinal cord[NIF]. The transverse connection between two longitudinal parts, e.g. nerves, tracheae. In the context of Drosophila refers to a broad band of axons connecting the same neuropils each side of the brain[FBbt]. commissure of neuraxis ncithesaurus:Commissure neuraxis commissure FMA:83906 commissure of neuraxis ISBN:3110148986 White matter fiber bundle that crosses the midline of the brain or spinal cord[NIF]. The transverse connection between two longitudinal parts, e.g. nerves, tracheae. In the context of Drosophila refers to a broad band of axons connecting the same neuropils each side of the brain[FBbt]. Wikipedia:Commissure http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html FMA:83906 neuraxis commissure nerve AAO:0011070 AEO:0000137 BTO:0000925 EHDAA2:0003137 EHDAA:2851 EHDAA:3776 EHDAA:4657 EV:0100162 FBbt:00005105 FMA:65132 GAID:758 MA:0000217 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP3lkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:256864008 TAO:0007009 UBERON:0001021 UBERON:FBbt_00005099-FMA_5914 UBERON:FBbt_00005105-FMA_65132-MA_0000217-XAO_0003047-ZFA_0007009 XAO:0003047 ZFA:0007009 an enclosed, cable-like bundle of peripheral axons [wikipedia]. A portion of tissue which is a fasiculated group of axons[ZFA]. Segment of neural tree organ which has as its parts a nerve trunk and its branches; together with other nerves of the same tree it constitutes a neural tree. Examples: chorda tympani, digastric branch of facial nerve, greater petrosal nerve, posterior cutaneous branch of posterior ramus of cervical nerve, superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm[FMA]. check nerve vs peripheral nerve vs tract. Check isa hierarchy - we include under neural tissue as well as neuron projection bundle for now. FMA also has this under organ segment galen:Nerve ncithesaurus:Nerve neural subtree FMA:65132 neural subtree FMA:65132 Wikipedia:Nerve ZFA:0007009 ZFIN:curator an enclosed, cable-like bundle of peripheral axons [wikipedia]. A portion of tissue which is a fasiculated group of axons[ZFA]. Segment of neural tree organ which has as its parts a nerve trunk and its branches; together with other nerves of the same tree it constitutes a neural tree. Examples: chorda tympani, digastric branch of facial nerve, greater petrosal nerve, posterior cutaneous branch of posterior ramus of cervical nerve, superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm[FMA]. EHDAA2 FBbt cell body Cell component which consists of the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus.[FMA] FBbt:00005107 FMA:67301 GO:0043025 NIF_Subcellular:sao1044911821 TODO - use GO UBERON:0001022 UBERON:FBbt_00005107-FMA_67301 cell soma soma Cell component which consists of the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Cell_body http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html dendrite FBbt:00005110 FMA:67314 GAID:749 GO:0030425 MESH:A.08.663.256 NIF_Subcellular:sao1211023249 OpenCyc:Mx4rviIdspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TGMA:0001373 TODO - use GO The region of a neuron receiving inputs from other neurons, typically a slender neurite, often branched. In insect neurons, this is often not a clear designation and often presynaptic sites co-extend with postsynaptic ones. UBERON:0001023 UBERON:FBbt_00005110-FMA_67314 ncithesaurus:Dendrite The region of a neuron receiving inputs from other neurons, typically a slender neurite, often branched. In insect neurons, this is often not a clear designation and often presynaptic sites co-extend with postsynaptic ones. Wikipedia:Dendrite http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html neurite FBbt:00005113 FMA:61814 GAID:751 GO:0043005 MESH:A.08.663.256.500 NIF_Subcellular:sao-867568886 One of the processes or extensions of a neuron, axon or dendrite or cell body fiber. // Cell appendage of the neuron which includes the axon and the dendrite. TODO - use GO UBERON:0001024 UBERON:FBbt_00005113-FMA_61814 One of the processes or extensions of a neuron, axon or dendrite or cell body fiber. // Cell appendage of the neuron which includes the axon and the dendrite. Wikipedia:Neurite http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html synapse FBbt:00005114 FMA:67408 GAID:766 GO:0045202 MESH:A.08.850 NIF_Subcellular:sao914572699 SCTID:362298009 TODO - use GO The structural contact that is the site of transmission between neurons, identified by a presynaptic ribbon and synaptic vesicles as the input element and one or (usually) more postsynaptic elements with various specializations (membrane densities, cisternae, etc.). UBERON:0001025 UBERON:FBbt_00005114-FMA_67408 ncithesaurus:Synapse synaptic junction The structural contact that is the site of transmission between neurons, identified by a presynaptic ribbon and synaptic vesicles as the input element and one or (usually) more postsynaptic elements with various specializations (membrane densities, cisternae, etc.). Wikipedia:Synapse http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html motor nerve General anatomical term applied to nerves in which somatic efferent nerve fibers predominate[FMA]. A motor nerve is an efferent nerve that exclusively contains the axons of somatic and branchial motoneurons, which innervate skeletal muscles (that ensure locomotion) and branchial muscles (that motorize the face and neck)[WP]. UBERON:0001026 UBERON:FBbt_00005135-FMA_5867 efferent nerve nervus motorius true General anatomical term applied to nerves in which somatic efferent nerve fibers predominate[FMA]. A motor nerve is an efferent nerve that exclusively contains the axons of somatic and branchial motoneurons, which innervate skeletal muscles (that ensure locomotion) and branchial muscles (that motorize the face and neck)[WP]. Wikipedia:Motor_nerve sensory nerve AEO:0000201 EHDAA2:0003200 FBbt:00005136 FMA:5868 General anatomical term applied to nerves in which somatic afferent nerve fibers predominate[FMA]. nerves that receive sensory stimuli made up of nerve fibers, called sensory fibers (mechanoreceptor fibers sense body movement and pressure placed against the body, and nociceptor fibers sense tissue injury)[WP]. OpenCyc:Mx4rv0GdXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001027 UBERON:FBbt_00005136-FMA_5868 afferent nerve nervus sensorius General anatomical term applied to nerves in which somatic afferent nerve fibers predominate[FMA]. nerves that receive sensory stimuli made up of nerve fibers, called sensory fibers (mechanoreceptor fibers sense body movement and pressure placed against the body, and nociceptor fibers sense tissue injury)[WP]. Wikipedia:Sensory_nerve Wikipedia diaphysis of radius FMA:33782 SCTID:302518002 UBERON:0001028 body of radius corpus radii radial diaphysis shaft of radius FMA:33782 shaft of radius FMA:33782 body of radius FMA:33782 corpus radii FMA:33782 radial diaphysis neuromuscular junction . FBbt:00005142 FMA:61803 GAID:809 GO:0031594 MESH:A.08.800.550.550.550 NIF_Subcellular:sao1124888485 TODO - use GO UBERON:0001029 UBERON:FBbt_00005142-FMA_61803 myoneural junction . Wikipedia:Neuromuscular_junction synaptic ribbon FBbt:00005143 FMA:67107 NIF_Subcellular:sao1884931180 TODO - use GO UBERON:0001030 UBERON:FBbt_00005143-FMA_67107 ribbon synapse neurilemma BTO:0003048 FBbt:00005151 FMA def is 'Neural tissue which consists of Schwann cells' which does not fit, but we still use 'neural tissue' here. WP def specifically states Schwann cells, which would restrict it to PNS FMA:62976 GAID:730 MESH:A.08.561.600 Schwann's membrane UBERON:0001031 UBERON:FBbt_00005151-FMA_62976 endoneural membrane http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gray631.png/200px-Gray631.png ncithesaurus:Sheath_of_Schwann neurolemma sheath of Schwann thin membranous sheath around a nerve fiber[TFD]. Wikipedia:Neurilemma http://www.thefreedictionary.com/neurolemma thin membranous sheath around a nerve fiber[TFD]. BTO:0003048 endoneural membrane BTO:0003048 Schwann's membrane sensory system AAO:0000555 Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information. BILA:0000099 EFO:0000805 EHDAA2:0003094 EMAPA:16192 FBbt:00005827 FMA:75259 MA:0002442 MAT:0000031 MESH:A.09 MIAA:0000031 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090816 TAO:0000282 UBERON:0001032 UBERON:FBbt_00005155-FMA_78499-MA_0002442-MIAA_0000031-WBbt_0005832-ZFA_0000282 XAO:0003194 ZFA:0000282 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gray722.png/200px-Gray722.png note the distinct between entire sensory system and individual system. this reconciles is_a and part_of distinctions between ssAOs organa sensuum sense organ subsystem sense organs sense organs set sensory organ system sensory subsystem FMA:75259 sense organs Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information. Wikipedia:Sensory_system FMA:75259 sense organs set FMA:75259 FMA:TA organa sensuum gustatory system A subset of the sensory system for the sensing of taste. AAO:0010577 BILA:0000143 EFO:0000830 FMA:7194 MA:0002446 MAT:0000275 MIAA:0000275 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090803 SCTID:423940004 TAO:0001101 UBERON:0001033 UBERON:FBbt_00005159-FMA_7194-MA_0002446-MIAA_0000275-ZFA_0001101 XAO:0003197 ZFA:0001101 gustatory organ system in ZFA and MA this is a subtype of sensory system. we should change sensory system to disambiguate parts and wholes taste system A subset of the sensory system for the sensing of taste. Wikipedia:Gustatory_system photoreceptor BTO:0001060 CL:0000210 Can refer to a light sensitive organ, a photoreceptor cell or a photoreceptor protein. This class was made obsolete because it was ambiguous FBbt:00005162 FMA:85613 GAID:778 UBERON:0001034 UBERON:FBbt_00005162-FMA_85613 true Can refer to a light sensitive organ, a photoreceptor cell or a photoreceptor protein. This class was made obsolete because it was ambiguous Wikipedia:Photoreceptor dento-alveolar joint FMA:7495 Fibrous joint in which the periodontal ligament connects a tooth to the alveolar bone of the maxilla or mandible. Examples: Dento-alveolar joint of incisor tooth.[FMA] MA:0001499 OpenCyc:Mx4rveAQeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001035 UBERON:FBbt_00005172-FMA_7495-MA_0001499 dento-alveolar syndesmosis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gray1003.png/200px-Gray1003.png peg-and-socket joint socket syndesmosis dentoalveolaris FMA:7495 FMA:TA syndesmosis dentoalveolaris MA FMA:7495 socket FMA FMA:FMA Fibrous joint in which the periodontal ligament connects a tooth to the alveolar bone of the maxilla or mandible. Examples: Dento-alveolar joint of incisor tooth.[FMA] Wikipedia:Gomphosis FMA:7495 peg-and-socket joint FMA:7495 dento-alveolar syndesmosis strand of hair A filament, mostly protein, that grows from follicles found in the dermis[WP]. BTO:0001501 EFO:0000958 EMAPA:18769 EV:0100157 FMA:53667 GAID:71 MA:0000155 MAT:0000160 MESH:A.17.360 MIAA:0000160 OG:0001191 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjOX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA-Mp88EdaAAACgycbRww SCTID:361702001 UBERON:0001037 UBERON:FBbt_00005182-FMA_53667-MA_0000155-MIAA_0000160 coat hair coat/ hair fur hair microchaeta ncithesaurus:Hair quill setulae this class defines an individual hair. todo - consider fur / coat of fur, which has_part hair. TODO: for now we treat vibrissa/whisker as a syonym, but these have different follicles. We could introduce subclasses (see also: Pangolin scales) vibrissa whisker whisker quill A filament, mostly protein, that grows from follicles found in the dermis[WP]. Wikipedia:Hair vibrissa chordotonal organ Chordotonal organs are arthropod sensory structures consisting of special sensilla called the scolopidia, which are mechano-transducers and respond mainly to stretch or flexion. In insects, they consist of bundles of internal sensilla, each of which has a cap cell, an enveloping cell and one or more sense cells. The distal end of the organ is usually attached to the cuticle of the body wall, marked by a pit, a thickened disc or a nodule of chitin, and the base of the organ is connected with the hypodermis, often by a special ligament. EFO:0000940 FBbt:00005215 MAT:0000209 MIAA:0000209 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001038 UBERON:FBbt_00005215-MIAA_0000209 ch scolopophorous organ Chordotonal organs are arthropod sensory structures consisting of special sensilla called the scolopidia, which are mechano-transducers and respond mainly to stretch or flexion. In insects, they consist of bundles of internal sensilla, each of which has a cap cell, an enveloping cell and one or more sense cells. The distal end of the organ is usually attached to the cuticle of the body wall, marked by a pit, a thickened disc or a nodule of chitin, and the base of the organ is connected with the hypodermis, often by a special ligament. FB:FBrf0056378 Wikipedia:Chordotonal_organ yolk sac BTO:0001471 EFO:0003078 EHDAA2:0002212 EHDAA:164 EMAPA:16085 FMA:87180 GAID:1301 In therians, a structure homologous to the yolk sac is is present, but contains no yolk platelets. Instead it is filled with fluid [ISBN10:0073040584 "Vertebrates, Kardong"] MESH:A.16.254.403.981 Membranous sac attached to an embryo, providing early nourishment in the form of yolk in bony fishes, sharks, reptiles, birds, and primitive mammals. It functions as the developmental circulatory system of the human embryo, before internal circulation begins. In the mouse, the yolk sac is the first site of blood formation, generating primitive macrophages and erythrocytes. OG:0000830 SCTID:362845002 UBERON:0001040 UBERON:FBbt_00005376-FMA_87180 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gray22.png/200px-Gray22.png ncithesaurus:Yolk_Sac ISBN10:0073040584 ISBN10:0073040584 Membranous sac attached to an embryo, providing early nourishment in the form of yolk in bony fishes, sharks, reptiles, birds, and primitive mammals. It functions as the developmental circulatory system of the human embryo, before internal circulation begins. In the mouse, the yolk sac is the first site of blood formation, generating primitive macrophages and erythrocytes. Wikipedia:Yolk_sac foregut AAO:0011042 Anterior subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. An anterior part of the alimentary canal derived from the ectoderm[WP]. BILA:0000085 BTO:0000507 EHDAA2:0000557 EHDAA:520 EMAPA:16548 FBbt:00005379 FMA:45616 MA:0001526 Note we define this generically to include invertebrates, but the class may be split in future. Note in FMA this class has no children - because its a dev classification? OG:0000285 SCTID:361409009 TGMA:0001014 UBERON:0001041 UBERON:FBbt_00005379-FMA_45616-MA_0001526-XAO_0000232 XAO:0000232 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gray27.png/200px-Gray27.png ncithesaurus:Foregut Anterior subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. An anterior part of the alimentary canal derived from the ectoderm[WP]. Wikipedia:Foregut Wikipedia vertebrate pharynx AAO:0000967 BTO:0001049 EFO:0000836 EHDAA2:0001458 EHDAA:2947 EMAPA:16706 EMAPA:18838 EV:0100065 FMA:46688 Funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the esophagus, and air to the larynyx and lungs. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx)[MESH]. Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills[ZFA]. GAID:155 MA:0000432 MESH:A.03.867 Note that MA/FMA pharynx not part of digestive/alimentary system, we follow their lead here OG:0000462 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViv7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000056 UBERON:0001042 UBERON:FBbt_00005380-FMA_46688-MA_0000432-MIAA_0000049-WBbt_0003681-ZFA_0000056 XAO:0003227 ZFA:0000056 galen:Pharynx ncithesaurus:Pharynx pharynx FMA:46688 pharynx EHDAA2 Funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the esophagus, and air to the larynyx and lungs. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx)[MESH]. Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Pharynx esophagus AAO:0000145 BTO:0000959 EFO:0000835 EHDAA2:0001285 EHDAA:2937 EMAPA:16833 EMAPA:18860 EV:0100069 FBbt:00005381 FMA:7131 GAID:291 MA:0000352 MAT:0000048 MESH:A.03.365 MIAA:0000048 OG:0000450 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVj9Q5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181245004 TAO:0000204 Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993). UBERON:0001043 UBERON:FBbt_00005381-FMA_7131-MA_0000352-MIAA_0000048-XAO_0000127-ZFA_0000204 XAO:0000127 ZFA:0000204 esophagus NOT part of gut in MA. part of gut in ZFA. part_of gut (via UGIT) in FMA. Consider splitting. Interspecies: The human oesophagus is 25 cm long and has a diameter of ca. 2 cm. Only little information was found on the oesophagus in rat, rabbit and pig. The oesophagus of rat (75 x 2 mm) and rabbit has no mucous glands and the cardia of the stomach has a well-developed sphincter, which prevents them from vomiting (Hebel and Stromberg, 1988; Manning et al., 1994). Morphologically the oesophagus is similar in man and pig; both are omnivores and have a non-keratinised epithelium, submucous glands and similar membrane enzymes. Like in humans, pigs can suffer from reflux oesophagitis and stress ulceration of the oesophagus. The pig oesophagus may therefore be a good model for investigation compared to the human oesophagus (Christie et al., 1995) galen:Esophagus gullet ncithesaurus:Esophagus oesophagus Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993). Wikipedia:Esophagus http://www.rivm.nl/interspeciesinfo/inter/oesophagus/ salivary gland BTO:0001203 EFO:0000859 EHDAA2:0001775 EHDAA:7987 EMAPA:17751 EV:0100059 FBbt:00005382 FMA:9597 GAID:937 MA:0000346 MAT:0000079 MESH:A.10.336.779 MIAA:0000079 OG:0000376 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjl5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181236000 UBERON:0001044 UBERON:FBbt_00005382-FMA_9597-MA_0000346-MIAA_0000079 currently we define saliva and salivary glands very generally in functional terms but it may be more appropriate to split this class. From WP: In most vertebrates, saliva does not contain any enzymes, consisting of mucus and water only, and its primary function is to moisten food while eating. As a result, true salivary glands are rarely found in fish or aquatic tetrapods, although there are often individual mucus-secreting cells. Amphibians have a single salivary gland, the intermaxillary gland, located in the forward part of the palate. Reptiles and birds normally have only very small glands on the lips, palate, and base of the mouth, although there are some birds with large glands, which produce a sticky saliva that helps in nest-building. The distinct parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands are only developed in mammals.[3] The salivary glands of some species, however, are modified to produce enzymes; salivary amylase is found in many, but by no means all, bird and mammal species (including humans, as noted above). Furthermore, the venom glands of poisonous snakes, Gila monsters, and some shrews, are modified salivary glands galen:SalivaryGland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg/200px-Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg ncithesaurus:Salivary_Gland oral gland saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity[GO]. The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands, glands with ducts, that produce saliva. They also secrete amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose. In other organisms such as insects, salivary glands are often used to produce biologically important proteins like silk or glues, and fly salivary glands contain polytene chromosomes that have been useful in genetic research[WP]. GO:0007431 Wikipedia:Salivary_gland saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity[GO]. The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands, glands with ducts, that produce saliva. They also secrete amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose. In other organisms such as insects, salivary glands are often used to produce biologically important proteins like silk or glues, and fly salivary glands contain polytene chromosomes that have been useful in genetic research[WP]. midgut BILA:0000086 BTO:0000863 EFO:0001950 EHDAA2:0001185 EHDAA:983 EMAPA:16255 FBbt:00005383 FMA:45617 MA:0001564 Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO]. In humans: originates from the foregut at the opening of the bile duct into the duodenum and continues through the small intestine and much of the large intestine until the transition to the hindgut about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon. That part of the alimentary canal which lies between the gizzard and the hind intestine. Note we define this generically to include invertebrates, but the class may be split in future. OG:0000290 SCTID:361410004 TGMA:0001036 UBERON:0001045 UBERON:FBbt_00005383-FMA_45617-MA_0001564-XAO_0000103 XAO:0000103 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Illu_small_intestine.jpg/200px-Illu_small_intestine.jpg ncithesaurus:Midgut GO:0007494 Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO]. In humans: originates from the foregut at the opening of the bile duct into the duodenum and continues through the small intestine and much of the large intestine until the transition to the hindgut about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon. That part of the alimentary canal which lies between the gizzard and the hind intestine. Wikipedia:Midgut hindgut AAO:0011052 BILA:0000087 BTO:0000510 EHDAA2:0000779 EHDAA:975 EMAPA:16715 FBbt:00005384 FMA:45618 MA:0001527 Note we define this generically to include invertebrates, but the class may be split in future. OG:0000459 Posterior subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. SCTID:362856002 TGMA:0001020 UBERON:0001046 UBERON:FBbt_00005384-FMA_45618-MA_0001527-XAO_0000104 XAO:0000104 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gray472.png/200px-Gray472.png ncithesaurus:Hindgut Wikipedia Posterior subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. Wikipedia:Hindgut neural glomerulus FBbt:00005386 NIF_Subcellular:sao587858733 Roundish subunit structure of synaptic neuropil, often ensheathed by glial lamellae and reflecting the terminal arborization domain(s) of one or more neurons[FBbt]. Large synaptic bouton found in areas like olfactory bulb, cerebellar cortex and thalamus, that contacts many post-synaptic targets[NIF]. UBERON:0001047 UBERON:FBbt_00005386 glomerulus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray1130.svg/200px-Gray1130.svg.png isa or partof neuropil? TODO. Add to GO? ncithesaurus:Glomerulus Roundish subunit structure of synaptic neuropil, often ensheathed by glial lamellae and reflecting the terminal arborization domain(s) of one or more neurons[FBbt]. Large synaptic bouton found in areas like olfactory bulb, cerebellar cortex and thalamus, that contacts many post-synaptic targets[NIF]. http://ccdb.ucsd.edu/SAO/images/glomerulus_sw_512x512.jpg http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html primordium AEO:0000171 BTO:0001886 EFO:0001652 EHDAA2:0003171 FBbt:00005495 FMA:86589 MAT:0000482 Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue[FBbt]. An embryonic structure that is the rudiment or commencement of a part or organ. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001048 UBERON:FBbt_00005495-FMA_86589-XAO_0003043 XAO:0003043 bud ncithesaurus:Primordium placode rudiment EHDAA2 FBbt:00005495 placode BTO:0001886 FB:DJS FB:FBrf0089570 FB:FBrf0178740 Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue[FBbt]. An embryonic structure that is the rudiment or commencement of a part or organ. Wikipedia:Primordium neural tube AAO:0010617 BTO:0001057 EHDAA2:0001255 EHDAA:2869 EHDAA:908 EMAPA:16164 EMAPA:16530 EMAPA:16757 In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. [WP,unvetted]. MAT:0000069 MIAA:0000069 OG:0000307 SCTID:362852000 TAO:0001135 The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium[GO:0021915] UBERON:0001049 UBERON:FBbt_00005554-MIAA_0000069-ZFA_0001135 XAO:0003204 ZFA:0001135 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png/200px-Gray19_with_color.png ncithesaurus:Neural_Tube presumptive central nervous system GO In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Neural_tube atrium AAO:0010246 Anatomical chamber. Examples: right atrium of heart, atrium of middle nasal meatus, atrium of tympanic cavity, atrium of alveolus. BTO:0000903 EFO:0000277 EHDAA2:0000154 EHDAA:1265 FMA:85574 GAT in FMA MAT:0000496 OpenCyc:Mx4rDJ89oqgPEdudWQACs5b6Bw SCTID:261405004 UBERON:0001050 UBERON:FBbt_00005615-FMA_85574-ZFA_0000471 atrial tissue galen:Atrium BTO:0000903 atrial tissue hypopharynx BTO:0001740 Bottom part of the pharynx, and is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus. EFO:0001388 EHDAA2:0004574 EV:0100068 FMA:54880 GAID:338 MA:0001796 MESH:A.03.867.490 OG:0000445 OpenCyc:Mx4rvq5O0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281490009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001051 UBERON:FBbt_00005751-FMA_54880-MA_0001796 laryngeal pharynx laryngopharynx ncithesaurus:Hypopharynx pars laryngea pharyngis FMA:54877 laryngeal pharynx BTO:0001740 pars laryngea pharyngis Bottom part of the pharynx, and is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus. Wikipedia:Hypopharynx FMA:54877 laryngopharynx rectum AAO:0010401 BTO:0001158 EFO:0000848 EHDAA2:0001592 EHDAA:5836 EMAPA:17896 EMAPA:18925 EV:0100081 FMA:14544 GAID:311 In the lungfish, sharks and rays the rectum opens into the cloaca which also receives wastes (urine) from the kidneys and material from the reproductive organs. In bony fish the rectum reaches the outside environment through the anus, which is normally situated just in front the urinary and reproductive openings. However in some fish the digestive tract may be curled back on itself, and in the Electric Eel (Electrophorus electricus) the anus is situated in the fish's throat. MA:0000336 MAT:0000050 MESH:A.03.492.411.495.767 MIAA:0000050 OG:0000427 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjaU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181261002 UBERON:0001052 UBERON:FBbt_00005756-FMA_14544-MA_0000336-MIAA_0000050-WBbt_0005773-XAO_0000238 WBbt:0005773 XAO:0000238 galen:Rectum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Anorectum.gif/200px-Anorectum.gif intestinum rectum ncithesaurus:Rectum rectal sac the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus[WP]. MA FMA BTO:0001158 Wikipedia:Rectum the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus[WP]. FMA Wikipedia BTO:0001158 intestinum rectum neurohemal organ BTO:0002106 EFO:0000864 FBbt:00005757 MAT:0000212 MIAA:0000212 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001053 UBERON:FBbt_00005757-MIAA_0000212 neurohaemal organ Malpighian tubule BTO:0000810 EFO:0000243 FBbt:00001896 FBbt:00005786 GAID:1228 MAT:0000123 MESH:A.13.574 MIAA:0000123 Malphigian tube SCTID:41055008 TADS:0000163 TGMA:0001038 The most important structure of the insect's excretory organ, which may comprise cystiform or labyrinthine highly versatile tubules having their outlet into the inital section of the rectum[FBbt]. Any of a group of long blind vessels opening into the posterior part of the alimentary canal in most insects and some other arthropods and functioning primarily as excretory organs[BTO]. UBERON:0001054 UBERON:FBbt_00005786-MIAA_0000123 tuba Malpighii ISBN:3110148986 The most important structure of the insect's excretory organ, which may comprise cystiform or labyrinthine highly versatile tubules having their outlet into the inital section of the rectum[FBbt]. Any of a group of long blind vessels opening into the posterior part of the alimentary canal in most insects and some other arthropods and functioning primarily as excretory organs[BTO]. Wikipedia:Malpighian_tubule BTO:0000810 Malphigian tube BTO:0000810 tuba Malpighii GO ureter UBERON:0000056 UBERON:0000057 UBERON:0001055 UBERON:FBbt_00005793-FMA_19667-FMA_9704-MA_0000378-MA_0000379-MIAA_0000120-MIAA_0000121-WBbt_0004540-WBbt_0005777-XAO_0000144-XAO_0000153 the tube that conducts the urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder. true MP:0000534 the tube that conducts the urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder. corpus cardiacum BTO:0000432 EFO:0000380 FBbt:00005799 MAT:0000211 MIAA:0000211 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001056 UBERON:FBbt_00005799-MIAA_0000211 corpora cardiaca BTO:0000432 corpora cardiaca corpus allatum A neurosecretory organ forming part of the retrocerebral complex. BTO:0000291 EFO:0000379 FBbt:00005800 MAT:0000210 MESH:A.08.713.100 MIAA:0000210 UBERON:0001057 UBERON:FBbt_00005800-MIAA_0000210 corpora allata todo - move to arthropod ontology BTO:0000291 corpora allata A neurosecretory organ forming part of the retrocerebral complex. http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html mushroom body BTO:0002675 EFO:0000925 FBbt:00005801 GAID:1231 MAT:0000336 MESH:A.13.641 MIAA:0000336 Paired neuropils, thought to be crucial to olfactory associative learning and memory. Mushroom body neuropils are divided into calyces, pedunculus, and its subsequent lobes. In Drosophila these are the alpha, beta, and gamma lobes. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001058 UBERON:FBbt_00005801-MIAA_0000336 Wikipedia Paired neuropils, thought to be crucial to olfactory associative learning and memory. Mushroom body neuropils are divided into calyces, pedunculus, and its subsequent lobes. In Drosophila these are the alpha, beta, and gamma lobes. Wikipedia:Mushroom_body http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html Wikipedia pars intercerebralis EFO:0000926 FBbt:00005802 MAT:0000337 MIAA:0000337 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001059 UBERON:FBbt_00005802-MIAA_0000337 a neurosecretory center of the insect brain, located along the anterior midline[wiktionary]. A medial cleft or depression dividing the left and right protocerebrum and containing numerous large and small somata of neurosecretory and neuromodulatory neurons[FBbt]. a neurosecretory center of the insect brain, located along the anterior midline[wiktionary]. A medial cleft or depression dividing the left and right protocerebrum and containing numerous large and small somata of neurosecretory and neuromodulatory neurons[FBbt]. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pars_intercerebralis http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html anatomical entity AEO:0000000 BILA:0000000 Biological entity, which constitutes the structural organization of a biological organism, or is an attribute of that organization. Examples: cell, heart, head, peritoneal cavity, apex of lung, anatomical term, sagittal plane. CARO:0000000 EHDAA2:0002229 FBbt_root:00000000 FMA:62955 HAO:0000000 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_6 TAO:0100000 TGMA:0001822 UBERON:0001062 UBERON:FBbt_root_00000000-FMA_62955 ZFA:0100000 Biological entity, which constitutes the structural organization of a biological organism, or is an attribute of that organization. Examples: cell, heart, head, peritoneal cavity, apex of lung, anatomical term, sagittal plane. CARO:MAH FMA:62955 flocculus ABA:FL FMA:83881 MA:0000992 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1329 Note that flocculus is an exact label for two distinct classes in NIF SCTID:30711003 UBERON:0001063 UBERON:Flocculus-MA_0000992 a small lobe of the cerebellum at the posterior border of the middle cerebellar peduncle anterior to the biventer lobule[WP]. hemispheric lobule X ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081213 hemispheric lobule X Wikipedia:Flocculus_(cerebellar) a small lobe of the cerebellum at the posterior border of the middle cerebellar peduncle anterior to the biventer lobule[WP]. ABA ABA ABA ABA main pancreatic duct BTO:0002362 EHDAA2:0002177 EHDAA:6905 EMAPA:17510 EMAPA:18821 FMA:16003 GAID:337 MA:0000126 MESH:A.03.734.667 OG:0000256 SCTID:245385001 UBERON:0001064 UBERON:0005627 UBERON:FMA_10419-MA_0000124-ZFA_0001372 a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the exocrine pancreas. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla. canal of Wirsung chief pancreatic duct duct of Wirsung hepaticopancreatic duct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gray1100.png/200px-Gray1100.png ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Duct pancreatic duct ventral pancreatic duct FMA Wikipedia:Pancreatic_duct duct of Wirsung MA:0000126 ventral pancreatic duct Wikipedia Wikipedia:Pancreatic_duct a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the exocrine pancreas. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla. BTO:0002362 canal of Wirsung BTO:0002362 hepaticopancreatic duct FMA:16003 chief pancreatic duct MESH:A.03.734.667 pancreatic duct parotid duct BTO:0004554 FMA:10420 MA:0002697 SCTID:362175009 Stensen's duct Stensens's duct The parotid duct, also known as Stensen's duct, is the route that saliva takes from the parotid gland into the mouth. It passes through the buccal fat, buccopharyngeal fascia, and buccinator muscle then opens into the vestibule of the mouth opposite the upper second molar tooth. The buccinator acts as a valve that prevents inflation of the duct during blowing. Running along with the duct superiorly is the transverse facial artery and upper buccal nerve; running along with the duct inferiorly is the lower buccal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001065 UBERON:FMA_10420-MA_0002697 duct of parotid duct of parotid gland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gray1023.png/200px-Gray1023.png ncithesaurus:Parotid_Duct parotid gland duct stenon duct OBOL:automatic duct of parotid The parotid duct, also known as Stensen's duct, is the route that saliva takes from the parotid gland into the mouth. It passes through the buccal fat, buccopharyngeal fascia, and buccinator muscle then opens into the vestibule of the mouth opposite the upper second molar tooth. The buccinator acts as a valve that prevents inflation of the duct during blowing. Running along with the duct superiorly is the transverse facial artery and upper buccal nerve; running along with the duct inferiorly is the lower buccal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Parotid_duct OBOL:automatic parotid gland duct intervertebral disk BTO:0003625 EFO:0001370 FMA:10446 GAID:105 MA:0000110 MESH:A.02.165.410 OpenCyc:Mx4rv11AcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244570000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001066 UBERON:FMA_10446-MA_0000110 cartiliginous organ that lies between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. Each disc forms a cartilaginous joint to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together[WP]. discus intervertebralis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gray301.png/200px-Gray301.png intervertebral disc intervertebral fibrocartilage ncithesaurus:Intervertebral_Disc spinal disc spinal disk BTO:0003625 spinal disk FMA:10446 FMA:TA discus intervertebralis BTO:0003625 intervertebral fibrocartilage Wikipedia:Intervertebral_disk cartiliginous organ that lies between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. Each disc forms a cartilaginous joint to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together[WP]. Wikipedia:Spinal_disc spinal disc vertebral arch joint FMA:10447 GAID:275 MA:0001513 MESH:A.02.835.583.979 OpenCyc:Mx4rvorHEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:89836005 UBERON:0001067 UBERON:FMA_10447-MA_0001513 a synovial joint between the superior articular process of one vertebra and the inferior articular process of the vertebra directly above it. There are two facet joints in each spinal motion segment[WP]. facet joint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Gray90.png/200px-Gray90.png joint of vertebral arch joint of vertebral articular process ncithesaurus:Facet_Joint zygapophyseal joint zygapophysial joint Wikipedia:Zygapophysial_joint a synovial joint between the superior articular process of one vertebra and the inferior articular process of the vertebra directly above it. There are two facet joints in each spinal motion segment[WP]. skin of back A zone of skin that is part of a back [Obol]. FMA:10462 FMA:22985 MA:0000498 SCTID:181492002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001068 UBERON:FMA_10462-MA_0000498 back skin back zone of skin zone of skin of back OBOL:automatic zone of skin of back OBOL:automatic back zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a back [Obol]. OBOL:automatic head of pancreas EHDAA2:0001374 EMAPA:17507 EMAPA:18820 FMA:10468 MA:0000122 OG:0000448 SCTID:362201006 The head of pancreas is a portion of the pancreas that is lodged within the curve of the duodenum, and is flattened anteriorly (from before). The other parts of the pancreas are the body and the tail. Its upper border is overlapped by the superior part of the duodenum and its lower overlaps the horizontal part; its right and left borders overlap in front, and insinuate themselves behind, the descending and ascending parts of the duodenum respectively. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001069 UBERON:FMA_10468-MA_0000122 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg/200px-Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg ncithesaurus:Head_of_the_Pancreas pancreas head pancreatic head right extremity of pancreas The head of pancreas is a portion of the pancreas that is lodged within the curve of the duodenum, and is flattened anteriorly (from before). The other parts of the pancreas are the body and the tail. Its upper border is overlapped by the superior part of the duodenum and its lower overlaps the horizontal part; its right and left borders overlap in front, and insinuate themselves behind, the descending and ascending parts of the duodenum respectively. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Head_of_pancreas external carotid artery AAO:0010416 BTO:0004696 EFO:0001953 EHDAA2:0000461 EMAPA:18611 FMA:10635 GAID:480 MA:0001929 MESH:A.07.231.114.186.200.210 OG:0000265 ORA OpenCyc:Mx4rwVJkPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362044002 TAO:0005022 The opercular artery arises from the hyoid stump on the first aortic arch, then follows the lateral margin of the operculum (gill covering) ventrally to reconnect into the proximal part of the first aortic arch. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010205-5'>Isogai et al. 2001.</a> This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001070 UBERON:FMA_10635-MA_0001929-XAO_0000345-ZFA_0005022 XAO:0000345 ZFA:0005022 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/External_carotid_a.gif/200px-External_carotid_a.gif ncithesaurus:External_Carotid_Artery opercular artery The opercular artery arises from the hyoid stump on the first aortic arch, then follows the lateral margin of the operculum (gill covering) ventrally to reconnect into the proximal part of the first aortic arch. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010205-5'>Isogai et al. 2001.</a> Wikipedia:External_carotid_artery ZFIN:curator superficial cervical artery . FMA:10665 MA:0002052 SCTID:161746006 The transverse cervical artery splits into two branches, a superficial one and a deep one[WP] UBERON:0001071 UBERON:FMA_10665-MA_0002052 ncithesaurus:Superficial_Cervical_Artery . Wikipedia:Superficial_cervical_artery inferior vena cava AAO:0011083 BTO:0002682 EHDAA2:0000611 EMAPA:18416 FMA:10951 GAID:548 MA:0000480 MESH:A.07.231.908.949.648 OG:0001194 SCTID:181369003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Trunk of systemic vein which is formed by the union of the right common iliac vein and the left common iliac vein and terminates in the right atrium. UBERON:0001072 UBERON:FMA_10951-MA_0000480-XAO_0000388 XAO:0000388 galen:InferiorVenaCava http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray577.png/200px-Gray577.png ncithesaurus:Inferior_Vena_Cava posterior vena cava vena cava inferior Trunk of systemic vein which is formed by the union of the right common iliac vein and the left common iliac vein and terminates in the right atrium. Wikipedia:Inferior_vena_cava Wikipedia:Vitelline_vein BTO:0002682 vena cava inferior ileocecal junction FMA:11338 MA:0000332 SCTID:264021000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001073 UBERON:FMA_11338-MA_0000332 ileocaecal junction pericardial cavity Cavity of serous sac surrounded by serous pericardium.[FMA] EHDAA2:0001434 EMAPA:18447 EMAPA:18448 FMA:11350 MA:0000053 OG:0000556 SCTID:362027001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001074 UBERON:FMA_11350-MA_0000053 ZFA:0001655 cavity of pericardial sac http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray968.png/200px-Gray968.png ncithesaurus:Pericardial_Cavity Cavity of serous sac surrounded by serous pericardium.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Pericardial_cavity Wikipedia body of vertebra AAO:0000697 FMA:11945 MA:0001457 OpenCyc:Mx4rvXU4VpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361745008 SCTID:362867001 The body is the largest part of a vertebra, and is more or less cylindrical in shape. Its upper and lower surfaces are flattened and rough, and give attachment to the intervertebral fibrocartilages, and each presents a rim around its circumference. In front, the body is convex from side to side and concave from above downward. Behind, it is flat from above downward and slightly concave from side to side. Its anterior surface presents a few small apertures, for the passage of nutrient vessels. On the posterior surface is a single large, irregular aperture, or occasionally more than one, for the exit of the basi-vertebral veins from the body of the vertebra. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001075 UBERON:FMA_11945-MA_0001457 ZFA:0000126 autocentrum centrum centrum of vertebra corpus vertebrae corpus vertebrae (vertebrale) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Corpusvertebrae.png/200px-Corpusvertebrae.png ncithesaurus:Vertebral_Body todo - add subclasses: acoelus, amphicoelus, procoelus, opsithocoelus, heterocoelus; pleurocentrum, intercentrum; todo: add developmental relationships vertebral body vertebral centrum Wikipedia:Body_of_vertebra corpus vertebrae FMA:11945 corpus vertebrae (vertebrale) FMA:11945 vertebral body MA:0001457 vertebral centrum ZFA:0000126 autocentrum The body is the largest part of a vertebra, and is more or less cylindrical in shape. Its upper and lower surfaces are flattened and rough, and give attachment to the intervertebral fibrocartilages, and each presents a rim around its circumference. In front, the body is convex from side to side and concave from above downward. Behind, it is flat from above downward and slightly concave from side to side. Its anterior surface presents a few small apertures, for the passage of nutrient vessels. On the posterior surface is a single large, irregular aperture, or occasionally more than one, for the exit of the basi-vertebral veins from the body of the vertebra. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Body_of_vertebra spinous process of vertebra AAO:0000705 EMAPA:25107 FMA:11948 MA:0001455 SCTID:264259004 The spinous process of a vertebra is directed backward and downward from the junction of the laminae (in humans), and serves for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. In animals without an erect stance, the process points upward and may slant forward or backward. Spinous processes are exaggerated in some animals, such as the extinct Dimetrodon and Spinosaurus, where they form a sail- or finback. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001076 UBERON:FMA_11948-MA_0001455 ZFA:0001336 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Processusspinosusvertebrae.png/200px-Processusspinosusvertebrae.png neural spine processus spinosus vertebra spinous process The spinous process of a vertebra is directed backward and downward from the junction of the laminae (in humans), and serves for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. In animals without an erect stance, the process points upward and may slant forward or backward. Spinous processes are exaggerated in some animals, such as the extinct Dimetrodon and Spinosaurus, where they form a sail- or finback. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Processus_spinosus transverse process of vertebra FMA:11949 MA:0001456 SCTID:264238006 The transverse or costal processes of a vertebra, two in number, project one at either side from the point where the lamina joins the pedicle, between the superior and inferior articular processes. They serve for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001077 UBERON:FMA_11949-MA_0001456 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Processustransversusvertebrae.PNG/200px-Processustransversusvertebrae.PNG processus transversus transverse process vertebra transverse process The transverse or costal processes of a vertebra, two in number, project one at either side from the point where the lamina joins the pedicle, between the superior and inferior articular processes. They serve for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Processus_transversus pedicle of vertebra FMA:11950 MA:0001458 OpenCyc:Mx4rvYdjdJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:277422007 The pedicles are two short, thick processes, which project backward, one on either side, from the upper part of the body, at the junction of its posterior and lateral surfaces. They connect the body of the spinal vertebra to the arch. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001078 UBERON:FMA_11950-MA_0001458 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pediculusarcusvertebrae.png/200px-Pediculusarcusvertebrae.png pedicle of vertebral arch pediculus arcus vertebrae vertebral pedicle The pedicles are two short, thick processes, which project backward, one on either side, from the upper part of the body, at the junction of its posterior and lateral surfaces. They connect the body of the spinal vertebra to the arch. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pedicle_of_vertebral_arch FMA:11950 FMA:TA pediculus arcus vertebrae superior articular process of vertebra AAO:0000703 FMA:11953 MA:0001452 Paired processes at the cephalic end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the prezygapophyses face dorsomedially and articulate with the lateroventrally facing facets of the postzygapophyses of the preceding vertebra. SCTID:42424006 TODO - add distinct classes for hemal vs neural? UBERON:0001079 UBERON:FMA_11953-MA_0001452 ZFA:0001325 cranial articular process of vertebra neural prezygapophysis neural prezygopophyses prezygapophysis processus articularis superior vertebra cranial articular process ZFA:0001325 neural prezygopophyses AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 Paired processes at the cephalic end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the prezygapophyses face dorsomedially and articulate with the lateroventrally facing facets of the postzygapophyses of the preceding vertebra. ZFA:0001325 neural prezygapophysis inferior articular process of vertebra AAO:0000702 FMA:11954 MA:0001451 Paired processes at the caudal end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the postzygapophyses face lateroventrally and articulate with the dorsomedially facing facets of the prezygapophyses of the succeeding vertebra. SCTID:30079000 TODO - add distinct classes for hemal vs neural? UBERON:0001080 UBERON:FMA_11954-MA_0001451 ZFA:0000681 caudal articular process of vertebra neural postzygapophysis neural postzygopophysis postzygapophysis processus articularis inferior processus obliquus posterior vertebra caudal articular process AAO:LAP Paired processes at the caudal end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the postzygapophyses face lateroventrally and articulate with the dorsomedially facing facets of the prezygapophyses of the succeeding vertebra. ZFA:0000681 neural postzygopophysis ZFA:0000681 neural postzygapophysis AAO:0000702 processus obliquus posterior endocardium of ventricle Endocardium that is part of the cardiac ventricle. FMA:12148 MA:0000079 OG:0000607 SCTID:192172004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001081 UBERON:FMA_12148-MA_0000079-ZFA_0001615 ZFA:0001615 cardiac ventricle endocardium endocardium of cardiac ventricle endocardium of heart ventricle endocardium of lower chamber of heart endocardium of ventricle of heart heart ventricle endocardium lower chamber of heart endocardium ventricle endocardium ventricle of heart endocardium ventricular endocardium OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart endocardium OBOL:automatic endocardium of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic endocardium of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic heart ventricle endocardium OBOL:automatic endocardium of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle endocardium OBOL:automatic endocardium of ventricle of heart Endocardium that is part of the cardiac ventricle. ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart endocardium epicardium of ventricle FMA:12150 TAO:0005058 The external layer of the ventricle bounding the ventricular myocardium. It is formed by a single layer of mesothelial cells supported by a basal lamina, and imbricated with collagen, fibroblasts, and vascular structures in the subepicardial space. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010912-30'>Hu et al. 2001.</a>. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001082 UBERON:FMA_12150-ZFA_0005058 ZFA:0005058 cardiac ventricle epicardium cardiac ventricle heart epicardium cardiac ventricle visceral serous pericardium of heart epicardium of cardiac ventricle epicardium of heart ventricle epicardium of lower chamber of heart epicardium of ventricle of heart heart epicardium of cardiac ventricle heart epicardium of heart ventricle heart epicardium of lower chamber of heart heart epicardium of ventricle of heart heart ventricle epicardium heart ventricle heart epicardium heart ventricle visceral serous pericardium of heart lower chamber of heart epicardium lower chamber of heart heart epicardium lower chamber of heart visceral serous pericardium of heart ventricle of heart epicardium ventricle of heart heart epicardium ventricle of heart visceral serous pericardium of heart ventricular epicardium visceral serous pericardium of heart of cardiac ventricle visceral serous pericardium of heart of heart ventricle visceral serous pericardium of heart of lower chamber of heart visceral serous pericardium of heart of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic heart ventricle heart epicardium OBOL:automatic heart epicardium of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic visceral serous pericardium of heart of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle heart epicardium OBOL:automatic epicardium of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic visceral serous pericardium of heart of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic heart epicardium of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart heart epicardium OBOL:automatic heart ventricle visceral serous pericardium of heart OBOL:automatic heart epicardium of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle visceral serous pericardium of heart The external layer of the ventricle bounding the ventricular myocardium. It is formed by a single layer of mesothelial cells supported by a basal lamina, and imbricated with collagen, fibroblasts, and vascular structures in the subepicardial space. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010912-30'>Hu et al. 2001.</a>. ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart epicardium OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart heart epicardium OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle epicardium OBOL:automatic epicardium of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart visceral serous pericardium of heart OBOL:automatic visceral serous pericardium of heart of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic heart ventricle epicardium OBOL:automatic heart epicardium of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic epicardium of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart visceral serous pericardium of heart OBOL:automatic visceral serous pericardium of heart of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart epicardium OBOL:automatic epicardium of cardiac ventricle myocardium of ventricle EFO:0003088 FMA:12151 MA:0000082 Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer. OG:0000604 SCTID:192084000 TAO:0005061 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001083 UBERON:FMA_12151-MA_0000082-ZFA_0005061 ZFA:0005061 cardiac muscle of cardiac ventricle cardiac muscle of heart ventricle cardiac muscle of lower chamber of heart cardiac muscle of ventricle of heart cardiac ventricle cardiac muscle cardiac ventricle heart muscle cardiac ventricle heart myocardium cardiac ventricle muscle of heart cardiac ventricle myocardium heart muscle of cardiac ventricle heart muscle of heart ventricle heart muscle of lower chamber of heart heart muscle of ventricle of heart heart myocardium of cardiac ventricle heart myocardium of heart ventricle heart myocardium of lower chamber of heart heart myocardium of ventricle of heart heart ventricle cardiac muscle heart ventricle heart muscle heart ventricle heart myocardium heart ventricle muscle of heart heart ventricle myocardium lower chamber of heart cardiac muscle lower chamber of heart heart muscle lower chamber of heart heart myocardium lower chamber of heart muscle of heart lower chamber of heart myocardium muscle of heart of cardiac ventricle muscle of heart of heart ventricle muscle of heart of lower chamber of heart muscle of heart of ventricle of heart myocardium of cardiac ventricle myocardium of heart ventricle myocardium of lower chamber of heart myocardium of ventricle of heart ventricle myocardium ventricle of heart cardiac muscle ventricle of heart heart muscle ventricle of heart heart myocardium ventricle of heart muscle of heart ventricle of heart myocardium ventricular myocardium OBOL:automatic heart ventricle heart muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic heart muscle of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle myocardium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic heart muscle of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart muscle of heart OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle heart muscle OBOL:automatic myocardium of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic heart muscle of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart muscle of heart OBOL:automatic myocardium of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic myocardium of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart heart myocardium OBOL:automatic heart ventricle myocardium OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart heart muscle OBOL:automatic heart ventricle heart myocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle heart myocardium OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart heart myocardium Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer. ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic heart ventricle muscle of heart OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle muscle of heart OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart heart muscle OBOL:automatic heart ventricle cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic myocardium of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic heart muscle of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of ventricle of heart skin of head A zone of skin that is part of a head [Obol]. FMA:12166 FMA:24756 MA:0000582 SCTID:181484006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001084 UBERON:FMA_12166-MA_0000582 adult head zone of skin head skin head zone of skin ncithesaurus:Head_Skin zone of skin of adult head zone of skin of head OBOL:automatic zone of skin of head A zone of skin that is part of a head [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic adult head zone of skin OBOL:automatic head zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of adult head skin of trunk A zone of skin that is part of a trunk [Obol]. FMA:12167 FMA:23093 MA:0000517 SCTID:181489001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001085 UBERON:FMA_12167-MA_0000517 ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Trunk torso zone of skin trunk skin trunk zone of skin zone of skin of torso zone of skin of trunk A zone of skin that is part of a trunk [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of torso OBOL:automatic trunk zone of skin OBOL:automatic torso zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of trunk articular cartilage BTO:0001572 EFO:0001902 FMA:12264 GAID:101 MA:0000487 MESH:A.02.165.165 SCTID:305026006 TAO:0001670 UBERON:0001086 UBERON:FMA_12264-MA_0000487-ZFA_0001644 ZFA:0001644 cartilago articularis galen:ArticularCartilage ncithesaurus:Articular_Cartilage the bones of a synovial joint are covered by this layer of hyaline cartilage that lines the epiphyses of joint end of bone with a smooth, slippery surface that does not bind them together; articular cartilage functions to absorb shock and reduce friction during movement. BTO Wikipedia:Synovial_joint#Structure the bones of a synovial joint are covered by this layer of hyaline cartilage that lines the epiphyses of joint end of bone with a smooth, slippery surface that does not bind them together; articular cartilage functions to absorb shock and reduce friction during movement. Wikipedia MA pleural fluid BTO:0003080 FMA:12273 MA:0002532 MAT:0000500 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Transudate contained in the pleural cavity.[FMA] UBERON:0001087 UBERON:FMA_12273-MA_0002532 ncithesaurus:Pleural_Fluid FMA:FMA Transudate contained in the pleural cavity.[FMA] Wikipedia:Pleural_fluid urine BTO:0001419 EFO:0001939 ENVO:00002047 Excretion in liquid state processed by the kidney.[FMA] FMA:12274 GAID:1189 MA:0002545 MAT:0000058 MESH:A.12.207.927 MIAA:0000058 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjGppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001088 UBERON:FMA_12274-MA_0002545-MIAA_0000058 galen:Urine ncithesaurus:Urine Excretion in liquid state processed by the kidney.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Urine sweat BTO:0001254 ENVO:02000025 FMA:12275 GAID:1172 MA:0002539 MESH:A.12.200.849 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjJtZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Secretion produced by a sweat gland.[FMA] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001089 UBERON:FMA_12275-MA_0002539 ncithesaurus:Sweat skin exudate BTO:0001254 skin exudate FMA:FMA Secretion produced by a sweat gland.[FMA] Wikipedia:Sweat synovial fluid BTO:0001339 ENVO:02000039 FMA:12277 GAID:265 MA:0002544 MESH:A.02.835.583.443.800.800 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Transudate contained in the synovial cavity of joints, and in the cavity of tendon sheaths and bursae.[FMA] UBERON:0001090 UBERON:FMA_12277-MA_0002544 ZFA:0005154 galen:SynovialFluid joint fluid ncithesaurus:Synovial_Fluid FMA:FMA Transudate contained in the synovial cavity of joints, and in the cavity of tendon sheaths and bursae.[FMA] Wikipedia:Synovial_fluid calcareous tooth AEO:0000220 BTO:0000397 EFO:0000839 EHDAA2:0004605 EHDAA:8009 EHDAA:8045 EMAPA:17917 EMAPA:17938 EV:0100063 FMA:12516 GAID:1260 MA:0000348 MAT:0000041 MESH:A.14.254.860 MIAA:0000041 OG:0000127 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjUEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ with a cavity which consist of dentine surrounded by enamel. Examples: incisor, molar. SCTID:302214001 TAO:0000694 UBERON:0001091 UBERON:FMA_12516-MA_0000348-MIAA_0000041-XAO_0000431-ZFA_0000644-ZFA_0000694 XAO:0000431 ZFA:0000694 ceratobranchial 5 tooth dentine containing tooth http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Teeth_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/200px-Teeth_by_David_Shankbone.jpg ncithesaurus:Tooth tooth vertebrate tooth XAO ZFA Organ with a cavity which consist of dentine surrounded by enamel. Examples: incisor, molar. Wikipedia:Tooth Wikipedia:Tooth_(animal) ZFIN:curator first cervical vertebra . AAO:0000709 Atlas (CI) C1 C1 vertebra EHDAA:10606 FMA:12519 GAID:236 MA:0001421 MESH:A.02.835.232.834.151.213 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001092 UBERON:FMA_12519-MA_0001421 ZFA:0001167 atlas cervical vertebra 1 ncithesaurus:C1_Vertebra . Wikipedia:Atlas_(anatomy) second cervical vertebra C2 C2 vertebra EHDAA:10608 FMA:12520 GAID:237 MA:0001422 MESH:A.02.835.232.834.151.383 OpenCyc:Mx4rv-zaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001093 UBERON:FMA_12520-MA_0001422-ZFA_0000092 ZFA:0001168 axis axis (CII) cervical axis cervical vertebra 2 ncithesaurus:Axis note: not the same as ZFA term 'axis' second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine. vertebra 2 MA:0001422 cervical vertebra 2 Wikipedia:Axis_(anatomy) second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine. MP:0004608 cervical axis MA:0001422 axis ZFA:0001168 vertebra 2 sacral vertebra A vertebra that is part of a sacrum. EMAPA:18336 FMA:12526 MA:0000313 OpenCyc:Mx4rv-ZsXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361773005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001094 UBERON:FMA_12526-XAO_0003078 XAO:0003078 galen:SacralVertebra ncithesaurus:Sacral_Vertebra sacral segment segment of sacrum A vertebra that is part of a sacrum. OBOL:automatic caudal vertebra EMAPA:18374 MA:0000310 OpenCyc:Mx4rv9IEzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000326 UBERON:0001095 UBERON:FMA_12527-XAO_0003079-ZFA_0000326 XAO:0003079 ZFA:0000326 bones in the tails or coccyx of mammals. In zebrafish: Vertebra bearing a hemal arch and spine. The most posterior caudal vertebrae support the caudal fin and are referred to as preural vertebrae. caudal vertebrae tail vertebra caudal vertebrae MA:0000310 tail vertebra Wikipedia:Caudal_vertebra ZFIN:curator bones in the tails or coccyx of mammals. In zebrafish: Vertebra bearing a hemal arch and spine. The most posterior caudal vertebrae support the caudal fin and are referred to as preural vertebrae. wall of esophagus An anatomical wall that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. FMA:12611 MA:0002691 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001096 UBERON:FMA_12611-MA_0002691 anatomical wall of esophagus anatomical wall of gullet anatomical wall of oesophagus esophageal wall esophagus anatomical wall esophagus wall gullet anatomical wall gullet wall oesophagus anatomical wall oesophagus wall wall of gullet wall of oesophagus OBOL:automatic wall of gullet OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of oesophagus OBOL:automatic oesophagus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of gullet OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of esophagus OBOL:automatic gullet anatomical wall An anatomical wall that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic esophagus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic wall of oesophagus OBOL:automatic gullet wall OBOL:automatic oesophagus wall axillary lymph node FMA:12771 MA:0000735 SCTID:181759007 The Axillary lymph nodes are of large size, vary from twenty to thirty in number, and may be arranged in the following groups: brachial lymph nodes (or 'lateral') pectoral axillary lymph nodes (or 'anterior') subscapular axillary lymph nodes (or 'posterior') central lymph nodes apical lymph nodes (or 'medial' or 'subclavicular') [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001097 UBERON:FMA_12771-MA_0000735 axillary node http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gray607.png/200px-Gray607.png ncithesaurus:Axillary_Lymph_Node The Axillary lymph nodes are of large size, vary from twenty to thirty in number, and may be arranged in the following groups: brachial lymph nodes (or 'lateral') pectoral axillary lymph nodes (or 'anterior') subscapular axillary lymph nodes (or 'posterior') central lymph nodes apical lymph nodes (or 'medial' or 'subclavicular') [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Axillary_lymph_node Wikipedia:Axillary_lymph_nodes incisor tooth BTO:0001741 EHDAA:8011 EHDAA:8047 FMA:12823 GAID:1263 Humans normally have eight (8) incisors; Among other animals, some other primates, cats and horses have twelve. Rodents have four, while Foxes have nine. Rabbits and hares (lagomorphs) were once considered rodents, but are distinguished by having eight — one small pair, called 'peg teeth', is located directly behind the most anterior pair. Incisors are used to bite off tough foods, such as red meat Incisors are the first kind of tooth in heterodont mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and mandible below. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000349 MESH:A.14.254.860.425 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP1ch5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:420856006 UBERON:0001098 UBERON:FMA_12823-MA_0000349 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Gray997.png/200px-Gray997.png incisor ncithesaurus:Incisor MA:0000349 incisor Incisors are the first kind of tooth in heterodont mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and mandible below. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Incisor_tooth subcostal vein FMA:12845 MA:0002222 SCTID:25248001 The subcostal vein is a vein in the human body that runs along the bottom of the twelfth rib. It has the same essential qualities as the posterior intercostal veins, except that it cannot be considered intercostal because it is not between two ribs. Each subcostal vein gives off a posterior (dorsal) branch which has a similar distribution to the posterior ramus of an intercostal artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001099 UBERON:FMA_12845-MA_0002222 ncithesaurus:Subcostal_Vein The subcostal vein is a vein in the human body that runs along the bottom of the twelfth rib. It has the same essential qualities as the posterior intercostal veins, except that it cannot be considered intercostal because it is not between two ribs. Each subcostal vein gives off a posterior (dorsal) branch which has a similar distribution to the posterior ramus of an intercostal artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subcostal_vein pectoralis minor EHDAA2:0001425 EHDAA:8313 EMAPA:18180 FMA:13109 MA:0002355 OG:0000902 SCTID:181625002 The Pectoralis minor is a thin, triangular muscle, situated at the upper part of the chest, beneath the Pectoralis major. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001100 UBERON:FMA_13109-MA_0002355 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pectoralis_minor.png/200px-Pectoralis_minor.png ncithesaurus:Pectoralis_Minor pectoralis minor muscle The Pectoralis minor is a thin, triangular muscle, situated at the upper part of the chest, beneath the Pectoralis major. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pectoralis_minor external jugular vein AAO:0010508 EHDAA2:0000468 EHDAA:9887 EMAPA:17875 FMA:13110 MA:0002156 OpenCyc:Mx4rvrm0c5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181373000 The external jugular vein receives the greater part of the blood from the exterior of the cranium and the deep parts of the face, being formed by the junction of the posterior division of the posterior facial with the posterior auricular vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001101 UBERON:FMA_13110-MA_0002156 XAO:0000379 external jugular external jugular venous tree galen:ExternalJugularVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:External_Jugular_Vein The external jugular vein receives the greater part of the blood from the exterior of the cranium and the deep parts of the face, being formed by the junction of the posterior division of the posterior facial with the posterior auricular vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:External_jugular_vein EHDAA2:0000468 external jugular FMA/obol cartilage of main bronchus A cartilage that is part of a main bronchus [Obol]. EMAPA:19092 FMA:13117 MA:0001846 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001102 UBERON:FMA_13117-MA_0001846 bronchus principalis cartilage cartilage of bronchus principalis cartilage of primary bronchus cartilage of principal bronchus cartilaginous ring of main bronchus main bronchial cartilage main bronchus cartilage primary bronchus cartilage principal bronchus cartilage OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis cartilage OBOL:automatic cartilage of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic cartilage of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic cartilage of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic primary bronchus cartilage EMAPA:19092 cartilaginous ring of main bronchus A cartilage that is part of a main bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic principal bronchus cartilage diaphragm BTO:0000341 EFO:0000937 EHDAA2:0003495 EMAPA:17701 EV:0100376 FMA:13295 GAID:158 MA:0001904 MAT:0000502 MESH:A.02.633.567.900.300 OG:0000713 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVivz5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181614006 The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs[GO]. The existence of some membrane separating the pharynx from the stomach can be traced widely among the chordates. Thus amphioxus possesses an atrium by which water exits the pharynx, which has been argued (and disputed) to be homologous to structures in ascidians and hagfishes.[3] The urochordate epicardium separates digestive organs from the pharynx and heart, but the anus returns to the upper compartment to discharge wastes through an outgoing siphon (Thoracic_diaphragm#Comparative_anatomy_and_evolution) UBERON:0001103 UBERON:FMA_13295-MA_0001904 diaphragm muscle midriff ncithesaurus:Diaphragm phren thoracic diaphragm BTO:0000341 midriff Wikipedia:Thoracic_diaphragm#Comparative_anatomy_and_evolution BTO:0000341 phren GO:0060539 The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs[GO]. Wikipedia:Thoracid_diaphragm BTO:0000341 diaphragm muscle anterior jugular vein FMA:13318 MA:0002155 SCTID:65478008 The anterior jugular vein begins near the hyoid bone by the confluence of several superficial veins from the submaxillary region. It descends between the median line and the anterior border of the Sternocleidomastoideus, and, at the lower part of the neck, passes beneath that muscle to open into the termination of the external jugular, or, in some instances, into the subclavian vein. It varies considerably in size, bearing usually an inverse proportion to the external jugular; most frequently there are two anterior jugulars, a right and left; but sometimes only one. Its tributaries are some laryngeal veins, and occasionally a small thyroid vein. Just above the sternum the two anterior jugular veins communicate by a transverse trunk, the venous jugular arch, which receive tributaries from the inferior thyroid veins; each also communicates with the internal jugular. There are no valves in this vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001104 UBERON:FMA_13318-MA_0002155 anterior external jugular vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gray558.png/200px-Gray558.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Jugular_Vein The anterior jugular vein begins near the hyoid bone by the confluence of several superficial veins from the submaxillary region. It descends between the median line and the anterior border of the Sternocleidomastoideus, and, at the lower part of the neck, passes beneath that muscle to open into the termination of the external jugular, or, in some instances, into the subclavian vein. It varies considerably in size, bearing usually an inverse proportion to the external jugular; most frequently there are two anterior jugulars, a right and left; but sometimes only one. Its tributaries are some laryngeal veins, and occasionally a small thyroid vein. Just above the sternum the two anterior jugular veins communicate by a transverse trunk, the venous jugular arch, which receive tributaries from the inferior thyroid veins; each also communicates with the internal jugular. There are no valves in this vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_jugular_vein FMA/obol clavicle AAO:0000761 EMAPA:18721 FMA:13321 GAID:182 In human anatomy, the clavicle or collar bone is classified as a flat bone that makes up part of the shoulder girdle. It receives its name from the Latin clavicula ('little key') because the bone rotates along its axis like a key when the shoulder is abducted. This movement is palpable. In some people, particularly females who may have less fat in this region, the location of the bone is clearly visible as it creates a bulge in the skin. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001329 MESH:A.02.835.232.087.227 OG:0000849 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjijZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181910004 The clavicle first appears as part of the skeleton in primitive bony fish, where it is associated with the pectoral fin; they also have a bone called the cleithrum. In such fish, the paired clavicles run behind and below the gills on each side, and are joined by a solid symphysis on the fish's underside. They are, however, absent in cartilagenous fish and in the vast majority of living bony fish, including all of the teleosts[ISBN 0-03-910284-X] Note that FMA and MA differ in whether they consider this part of the shoulder UBERON:0001105 UBERON:FMA_13321-MA_0001329 collar bone galen:Clavicle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pectoral_girdles-en.svg/200px-Pectoral_girdles-en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Clavicle FMA MA MA FMA In human anatomy, the clavicle or collar bone is classified as a flat bone that makes up part of the shoulder girdle. It receives its name from the Latin clavicula ('little key') because the bone rotates along its axis like a key when the shoulder is abducted. This movement is palpable. In some people, particularly females who may have less fat in this region, the location of the bone is clearly visible as it creates a bulge in the skin. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Clavicle cephalic vein EMAPA:25075 FMA:13324 In human anatomy, the cephalic vein is a superficial vein of the upper limb. It is also called the antecubital vein. It communicates with the basilic vein via the median cubital vein at the elbow and is located in the superficial fascia along the anterolateral surface of the biceps brachii muscle. Superiorly the cephalic vein passes between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles and through the deltopectoral triangle, where it empties into the axillary vein. It is often visible through the skin, and its location in the deltopectoral groove is fairly consistent, making this site a good candidate for cannulation. It is often referred to as the 'House-man's Friend' for this reason and is generally a good place for cannulaton when a large bore cannula needs to be sited. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002092 OpenCyc:Mx4rwTpbQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181391005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001106 UBERON:FMA_13324-MA_0002092 cephalic vein of forearm galen:CephalicVein ncithesaurus:Cephalic_Vein vena cephalica antebrachii FMA:13324 FMA:TA vena cephalica antebrachii FMA/obol FMA/obol In human anatomy, the cephalic vein is a superficial vein of the upper limb. It is also called the antecubital vein. It communicates with the basilic vein via the median cubital vein at the elbow and is located in the superficial fascia along the anterolateral surface of the biceps brachii muscle. Superiorly the cephalic vein passes between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles and through the deltopectoral triangle, where it empties into the axillary vein. It is often visible through the skin, and its location in the deltopectoral groove is fairly consistent, making this site a good candidate for cannulation. It is often referred to as the 'House-man's Friend' for this reason and is generally a good place for cannulaton when a large bore cannula needs to be sited. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cephalic_vein sternohyoid EMAPA:19271 FMA:13341 MA:0002383 The sternohyoid muscle is a thin, narrow muscle attaching the hyoid bone to the sternum, one of the paired strap muscles of the infrahyoid muscles serving to depress the hyoid bone. It is innervated by the ansa cervicalis. The muscle arises from the posterior border of the medial end of the clavicle, the posterior sternoclavicular ligament, and the upper and posterior part of the manubrium sterni. Passing upward and medially, it is inserted by short tendinous fibers into the lower border of the body of the hyoid bone. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001107 UBERON:FMA_13341-MA_0002383-ZFA_0000283 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sternohyoid_muscle.PNG/200px-Sternohyoid_muscle.PNG ncithesaurus:Sternohyoid sternohyoidei sternohyoideus sternohyoidoid muscle todo - add taxon restriction Wikipedia:Sternohyoid_muscle sternohyoidoid muscle FMA Wikipedia:Sternohyoid_muscle sternohyoidei The sternohyoid muscle is a thin, narrow muscle attaching the hyoid bone to the sternum, one of the paired strap muscles of the infrahyoid muscles serving to depress the hyoid bone. It is innervated by the ansa cervicalis. The muscle arises from the posterior border of the medial end of the clavicle, the posterior sternoclavicular ligament, and the upper and posterior part of the manubrium sterni. Passing upward and medially, it is inserted by short tendinous fibers into the lower border of the body of the hyoid bone. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sternohyoid Wikipedia:Sternohyoid_muscle sternohyoideus omohyoid FMA:13342 MA:0002348 The omohyoid muscle is a muscle at the front of the neck that consists of two bellies separated by an intermediate tendon. It belongs to the group of infrahyoid muscles. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001108 UBERON:FMA_13342-MA_0002348 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gray1210.png/200px-Gray1210.png ncithesaurus:Omohyoid FMA The omohyoid muscle is a muscle at the front of the neck that consists of two bellies separated by an intermediate tendon. It belongs to the group of infrahyoid muscles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Omohyoid sternothyroid EMAPA:19272 FMA:13343 MA:0002386 The Sternothyreoideus (or Sternothyroid muscle) is shorter and wider than the Sternohyoideus, beneath which it is situated. It arises from the posterior surface of the manubrium sterni, below the origin of the Sternohyoideus, and from the edge of the cartilage of the first rib, and sometimes that of the second rib, it is inserted into the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage. This muscle is in close contact with its fellow at the lower part of the neck, but diverges somewhat as it ascends; it is occasionally traversed by a transverse or oblique tendinous inscription. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001109 UBERON:FMA_13343-MA_0002386 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sternothyroideus.png/200px-Sternothyroideus.png ncithesaurus:Sternothyroid The Sternothyreoideus (or Sternothyroid muscle) is shorter and wider than the Sternohyoideus, beneath which it is situated. It arises from the posterior surface of the manubrium sterni, below the origin of the Sternohyoideus, and from the edge of the cartilage of the first rib, and sometimes that of the second rib, it is inserted into the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage. This muscle is in close contact with its fellow at the lower part of the neck, but diverges somewhat as it ascends; it is occasionally traversed by a transverse or oblique tendinous inscription. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sternothyroid FMA thyrohyoid EMAPA:19273 EMAPA:25143 FMA:13344 MA:0002393 The Thyrohyoid muscle is a small, quadrilateral muscle appearing like an upward continuation of the Sternothyreoideus. It belongs to the infrahyoid muscles group. It arises from the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage, and is inserted into the lower border of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001110 UBERON:FMA_13344-MA_0002393 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thyrohyoid_muscle.PNG/200px-Thyrohyoid_muscle.PNG ncithesaurus:Thyrohyoid The Thyrohyoid muscle is a small, quadrilateral muscle appearing like an upward continuation of the Sternothyreoideus. It belongs to the infrahyoid muscles group. It arises from the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage, and is inserted into the lower border of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thyrohyoid FMA intercostal muscle EFO:0001368 EHDAA2:0000841 EHDAA:5988 FMA:13354 GAID:159 Intercostal muscles are several groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. There are three principal layers; the external intercostal muscles, which aid in quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-12. The external intercostals are responsible for the elevation of the ribs, and expanding the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. Located around the ribs the internal intercostal muscles, which aid in forced expiration (quiet expiration is a passive process). They originate on ribs 2-12 and have their insertions on ribs 1-11. The internal intercostals are responsible for the depression of the ribs decreasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. the innermost intercostal muscle, the deep layers of the internal intercostal muscles which are separated from them by the neurovascular bundle. Both the external and internal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves, and are provided by the intercostal arteries and intercostal veins. Their fibers run in opposite directions. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002324 MESH:A.02.633.567.900.500 OG:0000903 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQo8QJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181746004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001111 UBERON:FMA_13354-MA_0002324 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gray411.png/200px-Gray411.png intercostales ncithesaurus:Intercostal_Muscle Intercostal muscles are several groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. There are three principal layers; the external intercostal muscles, which aid in quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-12. The external intercostals are responsible for the elevation of the ribs, and expanding the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. Located around the ribs the internal intercostal muscles, which aid in forced expiration (quiet expiration is a passive process). They originate on ribs 2-12 and have their insertions on ribs 1-11. The internal intercostals are responsible for the depression of the ribs decreasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. the innermost intercostal muscle, the deep layers of the internal intercostal muscles which are separated from them by the neurovascular bundle. Both the external and internal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves, and are provided by the intercostal arteries and intercostal veins. Their fibers run in opposite directions. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Intercostal_muscle latissimus dorsi EFO:0003067 EHDAA2:0000932 EHDAA:8307 EMAPA:18178 FMA:13357 MA:0002331 OG:0000930 The latissimus dorsi is the larger, flat, dorso-lateral muscle on the trunk, posterior to the arm, and partly covered by the trapezius on its median dorsal region. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001112 UBERON:FMA_13357-MA_0002331 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Latissimus_dorsi.png/200px-Latissimus_dorsi.png The latissimus dorsi is the larger, flat, dorso-lateral muscle on the trunk, posterior to the arm, and partly covered by the trapezius on its median dorsal region. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Latissimus_dorsi lobe of liver EMAPA:18306 FMA:13361 MA:0000360 SCTID:245378000 Traditional gross anatomy divided the liver into four lobes based on surface features. The falciform ligament is visible on the front (anterior side) of the liver. This divides the liver into a left anatomical lobe, and a right anatomical lobe. UBERON:0001113 UBERON:FMA_13361-MA_0000360 editor note: some work needs to be done to ensure the child terms of this class have correct isa/partof placement. in MA they are subclasses, in FMA they are parts hepatic lobe liver lobe lobus hepatis ncithesaurus:Liver_Lobe Traditional gross anatomy divided the liver into four lobes based on surface features. The falciform ligament is visible on the front (anterior side) of the liver. This divides the liver into a left anatomical lobe, and a right anatomical lobe. Wikipedia:Liver#Lobes right lobe of liver EHDAA2:0001008 EHDAA:4001 EMAPA:18311 FMA:13362 MA:0000363 OG:0001424 SCTID:362182008 The right lobe is much larger than the left; the proportion between them being as six to one. It occupies the right hypochondrium, and is separated from the left lobe on its upper surface by the falciform ligament; on its under and posterior surfaces by the left sagittal fossa; and in front by the umbilical notch. It is of a somewhat quadrilateral form, its under and posterior surfaces being marked by three fossæ: the porta and the fossæ for the gall-bladder and inferior vena cava, which separate its left part into two smaller lobes; the quadrate and caudate lobes. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001114 UBERON:FMA_13362-MA_0000363 ZFA:0005173 gall bladder lobe http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png/200px-Gray1087-liver.png liver right lobe ncithesaurus:Right_Lobe_of_the_Liver right liver lobe The right lobe is much larger than the left; the proportion between them being as six to one. It occupies the right hypochondrium, and is separated from the left lobe on its upper surface by the falciform ligament; on its under and posterior surfaces by the left sagittal fossa; and in front by the umbilical notch. It is of a somewhat quadrilateral form, its under and posterior surfaces being marked by three fossæ: the porta and the fossæ for the gall-bladder and inferior vena cava, which separate its left part into two smaller lobes; the quadrate and caudate lobes. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Right_lobe_of_liver ZFA:0005173 gall bladder lobe ZFA:0005173 right liver lobe left lobe of liver EHDAA2:0001000 EHDAA:3995 EMAPA:18307 FMA:13363 MA:0000361 OG:0001423 SCTID:362183003 The left lobe is smaller and more flattened than the right. It is situated in the epigastric and left hypochondriac regions. Its upper surface is slightly convex and is moulded on to the diaphragm; its under surface presents the gastric impression and omental tuberosity. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001115 UBERON:FMA_13363-MA_0000361 ZFA:0005172 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png/200px-Gray1087-liver.png left liver lobe liver left lobe ncithesaurus:Left_Lobe_of_the_Liver The left lobe is smaller and more flattened than the right. It is situated in the epigastric and left hypochondriac regions. Its upper surface is slightly convex and is moulded on to the diaphragm; its under surface presents the gastric impression and omental tuberosity. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Left_lobe_of_liver quadrate lobe of liver EHDAA2:0001012 EHDAA:8082 EMAPA:18318 FMA:13364 MA:0000365 OG:0000509 SCTID:279929003 The quadrate lobe is an area of the liver situated on the under surface of the right lobe, bounded in front by the anterior margin of the liver; behind by the porta hepatis; on the right, by the fossa for the gall-bladder; and on the left, by the fossa for the umbilical vein. It is oblong in shape, its antero-posterior diameter being greater than its transverse. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001116 UBERON:FMA_13364-MA_0000365 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png/200px-Gray1087-liver.png liver quadrate lobe lobus quadratus ncithesaurus:Lobus_Quadratus The quadrate lobe is an area of the liver situated on the under surface of the right lobe, bounded in front by the anterior margin of the liver; behind by the porta hepatis; on the right, by the fossa for the gall-bladder; and on the left, by the fossa for the umbilical vein. It is oblong in shape, its antero-posterior diameter being greater than its transverse. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Quadrate_lobe_of_liver caudate lobe of liver EHDAA2:0001005 EHDAA:6990 EMAPA:18313 FMA:13365 MA:0000364 OG:0000508 SCTID:362184009 The caudate lobe (posterior hepatic segment I, Spigelian lobe) is situated upon the postero-superior surface of the liver on the right lobe of the liver, opposite the tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae. It is bounded on the left side by the physiological division of the liver called the ligamentum venosum. It is bounded, below, by the porta; on the right, by the fossa for the inferior vena cava; and, on the left, by the fossa for the ductus venosus. It looks backward, being nearly vertical in position; it is longer from above downward than from side to side, and is somewhat concave in the transverse direction. The caudate process is a small elevation of the hepatic substance extending obliquely and laterally, from the lower extremity of the caudate lobe to the under surface of the right lobe. It is situated behind the porta, and separates the fossa for the gall-bladder from the commencement of the fossa for the inferior vena cava. Budd-Chiari syndrome, caused by occlusion of hepatic venous outflow, can lead to hypertrophy of the caudate lobe due to its own caval anastomosis that allows for continued function of this lobe of the liver. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001117 UBERON:FMA_13365-MA_0000364 couinaud hepatic segment i hepatovenous segment i http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png/200px-Gray1087-liver.png liver caudate lobe liver caudate process lobus caudatus ncithesaurus:Lobus_Caudatus pars posterior hepatis posterior hepatic segment i posterior liver posterior part of liver segment i of liver segmentum hepatis i spiegelian lobe spigel lobe FMA:13365 FMA:TA segmentum hepatis i FMA:13365 FMA:TA pars posterior hepatis FMA:13365 couinaud hepatic segment i The caudate lobe (posterior hepatic segment I, Spigelian lobe) is situated upon the postero-superior surface of the liver on the right lobe of the liver, opposite the tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae. It is bounded on the left side by the physiological division of the liver called the ligamentum venosum. It is bounded, below, by the porta; on the right, by the fossa for the inferior vena cava; and, on the left, by the fossa for the ductus venosus. It looks backward, being nearly vertical in position; it is longer from above downward than from side to side, and is somewhat concave in the transverse direction. The caudate process is a small elevation of the hepatic substance extending obliquely and laterally, from the lower extremity of the caudate lobe to the under surface of the right lobe. It is situated behind the porta, and separates the fossa for the gall-bladder from the commencement of the fossa for the inferior vena cava. Budd-Chiari syndrome, caused by occlusion of hepatic venous outflow, can lead to hypertrophy of the caudate lobe due to its own caval anastomosis that allows for continued function of this lobe of the liver. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Caudate_lobe_of_liver lobe of thyroid gland EHDAA2:0002032 EMAPA:18196 EMAPA:18830 FMA:13367 MA:0000131 OG:0000732 SCTID:245537001 The lobes of the thyroid gland are conical in shape, the apex of each being directed upward and lateralward as far as the junction of the middle with the lower third of the thyroid cartilage; the base looks downward, and is on a level with the fifth or sixth tracheal ring. Each lobe is about 5 cm. long; its greatest width is about 3 cm. , and its thickness about 2 cm. The lateral or superficial surface is convex, and covered by the skin, the superficial and deep fasciæ, the Sternocleidomastoideus, the superior belly of the Omohyoideus, the Sternohyoideus and Sternothyreoideus, and beneath the last muscle by the pretracheal layer of the deep fascia, which forms a capsule for the gland. The deep or medial surface is moulded over the underlying structures, viz. , the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, the trachea, the Constrictor pharyngis inferior and posterior part of the Cricothyreoideus, the esophagus (particularly on the left side of the neck), the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, and the recurrent nerves. The anterior border is thin, and inclines obliquely from above downward toward the middle line of the neck, while the posterior border is thick and overlaps the common carotid artery, and, as a rule, the parathyroids. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001118 UBERON:FMA_13367-MA_0000131 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gray1174.png/200px-Gray1174.png lobus (glandula thyroidea) ncithesaurus:Thyroid_Gland_Lobe thyroid gland lobe thyroid lobe The lobes of the thyroid gland are conical in shape, the apex of each being directed upward and lateralward as far as the junction of the middle with the lower third of the thyroid cartilage; the base looks downward, and is on a level with the fifth or sixth tracheal ring. Each lobe is about 5 cm. long; its greatest width is about 3 cm. , and its thickness about 2 cm. The lateral or superficial surface is convex, and covered by the skin, the superficial and deep fasciæ, the Sternocleidomastoideus, the superior belly of the Omohyoideus, the Sternohyoideus and Sternothyreoideus, and beneath the last muscle by the pretracheal layer of the deep fascia, which forms a capsule for the gland. The deep or medial surface is moulded over the underlying structures, viz. , the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, the trachea, the Constrictor pharyngis inferior and posterior part of the Cricothyreoideus, the esophagus (particularly on the left side of the neck), the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, and the recurrent nerves. The anterior border is thin, and inclines obliquely from above downward toward the middle line of the neck, while the posterior border is thick and overlaps the common carotid artery, and, as a rule, the parathyroids. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lobes_of_thyroid_gland right lobe of thyroid gland EHDAA2:0001759 FMA:13368 MA:0000729 OG:0000733 SCTID:170482008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001119 UBERON:FMA_13368-MA_0000729 lobus dexter (glandula thyroidea) ncithesaurus:Right_Thyroid_Gland_Lobe right thyroid lobe thyroid gland right lobe left lobe of thyroid gland EHDAA2:0000965 FMA:13369 MA:0000728 OG:0000734 SCTID:170784008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001120 UBERON:FMA_13369-MA_0000728 left thyroid lobe lobus sinister (glandula thyroidea) ncithesaurus:Left_Thyroid_Gland_Lobe thyroid gland left lobe longus colli FMA:13370 MA:0002341 SCTID:244836009 The Longus colli muscle is a muscle of the human body. The Longus colli is situated on the anterior surface of the vertebral column, between the atlas and the third thoracic vertebra. It is broad in the middle, narrow and pointed at either end, and consists of three portions, a superior oblique, an inferior oblique, and a vertical. The superior oblique portion arises from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, and fifth cervical vertebræ and, ascending obliquely with a medial inclination, is inserted by a narrow tendon into the tubercle on the anterior arch of the atlas. The inferior oblique portion, the smallest part of the muscle, arises from the front of the bodies of the first two or three thoracic vertebræ; and, ascending obliquely in a lateral direction, is inserted into the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the fifth and sixth cervical vertebræ. The vertical portion arises, below, from the front of the bodies of the upper three thoracic and lower three cervical vertebræ, and is inserted into the front of the bodies of the second, third, and fourth cervical vertebræ. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001121 UBERON:FMA_13370-MA_0002341 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Longus_colli.png/200px-Longus_colli.png longi colli longus colli muscle ncithesaurus:Longus_Colli Wikipedia:Longus_colli_muscle longi colli FMA Wikipedia:Longus_colli_muscle longus colli muscle The Longus colli muscle is a muscle of the human body. The Longus colli is situated on the anterior surface of the vertebral column, between the atlas and the third thoracic vertebra. It is broad in the middle, narrow and pointed at either end, and consists of three portions, a superior oblique, an inferior oblique, and a vertical. The superior oblique portion arises from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, and fifth cervical vertebræ and, ascending obliquely with a medial inclination, is inserted by a narrow tendon into the tubercle on the anterior arch of the atlas. The inferior oblique portion, the smallest part of the muscle, arises from the front of the bodies of the first two or three thoracic vertebræ; and, ascending obliquely in a lateral direction, is inserted into the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the fifth and sixth cervical vertebræ. The vertical portion arises, below, from the front of the bodies of the upper three thoracic and lower three cervical vertebræ, and is inserted into the front of the bodies of the second, third, and fourth cervical vertebræ. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Longus_colli scalenus medius FMA:13386 MA:0002370 The Scalenus medius, the largest and longest of the three scalene muscles, arises from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the lower six cervical vertebræ. It descendes along the side of the vertebral column to insert by a broad attachment into the upper surface of the first rib, between the tubercle and the subclavian groove. The brachial plexus and the subclavian artery pass anterior to it. Because it elevates the upper ribs, the middle scalene muscle is also one of the accessory muscles of respiration. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001122 UBERON:FMA_13386-MA_0002370 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Scalenus_medius.png/200px-Scalenus_medius.png medial scalene muscle middle scalene musculus scalenus medius ncithesaurus:Scalenus_Medius FMA:13386 FMA:TA musculus scalenus medius The Scalenus medius, the largest and longest of the three scalene muscles, arises from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the lower six cervical vertebræ. It descendes along the side of the vertebral column to insert by a broad attachment into the upper surface of the first rib, between the tubercle and the subclavian groove. The brachial plexus and the subclavian artery pass anterior to it. Because it elevates the upper ribs, the middle scalene muscle is also one of the accessory muscles of respiration. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scalenus_medius scalenus posterior FMA:13387 MA:0002369 The Scalenus posterior (Scalenus posticus), the smallest and most deeply seated of the three Scaleni, arises, by two or three separate tendons, from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the lower two or three cervical vertebræ, and is inserted by a thin tendon into the outer surface of the second rib, behind the attachment of the Serratus anterior. It is occasionally blended with the Scalenus medius. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001123 UBERON:FMA_13387-MA_0002369 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Scalenus_posterior.png/200px-Scalenus_posterior.png musculus scalenus posterior ncithesaurus:Scalenus_Dorsalis posterior scalene posterior scalene muscle scalenus dorsalis FMA:13387 FMA:TA musculus scalenus posterior The Scalenus posterior (Scalenus posticus), the smallest and most deeply seated of the three Scaleni, arises, by two or three separate tendons, from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the lower two or three cervical vertebræ, and is inserted by a thin tendon into the outer surface of the second rib, behind the attachment of the Serratus anterior. It is occasionally blended with the Scalenus medius. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scalenus_posterior tetrapod scapula AAO:0000751 BTO:0001218 EFO:0001400 EMAPA:18722 FMA:13394 GAID:186 In human anatomy, the scapula, omo (Medical Latin), or shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus (arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). The scapula forms the posterior (back) located part of the shoulder girdle. In humans, it is a flat bone, roughly triangular in shape, placed on a posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001330 OG:0001398 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVji0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001124 UBERON:FMA_13394-MA_0001330-ZFA_0000583 galen:Scapula http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pectoral_girdles-en.svg/200px-Pectoral_girdles-en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Scapula present in all tetrapods with even vestiges of anterior limbs, e.g., turtles & birds & mammals scapula bone shoulder blade FMA In human anatomy, the scapula, omo (Medical Latin), or shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus (arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). The scapula forms the posterior (back) located part of the shoulder girdle. In humans, it is a flat bone, roughly triangular in shape, placed on a posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scapula OG BTO:0001218 scapula bone serratus anterior Boxer's muscle EHDAA2:0001832 EHDAA:9463 EMAPA:18525 FMA:13397 MA:0002378 OG:0000679 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWn_D5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181748003 The serratus anterior is a muscle that originates on the surface of the upper eight or nine ribs at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001125 UBERON:FMA_13397-MA_0002378 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Serratus_anterior.png/200px-Serratus_anterior.png ncithesaurus:Serratus_Ventralis serratus anterior muscle serratus ventralis The serratus anterior is a muscle that originates on the surface of the upper eight or nine ribs at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Serratus_anterior serratus posterior superior FMA:13401 MA:0002377 SCTID:244935007 The Serratus posterior superior is a thin, quadrilateral muscle, situated at the upper and back part of the thorax. It arises by a thin and broad aponeurosis from the lower part of the ligamentum nuchae, from the spinous processes of the seventh cervical and upper two or three thoracic vertebræ and from the supraspinal ligament. Inclining downward and lateralward it becomes muscular, and is inserted, by four fleshy digitations, into the upper borders of the second, third, fourth, and fifth ribs, a little beyond their angles. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001126 UBERON:FMA_13401-MA_0002377 ncithesaurus:Serratus_Dorsalis_Cranialis serratus dorsalis cranialis superior serratus posterior The Serratus posterior superior is a thin, quadrilateral muscle, situated at the upper and back part of the thorax. It arises by a thin and broad aponeurosis from the lower part of the ligamentum nuchae, from the spinous processes of the seventh cervical and upper two or three thoracic vertebræ and from the supraspinal ligament. Inclining downward and lateralward it becomes muscular, and is inserted, by four fleshy digitations, into the upper borders of the second, third, fourth, and fifth ribs, a little beyond their angles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Serratus_posterior_superior serratus posterior inferior FMA:13402 MA:0002376 SCTID:244936008 The Serratus posterior inferior muscle (or posterior serratus) is a muscle of the human body. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001127 UBERON:FMA_13402-MA_0002376 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Serratus_posterior.PNG/200px-Serratus_posterior.PNG inferior serratus posterior ncithesaurus:Serratus_Dorsalis_Caudalis serratus dorsalis caudalis The Serratus posterior inferior muscle (or posterior serratus) is a muscle of the human body. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Serratus_posterior_inferior sternocleidomastoid BTO:0005125 EMAPA:25137 FMA:13407 In human anatomy, the sternocleidomastoid muscle, also known as sternomastoid and commonly abbreviated as SCM, is a paired muscle in the superficial layers of the anterior portion of the neck. It acts to flex and rotate the head. It also acts as an accessory muscle of inspiration, along with the scalene muscles of the neck. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002384 OG:0000853 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2bMg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181741009 UBERON:0001128 UBERON:FMA_13407-MA_0002384 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gray512.png/200px-Gray512.png ncithesaurus:Sternocleidomastoid_Muscle sternocleidomastoid muscle sternomastoid BTO:0005125 sternocleidomastoid muscle In human anatomy, the sternocleidomastoid muscle, also known as sternomastoid and commonly abbreviated as SCM, is a paired muscle in the superficial layers of the anterior portion of the neck. It acts to flex and rotate the head. It also acts as an accessory muscle of inspiration, along with the scalene muscles of the neck. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sternocleidomastoid subscapularis EHDAA2:0001943 EHDAA:8317 EMAPA:18181 FMA:13413 MA:0002388 OG:0000850 OpenCyc:Mx4rviCRIJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:277446000 The Subscapularis is a large triangular muscle which fills the subscapular fossa and inserts into the lesser tubercle of the humerus and the front of the capsule of the shoulder-joint. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001129 UBERON:FMA_13413-MA_0002388 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gray411.png/200px-Gray411.png ncithesaurus:Subscapularis subscapularis muscle The Subscapularis is a large triangular muscle which fills the subscapular fossa and inserts into the lesser tubercle of the humerus and the front of the capsule of the shoulder-joint. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subscapularis vertebral column . AAO:0000699 AAO:0000734 BTO:0000818 EFO:0001369 EHDA:10119 EHDAA:2895 EMAPA:16666 FMA:13478 GAID:106 MA:0002416 MESH:A.02.835.232.834 NIF_Subcellular:sao1145756102 OG:0001142 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2j-CpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rv6GF55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkFEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:44300000 TAO:0001559 UBERON:0001130 UBERON:FMA_13478-MA_0002416-XAO_0003074-ZFA_0001559 XAO:0003074 ZFA:0001559 backbone columna vertebralis dorsal spine galen:SpinalColumn ncithesaurus:Vertebral_Column spinal column spine vertebral column skeleton FMA:13478 backbone BTO:0000818 dorsal spine BTO:0000818 columna vertebralis MESH:A.02.835.232.834 spinal column AAO:0000699 vertebral column skeleton FMA:13478 spine . Wikipedia:Vertebral_column vertebral foramen AAO:0000729 FMA:13479 In a typical vertebra, the vertebral foramen is the foramen formed by the anterior segment, and the posterior part, the vertebral arch. The vertebral foramen begins at cervical vertebrae #1 and continues inferior to lumbar vertebrae #5. Within this foramen the spinal cord and associated meninges are housed. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001454 OpenCyc:Mx4rv_EvQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280734009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001131 UBERON:FMA_13479-MA_0001454 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Foramenvertebrale.png/200px-Foramenvertebrale.png vertebra neural canal In a typical vertebra, the vertebral foramen is the foramen formed by the anterior segment, and the posterior part, the vertebral arch. The vertebral foramen begins at cervical vertebrae #1 and continues inferior to lumbar vertebrae #5. Within this foramen the spinal cord and associated meninges are housed. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vertebral_foramen parathyroid gland AAO:0010545 BTO:0000997 EFO:0000862 EV:0100134 FMA:13890 GAID:452 MA:0000128 MAT:0000082 MESH:A.06.407.560 MIAA:0000082 OG:0001188 Parathyroid glands are found in all adult tetrapods, although they vary in their number, and in their exact position. Mammals typically have four parathyroids, while other groups typically have six. Fish do not possess parathyroid glands, although the ultimobranchial glands, which are found close to the oesophagus, may have a similar function and could even be homologous with the tetrapod parathyroids. Even these glands are absent in the most primitive vertebrates, the jawless fish, but as these species have no bone in their skeletons, only cartilage, it may be that they have less need to regulate calcium metabolism. The conserved homology of genes and calcium-sensing receptors in fish gills with those in the parathryroid glands of birds and mammals is recognized by evolutionary developmental biology as evolution-using genes and gene networks in novel ways to generate new structures with some similar functions and novel functions[WP]. The parathryoid gland is not formed in fish, but is only found in tetrapods. In humans and chick it emerges from pouches 3 and 4, but in mice it is exclusively generated by the third pouch[PMID:16313389] Note that the developmental relationships here need some modification SCTID:181121007 The parathyroid gland is an organ specialised for secretion of parathyroid hormone[GO]. Parathyroid glands control the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones[WP]. UBERON:0001132 UBERON:FMA_13890-MA_0000128-MIAA_0000082-XAO_0000167 XAO:0000167 ncithesaurus:Parathyroid_Gland parathyroid parathyroid secreting cell PMID:16313389 Wikipedia PMID:16313389 The parathyroid gland is an organ specialised for secretion of parathyroid hormone[GO]. Parathyroid glands control the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones[WP]. Wikipedia:Parathyroid_gland PMID:16313389 except mouse cardiac muscle tissue AAO:0010245 AEO:0000142 BTO:0000199 EHDAA2:0003142 FMA:14068 MA:0002441 Muscle composed of cardiac muscle cells that is part of the heart[ZFA]. involuntary striated muscle found in the walls of the heart, specifically the myocardium[Wikipedia]. Tissue which consists of cardiac myocytes surrounded by cardiac endomysium. Examples: Cardiac muscle tissue proper, conducting tissue of heart[FMA]. UBERON:0001133 UBERON:FMA_14068-MA_0002441 ZFA:0005280 cardiac muscle cardiac muscle muscle tissue cardiac muscle textus muscularis check relationship with myocardium. part_of in MA - but we also have a more specific class 'cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium' galen:CardiacMuscle galen:CardiacMuscleTissue heart muscle muscle tissue heart muscle textus muscularis heart myocardium muscle tissue heart myocardium textus muscularis muscle of heart muscle tissue muscle of heart textus muscularis muscle tissue of cardiac muscle muscle tissue of heart muscle muscle tissue of heart myocardium muscle tissue of muscle of heart muscle tissue of myocardium myocardium muscle tissue myocardium textus muscularis textus muscularis of cardiac muscle textus muscularis of heart muscle textus muscularis of heart myocardium textus muscularis of muscle of heart textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart myocardium FMA:14068 Muscle composed of cardiac muscle cells that is part of the heart[ZFA]. involuntary striated muscle found in the walls of the heart, specifically the myocardium[Wikipedia]. Tissue which consists of cardiac myocytes surrounded by cardiac endomysium. Examples: Cardiac muscle tissue proper, conducting tissue of heart[FMA]. OBOL:automatic myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of myocardium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart muscle ZFA OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic muscle of heart textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle of heart muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart muscle OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic heart muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of muscle of heart skeletal muscle tissue AAO:0011099 BTO:0001103 EFO:0000888 EHDAA2:0001842 EHDAA:2923 EHDAA:5035 EHDAA:5043 EHDAA:5978 EHDAA:5984 EHDAA:8277 EHDAA:8291 EHDAA:8326 EHDAA:9146 EV:0100377 FMA:14069 GAID:141 MA:0002439 MAT:0000302 MESH:A.02.633.567 MIAA:0000302 OG:0000319 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2kf-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:426215008 TODO - add skeletal muscle organ? See GO:0060538 skeletal muscle organ development. Consider FBbt:00005073 - somatic muscle. Tissue which consists of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium. Examples: Skeletal muscle tissue of biceps, Skeletal muscle tissue of diaphragm[FMA]. Striated muscle tissue under control of the somatic nervous system. It is one of three major muscle types, the others being cardiac and smooth muscle. As its name suggests, most skeletal muscle is attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons. Skeletal muscle is made up of individual components known as muscle fibers. These fibers are formed from the fusion of developmental myoblasts. The myofibers are long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells composed of actin and myosin myofibrils repeated as a sarcomere, the basic functional unit of the cell and responsible for skeletal muscle's striated appearance and forming the basic machinery necessary for muscle contraction. The term muscle refers to multiple bundles of muscle fibers held together by connective tissue[WP]. UBERON:0001134 UBERON:FMA_14069-MA_0002439 XAO:0000174 ZFA:0005277 ncithesaurus:Skeletal_Muscle_Tissue skeletal muscle skeletal muscle organ skeletal muscle system somatic muscle BTO:0001103 somatic muscle BTO:0001103 skeletal muscle system Tissue which consists of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium. Examples: Skeletal muscle tissue of biceps, Skeletal muscle tissue of diaphragm[FMA]. Striated muscle tissue under control of the somatic nervous system. It is one of three major muscle types, the others being cardiac and smooth muscle. As its name suggests, most skeletal muscle is attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons. Skeletal muscle is made up of individual components known as muscle fibers. These fibers are formed from the fusion of developmental myoblasts. The myofibers are long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells composed of actin and myosin myofibrils repeated as a sarcomere, the basic functional unit of the cell and responsible for skeletal muscle's striated appearance and forming the basic machinery necessary for muscle contraction. The term muscle refers to multiple bundles of muscle fibers held together by connective tissue[WP]. Wikipedia:Skeletal_muscle smooth muscle tissue AAO:0010244 AEO:0000141 BTO:0001260 EFO:0000889 EHDAA2:0003141 EMAPA:18923 EV:0100378 FBbt:00003525 FMA:14070 GAID:167 MA:0000166 MAT:0000303 MESH:A.02.633.570 MIAA:0000303 OG:0001246 OpenCyc:Mx4rvvSS3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO]. Tissue which consists of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Examples: Arrector muscle of hair, Muscularis mucosae. UBERON:0001135 UBERON:FMA_14070-MA_0002440 WBbt:0005781 XAO:0000175 ZFA:0005274 galen:SmoothMuscle galen:SmoothMuscleTissue involuntary muscle ncithesaurus:Smooth_Muscle_Tissue non-striated muscle smooth muscle terminological note: GO uses visceral and smooth interchangeably. However visceral can also be used in the sense of the viscera. Many fly annotations to smooth muscle terms. If we want to be inclusive of insects have to have a general definition of tissue that includes cells. textus muscularis nonstriatus visceral muscle visceral muscle tissue FMA:14070 FMA:TA textus muscularis nonstriatus Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO]. Tissue which consists of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Examples: Arrector muscle of hair, Muscularis mucosae. Wikipedia:Smooth_muscle_tissue visceral muscle visceral muscle tissue mesothelium AEO:0000111 BTO:0002422 EHDAA2:0003111 EHDAA:2331 EHDAA:2339 EHDAA:2349 EHDAA:295 EHDAA:6073 EHDAA:640 EHDAA:646 FMA:14074 MA:0000565 SCTID:361918002 Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum. Wikipedia: The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri). This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001136 UBERON:FMA_14074-MA_0000565 meso-epithelium ncithesaurus:Mesothelium FMA Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum. Wikipedia: The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri). Wikipedia:Mesothelium back BTO:0001713 EFO:0001405 FMA:14181 GAID:30 In humans: large posterior area of the human body, rising from the top of the buttocks to the back of the neck and the shoulders. It is the surface opposite to the chest, its height being defined by the vertebral column (commonly referred to as the spine or backbone) and its breadth being supported by the ribcage and shoulders. The spinal canal runs through the spine and provides nerves to the rest of the body[WP]. MA:0000020 MESH:A.01.176 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkEU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001137 UBERON:FMA_14181-MA_0000020 back of body proper back of trunk galen:Back http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/432px-Gray-back.PNG/200px-432px-Gray-back.PNG ncithesaurus:Back FMA:14181 back of body proper In humans: large posterior area of the human body, rising from the top of the buttocks to the back of the neck and the shoulders. It is the surface opposite to the chest, its height being defined by the vertebral column (commonly referred to as the spine or backbone) and its breadth being supported by the ribcage and shoulders. The spinal canal runs through the spine and provides nerves to the rest of the body[WP]. Wikipedia:Back MA:0000020 back of trunk superior mesenteric vein BTO:0002783 EHDAA2:0001951 EHDAA:5414 EMAPA:18643 FMA:14332 In anatomy, the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the small intestine. At its termination behind the neck of the pancreas, the SMV combines with the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein. The SMV lies to the right of the similarly named artery, the superior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002179 OG:0000552 OpenCyc:Mx4rwFjmM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278031001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001138 UBERON:FMA_14332-MA_0002179 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gray591.png/200px-Gray591.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Mesenteric_Vein upper mesenteric vein BTO:0002783 upper mesenteric vein Wikipedia:Vitelline_vein In anatomy, the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the small intestine. At its termination behind the neck of the pancreas, the SMV combines with the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein. The SMV lies to the right of the similarly named artery, the superior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_vein common iliac vein EMAPA:17874 FMA:14333 In human anatomy, the common iliac veins are formed by the external iliac veins and internal iliac veins and together, in the abdomen at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebrae, form the inferior vena cava. They drain blood from the pelvis and lower limbs. Both common iliac veins are accompanied along their course by common iliac arteries. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002143 OpenCyc:Mx4rv92CGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181398004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001139 UBERON:FMA_14333-MA_0002143 common iliac venous tree galen:CommonIliacVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Iliac_veins.gif/200px-Iliac_veins.gif ncithesaurus:Common_Iliac_Vein In human anatomy, the common iliac veins are formed by the external iliac veins and internal iliac veins and together, in the abdomen at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebrae, form the inferior vena cava. They drain blood from the pelvis and lower limbs. Both common iliac veins are accompanied along their course by common iliac arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Common_iliac_vein renal vein BTO:0002681 EHDAA2:0001602 EHDAA:8722 EMAPA:19223 EMAPA:28376 FMA:14334 GAID:544 MA:0002210 MA:0002591 MESH:A.07.231.908.752 OpenCyc:Mx4rvdUXKJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:116358006 The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney. They connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava. It is usually singular to each kidney, except in the condition 'multiple renal veins'. It also divides into 2 divisions upon entering the kidney: the anterior branch which receives blood from the anterior portion of the kidney and, the posterior branch which receives blood from the posterior portion. Often, each renal vein will have a branch that receives blood from the ureter. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001140 UBERON:FMA_14334-MA_0002210 galen:RenalVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gray1122.png/200px-Gray1122.png kidney vein kidney venous blood vessel ncithesaurus:Renal_Vein renal venous tree vein of kidney OBOL:automatic vein of kidney MA:0002591 kidney venous blood vessel The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney. They connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava. It is usually singular to each kidney, except in the condition 'multiple renal veins'. It also divides into 2 divisions upon entering the kidney: the anterior branch which receives blood from the anterior portion of the kidney and, the posterior branch which receives blood from the posterior portion. Often, each renal vein will have a branch that receives blood from the ureter. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Renal_vein OBOL:automatic kidney vein right renal vein FMA:14335 MA:0002212 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvdUXKJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:116357001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001141 UBERON:FMA_14335-MA_0002212 ncithesaurus:Right_Renal_Vein left renal vein FMA:14336 MA:0002211 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvdUXKJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:116356005 The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney. They connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava. It is usually singular to each kidney, except in the condition 'multiple renal veins'. It also divides into 2 divisions upon entering the kidney: the anterior branch which receives blood from the anterior portion of the kidney and, the posterior branch which receives blood from the posterior portion. Often, each renal vein will have a branch that receives blood from the ureter. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001142 UBERON:FMA_14336-MA_0002211 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gray1122.png/200px-Gray1122.png ncithesaurus:Left_Renal_Vein The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney. They connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava. It is usually singular to each kidney, except in the condition 'multiple renal veins'. It also divides into 2 divisions upon entering the kidney: the anterior branch which receives blood from the anterior portion of the kidney and, the posterior branch which receives blood from the posterior portion. Often, each renal vein will have a branch that receives blood from the ureter. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Left_renal_vein hepatic vein AAO:0010216 EMAPA:19221 FMA:14337 GAID:534 In human anatomy, the hepatic veins are the blood vessels that drain de-oxygenated blood from the liver and blood cleaned by the liver into the inferior vena cava. They arise from the substance of the liver, more specifically the central vein of the liver lobule. None of the hepatic veins have valves. [WP,unvetted]. MESH:A.07.231.908.380 OpenCyc:Mx4rv5GivJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278191001 TAO:0000670 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001143 UBERON:FMA_14337-XAO_0000387-ZFA_0000670 XAO:0000387 ZFA:0000670 galen:HepaticVein hepatic veins http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gray1121.png/200px-Gray1121.png liver vein ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Vein vein of liver vena hepatica OBOL:automatic liver vein Wikipedia:Vitelline_vein In human anatomy, the hepatic veins are the blood vessels that drain de-oxygenated blood from the liver and blood cleaned by the liver into the inferior vena cava. They arise from the substance of the liver, more specifically the central vein of the liver lobule. None of the hepatic veins have valves. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hepatic_vein OBOL:automatic vein of liver testicular vein BTO:0002678 Comment: todo - check testicular vs spermatic vein (MA:0002218) EMAPA:18647 FMA:14344 MA:0002218 MA:0002234 OpenCyc:Mx4rv1WIHpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:264496006 The testicular vein (or spermatic vein), the male gonadal vein, carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding testis to the inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries. It is the male equivalent of the ovarian vein, and is the venous counterpart of the testicular artery. It is a paired vein, with one supplying each testis: the right testicular vein generally joins the inferior vena cava; the left testicular vein, unlike the right, often joins the left renal vein instead of the inferior vena cava. The veins emerge from the back of the testis, and receive tributaries from the epididymis; they unite and form a convoluted plexus, called the pampiniform plexus, which constitutes the greater mass of the spermatic cord; the vessels composing this plexus are very numerous, and ascend along the cord, in front of the ductus deferens. Below the subcutaneous inguinal ring, they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the abdominal inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins, which ascend on the Psoas major, behind the peritoneum, lying one on either side of the internal spermatic artery. These unite to form a single vein, which opens, on the right side, into the inferior vena cava (at an acute angle), on the left side into the left renal vein (at a right angle). The spermatic veins are provided with valves. The left spermatic vein passes behind the iliac colon and is thus exposed to pressure from the contents of that part of the bowel. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001144 UBERON:FMA_14344-MA_0002234 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gray590.png/200px-Gray590.png male gonadal vein ncithesaurus:Spermatic_Vein spermatic vein testicle vein testicular venous tree vein of testicle vena tesicularis Wikipedia:Testicular_vein spermatic vein BTO:0002678 vena tesicularis The testicular vein (or spermatic vein), the male gonadal vein, carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding testis to the inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries. It is the male equivalent of the ovarian vein, and is the venous counterpart of the testicular artery. It is a paired vein, with one supplying each testis: the right testicular vein generally joins the inferior vena cava; the left testicular vein, unlike the right, often joins the left renal vein instead of the inferior vena cava. The veins emerge from the back of the testis, and receive tributaries from the epididymis; they unite and form a convoluted plexus, called the pampiniform plexus, which constitutes the greater mass of the spermatic cord; the vessels composing this plexus are very numerous, and ascend along the cord, in front of the ductus deferens. Below the subcutaneous inguinal ring, they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the abdominal inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins, which ascend on the Psoas major, behind the peritoneum, lying one on either side of the internal spermatic artery. These unite to form a single vein, which opens, on the right side, into the inferior vena cava (at an acute angle), on the left side into the left renal vein (at a right angle). The spermatic veins are provided with valves. The left spermatic vein passes behind the iliac colon and is thus exposed to pressure from the contents of that part of the bowel. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Testicular_vein https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3220553&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 Wikipedia:Testicular_vein male gonadal vein OBOL:automatic testicle vein Wikipedia:Testicular_vein testicular venous tree OBOL:automatic vein of testicle ovarian vein EMAPA:18644 FMA:14346 MA:0002186 OpenCyc:Mx4rvrST5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278193003 The ovarian vein, the female gonadal vein, carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding ovary to inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries. It is the female equivalent of the testicular vein, and is the venous counterpart of the ovarian artery. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. It a paired vein, with one supplying each ovary. The right ovarian vein travels through the suspensatory ligament of the ovary and generally joins the inferior vena cava. The left ovarian vein, unlike the right, often joins the left renal vein instead of the inferior vena cava. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001145 UBERON:FMA_14346-MA_0002186 female reproductive system gonad vein female reproductive system gonada vein gonad of female reproductive system vein gonada of female reproductive system vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ovarschaf.jpg/200px-Ovarschaf.jpg ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Vein ovary vein vein of female reproductive system gonad vein of female reproductive system gonada vein of gonad of female reproductive system vein of gonada of female reproductive system vein of ovary OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonada vein The ovarian vein, the female gonadal vein, carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding ovary to inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries. It is the female equivalent of the testicular vein, and is the venous counterpart of the ovarian artery. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. It a paired vein, with one supplying each ovary. The right ovarian vein travels through the suspensatory ligament of the ovary and generally joins the inferior vena cava. The left ovarian vein, unlike the right, often joins the left renal vein instead of the inferior vena cava. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ovarian_vein OBOL:automatic vein of female reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic gonada of female reproductive system vein OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonad vein OBOL:automatic ovary vein OBOL:automatic vein of gonada of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic vein of female reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic vein of gonad of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic gonad of female reproductive system vein OBOL:automatic vein of ovary suprarenal vein EHDAA2:0001966 EHDAA:8731 FMA:14348 MA:0002229 SCTID:278194009 The Suprarenal veins are two in number: the right ends in the inferior vena cava. the left ends in the left renal or left inferior phrenic vein. They receive blood from the adrenal glands and will sometimes form anastomoses with the inferior phrenic veins. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001146 UBERON:FMA_14348-MA_0002229 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gray1122.png/200px-Gray1122.png ncithesaurus:Suprarenal_Vein The Suprarenal veins are two in number: the right ends in the inferior vena cava. the left ends in the left renal or left inferior phrenic vein. They receive blood from the adrenal glands and will sometimes form anastomoses with the inferior phrenic veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Suprarenal_vein trunk of peripheral nerve EMAPA:16986 FMA:14383 MA:0000229 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001147 UBERON:FMA_14383-MA_0000229 peripheral nerve trunk peripheral neural trunk median nerve EHDAA2:0001086 EHDAA:5648 EMAPA:17277 FMA:14385 GAID:843 MA:0001168 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.050.500 OpenCyc:Mx4rwF4HF5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181010001 The median nerve is a nerve in humans and other animals. It is in the upper limb. It is one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus. The median nerve is formed from parts of the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus, and continues down the arm to enter the forearm with the brachial artery. It originates from the brachial plexus with roots from C5, C6, C7, C8 &amp; T1. The median nerve is the only nerve that passes through the carpal tunnel, where it may be compressed to cause carpal tunnel syndrome. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001148 UBERON:FMA_14385-MA_0001168 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nerves_of_the_left_upper_extremity.gif/200px-Nerves_of_the_left_upper_extremity.gif ncithesaurus:Median_Nerve The median nerve is a nerve in humans and other animals. It is in the upper limb. It is one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus. The median nerve is formed from parts of the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus, and continues down the arm to enter the forearm with the brachial artery. It originates from the brachial plexus with roots from C5, C6, C7, C8 &amp; T1. The median nerve is the only nerve that passes through the carpal tunnel, where it may be compressed to cause carpal tunnel syndrome. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Median_nerve bare area of liver EMAPA:17945 EMAPA:18308 EMAPA:18312 FMA:14480 MA:0000359 SCTID:279965008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001149 UBERON:FMA_14480-MA_0000359 area nuda (hepar) area nuda hepatis liver bare area body of pancreas EHDAA2:0001368 EHDAA:9178 EMAPA:17504 EMAPA:18817 FMA:14518 MA:0000121 OG:0000451 SCTID:362202004 The body of the pancreas is a subsection of the pancreas organ in the human body. It is somewhat prismatic in shape, and has three surfaces: anterior, posterior, and inferior. It is at the same level as the transpyloric plane. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001150 UBERON:FMA_14518-MA_0000121 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg/200px-Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg ncithesaurus:Body_of_the_Pancreas pancreas body pancreas corpus pancreatic body The body of the pancreas is a subsection of the pancreas organ in the human body. It is somewhat prismatic in shape, and has three surfaces: anterior, posterior, and inferior. It is at the same level as the transpyloric plane. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Body_of_pancreas tail of pancreas EHDAA2:0001390 EMAPA:17511 EMAPA:18824 FMA:14519 MA:0000123 OG:0000452 SCTID:245382003 The tail of the pancreas, located anatomically left near the hilum of the spleen, is not simply an anatomical distinction. The tail is the only part of the pancreas which contains Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) cells, which are responsible for secreting pancreatic polypeptide to coordinate exocrine and islet enzyme release. PP cells are found in the tail's periphery. Beta cells and delta cells are found in the central part of the tail as with the rest of the pancreas. The cells described above are located exclusively in the islet cells; their secretions reach exocrine portions of the pancreas via the capillary network surrounding the islet cell populations. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001151 UBERON:FMA_14519-MA_0000123 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg/200px-Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg left extremity of pancreas ncithesaurus:Tail_of_the_Pancreas pancreas tail pancreatic tail The tail of the pancreas, located anatomically left near the hilum of the spleen, is not simply an anatomical distinction. The tail is the only part of the pancreas which contains Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) cells, which are responsible for secreting pancreatic polypeptide to coordinate exocrine and islet enzyme release. PP cells are found in the tail's periphery. Beta cells and delta cells are found in the central part of the tail as with the rest of the pancreas. The cells described above are located exclusively in the islet cells; their secretions reach exocrine portions of the pancreas via the capillary network surrounding the islet cell populations. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tail_of_pancreas cystic duct EHDAA2:0000333 EHDAA:3045 EMAPA:16841 FMA:14539 GAID:290 MA:0000355 MESH:A.03.159.183.419 OG:0000213 OpenCyc:Mx4rveBeC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245398005 The cystic duct is the short duct that joins the gall bladder to the common bile duct. It usually lies next to the cystic artery. It is of variable length. It contains a 'spiral valve', which does not provide much resistance to the flow of bile. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001152 UBERON:FMA_14539-MA_0000355 ZFA:0005166 galen:CysticDuct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png/200px-Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png ncithesaurus:Cystic_Duct FMA The cystic duct is the short duct that joins the gall bladder to the common bile duct. It usually lies next to the cystic artery. It is of variable length. It contains a 'spiral valve', which does not provide much resistance to the flow of bile. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cystic_duct FMA EHDAA2 caecum BTO:0000166 EFO:0000850 EHDAA2:0000206 EHDAA:3913 EV:0100397 FMA:14541 GAID:307 MA:0000334 MESH:A.03.492.411.495.209 MIAA:0000288 OG:0001559 OpenCyc:Mx4rve6u4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Pouch, connecting the ileum with the ascending colon of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve, and is the beginning of the large intestine. It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic junction. SCTID:181256004 The cecum is present in mammals and squid,[1] and two ceca are present in most birds (and some reptiles). Most herbivores have a relatively large cecum , hosting a large number of bacteria, which aid in the enzymatic breakdown of plant materials such as cellulose. Exclusive carnivores, whose diets contain little or no plant material, have a reduced cecum; often partially or wholly replaced by the vermiform appendix. It is in the large intestine which is near the small intestine. UBERON:0001153 UBERON:FMA_14541-MA_0000334-MIAA_0000288 blind intestine blindgut cecum galen:Cecum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram.svg/200px-Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram.svg.png intestinum caecum intestinum crassum caecum intestinum crassum cecum ncithesaurus:Cecum Wikipedia BTO:0000166 blind intestine BTO:0000166 intestinum caecum Wikipedia BTO:0000166 blindgut EHDAA2 Pouch, connecting the ileum with the ascending colon of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve, and is the beginning of the large intestine. It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic junction. Wikipedia:Cecum MA FMA:14541 cecum BTO:0000166 intestinum crassum cecum appendix BTO:0000084 EFO:0000849 EHDAA2:0000588 EV:0100076 EV:0100080 FMA:14542 GAID:308 MA:0001540 MAT:0000287 MESH:A.03.492.411.495.209.290 MIAA:0000287 OG:0001306 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjGgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the cecum and distally terminates in the tip of the appendix[FMA]. a narrowed, thickened, lymphoid-rich caecal apex [Fisher 2000]. SCTID:181255000 UBERON:0001154 UBERON:FMA_14542-MA_0001540-MIAA_0000287 apex of cecum appendix vermiformis caecal appendix galen:AppendixVermiformis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gray536.png/200px-Gray536.png ncithesaurus:Vermiform_Appendix vermiform appendix vermix MA FMA Wikipedia FMA:14542 FMA:TA appendix vermiformis FMA:14542 Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the cecum and distally terminates in the tip of the appendix[FMA]. a narrowed, thickened, lymphoid-rich caecal apex [Fisher 2000]. Wikipedia:Vermiform_appendix colon AAO:0010400 BTO:0000269 EFO:0000361 EHDAA2:0000779 EMAPA:18939 EV:0100079 FMA:14543 GAID:309 Last portion of the digestive system in most vertebrates; it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body[WP] In mammals, the colon consists of four sections: the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon[WP]. In zebrafish, the posterior intestine has short longitudinally arranged epithelial folds which are similar to the colon of higher vertebrates. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-050120-6'>Wallace et al, 2005.</a> MA:0000335 MAP:0000001 MAT:0000526 MESH:A.03.492.411.495.356 OG:0000648 OpenCyc:Mx4rvgLEM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302508007 TAO:0000706 TODO: abstract this such that it legitimately covers all vertebrates UBERON:0001155 UBERON:FMA_14543-FMA_7201-MA_0000333-MA_0000335-MAP_0000001-MIAA_0000046-XAO_0000131-XAO_0000243-ZFA_0000706 XAO:0000243 ZFA:0000706 galen:Colon hindgut large bowel ncithesaurus:Colon posterior intestine posterior intestine - zebrafish FMA FMA Last portion of the digestive system in most vertebrates; it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body[WP] In mammals, the colon consists of four sections: the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon[WP]. In zebrafish, the posterior intestine has short longitudinally arranged epithelial folds which are similar to the colon of higher vertebrates. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-050120-6'>Wallace et al, 2005.</a> Wikipedia:Colon_(anatomy) ZFIN:curator ascending colon BTO:0000270 EFO:0000843 FMA:14545 MA:0001541 MAT:0000311 MIAA:0000311 Note that in MA, this is a subclass of colon OpenCyc:Mx4rv3H0FZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ part which is continuous with the cecum proximally and the transverse colon distally.[FMA] SCTID:362162009 UBERON:0001156 UBERON:FMA_14545-MA_0001541-MIAA_0000311 galen:AscendingColon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Dickdarm-Schema.svg/200px-Dickdarm-Schema.svg.png ncithesaurus:Ascending_Colon FMA:FMA Organ part which is continuous with the cecum proximally and the transverse colon distally.[FMA] Wikipedia:Ascending_colon Wikipedia FMA transverse colon BTO:0000272 EFO:0000844 FMA:14546 MA:0001543 MAT:0000312 MIAA:0000312 OpenCyc:Mx4rvg7qyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362163004 The transverse colon the longest and most movable part of the colon, passes with a downward convexity from the right hypochondrium region across the abdomen, opposite the confines of the epigastric and umbilical zones, into the left hypochondrium region, where it curves sharply on itself beneath the lower end of the spleen, forming the splenic or left colic flexure. The right colic flexure is adjacent to the liver. In its course, it describes an arch, the concavity of which is directed backward and a little upward; toward its splenic end there is often an abrupt U-shaped curve which may descend lower than the main curve. It is almost completely invested by peritoneum, and is connected to the inferior border of the pancreas by a large and wide duplicature of that membrane, the transverse mesocolon. It is in relation, by its upper surface, with the liver and gall-bladder, the greater curvature of the stomach, and the lower end of the spleen; by its under surface, with the small intestine; by its anterior surface, with the anterior layers of the greater omentum and the abdominal parietes; its posterior surface is in relation from right to left with the descending portion of the duodenum, the head of the pancreas, and some of the convolutions of the jejunum and ileum. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001157 UBERON:FMA_14546-MA_0001543-MIAA_0000312 galen:TransverseColon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Dickdarm-Schema.svg/200px-Dickdarm-Schema.svg.png ncithesaurus:Transverse_Colon Wikipedia FMA The transverse colon the longest and most movable part of the colon, passes with a downward convexity from the right hypochondrium region across the abdomen, opposite the confines of the epigastric and umbilical zones, into the left hypochondrium region, where it curves sharply on itself beneath the lower end of the spleen, forming the splenic or left colic flexure. The right colic flexure is adjacent to the liver. In its course, it describes an arch, the concavity of which is directed backward and a little upward; toward its splenic end there is often an abrupt U-shaped curve which may descend lower than the main curve. It is almost completely invested by peritoneum, and is connected to the inferior border of the pancreas by a large and wide duplicature of that membrane, the transverse mesocolon. It is in relation, by its upper surface, with the liver and gall-bladder, the greater curvature of the stomach, and the lower end of the spleen; by its under surface, with the small intestine; by its anterior surface, with the anterior layers of the greater omentum and the abdominal parietes; its posterior surface is in relation from right to left with the descending portion of the duodenum, the head of the pancreas, and some of the convolutions of the jejunum and ileum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Transverse_colon descending colon BTO:0000641 EFO:0000845 FMA:14547 MA:0001542 MAT:0000313 MIAA:0000313 OpenCyc:Mx4rwHsNhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362165006 The descending colon of humans passes downward through the left hypochondrium and lumbar regions, along the lateral border of the left kidney. At the lower end of the kidney it turns medialward toward the lateral border of the psoas muscle, and then descends, in the angle between psoas and quadratus lumborum, to the crest of the ilium, where it ends in the sigmoid colon. The peritoneum covers its anterior surface and sides, and therefore the descending colon is described as retroperitoneal. (The transverse colon and sigmoid colon, which are immediately proximal and distal, are intraperitoneal). Its posterior surface is connected by areolar tissue with the lower and lateral part of the left kidney, the aponeurotic origin of the transversus abdominis, and the quadratus lumborum. It is smaller in caliber and more deeply placed than the ascending colon. It has a mesentery in 33% of people, and is therefore more frequently covered with peritoneum on its posterior surface than the ascending colon (which has a mesentery in 25% of people). However, it is less likely to undergo volvulus than the ascending colon. In front of it are some coils of small intestine. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001158 UBERON:FMA_14547-MA_0001542-MIAA_0000313 galen:DescendingColon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Gray1223.png/200px-Gray1223.png ncithesaurus:Descending_Colon The descending colon of humans passes downward through the left hypochondrium and lumbar regions, along the lateral border of the left kidney. At the lower end of the kidney it turns medialward toward the lateral border of the psoas muscle, and then descends, in the angle between psoas and quadratus lumborum, to the crest of the ilium, where it ends in the sigmoid colon. The peritoneum covers its anterior surface and sides, and therefore the descending colon is described as retroperitoneal. (The transverse colon and sigmoid colon, which are immediately proximal and distal, are intraperitoneal). Its posterior surface is connected by areolar tissue with the lower and lateral part of the left kidney, the aponeurotic origin of the transversus abdominis, and the quadratus lumborum. It is smaller in caliber and more deeply placed than the ascending colon. It has a mesentery in 33% of people, and is therefore more frequently covered with peritoneum on its posterior surface than the ascending colon (which has a mesentery in 25% of people). However, it is less likely to undergo volvulus than the ascending colon. In front of it are some coils of small intestine. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Descending_colon FMA Wikipedia sigmoid colon BTO:0000645 EFO:0000846 FMA:14548 MAT:0000314 MESH:A.03.492.411.495.356.668 MIAA:0000314 OpenCyc:Mx4rwHX_-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362166007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001159 UBERON:FMA_14548-MIAA_0000314 colon sigmoideum galen:SigmoidColon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Dickdarm-Schema.svg/200px-Dickdarm-Schema.svg.png ncithesaurus:Sigmoid_Colon pelvic colon sigmoid colon sigmoid flexure the part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus. It forms a loop that averages about 40 cm. in length, and normally lies within the pelvis, but on account of its freedom of movement it is liable to be displaced into the abdominal cavity. Wikipedia Wikipedia:Sigmoid_colon the part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus. It forms a loop that averages about 40 cm. in length, and normally lies within the pelvis, but on account of its freedom of movement it is liable to be displaced into the abdominal cavity. FMA fundus of stomach BTO:0000502 EFO:0002554 EHDAA2:0001919 EHDAA:4844 FMA:14559 GAID:320 MA:0001612 MESH:A.03.492.766.419 OG:0000421 SCTID:362139007 The fundus is the portion of the stomach that lies above the cardiac notch[GO]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001160 UBERON:FMA_14559-MA_0001612 fundus gastricus fundus gastricus (ventricularis) fundus gastricus ventricularis fundus ventricularis fundus ventriculi galen:GastricFundus gastric fundus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png ncithesaurus:Fundus_of_the_Stomach stomach fundus BTO:0000502 fundus gastricus BTO:0000502 fundus ventricularis BTO:0000502 fundus gastricus ventricularis BTO:0000502 fundus ventriculi GO:0014825 The fundus is the portion of the stomach that lies above the cardiac notch[GO]. Wikipedia:Fundus_of_stomach body of stomach BTO:0000505 FMA:14560 MA:0002559 The body of stomach is the part of the stomach that lies between the fundus above and the pyloric antrum below; its boundaries are poorly defined[GO]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001161 UBERON:FMA_14560-MA_0002559 corpus gastricum corpus gastricum (ventriculare) corpus ventriculare corpus ventriculi galen:GastricCorpus gastric body gastric corpus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png ncithesaurus:Body_of_Stomach stomach body BTO:0000505 corpus ventriculare GO:0014845 The body of stomach is the part of the stomach that lies between the fundus above and the pyloric antrum below; its boundaries are poorly defined[GO]. Wikipedia:Body_of_stomach BTO:0000505 corpus ventriculi BTO:0000505 corpus gastricum cardia of stomach BTO:0000198 FMA:14561 GAID:319 MA:0001609 MESH:A.03.492.766.163 The opening of the esophagus into the stomach; also: the part of the stomach adjoining this opening[BTO]. The cardia is the anatomical term for the part of the stomach attached to the esophagus. The cardia begins immediately distal to the z-line of the gastroeosphageal junction, where the squamous epithelium of the esophagus gives way to the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract[WP] There were previously conflicting statements in the academic anatomy community[10][11][12] over whether the cardia is part of the stomach, part of the esophagus or a distinct entity. Modern surgical and medical textbooks have agreed that "The gastric cardia is now clearly considered to be part of the stomach"[13][14]. Classical anatomy textbooks, and some other resources[15], describe the cardia as the first of 4 regions of the stomach. This makes sense histologically because the mucosa of the cardia is the same as that of the stomach[WP]. UBERON:0001162 UBERON:0004712 UBERON:FMA_14561-MA_0001609 antrum cardiacum cardiac orifice cardiac region cardiac sphincter cardial orifice cardial part of stomach esophageal sphincter esophageal sphincter%2c lower esophageal-cardiac junction esophagogastric junction gastric cardia gastro-esophageal junction gastro-esophageal sphincter gastro-oesophageal junction gastroesophageal junction gastroesophageal sphincter http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Illu_stomach.jpg/200px-Illu_stomach.jpg lower esophageal sphincter ncithesaurus:Cardia pars cardiaca (gaster) pars cardiaca gastricae stomach cardiac region Wikipedia:Cardia esophageal sphincter%2c lower Wikipedia:Cardia esophagogastric junction Wikipedia:Cardia gastroesophageal junction Wikipedia:Cardia gastroesophageal sphincter Wikipedia:Cardia cardiac orifice Wikipedia:Cardia gastro-oesophageal junction Wikipedia:Cardia antrum cardiacum Wikipedia:Cardia gastro-esophageal sphincter Wikipedia:Cardia lower esophageal sphincter BTO:0000198 The opening of the esophagus into the stomach; also: the part of the stomach adjoining this opening[BTO]. The cardia is the anatomical term for the part of the stomach attached to the esophagus. The cardia begins immediately distal to the z-line of the gastroeosphageal junction, where the squamous epithelium of the esophagus gives way to the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract[WP] Wikipedia:Cardia Wikipedia:Cardia gastro-esophageal junction Wikipedia:Cardia cardiac sphincter Wikipedia:Cardia cardiac region Wikipedia:Cardia esophageal sphincter FMA:14561 FMA:TA pars cardiaca gastricae Wikipedia:Cardia esophageal-cardiac junction Wikipedia:Cardia cardial orifice MA:0001609 stomach cardiac region lesser curvature of stomach FMA:14572 MA:0001616 SCTID:362133008 The lesser curvature of the stomach, extending between the cardiac and pyloric orifices, forms the right or posterior border of the stomach. It descends as a continuation of the right margin of the esophagus in front of the fibers of the right crus of the diaphragm, and then, turning to the right, it crosses the first lumbar vertebra and ends at the pylorus. Nearer its pyloric than its cardiac end is a well-marked notch, the incisura angularis, which varies somewhat in position with the state of distension of the viscus; it serves to separate the stomach into a right and a left portion. The lesser curvature gives attachment to the two layers of the hepatogastric ligament, and between these two layers are the left gastric artery and the right gastric branch of the hepatic artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001163 UBERON:FMA_14572-MA_0001616 galen:LesserCurvatureOfStomach http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png ncithesaurus:Lesser_Curvature stomach lesser curvature The lesser curvature of the stomach, extending between the cardiac and pyloric orifices, forms the right or posterior border of the stomach. It descends as a continuation of the right margin of the esophagus in front of the fibers of the right crus of the diaphragm, and then, turning to the right, it crosses the first lumbar vertebra and ends at the pylorus. Nearer its pyloric than its cardiac end is a well-marked notch, the incisura angularis, which varies somewhat in position with the state of distension of the viscus; it serves to separate the stomach into a right and a left portion. The lesser curvature gives attachment to the two layers of the hepatogastric ligament, and between these two layers are the left gastric artery and the right gastric branch of the hepatic artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lesser_curvature_of_stomach greater curvature of stomach FMA:14574 MA:0001615 SCTID:362134002 The greater curvature of the stomach is directed mainly forward, and is four or five times as long as the lesser curvature. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001164 UBERON:FMA_14574-MA_0001615 galen:GreaterCurvatureOfStomach http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png ncithesaurus:Greater_Curvature stomach greater curvature The greater curvature of the stomach is directed mainly forward, and is four or five times as long as the lesser curvature. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Greater_curvature_of_stomach pyloric antrum BTO:0001732 EFO:0002555 EMAPA:17891 EMAPA:18919 FMA:14579 GAID:332 MA:0001624 MESH:A.03.492.766.716 Pyloric antrum (antrum, lesser cul-de-sac) is the initial portion of the pyloric part of the stomach. It is near the bottom of the stomach on the left side of the pyloric sphincter, which separates the stomach and the duodenum. It may temporarily become partially or completely shut off from the remainder of the stomach during digestion by peristaltic contraction of the prepyloric sphincter; it is demarcated, sometimes, from the second part of the pyloric part of the stomach by a slight groove. [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:362142001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001165 UBERON:FMA_14579-MA_0001624 antrum of Willis antrum of stomach antrum pylori antrum pyloricum galen:PyloricAntrum gastric antrum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png ncithesaurus:Antrum_Pylori stomach antrum stomach pyloric antrum BTO:0001732 antrum pylori Pyloric antrum (antrum, lesser cul-de-sac) is the initial portion of the pyloric part of the stomach. It is near the bottom of the stomach on the left side of the pyloric sphincter, which separates the stomach and the duodenum. It may temporarily become partially or completely shut off from the remainder of the stomach during digestion by peristaltic contraction of the prepyloric sphincter; it is demarcated, sometimes, from the second part of the pyloric part of the stomach by a slight groove. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pyloric_antrum BTO:0001732 antrum pyloricum BTO:0001732 antrum of Willis BTO:0001732 gastric antrum pylorus BTO:0001146 EHDAA2:0001580 EHDAA:4860 EMAPA:17631 EMAPA:18915 FMA:14581 GAID:333 MA:0002560 MESH:A.03.492.766.799 OG:0000420 SCTID:362143006 The region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum. It is divided in two parts: the pyloric antrum, which connects to the body of the stomach. the pyloric canal, which connects to the duodenum. The pyloric sphincter, or valve, is a strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal and lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from celiac ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001166 UBERON:FMA_14581-MA_0002560 galen:Pylorus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png ncithesaurus:Pylorus pars pylorica gastricae pyloric part of stomach pyloric region stomach pyloric region The region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum. It is divided in two parts: the pyloric antrum, which connects to the body of the stomach. the pyloric canal, which connects to the duodenum. The pyloric sphincter, or valve, is a strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal and lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from celiac ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pylorus FMA:14581 FMA:TA pars pylorica gastricae EHDAA2:0001580 stomach pyloric region wall of stomach An anatomical wall that is part of a stomach [Obol]. FMA:14582 MA:0002692 SCTID:279995000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001167 UBERON:FMA_14582-MA_0002692 anatomical wall of stomach anatomical wall of ventriculus galen:WallOfStomach gastric wall stomach anatomical wall stomach wall ventriculus anatomical wall ventriculus wall wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach anatomical wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of stomach OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of ventriculus An anatomical wall that is part of a stomach [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ventriculus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic ventriculus wall wall of small intestine An anatomical wall that is part of a small intestine [Obol]. FMA:14615 MA:0002696 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001168 UBERON:FMA_14615-MA_0002696 anatomical wall of small bowel anatomical wall of small intestine small bowel anatomical wall small bowel wall small intestinal wall small intestine anatomical wall small intestine wall wall of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel anatomical wall OBOL:automatic small intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel wall OBOL:automatic wall of small bowel OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of small intestine An anatomical wall that is part of a small intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic wall of large intestine An anatomical wall that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. FMA:14619 MA:0002695 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001169 UBERON:FMA_14619-MA_0002695 anatomical wall of large intestine large intestinal wall large intestine anatomical wall large intestine wall An anatomical wall that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic large intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of large intestine mesentery of small intestine FMA:14643 MA:0001555 SCTID:245456008 UBERON:0001170 UBERON:FMA_14643-MA_0001555 mesentery (proper) mesentery proper small intestinal mesentery small intestine mesentery the peritoneum responsible for connecting the jejunum and ileum (parts of the small intestine) to the back wall of the abdomen. Between the two sheets of peritoneum are blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. This allows these parts of the small intestine to move relatively freely within the abdominopelvic cavity. The brain, however, cannot map sensation accurately, so sensation is usually referred to the midline, an example of referred pain[WP]. Obol:automatic small intestine mesentery Wikipedia:Mesentery mesentery (proper) FMA:14643 mesentery proper FMA:14643 small intestinal mesentery Wikipedia:Mesentery#Mesentery_.28proper.29 the peritoneum responsible for connecting the jejunum and ileum (parts of the small intestine) to the back wall of the abdomen. Between the two sheets of peritoneum are blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. This allows these parts of the small intestine to move relatively freely within the abdominopelvic cavity. The brain, however, cannot map sensation accurately, so sensation is usually referred to the midline, an example of referred pain[WP]. FMA portal lobule FMA:14653 MA:0002498 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001171 UBERON:FMA_14653-MA_0002498 ncithesaurus:Portal_Lobule the triangular region on the periphery of the liver lobules that contain a bile duct and a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel. MP:0008992 the triangular region on the periphery of the liver lobules that contain a bile duct and a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel. hepatic acinus FMA:14654 MA:0002496 SCTID:272214009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001172 UBERON:FMA_14654-MA_0002496 liver acinus ncithesaurus:Liver_Acinus portal acinus biliary tree AAO:0011020 FMA:14665 GAID:279 Hollow tree organ, the organ parts of which consists of the bile ducts[FMA]. MA:0001273 MESH:A.03.159 SCTID:181267003 UBERON:0001173 UBERON:FMA_14665-XAO_0000455 XAO:0000455 biliary tract ncithesaurus:Biliary_Tract FMA:14665 Hollow tree organ, the organ parts of which consists of the bile ducts[FMA]. Wikipedia:Biliary_tract common bile duct EHDAA2:0000303 EHDAA:3981 EMAPA:17201 FMA:14667 GAID:282 MA:0001631 MESH:A.03.159.183.079.300 OG:0000214 SCTID:362199009 UBERON:0001174 UBERON:FMA_14667-MA_0001631 ZFA:0005165 a tube-like anatomic structure in the human gastrointestinal tract. It is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct (from the gall bladder). It is later joined by the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater. There, the two ducts are surrounded by the muscular sphincter of Oddi. ductus choledochus (biliaris) galen:CommonBileDuct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png/200px-Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png ncithesaurus:Common_Bile_Duct Wikipedia:Common_bile_duct a tube-like anatomic structure in the human gastrointestinal tract. It is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct (from the gall bladder). It is later joined by the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater. There, the two ducts are surrounded by the muscular sphincter of Oddi. common hepatic duct EMAPA:19101 FMA:14668 GAID:286 MA:0002660 MESH:A.03.159.183.079.600 OG:0000220 Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct[GAID]. The common hepatic duct is the duct formed by the convergence of the right hepatic duct (which drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver). The common hepatic duct then joins the cystic duct coming from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct[WP]. SCTID:245403006 TODO - MA distinguishes between bile duct, hepatic duct, common bile duct and common hepatic duct. in FMA hepatic duct and common hepatic duct are the same. Common is part of extra-hepatic part UBERON:0001175 UBERON:FMA_14668-ZFA_0001100 hepatic duct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Illu_liver_gallbladder.jpg/200px-Illu_liver_gallbladder.jpg ncithesaurus:Common_Hepatic_Duct Wikipedia MA Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct[GAID]. The common hepatic duct is the duct formed by the convergence of the right hepatic duct (which drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver). The common hepatic duct then joins the cystic duct coming from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct[WP]. Wikipedia:Common_hepatic_duct ZFIN:curator FMA Wikipedia right hepatic duct EHDAA2:0001727 EHDAA:3992 EMAPA:18305 EMAPA:19100 FMA:14669 MA:0001639 OG:0000217 SCTID:245401008 The duct that drains bile from the right half of the liver and joins the left hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001176 UBERON:FMA_14669-MA_0001639 ncithesaurus:Right_Hepatic_Duct The duct that drains bile from the right half of the liver and joins the left hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26034 left hepatic duct EHDAA2:0000941 EHDAA:3990 EMAPA:18304 EMAPA:19099 FMA:14670 MA:0001638 OG:0000218 SCTID:245400009 The duct that drains bile from the left half of the liver and joins the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. UBERON:0001177 UBERON:FMA_14670-MA_0001638 ncithesaurus:Left_Hepatic_Duct The duct that drains bile from the left half of the liver and joins the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26035 visceral peritoneum FMA:14703 OG:0001528 SCTID:362702003 TAO:0005132 The peritoneum that covers the external surfaces of most abdominal organs. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001178 UBERON:FMA_14703-ZFA_0005132 ZFA:0005132 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray1040.png/200px-Gray1040.png The peritoneum that covers the external surfaces of most abdominal organs. Wikipedia:Visceral_peritoneum ZFIN:curator peritoneal cavity BTO:0001782 Cavity of serous sac surrounded by the peritoneum.[FMA] EHDAA2:0001446 EMAPA:18452 EMAPA:18454 EMAPA:18461 FMA:14704 GAID:24 MA:0000054 MESH:A.01.047.025.600.678 OG:0000852 SCTID:181616008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001179 UBERON:FMA_14704-MA_0000054 cavitas peritonealis ncithesaurus:Peritoneal_Cavity BTO:0001782 cavitas peritonealis Wikipedia Cavity of serous sac surrounded by the peritoneum.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Peritoneal_cavity superior recess of lesser sac EHDAA:2343 FMA:14708 MA:0000447 SCTID:263190002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001180 UBERON:FMA_14708-MA_0000447 omental bursa superior recess recessus superior bursae omentalis recessus superior omentalis superior omental bursa superior recess of omental bursa FMA:14708 FMA:TA recessus superior bursae omentalis inferior recess of lesser sac EHDAA:6083 FMA:14709 MA:0000446 SCTID:263261002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001181 UBERON:FMA_14709-MA_0000446 inferior omental bursa inferior recess of omental bursa omental bursa inferior recess recessus inferior bursae omentalis recessus inferior omentalis FMA:14709 FMA:TA recessus inferior bursae omentalis superior mesenteric artery BTO:0002303 EHDAA2:0001949 EHDAA:3358 EHDAA:5313 EMAPA:18619 FMA:14749 GAID:502 In human anatomy, the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk, and supplies the intestine from the lower part of the duodenum through two-thirds of the transverse colon, as well as the pancreas. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002005 MESH:A.07.231.114.565.755 OG:0000754 OpenCyc:Mx4rwE5KipwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362048004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001182 UBERON:FMA_14749-MA_0002005 arteria mesenterica superior galen:SuperiorMesentericArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gray1099.png/200px-Gray1099.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Mesenteric_Artery superior mesenteric arterial tree Wikipedia In human anatomy, the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk, and supplies the intestine from the lower part of the duodenum through two-thirds of the transverse colon, as well as the pancreas. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_artery BTO:0002303 arteria mesenterica superior inferior mesenteric artery BTO:0002302 EHDAA2:0000817 EHDAA:4345 EMAPA:18618 FMA:14750 GAID:501 In human anatomy, the inferior mesenteric artery, often abbreviated as IMA, supplies the large intestine from the left colic (or splenic) flexure to the upper part of the rectum, which includes the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and part of the rectum. Proximally, its territory of distribution overlaps (forms a watershed) with the middle colic artery, and therefore the superior mesenteric artery. The SMA and IMA anastomose via the marginal artery (artery of Drummond). The territory of distribution of the IMA is more or less equivalent to the embryonic hindgut. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002004 MESH:A.07.231.114.565.510 OG:0001116 OpenCyc:Mx4rv-t-S5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181341006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001183 UBERON:FMA_14750-MA_0002004 arteria mesenterica inferior galen:InferiorMesentericArtery inferior mesenteric arterial tree ncithesaurus:Inferior_Mesenteric_Artery BTO:0002302 arteria mesenterica inferior In human anatomy, the inferior mesenteric artery, often abbreviated as IMA, supplies the large intestine from the left colic (or splenic) flexure to the upper part of the rectum, which includes the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and part of the rectum. Proximally, its territory of distribution overlaps (forms a watershed) with the middle colic artery, and therefore the superior mesenteric artery. The SMA and IMA anastomose via the marginal artery (artery of Drummond). The territory of distribution of the IMA is more or less equivalent to the embryonic hindgut. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_mesenteric_artery renal artery AAO:0010223 BTO:0001165 EFO:0002552 EHDAA2:0001600 EHDAA2:0004100 EHDAA:5321 EHDAA:8594 EMAPA:17862 EMAPA:28373 FMA:14751 GAID:507 MA:0002035 MESH:A.07.231.114.745 OpenCyc:Mx4rveOFHpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181339005 TAO:0000420 The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle with the aorta. The renal arteries carry a large portion of total blood flow to the kidneys. Up to a third of total cardiac output can pass through the renal arteries to be filtered by the kidneys. The arterial supply of the kidneys is variable and there may be one or more renal arteries supplying each kidney. It is located above the renal vein. It has a radius of approximately 0.25cm, 0.26 cm at the root. The measured mean diameter can differ depending on the imaging method used. For example, the diameter was found to be 5.04 ± 0.74 mm using ultrasound, but 5.68 ± 1.19 mm using angiography. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001184 UBERON:FMA_14751-MA_0002035-ZFA_0000420 ZFA:0000420 galen:RenalArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gray1120.png/200px-Gray1120.png ncithesaurus:Renal_Artery renal arterial tree renal arteries The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle with the aorta. The renal arteries carry a large portion of total blood flow to the kidneys. Up to a third of total cardiac output can pass through the renal arteries to be filtered by the kidneys. The arterial supply of the kidneys is variable and there may be one or more renal arteries supplying each kidney. It is located above the renal vein. It has a radius of approximately 0.25cm, 0.26 cm at the root. The measured mean diameter can differ depending on the imaging method used. For example, the diameter was found to be 5.04 ± 0.74 mm using ultrasound, but 5.68 ± 1.19 mm using angiography. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Renal_artery right renal artery FMA:14752 MA:0002037 OpenCyc:Mx4rtW8I0KgEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rveOFHpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:36800007 The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle with the aorta. The renal arteries carry a large portion of total blood flow to the kidneys. Up to a third of total cardiac output can pass through the renal arteries to be filtered by the kidneys. The arterial supply of the kidneys is variable and there may be one or more renal arteries supplying each kidney. It is located above the renal vein. It has a radius of approximately 0.25cm, 0.26 cm at the root. The measured mean diameter can differ depending on the imaging method used. For example, the diameter was found to be 5.04 ± 0.74 mm using ultrasound, but 5.68 ± 1.19 mm using angiography. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001185 UBERON:FMA_14752-MA_0002037 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gray1120.png/200px-Gray1120.png ncithesaurus:Right_Renal_Artery right renal arterial tree The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle with the aorta. The renal arteries carry a large portion of total blood flow to the kidneys. Up to a third of total cardiac output can pass through the renal arteries to be filtered by the kidneys. The arterial supply of the kidneys is variable and there may be one or more renal arteries supplying each kidney. It is located above the renal vein. It has a radius of approximately 0.25cm, 0.26 cm at the root. The measured mean diameter can differ depending on the imaging method used. For example, the diameter was found to be 5.04 ± 0.74 mm using ultrasound, but 5.68 ± 1.19 mm using angiography. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Right_renal_artery left renal artery FMA:14753 MA:0002036 OpenCyc:Mx4rtW8I0agEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rveOFHpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:19215005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001186 UBERON:FMA_14753-MA_0002036 left renal arterial tree ncithesaurus:Left_Renal_Artery testicular artery EMAPA:18621 FMA:14758 MA:0002063 SCTID:244281003 The testicular artery (the male gonadal artery, also called the internal spermatic arteries in older texts) is a branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the testis. It is a paired artery, with one for each of the testes. It is the male equivalent of the ovarian artery. Because the testis is found in a different location than that of its female equivalent, it has a different course than the ovarian artery. They are two slender vessels of considerable length, and arise from the front of the aorta a little below the renal arteries. Each passes obliquely downward and lateralward behind the peritoneum, resting on the Psoas major, the right spermatic lying in front of the inferior vena cava and behind the middle colic and ileocolic arteries and the terminal part of the ileum, the left behind the left colic and sigmoid arteries and the iliac colon. Each crosses obliquely over the ureter and the lower part of the external iliac artery to reach the abdominal inguinal ring, through which it passes, and accompanies the other constituents of the spermatic cord along the inguinal canal to the scrotum, where it becomes tortuous, and divides into several branches. Two or three of these accompany the ductus deferens, and supply the epididymis, anastomosing with the artery of the ductus deferens; others pierce the back part of the tunica albuginea, and supply the substance of the testis. The internal spermatic artery supplies one or two small branches to the ureter, and in the inguinal canal gives one or two twigs to the Cremaster. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001187 UBERON:FMA_14758-MA_0002063 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gray531.png/200px-Gray531.png testicular arterial tree The testicular artery (the male gonadal artery, also called the internal spermatic arteries in older texts) is a branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the testis. It is a paired artery, with one for each of the testes. It is the male equivalent of the ovarian artery. Because the testis is found in a different location than that of its female equivalent, it has a different course than the ovarian artery. They are two slender vessels of considerable length, and arise from the front of the aorta a little below the renal arteries. Each passes obliquely downward and lateralward behind the peritoneum, resting on the Psoas major, the right spermatic lying in front of the inferior vena cava and behind the middle colic and ileocolic arteries and the terminal part of the ileum, the left behind the left colic and sigmoid arteries and the iliac colon. Each crosses obliquely over the ureter and the lower part of the external iliac artery to reach the abdominal inguinal ring, through which it passes, and accompanies the other constituents of the spermatic cord along the inguinal canal to the scrotum, where it becomes tortuous, and divides into several branches. Two or three of these accompany the ductus deferens, and supply the epididymis, anastomosing with the artery of the ductus deferens; others pierce the back part of the tunica albuginea, and supply the substance of the testis. The internal spermatic artery supplies one or two small branches to the ureter, and in the inguinal canal gives one or two twigs to the Cremaster. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Testicular_artery right testicular artery FMA:14759 MA:0002042 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001188 UBERON:FMA_14759-MA_0002042 ncithesaurus:Right_Spermatic_Artery right spermatic artery trunk of right testicular arterial tree left testicular artery FMA:14760 MA:0002041 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001189 UBERON:FMA_14760-MA_0002041 left spermatic artery ncithesaurus:Left_Spermatic_Artery trunk of left testicular arterial tree ovarian artery EMAPA:18620 FMA:14761 In human anatomy, the ovarian artery is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the ovary. It arises from the abdominal aorta below the renal artery, and does not pass out of the abdominal cavity. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002012 OpenCyc:Mx4rwOa9PZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244280002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001190 UBERON:FMA_14761-MA_0002012 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gray1170.png/200px-Gray1170.png ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Artery ovarian arterial tree In human anatomy, the ovarian artery is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the ovary. It arises from the abdominal aorta below the renal artery, and does not pass out of the abdominal cavity. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ovarian_artery common iliac artery BTO:0004665 EHDAA2:0000311 EHDAA:2553 EMAPA:17310 FMA:14764 MA:0001972 OpenCyc:Mx4rvkZ7ZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362050007 The common iliac arteries are two large arteries, about 4cm long in adults but more than a centimetre in diameter, that originate from the aortic bifurcation. The arteries run inferolaterally, along the medial border of the psoas muscles to the pelvic brim, where they bifurcate into the external iliac artery and internal iliac artery. The common iliac artery, and all of its branches, exist as paired structures (that is to say, there is one on the left side and one on the right). The distribution of the common iliac artery is basically the pelvis and lower limb on the corresponding side. Both common iliac arteries are accompanied along their course by common iliac veins. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001191 UBERON:FMA_14764-MA_0001972 XAO:0000361 common iliac arterial tree http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Iliac_artery_bifurcation_and_aorta.PNG/200px-Iliac_artery_bifurcation_and_aorta.PNG ncithesaurus:Common_Iliac_Artery The common iliac arteries are two large arteries, about 4cm long in adults but more than a centimetre in diameter, that originate from the aortic bifurcation. The arteries run inferolaterally, along the medial border of the psoas muscles to the pelvic brim, where they bifurcate into the external iliac artery and internal iliac artery. The common iliac artery, and all of its branches, exist as paired structures (that is to say, there is one on the left side and one on the right). The distribution of the common iliac artery is basically the pelvis and lower limb on the corresponding side. Both common iliac arteries are accompanied along their course by common iliac veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Common_iliac_artery left gastric artery FMA:14768 In human anatomy, the left gastric artery arises from the celiac artery, and runs along the superior portion of the lesser curvature of the stomach. Branches also supply the lower esophagus. The left gastric artery anastomoses with the right gastric artery, which supplies the inferior portion. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001961 OpenCyc:Mx4rwMjqKZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244267000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001192 UBERON:FMA_14768-MA_0001961 galen:LeftGastricArtery gastric artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray532.png/200px-Gray532.png ncithesaurus:Gastric_Artery In human anatomy, the left gastric artery arises from the celiac artery, and runs along the superior portion of the lesser curvature of the stomach. Branches also supply the lower esophagus. The left gastric artery anastomoses with the right gastric artery, which supplies the inferior portion. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Left_gastric_artery hepatic artery . BTO:0004307 EMAPA:17859 FMA:14769 GAID:496 MA:0001963 MESH:A.07.231.114.407 OpenCyc:Mx4rvzKtFpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:76015000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001193 UBERON:FMA_14769-MA_0001963 ZFA:0005161 galen:HepaticArtery ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Artery . Wikipedia:Hepatic_artery splenic artery EMAPA:19216 FMA:14773 GAID:510 In anatomy, the splenic artery (in the past called the lienal artery) is the blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the spleen. It branches from the celiac artery, and follows a course superior to the pancreas. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001991 MESH:A.07.231.114.814 OpenCyc:Mx4rv0cb2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244266009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001194 UBERON:FMA_14773-MA_0001991 galen:SplenicArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gray1188.png/200px-Gray1188.png lienal artery ncithesaurus:Splenic_Artery In anatomy, the splenic artery (in the past called the lienal artery) is the blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the spleen. It branches from the celiac artery, and follows a course superior to the pancreas. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Splenic_artery inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery FMA:14805 MA:0002014 SCTID:244273004 The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery or from its first intestinal branch, opposite the upper border of the inferior part of the duodenum. It courses to the right between the head of the pancreas and duodenum, and then ascends to anastomose with the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. It distributes branches to the head of the pancreas and to the descending and inferior parts of the duodenum. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001195 UBERON:FMA_14805-MA_0002014 inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery ncithesaurus:Inferior_Pancreatico-duodenal_artery The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery or from its first intestinal branch, opposite the upper border of the inferior part of the duodenum. It courses to the right between the head of the pancreas and duodenum, and then ascends to anastomose with the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. It distributes branches to the head of the pancreas and to the descending and inferior parts of the duodenum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_pancreaticoduodenal_artery middle colic artery FMA:14810 MA:0002007 SCTID:244276007 The middle colic artery is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that mostly supplies the transverse colon. It arises just below the pancreas, and, passing downward and forward between the layers of the transverse mesocolon, divides into two branches: right and left. The right branch anastomoses with the right colic artery The left branch anastomoses with the left colic artery, a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery. The arches thus formed are placed about two fingers’ breadth from the transverse colon, to which they distribute branches. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001196 UBERON:FMA_14810-MA_0002007 galen:MiddleColicArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gray537.png/200px-Gray537.png ncithesaurus:Middle_Colic_Artery The middle colic artery is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that mostly supplies the transverse colon. It arises just below the pancreas, and, passing downward and forward between the layers of the transverse mesocolon, divides into two branches: right and left. The right branch anastomoses with the right colic artery The left branch anastomoses with the left colic artery, a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery. The arches thus formed are placed about two fingers’ breadth from the transverse colon, to which they distribute branches. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Middle_colic_artery ileocolic artery FMA:14815 MA:0001970 SCTID:244279000 The Ileocolic Artery is the lowest branch arising from the concavity of the superior mesenteric artery. It passes downward and to the right behind the peritoneum toward the right iliac fossa, where it divides into a superior and an inferior branch; the inferior anastomoses with the end of the superior mesenteric artery, the superior with the right colic artery. Supplies the cecum, ileum, and appendix. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001197 UBERON:FMA_14815-MA_0001970 galen:IleocolicArtery ncithesaurus:Ileo-colic_Artery The Ileocolic Artery is the lowest branch arising from the concavity of the superior mesenteric artery. It passes downward and to the right behind the peritoneum toward the right iliac fossa, where it divides into a superior and an inferior branch; the inferior anastomoses with the end of the superior mesenteric artery, the superior with the right colic artery. Supplies the cecum, ileum, and appendix. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ileocolic_artery superior suprarenal artery Each (left and right) superior suprarenal artery is a branch of the inferior phrenic artery on that side of the body. The left and right phrenic arteries supply the diaphragm, and come off the aorta. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:14863 MA:0002057 SCTID:303424001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001198 UBERON:FMA_14863-MA_0002057 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gray1121.png/200px-Gray1121.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Suprarenal_Artery superior adrenal branch of inferior phrenic artery superior suprarenal branch of inferior phrenic artery Each (left and right) superior suprarenal artery is a branch of the inferior phrenic artery on that side of the body. The left and right phrenic arteries supply the diaphragm, and come off the aorta. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_suprarenal_artery mucosa of stomach BTO:0001308 FMA:14907 GAID:321 MA:0002683 MESH:A.03.492.766.440 Magenschleimhaut OpenCyc:Mx8NhB4rvcD6KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvmKNOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVj5FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjlqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362131005 The gastric mucosa is the mucous membrane layer of the stomach which contains the glands and the gastric pits. In men it is about 1 mm thick and its surface is smooth, soft, and velvety. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae. In its fresh state, it is of a pinkish tinge at the pyloric end and of a red or reddish-brown color over the rest of its surface. In infancy it is of a brighter hue, the vascular redness being more marked. It is thin at the cardiac extremity, but thicker toward the pylorus. During the contracted state of the organ it is thrown into numerous plaits or rugae, which, for the most part, have a longitudinal direction, and are most marked toward the pyloric end of the stomach, and along the greater curvature. These folds are entirely obliterated when the organ becomes distended. When examined with a lens, the inner surface of the mucous membrane presents a peculiar honeycomb appearance from being covered with funnel-like depressions or foveolae of a polygonal or hexagonal form, which vary from 0.12 to 0.25 mm. in diameter. These are the ducts of the gastric glands, and at the bottom of each may be seen one or more minute orifices, the openings of the gland tubes. Gastric glands are simple or branched tubular glands that emerge on the deeper part of the gastric foveola, inside the gastric areas and outlined by the folds of the mucosa. There are three types of glands: cardiac glands (in the proximal part of the stomach), oxyntic glands (the dominating type of gland), and pyloric glands. The cardiac glands mainly contain mucus producing cells. The bottom part of the oxyntic glands is dominated by zymogen (chief) cells that produce pepsinogen (an inactive precursor of the pepsin enzyme). Parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid are scattered in the glands, with most of them in the middle part. The upper part of the glands consist of mucous neck cells; in this part the dividing cells are seen. The pyloric glands contain mucus-secreting cells. Several types of endocrine cells are found in all regions of the gastric mucosa. In the pyloric glands contain gastrin producing cells (G cells); this hormone stimulates acid production from the parietal cells. ECL (enterochromaffine-like) cells, found in the oxyntic glands release histamine, which also is a powerful stimulant of the acid secretion. The A cells produce glucagon, which mobilizes the hepatic glycogen, and the enterochromaffin cells that produce serotonin, which stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscles. The surface of the mucous membrane is covered by a single layer of columnar epithelium . This epithelium commences very abruptly at the cardiac orifice, where there is a sudden transition from the stratified epithelium of the esophagus. The epithelial lining of the gland ducts is of the same character and is continuous with the general epithelial lining of the stomach. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001199 UBERON:FMA_14907-MA_0002683 galen:GastricMucosa gastric mucosa gastric mucous membrane http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Illu_stomach2.jpg/200px-Illu_stomach2.jpg mucosa of organ of stomach mucosa of organ of ventriculus mucosa of ventriculus mucous membrane of stomach mucous membrane of ventriculus ncithesaurus:Gastric_Mucosa organ mucosa of stomach organ mucosa of ventriculus stomach mucosa stomach mucosa of organ stomach mucous membrane stomach organ mucosa tunica mucosa (gaster) tunica mucosa gastricae tunica mucosa gastris ventriculus mucosa ventriculus mucosa of organ ventriculus mucous membrane ventriculus organ mucosa BTO:0001308 tunica mucosa gastris OBOL:automatic ventriculus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of stomach OBOL:automatic ventriculus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ventriculus OBOL:automatic ventriculus organ mucosa FMA:14907 FMA:TA tunica mucosa gastricae The gastric mucosa is the mucous membrane layer of the stomach which contains the glands and the gastric pits. In men it is about 1 mm thick and its surface is smooth, soft, and velvety. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae. In its fresh state, it is of a pinkish tinge at the pyloric end and of a red or reddish-brown color over the rest of its surface. In infancy it is of a brighter hue, the vascular redness being more marked. It is thin at the cardiac extremity, but thicker toward the pylorus. During the contracted state of the organ it is thrown into numerous plaits or rugae, which, for the most part, have a longitudinal direction, and are most marked toward the pyloric end of the stomach, and along the greater curvature. These folds are entirely obliterated when the organ becomes distended. When examined with a lens, the inner surface of the mucous membrane presents a peculiar honeycomb appearance from being covered with funnel-like depressions or foveolae of a polygonal or hexagonal form, which vary from 0.12 to 0.25 mm. in diameter. These are the ducts of the gastric glands, and at the bottom of each may be seen one or more minute orifices, the openings of the gland tubes. Gastric glands are simple or branched tubular glands that emerge on the deeper part of the gastric foveola, inside the gastric areas and outlined by the folds of the mucosa. There are three types of glands: cardiac glands (in the proximal part of the stomach), oxyntic glands (the dominating type of gland), and pyloric glands. The cardiac glands mainly contain mucus producing cells. The bottom part of the oxyntic glands is dominated by zymogen (chief) cells that produce pepsinogen (an inactive precursor of the pepsin enzyme). Parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid are scattered in the glands, with most of them in the middle part. The upper part of the glands consist of mucous neck cells; in this part the dividing cells are seen. The pyloric glands contain mucus-secreting cells. Several types of endocrine cells are found in all regions of the gastric mucosa. In the pyloric glands contain gastrin producing cells (G cells); this hormone stimulates acid production from the parietal cells. ECL (enterochromaffine-like) cells, found in the oxyntic glands release histamine, which also is a powerful stimulant of the acid secretion. The A cells produce glucagon, which mobilizes the hepatic glycogen, and the enterochromaffin cells that produce serotonin, which stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscles. The surface of the mucous membrane is covered by a single layer of columnar epithelium . This epithelium commences very abruptly at the cardiac orifice, where there is a sudden transition from the stratified epithelium of the esophagus. The epithelial lining of the gland ducts is of the same character and is continuous with the general epithelial lining of the stomach. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Gastric_mucosa BTO:0001308 Magenschleimhaut OBOL:automatic ventriculus mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of stomach OBOL:automatic mucosa of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach organ mucosa submucosa of stomach A submucosa that is part of a stomach [Obol]. BTO:0002110 FMA:14908 MA:0002685 SCTID:52459002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001200 UBERON:FMA_14908-MA_0002685 gastric submucosa ncithesaurus:Gastric_Submucosa stomach submucosa submucosa of ventriculus tela submucosa (gaster) ventriculus submucosa OBOL:automatic ventriculus submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of ventriculus A submucosa that is part of a stomach [Obol]. OBOL:automatic serosa of stomach A serous membrane that is part of a wall of stomach [Obol]. FMA:14914 MA:0001626 SCTID:1353004 TODO - check serosa/peritoneum UBERON:0001201 UBERON:FMA_14914-MA_0001626 anatomical wall of stomach serosa anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane anatomical wall of ventriculus serosa anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane gastric serosa gastric wall serosa gastric wall serous membrane serosa of anatomical wall of stomach serosa of anatomical wall of ventriculus serosa of gastric wall serosa of stomach anatomical wall serosa of stomach wall serosa of ventriculus anatomical wall serosa of ventriculus wall serosa of wall of stomach serosa of wall of ventriculus serous coat of stomach serous membrane of anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane of anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane of gastric wall serous membrane of stomach anatomical wall serous membrane of stomach wall serous membrane of ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane of ventriculus wall serous membrane of wall of stomach serous membrane of wall of ventriculus stomach anatomical wall serosa stomach anatomical wall serous membrane stomach serosa stomach wall serosa stomach wall serous membrane tunica serosa (gaster) tunica serosa gastricae ventriculus anatomical wall serosa ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane ventriculus wall serosa ventriculus wall serous membrane visceral peritoneum of stomach wall of stomach serosa wall of stomach serous membrane wall of ventriculus serosa wall of ventriculus serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of ventriculus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic wall of ventriculus serosa OBOL:automatic ventriculus wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic stomach anatomical wall serosa OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane OBOL:automatic wall of stomach serosa OBOL:automatic serous membrane of stomach anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of ventriculus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of wall of stomach OBOL:automatic serosa of ventriculus wall OBOL:automatic gastric wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic ventriculus anatomical wall serosa OBOL:automatic serous membrane of anatomical wall of ventriculus A serous membrane that is part of a wall of stomach [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic stomach wall serosa OBOL:automatic serous membrane of gastric wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of stomach serosa OBOL:automatic serosa of stomach wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of ventriculus serosa OBOL:automatic serous membrane of ventriculus wall OBOL:automatic serosa of stomach anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of stomach wall OBOL:automatic ventriculus wall serosa OBOL:automatic serosa of wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic serosa of anatomical wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic gastric wall serosa OBOL:automatic serous membrane of anatomical wall of stomach OBOL:automatic stomach anatomical wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of gastric wall OBOL:automatic serosa of wall of stomach OBOL:automatic stomach wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic wall of ventriculus serous membrane OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane FMA:14914 FMA:TA tunica serosa gastricae OBOL:automatic serosa of anatomical wall of stomach OBOL:automatic wall of stomach serous membrane pyloric sphincter AAO:0011093 EMAPA:19251 FMA:14916 MA:0002952 OG:0001466 OpenCyc:Mx4rvly2ZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:268073008 Sphincter muscle that is part of the pyloric region of the stomach. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001202 UBERON:FMA_14916-XAO_0000457 XAO:0000457 ncithesaurus:Pyloric_Sphincter pyloric valve [Wikipedia:Pylorus pyloric valve OBOL:automatic Sphincter muscle that is part of the pyloric region of the stomach. muscularis mucosae of stomach FMA:14924 MA:0002684 SCTID:64551004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001203 UBERON:FMA_14924-MA_0002684 lamina muscularis mucosae (tunica mucosa)(gaster) lamina muscularis of gastric mucosa muscular coat of stomach stomach muscularis mucosa tunica muscularis gastricae FMA:14924 FMA:TA tunica muscularis gastricae mucosa of small intestine A mucosa that is part of a small intestine [Obol]. BTO:0001259 FMA:14933 MA:0002686 SCTID:362144000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001204 UBERON:FMA_14933-MA_0002686 mucosa of organ of small bowel mucosa of organ of small intestine mucosa of small bowel mucous membrane of small bowel mucous membrane of small intestine ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Mucosa organ mucosa of small bowel organ mucosa of small intestine small bowel mucosa small bowel mucosa of organ small bowel mucous membrane small bowel organ mucosa small intestinal mucosa small intestine mucosa small intestine mucosa of organ small intestine mucous membrane small intestine organ mucosa tunica mucosa (intestinum tenue) tunica mucosa intestini tenuis OBOL:automatic small intestine organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a small intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of small intestine OBOL:automatic mucosa of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic small bowel mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of small intestine OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel mucous membrane FMA:14933 FMA:TA tunica mucosa intestini tenuis OBOL:automatic small intestine mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of small bowel submucosa of small intestine . FMA:14934 MA:0001562 SCTID:691000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001205 UBERON:FMA_14934-MA_0001562 ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Submucosa small bowel submucosa small intestinal submucosa small intestine submucosa submucosa of small bowel tela submucosa (intestinum tenue) OBOL:automatic small bowel submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of small bowel . Wikipedia:Small_intestinal_submucosa serosa of small intestine A serous membrane that is part of a small intestine [Obol]. FMA:14938 MA:0001558 SCTID:8266009 TODO - check serosa/peritoneum UBERON:0001206 UBERON:FMA_14938-MA_0001558 serosa of small bowel serous coat of small intestine serous membrane of small bowel serous membrane of small intestine small bowel serosa small bowel serous membrane small intestinal serosa small intestine serosa small intestine serous membrane tunica serosa (intestinum tenue) tunica serosa intestini tenuis visceral peritoneum of small intestine OBOL:automatic small bowel serous membrane FMA:14938 FMA:TA tunica serosa intestini tenuis OBOL:automatic serous membrane of small bowel OBOL:automatic small intestine serous membrane OBOL:automatic small bowel serosa OBOL:automatic serosa of small bowel OBOL:automatic serous membrane of small intestine A serous membrane that is part of a small intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of large intestine A mucosa that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. FMA:14969 MA:0002688 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001207 UBERON:FMA_14969-MA_0002688 large intestinal mucosa large intestine mucosa large intestine mucosa of organ large intestine mucous membrane large intestine organ mucosa mucosa of organ of large intestine mucous membrane of large intestine ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Mucosa organ mucosa of large intestine tunica mucosa intestini crassi OBOL:automatic large intestine mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of large intestine OBOL:automatic large intestine organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of large intestine A mucosa that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:14969 FMA:TA tunica mucosa intestini crassi OBOL:automatic large intestine mucous membrane submucosa of large intestine A submucosa that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. BTO:0002111 FMA:14970 MA:0002690 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001208 UBERON:FMA_14970-MA_0002690 large intestinal submucosa large intestine submucosa ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Submucosa A submucosa that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic serosa of large intestine A serous membrane that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. FMA:14975 MA:0001546 TODO - check serosa/peritoneum UBERON:0001209 UBERON:FMA_14975-MA_0001546 large intestinal serosa large intestine serosa large intestine serous membrane serous coat of large intestine serous membrane of large intestine tunica serosa intestini crassi visceral peritoneum of large intestine A serous membrane that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:14975 FMA:TA tunica serosa intestini crassi OBOL:automatic large intestine serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of large intestine muscularis mucosae of small intestine FMA:15051 MA:0002687 SCTID:36401004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001210 UBERON:FMA_15051-MA_0002687 lamina muscularis mucosae (tunica mucosa)(intestinum tenue) lamina muscularis of small intestine mucous membrane ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Muscularis_Mucosa small intestine muscularis mucosa Peyer's patch BTO:0001784 EFO:0001381 EMAPA:19028 FMA:76466 GAID:950 MA:0000137 MESH:A.10.549.598 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001211 UBERON:FMA_15054-MA_0000137 aggregated lymphoid nodules of small intestine aggregations of lymphoid tissue that are usually found in the lowest portion of the small intestine ileum in humans; as such, they differentiate the ileum from the duodenum and jejunum // nodular lymphoid structures on the serosal surface of the small intestine. noduli lymphoidei aggregati intestini tenuis peyer's patches FMA:76466 FMA:TA noduli lymphoidei aggregati intestini tenuis FMA:76466 aggregated lymphoid nodules of small intestine Wikipedia:Peyer's_patch aggregations of lymphoid tissue that are usually found in the lowest portion of the small intestine ileum in humans; as such, they differentiate the ileum from the duodenum and jejunum // nodular lymphoid structures on the serosal surface of the small intestine. FMA:76466 peyer's patches duodenal gland BTO:0002376 Brunner's gland FMA:15060 GAID:314 MA:0001551 MESH:A.03.492.411.620.270.322 SCTID:41298001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001212 UBERON:FMA_15060-MA_0001551 compound tubular submucosal glands found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter (Sphincter of Oddi). The main function of these glands is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate)[WP]. gland of Brunner glandula duodenales glandula duodenales Brunneri ncithesaurus:Brunner_s_Gland Brunner's gland FMA:15060 FMA:15060 gland of Brunner Wikipedia:Brunner's_glands compound tubular submucosal glands found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter (Sphincter of Oddi). The main function of these glands is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate)[WP]. BTO:0002376 glandula duodenales Brunneri BTO:0002376 glandula duodenales intestinal villus BTO:0003121 FMA:15072 SCTID:23230007 TAO:0005125 The entire digestive tract is lined by well developed villi, which are longest in the intestinal bulb and decrease progressively in size towards the caudal end of the intestine. No crypts are present, but, the regions between the villi, the intervillus pockets, have a crypt-like function. Cells are produced in the intervillus pockets and shed from the villus tips.<a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-050209-3'>Crosnier et al. 2005</a> This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001213 UBERON:FMA_15072-ZFA_0005125 ZFA:0005125 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Small_intestine_low_mag.jpg/200px-Small_intestine_low_mag.jpg ncithesaurus:Villus villus villus intestinalis (intestinum tenue) BTO:0003121 villus The entire digestive tract is lined by well developed villi, which are longest in the intestinal bulb and decrease progressively in size towards the caudal end of the intestine. No crypts are present, but, the regions between the villi, the intervillus pockets, have a crypt-like function. Cells are produced in the intervillus pockets and shed from the villus tips.<a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-050209-3'>Crosnier et al. 2005</a> Wikipedia:Intestinal_villus ZFIN:curator pancreatic tributary of splenic vein FMA:15388 MA:0002189 SCTID:264492008 The pancreatic veins consist of several small vessels which drain the body and tail of the pancreas, and open into the trunk of the great pancreatic vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001214 UBERON:FMA_15388-MA_0002189 ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Vein pancreatic vein FMA/obol The pancreatic veins consist of several small vessels which drain the body and tail of the pancreas, and open into the trunk of the great pancreatic vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pancreatic_vein inferior mesenteric vein BTO:0002782 EHDAA2:0000819 EHDAA:8712 EMAPA:18642 FMA:15391 In human anatomy, the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the large intestine. It usually terminates when reaching the splenic vein, which goes on to form the portal vein with the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). Anatomical variations include the IMV draining into the confluence of the SMV and splenic vein and the IMV draining in the SMV. The IMV lies to the right of the similarly name artery, the inferior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002178 OG:0001118 OpenCyc:Mx4rvcV53ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281055007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001215 UBERON:FMA_15391-MA_0002178 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gray591.png/200px-Gray591.png lower mesenteric vein ncithesaurus:Inferior_Mesenteric_Vein BTO:0002782 lower mesenteric vein In human anatomy, the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the large intestine. It usually terminates when reaching the splenic vein, which goes on to form the portal vein with the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). Anatomical variations include the IMV draining into the confluence of the SMV and splenic vein and the IMV draining in the SMV. The IMV lies to the right of the similarly name artery, the inferior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_mesenteric_vein FMA/obol jejunal vein FMA:15402 MA:0002153 The jejunal veins are tributaries of the superior mesenteric vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001216 UBERON:FMA_15402-MA_0002153 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gray591.png/200px-Gray591.png The jejunal veins are tributaries of the superior mesenteric vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Jejunal_veins FMA/obol ileal vein FMA:15405 MA:0002140 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001217 UBERON:FMA_15405-MA_0002140 ncithesaurus:Ileal_Vein FMA/obol middle colic vein FMA:15406 MA:0002181 OpenCyc:Mx4rvywYIpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:9018004 The middle colic vein drains the transverse colon. It is a tributary of the superior mesenteric vein, and follows the path of its corresponding artery, the middle colic artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001218 UBERON:FMA_15406-MA_0002181 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gray591.png/200px-Gray591.png vena colica media (intermedia) The middle colic vein drains the transverse colon. It is a tributary of the superior mesenteric vein, and follows the path of its corresponding artery, the middle colic artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Middle_colic_vein FMA/obol ileocolic vein FMA:15408 MA:0002141 SCTID:36208008 The ileocolic vein is a vein which drains the ileum, colon, and cecum. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001219 UBERON:FMA_15408-MA_0002141 ncithesaurus:Ileocolic_Vein FMA/obol The ileocolic vein is a vein which drains the ileum, colon, and cecum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ileocolic_vein quadratus lumborum EMAPA:18524 FMA:15569 MA:0002362 OpenCyc:Mx4rvj1wcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The Quadratus lumborum is irregular and quadrilateral in shape, and broader below than above. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001220 UBERON:FMA_15569-MA_0002362 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gray1124.png/200px-Gray1124.png muscle of posterior abdominal wall ncithesaurus:Quadratus_Lumborum The Quadratus lumborum is irregular and quadrilateral in shape, and broader below than above. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Quadratus_lumborum transversus abdominis EHDAA2:0002078 EHDAA:8254 EMAPA:18165 FMA:15570 MA:0002396 OG:0000845 The transversus abdominis muscle, also known as the transversalis muscle and transverse abdominal muscle, is a muscle layer of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall which is just deep to (layered below) the internal oblique muscle. It is thought to be a major muscle of the functional core of the human body; although some argue that due to its small cross-sectional area, it cannot generate the forces required to be a prime core stabilizer. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001221 UBERON:FMA_15570-MA_0002396 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Illu_trunk_muscles.jpg/200px-Illu_trunk_muscles.jpg musculus transversus abdominis ncithesaurus:Transversus_Abdominis transverse abdominal FMA:15570 FMA:TA musculus transversus abdominis The transversus abdominis muscle, also known as the transversalis muscle and transverse abdominal muscle, is a muscle layer of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall which is just deep to (layered below) the internal oblique muscle. It is thought to be a major muscle of the functional core of the human body; although some argue that due to its small cross-sectional area, it cannot generate the forces required to be a prime core stabilizer. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Transversus_abdominis right ureter A ureter that is part of a right side of organism [Obol]. FMA:15571 MA:0001685 SCTID:276251000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001222 UBERON:FMA_15571-MA_0001685 ncithesaurus:Right_Ureter A ureter that is part of a right side of organism [Obol]. OBOL:automatic left ureter A ureter that is part of a left side of organism [Obol]. FMA:15572 MA:0001684 SCTID:276340002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001223 UBERON:FMA_15572-MA_0001684 ncithesaurus:Left_Ureter A ureter that is part of a left side of organism [Obol]. OBOL:automatic renal pelvis EMAPA:17948 FMA:15575 GAID:426 MA:0000374 MESH:A.05.810.453.537 SCTID:362221007 UBERON:0001224 UBERON:FMA_15575-MA_0000374 funnel-like dilated proximal part of the ureter in the kidney. galen:RenalPelvis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Illu_kidney2.jpg/200px-Illu_kidney2.jpg kidney pelvis ncithesaurus:Renal_Pelvis pelvis of ureter Wikipedia:Renal_pelvis funnel-like dilated proximal part of the ureter in the kidney. cortex of kidney BTO:0001166 EMAPA:17952 FMA:15581 GAID:424 MA:0000372 MESH:A.05.810.453.324 Region of parenchyma of kidney representing the outer portion.[FMA] SCTID:362211004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001225 UBERON:FMA_15581-MA_0000372 cortex renalis galen:CortexOfKidney http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Illu_kidney.jpg/200px-Illu_kidney.jpg kidney cortex ncithesaurus:Renal_Cortex renal cortex FMA:FMA Region of parenchyma of kidney representing the outer portion.[FMA] Wikipedia:Kidney_cortex FMA:15581 FMA:TA cortex renalis major calyx EMAPA:18677 FMA:15613 MA:0001644 SCTID:1106008 The major calyx, in the kidney, surrounds the apex of the malpighian pyramids. Urine formed in the kidney passes through a papilla at the apex into a minor calyx then into major calyx before passing through the renal pelvis into the ureter. Peristalsis of the smooth muscle originating in pace-maker cells originating in the walls of the calyces propels urine through the pelvis and ureters to the bladder. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001226 UBERON:FMA_15613-MA_0001644 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png/200px-Kidney_PioM.png major calix The major calyx, in the kidney, surrounds the apex of the malpighian pyramids. Urine formed in the kidney passes through a papilla at the apex into a minor calyx then into major calyx before passing through the renal pelvis into the ureter. Peristalsis of the smooth muscle originating in pace-maker cells originating in the walls of the calyces propels urine through the pelvis and ureters to the bladder. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Major_calyx minor calyx EMAPA:18678 FMA:15614 MA:0001645 SCTID:26293004 The minor calyx, in the kidney, surrounds the apex of the malpighian pyramids. Urine formed in the kidney passes through a papilla at the apex into the minor calyx then into the major calyx. Peristalsis of the smooth muscle originating in pace-maker cells originating in the walls of the calyces propels urine through the pelvis and ureters to the bladder. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001227 UBERON:FMA_15614-MA_0001645 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png/200px-Kidney_PioM.png minor calix The minor calyx, in the kidney, surrounds the apex of the malpighian pyramids. Urine formed in the kidney passes through a papilla at the apex into the minor calyx then into the major calyx. Peristalsis of the smooth muscle originating in pace-maker cells originating in the walls of the calyces propels urine through the pelvis and ureters to the bladder. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Minor_calyx renal papilla BTO:0003925 FMA:15622 In the kidney, the renal papilla is the location where the Medullary pyramids empty urine into the renal pelvis. Histologically it is marked by medullary collecting ducts converging to channel the fluid. Transitional epithelium begins to be seen. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002730 MESH:A.05.810.453.466 SCTID:362214007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001228 UBERON:FMA_15622-MA_0002730 galen:RenalPapilla http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png/200px-Kidney_PioM.png ncithesaurus:Renal_Papilla In the kidney, the renal papilla is the location where the Medullary pyramids empty urine into the renal pelvis. Histologically it is marked by medullary collecting ducts converging to channel the fluid. Transitional epithelium begins to be seen. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Renal_papilla renal corpuscle BTO:0000333 EV:0100385 FMA:15625 In the kidney, a renal corpuscle is the initial blood-filtering component of a nephron. It consists of two structures: a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule. The glomerulus is a small tuft of capillaries containing two cell types. Endothelial cells, which have large fenestrae, are not covered by diaphragms. Mesangial cells are modified smooth muscle cells that lie between the capillaries and the glomerulus. They regulate blood flow by their contractile activity and secrete extracellular matrix, prostaglandins, and cytokines. Mesangial cells also have phagocytic activity, removing proteins and other molecules trapped in the glomerular basement membrane or filtration barrier. The Bowman's capsule has an outer parietal layer composed of simple squamous epithelium. The visceral layer, composed of modified simple squamous epithelium, is lined by podocytes. Podocytes have foot processes, pedicels, that wrap around glomerular capillaries. These pedicels interdigitate with pedicels of adjacent podocytes forming filtration slits. The renal corpuscle filtration barrier is composed of: the fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries, the fused basal lamina of endothelial cells and podocytes, and the filtration slits of the podocytes. This barrier permits passage of water, ions, and small molecules from the bloodstream into Bowman's space (the space between the visceral and parietal layers). Large and/or negatively charged proteins are prevented from passing into Bowman's space, thus retaining these proteins in the circulation. The basal lamina is composed of 3 layers: lamina rara externa, lamina densa, and lamina rara interna. The lamina rara externa is adjacent to the podocyte processes. The lamina densa is the central layer consisting of type IV collagen and laminin. This layer acts as a selective macromolecular filter, preventing the passage of large protein molecules into Bowman's space. The lamina rara intena is adjacent to endothelial cells. This layer contains heparan sulfate, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan that contributes to the electrostatic barrier of the glomerular filter. There are two poles in the renal corpuscle, a vascular pole, and a urinary pole. The vascular pole is where the afferent and efferent arterioles communicate with the glomerulus. The urinary pole is where the corpuscle opens into the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule. Fluid from blood in the glomerulus is collected in the Bowman's capsule to form 'glomerular filtrate', which is then further processed along the nephron to form urine. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000376 Malpighian corpuscle OG:0001262 SCTID:361329009 Together, the Bowmans capsule and the glomerulus comprise the definitive renal corpuscle. http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron UBERON:0001229 UBERON:FMA_15625-MA_0000376 ZFA:0005281 corpusculum renale cortical renal corpuscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Renal_corpuscle.svg/200px-Renal_corpuscle.svg.png malphighian corpuscle malphigian corpuscle ncithesaurus:Renal_Corpuscle Malpighian corpuscle ZFA:0005281 In the kidney, a renal corpuscle is the initial blood-filtering component of a nephron. It consists of two structures: a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule. The glomerulus is a small tuft of capillaries containing two cell types. Endothelial cells, which have large fenestrae, are not covered by diaphragms. Mesangial cells are modified smooth muscle cells that lie between the capillaries and the glomerulus. They regulate blood flow by their contractile activity and secrete extracellular matrix, prostaglandins, and cytokines. Mesangial cells also have phagocytic activity, removing proteins and other molecules trapped in the glomerular basement membrane or filtration barrier. The Bowman's capsule has an outer parietal layer composed of simple squamous epithelium. The visceral layer, composed of modified simple squamous epithelium, is lined by podocytes. Podocytes have foot processes, pedicels, that wrap around glomerular capillaries. These pedicels interdigitate with pedicels of adjacent podocytes forming filtration slits. The renal corpuscle filtration barrier is composed of: the fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries, the fused basal lamina of endothelial cells and podocytes, and the filtration slits of the podocytes. This barrier permits passage of water, ions, and small molecules from the bloodstream into Bowman's space (the space between the visceral and parietal layers). Large and/or negatively charged proteins are prevented from passing into Bowman's space, thus retaining these proteins in the circulation. The basal lamina is composed of 3 layers: lamina rara externa, lamina densa, and lamina rara interna. The lamina rara externa is adjacent to the podocyte processes. The lamina densa is the central layer consisting of type IV collagen and laminin. This layer acts as a selective macromolecular filter, preventing the passage of large protein molecules into Bowman's space. The lamina rara intena is adjacent to endothelial cells. This layer contains heparan sulfate, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan that contributes to the electrostatic barrier of the glomerular filter. There are two poles in the renal corpuscle, a vascular pole, and a urinary pole. The vascular pole is where the afferent and efferent arterioles communicate with the glomerulus. The urinary pole is where the corpuscle opens into the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule. Fluid from blood in the glomerulus is collected in the Bowman's capsule to form 'glomerular filtrate', which is then further processed along the nephron to form urine. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Renal_corpuscle glomerular capsule AAO:0010526 BTO:0002297 Bowman's capsule Bowmans capsule EMAPA:27973 EMAPA:28257 FMA:15626 KUPO:0001001 MA:0001660 One fold of the S-shaped body gives rise to Bowman’s capsule[GUDMAP] SCTID:361331000 The Bowman's capsule is a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney. A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac. Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are collected in the Bowman's capsule and further processed along the nephron to form urine. This process is known as ultrafiltration. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001230 UBERON:FMA_15626-MA_0001660 ZFA:0005254 ZFA:0005310 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray1130.svg/200px-Gray1130.svg.png ncithesaurus:Bowman_s_Capsule The Bowman's capsule is a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney. A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac. Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are collected in the Bowman's capsule and further processed along the nephron to form urine. This process is known as ultrafiltration. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Glomerular_capsule Bowman's capsule http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron Wikipedia Bowmans capsule KUPO:0001001 nephron tubule An epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney. BTO:0000343 EFO:0003666 EMAPA:27782 EV:0100387 FMA:15627 GAID:433 MA:0000377 MESH:A.05.810.453.736.560 SCTID:361332007 TAO:0001287 UBERON:0001231 UBERON:0004210 UBERON:FMA_15627-ZFA_0001287 ZFA:0001287 kidney tubule ncithesaurus:Renal_Tubule note that in ISBN10:0073040584 "Vertebrates, Kardong", the uriniferous tubule contains the nephron, so we have a separate class, rather than using a synonym, as in MA renal tubule tubulus renalis uriniferous tubule MA:0000377 uriniferous tubule An epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney. GO:0072078 Wikipedia:Renal_tubule GAID:433 kidney tubule ZFA checkme GO collecting duct of renal tubule BTO:0000761 EMAPA:28407 EV:0100391 FMA:15628 GAID:434 MA:0000371 MESH:A.05.810.453.736.560.510 SCTID:28202009 The collecting duct is a portion of the nephron through which water flows, moving passively down its concentration gradient UBERON:0001232 UBERON:FMA_15628-MA_0000371 ZFA:0005294 collecting duct collecting duct system collecting tubule kidney collecting duct note that in ISBN10:0073040584 "Vertebrates, Kardong", the nephron is adjacent to the collecting tubule, consistent with FMA, but not GO renal collecting tubule tubulus renalis colligens FMA GO:0072044 collecting duct FMA:15628 renal collecting tubule BTO:0000761 collecting duct system GO:0072044 The collecting duct is a portion of the nephron through which water flows, moving passively down its concentration gradient GO checkme right adrenal gland FMA:15629 MA:0000719 SCTID:281625001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001233 UBERON:FMA_15629-MA_0000719 ncithesaurus:Right_Adrenal_Gland right suprarenal gland left adrenal gland FMA:15630 MA:0000718 SCTID:281626000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001234 UBERON:FMA_15630-MA_0000718 left suprarenal gland ncithesaurus:Left_Adrenal_Gland adrenal cortex AAO:0011009 BTO:0000045 EFO:0000237 EMAPA:18427 EV:0100136 FMA:15632 GAID:447 MA:0000118 MAT:0000494 MESH:A.06.407.071.140 OG:0001481 SCTID:362584002 Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001235 UBERON:FMA_15632-MA_0000118-XAO_0000165 XAO:0000165 adrenal gland cortex cortex (glandula suprarenalis) cortex glandulae suprarenalis cortex of adrenal gland cortex of suprarenal gland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray1185.png/200px-Gray1185.png interrenal tissue ncithesaurus:Adrenal_Cortex suprarenal cortex Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Adrenal_cortex Wikipedia BTO:0000045 cortex glandulae suprarenalis adrenal medulla AAO:0011010 BTO:0000049 EFO:0000852 EMAPA:18428 EV:0100137 FMA:15633 GAID:451 MA:0000119 MAT:0000495 MESH:A.06.224.161 OG:0001378 SCTID:362585001 The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Composed mainly of hormone-producing chromaffin cells, the adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine[WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001236 UBERON:FMA_15633-MA_0000119-XAO_0000166 XAO:0000166 adrenal gland medulla chromaffin cells http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray1185.png/200px-Gray1185.png medulla (glandula suprarenalis) medulla glandulae suprarenalis medulla of adrenal gland medulla of glandula suprarenalis medulla of suprarenal gland ncithesaurus:Adrenal_Medulla suprarenal medulla BTO:0000049 medulla of glandula suprarenalis FMA FMA Wikipedia The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Composed mainly of hormone-producing chromaffin cells, the adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Adrenal_medulla OBOL:automatic medulla of adrenal gland FMA:15633 FMA:TA medulla glandulae suprarenalis paraaortic body . EMAPA:18223 FMA:15647 GAID:444 MA:0001137 MESH:A.06.224.636 SCTID:276159005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001237 UBERON:FMA_15647-MA_0001137 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gray531.png/200px-Gray531.png organ of zuckerkandl para-aortic body paraganglia of zuckerkandl paraganglion of Zuckerkandl . Wikipedia:Organ_of_Zuckerkandl FMA EMAPA:18223 paraganglion of Zuckerkandl lamina propria of small intestine FMA:15651 Lamina propria that is part_of the small intestine. MA:0001554 SCTID:63588008 UBERON:0001238 UBERON:FMA_15651-MA_0001554 lamina propria mucosa of small bowel lamina propria mucosa of small intestine lamina propria mucosae of small bowel lamina propria mucosae of small intestine lamina propria of mucosa of small intestine lamina propria of small bowel ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Lamina_Propria small bowel lamina propria small bowel lamina propria mucosa small bowel lamina propria mucosae small intestine lamina propria small intestine lamina propria mucosa small intestine lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic small bowel lamina propria OBOL:automatic lamina propria of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic small bowel lamina propria mucosa GOC:Obol Lamina propria that is part_of the small intestine. OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of small bowel OBOL:automatic small intestine lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic small intestine lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of small bowel OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of small intestine muscularis mucosae of large intestine FMA:15655 MA:0002689 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001239 UBERON:FMA_15655-MA_0002689 lamina muscularis of large intestine mucosa lamina muscularis of large intestine mucous membrane large intestine muscularis mucosa ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Muscularis_Mucosa muscularis mucosae of intestine FMA:15691 MA:0002694 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001240 UBERON:FMA_15691-MA_0002694 intestine muscularis mucosa crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine A crypt of lieberkuhn that is part of a small intestine [Obol]. FMA:15693 MA:0001552 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001241 UBERON:FMA_15693-MA_0001552 crypt of lieberkuhn of small bowel crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine intestinal gland of small bowel intestinal gland of small intestine lieberkuhn crypt of small bowel lieberkuhn crypt of small intestine ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Crypt_of_Lieberkuhn small bowel crypt of lieberkuhn small bowel intestinal gland small bowel lieberkuhn crypt small intestinal crypt of Lieberkuhn small intestine crypt of Lieberkuhn small intestine crypt of lieberkuhn small intestine intestinal gland small intestine lieberkuhn crypt OBOL:automatic small bowel lieberkuhn crypt OBOL:automatic intestinal gland of small bowel OBOL:automatic intestinal gland of small intestine OBOL:automatic small intestine lieberkuhn crypt OBOL:automatic lieberkuhn crypt of small intestine OBOL:automatic lieberkuhn crypt of small bowel OBOL:automatic crypt of lieberkuhn of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel intestinal gland OBOL:automatic small intestine intestinal gland OBOL:automatic crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine A crypt of lieberkuhn that is part of a small intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic small intestine crypt of lieberkuhn OBOL:automatic small bowel crypt of lieberkuhn intestinal mucosa BTO:0000642 FMA:15695 GAID:296 MA:0001537 MESH:A.03.492.411.369 SCTID:362080002 The innermost membrane of the four coats of the intestinal wall, the other three being the submucosa, muscular layers, and serosa. (Berk et al., Gastroenterology, 4th ed, v.3, p1479) UBERON:0001242 UBERON:FMA_15695-MA_0001537 bowel mucosa bowel mucosa of organ bowel mucous membrane bowel organ mucosa intestine mucosa intestine mucosa of organ intestine mucous membrane intestine organ mucosa mucosa of bowel mucosa of intestine mucosa of organ of bowel mucosa of organ of intestine mucous membrane of bowel mucous membrane of intestine ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Mucosa organ mucosa of bowel organ mucosa of intestine OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bowel OBOL:automatic bowel organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bowel OBOL:automatic mucosa of bowel MESH:A.03.492.411.369 The innermost membrane of the four coats of the intestinal wall, the other three being the submucosa, muscular layers, and serosa. (Berk et al., Gastroenterology, 4th ed, v.3, p1479) OBOL:automatic bowel mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of intestine OBOL:automatic intestine mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of intestine OBOL:automatic bowel mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of intestine OBOL:automatic bowel mucosa OBOL:automatic intestine mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic intestine organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bowel serosa of intestine A serous membrane that is part of a wall of intestine [Obol]. FMA:15701 MA:0001538 TODO - check serosa/peritoneum UBERON:0001243 UBERON:FMA_15701-MA_0001538 anatomical wall of bowel serosa anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane anatomical wall of intestine serosa anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane bowel anatomical wall serosa bowel anatomical wall serous membrane bowel wall serosa bowel wall serous membrane intestinal serosa intestinal wall serosa intestinal wall serous membrane intestine anatomical wall serosa intestine anatomical wall serous membrane intestine serosa intestine wall serosa intestine wall serous membrane serosa of anatomical wall of bowel serosa of anatomical wall of intestine serosa of bowel anatomical wall serosa of bowel wall serosa of intestinal wall serosa of intestine anatomical wall serosa of intestine wall serosa of wall of bowel serosa of wall of intestine serous membrane of anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane of anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane of bowel anatomical wall serous membrane of bowel wall serous membrane of intestinal wall serous membrane of intestine anatomical wall serous membrane of intestine wall serous membrane of wall of bowel serous membrane of wall of intestine visceral peritoneum of intestine wall of bowel serosa wall of bowel serous membrane wall of intestine serosa wall of intestine serous membrane OBOL:automatic bowel anatomical wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of wall of intestine OBOL:automatic wall of bowel serosa OBOL:automatic serous membrane of anatomical wall of intestine OBOL:automatic serosa of intestine wall OBOL:automatic wall of intestine serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of bowel anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic intestine anatomical wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of wall of intestine OBOL:automatic serosa of bowel wall OBOL:automatic bowel anatomical wall serosa OBOL:automatic serous membrane of wall of bowel OBOL:automatic serosa of anatomical wall of bowel OBOL:automatic serous membrane of intestinal wall OBOL:automatic serosa of intestinal wall OBOL:automatic intestine anatomical wall serosa OBOL:automatic serous membrane of anatomical wall of bowel OBOL:automatic serosa of bowel anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of bowel wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of intestine wall OBOL:automatic serosa of anatomical wall of intestine OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of intestine serosa OBOL:automatic wall of bowel serous membrane OBOL:automatic intestine wall serosa OBOL:automatic bowel wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane OBOL:automatic intestinal wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of wall of bowel OBOL:automatic intestinal wall serosa OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of bowel serosa OBOL:automatic bowel wall serosa OBOL:automatic wall of intestine serosa OBOL:automatic intestine wall serous membrane A serous membrane that is part of a wall of intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic internal anal sphincter EMAPA:18266 FMA:15710 MA:0001534 The Sphincter ani internus (or internal anal sphincter) is a muscular ring which surrounds about 2.5 cm of the anal canal; its inferior border is in contact with, but quite separate from, the Sphincter ani externus. It is about 5 mm thick, and is formed by an aggregation of the involuntary circular fibers of the intestine. Its lower border is about 6 mm from the orifice of the anus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001244 UBERON:FMA_15710-MA_0001534 circular layer of anal muscularis externa circular layer of muscularis externa of anal canal circular layer of muscularis propria of anal canal circular muscle layer of anal canal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray1079.png/200px-Gray1079.png ncithesaurus:Internal_Anal_Sphincter The Sphincter ani internus (or internal anal sphincter) is a muscular ring which surrounds about 2.5 cm of the anal canal; its inferior border is in contact with, but quite separate from, the Sphincter ani externus. It is about 5 mm thick, and is formed by an aggregation of the involuntary circular fibers of the intestine. Its lower border is about 6 mm from the orifice of the anus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_anal_sphincter MA anus BTO:0001680 EV:0100082 FBbt:00001893 FBbt:00003148 FMA:15711 GAID:312 MA:0000331 MESH:A.03.492.411.495.767.288 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjaEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Orifice at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to expel feces, unwanted semi-solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may be one or more of: matter which the animal cannot digest, such as bones; food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin; ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract; and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbionts. SCTID:181262009 TADS:0000066 TGMA:0001279 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001245 UBERON:FMA_15711-MA_0000331-ZFA_0000066 WBbt:0005364 anal orifice galen:Anus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Anorectum.gif/200px-Anorectum.gif ncithesaurus:Anus proctodeum Orifice at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to expel feces, unwanted semi-solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may be one or more of: matter which the animal cannot digest, such as bones; food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin; ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract; and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbionts. Wikipedia:Anus ZFIN:curator interlobular bile duct FMA:15767 MA:0002668 SCTID:83488001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001246 UBERON:FMA_15767-MA_0002668 ncithesaurus:Interlobular_Bile_Duct the canals that carry bile in the liver between the intralobular ducts and the biliary ductules; interlobular bile ducts are part of the interlobular portal triad. FMA FMA MP:0009500 the canals that carry bile in the liver between the intralobular ducts and the biliary ductules; interlobular bile ducts are part of the interlobular portal triad. falciform ligament EHDAA2:0000499 EHDAA:4856 EMAPA:18288 EMAPA:18908 FMA:15823 In FMA this is a subclass of mesentery. In MA it is a subclass of ligament, we infer and assert this is a nonskeletal ligament MA:0001622 OG:0000355 SCTID:362705001 UBERON:0001247 UBERON:FMA_15823-MA_0001622 a ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior body wall. It is a broad and thin antero-posterior peritoneal fold, falciform in shape, its base being directed downward and backward and its apex upward and backward. It is a remnant of the ventral mesentery of the fetus. It is situated in an antero-posterior plane but lies obliquely, so that one surface faces forward and is in contact with the peritoneum behind the right rectus and the diaphragm, while the other is directed backward and is in contact with the left lobe of the liver. It is attached by its left margin to the under surface of the diaphragm and the posterior surface of the sheath of the right Rectus as low down as the umbilicus; by its right margin it extends from the notch on the anterior margin of the liver, as far back as the posterior surface. It is composed of two layers of peritoneum closely united together. Its base or free edge contains between its layers the round ligament and the paraumbilical veins[WP]. falciform ligament of liver ligamentum falciforme (hepatis) ligamentum falciforme hepatis ncithesaurus:Falciform_Ligament FMA Wikipedia:Falciform_ligament a ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior body wall. It is a broad and thin antero-posterior peritoneal fold, falciform in shape, its base being directed downward and backward and its apex upward and backward. It is a remnant of the ventral mesentery of the fetus. It is situated in an antero-posterior plane but lies obliquely, so that one surface faces forward and is in contact with the peritoneum behind the right rectus and the diaphragm, while the other is directed backward and is in contact with the left lobe of the liver. It is attached by its left margin to the under surface of the diaphragm and the posterior surface of the sheath of the right Rectus as low down as the umbilicus; by its right margin it extends from the notch on the anterior margin of the liver, as far back as the posterior surface. It is composed of two layers of peritoneum closely united together. Its base or free edge contains between its layers the round ligament and the paraumbilical veins[WP]. MA-propagated MA FMA:15823 FMA:TA ligamentum falciforme hepatis hilum of spleen EMAPA:19303 FMA:15841 MA:0002670 SCTID:245377005 The Splenic hilum is a location on the surface of the spleen. It is the point of attachment for the gastrosplenic ligament, and the point of insertion for the splenic artery and splenic vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001248 UBERON:FMA_15841-MA_0002670 hilum lienale hilum splenicum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gray1188.png/200px-Gray1188.png ncithesaurus:Splenic_Hilum spleen hilum splenic hilum The Splenic hilum is a location on the surface of the spleen. It is the point of attachment for the gastrosplenic ligament, and the point of insertion for the splenic artery and splenic vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Splenic_hilum FMA:15841 FMA:TA hilum splenicum FMA:15841 FMA:TA hilum lienale lymphoid nodule of spleen A lymphoid nodule that is part_of a spleen FMA:15843 Lymphoid nodule of spleen MA:0002672 SCTID:35845000 UBERON:0001249 UBERON:FMA_15843-MA_0002672 lymphatic follicle of spleen lymphoid follicle of spleen malpighian body spleen Lymphoid nodule spleen lymphoid follicle spleen lymphoid nodule splenic lymphatic follicle A lymphoid nodule that is part_of a spleen GOC:Obol Lymphoid nodule of spleen OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic spleen Lymphoid nodule red pulp of spleen FMA:15844 MA:0000756 Red pulp of the spleen is composed of connective tissue known as the cords of Billroth and many splenic sinuses that are engorged with blood, giving it a red color. Its primary function is to filter the blood of antigens, microorganisms, and defective or worn-out red blood cells. The spleen is made of red pulp and white pulp, separated by the marginal zone; 76-79% of a normal spleen is red pulp. Unlike white pulp, which mainly contains lymphocytes such as T cells, red pulp is made up of several different types of blood cells, including platelets, granulocytes, red blood cells, and plasma. SCTID:27579002 UBERON:0001250 UBERON:FMA_15844-MA_0000756 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gray1191.png/200px-Gray1191.png ncithesaurus:Splenic_Red_Pulp pulpa rubra red pulp spleen red pulp splenic red pulp FMA:15844 FMA:TA pulpa rubra Red pulp of the spleen is composed of connective tissue known as the cords of Billroth and many splenic sinuses that are engorged with blood, giving it a red color. Its primary function is to filter the blood of antigens, microorganisms, and defective or worn-out red blood cells. The spleen is made of red pulp and white pulp, separated by the marginal zone; 76-79% of a normal spleen is red pulp. Unlike white pulp, which mainly contains lymphocytes such as T cells, red pulp is made up of several different types of blood cells, including platelets, granulocytes, red blood cells, and plasma. Wikipedia:Red_pulp marginal zone of spleen AAO:0010448 FMA:15852 MA:0000755 UBERON:0001251 UBERON:FMA_15852-MA_0000755 WP says - (Some sources consider it to be the part of red pulp which borders on the white pulp, while other sources consider it to be neither red pulp nor white pulp.) - we use the adjacency relation here so it overlaps neither. FMA considers this an anatomical line http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gray1191.png/200px-Gray1191.png junctional zone of spleen marginal zone ncithesaurus:Marginal_Zone region at the interface between the non-lymphoid red pulp and the lymphoid white-pulp of the spleen. spleen marginal zone Wikipedia:Marginal_zone marginal zone Wikipedia:Marginal_zone region at the interface between the non-lymphoid red pulp and the lymphoid white-pulp of the spleen. adventitia of ureter EMAPA:28114 FMA:15892 MA:0002652 SCTID:392273001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001252 UBERON:FMA_15892-MA_0002652 external adventitia of ureter ureter adventitia ureteral adventitia lamina propria of ureter A lamina propria that is part of a ureter [Obol]. EMAPA:28841 FMA:15896 MA:0002653 SCTID:2771005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001253 UBERON:FMA_15896-MA_0002653 lamina propria mucosa of ureter lamina propria mucosae of ureter ureter lamina propria ureter lamina propria mucosa ureter lamina propria mucosae A lamina propria that is part of a ureter [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of ureter OBOL:automatic ureter lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of ureter OBOL:automatic ureter lamina propria mucosae urothelium of ureter FMA:15897 MA:0002655 UBERON:0001254 UBERON:FMA_15897-MA_0002655 transitional epithelium of ureter ureter transitional epithelium ureter urothelium urinary bladder AAO:0000623 BTO:0001418 EFO:0000290 EHDAA2:0000174 EHDAA:9328 EMAPA:18321 EV:0100098 FMA:15900 GAID:0000004 MA:0000380 MAT:0000122 MESH:A.05.810.161 MIAA:0000122 OG:0000740 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjMmZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the right and left ureters and distally with the urethra. SCTID:302512001 UBERON:0001255 UBERON:FMA_15900-FMA_7203-MA_0000368-MA_0000380-MIAA_0000118-MIAA_0000119-MIAA_0000122-WBbt_0005775-XAO_0000154-ZFA_0000529 XAO:0000154 bladder editor note: consider adding a 'bladder' grouping class excretory canal galen:UrinaryBladder http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Urinary_system.svg/200px-Urinary_system.svg.png ncithesaurus:Bladder FMA:15900 Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the right and left ureters and distally with the urethra. Wikipedia:Urinary_bladder wall of urinary bladder An anatomical wall that is part of a urinary bladder [Obol]. BTO:0001462 FMA:15902 MA:0002493 SCTID:362225003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001256 UBERON:FMA_15902-MA_0002493 anatomical wall of bladder anatomical wall of urinary bladder bladder anatomical wall bladder wall ncithesaurus:Bladder_Wall urinary bladder anatomical wall urinary bladder wall wall of bladder OBOL:automatic wall of bladder OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of urinary bladder An anatomical wall that is part of a urinary bladder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic urinary bladder anatomical wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of bladder OBOL:automatic bladder anatomical wall OBOL:automatic bladder wall trigone of urinary bladder FMA:15910 Lieutaud's trigone MA:0002492 SCTID:272663002 The trigone is a smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice. The area is very sensitive to expansion and once stretched to a certain degree, the urinary bladder signals the brain of its need to empty. The signals become stronger as the bladder continues to fill. Embryologically, the trigone of the Bladder is derived from the caudal end of mesonephric ducts. In the Female the mesonephric ducts break down but, thus, the Trigone of the Bladder is less prominent but, still present. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001257 UBERON:FMA_15910-MA_0002492 deep trigone galen:TrigoneOfUrinaryBladder http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_bladder.jpg/200px-Illu_bladder.jpg musculus trigoni vesicae profundus ncithesaurus:Bladder_Trigone trigone of bladder trigonum vesicae urinary bladder trigone vesical trigone FMA:15910 FMA:TA musculus trigoni vesicae profundus FMA:15910 FMA:TA trigonum vesicae The trigone is a smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice. The area is very sensitive to expansion and once stretched to a certain degree, the urinary bladder signals the brain of its need to empty. The signals become stronger as the bladder continues to fill. Embryologically, the trigone of the Bladder is derived from the caudal end of mesonephric ducts. In the Female the mesonephric ducts break down but, thus, the Trigone of the Bladder is less prominent but, still present. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Trigone_of_urinary_bladder neck of urinary bladder FMA:15912 MA:0002491 SCTID:362227006 The neck of the urinary bladder is the portion of the urinary bladder adjacent to the prostate gland in men. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001258 UBERON:FMA_15912-MA_0002491 bladder neck cervix vesicae collum vesicae galen:UrinaryBladderNeck http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gray1156.png/200px-Gray1156.png ncithesaurus:Bladder_Neck neck of bladder urinary bladder neck vesical neck The neck of the urinary bladder is the portion of the urinary bladder adjacent to the prostate gland in men. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Neck_of_urinary_bladder FMA:15912 FMA:TA collum vesicae FMA:15912 FMA:TA cervix vesicae mucosa of urinary bladder A mucosa that is part of a urinary bladder [Obol]. EFO:0000293 FMA:15928 MA:0001692 SCTID:362224004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001259 UBERON:FMA_15928-MA_0001692 bladder mucosa bladder mucosa of organ bladder mucous membrane bladder organ mucosa galen:MucousMembraneOfUrinaryBladder mucosa of bladder mucosa of organ of bladder mucosa of organ of urinary bladder mucous membrane of bladder mucous membrane of urinary bladder ncithesaurus:Bladder_Mucosa organ mucosa of bladder organ mucosa of urinary bladder tunica mucosa (vesica urinaria) tunica mucosa vesicae urinary bladder mucosa urinary bladder mucosa of organ urinary bladder mucous membrane urinary bladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic urinary bladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bladder organ mucosa FMA:15928 FMA:TA tunica mucosa (vesica urinaria) OBOL:automatic bladder mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bladder FMA:15928 FMA:TA tunica mucosa vesicae OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bladder OBOL:automatic urinary bladder organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a urinary bladder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic urinary bladder mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of bladder OBOL:automatic bladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of urinary bladder serosa of urinary bladder A serous membrane that is part of a urinary bladder [Obol]. EMAPA:28661 FMA:15932 MA:0001696 SCTID:5868002 TODO - check serosa/peritoneum UBERON:0001260 UBERON:FMA_15932-MA_0001696 bladder serosa bladder serous membrane serosa of bladder serous coat of bladder serous coat of urinary bladder serous membrane of bladder serous membrane of urinary bladder tunica serosa (vesica urinaria) tunica serosa vesicae urinary bladder serosa urinary bladder serous membrane visceral peritoneum of urinary bladder A serous membrane that is part of a urinary bladder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic serous membrane of bladder OBOL:automatic bladder serous membrane FMA:15932 FMA:TA tunica serosa vesicae FMA:15932 FMA:TA tunica serosa (vesica urinaria) OBOL:automatic urinary bladder serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of urinary bladder lamina propria of urinary bladder A lamina propria that is part of a urinary bladder [Obol]. EMAPA:30088 FMA:15935 MA:0001695 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001261 UBERON:FMA_15935-MA_0001695 bladder lamina propria bladder lamina propria mucosa bladder lamina propria mucosae lamina propria mucosa of bladder lamina propria mucosa of urinary bladder lamina propria mucosae of bladder lamina propria mucosae of urinary bladder lamina propria of bladder ncithesaurus:Bladder_Lamina_Propria urinary bladder lamina propria urinary bladder lamina propria mucosa urinary bladder lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic bladder lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of bladder OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic bladder lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic urinary bladder lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic urinary bladder lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic bladder lamina propria OBOL:automatic lamina propria of bladder OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of bladder OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of urinary bladder A lamina propria that is part of a urinary bladder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic wall of intestine An anatomical wall that is part of a intestine [Obol]. BTO:0000647 FMA:15949 MA:0002693 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001262 UBERON:FMA_15949-MA_0002693 anatomical wall of bowel anatomical wall of intestine bowel anatomical wall bowel wall intestinal wall intestine anatomical wall intestine wall wall of bowel OBOL:automatic bowel anatomical wall OBOL:automatic intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of bowel An anatomical wall that is part of a intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic wall of bowel OBOL:automatic bowel wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of intestine pancreatic acinus BTO:0000028 FMA:16011 MA:0002417 SCTID:247604006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001263 UBERON:FMA_16011-MA_0002417 acinus pancreaticus ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Acinus pancreatic acini the secretory units of the exocrine pancreas, where fluid containing digestive enzymes is produced; consists of a group of secretory cells surrounding a luminal space that connects to the pancreatic duct. MP:0009145 the secretory units of the exocrine pancreas, where fluid containing digestive enzymes is produced; consists of a group of secretory cells surrounding a luminal space that connects to the pancreatic duct. pancreatic acini pancreas AAO:0010112 An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes[GO]. The mature pancreas of higher vertebrates and mammals comprises two major functional units: the exocrine pancreas, which is responsible for the production of digestive enzymes to be secreted into the gut lumen, and the endocrine pancreas, which has its role in the synthesis of several hormones with key regulatory functions in food uptake and metabolism. The exocrine portion constitutes the majority of the mass of the pancreas, and contains only two different cell types, the secretory acinar cells and the ductular cells. The endocrine portion, which comprises only 1–2% of the total mass, contains five different cell types, which are organized into mixed functional assemblies referred to as the islets of Langerhans[PMID]. BTO:0000988 EFO:0000855 EHDAA2:0001367 EHDAA:6893 EMAPA:17503 EMAPA:18816 EV:0100092 FMA:7198 GAID:334 MA:0000120 MAT:0000075 MESH:A.03.734 MIAA:0000075 OG:0000050 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVimZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181277001 TAO:0000140 UBERON:0001264 UBERON:FMA_16017-FMA_16018-FMA_7198-MA_0000120-MA_0001582-MA_0002415-MIAA_0000075-XAO_0000136-XAO_0000137-ZFA_0000140-ZFA_0001249-ZFA_0001260 XAO:0000136 ZFA:0000140 galen:Pancreas http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Illu_pancrease.svg/200px-Illu_pancrease.svg.png ncithesaurus:Pancreas taxon notes: As a secretory organ serving exocrine and endocrine functions, the pancreas is specific to the vertebrates[PMID:16417468] Wikipedia An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes[GO]. The mature pancreas of higher vertebrates and mammals comprises two major functional units: the exocrine pancreas, which is responsible for the production of digestive enzymes to be secreted into the gut lumen, and the endocrine pancreas, which has its role in the synthesis of several hormones with key regulatory functions in food uptake and metabolism. The exocrine portion constitutes the majority of the mass of the pancreas, and contains only two different cell types, the secretory acinar cells and the ductular cells. The endocrine portion, which comprises only 1–2% of the total mass, contains five different cell types, which are organized into mixed functional assemblies referred to as the islets of Langerhans[PMID]. GO:0031016 PMID:16417468 Wikipedia:Pancreas PMID:16417468 Wikipedia trabecula of spleen FMA:16027 MA:0000758 SCTID:61987002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001265 UBERON:FMA_16027-MA_0000758 ncithesaurus:Splenic_Trabecula spleen trabeculum splenic trabecula splenic cord FMA:16031 MA:0002671 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001266 UBERON:FMA_16031-MA_0002671 cord of bilroth ncithesaurus:Splenic_Cord femoral nerve EHDAA2:0000507 EHDAA:5655 FMA:16486 GAID:850 MA:0001167 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.450.250 OG:0001411 OpenCyc:Mx4rwGC03JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181051004 The femoral nerve, the largest branch of the lumbar plexus, arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves. It descends through the fibers of the Psoas major, emerging from the muscle at the lower part of its lateral border, and passes down between it and the Iliacus, behind the iliac fascia; it then runs beneath the inguinal ligament, into the thigh, and splits into an anterior and a posterior division. Under the inguinal ligament, it is separated from the femoral artery by a portion of the Psoas major. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001267 UBERON:FMA_16486-MA_0001167 anterior crural nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gray823.png/200px-Gray823.png ncithesaurus:Femoral_Nerve The femoral nerve, the largest branch of the lumbar plexus, arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves. It descends through the fibers of the Psoas major, emerging from the muscle at the lower part of its lateral border, and passes down between it and the Iliacus, behind the iliac fascia; it then runs beneath the inguinal ligament, into the thigh, and splits into an anterior and a posterior division. Under the inguinal ligament, it is separated from the femoral artery by a portion of the Psoas major. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Femoral_nerve peritoneal fluid BTO:0001031 FMA:16515 MA:0002531 Transudate contained in the peritoneal cavity.[FMA] UBERON:0001268 UBERON:FMA_16515-MA_0002531 ncithesaurus:Peritoneal_Fluid FMA:FMA Transudate contained in the peritoneal cavity.[FMA] Wikipedia:Peritoneal_fluid acetabular part of hip bone AAO:0000770 EHDAA2:0001427 EHDAA:10661 FMA:16579 GAID:206 In reptiles and in birds, the acetabula are deep sockets.[WP] Note that whilst WP defines this as a surface, MA treats it as a bone. There are other FMA classes that may be better suited to representing the surface. MA:0001335 MESH:A.02.835.232.611.108 OpenCyc:Mx4rwJlP9ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182027007 The acetabulum is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint. There are three bones of the os coxae (hip bone) that come together to form the acetabulum. Contributing a little more than two-fifths of the structure is the ischium, which provides lower and side boundaries to the acetabulum. The ilium forms the upper boundary, providing a little less than two-fifths of the structure of the acetabulum. The rest is formed by the pubis, near the midline. It is bounded by a prominent uneven rim, which is thick and strong above, and serves for the attachment of the acetabular labrum, which reduces its opening, and deepens the surface for formation of the hip joint. At the lower part of the acetabulum is the acetabular notch, which is continuous with a circular depression, the acetabular fossa, at the bottom of the cavity of the acetabulum. The rest of the acetabulum is formed by a curved, crescent-moon shaped surface, the lunate surface, where the joint is made with the head of the femur. Its counterpart in the pectoral girdle is the glenoid fossa.[WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001269 UBERON:FMA_16579-MA_0001335 acetabulum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg/200px-Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg ncithesaurus:Acetabulum The acetabulum is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint. There are three bones of the os coxae (hip bone) that come together to form the acetabulum. Contributing a little more than two-fifths of the structure is the ischium, which provides lower and side boundaries to the acetabulum. The ilium forms the upper boundary, providing a little less than two-fifths of the structure of the acetabulum. The rest is formed by the pubis, near the midline. It is bounded by a prominent uneven rim, which is thick and strong above, and serves for the attachment of the acetabular labrum, which reduces its opening, and deepens the surface for formation of the hip joint. At the lower part of the acetabulum is the acetabular notch, which is continuous with a circular depression, the acetabular fossa, at the bottom of the cavity of the acetabulum. The rest of the acetabulum is formed by a curved, crescent-moon shaped surface, the lunate surface, where the joint is made with the head of the femur. Its counterpart in the pectoral girdle is the glenoid fossa.[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Acetabulum FMA FMA bony pelvis FMA:16580 In humans, the ring of bone formed by the sacrum and the first few coccygeal vertebrae as the roof, the pubis and ischia as the floor and the ilia and the acetabular part of the ischia as the walls. SCTID:46633002 UBERON:0001270 UBERON:FMA_16580-MA_0000532 in FMA, this is part of the axial skeletal system. todo: add taxon-specific part of relations connecting sub-structures to this. In humans, the ring of bone formed by the sacrum and the first few coccygeal vertebrae as the roof, the pubis and ischia as the floor and the ilia and the acetabular part of the ischia as the walls. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bony+pelvis pelvic girdle FMA:16581 Note that this class describes the subdivision of the limb/fin, NOT the skeleton within. See also: skeleton of pectoral girdle (UBERON:0007831). See also comments on obo-anatomy mail list SCTID:360010001 Subdivision of lower limb or fin which links the limb/fin to the body[FMA,modified]. UBERON:0001271 UBERON:FMA_16581-MA_0000293-MIAA_0000182-XAO_0003064-ZFA_0000565 girdle - pelvic ncithesaurus:Pelvic_Girdle pelvic girdle region FMA FMA:16581 Subdivision of lower limb or fin which links the limb/fin to the body[FMA,modified]. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dvdy.22617/full https://groups.google.com/d/topic/obo-anatomy/h4R4xKmINrw/discussion pelvic bone FMA:16585 GAID:205 MESH:A.02.835.232.611 SCTID:361776002 The hip bone first appears in fishes, where it consists of a simple, usually triangular bone, to which the pelvic fin articulates. The hip bones on each side usually connect with each other at the forward end, and are even solidly fused in lungfishes and sharks, but they never attach to the vertebral column[WP] The hip bone, innominate bone or coxal bone is a large, flattened, irregularly shaped bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below. It has one of the few ball and socket synovial joints in the body – the so called hip joint. It meets its fellow on the opposite side in the middle line in front, and together they form the sides and anterior wall of the pelvic cavity. Together with the sacrum and coccyx, it comprises the pelvis. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001272 UBERON:FMA_16585-ZFA_0000623 basipterygium bone of pelvic girdle coxal bone hip bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gray341.png/200px-Gray341.png innominate bone ncithesaurus:Pelvic_Bone os coxae FMA:16585 FMA:TA os coxae The hip bone, innominate bone or coxal bone is a large, flattened, irregularly shaped bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below. It has one of the few ball and socket synovial joints in the body – the so called hip joint. It meets its fellow on the opposite side in the middle line in front, and together they form the sides and anterior wall of the pelvic cavity. Together with the sacrum and coccyx, it comprises the pelvis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hip_bone FMA ilium AAO:0000772 EFO:0003049 FMA:16589 GAID:207 MA:0001336 MESH:A.02.835.232.611.434 Note that this is_a hip bone in MA OpenCyc:Mx4rvhwFJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182029005 The ilium is the uppermost and largest bone of the pelvis, and appears in most vertebrates including mammals and birds, but not bony fish. All reptiles have an ilium except snakes, although some snake species have a tiny bone which is considered to be an ilium[WP]. UBERON:0001273 UBERON:FMA_16589-MA_0001336 galen:Ilium ncithesaurus:Ilium os iliacum os ilii FMA FMA Wikipedia MA Wikipedia The ilium is the uppermost and largest bone of the pelvis, and appears in most vertebrates including mammals and birds, but not bony fish. All reptiles have an ilium except snakes, although some snake species have a tiny bone which is considered to be an ilium[WP]. Wikipedia:Ilium_(bone) MA ischium AAO:0000860 FMA:16592 GAID:208 MA:0001337 MESH:A.02.835.232.611.548 Note that this is_a hip bone in MA OpenCyc:Mx4rvlzMKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182025004 The ischium forms the lower and back part of the hip bone (os coxae). Situated below the ilium and behind the pubis, it is one of these three bones whose fusion creates the coxa. It is divisible into three portions: Body of ischium - the portion that supports weight while sitting (especially noticeable on a hard surface). Superior ramus of the ischium Inferior ramus of the ischium It is the strongest of the coxal bones. Clinically, avulsion fracture of the ischial apophysis may occur. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001274 UBERON:FMA_16592-MA_0001337 galen:Ischium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg/200px-Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg ncithesaurus:Ischium MA MA FMA The ischium forms the lower and back part of the hip bone (os coxae). Situated below the ilium and behind the pubis, it is one of these three bones whose fusion creates the coxa. It is divisible into three portions: Body of ischium - the portion that supports weight while sitting (especially noticeable on a hard surface). Superior ramus of the ischium Inferior ramus of the ischium It is the strongest of the coxal bones. Clinically, avulsion fracture of the ischial apophysis may occur. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ischium pubis AAO:0000861 EMAPA:18728 FMA:16595 MA:0001338 MESH:A.02.835.232.611.781 Note that this is_a hip bone in MA SCTID:182035005 UBERON:0001275 UBERON:FMA_16595-MA_0001338 galen:Pubis ncithesaurus:Pubic_Bone os pubis pubic bone pubis bone the ventral and anterior of the three principal bones composing either half of the pelvis. it is covered by a layer of fat, which is covered by the mons pubis. It is divisible into a body, a superior ramus and an inferior ramus. The body forms one-fifth of the acetabulum, contributing by its external surface both to the lunate surface and the acetabular fossa. Its internal surface enters into the formation of the wall of the lesser pelvis and gives origin to a portion of the obturator internus. In the female, the pubic bone is anterior to the urethral sponge. The left and right hip bones join at the pubic symphysis. The pubis is the lower limit of the suprapubic region[WP]. FMA MA Wikipedia:Pubis_%28bone%29 pubic bone MA Wikipedia:Pubis_(bone) the ventral and anterior of the three principal bones composing either half of the pelvis. it is covered by a layer of fat, which is covered by the mons pubis. It is divisible into a body, a superior ramus and an inferior ramus. The body forms one-fifth of the acetabulum, contributing by its external surface both to the lunate surface and the acetabular fossa. Its internal surface enters into the formation of the wall of the lesser pelvis and gives origin to a portion of the obturator internus. In the female, the pubic bone is anterior to the urethral sponge. The left and right hip bones join at the pubic symphysis. The pubis is the lower limit of the suprapubic region[WP]. FMA Wikipedia:Pubis_%28bone%29 pubis bone EMAPA Wikipedia:Pubis_%28bone%29 os pubis epithelium of stomach BTO:0000500 EHDAA2:0001918 FMA:17091 MA:0001610 OG:0001433 SCTID:64977002 UBERON:0001276 UBERON:FMA_17091-MA_0001610 epithelial tissue of stomach epithelial tissue of ventriculus epithelium of ventriculus gastric epithelium in FMA this is classified as simple columnar, MA divides this into squamous and glandular stomach epithelial tissue stomach epithelium the epithelial layer of the stomach . ventriculus epithelial tissue ventriculus epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of stomach OBOL:automatic ventriculus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of ventriculus MP:0000471 the epithelial layer of the stomach . OBOL:automatic stomach epithelium BTO:0000500 gastric epithelium OBOL:automatic stomach epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of ventriculus OBOL:automatic ventriculus epithelium intestinal epithelium BTO:0000781 FMA:17229 MA:0001536 SCTID:266135004 Simple columnar epithelium that lines the intestine, sometimes pseudostratified, with absorptive brush-border cells and mucous goblet cells clearly visible. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-050209-3'>Crosnier et al. 2005</a> TAO:0005124 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001277 UBERON:FMA_17229-ZFA_0005124 ZFA:0005124 bowel epithelial tissue bowel epithelium epithelial tissue of bowel epithelial tissue of intestine epithelium of bowel epithelium of intestine intestine epithelial tissue intestine epithelium ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Epithelium villous epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of intestine OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bowel OBOL:automatic epithelium of bowel OBOL:automatic epithelium of intestine OBOL:automatic bowel epithelial tissue Simple columnar epithelium that lines the intestine, sometimes pseudostratified, with absorptive brush-border cells and mucous goblet cells clearly visible. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-050209-3'>Crosnier et al. 2005</a> Wikipedia:Intestinal_epithelium ZFIN:curator ZFA:0005124 villous epithelium OBOL:automatic intestine epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic bowel epithelium epithelium of large intestine An epithelium that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. EMAPA:19257 EMAPA:19262 FMA:17301 MA:0001545 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001278 UBERON:FMA_17301-MA_0001545 epithelial tissue of large intestine large intestinal epithelium large intestine epithelial tissue large intestine epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of large intestine OBOL:automatic large intestine epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic portal triad FMA:17523 MA:0002499 SCTID:362192000 The misnomer "portal triad" traditionally has included only the first three structures, and was named before lymphatic vessels were discovered in the structure. It can refer both to the largest branch of each of these vessels running inside the hepatoduodenal ligament, and to the smaller branches of these vessels inside the liver. UBERON:0001279 UBERON:FMA_17523-MA_0002499 a component of the hepatic lobule, that consists of: hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct, lymphatic vessels, and the branch of the vagus nerve. ncithesaurus:Portal_Triad trias hepatica Wikipedia:Portal_triad a component of the hepatic lobule, that consists of: hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct, lymphatic vessels, and the branch of the vagus nerve. liver parenchyma AAO:0010405 EHDAA2:0001004 EHDAA:2201 EMAPA:17203 FMA:17540 MA:0000366 OG:0000539 SCTID:363535004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001280 UBERON:0003223 UBERON:FMA_17540-MA_0000366 XAO:0000454 hepatic parenchyma hepatic parenchyme liver parenchyme parenchyma of liver the functional units of the liver including the lobules. FMA:17540 parenchyma of liver FMA:17540 hepatic parenchyma MP:0008986 the functional units of the liver including the lobules. OG:0000539 hepatic parenchyme XAO XAO:0000454 liver parenchyme hepatic sinusoid EHDAA2:0000999 EHDAA:2199 EHDAA:3997 EHDAA:4003 EHDAA:6992 EHDAA:8084 EMAPA:17365 FMA:17543 MA:0000367 OG:0000708 SCTID:67435004 TAO:0005091 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001281 UBERON:0003275 UBERON:FMA_17543-MA_0000367-ZFA_0005091 Wide thin-walled blood vessels in the liver. In mammals they have neither veinous or arterial markers. ZFA:0005091 hepatic sinusoids liver sinusoid liver sinusoidal blood vessel ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Sinusoid sinusoid of liver sinusoidal blood vessel of liver vas capillare sinusoideum OBOL:automatic sinusoidal blood vessel of liver OBOL:automatic liver sinusoidal blood vessel Wide thin-walled blood vessels in the liver. In mammals they have neither veinous or arterial markers. Wikipedia:Hepatic_sinusoid ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic sinusoid of liver intralobular bile duct . BTO:0002840 FMA:17545 MA:0002669 Note that this is part of the intrahepatic bile duct in MA, as this class is more alike the tree in FMA SCTID:269922006 UBERON:0001282 UBERON:FMA_17545-MA_0002669 canal of Hering canal of Herring canals of Hering cholangiole duct of Herring intrahepatic bile ductule ncithesaurus:Canal_of_Hering FMA FMA FMA:17545 cholangiole FMA:17545 canal of Herring Wikipedia:Canals_of_Hering duct of Herring FMA . Wikipedia:Canals_of_Hering Wikipedia:Canals_of_Hering canals of Hering Wikipedia:Canals_of_Hering intrahepatic bile ductule bile canaliculus BTO:0002841 FMA:17547 Fine tubular canals running between liver cells, throughout the parenchyma, usually occurring singly between each adjacent pair of cells, and forming a three-dimensional network of polyhedral meshes, with a single cell in each mesh[BTO]. A thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes. The bile canaliculi merge and form bile ductules, which eventually become common hepatic duct. Hepatocytes are polyhedral in shape, therefore having no set shape or design. They have surfaces facing the sinusoids, (called sinusoidal faces) and surfaces which contact other hepatocytes, (called lateral faces). Bile canaliculi are formed by grooves on some of the lateral faces of these hepatocytes. Microvilli are present in the canaliculi but are sparse. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002495 MESH:A.03.159.183.158.125 SCTID:270023005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001283 UBERON:FMA_17547-MA_0002495 ZFA:0005163 bile canaliculi bile capillary biliary canaliculus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gray1094.png/200px-Gray1094.png ncithesaurus:Bile_Canaliculus BTO:0002841 biliary canaliculus Wikipedia:Bile_canaliculus bile canaliculi BTO:0002841 bile capillary BTO FMA FMA BTO:0002841 Fine tubular canals running between liver cells, throughout the parenchyma, usually occurring singly between each adjacent pair of cells, and forming a three-dimensional network of polyhedral meshes, with a single cell in each mesh[BTO]. A thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes. The bile canaliculi merge and form bile ductules, which eventually become common hepatic duct. Hepatocytes are polyhedral in shape, therefore having no set shape or design. They have surfaces facing the sinusoids, (called sinusoidal faces) and surfaces which contact other hepatocytes, (called lateral faces). Bile canaliculi are formed by grooves on some of the lateral faces of these hepatocytes. Microvilli are present in the canaliculi but are sparse. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Bile_canaliculus FMA renal column FMA:17633 MA:0001651 The renal column (or Bertin column, or column of Bertin) is a medullary extension of the renal cortex in between the renal pyramids. It allows the cortex to be better anchored. Each column consists of lines of blood vessels and urinary tubes and a fibrous material. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001284 UBERON:FMA_17633-MA_0001651 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Illu_kidney2.jpg/200px-Illu_kidney2.jpg renal column of bertini The renal column (or Bertin column, or column of Bertin) is a medullary extension of the renal cortex in between the renal pyramids. It allows the cortex to be better anchored. Each column consists of lines of blood vessels and urinary tubes and a fibrous material. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Renal_column nephron BTO:0000924 EMAPA:28491 EV:0100384 FMA:17640 GAID:428 MA:0000375 MESH:A.05.810.453.736 SCTID:361337001 The basic functional unit of the kidney. its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. A nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to life and are regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone.[WP] UBERON:0001285 UBERON:FMA_17640-MA_0000375-XAO_0000145 ZFA:0005282 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png kidney terms require review for cross-vertebrate compatibility and developmental relationships mature nephron ncithesaurus:Nephron Wikipedia FMA EMAPA:28491 mature nephron PMID:9268568 The basic functional unit of the kidney. its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. A nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to life and are regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone.[WP] Wikipedia:Nephron Bowman's space EMAPA:27985 EMAPA:28263 FMA:17676 MA:0001664 SCTID:244284006 TODO - fix ZFA UBERON:0001286 UBERON:FMA_17676-MA_0001664 ZFA:0005283 ZFA:0005312 a narrow chalice-shaped cavity between the glomerular and capsular epithelium of the glomerular capsule of the kidney[TFD]. Between the visceral and parietal layers, into which the filtrate enters after passing through the podocytes' filtration slits[WP]. bowman's space capsular space inter-glomerular space ncithesaurus:Urinary_Space pronephric capsular space renal capsular space urinary space urinary space of renal corpuscle ZFA:0005312 pronephric capsular space ZFA:0005312 inter-glomerular space capsular space http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bowman's+space ZFA:0005283 inter-glomerular space EMAPA:28263 urinary space of renal corpuscle ZFA:0005283 renal capsular space Wikipedia:Bowman's_space a narrow chalice-shaped cavity between the glomerular and capsular epithelium of the glomerular capsule of the kidney[TFD]. Between the visceral and parietal layers, into which the filtrate enters after passing through the podocytes' filtration slits[WP]. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bowman's+space proximal convoluted tubule 1st convoluted tubule EMAPA:28287 EV:0100388 FMA:17693 MA:0001669 PCT SCTID:362220008 TODO - cleanly define difference between proximal tubule and proximal convoluted tubule. Make definition applicable across species. The proximal tubule is the portion of the duct system of the nephron of the kidney which leads from Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle[WP] UBERON:0001287 UBERON:FMA_17693-MA_0001669-ZFA_0001620 ZFA:0005290 first convoluted tubule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png proximal convoluted renal tubule tubulus contortus proximalis The proximal tubule is the portion of the duct system of the nephron of the kidney which leads from Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle[WP] Wikipedia:Proximal_convoluted_tubule checkme Wikipedia loop of Henle BTO:0004608 EMAPA:29665 EMAPA:29679 EV:0100390 FMA:17698 GAID:437 Henle loop MA:0001675 MESH:A.05.810.453.736.560.610 Note that the definitions of some kidney parts refer to Henle's loop, even in species where this may not be present. Requires review. OG:0001270 Portion of the nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. The loop has a hairpin bend in the renal medulla. The main function of this structure is to create a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney. By means of a countercurrent multiplier system, which utilizes sodium pumps, it creates an area of high sodium concentration deep in the medulla, near the collecting duct. Water present in the filtrate in the collecting duct flows through aquaporin channels out of the collecting duct, moving passively down its concentration gradient. This process reabsorbs water and creates a concentrated urine for excretion[WP]. SCTID:361335009 UBERON:0001288 UBERON:FMA_17698-MA_0001675 henle's loop http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png ncithesaurus:Loop_of_Henle Portion of the nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. The loop has a hairpin bend in the renal medulla. The main function of this structure is to create a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney. By means of a countercurrent multiplier system, which utilizes sodium pumps, it creates an area of high sodium concentration deep in the medulla, near the collecting duct. Water present in the filtrate in the collecting duct flows through aquaporin channels out of the collecting duct, moving passively down its concentration gradient. This process reabsorbs water and creates a concentrated urine for excretion[WP]. Wikipedia:Loop_of_henle descending limb of loop of Henle FMA:17705 MA:0001679 Portion of the renal tubule constituting the first part of the loop of Henle[WP]. SCTID:245350001 UBERON:0001289 UBERON:FMA_17705-MA_0001679 descending limb descending limb of Henle's loop http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png loop of Henle descending limb ncithesaurus:Descending_Limb_of_the_Henle_s_Loop FMA Portion of the renal tubule constituting the first part of the loop of Henle[WP]. Wikipedia:Descending_limb_of_loop_of_henle FMA proximal straight tubule BTO:0000055 EMAPA:29661 FMA:17716 MA:0002614 S3 TODO - is S3 exactly coincident with PST? Check also relationship to DL. todo - ensure relationships work across species (loop of Henle) UBERON:0001290 UBERON:0005166 UBERON:FMA_17716-MA_0002614-ZFA_0001621 ZFA:0005291 pars recta pars recta tubuli renalis part of the descending limb of the renal tubule, extending from the proximal convoluted tubule to the thin tubule[BTO]. proximal tubule segment 3 thick descending limb of proximal tubule tubulus rectus proximalis MA MA BTO:0000055 pars recta tubuli renalis FMA MA:0002614 proximal tubule segment 3 BTO:0000055 Wikipedia:Proximal_straight_tubule part of the descending limb of the renal tubule, extending from the proximal convoluted tubule to the thin tubule[BTO]. MA-isa GO:0072020 S3 thick ascending limb of loop of Henle EMAPA:28396 EMAPA:29671 FMA:17722 MA:0001677 SCTID:244953001 TODO: thick/thin check. Also - does the loop of Henle overlap the distal convoluted tubule? FMA divides DCT into straight and convoluted portions UBERON:0001291 UBERON:FMA_17717-MA_0001676 a segment of the nephron in the kidney. It can be divided into two parts: that in the renal medulla, and that in the renal cortex[Wikipedia:Thick_ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle]. ascending thick limb distal straight tubule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png loop of henle ascending limb thick segment straight portion of distal convoluted renal tubule straight portion of distal convoluted tubule thick ascending limb thick ascending limb of Henle's loop thick ascending limb of distal tubule tubulus rectus distalis FMA:17722 thick ascending limb of distal tubule FMA:17722 straight portion of distal convoluted tubule MA:0001677 loop of henle ascending limb thick segment Wikipedia:Thick_ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle a segment of the nephron in the kidney. It can be divided into two parts: that in the renal medulla, and that in the renal cortex[Wikipedia:Thick_ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle]. FMA:17722 tubulus rectus distalis distal convoluted tubule EMAPA:28393 EV:0100389 FMA:17721 MA:0001666 SCTID:361336005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001292 UBERON:FMA_17721-MA_0001666 a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system. distal convoluted renal tubule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kidney_nephron.png/200px-Kidney_nephron.png ncithesaurus:Distal_Convoluted_Tubule second convoluted tubule tubulus contortus distalis Wikipedia:Distal_convoluted_tubule a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system. outer medulla of kidney BTO:0001746 EMAPA:28310 FMA:17733 MA:0001653 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001293 UBERON:FMA_17733-MA_0001653 kidney outer medulla outer renal medulla outer zone of medulla of kidney outer zone of renal medulla renal outer medulla zona externa (medullaris renalis) BTO:0001746 renal outer medulla FMA:17733 FMA:TA zona externa (medullaris renalis) BTO:0001746 kidney outer medulla inner medulla of kidney BTO:0001745 EMAPA:28349 FMA:17734 MA:0001652 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001294 UBERON:FMA_17734-MA_0001652 inner renal medulla inner zone of medulla of kidney inner zone of renal medulla kidney inner medulla renal inner medulla set of inner region of renal pyramids zona interna (medullaris renalis) FMA:17734 FMA:TA zona interna (medullaris renalis) BTO:0001745 kidney inner medulla BTO:0001745 renal inner medulla endometrium BTO:0001422 EFO:0000980 EMAPA:29917 EV:0100115 FMA:17742 GAID:377 MA:0000390 MAT:0000319 MESH:A.05.360.319.679.490 MIAA:0000319 OG:0001285 SCTID:278867007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001295 UBERON:FMA_17742-MA_0000390-MIAA_0000319 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg/200px-Illu_cervix.jpg inner membrane of the mammalian uterus. ncithesaurus:Endometrium tunica mucosa (endometrium) Wikipedia:Endometrium inner membrane of the mammalian uterus. myometrium BTO:0000907 EFO:0001970 EMAPA:29923 EV:0100116 FMA:17743 GAID:171 MA:0000391 MESH:A.02.633.570.500 MeSH:D009215 OG:0001281 SCTID:279879004 The inner layer of the uterine wall is the endometrium or uterine lining, and the outer layer the serosa or perimetrium. The myometrium stretches (the smooth muscle cells expand in both size and number[1]) during pregnancy to allow for the harboring of the pregnancy, and contracts in a coordinated fashion during the process of labor. After delivery the myometrium contracts to expel the placenta and reduce blood loss. UBERON:0001296 UBERON:FMA_17743-MA_0000391 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg/200px-Illu_cervix.jpg middle layer of the uterine wall consisting of smooth muscle cells and supporting stromal and vascular tissue. ncithesaurus:Myometrium tunica muscularis (myometrium) uterine smooth muscle Wikipedia:Myometrium http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myometrium middle layer of the uterine wall consisting of smooth muscle cells and supporting stromal and vascular tissue. serosa of uterus FMA:17744 MA:0001729 Outer serosa layer of the uterus. SCTID:253705006 TODO - check for parallel structure with peritoneum UBERON:0001297 UBERON:FMA_17744-MA_0001729 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg/200px-Illu_cervix.jpg ncithesaurus:Perimetrium perimetrium serous coat of uterus serous membrane of uterus tunica serosa (perimetrium) tunica serosa uteri uterine serosa uterus serosa uterus serous membrane visceral peritoneum of uterus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimetrium perimetrium OBOL:automatic serous membrane of uterus Outer serosa layer of the uterus. Wikipedia:Perimetrium OBOL:automatic uterus serous membrane FMA:17744 FMA:TA tunica serosa uteri psoas major BTO:0001877 EMAPA:18169 FMA:18060 MA:0002358 OpenCyc:Mx4rwU5ZfZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244952006 The psoas major is a long fusiform muscle placed on the side of the lumbar region of the vertebral column and brim of the lesser pelvis. It joins the iliacus muscle to form the iliopsoas. In less than 50 per cent of subjects the psoas major is accompanied by the psoas minor. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001298 UBERON:FMA_18060-MA_0002358 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG ncithesaurus:Psoas_Major psoas major muscle MA The psoas major is a long fusiform muscle placed on the side of the lumbar region of the vertebral column and brim of the lesser pelvis. It joins the iliacus muscle to form the iliopsoas. In less than 50 per cent of subjects the psoas major is accompanied by the psoas minor. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Psoas_major glans penis BTO:0003118 EMAPA:18988 EMAPA:29288 EV:0100108 FMA:18247 GAID:0000012 MA:0002726 OG:0001475 OpenCyc:Mx4rvdCpE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:263378009 The glans penis (or simply glans) is the sensitive bulbous structure at the distal end of the penis. It is also commonly referred to as the 'head' of the penis. Slang terms include 'helmet', 'nob' (or 'knob'), and 'bell end', and all refer to its distinctive shape. The glans penis is anatomically homologous to the clitoral glans of the female. When the penis is flaccid it is wholly or partially covered by the foreskin, except in men who have been fully circumcised. The foreskin serves to protect this delicate mucous membrane covered structure. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001299 UBERON:FMA_18247-MA_0002726 balanus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Male_anatomy.png/200px-Male_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Glans_Penis BTO:0003118 balanus The glans penis (or simply glans) is the sensitive bulbous structure at the distal end of the penis. It is also commonly referred to as the 'head' of the penis. Slang terms include 'helmet', 'nob' (or 'knob'), and 'bell end', and all refer to its distinctive shape. The glans penis is anatomically homologous to the clitoral glans of the female. When the penis is flaccid it is wholly or partially covered by the foreskin, except in men who have been fully circumcised. The foreskin serves to protect this delicate mucous membrane covered structure. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Glans_penis scrotum BTO:0003098 EMAPA:19296 FMA:18252 GAID:393 In some male mammals the scrotum (also referred to as the cod) is a protuberance of skin and muscle containing the testicles. It is an extension of the abdomen, and is located between the penis and anus. In humans and some other mammals, the base of the scrotum becomes covered with pubic hair at puberty. In common speech, the scrotum is often improperly referred to as the testicles, which actually refer to organs encased inside the scrotum. The scrotum is homologous to the labia majora in females. It becomes tight when sexually aroused. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000409 MESH:A.05.360.444.661 OpenCyc:Mx4rwUC_upwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:265794003 UBERON:0001300 UBERON:FMA_18252-MA_0000409 galen:Scrotum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3e/HairedHumanScrotum.png/200px-HairedHumanScrotum.png ncithesaurus:Scrotum In some male mammals the scrotum (also referred to as the cod) is a protuberance of skin and muscle containing the testicles. It is an extension of the abdomen, and is located between the penis and anus. In humans and some other mammals, the base of the scrotum becomes covered with pubic hair at puberty. In common speech, the scrotum is often improperly referred to as the testicles, which actually refer to organs encased inside the scrotum. The scrotum is homologous to the labia majora in females. It becomes tight when sexually aroused. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scrotum epididymis A narrow, tightly-coiled tube connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens. BTO:0000408 EFO:0000982 EMAPA:19290 EV:0100103 FMA:18255 GAID:397 MA:0000397 MAT:0000130 MESH:A.05.360.444.849.286 MIAA:0000130 OG:0001265 SCTID:181432000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001301 UBERON:FMA_18255-MA_0000397-MIAA_0000130 epididymus galen:Epididymis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Illu_testis_surface.jpg/200px-Illu_testis_surface.jpg ncithesaurus:Epididymis A narrow, tightly-coiled tube connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens. Wikipedia:Epididymis right uterine tube A fallopian tube that is part of a right side of organism [Obol]. FMA:18483 MA:0001717 SCTID:280106006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001302 UBERON:FMA_18483-MA_0001717 ncithesaurus:Right_Fallopian_Tube right fallopian tube right oviduct A fallopian tube that is part of a right side of organism [Obol]. OBOL:automatic left uterine tube A fallopian tube that is part of a left side of organism [Obol]. FMA:18484 MA:0001716 SCTID:280107002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001303 UBERON:FMA_18484-MA_0001716 left fallopian tube left oviduct ncithesaurus:Left_Fallopian_Tube A fallopian tube that is part of a left side of organism [Obol]. OBOL:automatic germinal epithelium of ovary BTO:0004483 Controversial - see article. Requires expert input. Also check BTO placement EHDAA2:0001361 EHDAA:8126 EMAPA:27564 FMA:18629 MA:0001711 OG:0000630 SCTID:258308007 UBERON:0001304 UBERON:FMA_18629-MA_0001711 epithelium superficiale (ovarium) female coelomic epithelium germinal epithelium (female) layer of simple cuboidal cells covering surface of ovary[WP]. ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Surface_Epithelium ovarian surface epithelium ovary germinal epithelium PMID:16923182 Wikipedia:Germinal_epithelium_(female) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Germinal_epithelium_%28female%29 layer of simple cuboidal cells covering surface of ovary[WP]. Wikipedia:Germinal_epithelium_(female) germinal epithelium (female) BTO:0004483 ovarian surface epithelium EMAPA:17384 female coelomic epithelium ovarian follicle BTO:0000475 FMA:18640 GAID:371 MA:0001707 MAT:0000449 MESH:A.05.360.319.114.630.535 OG:0001536 Ovarian follicles are the basic units of female reproductive biology, each of which is composed of roughly spherical aggregations of cells found in the ovary. They contain a single oocyte (aka ovum or egg). These structures are periodically initiated to grow and develop, culminating in ovulation of usually a single competent oocyte in humans. These eggs/ova are only developed once every menstrual cycle (e.g. once a month in humans)[WP]. SCTID:361111009 TAO:0001110 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001305 UBERON:FMA_18640-MA_0001707-ZFA_0001110 ZFA:0001110 egg follicle follicle of ovary follicle of ovary viewed macroscopically http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Primary_follicle-4.JPG/200px-Primary_follicle-4.JPG ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Follicle ovary follicle Ovarian follicles are the basic units of female reproductive biology, each of which is composed of roughly spherical aggregations of cells found in the ovary. They contain a single oocyte (aka ovum or egg). These structures are periodically initiated to grow and develop, culminating in ovulation of usually a single competent oocyte in humans. These eggs/ova are only developed once every menstrual cycle (e.g. once a month in humans)[WP]. Wikipedia:Ovarian_follicle FMA:18640 follicle of ovary viewed macroscopically cumulus oophorus At one part of the mature follicle, the cells of the membrana granulosa are collected into a mass which projects into the cavity of the follicle. This cluster of cells is termed the cumulus oophorus (Latin cumulus=heap, Greek oo=egg + phorus=carrying) discus proligerus, and it is released with the embedded oocyte during ovulation. In order for fertilization to occur this layer must be penetrated by the spermatocyte. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:18659 MA:0002414 SCTID:258586009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001306 UBERON:FMA_18659-MA_0002414 cumulus ovaricus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gray1164.png/200px-Gray1164.png At one part of the mature follicle, the cells of the membrana granulosa are collected into a mass which projects into the cavity of the follicle. This cluster of cells is termed the cumulus oophorus (Latin cumulus=heap, Greek oo=egg + phorus=carrying) discus proligerus, and it is released with the embedded oocyte during ovulation. In order for fertilization to occur this layer must be penetrated by the spermatocyte. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cumulus_oophorus capsule of ovary FMA:18662 MA:0001706 SCTID:258491008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001307 UBERON:FMA_18662-MA_0001706 ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Capsule ovarian capsule ovary capsule external iliac artery BTO:0004666 EHDAA2:0000463 EHDAA:4337 EMAPA:17614 FMA:18805 MA:0001973 OpenCyc:Mx4rvkh47pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181352000 The external iliac artery is a large artery in the pelvic region that carries blood to the lower limb. The external iliac artery is a paired artery, meaning there is one on each side of the body: a right external iliac artery and left external iliac artery. The external iliac artery is accompanied by the external iliac vein, which is located posterior to the artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001308 UBERON:FMA_18805-MA_0001973 galen:ExternalIliacArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray539.png/200px-Gray539.png ncithesaurus:External_Iliac_Artery The external iliac artery is a large artery in the pelvic region that carries blood to the lower limb. The external iliac artery is a paired artery, meaning there is one on each side of the body: a right external iliac artery and left external iliac artery. The external iliac artery is accompanied by the external iliac vein, which is located posterior to the artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:External_iliac_artery internal iliac artery BTO:0004667 EMAPA:17860 FMA:18808 MA:0001974 SCTID:181346001 The internal iliac artery (formerly known as the hypogastric artery) is the main artery of the pelvis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001309 UBERON:FMA_18808-MA_0001974 galen:InternalIliacArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Iliac_artery_bifurcation.PNG/200px-Iliac_artery_bifurcation.PNG ncithesaurus:Internal_Iliac_Artery The internal iliac artery (formerly known as the hypogastric artery) is the main artery of the pelvis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_iliac_artery umbilical artery BTO:0000841 EHDAA2:0002106 EHDAA:1026 EHDAA:410 EMAPA:16331 EMAPA:16372 FMA:18820 GAID:516 MA:0002072 MESH:A.07.231.114.929 OpenCyc:Mx4rCWdhMGWbEd2AAABQjYGu0g SCTID:261404000 The umbilical artery is a paired artery (with one for each half of the body) that is found in the abdominal and pelvic regions. In the fetus, it extends into the umbilical cord. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001310 UBERON:FMA_18820-MA_0002072 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gray502.png/200px-Gray502.png ncithesaurus:Umbilical_Artery The umbilical artery is a paired artery (with one for each half of the body) that is found in the abdominal and pelvic regions. In the fetus, it extends into the umbilical cord. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Umbilical_artery inferior vesical artery FMA:18823 MA:0002079 SCTID:43210002 The INF vesical artery is an artery in the pelvis that supplies the lower part of the bladder. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001311 UBERON:FMA_18823-MA_0002079 arteria vesicali inferior ncithesaurus:Inferior_Vesical_Artery The INF vesical artery is an artery in the pelvis that supplies the lower part of the bladder. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_vesical_artery superior vesical artery FMA:18839 MA:0002080 SCTID:113268007 The superior vesical artery supplies numerous branches to the upper part of the bladder. From one of these a slender vessel, the artery to the ductus deferens, takes origin and accompanies the duct in its course to the testis, where it anastomoses with the internal spermatic artery. Other branches supply the ureter. The first part of the superior vesical artery represents the terminal section of the previous portion of the umbilical artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001312 UBERON:FMA_18839-MA_0002080 arteria vesicalis superior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Internal_iliac_branches.PNG/200px-Internal_iliac_branches.PNG ncithesaurus:Superior_Vesical_Artery The superior vesical artery supplies numerous branches to the upper part of the bladder. From one of these a slender vessel, the artery to the ductus deferens, takes origin and accompanies the duct in its course to the testis, where it anastomoses with the internal spermatic artery. Other branches supply the ureter. The first part of the superior vesical artery represents the terminal section of the previous portion of the umbilical artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_vesical_artery iliolumbar artery FMA:18845 MA:0001976 SCTID:113267002 The iliolumbar artery is a branch of the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001313 UBERON:FMA_18845-MA_0001976 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray585.png/200px-Gray585.png ilio-lumbar artery ncithesaurus:Iliolumbar_Artery The iliolumbar artery is a branch of the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Iliolumbar_artery obturator artery FMA:18865 MA:0002008 SCTID:244302006 The obturator artery passes antero-inferiorly (forwards and downwards) on the lateral wall of the pelvis, to the upper part of the obturator foramen, and, escaping from the pelvic cavity through the obturator canal, it divides into both an anterior and a posterior branch. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001314 UBERON:FMA_18865-MA_0002008 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gray547.png/200px-Gray547.png ncithesaurus:Obturator_Artery The obturator artery passes antero-inferiorly (forwards and downwards) on the lateral wall of the pelvis, to the upper part of the obturator foramen, and, escaping from the pelvic cavity through the obturator canal, it divides into both an anterior and a posterior branch. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Obturator_artery superior gluteal artery FMA:18868 MA:0002054 SCTID:181354004 The superior gluteal artery (gluteal artery) is the largest branch of the internal iliac artery, and appears to be the continuation of the posterior division of that vessel. It is a short artery which runs backward between the lumbosacral trunk and the first sacral nerve, and, passing out of the pelvis above the upper border of the Piriformis, immediately divides into a superficial and a deep branch. Within the pelvis it gives off a few branches to the Iliacus, Piriformis, and Obturator internus, and just previous to quitting that cavity, a nutrient artery which enters the ilium. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001315 UBERON:FMA_18868-MA_0002054 arteria glutealis superior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gray1244.png/200px-Gray1244.png ncithesaurus:Gluteal_Artery The superior gluteal artery (gluteal artery) is the largest branch of the internal iliac artery, and appears to be the continuation of the posterior division of that vessel. It is a short artery which runs backward between the lumbosacral trunk and the first sacral nerve, and, passing out of the pelvis above the upper border of the Piriformis, immediately divides into a superficial and a deep branch. Within the pelvis it gives off a few branches to the Iliacus, Piriformis, and Obturator internus, and just previous to quitting that cavity, a nutrient artery which enters the ilium. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_gluteal_artery external iliac vein EHDAA2:0000464 FMA:18883 MA:0002144 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQUYtZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181400000 The external iliac veins are large veins that connect the femoral veins to the common iliac veins. Their origin is at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligaments and they terminate when they join the internal iliac veins (to form the common iliac veins). Both external iliac veins are accompanied along their course by external iliac arteries. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001316 UBERON:FMA_18883-MA_0002144 galen:ExternalIliacVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Iliac_veins.gif/200px-Iliac_veins.gif ncithesaurus:External_Iliac_Vein The external iliac veins are large veins that connect the femoral veins to the common iliac veins. Their origin is at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligaments and they terminate when they join the internal iliac veins (to form the common iliac veins). Both external iliac veins are accompanied along their course by external iliac arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:External_iliac_vein internal iliac vein EHDAA2:0000874 FMA:18884 MA:0002145 OG:0000749 SCTID:181399007 The internal iliac vein (hypogastric vein) begins near the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen, passes upward behind and slightly medial to the hypogastric artery and, at the brim of the pelvis, joins with the external iliac to form the common iliac vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001317 UBERON:FMA_18884-MA_0002145 galen:InternalIliacVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Internaliliacv.png/200px-Internaliliacv.png ncithesaurus:Internal_Iliac_Vein The internal iliac vein (hypogastric vein) begins near the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen, passes upward behind and slightly medial to the hypogastric artery and, at the brim of the pelvis, joins with the external iliac to form the common iliac vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_iliac_vein inferior vesical vein FMA:18890 MA:0002264 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001318 UBERON:FMA_18890-MA_0002264 FMA/obol vaginal vein FMA:18899 MA:0002251 SCTID:424336009 The vaginal plexuses are placed at the sides of the vagina; they communicate with the uterine, vesical, and hemorrhoidal plexuses, and are drained by the vaginal veins, one on either side, into the hypogastric veins. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001319 UBERON:FMA_18899-MA_0002251 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gray589.png/200px-Gray589.png vagina vein vein of vagina OBOL:automatic vein of vagina OBOL:automatic vagina vein FMA/obol The vaginal plexuses are placed at the sides of the vagina; they communicate with the uterine, vesical, and hemorrhoidal plexuses, and are drained by the vaginal veins, one on either side, into the hypogastric veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vaginal_vein iliolumbar vein FMA:18902 MA:0002146 SCTID:286793006 The iliolumbar vein is the vena comitans of the iliolumbar artery. The obturator nerve crosses superficial to it. A single vein is found more commonly than a double vein. It drains vertebral segments four and five. It is closely related to the ascending lumbar vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001320 UBERON:FMA_18902-MA_0002146 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray585.png/200px-Gray585.png ilio-lumbar vein ncithesaurus:Iliolumbar_Vein The iliolumbar vein is the vena comitans of the iliolumbar artery. The obturator nerve crosses superficial to it. A single vein is found more commonly than a double vein. It drains vertebral segments four and five. It is closely related to the ascending lumbar vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Iliolumbar_vein FMA/obol obturator vein FMA:18914 MA:0002183 SCTID:20146009 The obturator vein begins in the upper portion of the adductor region of the thigh and enters the pelvis through the upper part of the obturator foramen, in the obturator canal. It runs backward and upward on the lateral wall of the pelvis below the obturator artery, and then passes between the ureter and the hypogastric artery, to end in the hypogastric vein. It has an anterior and posterior branch (similar to obturator artery). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001321 UBERON:FMA_18914-MA_0002183 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray585.png/200px-Gray585.png ncithesaurus:Obturator_Vein The obturator vein begins in the upper portion of the adductor region of the thigh and enters the pelvis through the upper part of the obturator foramen, in the obturator canal. It runs backward and upward on the lateral wall of the pelvis below the obturator artery, and then passes between the ureter and the hypogastric artery, to end in the hypogastric vein. It has an anterior and posterior branch (similar to obturator artery). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Obturator_vein FMA/obol sciatic nerve BTO:0001221 EFO:0001417 EHDAA2:0001779 EHDAA:5659 EMAPA:18577 FMA:19034 GAID:852 MA:0001172 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.450.760 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1133 OG:0000894 OpenCyc:Mx4rv7MlDJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181050003 The sciatic nerve (also known as the ischiatic nerve) is a large nerve in humans and other animals. It begins in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb. It is the longest and widest single nerve in the human body. The sciatic supplies nearly the whole of the skin of the leg, the muscles of the back of the thigh, and those of the leg and foot. It is derived from spinal nerves L4 through S3. It contains fibres from both the anterior and posterior divisions of the lumbosacral plexus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001322 UBERON:FMA_19034-MA_0001172 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gray1244.png/200px-Gray1244.png ncithesaurus:Sciatic_Nerve nervus ischiadicus nervus sciaticus The sciatic nerve (also known as the ischiatic nerve) is a large nerve in humans and other animals. It begins in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb. It is the longest and widest single nerve in the human body. The sciatic supplies nearly the whole of the skin of the leg, the muscles of the back of the thigh, and those of the leg and foot. It is derived from spinal nerves L4 through S3. It contains fibres from both the anterior and posterior divisions of the lumbosacral plexus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sciatic_nerve BTO:0001221 nervus sciaticus BTO:0001221 nervus ischiadicus tibial nerve FMA:19035 GAID:854 MA:0001173 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.450.760.820 OpenCyc:Mx4rwNya8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181078002 The tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus. In the popliteal fossa the nerve gives off branches to gastrocnemius, popliteus, soleus and plantaris muscles, an articular branch to the knee joint, and a cutaneous branch that will become the sural nerve. The sural nerve is joined by fibres from the common peroneal nerve and runs down the calf to supply the lateral side of the foot. Below the soleus muscle the nerve lies close to the tibia and supplies the tibialis posterior, the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucis longus. The nerve passes into the foot running posterior to the medial malleolus. Here it is bound down by the flexor retinaculum in company with the posterior tibial artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001323 UBERON:FMA_19035-MA_0001173 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gray828.png/200px-Gray828.png medial popliteal nerve ncithesaurus:Tibial_Nerve The tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus. In the popliteal fossa the nerve gives off branches to gastrocnemius, popliteus, soleus and plantaris muscles, an articular branch to the knee joint, and a cutaneous branch that will become the sural nerve. The sural nerve is joined by fibres from the common peroneal nerve and runs down the calf to supply the lateral side of the foot. Below the soleus muscle the nerve lies close to the tibia and supplies the tibialis posterior, the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucis longus. The nerve passes into the foot running posterior to the medial malleolus. Here it is bound down by the flexor retinaculum in company with the posterior tibial artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tibial_nerve common fibular nerve EFO:0003062 FMA:19039 GAID:853 MA:0001169 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.450.760.640 OpenCyc:Mx4rvwKexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181077007 UBERON:0001324 UBERON:FMA_19039-MA_0001169 a nerve arising at the terminal division of the sciatic nerve at the popliteal fossa and extending to the neck of the fibula, ultimately innervating the Peroneus muscle[MP]. The common peroneal nerve (common fibular nerve; external popliteal nerve; peroneal nerve), about one-half the size of the tibial nerve, is derived from the dorsal branches of the fourth and fifth lumbar and the first and second sacral nerves. It descends obliquely along the lateral side of the popliteal fossa to the head of the fibula, close to the medial margin of the biceps femoris muscle. It lies between the tendon of the biceps femoris and lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle, winds around the neck of the fibula, between the peronæus longus and the bone, and divides beneath the muscle into the superficial peroneal nerve (superficial fibular nerve) and deep peroneal nerve (deep fibular nerve). [WP,unvetted]. common peroneal nerve extrernal peroneal nerve lateral popliteal nerve ncithesaurus:Peroneal_Nerve nervus peroneus communis peroneal nerve MP:0011211 Wikipedia:Common_fibular_nerve a nerve arising at the terminal division of the sciatic nerve at the popliteal fossa and extending to the neck of the fibula, ultimately innervating the Peroneus muscle[MP]. The common peroneal nerve (common fibular nerve; external popliteal nerve; peroneal nerve), about one-half the size of the tibial nerve, is derived from the dorsal branches of the fourth and fifth lumbar and the first and second sacral nerves. It descends obliquely along the lateral side of the popliteal fossa to the head of the fibula, close to the medial margin of the biceps femoris muscle. It lies between the tendon of the biceps femoris and lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle, winds around the neck of the fibula, between the peronæus longus and the bone, and divides beneath the muscle into the superficial peroneal nerve (superficial fibular nerve) and deep peroneal nerve (deep fibular nerve). [WP,unvetted]. MP:0011211 lateral popliteal nerve FMA:19039 FMA:TA nervus peroneus communis MP:0011211 extrernal peroneal nerve muscle of pelvis FMA:19086 MA:0000534 Muscle (organ) which is a part of the pelvis. Examples: levator ani, UBERON:0001325 UBERON:FMA_19086-MA_0000534 muscle organ of pelvis pelvic muscle pelvis muscle pelvis muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of pelvis FMA:19086 Muscle (organ) which is a part of the pelvis. Examples: levator ani, FMA:19086 pelvic muscle MA OBOL:automatic pelvis muscle organ levator ani EMAPA:19165 FMA:19087 MA:0002332 The Levator ani is a broad, thin muscle, situated on the side of the pelvis. It is attached to the inner surface of the side of the lesser pelvis, and unites with its fellow of the opposite side to form the greater part of the floor of the pelvic cavity. It supports the viscera in pelvic cavity, and surrounds the various structures which pass through it. In combination with the Coccygeus muscle, it forms the pelvic diaphragm. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001326 UBERON:FMA_19087-MA_0002332 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gray404.png/200px-Gray404.png ncithesaurus:Levator_Ani The Levator ani is a broad, thin muscle, situated on the side of the pelvis. It is attached to the inner surface of the side of the lesser pelvis, and unites with its fellow of the opposite side to form the greater part of the floor of the pelvic cavity. It supports the viscera in pelvic cavity, and surrounds the various structures which pass through it. In combination with the Coccygeus muscle, it forms the pelvic diaphragm. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Levator_ani coccygeus FMA:19088 MA:0002277 The Coccygeus is a muscle of the pelvic wall (i.e. peripheral to the pelvic floor), situated behind the levator ani and in front of the sacrospinous ligament. It is a triangular plane of muscular and tendinous fibers, arising by its apex from the spine of the ischium and sacrospinous ligament, and inserted by its base into the margin of the coccyx and into the side of the lowest piece of the sacrum. It assists the Levator ani and Piriformis in closing in the back part of the outlet of the pelvis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001327 UBERON:FMA_19088-MA_0002277 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gray404.png/200px-Gray404.png ischiococcygeus musculus ischiococcygeus FMA:19088 FMA:TA musculus ischiococcygeus The Coccygeus is a muscle of the pelvic wall (i.e. peripheral to the pelvic floor), situated behind the levator ani and in front of the sacrospinous ligament. It is a triangular plane of muscular and tendinous fibers, arising by its apex from the spine of the ischium and sacrospinous ligament, and inserted by its base into the margin of the coccyx and into the side of the lowest piece of the sacrum. It assists the Levator ani and Piriformis in closing in the back part of the outlet of the pelvis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Coccygeus lobe of prostate Anatomically, the human prostate gland is located between the base of the bladder and the rectum, and it completely surrounds the proximal urethra (Fig. 1A). It is a single alobular structure with central (CZ), peripheral (PZ) and transitional (TZ) zones. In contrast, the mouse prostate is not merged into one compact anatomical structure. It comprises four paired lobes situated circumferentially around the urethra, immediately caudal to the urinary bladder—namely, anterior (AP), dorsal (DP), lateral (LP), and ventral (VP) prostate (Fig. 1B). Often, the dorsal and the lateral lobes are thought of in combination and referred to as the dorsolateral (DLP) lobe as they share a ductal system. The mouse AP is considered analogous to the human CZ, which is rarely a site of neoplastic transformation in humans. The mouse DLP is considered most similar to the human PZ, which is the zone in which most carcinomas arise (Xue et al. 1997). These analogies, however, are limited as they are based solely on descriptive data and need to be re-evaluated using molecular techniques before the relationship between specific mouse prostate lobes and the human prostate zones is definitively asserted (Abate-Shen & Shen 2000). The mouse VP does not have a human homologue, and the human TZ does not have a murine homologue [PMID:15163300] BTO:0000548 FMA:19570 MA:0001738 SCTID:279692004 UBERON:0001328 UBERON:FMA_19570-MA_0001738 lobe of prostate gland ncithesaurus:Prostate_Gland_Lobe prostate gland lobe prostatic lobe prostate gland anterior lobe BTO:0003158 FMA:19574 MA:0002422 SCTID:279693009 UBERON:0001329 UBERON:FMA_19574-MA_0002422 anterior lobe of prostate anterior lobe of prostate gland comment: todo - check - see comments from PMID:15163300 commissura prostatae commissure of prostate isthmus of prostate isthmus of prostate gland isthmus prostatae prostate gland anterior lobe prostatic isthmus the prostate lobe that appears as a thin tubular structure, attached to the lesser curvature of the paired seminal vesicles. MP:0001163 the prostate lobe that appears as a thin tubular structure, attached to the lesser curvature of the paired seminal vesicles. FMA:19574 FMA:TA commissura prostatae FMA:19574 FMA:TA isthmus prostatae FMA:19574 anterior lobe of prostate pampiniform plexus FMA:19607 MA:0001866 SCTID:279661001 The pampiniform plexus is a network of many small veins found in the human male spermatic cord. It is formed by the union of multiple spermatic veins from the back of the testis and tributaries from the epididymis. The veins of the plexus ascend along the cord in front of the ductus deferens. Below the subcutaneous inguinal ring they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the abdominal inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins. These again unite to form a single vein, the testicular vein, which opens on the right side into the inferior vena cava, at an acute angle, and on the left side into the left renal vein, at a right angle. The pampinoform plexus forms the chief mass of the cord. In addition to its function in venous return from the testes, the pampiniform plexus also plays a role in the temperature regulation of the testes. It acts as a heat exchanger, cooling blood in adjacent arteries. An abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform plexus is a medical condition called varicocele. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001330 UBERON:FMA_19607-MA_0001866 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gray1147.png/200px-Gray1147.png pampiniform venous plexus plexus of veins of fascia of prostate plexus venosus pampiniformis venous plexus of fascia of prostate venous plexus of fascia of prostate gland FMA:19607 FMA:TA plexus venosus pampiniformis The pampiniform plexus is a network of many small veins found in the human male spermatic cord. It is formed by the union of multiple spermatic veins from the back of the testis and tributaries from the epididymis. The veins of the plexus ascend along the cord in front of the ductus deferens. Below the subcutaneous inguinal ring they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the abdominal inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins. These again unite to form a single vein, the testicular vein, which opens on the right side into the inferior vena cava, at an acute angle, and on the left side into the left renal vein, at a right angle. The pampinoform plexus forms the chief mass of the cord. In addition to its function in venous return from the testes, the pampiniform plexus also plays a role in the temperature regulation of the testes. It acts as a heat exchanger, cooling blood in adjacent arteries. An abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform plexus is a medical condition called varicocele. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pampiniform_plexus skin of penis A zone of skin that is part of a penis [Obol]. FMA:19638 MA:0002727 SCTID:35900000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001331 UBERON:FMA_19638-MA_0002727 penile skin penis skin penis zone of skin zone of skin of penis A zone of skin that is part of a penis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of penis OBOL:automatic penis zone of skin prepuce of penis BTO:0001113 EFO:0001664 EMAPA:18989 EV:0100109 FMA:19639 In male human anatomy, the foreskin is a retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers the glans penis and protects the urinary meatus when the penis is not erect. It is also described as the prepuce, a technically broader term that also includes the clitoral hood in women, to which the foreskin is embryonically homologous. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000407 MA:0001744 Note FMA also has FMA:27648 skin of prepuce of penis - how is this different? MA uses the term prepuce for the male prepuce. MA also has penis foreskin OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjlTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001332 UBERON:FMA_19639-MA_0000407 foreskin http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/Foreskin2.jpg/200px-Foreskin2.jpg ncithesaurus:Prepuce penile prepuce prepuce prepuce of male preputial skin preputium skin of prepuce of penis FMA:19639 penile prepuce FMA:19639 foreskin FMA:27648 skin of prepuce of penis HP:0100587 preputium Wikipedia EMAPA:18989 prepuce of male FMA:27648 preputial skin In male human anatomy, the foreskin is a retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers the glans penis and protects the urinary meatus when the penis is not erect. It is also described as the prepuce, a technically broader term that also includes the clitoral hood in women, to which the foreskin is embryonically homologous. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Foreskin MA:0000407 Wikipedia:Foreskin prepuce male urethra BTO:0004089 EMAPA:18692 FMA:19668 In anatomy, the urethra (from Greek οὐρήθρα - ourethra) is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The urethra has an excretory function in both sexes to pass urine to the outside, and also a reproductive function in the male, as a passage for semen. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002640 SCTID:264085007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001333 UBERON:FMA_19668-MA_0002640 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Male_Urethra In anatomy, the urethra (from Greek οὐρήθρα - ourethra) is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The urethra has an excretory function in both sexes to pass urine to the outside, and also a reproductive function in the male, as a passage for semen. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Male_urethra female urethra BTO:0004088 EMAPA:28747 FMA:19669 In anatomy, the urethra (from Greek οὐρήθρα - ourethra) is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The urethra has an excretory function in both sexes to pass urine to the outside, and also a reproductive function in the male, as a passage for semen. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002637 SCTID:264469008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001334 UBERON:FMA_19669-MA_0002637 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Female_Urethra In anatomy, the urethra (from Greek οὐρήθρα - ourethra) is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The urethra has an excretory function in both sexes to pass urine to the outside, and also a reproductive function in the male, as a passage for semen. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Female_urethra prostatic urethra BTO:0003163 EMAPA:30942 FMA:19673 MA:0002646 SCTID:279434009 The prostatic urethra, the widest and most dilatable part of the urethra canal, is about 3 cm. long. It runs almost vertically through the prostate from its base to its apex, lying nearer its anterior than its posterior surface; the form of the canal is spindle-shaped, being wider in the middle than at either extremity, and narrowest below, where it joins the membranous portion. A transverse section of the canal as it lies in the prostate is horse-shoe-shaped, with the convexity directed forward. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001335 UBERON:FMA_19673-MA_0002646 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray1142.png/200px-Gray1142.png ncithesaurus:Prostatic_Portion_of_the_Male_Urethra pars prostatica urethrae prostatic part of urethra The prostatic urethra, the widest and most dilatable part of the urethra canal, is about 3 cm. long. It runs almost vertically through the prostate from its base to its apex, lying nearer its anterior than its posterior surface; the form of the canal is spindle-shaped, being wider in the middle than at either extremity, and narrowest below, where it joins the membranous portion. A transverse section of the canal as it lies in the prostate is horse-shoe-shaped, with the convexity directed forward. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Prostatic_urethra BTO:0003163 pars prostatica urethrae membranous urethra FMA:19674 MA:0002647 SCTID:263343009 The intermediate part of male urethra (membranous portion) is the shortest, least dilatable, and, with the exception of the external orifice, the narrowest part of the canal. It extends downward and forward, with a slight anterior concavity, between the apex of the prostate and the bulb of the urethra, perforating the urogenital diaphragm about 2.5 cm. below and behind the pubic symphysis. The hinder part of the urethral bulb lies in apposition with the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, but its upper portion diverges somewhat from this fascia: the anterior wall of the membranous urethra is thus prolonged for a short distance in front of the urogenital diaphragm; it measures about 2 cm. in length, while the posterior wall which is between the two fasciæ of the diaphragm is only 1.25 cm. long. The membranous portion of the urethra is completely surrounded by the fibers of the Sphincter urethrae membranaceae. In front of it the deep dorsal vein of the penis enters the pelvis between the transverse ligament of the pelvis and the arcuate pubic ligament; on either side near its termination are the bulbourethral glands. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001336 UBERON:FMA_19674-MA_0002647 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray1142.png/200px-Gray1142.png intermediate part of urethra intermediate urethra membranous part of urethra ncithesaurus:Membranous_Urethra pars intermedia urethrae pars membranacea (urethrae) The intermediate part of male urethra (membranous portion) is the shortest, least dilatable, and, with the exception of the external orifice, the narrowest part of the canal. It extends downward and forward, with a slight anterior concavity, between the apex of the prostate and the bulb of the urethra, perforating the urogenital diaphragm about 2.5 cm. below and behind the pubic symphysis. The hinder part of the urethral bulb lies in apposition with the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, but its upper portion diverges somewhat from this fascia: the anterior wall of the membranous urethra is thus prolonged for a short distance in front of the urogenital diaphragm; it measures about 2 cm. in length, while the posterior wall which is between the two fasciæ of the diaphragm is only 1.25 cm. long. The membranous portion of the urethra is completely surrounded by the fibers of the Sphincter urethrae membranaceae. In front of it the deep dorsal vein of the penis enters the pelvis between the transverse ligament of the pelvis and the arcuate pubic ligament; on either side near its termination are the bulbourethral glands. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Membranous_urethra FMA:19674 FMA:TA pars intermedia urethrae spongiose part of urethra BTO:0004089 EMAPA:30944 FMA:19675 MA:0002643 The spongy urethra (cavernous portion of urethra, penile urethra) is the longest part of the male urethra, and is contained in the corpus spongiosum urethraeæ. It is about 15 cm long, and extends from the termination of the membranous portion to the external urethral orifice. Commencing below the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm it passes forward and upward to the front of the symphysis pubis; and then, in the flaccid condition of the penis, it bends downward and forward. It is narrow, and of uniform size in the body of the penis, measuring about 6 mm in diameter; it is dilated behind, within the bulb, and again anteriorly within the glans penis, where it forms the fossa navicularis urethrae. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001337 UBERON:FMA_19675-MA_0002643 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray1142.png/200px-Gray1142.png pars spongiosa penile urethra spongiose urethra spongy urethra (male) The spongy urethra (cavernous portion of urethra, penile urethra) is the longest part of the male urethra, and is contained in the corpus spongiosum urethraeæ. It is about 15 cm long, and extends from the termination of the membranous portion to the external urethral orifice. Commencing below the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm it passes forward and upward to the front of the symphysis pubis; and then, in the flaccid condition of the penis, it bends downward and forward. It is narrow, and of uniform size in the body of the penis, measuring about 6 mm in diameter; it is dilated behind, within the bulb, and again anteriorly within the glans penis, where it forms the fossa navicularis urethrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Penile_urethra FMA:19675 FMA:TA pars spongiosa urethral gland FMA:19683 MA:0001688 SCTID:279477005 The term urethral or periurethral gland (also Littre gland after Alexis Littré, or preputial glands) is used to refer to any of the many glands that branch off the wall of the urethra of male mammals. The glands secrete mucus, which is incorporated into the semen, and are most numerous in the section of the urethra that runs through the penis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001338 UBERON:FMA_19683-MA_0001688 gland of urethra urethra gland The term urethral or periurethral gland (also Littre gland after Alexis Littré, or preputial glands) is used to refer to any of the many glands that branch off the wall of the urethra of male mammals. The glands secrete mucus, which is incorporated into the semen, and are most numerous in the section of the urethra that runs through the penis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Urethral_gland OBOL:automatic gland of urethra ischiocavernosus FMA:19730 MA:0002330 The ischiocavernosus muscle is a muscle just below the surface of the perineum, present in both men and women. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001339 UBERON:FMA_19730-MA_0002330 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ischiocavernosus-female.png/200px-Ischiocavernosus-female.png ncithesaurus:Ischiocavernosus todo - add part_of relationships The ischiocavernosus muscle is a muscle just below the surface of the perineum, present in both men and women. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ischiocavernosus dorsal artery of penis BTO:0005088 FMA:19795 MA:0001946 SCTID:244294001 The Dorsal Artery of the Penis ascends between the crus penis and the pubic symphysis, and, piercing the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, passes between the two layers of the suspensory ligament of the penis, and runs forward on the dorsum of the penis to the glans, where it divides into two branches, which supply the glans and prepuce. On the penis, it lies between the dorsal nerve and deep dorsal vein, the former being on its lateral side. It supplies the integument and fibrous sheath of the corpus cavernosum penis, sending branches through the sheath to anastomose with the deep artery of the penis. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001340 UBERON:FMA_19795-MA_0001946 arteria dorsalis penis dorsal artery of the penis dorsal penile artery dorsal penis artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gray1155.png/200px-Gray1155.png MA:0001946 dorsal penis artery FMA:19795 dorsal penile artery BTO:0005088 dorsal artery of the penis BTO MA The Dorsal Artery of the Penis ascends between the crus penis and the pubic symphysis, and, piercing the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, passes between the two layers of the suspensory ligament of the penis, and runs forward on the dorsum of the penis to the glans, where it divides into two branches, which supply the glans and prepuce. On the penis, it lies between the dorsal nerve and deep dorsal vein, the former being on its lateral side. It supplies the integument and fibrous sheath of the corpus cavernosum penis, sending branches through the sheath to anastomose with the deep artery of the penis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_artery_of_penis FMA FMA BTO:0005088 arteria dorsalis penis lesser sac EHDAA2:0001296 EHDAA2:0004554 EHDAA:2335 EMAPA:16889 EMAPA:18458 FMA:19800 MA:0000445 Note - check EHDAA2 OG:0000458 The lesser sac, also known as the omental bursa, is the cavity in the abdomen that is formed by the lesser and greater omentum. Usually found in mammals, it is connected with the greater sac via the epiploic foramen (also known as the Foramen of Winslow). In mammals, it is not uncommon for the lesser sac to contain considerable amounts of fat. In human anatomy, the wall of the stomach, pancreas and splenic artery are a part of the wall of the lesser sac. If these structures rupture they may leak into the lesser sac. For the stomach, which lies anterior to the omental bursa, the rupture must be on the posterior side; if it were anteriorly located, the leak would collect in the greater sac. The lesser sac is embryologically formed from an infolding of the greater omentum. The open end of the infolding, known as the epiploic foramen, is usually proximal to the stomach. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001341 UBERON:FMA_19800-MA_0000445 bursa omentalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Peritoneum.svg/200px-Peritoneum.svg.png ncithesaurus:Omental_Bursa omental bursa FMA:19800 FMA:TA bursa omentalis The lesser sac, also known as the omental bursa, is the cavity in the abdomen that is formed by the lesser and greater omentum. Usually found in mammals, it is connected with the greater sac via the epiploic foramen (also known as the Foramen of Winslow). In mammals, it is not uncommon for the lesser sac to contain considerable amounts of fat. In human anatomy, the wall of the stomach, pancreas and splenic artery are a part of the wall of the lesser sac. If these structures rupture they may leak into the lesser sac. For the stomach, which lies anterior to the omental bursa, the rupture must be on the posterior side; if it were anteriorly located, the leak would collect in the greater sac. The lesser sac is embryologically formed from an infolding of the greater omentum. The open end of the infolding, known as the epiploic foramen, is usually proximal to the stomach. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lesser_sac mesovarium AAO:0010531 EMAPA:17961 FMA:19815 SCTID:279914000 TAO:0000333 The mesovarium is the portion of the broad ligament of the uterus that covers the ovaries. At first the mesonephros and genital ridge are suspended by a common mesentery, but as the embryo grows the genital ridge gradually becomes pinched off from the mesonephros, with which it is at first continuous, though it still remains connected to the remnant of this body by a fold of peritoneum. In the male this is the mesorchium, and in the female, this is the mesovarium. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001342 UBERON:FMA_19815-ZFA_0000333 ZFA:0000333 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Gray1111.png/200px-Gray1111.png The mesovarium is the portion of the broad ligament of the uterus that covers the ovaries. At first the mesonephros and genital ridge are suspended by a common mesentery, but as the embryo grows the genital ridge gradually becomes pinched off from the mesonephros, with which it is at first continuous, though it still remains connected to the remnant of this body by a fold of peritoneum. In the male this is the mesorchium, and in the female, this is the mesovarium. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Mesovarium seminiferous tubule of testis AAO:0010399 BTO:0001235 EFO:0001404 EMAPA:18685 EMAPA:31476 EV:0100380 FMA:19825 GAID:400 MA:0000412 MAT:0000503 MESH:A.05.360.444.849.700 OG:0001363 SCTID:279614002 Seminiferous tubules are located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa. The epithelium of the tubule consists of sustentacular or Sertoli cells, which are tall, columnar type cells that line the tubule. In between the Sertoli cells are spermatogenic cells, which differentiate through meiosis to sperm cells. There are two types: convoluted and straight. convuluted towards the lateral side and straight as the tubule comes medially to form ducts which will exit the testis. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001343 UBERON:FMA_19825-XAO_0003088 XAO:0003088 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gray1145.png/200px-Gray1145.png ncithesaurus:Seminiferous_Cord ncithesaurus:Seminiferous_Tubule seminiferous cord seminiferous tubule Seminiferous tubules are located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa. The epithelium of the tubule consists of sustentacular or Sertoli cells, which are tall, columnar type cells that line the tubule. In between the Sertoli cells are spermatogenic cells, which differentiate through meiosis to sperm cells. There are two types: convoluted and straight. convuluted towards the lateral side and straight as the tubule comes medially to form ducts which will exit the testis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Seminiferous_tubule EMAPA:18685 seminiferous cord epithelium of vagina BTO:0000422 EMAPA:30991 FMA: nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium; BTO: Vaginal epithelium is stratified squamous epithelium having a thickness of 15-200 microns; MA has single subclass (squamous) FMA:19978 MA:0001730 UBERON:0001344 UBERON:FMA_19978-MA_0001730 epithelial tissue of vagina epithelium, vaginal ncithesaurus:Vaginal_Epithelium the epithelial layer of the vagina. vagina epithelial tissue vagina epithelium vaginal epithelium OBOL:automatic vagina epithelial tissue MP:0001140 the epithelial layer of the vagina. BTO:0000422 epithelium, vaginal OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of vagina fornix This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies This class was obsoleted. UBERON:0000051 UBERON:0000052 UBERON:0001345 UBERON:FMA_19985-MA_0002747 true This class was obsoleted. Wikipedia:Fornix hymen of vagina FMA:20005 MA:0002465 MESH:A.05.360.319.779.479 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001346 UBERON:FMA_20005-MA_0002465 hymen vaginae vaginal hymen white adipose tissue Adipose tissue, cells of which contain a single large lipid droplet.[FMA] BTO:0001456 EFO:0000813 FMA:20117 MA:0000058 MAT:0000199 MIAA:0000199 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001347 UBERON:FMA_20117-MA_0000058-MIAA_0000199 adipocytus unigutturalis ncithesaurus:White_Adipose_Tissue textus adiposus albus unilocular adipose tissue white fat FMA Adipose tissue, cells of which contain a single large lipid droplet.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:White_adipose_tissue brown adipose tissue Adipose tissue, cells of which contain multiple small lipid droplets.[FMA] BTO:0000156 EFO:0000812 EMAPA:19209 FMA:20118 GAID:921 MA:0000057 MAT:0000198 MESH:A.10.165.114.322 MIAA:0000198 SCTID:15965003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001348 UBERON:FMA_20118-MA_0000057-MIAA_0000198 adipocytus multigutturalis brown fat multilocular adipose tissue ncithesaurus:Brown_Adipose_Tissue textus adiposus fuscus Adipose tissue, cells of which contain multiple small lipid droplets.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Brown_adipose_tissue vestibule AAO:0000984 Anatomical cavity that connects an organ cavity, organ cavity subdivision or cavity of body part subdivision to the exterior, completely or partially surrounded by organs or organ parts that are lined by epithelium. Examples: preputial cavity, vestibule of vagina.[FMA] EV:0100366 FMA:20192 UBERON:0001349 UBERON:FMA_20192-XAO_0000199 Anatomical cavity that connects an organ cavity, organ cavity subdivision or cavity of body part subdivision to the exterior, completely or partially surrounded by organs or organ parts that are lined by epithelium. Examples: preputial cavity, vestibule of vagina.[FMA] FMA:20192 FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Vestibule_(disambiguation)#Anatomy coccyx AAO:0000731 FMA:20229 GAID:239 In MA the subclass hierarchy is cocc V is_a caud V is_a tail bone In humans: The coccyx, commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the human vertebral column. Comprising three to five separate or fused vertebrae (the coccygeal vertebrae) below the sacrum, it is attached to the sacrum by a fibrocartilaginous joint, the sacrococcygeal symphysis, which permits limited movement between the sacrum and the coccyx. The term coccyx comes originally from the Greek language and means 'cuckoo', referring to the curved shape of a cuckoo's beak when viewed from the side. [WP,unvetted]. MESH:A.02.835.232.834.229 OpenCyc:Mx4rv1XqHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182028002 UBERON:0001350 UBERON:FMA_20229-MA_0000696 coccygeal vertebrae I-IV coccyx [coccygeal vertebrae i-iv] coccyx [vertebrae coccygeae i-iv] galen:Coccyx http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gray100.png/200px-Gray100.png ncithesaurus:Coccyx os coccygis tailbone FMA FMA:20229 coccygeal vertebrae I-IV FMA:20229 coccyx [coccygeal vertebrae i-iv] FMA:20229 tailbone FMA:20229 FMA:TA coccyx [vertebrae coccygeae i-iv] FMA:20229 FMA:TA os coccygis In humans: The coccyx, commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the human vertebral column. Comprising three to five separate or fused vertebrae (the coccygeal vertebrae) below the sacrum, it is attached to the sacrum by a fibrocartilaginous joint, the sacrococcygeal symphysis, which permits limited movement between the sacrum and the coccyx. The term coccyx comes originally from the Greek language and means 'cuckoo', referring to the curved shape of a cuckoo's beak when viewed from the side. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Coccyx lacrimal sac FMA:20289 MA:0001298 SCTID:362534009 The lacrimal sac is the upper dilated end of the nasolacrimal duct, and is lodged in a deep groove formed by the lacrimal bone and frontal process of the maxilla. It connects the lacrimal canaliculi, which drain tears from the eye's surface, and the nasolacrimal duct, which conveys this fluid into the nasal cavity. This is mainly for high amounts of tears, in which the lacrimal sac pumps inward and outward driven by the orbicularis muscle during blinking. It is oval in form and measures from 12 to 15 mm. in length; its upper end is closed and rounded; its lower is continued into the nasolacrimal duct. Its superficial surface is covered by a fibrous expansion derived from the medial palpebral ligament, and its deep surface is crossed by the lacrimal part of the Orbicularis oculi, which is attached to the crest on the lacrimal bone. Like the nasolacrimal duct, the sac is lined by stratified columnar epithelium with mucus-secreting goblet cells, with surrounding connective tissue. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001351 UBERON:FMA_20289-MA_0001298 ncithesaurus:Lacrimal_Sac The lacrimal sac is the upper dilated end of the nasolacrimal duct, and is lodged in a deep groove formed by the lacrimal bone and frontal process of the maxilla. It connects the lacrimal canaliculi, which drain tears from the eye's surface, and the nasolacrimal duct, which conveys this fluid into the nasal cavity. This is mainly for high amounts of tears, in which the lacrimal sac pumps inward and outward driven by the orbicularis muscle during blinking. It is oval in form and measures from 12 to 15 mm. in length; its upper end is closed and rounded; its lower is continued into the nasolacrimal duct. Its superficial surface is covered by a fibrous expansion derived from the medial palpebral ligament, and its deep surface is crossed by the lacrimal part of the Orbicularis oculi, which is attached to the crest on the lacrimal bone. Like the nasolacrimal duct, the sac is lined by stratified columnar epithelium with mucus-secreting goblet cells, with surrounding connective tissue. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lacrimal_sac external acoustic meatus A tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about 26 mm in length and 7 mm in diameter. EHDAA2:0000460 EHDAA:8975 EMAPA:17588 EV:0100356 FMA:61734 GAID:864 MA:0000260 MESH:A.09.246.272.396 OG:0000977 OpenCyc:Mx4rvli-nZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181178004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001352 UBERON:FMA_20290-MA_0000260 auditory canal ear canal external acoustic tube external auditory canal external auditory meatus external auditory tube galen:ExternalAuditoryMeatus ncithesaurus:External_Acoustic_Meatus FMA:61734 external acoustic tube FMA:61734 external auditory tube Wikipedia:Ear_canal ear canal A tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about 26 mm in length and 7 mm in diameter. Wikipedia:External_acoustic_meatus anal region EFO:0000847 EHDAA2:0000122 EHDAA:2931 EMAPA:16831 MA:0000329 MAT:0000042 MIAA:0000042 OG:0000395 SCTID:362680001 UBERON:0001353 UBERON:FMA_20347-MA_0000329 WBbt:0006919 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gray408.png/200px-Gray408.png ncithesaurus:Anal_Region inferior epigastric artery EMAPA:18751 FMA:20686 In human anatomy, inferior epigastric artery refers to the artery that arises from the external iliac artery and anastomoses with the superior epigastric artery. Along its course, it is accompanied by a similarly named vein, the inferior epigastric vein. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001978 OpenCyc:Mx4rdBvQc6gOEdudWQACs5b6Bw SCTID:244288009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001354 UBERON:FMA_20686-MA_0001978 ncithesaurus:Inferior_Epigastric_Artery In human anatomy, inferior epigastric artery refers to the artery that arises from the external iliac artery and anastomoses with the superior epigastric artery. Along its course, it is accompanied by a similarly named vein, the inferior epigastric vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_epigastric_artery deep femoral artery FMA:20741 MA:0002027 SCTID:181348000 The profunda femoris artery (also known as the deep femoral artery, or the deep artery of the thigh) is a branch of the femoral artery that, as its name suggests, travels more deeply (posteriorly) than the rest of the femoral artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001355 UBERON:FMA_20741-MA_0002027 arteria profunda femoris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gray548.png/200px-Gray548.png ncithesaurus:Deep_Femoral_Artery profunda femoris artery The profunda femoris artery (also known as the deep femoral artery, or the deep artery of the thigh) is a branch of the femoral artery that, as its name suggests, travels more deeply (posteriorly) than the rest of the femoral artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Deep_femoral_artery medial circumflex femoral artery FMA:20799 MA:0001996 SCTID:244326008 The medial circumflex femoral artery (internal circumflex artery, medial femoral circumflex artery) is an artery in the upper thigh that helps supply blood to the neck of the femur. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001356 UBERON:FMA_20799-MA_0001996 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Circumflex_femoral_arteries.png/200px-Circumflex_femoral_arteries.png medial femoral circumflex artery The medial circumflex femoral artery (internal circumflex artery, medial femoral circumflex artery) is an artery in the upper thigh that helps supply blood to the neck of the femur. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_circumflex_femoral_artery inferior rectal artery FMA:20824 MA:0001979 SCTID:244304007 The inferior rectal artery (inferior hemorrhoidal artery) is an artery that supplies blood to the lower half of the anal canal. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001357 UBERON:FMA_20824-MA_0001979 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gray542.png/200px-Gray542.png inferior hemorrhoidal artery ncithesaurus:Inferior_Rectal_Artery The inferior rectal artery (inferior hemorrhoidal artery) is an artery that supplies blood to the lower half of the anal canal. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_rectal_artery perineal artery FMA:20836 MA:0002017 SCTID:244303001 The perineal artery (superficial perineal artery) arises from the internal pudendal artery, and turns upward, crossing either over or under the Transversus perinæi superficialis, and runs forward, parallel to the pubic arch, in the interspace between the Bulbocavernosus and Ischiocavernosus, both of which it supplies, and finally divides into several posterior scrotal branches which are distributed to the skin and dartos tunic of the scrotum. As it crosses the Transversus perinæi superficialis it gives off the transverse perineal artery which runs transversely on the cutaneous surface of the muscle, and anastomoses with the corresponding vessel of the opposite side and with the perineal and inferior hemorrhoidal arteries. It supplies the Transversus perinæi superficialis and the structures between the anus and the urethral bulb. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001358 UBERON:FMA_20836-MA_0002017 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gray542.png/200px-Gray542.png ncithesaurus:Perineal_Artery The perineal artery (superficial perineal artery) arises from the internal pudendal artery, and turns upward, crossing either over or under the Transversus perinæi superficialis, and runs forward, parallel to the pubic arch, in the interspace between the Bulbocavernosus and Ischiocavernosus, both of which it supplies, and finally divides into several posterior scrotal branches which are distributed to the skin and dartos tunic of the scrotum. As it crosses the Transversus perinæi superficialis it gives off the transverse perineal artery which runs transversely on the cutaneous surface of the muscle, and anastomoses with the corresponding vessel of the opposite side and with the perineal and inferior hemorrhoidal arteries. It supplies the Transversus perinæi superficialis and the structures between the anus and the urethral bulb. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Perineal_artery cerebrospinal fluid BTO:0000237 BTO:0001280 CSF EFO:0000329 ENVO:02000029 EV:0100311 FMA:20935 GAID:1181 MA:0002503 MAT:0000499 MESH:A.12.207.268 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1798 OG:0001278 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Transudate contained in the subarachnoid space.[FMA] UBERON:0001359 UBERON:FMA_20935-MA_0002503 ZFA:0001626 cerebral spinal fluid ncithesaurus:Cerebrospinal_Fluid spinal fluid FMA:FMA Transudate contained in the subarachnoid space.[FMA] Wikipedia:Cerebrospinal_fluid ZFA:0001626 cerebral spinal fluid BTO:0000237 spinal fluid deep circumflex iliac vein FMA:21182 MA:0002099 SCTID:11653007 The deep circumflex iliac vein is formed by the union of the venæ comitantes of the deep iliac circumflex artery, and joins the external iliac vein about 2 cm. above the inguinal ligament. It also receives small tributary branches from the thoracoepigastric vein [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001360 UBERON:FMA_21182-MA_0002099 deep iliac circumflex vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray585.png/200px-Gray585.png vena circumflexa iliaca profunda The deep circumflex iliac vein is formed by the union of the venæ comitantes of the deep iliac circumflex artery, and joins the external iliac vein about 2 cm. above the inguinal ligament. It also receives small tributary branches from the thoracoepigastric vein [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Deep_circumflex_iliac_vein femoral vein AAO:0010237 EMAPA:17876 FMA:21185 GAID:533 In the human body, the femoral vein is a blood vessel that accompanies the femoral artery in the femoral sheath. It begins at the adductor canal (also known as Hunter's canal) and is a continuation of the popliteal vein. It ends at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligament, where it becomes the external iliac vein. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002118 MESH:A.07.231.908.314 OpenCyc:Mx4rwFXTLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362071002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001361 UBERON:FMA_21185-MA_0002118 galen:FemoralVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Femoral_triangle.gif/200px-Femoral_triangle.gif ncithesaurus:Femoral_Vein In the human body, the femoral vein is a blood vessel that accompanies the femoral artery in the femoral sheath. It begins at the adductor canal (also known as Hunter's canal) and is a continuation of the popliteal vein. It ends at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligament, where it becomes the external iliac vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Femoral_vein perineal vein FMA:21246 MA:0002193 SCTID:312507009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001362 UBERON:FMA_21246-MA_0002193 FMA/obol great saphenous vein BTO:0003271 FMA:21376 MA:0002216 SCTID:181402008 The great saphenous vein (GSV), also greater saphenous vein, is the large (subcutaneous) superficial vein of the leg and thigh. The terms 'safaina' (Greek) and 'el safin' (Arabic) have both been claimed as the origin for the word 'saphenous'. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001363 UBERON:FMA_21376-MA_0002216 galen:GreatSaphenousVein galen:GreaterSaphenousVein greater saphenous vein large saphenous vein long saphenous vein ncithesaurus:Long_Saphenous_Vein The great saphenous vein (GSV), also greater saphenous vein, is the large (subcutaneous) superficial vein of the leg and thigh. The terms 'safaina' (Greek) and 'el safin' (Arabic) have both been claimed as the origin for the word 'saphenous'. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Great_saphenous_vein BTO:0003271 large saphenous vein FMA/obol circumpennate FMA:21431 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjBSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000271 UBERON:0001364 UBERON:FMA_21431-ZFA_0000271 ZFA:0000271 radial radialis radials true FMA:21431 FMA:TA radialis sacro-iliac joint . EMAPA:19300 FMA:21440 GAID:268 MA:0001506 MESH:A.02.835.583.707 SCTID:182199004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001365 UBERON:FMA_21440-MA_0001506 articulatio sacro-iliaca ncithesaurus:Sacroiliac_Joint sacroiliac joint . Wikipedia:Sacro-iliac_joint parietal peritoneum AAO:0010816 FMA:21451 MA:0000449 OG:0001527 SCTID:362700006 TAO:0005131 The peritoneum that lines the walls of the peritoneal cavity. UBERON:0001366 UBERON:0004459 UBERON:FMA_21451-ZFA_0005131 ZFA:0005131 fix coordinated with ZFA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray1040.png/200px-Gray1040.png peritoneal cavity lining MA:0000449 peritoneal cavity lining The peritoneum that lines the walls of the peritoneal cavity. Wikipedia:Parietal_peritoneum ZFIN:curator external anal sphincter EMAPA:18265 FMA:21930 MA:0001531 The Sphincter ani externus (external anal sphincter) is a flat plane of muscular fibers, elliptical in shape and intimately adherent to the integument surrounding the margin of the anus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001367 UBERON:FMA_21930-MA_0001531 external sphincter ani http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Anorectum.gif/200px-Anorectum.gif ncithesaurus:External_Anal_Sphincter sphincter ani externus The Sphincter ani externus (external anal sphincter) is a flat plane of muscular fibers, elliptical in shape and intimately adherent to the integument surrounding the margin of the anus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:External_anal_sphincter obturator externus FMA:22299 MA:0002347 SCTID:245026009 The obturator externus muscle is a flat, triangular muscle, which covers the outer surface of the anterior wall of the pelvis. It is sometimes considered part of the medial compartment of thigh, and sometimes considered part of the gluteal region. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001368 UBERON:FMA_22299-MA_0002347 external obturator http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_1.PNG/200px-Posterior_Hip_Muscles_1.PNG The obturator externus muscle is a flat, triangular muscle, which covers the outer surface of the anterior wall of the pelvis. It is sometimes considered part of the medial compartment of thigh, and sometimes considered part of the gluteal region. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Obturator_externus iliacus EMAPA:19164 FMA:22310 MA:0002318 The iliacus is a flat, triangular muscle, which fills the iliac fossa. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001369 UBERON:FMA_22310-MA_0002318 anterior muscle of pelvic girdle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG iliacus muscle ncithesaurus:Iliacus FMA Wikipedia:Iliacus_muscle iliacus muscle The iliacus is a flat, triangular muscle, which fills the iliac fossa. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Iliacus_muscle gluteus maximus EMAPA:18527 FMA:22314 MA:0002309 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjdMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The gluteus maximus (or glutæus maximus) is the largest and most superficial of the three gluteal muscles. It makes up a large portion of the shape and appearance of the buttocks. It is a broad and thick fleshy mass of a quadrilateral shape, and forms the prominence of the nates. Its large size is one of the most characteristic features of the muscular system in humans, connected as it is with the power of maintaining the trunk in the erect posture. The muscle is remarkably coarse in structure, being made up of fasciculi lying parallel with one another and collected together into large bundles separated by fibrous septa. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001370 UBERON:FMA_22314-MA_0002309 glutaeus maximus muscle gluteus maximus muscle gluteus superficialis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_3.PNG/200px-Posterior_Hip_Muscles_3.PNG m.gluteus maximus ncithesaurus:Gluteus_Maximus The gluteus maximus (or glutæus maximus) is the largest and most superficial of the three gluteal muscles. It makes up a large portion of the shape and appearance of the buttocks. It is a broad and thick fleshy mass of a quadrilateral shape, and forms the prominence of the nates. Its large size is one of the most characteristic features of the muscular system in humans, connected as it is with the power of maintaining the trunk in the erect posture. The muscle is remarkably coarse in structure, being made up of fasciculi lying parallel with one another and collected together into large bundles separated by fibrous septa. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Gluteus_maximus_muscle Wikipedia:Gluteus_maximus_muscle gluteus maximus muscle Wikipedia:Gluteus_maximus_muscle glutaeus maximus muscle FMA gluteus medius EMAPA:19163 FMA:22315 MA:0002310 The gluteus medius (or glutæus medius), one of the three gluteal muscles, is a broad, thick, radiating muscle, situated on the outer surface of the pelvis. Its posterior third is covered by the gluteus maximus, its anterior two-thirds by the gluteal aponeurosis, which separates it from the superficial fascia and integument. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001371 UBERON:FMA_22315-MA_0002310 galen:GluteusMedius gluteus medius muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_3.PNG/200px-Posterior_Hip_Muscles_3.PNG musculus gluteus medius ncithesaurus:Gluteus_Medius FMA Wikipedia:Gluteus_medius_muscle gluteus medius muscle Wikipedia:Gluteus_medius_muscle musculus gluteus medius The gluteus medius (or glutæus medius), one of the three gluteal muscles, is a broad, thick, radiating muscle, situated on the outer surface of the pelvis. Its posterior third is covered by the gluteus maximus, its anterior two-thirds by the gluteal aponeurosis, which separates it from the superficial fascia and integument. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Gluteus_medius FMA psoas minor BTO:0001878 EMAPA:18170 FMA:22350 MA:0002359 SCTID:244954007 The psoas minor is a long, slender skeletal muscle that, when present, is placed in front of the psoas major muscle. It is absent in 40% of individuals. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001372 UBERON:FMA_22350-MA_0002359 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gray430.png/200px-Gray430.png ncithesaurus:Psoas_Minor psoas minor muscle The psoas minor is a long, slender skeletal muscle that, when present, is placed in front of the psoas major muscle. It is absent in 40% of individuals. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Psoas_minor MA sartorius . BTO:0001215 EHDAA2:0001776 EHDAA:10583 FMA:22353 MA:0002368 OG:0001192 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001373 UBERON:FMA_22353-MA_0002368 galen:Sartorius . Wikipedia:Sartorius biceps femoris BTO:0003418 EFO:0001418 FMA:22356 MA:0002270 SCTID:181672002 The biceps femoris is a muscle of the posterior (the back) thigh. As its name implies, it has two parts, one of which (the long head) forms part of the hamstrings muscle group. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001374 UBERON:FMA_22356-MA_0002270 biceps femoris muscle galen:BicepsFemoris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Biceps_femoris_muscle_long_head.PNG/200px-Biceps_femoris_muscle_long_head.PNG ncithesaurus:Biceps_Femoris The biceps femoris is a muscle of the posterior (the back) thigh. As its name implies, it has two parts, one of which (the long head) forms part of the hamstrings muscle group. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Biceps_femoris_muscle BTO:0003418 biceps femoris muscle MA semitendinosus BTO:0001236 FMA:22357 MA:0002375 SCTID:181685004 The semitendinosus is a muscle in the back of the thigh; it is one of the hamstrings. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001375 UBERON:FMA_22357-MA_0002375 galen:Semitendinosus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Semitendinosus_muscle.PNG/200px-Semitendinosus_muscle.PNG musculus semitendinosus ncithesaurus:Semitendinosus semitendinosus muscle BTO:0001236 musculus semitendinosus The semitendinosus is a muscle in the back of the thigh; it is one of the hamstrings. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Semitendinosus tensor fasciae latae FMA:22423 MA:0002391 SCTID:181671009 The tensor fasciae latae or tensor fasciæ latæ is a muscle of the thigh. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001376 UBERON:FMA_22423-MA_0002391 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG musculus tensor fasciae latae ncithesaurus:Tensor_Fasciae_Lata tensor fasciae lata tensor of fascia lata FMA:22423 FMA:TA musculus tensor fasciae latae The tensor fasciae latae or tensor fasciæ latæ is a muscle of the thigh. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tensor_fasciae_latae quadriceps femoris BTO:0001149 EFO:0001938 EHDAA2:0001583 EHDAA:8299 EMAPA:19073 EMAPA:19146 FMA:22428 MA:0002363 OG:0000828 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjd-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The quadriceps femoris, also called simply the quadriceps, quadriceps extensor, quads, is a large muscle group that includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh. It is the great extensor muscle of the knee, forming a large fleshy mass which covers the front and sides of the femur. It is the strongest and leanest muscle in the human body. It is subdivided into four separate portions or 'heads', which have received distinctive names: Rectus femoris occupies the middle of the thigh, covering most of the other three quadriceps muscles. It originates on the ilium. It is named from its straight course. The other three lie deep to rectus femoris and originate from the body of the femur, which they cover from the trochanters to the condyles: Vastus lateralis is on the lateral side of the femur (i.e. on the outer side of the thigh). Vastus medialis is on the medial side of the femur (i.e. on the inner part thigh). Vastus intermedius lies between vastus lateralis and vastus medialis on the front of the femur (i.e. on the top or front of the thigh). All four parts of the quadriceps muscle attach to the patella (knee cap) via the quadriceps tendon. The quadriceps is also involved in Lombard's Paradox. The proper plural form of the adjective quadriceps is quadricipes, a form not in general use; instead, quadriceps is used in both singular and plural (i.e. , when referring to both legs). The form quadricep &#91;sic&#93;, though common even in professional contexts, is incorrect. The error may derive from a mistaken belief that quadriceps is a plural noun (rather than an adjective in the singular), since English typically forms its plurals with the addition of the letter s to the end of a word stem. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001377 UBERON:FMA_22428-MA_0002363 galen:QuadricepsFemoris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg/200px-Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg musculus quadriceps femoris ncithesaurus:Quadriceps_Muscle_of_the_Thigh quadricep muscle quadriceps quadriceps muscle quadriceps muscle of the thigh quadriceps muscle of thigh The quadriceps femoris, also called simply the quadriceps, quadriceps extensor, quads, is a large muscle group that includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh. It is the great extensor muscle of the knee, forming a large fleshy mass which covers the front and sides of the femur. It is the strongest and leanest muscle in the human body. It is subdivided into four separate portions or 'heads', which have received distinctive names: Rectus femoris occupies the middle of the thigh, covering most of the other three quadriceps muscles. It originates on the ilium. It is named from its straight course. The other three lie deep to rectus femoris and originate from the body of the femur, which they cover from the trochanters to the condyles: Vastus lateralis is on the lateral side of the femur (i.e. on the outer side of the thigh). Vastus medialis is on the medial side of the femur (i.e. on the inner part thigh). Vastus intermedius lies between vastus lateralis and vastus medialis on the front of the femur (i.e. on the top or front of the thigh). All four parts of the quadriceps muscle attach to the patella (knee cap) via the quadriceps tendon. The quadriceps is also involved in Lombard's Paradox. The proper plural form of the adjective quadriceps is quadricipes, a form not in general use; instead, quadriceps is used in both singular and plural (i.e. , when referring to both legs). The form quadricep &#91;sic&#93;, though common even in professional contexts, is incorrect. The error may derive from a mistaken belief that quadriceps is a plural noun (rather than an adjective in the singular), since English typically forms its plurals with the addition of the letter s to the end of a word stem. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Quadriceps_femoris BTO:0001149 quadriceps muscle of the thigh BTO:0001149 quadriceps muscle BTO:0001149 quadricep muscle BTO:0001149 musculus quadriceps femoris BTO:0001149 quadriceps muscle of thigh rectus femoris BTO:0001564 FMA:22430 MA:0002365 SCTID:181679006 The Rectus femoris muscle is one of the four quadriceps muscles of the human body. (The others are the vastus medialis, the vastus intermedius, and the vastus lateralis. All four combine to form the quadriceps tendon, which inserts into the patella and continues as the patellar ligament. ) The Rectus femoris is situated in the middle of the front of the thigh; it is fusiform in shape, and its superficial fibers are arranged in a bipenniform manner, the deep fibers running straight down to the deep aponeurosis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001378 UBERON:FMA_22430-MA_0002365 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rectus_femoris.png/200px-Rectus_femoris.png musculus rectos femoris ncithesaurus:Rectus_Femoris The Rectus femoris muscle is one of the four quadriceps muscles of the human body. (The others are the vastus medialis, the vastus intermedius, and the vastus lateralis. All four combine to form the quadriceps tendon, which inserts into the patella and continues as the patellar ligament. ) The Rectus femoris is situated in the middle of the front of the thigh; it is fusiform in shape, and its superficial fibers are arranged in a bipenniform manner, the deep fibers running straight down to the deep aponeurosis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Rectus_femoris vastus lateralis BTO:0001563 EFO:0001937 FMA:22431 MA:0002402 The Vastus lateralis (Vastus externus) is the largest part of the Quadriceps femoris. It arises by a broad aponeurosis, which is attached to the upper part of the intertrochanteric line, to the anterior and inferior borders of the greater trochanter, to the lateral lip of the gluteal tuberosity, and to the upper half of the lateral lip of the linea aspera; this aponeurosis covers the upper three-fourths of the muscle, and from its deep surface many fibers take origin. A few additional fibers arise from the tendon of the Glutæus maximus, and from the lateral intermuscular septum between the Vastus lateralis and short head of the Biceps femoris. The fibers form a large fleshy mass, which is attached to a strong aponeurosis, placed on the deep surface of the lower part of the muscle: this aponeurosis becomes contracted and thickened into a flat tendon inserted into the lateral border of the patella, blending with the Quadriceps femoris tendon, and giving an expansion to the capsule of the knee-joint. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001379 UBERON:FMA_22431-MA_0002402 galen:VastusLateralis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg/200px-Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg lateralis ncithesaurus:Vastus_Lateralis vastus externus The Vastus lateralis (Vastus externus) is the largest part of the Quadriceps femoris. It arises by a broad aponeurosis, which is attached to the upper part of the intertrochanteric line, to the anterior and inferior borders of the greater trochanter, to the lateral lip of the gluteal tuberosity, and to the upper half of the lateral lip of the linea aspera; this aponeurosis covers the upper three-fourths of the muscle, and from its deep surface many fibers take origin. A few additional fibers arise from the tendon of the Glutæus maximus, and from the lateral intermuscular septum between the Vastus lateralis and short head of the Biceps femoris. The fibers form a large fleshy mass, which is attached to a strong aponeurosis, placed on the deep surface of the lower part of the muscle: this aponeurosis becomes contracted and thickened into a flat tendon inserted into the lateral border of the patella, blending with the Quadriceps femoris tendon, and giving an expansion to the capsule of the knee-joint. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vastus_lateralis BTO:0001563 vastus externus vastus medialis BTO:0004913 FMA:22432 MA:0002403 The vastus medialis, often called the 'teardrop' muscle, is a medially located muscle of the quadriceps. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001380 UBERON:FMA_22432-MA_0002403 galen:VastusMedialis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Vastus_medialis.png/200px-Vastus_medialis.png medialis The vastus medialis, often called the 'teardrop' muscle, is a medially located muscle of the quadriceps. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vastus_medialis semimembranosus BTO:0003177 FMA:22438 MA:0002371 The semimembranosus is a muscle in the back of the thigh. It is the most medial of the three hamstring muscles. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001381 UBERON:FMA_22438-MA_0002371 galen:Semimembranosus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Semimembranosus_muscle.PNG/200px-Semimembranosus_muscle.PNG musculus semimembranosus ncithesaurus:Semimembranosus The semimembranosus is a muscle in the back of the thigh. It is the most medial of the three hamstring muscles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Semimembranosus BTO:0003177 musculus semimembranosus pectineus FMA:22440 MA:0002353 The pectineus muscle is a flat, quadrangular muscle, situated at the anterior part of the upper and medial aspect of the thigh. It can be classified in the medial compartment of thigh (when the function is emphasized) or the anterior compartment of thigh (when the nerve is emphasized). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001382 UBERON:FMA_22440-MA_0002353 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG ncithesaurus:Pectineus The pectineus muscle is a flat, quadrangular muscle, situated at the anterior part of the upper and medial aspect of the thigh. It can be classified in the medial compartment of thigh (when the function is emphasized) or the anterior compartment of thigh (when the nerve is emphasized). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pectineus muscle of leg . BTO:0000722 MA:0000672 UBERON:0001383 UBERON:FMA_22471-MA_0000672 leg muscle leg muscle organ muscle of upper/lower leg muscle organ of leg see notes on UBERON:0000978 for possible confusion over the term 'leg' OBOL:automatic leg muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of leg . Wikipedia:Leg_muscle primary motor cortex BM:Tel-Cx-M1 BTO:0004348 EFO:0002472 FMA:224854 MA:0000907 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.213.270.548 SCTID:11931008 TODO: in MA this is asserted to be part_of BOTH frontal and parietal cortex. in ABA these are disjoint. FMA makes no commitment beyond cerebral cortex. Wikipedia says frontal lobe. Check if species difference or difference in definition. Removed relationship: part_of UBERON:0001872 UBERON:0001384 UBERON:FMA_224854-MA_0000907 a brain region that in humans is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe. It works in association with pre-motor areas to plan and execute movements. M1 contains large neurons known as Betz cells which send long axons down the spinal cord to synapse onto alpha motor neurons which connect to the muscles. Pre-motor areas are involved in planning actions (in concert with the basal ganglia) and refining movements based upon sensory input (this requires the cerebellum). The human primary motor cortex is located in the dorsal part of the precentral gyrus and the anterior bank of the central sulcus. The precentral gyrus is in front of the postcentral gyrus from which it is separated by the central sulcus. Its anterior border is the precentral sulcus, while inferiorly it borders to the lateral fissure (Sylvian fissure). Medially, it is contiguous with the paracentral lobule. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ba4.png/200px-Ba4.png motor cortex Wikipedia:Primary_motor_cortex a brain region that in humans is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe. It works in association with pre-motor areas to plan and execute movements. M1 contains large neurons known as Betz cells which send long axons down the spinal cord to synapse onto alpha motor neurons which connect to the muscles. Pre-motor areas are involved in planning actions (in concert with the basal ganglia) and refining movements based upon sensory input (this requires the cerebellum). The human primary motor cortex is located in the dorsal part of the precentral gyrus and the anterior bank of the central sulcus. The precentral gyrus is in front of the postcentral gyrus from which it is separated by the central sulcus. Its anterior border is the precentral sulcus, while inferiorly it borders to the lateral fissure (Sylvian fissure). Medially, it is contiguous with the paracentral lobule. MA Wikipedia FMA:224854 motor cortex MA-modified TODO: in MA this is asserted to be part_of BOTH frontal and parietal cortex. in ABA these are disjoint. FMA makes no commitment beyond cerebral cortex. Wikipedia says frontal lobe. Check if species difference or difference in definition. Removed relationship: part_of UBERON:0001872 tibialis anterior BTO:0001382 EFO:0001385 FMA:22532 In human anatomy, the tibialis anterior is a muscle that originates in the upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia and inserts into the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones of the foot. Its acts to invert the foot. It is situated on the lateral side of the tibia; it is thick and fleshy above, tendinous below. This muscle overlaps the anterior tibial vessels and deep peroneal nerve in the upper part of the leg. [WP,unvetted]. The M. tibialis cranialis is a muscle that flexes the tarsometatarsus. It originates on the craniodistal aspect of the femur and proximal tibiotarsus and inserts on the cranial surface of the tarsometarsus[EvoWiki]. MA:0002395 SCTID:181696007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001385 UBERON:FMA_22532-MA_0002395 anterior tibialis galen:TibialisAnterior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray1240.png/200px-Gray1240.png ibialis anticus ncithesaurus:Tibialis_Cranialis tibialis anterior muscle tibialis cranialis tibilais cranialis BTO:0001382 anterior tibialis BTO:0001382 ibialis anticus MA:0002395 tibialis cranialis BTO:0001382 tibialis anterior muscle In human anatomy, the tibialis anterior is a muscle that originates in the upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia and inserts into the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones of the foot. Its acts to invert the foot. It is situated on the lateral side of the tibia; it is thick and fleshy above, tendinous below. This muscle overlaps the anterior tibial vessels and deep peroneal nerve in the upper part of the leg. [WP,unvetted]. The M. tibialis cranialis is a muscle that flexes the tarsometatarsus. It originates on the craniodistal aspect of the femur and proximal tibiotarsus and inserts on the cranial surface of the tarsometarsus[EvoWiki]. Wikipedia:Tibialis_anterior http://evolutionwiki.org/wiki/M._tibialis_cranialis extensor digitorum longus BTO:0000436 FMA:22534 MA:0002295 The Extensor digitorum longus is a pennate muscle, situated at the lateral part of the front of the leg. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001386 UBERON:FMA_22534-MA_0002295 extensor digitorum longus muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray1241.png/200px-Gray1241.png ncithesaurus:Extensor_Digitorum_Longus BTO BTO:0000436 extensor digitorum longus muscle The Extensor digitorum longus is a pennate muscle, situated at the lateral part of the front of the leg. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Extensor_digitorum_longus fibularis longus FMA:22539 In human anatomy, the peroneus longus (also known as fibularis longus) is a superficial muscle in the lateral compartment of the leg, and acts to evert and plantar flex the ankle. It is situated at the upper part of the lateral side of the leg, and is the most superficial of the three peroneus muscles. It is innervated by the superficial fibular nerve (superficial peroneal nerve). [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002356 SCTID:361825008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001387 UBERON:FMA_22539-MA_0002356 galen:PeroneusLongus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray1240.png/200px-Gray1240.png musculus peroneus longus ncithesaurus:Peroneus_Longus peroneus longus peroneus longus muscle FMA:22539 FMA:TA musculus peroneus longus In human anatomy, the peroneus longus (also known as fibularis longus) is a superficial muscle in the lateral compartment of the leg, and acts to evert and plantar flex the ankle. It is situated at the upper part of the lateral side of the leg, and is the most superficial of the three peroneus muscles. It is innervated by the superficial fibular nerve (superficial peroneal nerve). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Fibularis_longus gastrocnemius BTO:0000506 EFO:0001413 EHDAA2:0000701 EHDAA:8293 FMA:22541 In humans, the gastrocnemius muscle is a very powerful superficial muscle that is in the back part of the lower leg and also called the calf. It runs from its two heads just above the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing, walking, running and jumping. Along with the soleus muscle it forms the calf muscle. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002306 OG:0001193 SCTID:181700004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001388 UBERON:FMA_22541-MA_0002306 galen:Gastrocnemius gastrocnemius muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gastrocnemius.png/200px-Gastrocnemius.png m.gastrocnemius musculus gastrocnemius ncithesaurus:Gastrocnemius_Muscle Wikipedia:Gastrocnemius_muscle musculus gastrocnemius In humans, the gastrocnemius muscle is a very powerful superficial muscle that is in the back part of the lower leg and also called the calf. It runs from its two heads just above the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing, walking, running and jumping. Along with the soleus muscle it forms the calf muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Gastrocnemius BTO:0000506 gastrocnemius muscle FMA soleus BTO:0001265 EFO:0001946 FMA:22542 MA:0002424 SCTID:181702007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001389 UBERON:FMA_22542-MA_0002424 a powerful muscle in the back part of the lower leg (the calf). It runs from just below the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing and walking. It is closely connected to the gastrocnemius muscle and some anatomists consider them to be a single muscle, the triceps surae. Its name is derived from the solefish whose shape it resembles. The soleus is located in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg. Not all mammals have a soleus muscle; one familiar species that lacks the soleus is the dog. galen:Soleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg/200px-Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg ncithesaurus:Soleus soleus muscle WikipediaLSoleus BTO:0001265 soleus muscle Wikipedia:Soleus a powerful muscle in the back part of the lower leg (the calf). It runs from just below the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing and walking. It is closely connected to the gastrocnemius muscle and some anatomists consider them to be a single muscle, the triceps surae. Its name is derived from the solefish whose shape it resembles. The soleus is located in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg. Not all mammals have a soleus muscle; one familiar species that lacks the soleus is the dog. sural artery FMA:22570 MA:0002058 SCTID:302693002 The sural arteries (inferior muscular arteries) are two large branches, which are distributed to the Gastrocnemius, Soleus, and Plantaris. The term applies to any of four or five arteries arising from the popliteal artery, with distribution to the muscles and integument of the calf, and with anastomoses to the posterior tibial, medial and lateral inferior genicular arteries. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001390 UBERON:FMA_22570-MA_0002058 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gray551.png/200px-Gray551.png ncithesaurus:External_Sural_Artery The sural arteries (inferior muscular arteries) are two large branches, which are distributed to the Gastrocnemius, Soleus, and Plantaris. The term applies to any of four or five arteries arising from the popliteal artery, with distribution to the muscles and integument of the calf, and with anastomoses to the posterior tibial, medial and lateral inferior genicular arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sural_artery popliteus FMA:22590 MA:0002554 The popliteus muscle in the leg is used to unlock the knee by laterally rotating the femur on the tibia during a closed chain movement (such as one with the foot in contact with the ground). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001391 UBERON:FMA_22590-MA_0002554 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gray439.png/200px-Gray439.png m.popliteus popliteal muscle The popliteus muscle in the leg is used to unlock the knee by laterally rotating the femur on the tibia during a closed chain movement (such as one with the foot in contact with the ground). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Popliteus flexor hallucis longus FMA:22593 MA:0002301 The Flexor hallucis longus muscle (FHL) is a muscle of the leg. It is one of the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg. The other deep muscles of the leg are flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior. FHL is the largest and most powerful of these deep muscles. The Flexor hallucis longus is situated on the fibular side of the leg. It arises from the inferior two-thirds of the posterior surface of the body of the fibula, with the exception of 2.5 cm. at its lowest part; from the lower part of the interosseous membrane; from an intermuscular septum between it and the Peronæi, laterally, and from the fascia covering the Tibialis posterior, medially. The fibers pass obliquely downward and backward, and end in a tendon which occupies nearly the whole length of the posterior surface of the muscle. This tendon lies in a groove which crosses the posterior surface of the lower end of the tibia, the posterior surface of the talus, and the under surface of the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus; in the sole of the foot it runs forward between the two heads of the Flexor hallucis brevis, and is inserted into the base of the last phalanx of the great toe. The grooves on the talus and calcaneus, which contain the tendon of the muscle, are converted by tendinous fibers into distinct canals, lined by a mucous sheath. As the tendon passes forward in the sole of the foot, it is situated above, and crosses from the lateral to the medial side of the tendon of the Flexor digitorum longus, to which it is connected by a fibrous slip. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001392 UBERON:FMA_22593-MA_0002301 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gray442.png/200px-Gray442.png ncithesaurus:Flexor_Hallucis_Longus The Flexor hallucis longus muscle (FHL) is a muscle of the leg. It is one of the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg. The other deep muscles of the leg are flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior. FHL is the largest and most powerful of these deep muscles. The Flexor hallucis longus is situated on the fibular side of the leg. It arises from the inferior two-thirds of the posterior surface of the body of the fibula, with the exception of 2.5 cm. at its lowest part; from the lower part of the interosseous membrane; from an intermuscular septum between it and the Peronæi, laterally, and from the fascia covering the Tibialis posterior, medially. The fibers pass obliquely downward and backward, and end in a tendon which occupies nearly the whole length of the posterior surface of the muscle. This tendon lies in a groove which crosses the posterior surface of the lower end of the tibia, the posterior surface of the talus, and the under surface of the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus; in the sole of the foot it runs forward between the two heads of the Flexor hallucis brevis, and is inserted into the base of the last phalanx of the great toe. The grooves on the talus and calcaneus, which contain the tendon of the muscle, are converted by tendinous fibers into distinct canals, lined by a mucous sheath. As the tendon passes forward in the sole of the foot, it is situated above, and crosses from the lateral to the medial side of the tendon of the Flexor digitorum longus, to which it is connected by a fibrous slip. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Flexor_hallucis_longus auditory cortex A1 (primary auditory cortex) BTO:0004343 FMA:226221 GAID:682 MA:0000942 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.213.863.297 The primary auditory cortex is the region of the brain that is responsible for processing of auditory information. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001393 UBERON:FMA_226221-MA_0000942 anterior transverse temporal area 41 auditory cortex brodmann area 41 brodmann area 41 & 42 brodmann area 42 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Brodmann_41_42.png/200px-Brodmann_41_42.png ncithesaurus:Auditory_Cortex posterior transverse temporal area 42 primary auditory cortex Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex brodmann area 41 & 42 Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex brodmann area 42 FMA Wikipedia MA Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex auditory cortex Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex brodmann area 41 Wikipedia:Auditory_cortex primary auditory cortex The primary auditory cortex is the region of the brain that is responsible for processing of auditory information. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Auditory_cortex A1 (primary auditory cortex) Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex anterior transverse temporal area 41 Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex posterior transverse temporal area 42 axillary artery EMAPA:18749 FMA:22654 GAID:473 In human anatomy, the axillary artery is a large blood vessel that conveys oxygenated blood to the lateral aspect of the thorax, the axilla (armpit) and the upper limb. Its origin is at the lateral margin of the first rib, before which it is called the subclavian artery. After passing the lower margin of teres major it becomes the brachial artery. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002573 MESH:A.07.231.114.085 OpenCyc:Mx4rwRh-vZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181321001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001394 UBERON:FMA_22654-MA_0002573 axillary part of subclavian artery axillary part of trunk of subclavian artery galen:AxillaryArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Axillary_limits.PNG/200px-Axillary_limits.PNG ncithesaurus:Axillary_Artery In human anatomy, the axillary artery is a large blood vessel that conveys oxygenated blood to the lateral aspect of the thorax, the axilla (armpit) and the upper limb. Its origin is at the lateral margin of the first rib, before which it is called the subclavian artery. After passing the lower margin of teres major it becomes the brachial artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Axillary_artery FMA:22654 axillary part of subclavian artery thoraco-acromial artery FMA:22671 MA:0002064 SCTID:244315002 The thoracoacromial artery (acromiothoracic artery; thoracic axis) is a short trunk, which arises from the forepart of the axillary artery, its origin being generally overlapped by the upper edge of the Pectoralis minor. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001395 UBERON:FMA_22671-MA_0002064 acromiothoracic artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Axillary_branches.PNG/200px-Axillary_branches.PNG ncithesaurus:Acromial_Thoracic_Artery thoracoacromial artery The thoracoacromial artery (acromiothoracic artery; thoracic axis) is a short trunk, which arises from the forepart of the axillary artery, its origin being generally overlapped by the upper edge of the Pectoralis minor. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thoraco-acromial_artery lateral thoracic artery FMA:22674 In human anatomy, the lateral thoracic artery (or external mammary artery) is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the lateral structures of the thorax and breast. It originates from the axillary artery and follows the lower border of the Pectoralis minor muscle to the side of the chest, supplies the Serratus anterior muscle and the Pectoralis major muscle, and sends branches across the axilla to the axillary lymph nodes and Subscapularis muscle. It anastomoses with the internal thoracic artery, subscapular, and intercostal arteries, and with the pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial artery. In the female it supplies an external mammary branch which turns round the free edge of the Pectoralis major and supplies the breasts. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001989 SCTID:206135006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001396 UBERON:FMA_22674-MA_0001989 external mammary artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Axillary_branches.PNG/200px-Axillary_branches.PNG ncithesaurus:Lateral_Thoracic_Artery In human anatomy, the lateral thoracic artery (or external mammary artery) is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the lateral structures of the thorax and breast. It originates from the axillary artery and follows the lower border of the Pectoralis minor muscle to the side of the chest, supplies the Serratus anterior muscle and the Pectoralis major muscle, and sends branches across the axilla to the axillary lymph nodes and Subscapularis muscle. It anastomoses with the internal thoracic artery, subscapular, and intercostal arteries, and with the pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial artery. In the female it supplies an external mammary branch which turns round the free edge of the Pectoralis major and supplies the breasts. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_thoracic_artery subscapular artery FMA:22677 MA:0002050 SCTID:244311006 The subscapular artery, the largest branch of the axillary artery, arises at the lower border of the Subscapularis, which it follows to the inferior angle of the scapula, where it anastomoses with the lateral thoracic and intercostal arteries and with the descending branch of the transverse cervical, and ends in the neighboring muscles. About 4 cm. from its origin it gives off two branches, first the scapular circumflex artery and then the thoracodorsal artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001397 UBERON:FMA_22677-MA_0002050 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Axillary_branches.PNG/200px-Axillary_branches.PNG ncithesaurus:Subscapular_Artery The subscapular artery, the largest branch of the axillary artery, arises at the lower border of the Subscapularis, which it follows to the inferior angle of the scapula, where it anastomoses with the lateral thoracic and intercostal arteries and with the descending branch of the transverse cervical, and ends in the neighboring muscles. About 4 cm. from its origin it gives off two branches, first the scapular circumflex artery and then the thoracodorsal artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subscapular_artery brachial artery AAO:0010504 FMA:22689 GAID:475 MA:0001921 MESH:A.07.231.114.139 OpenCyc:Mx4rwM-i5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181322008 The brachial artery is the major blood vessel of the (upper) arm. It is the continuation of the axillary artery beyond the lower margin of teres major muscle. It continues down the ventral surface of the arm until it reaches the cubital fossa at the elbow. It then divides into the radial and ulnar arteries which run down the forearm. In some individuals, the bifurcation occurs much earlier and the ulnar and radial arteries extend through the upper arm. The pulse of the brachial artery is palpable on the anterior aspect of the elbow, medial to the tendon of the biceps, and, with the use of a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) often used to measure the blood pressure. The brachial artery is closely related to the median nerve; in proximal regions, the median nerve is immediately lateral to the brachial artery. Distally, the median nerve crosses the medial side of the brachial artery and lies anterior to the elbow joint. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001398 UBERON:FMA_22689-MA_0001921 brachial part of trunk of subclavian artery galen:BrachialArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray525.png/200px-Gray525.png ncithesaurus:Brachial_Artery The brachial artery is the major blood vessel of the (upper) arm. It is the continuation of the axillary artery beyond the lower margin of teres major muscle. It continues down the ventral surface of the arm until it reaches the cubital fossa at the elbow. It then divides into the radial and ulnar arteries which run down the forearm. In some individuals, the bifurcation occurs much earlier and the ulnar and radial arteries extend through the upper arm. The pulse of the brachial artery is palpable on the anterior aspect of the elbow, medial to the tendon of the biceps, and, with the use of a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) often used to measure the blood pressure. The brachial artery is closely related to the median nerve; in proximal regions, the median nerve is immediately lateral to the brachial artery. Distally, the median nerve crosses the medial side of the brachial artery and lies anterior to the elbow joint. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brachial_artery deep brachial artery FMA:22695 MA:0002026 SCTID:41065002 The arteria profunda brachii (also known as deep artery of the arm and the deep brachial artery) is a large vessel which arises from the medial and back part of the brachial, just below the lower border of the Teres major. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001399 UBERON:FMA_22695-MA_0002026 arteria profunda brachii http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gray526.png/200px-Gray526.png profunda brachii artery FMA:22695 FMA:TA arteria profunda brachii The arteria profunda brachii (also known as deep artery of the arm and the deep brachial artery) is a large vessel which arises from the medial and back part of the brachial, just below the lower border of the Teres major. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Deep_brachial_artery iliocostalis thoracis FMA:22703 MA:0002320 The iliocostalis is the muscle immediately lateral to the longissimus that is the nearest to the furrow that separates the epaxial muscles from the hypaxial. It lies very deep to the fleshy portion of the serratus ventralis (serratus anterior). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001400 UBERON:FMA_22703-MA_0002320 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Iliostalis.png/200px-Iliostalis.png The iliocostalis is the muscle immediately lateral to the longissimus that is the nearest to the furrow that separates the epaxial muscles from the hypaxial. It lies very deep to the fleshy portion of the serratus ventralis (serratus anterior). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Iliocostalis_thoracis longissimus thoracis BTO:0001651 FMA:22709 MA:0002339 The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001401 UBERON:FMA_22709-MA_0002339 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Longissimus.png/200px-Longissimus.png longissimus dorsi musculus longissimus thoracis ncithesaurus:Longissimus_Thoracis The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Longissimus_thoracis BTO:0001651 musculus longissimus thoracis BTO:0001651 longissimus dorsi longissimus cervicis BTO:0001650 FMA:22711 MA:0002337 The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001402 UBERON:FMA_22711-MA_0002337 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Longissimus.png/200px-Longissimus.png musculus longissimus cervicis ncithesaurus:Longissimus_Cervicis The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Longissimus_cervicis BTO:0001650 musculus longissimus cervicis longissimus capitis BTO:0001649 FMA:22714 MA:0002336 The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001403 UBERON:FMA_22714-MA_0002336 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Longissimus.png/200px-Longissimus.png musculus longissimus capitis ncithesaurus:Longissimus_Capitis trachelomastoid muscle BTO:0001649 musculus longissimus capitis BTO:0001649 trachelomastoid muscle The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Longissimus_capitis radial artery FMA:22730 GAID:506 In human anatomy, the radial artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the lateral aspect of the forearm. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002034 MESH:A.07.231.114.740 OpenCyc:Mx4rvxzeR5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181332001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001404 UBERON:FMA_22730-MA_0002034 galen:RadialArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gray1237.svg/200px-Gray1237.svg.png ncithesaurus:Radial_Artery In human anatomy, the radial artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the lateral aspect of the forearm. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Radial_artery spinalis thoracis FMA:22765 MA:0002381 The spinalis is the portion of the erector spinae, a bundle of muscles and tendons, located nearest to the spine. It is divided into three parts. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001405 UBERON:FMA_22765-MA_0002381 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Spinalis.png/200px-Spinalis.png ncithesaurus:Spinalis_Thoracis The spinalis is the portion of the erector spinae, a bundle of muscles and tendons, located nearest to the spine. It is divided into three parts. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Spinalis_thoracis ulnar artery FMA:22796 GAID:515 MA:0002069 MESH:A.07.231.114.920 OpenCyc:Mx4rwAF2PJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181333006 The ulnar artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the medial aspect of the forearm. It arises from the brachial artery and terminates in the superficial palmar arch, which joins with the superficial branch of the radial artery. It is palpable on the anterior and medial aspect of the wrist. Along its course, it is accompanied by a similarly named vein or veins, the ulnar vein or ulnar veins. The ulnar artery, the larger of the two terminal branches of the brachial, begins a little below the bend of the elbow in the cubital fossa, and, passing obliquely downward, reaches the ulnar side of the forearm at a point about midway between the elbow and the wrist. It then runs along the ulnar border to the wrist, crosses the transverse carpal ligament on the radial side of the pisiform bone, and immediately beyond this bone divides into two branches, which enter into the formation of the superficial and deep volar arches. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001406 UBERON:FMA_22796-MA_0002069 galen:UlnarArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gray1237.svg/200px-Gray1237.svg.png ncithesaurus:Ulnar_Artery The ulnar artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the medial aspect of the forearm. It arises from the brachial artery and terminates in the superficial palmar arch, which joins with the superficial branch of the radial artery. It is palpable on the anterior and medial aspect of the wrist. Along its course, it is accompanied by a similarly named vein or veins, the ulnar vein or ulnar veins. The ulnar artery, the larger of the two terminal branches of the brachial, begins a little below the bend of the elbow in the cubital fossa, and, passing obliquely downward, reaches the ulnar side of the forearm at a point about midway between the elbow and the wrist. It then runs along the ulnar border to the wrist, crosses the transverse carpal ligament on the radial side of the pisiform bone, and immediately beyond this bone divides into two branches, which enter into the formation of the superficial and deep volar arches. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ulnar_artery semispinalis thoracis FMA:22828 MA:0002374 The Semispinalis dorsi (or semispinalis thoracis) consists of thin, narrow, fleshy fasciculi, interposed between tendons of considerable length. It arises by a series of small tendons from the transverse processes of the sixth to the tenth thoracic vertebræ, and is inserted, by tendons, into the spinous processes of the upper four thoracic and lower two cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001407 UBERON:FMA_22828-MA_0002374 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Semispinalis.png/200px-Semispinalis.png ncithesaurus:Semispinalis_Thoracis The Semispinalis dorsi (or semispinalis thoracis) consists of thin, narrow, fleshy fasciculi, interposed between tendons of considerable length. It arises by a series of small tendons from the transverse processes of the sixth to the tenth thoracic vertebræ, and is inserted, by tendons, into the spinous processes of the upper four thoracic and lower two cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Semispinalis_thoracis semispinalis cervicis FMA:22829 MA:0002373 The semispinalis cervicis (semispinalis colli), thicker than the semispinalis dorsi, arises by a series of tendinous and fleshy fibers from the transverse processes of the upper five or six thoracic vertebræ, and is inserted into the cervical spinous processes, from the axis to the fifth inclusive. The fasciculus connected with the axis is the largest, and is chiefly muscular in structure. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001408 UBERON:FMA_22829-MA_0002373 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gray384.png/200px-Gray384.png ncithesaurus:Semispinalis_Cervicis The semispinalis cervicis (semispinalis colli), thicker than the semispinalis dorsi, arises by a series of tendinous and fleshy fibers from the transverse processes of the upper five or six thoracic vertebræ, and is inserted into the cervical spinous processes, from the axis to the fifth inclusive. The fasciculus connected with the axis is the largest, and is chiefly muscular in structure. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Semispinalis_cervicis semispinalis capitis FMA:22830 MA:0002372 The Semispinalis capitis (Complexus) is situated at the upper and back part of the neck, deep to the Splenius, and medial to the Longissimus cervicis and capitis. It arises by a series of tendons from the tips of the transverse processes of the upper six or seven thoracic and the seventh cervical vertebræ, and from the articular processes of the three cervical above this. The tendons, uniting, form a broad muscle, which passes upward, and is inserted between the superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bone. The medial part, usually more or less distinct from the remainder of the muscle, is frequently termed the Spinalis capitis; it is also named the Biventer cervicis since it is traversed by an imperfect tendinous inscription. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001409 UBERON:FMA_22830-MA_0002372 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gray384.png/200px-Gray384.png ncithesaurus:Semispinalis_Capitis The Semispinalis capitis (Complexus) is situated at the upper and back part of the neck, deep to the Splenius, and medial to the Longissimus cervicis and capitis. It arises by a series of tendons from the tips of the transverse processes of the upper six or seven thoracic and the seventh cervical vertebræ, and from the articular processes of the three cervical above this. The tendons, uniting, form a broad muscle, which passes upward, and is inserted between the superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bone. The medial part, usually more or less distinct from the remainder of the muscle, is frequently termed the Spinalis capitis; it is also named the Biventer cervicis since it is traversed by an imperfect tendinous inscription. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Semispinalis_capitis common palmar digital artery FMA:22852 MA:0001957 SCTID:38396009 Three common palmar digital arteries arise from the convexity of the superficial palmar arch and proceed distally on the second, third, and fourth lumbricales muscles. UBERON:0001410 UBERON:FMA_22852-MA_0001957 common palmar digital arteries ncithesaurus:Common_Palmar_Digital_Artery the MA term, even though plural, represents the singular, as it is an isa child of artery Three common palmar digital arteries arise from the convexity of the superficial palmar arch and proceed distally on the second, third, and fourth lumbricales muscles. Wikipedia:Common_palmar_digital_artery basilic vein FMA:22908 In human anatomy, the basilic vein is a large superficial vein of the upper limb that helps drain parts of hand and forearm. It originates on the medial (ulnar) side of the dorsal venous network of the hand, and it travels up the base of the forearm and arm. Most of its course is superficial; it generally travels in the subcutaneous fat and other fasciae that lie superficial to the muscles of the upper extremity. Because of this, it is usually visible through the skin. Near the region anterior to the cubital fossa, in the bend of the elbow joint, the basilic vein usually connects with the other large superficial vein of the upper extremity, the cephalic vein, via the median cubital vein. The layout of superficial veins in the forearm is highly variable from person to person, and there are generally a variety of other unnamed superficial veins that the basilic vein communicates with. About halfway up the arm proper (the part between the shoulder and elbow), the basilic vein goes deep, travelling under the muscles. There, around the lower border of the teres major muscle, the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral veins feed into it, just before it joins the brachial veins to form the axillary vein. Along with other superficial veins in the forearm, the basilic vein is a possible site for venipuncture. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002086 OpenCyc:Mx4rvwrxEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181393008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001411 UBERON:FMA_22908-MA_0002086 basilic vein of forearm galen:BasilicVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray576.png/200px-Gray576.png ncithesaurus:Basilic_Vein vena basilica antebrachii FMA/obol In human anatomy, the basilic vein is a large superficial vein of the upper limb that helps drain parts of hand and forearm. It originates on the medial (ulnar) side of the dorsal venous network of the hand, and it travels up the base of the forearm and arm. Most of its course is superficial; it generally travels in the subcutaneous fat and other fasciae that lie superficial to the muscles of the upper extremity. Because of this, it is usually visible through the skin. Near the region anterior to the cubital fossa, in the bend of the elbow joint, the basilic vein usually connects with the other large superficial vein of the upper extremity, the cephalic vein, via the median cubital vein. The layout of superficial veins in the forearm is highly variable from person to person, and there are generally a variety of other unnamed superficial veins that the basilic vein communicates with. About halfway up the arm proper (the part between the shoulder and elbow), the basilic vein goes deep, travelling under the muscles. There, around the lower border of the teres major muscle, the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral veins feed into it, just before it joins the brachial veins to form the axillary vein. Along with other superficial veins in the forearm, the basilic vein is a possible site for venipuncture. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Basilic_vein FMA/obol FMA:22908 FMA:TA vena basilica antebrachii common palmar digital vein FMA:22923 MA:0002121 Some sources distinguish between the "proper palmar digital veins", which are more distal, and the "common palmar digital veins", which are more proximal. UBERON:0001412 UBERON:FMA_22923-MA_0002121 proximal palmar digital vein Wikipedia:Palmar_digital_veins proximal palmar digital vein brachial vein AAO:0010512 FMA:22934 In human anatomy, the brachial veins are venae comitantes of the brachial artery in the arm proper. Because they are deep to muscle, they are considered deep veins. Their course is that of the brachial artery (in reverse): they begin where radial veins and ulnar veins join (corresponding to the bifurcation of the brachial artery). They end at the inferior border of the teres major muscle. At this point, the brachial veins join the basilic vein to form the axillary vein. The brachial veins also have small tributaries that drain the muscles of the upper arm, such as biceps brachii muscle and triceps brachii muscle. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002087 OpenCyc:Mx4rwS3In5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181390006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001413 UBERON:FMA_22934-MA_0002087 galen:BrachialVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray576.png/200px-Gray576.png ncithesaurus:Brachial_Vein FMA/obol FMA/obol In human anatomy, the brachial veins are venae comitantes of the brachial artery in the arm proper. Because they are deep to muscle, they are considered deep veins. Their course is that of the brachial artery (in reverse): they begin where radial veins and ulnar veins join (corresponding to the bifurcation of the brachial artery). They end at the inferior border of the teres major muscle. At this point, the brachial veins join the basilic vein to form the axillary vein. The brachial veins also have small tributaries that drain the muscles of the upper arm, such as biceps brachii muscle and triceps brachii muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brachial_vein median cubital vein FMA:22963 In human anatomy, the median cubital vein (or median basilic vein) a superficial vein of the upper limb. It connects the basilic and cephalic vein and is often used for venipuncture (taking blood). It lies in the cubital fossa superficial to the bicipital aponeurosis. There exists a fair amount of variation of the median cubital vein. More commonly the vein forms an H-pattern with the cephalic and basilic veins making up the sides. Other forms include an M-pattern, where the vein branches to the cephalic and basilic veins. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002176 OpenCyc:Mx4rvzQSYZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181392003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001414 UBERON:FMA_22963-MA_0002176 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gray574.png/200px-Gray574.png In human anatomy, the median cubital vein (or median basilic vein) a superficial vein of the upper limb. It connects the basilic and cephalic vein and is often used for venipuncture (taking blood). It lies in the cubital fossa superficial to the bicipital aponeurosis. There exists a fair amount of variation of the median cubital vein. More commonly the vein forms an H-pattern with the cephalic and basilic veins making up the sides. Other forms include an M-pattern, where the vein branches to the cephalic and basilic veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Median_cubital_vein FMA/obol FMA/obol FMA/obol skin of pelvis A zone of skin that is part of a pelvis [Obol]. FMA:22984 MA:0000546 SCTID:181517009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001415 UBERON:FMA_22984-MA_0000546 pelvic skin pelvis skin pelvis zone of skin zone of skin of pelvis OBOL:automatic pelvis zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of pelvis A zone of skin that is part of a pelvis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skin of abdomen A zone of skin that is part of an abdomen [Obol]. EFO:0000214 FMA:22988 FMA:23000 MA:0000523 SCTID:361707007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001416 UBERON:FMA_22988-MA_0000523 abdomen skin abdomen zone of skin abdominal skin ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Skin skin of abdomen proper zone of skin of abdomen A zone of skin that is part of an abdomen [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of abdomen MA FMA:22988 skin of abdomen proper MA OBOL:automatic abdomen zone of skin skin of neck A zone of skin that is part of a neck [Obol]. FMA:23021 FMA:23022 MA:0000590 SCTID:361705004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001417 UBERON:FMA_23021-MA_0000590 ncithesaurus:Neck_Skin neck (volume) zone of skin neck skin neck zone of skin zone of skin of neck zone of skin of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck (volume) zone of skin OBOL:automatic neck zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a neck [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of neck OBOL:automatic zone of skin of neck (volume) skin of thorax A zone of skin that is part of a thorax [Obol]. FMA:23028 FMA:23029 MA:0000564 SCTID:281723000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001418 UBERON:FMA_23028-MA_0000564 thoracic skin thorax skin thorax zone of skin upper body skin zone of skin of thorax OBOL:automatic zone of skin of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a thorax [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skin of limb A zone of skin that is part of a limb [Obol]. FMA:23100 MA:0000694 SCTID:314403009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001419 UBERON:FMA_23100-MA_0000694 limb skin limb zone of skin zone of skin of limb A zone of skin that is part of a limb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic limb zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of limb subscapular vein FMA:23113 MA:0002224 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001420 UBERON:FMA_23113-MA_0002224 FMA/obol FMA/obol pectoral girdle FMA:23217 Note that this class describes the subdivision of the limb/fin, NOT the skeleton within. See also: skeleton of pectoral girdle (UBERON:0007831) Subdivision of limb or fin consisting of bones which connects the upper limb or fin to the axial skeleton on each side. It consists of the clavicle and scapula in humans and, in those species with three bones in the pectoral girdle, the coracoid. Some mammalian species (e.g. the dog and the horse) have only the scapula. In humans, the only joints between the shoulder girdle and axial skeleton are the sternoclavicular joints on each side. No joint exists between each scapula and the rib cage; instead the muscular connection between the two permits relatively great mobility of the shoulder girdle in relation to the pelvic girdle. In those species having only the scapula, no joint exists between the forelimb and the thorax, the only attachment being muscular[WP]. Subdivision of free upper limb, which is the proximal segment of an upper limb and links the free upper limb to the trunk; it is demarcated by the plane of the surface of the glenoid fossa from the free upper limb; together with the free upper limb, it constitutes the upper limb. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left pectoral girdles[FMA]. UBERON:0001421 UBERON:FMA_23217-MA_0000292-MIAA_0000181-XAO_0003063-ZFA_0000407 cingulum membri superioris girdle - pectoral pectoral girdle region FMA:23217 Subdivision of limb or fin consisting of bones which connects the upper limb or fin to the axial skeleton on each side. It consists of the clavicle and scapula in humans and, in those species with three bones in the pectoral girdle, the coracoid. Some mammalian species (e.g. the dog and the horse) have only the scapula. In humans, the only joints between the shoulder girdle and axial skeleton are the sternoclavicular joints on each side. No joint exists between each scapula and the rib cage; instead the muscular connection between the two permits relatively great mobility of the shoulder girdle in relation to the pelvic girdle. In those species having only the scapula, no joint exists between the forelimb and the thorax, the only attachment being muscular[WP]. Subdivision of free upper limb, which is the proximal segment of an upper limb and links the free upper limb to the trunk; it is demarcated by the plane of the surface of the glenoid fossa from the free upper limb; together with the free upper limb, it constitutes the upper limb. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left pectoral girdles[FMA]. Wikipedia:Pectoral_girdle FMA FMA:23217 FMA:TA cingulum membri superioris facial lymphatic vessel A lymphatic vessel that is part of a face [Obol]. FL FMA:233946 TAO:0005108 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001422 UBERON:FMA_233946-ZFA_0005108 ZFA:0005108 buccal lymphatic vessel face lymph vessel face lymphatic vessel lymph vessel of face lymphatic vessel of face OBOL:automatic face lymphatic vessel OBOL:automatic lymph vessel of face OBOL:automatic lymphatic vessel of face A lymphatic vessel that is part of a face [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic face lymph vessel radius AAO:0000788 EMAPA:18466 EMAPA:19103 FMA:23463 GAID:185 In four-legged animals, the radius is the main load-bearing bone of the lower forelimb. Its structure is similar in most terrestrial tetrapods, but it may be fused with the ulna in some mammals (such as horses) and reduced or modified in animals with flippers or vestigial forelimbs [ISBN:0-03-910284-X] MA:0001357 MESH:A.02.835.232.087.702 OpenCyc:Mx4rwUsDcZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181940002 The radius is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna. It extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna, which exceeds it in length and size. It is a long bone, prism-shaped and slightly curved longitudinally. The radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus, the radial notch and the head of the ulna. The corresponding bone in the lower leg is the tibia.. UBERON:0001423 UBERON:FMA_23463-MA_0001357 galen:Radius ncithesaurus:Radius The radius is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna. It extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna, which exceeds it in length and size. It is a long bone, prism-shaped and slightly curved longitudinally. The radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus, the radial notch and the head of the ulna. The corresponding bone in the lower leg is the tibia.. Wikipedia:Radius_(bone) ulna AAO:0000789 EMAPA:18467 EMAPA:19104 FMA:23466 GAID:188 MA:0001358 MESH:A.02.835.232.087.911 OpenCyc:Mx4rwPtIM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181948009 The ulna is a long bone, prismatic in form. In anatomical position the ulna is placed at the medial side of the forearm closest to the body, parallel with the radius on both arms. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001424 UBERON:FMA_23466-MA_0001358 galen:Ulna http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Illu_upper_extremity.jpg/200px-Illu_upper_extremity.jpg ncithesaurus:Ulna The ulna is a long bone, prismatic in form. In anatomical position the ulna is placed at the medial side of the forearm closest to the body, parallel with the radius on both arms. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ulna pectoral lymphatic vessel FMA:234865 PL TAO:0005107 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001425 UBERON:FMA_234865-ZFA_0005107 ZFA:0005107 jugular lymphatic vessel FMA:234908 JL TAO:0005109 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001426 UBERON:FMA_234908-ZFA_0005109 ZFA:0005109 scaphoid AAO:0000790 FMA:23709 GAID:180 MA:0002555 MESH:A.02.835.232.087.144.650 OpenCyc:Mx4rwAwWe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181958008 The scaphoid Bone is situated at the radial (radius bone) side of the carpus, or laterally between the hand and the forearm in standard medical posture (thumbs pointing outwards). The scaphoid bone is the largest bone of the proximal row of wrist bones, its long axis being from above downward, lateralward, and forward. It is approximately the size and shape of a medium sized cashew. The bone takes a semi-similar form of a boat. In reptiles, birds, and amphibians, this bone is instead commonly referred to as the radiale, because of its articulation with the radius. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001427 UBERON:FMA_23709-MA_0002555 galen:Scaphoid http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carpus.png/200px-Carpus.png navicular bone of hand navicular of hand ncithesaurus:Scaphoid_Bone os carpi radiale os naviculare manus os scaphoideum radial carpal bone radiale scaphoid bone todo - check AAO placement; in rodents this is fused with the lunate to make the scapholunate The scaphoid Bone is situated at the radial (radius bone) side of the carpus, or laterally between the hand and the forearm in standard medical posture (thumbs pointing outwards). The scaphoid bone is the largest bone of the proximal row of wrist bones, its long axis being from above downward, lateralward, and forward. It is approximately the size and shape of a medium sized cashew. The bone takes a semi-similar form of a boat. In reptiles, birds, and amphibians, this bone is instead commonly referred to as the radiale, because of its articulation with the radius. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scaphoid Wikipedia:Scaphoid_bone os naviculare manus Wikipedia:Scaphoid_bone os scaphoideum AAO:0000790 Wikipedia:Scaphoid radiale lunate FMA:23712 GAID:181 MA:0002556 MESH:A.02.835.232.087.144.663 SCTID:181959000 The lunate bone (semilunar bone) is a carpal bone (wrist bone) in the human hand that may be distinguished by its deep concavity and crescentic outline. It is situated in the center of the proximal row of the carpus (wrist) region between the fore arm and hand (manus). In standard medical posture, the lunate carpal bone is situated between the lateral Scaphoid bone and medial Triquetral bone. The lunate carpal bone straddles distally the bordering ulna and radius bones and proximally to distal carpus (wrist) Trapezium bone and Trapezoid bone[WP]. UBERON:0001428 UBERON:FMA_23712-MA_0002556 galen:Lunate intermediate carpal bone lunate bone ncithesaurus:Lunate_Bone os carpi intermedium semilunar semilunar bone MA FMA FMA The lunate bone (semilunar bone) is a carpal bone (wrist bone) in the human hand that may be distinguished by its deep concavity and crescentic outline. It is situated in the center of the proximal row of the carpus (wrist) region between the fore arm and hand (manus). In standard medical posture, the lunate carpal bone is situated between the lateral Scaphoid bone and medial Triquetral bone. The lunate carpal bone straddles distally the bordering ulna and radius bones and proximally to distal carpus (wrist) Trapezium bone and Trapezoid bone[WP]. Wikipedia:Lunate_bone pisiform FMA:23718 MA:0001339 OpenCyc:Mx4rvtByTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:9181003 The pisiform bone (also called pisiform or lentiform bone) is a small knobbly, pea-shaped wrist bone. The pisiform bone is found in the proximal row of the carpus. It is located where the ulna (inner bone of the forearm when in anatomical position) joins the carpus (wrist). It articulates only with the triquetral. It is a sesamoid bone. The pisiform bone may be known by its small size, and by its presenting a single articular facet. It is situated on a plane anterior to the other carpal bones and is spheroidal in form. The etymology derives from the Latin pīsum which means 'pea.' [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001429 UBERON:FMA_23718-MA_0001339 accessory carpal bone galen:Pisiform http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carpus.png/200px-Carpus.png ncithesaurus:Pisiform_Bone pisiform bone todo - classify as sesamoid? The pisiform bone (also called pisiform or lentiform bone) is a small knobbly, pea-shaped wrist bone. The pisiform bone is found in the proximal row of the carpus. It is located where the ulna (inner bone of the forearm when in anatomical position) joins the carpus (wrist). It articulates only with the triquetral. It is a sesamoid bone. The pisiform bone may be known by its small size, and by its presenting a single articular facet. It is situated on a plane anterior to the other carpal bones and is spheroidal in form. The etymology derives from the Latin pīsum which means 'pea.' [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pisiform_bone trapezium . FMA:23721 MA:0001340 OpenCyc:Mx4rv3CbrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361780007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001430 UBERON:FMA_23721-MA_0001340 galen:Trapezium greater multangular bone greater multiangular hand distal carpal bone 1 ncithesaurus:Trapezial_Bone trapezial bone trapezium bone . Wikipedia:Trapezium trapezoid . FMA:23724 MA:0001341 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVvsjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rvxNWBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361781006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001431 UBERON:FMA_23724-MA_0001341 galen:Trapezoid hand distal carpal bone 2 lesser multangular bone lesser multiangular ncithesaurus:Trapezoid_Bone trapezoid bone . Wikipedia:Trapezoid capitate AAO xref sourced from WP - todo - decide whether to split class AAO:0000920 FMA:23727 MA:0001342 OpenCyc:Mx4rvZFPrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181964001 The capitate bone is a bone in the human hand. The capitate bone is the largest of the carpal bones, and occupies the center of the wrist. It presents, above, a rounded portion or head, which is received into the concavity formed by the scaphoid and lunate bones; a constricted portion or neck; and below this, the body. The bone is also found in many other mammals, and is homologous with the 'third distal carpal' of reptiles and amphibians. The etymology derives from the Latin capitātus, 'having a head,' from capit-, meaning 'head.' [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001432 UBERON:FMA_23727-MA_0001342 capitate bone galen:Capitate hand distal carpal bone 3 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carpus.png/200px-Carpus.png ncithesaurus:Capitate_Bone os magnum (carpus) The capitate bone is a bone in the human hand. The capitate bone is the largest of the carpal bones, and occupies the center of the wrist. It presents, above, a rounded portion or head, which is received into the concavity formed by the scaphoid and lunate bones; a constricted portion or neck; and below this, the body. The bone is also found in many other mammals, and is homologous with the 'third distal carpal' of reptiles and amphibians. The etymology derives from the Latin capitātus, 'having a head,' from capit-, meaning 'head.' [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Capitate Wikipedia:Capitate_bone hamate AAO xref sourced from WP - todo - decide whether to split class AAO:0000932 FMA:23730 MA:0001343 OpenCyc:Mx4rwFTmuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181967008 The hamate bone (unciform bone) is a bone in the human hand that may be readily distinguished by its wedge-shaped form, and the hook-like process which projects from its volar surface. It is situated at the medial and lower angle of the carpus, with its base downward, resting on the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones, and its apex directed upward and lateralward. The bone is also found in many other mammals, and is homologous with the 'fourth distal carpal' of reptiles and amphibians. The etymology derives from the Latin hamatus 'hooked,' from hamus which means 'hook.' [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001433 UBERON:FMA_23730-MA_0001343 galen:Hamate hamate bone hand distal carpal bone 4 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carpus.png/200px-Carpus.png ncithesaurus:Hamate_Bone unciform unciform bone uncinate The hamate bone (unciform bone) is a bone in the human hand that may be readily distinguished by its wedge-shaped form, and the hook-like process which projects from its volar surface. It is situated at the medial and lower angle of the carpus, with its base downward, resting on the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones, and its apex directed upward and lateralward. The bone is also found in many other mammals, and is homologous with the 'fourth distal carpal' of reptiles and amphibians. The etymology derives from the Latin hamatus 'hooked,' from hamus which means 'hook.' [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hamate Wikipedia:Hamate_bone skeletal system AAO:0000566 BTO:0001486 EFO:0000806 EHDAA2:0003168 EV:0100139 FMA:23881 MA:0000018 MESH:A.02 Note that GO defines skeletal system very generically: The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) GO:0001501; however, all annotations are to vertebrates OG:0001254 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi1rpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ system subdivision which consists of the skeleton and the articular system.[FMA] Skelettsystem TAO:0000434 UBERON:0001434 UBERON:FMA_23875-FMA_23881-MA_0000018-MIAA_0000032-XAO_0003060-ZFA_0000434 VAO:0000027 XAO:0003060 ZFA:0000434 ncithesaurus:Skeletal_System set of all bones and joints skeleton system AAO:0000566 FMA:FMA Organ system subdivision which consists of the skeleton and the articular system.[FMA] Wikipedia:Skeleton set of all bones and joints BTO:0001486 Skelettsystem carpal bone EMAPA:25056 FMA:23889 GAID:179 In tetrapods, the carpals is the sole cluster of the bones in the wrist between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus. The bones of the carpus do not belong to individual fingers (or toes in quadrupeds), whereas those of the metacarpus do. The corresponding part of the foot is the tarsus. The carpal bones allow the wrist to move and rotate vertically, horizontally and laterally. In human anatomy, the main role of the carpus is to facilitate effective positioning of the hand and powerful use of the extensors and flexors of the forearm, but the mobility of individual carpal bones increase the freedom of movements at the wrist. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000296 MESH:A.02.835.232.087.144 SCTID:83936004 UBERON:0001435 UBERON:FMA_23889-MA_0000296 bone of carpus galen:CarpalBone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Carpus.svg/200px-Carpus.svg.png ncithesaurus:Carpal_Bone In tetrapods, the carpals is the sole cluster of the bones in the wrist between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus. The bones of the carpus do not belong to individual fingers (or toes in quadrupeds), whereas those of the metacarpus do. The corresponding part of the foot is the tarsus. The carpal bones allow the wrist to move and rotate vertically, horizontally and laterally. In human anatomy, the main role of the carpus is to facilitate effective positioning of the hand and powerful use of the extensors and flexors of the forearm, but the mobility of individual carpal bones increase the freedom of movements at the wrist. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Carpal_bone phalanx of finger A phalanx that is part of a forelimb[Obol]. AAO:0000947 FMA:23914 MA:0000306 SCTID:181976001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001436 UBERON:FMA_23914-MA_0000306 digitus manus phalanx finger phalanx hand digit phalanx hand phalanx ncithesaurus:Hand_Phalanx phalanges of fore digit phalanx of digit of hand phalanx of digitus manus phalanx of fore digit phalanx of hand phalanx of hand digit AAO:0000947 phalanges of fore digit OBOL:automatic phalanx of digitus manus OBOL:automatic phalanx of digit of hand OBOL:automatic finger phalanx OBOL:automatic phalanx of hand digit OBOL:automatic hand digit phalanx MA:0000306 hand phalanx A phalanx that is part of a forelimb[Obol]. Obol:obol OBOL:automatic digitus manus phalanx epiphysis AAO:0000742 BTO:0000413 FMA:24012 MA:0001362 MESH:A.02.835.232.251 SCTID:244701002 Subdivision of long bone which forms its expanded proximal or distal articular end; together with other the subdivisions of long bone, it constitutes the long bone. Examples: proximal epiphysis of humerus, distal epiphysis of femur.[FMA] UBERON:0001437 UBERON:FMA_24012-ZFA_0000019 end of long bone epiphyses http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Illu_long_bone.jpg/200px-Illu_long_bone.jpg long bone epiphysis ncithesaurus:Long_Bone_Epiphysis see also: annular epiphysis epiphyses FMA:FMA Subdivision of long bone which forms its expanded proximal or distal articular end; together with other the subdivisions of long bone, it constitutes the long bone. Examples: proximal epiphysis of humerus, distal epiphysis of femur.[FMA] Wikipedia:Epiphysis metaphysis FMA:24014 MA:0001363 SCTID:304581004 Subdivision of diaphysis which forms the proximal or distal end of diaphysis next to the epiphysis; together with diaphysis proper, it constitutes the diaphysis. Examples: proximal metaphysis of humerus, distal metaphysis of femur.[FMA] UBERON:0001438 UBERON:FMA_24014-MA_0001363 adjacent to or containing epiphyseal plate? Note in FMA the metaphysis is part of the diaphysis, but not in MA. In the diagram in WP, it appears to be adjacent, not part_of. diaphyseal end of long bone long bone metaphysis metaphyses ncithesaurus:Metaphysis FMA:FMA Subdivision of diaphysis which forms the proximal or distal end of diaphysis next to the epiphysis; together with diaphysis proper, it constitutes the diaphysis. Examples: proximal metaphysis of humerus, distal metaphysis of femur.[FMA] Wikipedia:Metaphysis metaphyses compact bone FMA:24018 MA:0001461 MP distinguishes compact/cortical bone. in other AOs they are syns SCTID:361728003 UBERON:0001439 UBERON:FMA_24018-MA_0001461 bony cortex compact bone tissue cortical bone cortical bone tissue cortical region of bone galen:CorticalBone ncithesaurus:Cortical_Bone one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Compact/Cortical bone facilitates bone's main functions: to support the body, protect organs, provide levers for movement, and store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium. As its name implies, cortical bone forms the cortex, or outer shell, of most bones. Again, as its name implies, compact bone is much denser than cancellous bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue. Furthermore, it is harder, stronger and stiffer than cancellous bone. Cortical bone contributes about 80% of the weight of a human skeleton. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is the osteon.. substantia compacta (pars ossea) substantia corticalis FMA:24018 FMA:TA substantia corticalis HP:0002753 bony cortex Wikipedia:Compact_bone one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Compact/Cortical bone facilitates bone's main functions: to support the body, protect organs, provide levers for movement, and store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium. As its name implies, cortical bone forms the cortex, or outer shell, of most bones. Again, as its name implies, compact bone is much denser than cancellous bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue. Furthermore, it is harder, stronger and stiffer than cancellous bone. Cortical bone contributes about 80% of the weight of a human skeleton. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is the osteon.. forelimb skeleton A subdivision of skeletal system that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. AAO:0000202 EHDAA2:0002222 FMA:24139 OG:0001256 TODO - split skeleton from single bone UBERON:0001440 UBERON:FMA_24139-MA_0000612 XAO:0003061 bones of upper limb fore limb skeleton forelimb skeleton ossa membri superioris set of bones of upper limb skeleton of upper limb upper limb skeleton OG:0001256 forelimb skeleton A subdivision of skeletal system that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA FMA:24139 skeleton of upper limb FMA:24139 FMA:TA ossa membri superioris hindlimb skeleton AAO:0000217 EHDAA2:0002226 FMA:24140 OG:0001255 OpenCyc:Mx4rvZcKkZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001441 UBERON:FMA_24140-MA_0000670 XAO:0003062 bones of lower limb editor note: consider adding subclasses for stylopod and zeugopod hind limb skeleton hind limb subdivision of skeleton hindlimb skeleton hindlimb subdivision of skeleton inferior member subdivision of skeleton lower extremity subdivision of skeleton lower limb skeleton ossa membri inferioris set of bones of lower limb skeleton of lower limb subdivision of skeleton of hind limb subdivision of skeleton of hindlimb subdivision of skeleton of inferior member subdivision of skeleton of lower extremity OBOL:automatic lower extremity subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of inferior member OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of hindlimb OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hindlimb subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic inferior member subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic hind limb subdivision of skeleton XAO:0003062 hind limb skeleton FMA:24140 FMA:TA ossa membri inferioris FMA OG:0001255 hindlimb skeleton FMA:24140 skeleton of lower limb OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of hind limb skeleton of hand A subdivision of skeletal system that is part of a hand [Obol]. FMA:24159 OpenCyc:Mx4rvdHPJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TODO: check skeleton vs part of skeleton UBERON:0001442 UBERON:FMA_24159-MA_0000619 arm autopod subdivision of skeleton arm distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton autopod of arm subdivision of skeleton autopod of brachial region subdivision of skeleton autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb subdivision of skeleton bones of hand brachial region autopod subdivision of skeleton brachial region distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton distal free limb segment of arm subdivision of skeleton distal free limb segment of brachial region subdivision of skeleton distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb subdivision of skeleton hand skeleton hand subdivision of skeleton ossa manus proximal segment of free upper limb autopod subdivision of skeleton proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton set of bones of hand subdivision of skeleton of arm autopod subdivision of skeleton of arm distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton of autopod of arm subdivision of skeleton of autopod of brachial region subdivision of skeleton of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb subdivision of skeleton of brachial region autopod subdivision of skeleton of brachial region distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of arm subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of brachial region subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb subdivision of skeleton of hand subdivision of skeleton of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod subdivision of skeleton of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton of terminal segment of free upper limb terminal segment of free upper limb subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of hand OBOL:automatic autopod of arm subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic autopod of brachial region subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic brachial region autopod subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb autopod subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of autopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic brachial region distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of arm distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of brachial region subdivision of skeleton FMA:24159 FMA:TA ossa manus OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of autopod of arm OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of brachial region distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic arm distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of arm autopod OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic hand subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of brachial region autopod OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of arm subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic arm autopod subdivision of skeleton A subdivision of skeletal system that is part of a hand [Obol]. OBOL:automatic chest BTO:0001368 EFO:0000965 EV:0100010 FMA:9576 GAID:91 MA:0000031 MAT:0000295 MESH:A.01.911 MIAA:0000295 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVikFZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Subdivision of trunk proper, which is demarcated from the neck by the plane of the superior thoracic aperture and from the abdomen internally by the inferior surface of the diaphragm and externally by the costal margin and associated with the thoracic vertebral column and ribcage and from the back of the thorax by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage, the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column and the posterior axillary lines; together with the abdomen and the perineum, it constitutes the trunk proper[FMA]. UBERON:0001443 UBERON:FMA_24216-MA_0000031 anterior chest anterior thoracic region anterolateral part of thorax editor note - FMA:24216 present in FMA1, but gone in subsequent versions front of chest front of thorax galen:Chest galen:Thorax http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chest.jpg/200px-Chest.jpg ncithesaurus:Chest ncithesaurus:Thorax pectus thorax FMA:24816 anterior chest FMA FMA:24816 front of chest FMA:9576 Subdivision of trunk proper, which is demarcated from the neck by the plane of the superior thoracic aperture and from the abdomen internally by the inferior surface of the diaphragm and externally by the costal margin and associated with the thoracic vertebral column and ribcage and from the back of the thorax by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage, the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column and the posterior axillary lines; together with the abdomen and the perineum, it constitutes the trunk proper[FMA]. Wikipedia:Chest FMA:24816 FMA:TA pectus FMA:9576 thorax FMA MA subdivision of head FMA:24218 SCTID:123852005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001444 UBERON:FMA_24218-XAO_0000040 XAO:0000040 head region head subdivision region of head skeleton of foot A subdivision of skeletal system that is part of a foot [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002228 FMA:24222 OpenCyc:Mx4rv5ridZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001445 UBERON:FMA_24222-MA_0000643 autopod of hind limb subdivision of skeleton autopod of hindlimb subdivision of skeleton autopod of inferior member subdivision of skeleton autopod of lower extremity subdivision of skeleton distal free limb segment of hind limb subdivision of skeleton distal free limb segment of hindlimb subdivision of skeleton distal free limb segment of inferior member subdivision of skeleton distal free limb segment of lower extremity subdivision of skeleton foot skeleton foot subdivision of skeleton hind limb autopod subdivision of skeleton hind limb distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton hindlimb autopod subdivision of skeleton hindlimb distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton inferior member autopod subdivision of skeleton inferior member distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton lower extremity autopod subdivision of skeleton lower extremity distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton ncithesaurus:Foot_Bone set of bones of foot subdivision of skeleton of autopod of hind limb subdivision of skeleton of autopod of hindlimb subdivision of skeleton of autopod of inferior member subdivision of skeleton of autopod of lower extremity subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of hind limb subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of hindlimb subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of inferior member subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of lower extremity subdivision of skeleton of foot subdivision of skeleton of hind limb autopod subdivision of skeleton of hind limb distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton of hindlimb autopod subdivision of skeleton of hindlimb distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton of inferior member autopod subdivision of skeleton of inferior member distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton of lower extremity autopod subdivision of skeleton of lower extremity distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton of terminal segment of free lower limb terminal segment of free lower limb subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic foot subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of lower extremity autopod OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of foot OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of hind limb autopod OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of inferior member autopod OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of autopod of hind limb A subdivision of skeletal system that is part of a foot [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of inferior member distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of hind limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of hindlimb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of autopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of lower extremity distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment subdivision of skeleton fibula AAO:0000891 BTO:0002346 EFO:0003052 EMAPA:18512 EMAPA:19141 FMA:24479 GAID:202 MA:0001360 MESH:A.02.835.232.500.321 SCTID:302529003 The fibula or calf bone is a bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones, and, in proportion to its length, the most slender of all the long bones. Its upper extremity is small, placed toward the back of the head of the tibia, below the level of the knee-joint, and excluded from the formation of this joint. Its lower extremity inclines a little forward, so as to be on a plane anterior to that of the upper end; it projects below the tibia, and forms the lateral part of the ankle-joint. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001446 UBERON:FMA_24479-MA_0001360 galen:Fibula http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Illu_lower_extremity.jpg/200px-Illu_lower_extremity.jpg ncithesaurus:Fibula The fibula or calf bone is a bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones, and, in proportion to its length, the most slender of all the long bones. Its upper extremity is small, placed toward the back of the head of the tibia, below the level of the knee-joint, and excluded from the formation of this joint. Its lower extremity inclines a little forward, so as to be on a plane anterior to that of the upper end; it projects below the tibia, and forms the lateral part of the ankle-joint. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Fibula tarsal bone AAO:0000220 BTO:0002343 EMAPA:25072 FMA:24491 GAID:194 In humans, cluster of bones in the foot between the tibia and fibula and the metatarsus. The bones of the tarsus do not belong to individual toes, whereas those of the metatarsus do. The joint between the tibia and fibula and the tarsus is referred to as the ankle joint[WP]. In primitive tetrapods, such as Trematops, the tarsus consists of three rows of bones. There are three proximal tarsals, the tibiale, intermedium, and fibulare, named for their points of articulation with the bones of the lower limb. These are followed by a second row of four bones, referred to as the centralia (singular: centrale), and then a row of five distal tarsals, each articulating with a single metatarsal. In the great majority of tetrapods, including all of those alive today, this simple pattern is modified by the loss and fusion of various of the bones.[3] In reptiles and mammals, there are normally just two proximal tarsals, the calcaneus (equivalent to the amphibian fibulare) and the talus (probably derived from a fusion of multiple bones). In mammals, including humans, the talus forms a hinge joint with the tibia, a feature especially well developed in the artiodactyls. The calcaneus is also modified, forming a heel for the attachment of the Achilles tendon. Neither of these adaptations is found in reptiles, which have a relatively simple structure to both bones.[3] The fifth distal tarsal disappears relatively early in evolution, with the remainder becoming the cuneiform and cuboid bones. Reptiles usually retain two centralia, while mammals typically have only one (the navicular).[3] In birds, the tarsus has disappeared, with the proximal tarsals having fused with the tibia, the centralia having disappeared, and the distal bones having fused with the metatarsals to form a single tarsometatarsus bone, effectively giving the leg a third segment[Wikipedia:Tarsus_(skeleton)] MA:0000297 MESH:A.02.835.232.300.710 SCTID:108372004 UBERON:0001447 UBERON:FMA_24491-MA_0000297 ankle bone bone of ankle bone of tarsus bony tarsus galen:TarsalBone hind mesopodium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ankle_en.svg/200px-Ankle_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Tarsal_Bone ossa tarsalia ossa tarsi tarsal tarsus osseus FMA:71339 FMA:TA ossa tarsalia BTO:0002343 bony tarsus FMA:71339 FMA:TA ossa tarsi BTO:0002343 tarsus osseus AAO:0000220 hind mesopodium In humans, cluster of bones in the foot between the tibia and fibula and the metatarsus. The bones of the tarsus do not belong to individual toes, whereas those of the metatarsus do. The joint between the tibia and fibula and the tarsus is referred to as the ankle joint[WP]. Wikipedia:Ankle_bone BTO:0002343 tarsal metatarsal bone BTO:0002347 FMA:24492 GAID:193 MA:0000303 MESH:A.02.835.232.300.492 SCTID:302532000 The metatarsus or metatarsal bones are a group of five long bones in the foot located between the tarsal bones of the hind- and mid-foot and the phalanges of the toes. Lacking individual names, the metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side (side of big toe): the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal. The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the hand. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001448 UBERON:FMA_24492-MA_0000303 galen:Metatarsal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray291.png/200px-Gray291.png metatarsal ncithesaurus:Metatarsal_Bone ossa metatarsalia ossa metatarsi BTO:0002347 ossa metatarsi BTO:0002347 ossa metatarsalia The metatarsus or metatarsal bones are a group of five long bones in the foot located between the tarsal bones of the hind- and mid-foot and the phalanges of the toes. Lacking individual names, the metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side (side of big toe): the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal. The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the hand. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Metatarsal_bone phalanx of toe A phalanx that is part of a hindlimb[Obol]. AAO:0000930 FMA:24493 MA:0000305 SCTID:302533005 UBERON:0001449 UBERON:0004272 UBERON:FMA_24493-MA_0000305 digitus pedis phalanx foot digit phalanx foot phalanx ncithesaurus:Foot_Phalanx ncithesaurus:Phalanx_of_the_Foot phalanges of hind digit phalanx of digit of foot phalanx of digitus pedis phalanx of foot digit phalanx of hind digit toe phalanx OBOL:automatic phalanx of foot digit MA:0000305 foot phalanx A phalanx that is part of a hindlimb[Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic phalanx of digit of foot OBOL:automatic foot digit phalanx AAO:0000930 phalanges of hind digit OBOL:automatic phalanx of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic digitus pedis phalanx OBOL:automatic toe phalanx calcaneus AAO: One of two element that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The fibulare constitutes the preaxial element. In salamanders this element is aproximatelly rounded, whereas in anurans it is an elongate, cylindrical bone with the proximal and distal heads fused to the heads of the tibiale.[AAO:0000913] AAO:0000913 BTO:0002355 EMAPA:18501 EMAPA:19134 FMA:24496 In humans, the calcaneus or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitute the heel. In some other animals, it is the point of the hock. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001348 MESH:A.02.835.232.300.710.300 SCTID:182099002 UBERON:0001450 UBERON:FMA_24496-MA_0001348 astragalus calcaneum fibulare galen:Calcaneum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Subtalar_Joint.PNG/200px-Subtalar_Joint.PNG ncithesaurus:Calcaneum os calcis AAO:0000913 astragalus AAO:0000913 fibulare In humans, the calcaneus or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitute the heel. In some other animals, it is the point of the hock. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Calcaneus navicular bone of foot AAO:0000924 BTO:0002356 FMA:24499 MA:0001349 OpenCyc:Mx4rv67esJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182100005 The navicular bone is one of the tarsal bones, found in the foot. It is located on the medial side of the foot, and articulates proximally with the talus, distally with the three cuneiform bones, and occasionally laterally with the cuboid[WP]. UBERON:0001451 UBERON:FMA_24499-MA_0001349 central tarsal bone centrale galen:Navicular http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray276.png/200px-Gray276.png navicular navicular of foot ncithesaurus:Centralization os naviculare os naviculare os naviculare pedis todo - check AAO The navicular bone is one of the tarsal bones, found in the foot. It is located on the medial side of the foot, and articulates proximally with the talus, distally with the three cuneiform bones, and occasionally laterally with the cuboid[WP]. Wikipedia:Navicular_bone BTO:0002356 os naviculare BTO:0002356 os naviculare pedis FMA:24499 FMA:TA os naviculare medial cuneiform bone BTO:0002360 FMA:24518 MA:0001352 OpenCyc:Mx4rvYtfH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182116007 The medial cuneiform (also known as first cuneiform) is the largest of the cuneiforms. It is situated at the medial side of the foot, anterior to the navicular and posterior to the base of the first metatarsal. It articulates with four bones: the navicular, second cuneiform, and first and second metatarsals. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001452 UBERON:FMA_24518-MA_0001352 first cuneiform bone foot distal carpal bone 1 galen:MedialCuneiform http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray290.png/200px-Gray290.png medial cuneiform os cuneiforme mediale os cuneiforme primum ossa cuneiforme mediale BTO:0002360 os cuneiforme primum BTO:0002360 os cuneiforme mediale BTO:0002360 ossa cuneiforme mediale The medial cuneiform (also known as first cuneiform) is the largest of the cuneiforms. It is situated at the medial side of the foot, anterior to the navicular and posterior to the base of the first metatarsal. It articulates with four bones: the navicular, second cuneiform, and first and second metatarsals. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_cuneiform_bone intermediate cuneiform bone BTO:0002359 FMA:24519 MA:0001353 SCTID:179512006 The intermediate cuneiform (also known as second cuneiform / middle cuneiform) is shaped like a wedge, the thin end pointing downwards. It is situated between the other two cuneiforms (the medial and lateral cuneiforms), and articulates with the navicular posteriorly, the second metatarsal anteriorly and with the other cuneiforms on either side. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001453 UBERON:FMA_24519-MA_0001353 foot distal carpal bone 2 galen:IntermediateCuneiform http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray291.png/200px-Gray291.png intermediate cuneiform middle cuneiform os cuneiforme intermedium os cuneiforme secundum second cuneiform bone second cuneiform bone of foot BTO:0002359 os cuneiforme intermedium BTO:0002359 os cuneiforme secundum The intermediate cuneiform (also known as second cuneiform / middle cuneiform) is shaped like a wedge, the thin end pointing downwards. It is situated between the other two cuneiforms (the medial and lateral cuneiforms), and articulates with the navicular posteriorly, the second metatarsal anteriorly and with the other cuneiforms on either side. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Intermediate_cuneiform_bone lateral cuneiform bone BTO:0002358 FMA:24520 MA:0001354 OpenCyc:Mx4rvoLPu5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182117003 The lateral cuneiform (also known as third cuneiform / external cuneiform) intermediate in size between the other two cuneiform bones, is also wedge-shaped, the base being uppermost. It occupies the center of the front row of the tarsal bones, between the second cuneiform medially, the cuboid laterally, the navicular posteriorly and the third metatarsal in front. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001454 UBERON:FMA_24520-MA_0001354 foor distal carpal bone 3 galen:LateralCuneiform http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray291.png/200px-Gray291.png lateral cuneiform os cuneiforme laterale os cuneiforme tertium ossa cuneiforme laterale third cuneiform bone The lateral cuneiform (also known as third cuneiform / external cuneiform) intermediate in size between the other two cuneiform bones, is also wedge-shaped, the base being uppermost. It occupies the center of the front row of the tarsal bones, between the second cuneiform medially, the cuboid laterally, the navicular posteriorly and the third metatarsal in front. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_cuneiform_bone BTO:0002358 os cuneiforme laterale BTO:0002358 os cuneiforme tertium BTO:0002358 ossa cuneiforme laterale cuboid bone BTO:0002357 FMA:24527 In the human body, the cuboid bone is one of the seven tarsal bones of the foot. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001355 SCTID:182101009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001455 UBERON:FMA_24527-MA_0001355 cuboid foot distal carpal bone 4 and 5 galen:Cuboid http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gray274.png/200px-Gray274.png ncithesaurus:Cuboid_Bone os cuboideum BTO:0002357 os cuboideum In the human body, the cuboid bone is one of the seven tarsal bones of the foot. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cuboid_bone face BTO:0003369 FMA:24728 GAID:64 HAO:0000316 MA:0002473 MESH:A.01.456.505 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi5GZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302549007 Subdivision of head which consists of the viscerocranium and all layers superficial to it[FMA]. The face develops from outward growth of tissue located rostral to the cranium & pharynx. The lower jaw and most of the upper jaw are formed by growth of the first pharyngeal (branchial) arch. The upper incisor region and the nose and forehead (frontal region) are formed from tissue located rostral to the neural tube (frontonasal prominence)[vanat.cvm.umn.edu/TFFlectPDFs/LectFaceDevelop.pdf] UBERON:0001456 UBERON:FMA_24728-MA_0002473 galen:Face http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mona_Lisa_headcrop.jpg/200px-Mona_Lisa_headcrop.jpg ncithesaurus:Face visage BTO:0003369 visage FMA:24728 Subdivision of head which consists of the viscerocranium and all layers superficial to it[FMA]. Wikipedia:Face skin of eyelid A zone of skin that is part of a eyelid [Obol]. FMA:24760 MA:0001256 SCTID:245947005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001457 UBERON:FMA_24760-MA_0001256 blepharon zone of skin eyelid skin eyelid zone of skin ncithesaurus:Eyelid_Skin zone of skin of blepharon zone of skin of eyelid OBOL:automatic zone of skin of blepharon A zone of skin that is part of a eyelid [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of eyelid OBOL:automatic blepharon zone of skin OBOL:automatic eyelid zone of skin skin of lip A zone of skin that is part of a lip [Obol]. FMA:24764 MA:0001579 SCTID:244092005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001458 UBERON:FMA_24764-MA_0001579 lip skin lip zone of skin ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Lip zone of skin of lip A zone of skin that is part of a lip [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of lip OBOL:automatic lip zone of skin skin of external ear A zone of skin that is part of a external ear [Obol]. FMA:24775 MA:0001233 SCTID:244073008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001459 UBERON:FMA_24775-MA_0001233 auricular region of head zone of skin auricular region zone of skin ear skin external ear skin external ear zone of skin ncithesaurus:Ear_Skin outer ear zone of skin zone of skin of auricular region zone of skin of auricular region of head zone of skin of external ear zone of skin of outer ear OBOL:automatic auricular region of head zone of skin OBOL:automatic external ear zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of outer ear OBOL:automatic zone of skin of auricular region of head OBOL:automatic auricular region zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of external ear OBOL:automatic zone of skin of auricular region OBOL:automatic outer ear zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a external ear [Obol]. OBOL:automatic arm BTO:0001435 EFO:0001410 EHDAA2:0000140 EHDAA:4164 EHDAA:6210 EHDAA:8275 EMAPA:17413 GAID:52 MA:0000033 MESH:A.01.378.800 MESH:A.01.378.800.075 OG:0000339 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjp5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The part of the forelimb extending from the shoulder to the autopod[cjm]. This class refers to the combination of the stylopod and zeugopod of a forelimb. Sometimes (cf FMA), 'arm' denotes the stylopod only; sometimes (cf MA), 'arm' denotes the part of the forelimb covering both (i.e. shoulder to hand). Also note distinction between arm and forelimb: hand is part of forelimb, but not part of arm. Editor note: currently declared as overlapping hand, as AOs disagree over whether some wrist parts are in the arm or hand UBERON:0001460 UBERON:FMA_24890-MA_0000033 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upperarm.jpg/200px-Upperarm.jpg upper extremity The part of the forelimb extending from the shoulder to the autopod[cjm]. Wikipedia:Arm MESH:A.01.378.800 upper extremity elbow EFO:0003069 EHDAA2:0000429 EHDAA:4166 EHDAA:6212 EMAPA:17414 FMA:24901 GAID:54 MA:0000036 MESH:A.01.378.800.420 OG:0000340 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjjNZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The elbow is the region surrounding the elbow-joint—the ginglymus or hinge joint in the middle of the arm. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm. The bony prominence at the very tip of the elbow is the olecranon process of the ulna, and the inner aspect of the elbow is called the antecubital fossa. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001461 UBERON:FMA_24901-MA_0000036 cubital region galen:Elbow The elbow is the region surrounding the elbow-joint—the ginglymus or hinge joint in the middle of the arm. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm. The bony prominence at the very tip of the elbow is the olecranon process of the ulna, and the inner aspect of the elbow is called the antecubital fossa. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Elbow wrist EHDAA2:0000218 EHDAA:5196 FMA:24922 GAID:59 MA:0000039 MESH:A.01.378.800.667.715 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjncpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as wrist joints. This region also include the carpal tunnel, the anatomical snuff box, the flexor retinaculum, and the extensor retinaculum[WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001462 UBERON:FMA_24922-MA_0000039 carpal region galen:Wrist http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Human_wrist.png/200px-Human_wrist.png regio carpalis FMA:24922 FMA:TA regio carpalis MA The anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as wrist joints. This region also include the carpal tunnel, the anatomical snuff box, the flexor retinaculum, and the extensor retinaculum[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Wrist hand digit 1 1st (lateral-most) digit of the hand in mouse and human[Wikipedia]. EHDAA2:0000511 EMAPA:17429 FMA:24938 GAID:58 MA:0000454 MESH:A.01.378.800.667.430.705 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjVbpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302540006 This class represents all instances of the first digit of the hand in human and mouse, and all homologues of this digit in other vertebrates. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2553264/ UBERON:0001463 UBERON:FMA_24938-MA_0000454 digit 1 of fore-paw digitus primus finger 1 first digit of hand http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Thumb-up.jpg/200px-Thumb-up.jpg ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_1 pollex pollex; digitus primus [I] thumb 1st (lateral-most) digit of the hand in mouse and human[Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Thumb EMAPA:17429 digit 1 of fore-paw EHDAA2:0000511 finger 1 hip BTO:0001457 EFO:0001929 EHDAA2:0000783 EHDAA:5153 EHDAA:6178 EMAPA:17490 FMA:24964 GAID:47 MA:0000045 MESH:A.01.378.610.400 OG:0000346 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjhy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302543008 The hip region is located lateral to the gluteal region (i.e. the buttock), inferior to the iliac crest, and overlying the greater trochanter of the thigh bone. In adults, three of the bones of the pelvis have fused into the hip bone which forms part of the hip region. The hip joint, scientifically referred to as the acetabulofemoral joint (art. coxae), is the joint between the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis and its primary function is to support the weight of the body in both static (e.g. standing) and dynamic (e.g. walking or running) postures. [WP,modified]. UBERON:0001464 UBERON:FMA_24964-MA_0000045 galen:Hip hip region http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hip.jpg/200px-Hip.jpg in BTO this is part of the abdomen - this creates an inconsistency if limb and abdomen are spatially disjoint ncithesaurus:Hip regio coxae FMA:24964 regio coxae The hip region is located lateral to the gluteal region (i.e. the buttock), inferior to the iliac crest, and overlying the greater trochanter of the thigh bone. In adults, three of the bones of the pelvis have fused into the hip bone which forms part of the hip region. The hip joint, scientifically referred to as the acetabulofemoral joint (art. coxae), is the joint between the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis and its primary function is to support the weight of the body in both static (e.g. standing) and dynamic (e.g. walking or running) postures. [WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Hip FMA FMA:24964 hip region knee BTO:0003595 EFO:0001957 EHDAA2:0000895 EHDAA:5159 EHDAA:6184 EMAPA:17493 FMA:24974 GAID:48 MA:0000046 MESH:A.01.378.610.450 OG:0000347 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjPKZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia, and one between the femur and patella. It is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. The knee is a mobile trocho-ginglymus (i.e. a pivotal hinge joint), which permits flexion and extension as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation. Since in humans the knee supports nearly the whole weight of the body, it is the joint most vulnerable both to acute injury and the development of osteoarthritis. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001465 UBERON:FMA_24974-MA_0000046 galen:Knee http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Male_Knee_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/200px-Male_Knee_by_David_Shankbone.jpg The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia, and one between the femur and patella. It is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. The knee is a mobile trocho-ginglymus (i.e. a pivotal hinge joint), which permits flexion and extension as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation. Since in humans the knee supports nearly the whole weight of the body, it is the joint most vulnerable both to acute injury and the development of osteoarthritis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Knee foot digit A digit that is part_of a hindlimb[Obol]. AAO:0000888 BTO:0002348 FMA:25046 GAID:44 MA:0000048 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjCHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:116667001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000027 UBERON:0001466 UBERON:FMA_25046-MA_0000048 XAO:0003035 digit of foot digit of terminal segment of free lower limb digiti pedis digitipedis digitus pedis galen:Toe hind digit hind_digit hindlimb digit ncithesaurus:Toe toe XAO:0003035 hind digit OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb AAO:0000888 hind_digit BTO:0002348 digitipedis FMA:70664 FMA:TA digiti pedis FMA:25046 toe A digit that is part_of a hindlimb[Obol]. Wikipedia:Toe shoulder EFO:0003068 EHDAA2:0001834 EHDAA:4180 EHDAA:6228 EMAPA:17421 FMA:25202 GAID:60 In human anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula. The shoulder refers to the group of structures in the region of the joint. It is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons. The articulations between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. There are two kinds of cartilage in the joint. The first type is the white cartilage on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) which allows the bones to glide and move on each other. When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called arthritis), the joint becomes painful and stiff. The labrum is a second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached. The shoulder must be flexible for the wide range of motion required in the arms and hands and also strong enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing and pulling. The compromise between these two functions results in a large number of shoulder problems not faced by other joints such as the hip. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000038 MESH:A.01.378.800.750 OG:0000342 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViCM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001467 UBERON:FMA_25202-MA_0000038 galen:Shoulder http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shoulderjoint.PNG/200px-Shoulderjoint.PNG ncithesaurus:Shoulder FMA In human anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula. The shoulder refers to the group of structures in the region of the joint. It is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons. The articulations between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. There are two kinds of cartilage in the joint. The first type is the white cartilage on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) which allows the bones to glide and move on each other. When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called arthritis), the joint becomes painful and stiff. The labrum is a second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached. The shoulder must be flexible for the wide range of motion required in the arms and hands and also strong enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing and pulling. The compromise between these two functions results in a large number of shoulder problems not faced by other joints such as the hip. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Shoulder MA intervertebral symphysis FMA:25511 MA:0001514 SCTID:244512000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001468 UBERON:FMA_25511-MA_0001514 joint of vertebral body sternoclavicular joint EMAPA:19203 FMA:25883 GAID:270 MA:0001507 MESH:A.02.835.583.781 OpenCyc:Mx4rv_eLJZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rwI-ZZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182165002 The sternoclavicular articulation is a double arthrodial joint composed of two portions separated by an articular disc. The parts entering into its formation are the sternal end of the clavicle, the upper and lateral part of the manubrium sterni, and the cartilage of the first rib, visible from the outside as the suprasternal notch. The articular surface of the clavicle is much larger than that of the sternum, and is invested with a layer of cartilage, which is considerably thicker than that on the latter bone. The ligaments of this joint are: Articular capsule Anterior sternoclavicular ligament Posterior sternoclavicular ligament Interclavicular ligament Costoclavicular ligament Articular disk [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001469 UBERON:FMA_25883-MA_0001507 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gray325.png/200px-Gray325.png ncithesaurus:Sternoclavicular_Joint The sternoclavicular articulation is a double arthrodial joint composed of two portions separated by an articular disc. The parts entering into its formation are the sternal end of the clavicle, the upper and lateral part of the manubrium sterni, and the cartilage of the first rib, visible from the outside as the suprasternal notch. The articular surface of the clavicle is much larger than that of the sternum, and is invested with a layer of cartilage, which is considerably thicker than that on the latter bone. The ligaments of this joint are: Articular capsule Anterior sternoclavicular ligament Posterior sternoclavicular ligament Interclavicular ligament Costoclavicular ligament Articular disk [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sternoclavicular_joint glenohumeral joint EMAPA:19105 FMA:25912 GAID:269 MA:0000459 MESH:A.02.835.583.748 OG:0001002 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP32BZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182168000 The glenohumeral joint, commonly known as the shoulder joint, is a multiaxial synovial ball and socket joint and involves articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the head of the humerus (upper arm bone). [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001470 UBERON:FMA_25912-MA_0000459 articulatio humeri galen:ShoulderJoint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray327.png/200px-Gray327.png humeral joint in FMA, this is part of the bony pectoral girdle, alongside the skeleton of pectoral girdle joint of shoulder ncithesaurus:Shoulder_Joint shoulder joint The glenohumeral joint, commonly known as the shoulder joint, is a multiaxial synovial ball and socket joint and involves articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the head of the humerus (upper arm bone). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Glenohumeral_joint MA:0000459 shoulder joint FMA FMA:25912 FMA:TA articulatio humeri OBOL:automatic joint of shoulder FMA:25912 humeral joint skin of prepuce of penis A zone of skin that is part of a prepuce of penis [Obol]. EV:0100109 FMA:27648 MA:0001744 OG:0001342 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001471 UBERON:FMA_27648-MA_0001744 foreskin of penis foreskin zone of skin penile prepuce zone of skin penis foreskin prepuce of penis zone of skin prepuce zone of skin preputial skin zone of skin of foreskin zone of skin of penile prepuce zone of skin of prepuce zone of skin of prepuce of penis OBOL:automatic foreskin zone of skin OBOL:automatic prepuce zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a prepuce of penis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of penile prepuce OBOL:automatic zone of skin of foreskin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of prepuce of penis OBOL:automatic prepuce of penis zone of skin OBOL:automatic penile prepuce zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of prepuce vaginal venous plexus FMA:29713 MA:0002257 SCTID:294653003 The vaginal plexuses are placed at the sides of the vagina; they communicate with the uterine, vesical, and hemorrhoidal plexuses, and are drained by the vaginal veins, one on either side, into the hypogastric veins. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001472 UBERON:FMA_29713-MA_0002257 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gray589.png/200px-Gray589.png venous vaginal plexus The vaginal plexuses are placed at the sides of the vagina; they communicate with the uterine, vesical, and hemorrhoidal plexuses, and are drained by the vaginal veins, one on either side, into the hypogastric veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vaginal_venous_plexus lymphatic vessel A vessel that contains or conveys lymph, that originates as an interfibrillar or intercellular cleft or space in a tissue or organ, and that if small has no distinct walls or walls composed only of endothelial cells and if large resembles a vein in structure[BTO]. AAO:0011005 BTO:0000752 EFO:0000873 FMA:30315 MA:0000138 MAT:0000443 OG:0001249 OpenCyc:Mx4rwA1fYZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279089004 TAO:0005105 UBERON:0001473 UBERON:FMA_30315-FMA_5034-MA_0000138-MA_0000139-MIAA_0000197-XAO_0000375-ZFA_0005105 XAO:0000375 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Illu_lymph_capillary.jpg/200px-Illu_lymph_capillary.jpg lymph vessel ncithesaurus:Lymphatic_Vessel A vessel that contains or conveys lymph, that originates as an interfibrillar or intercellular cleft or space in a tissue or organ, and that if small has no distinct walls or walls composed only of endothelial cells and if large resembles a vein in structure[BTO]. BTO:0000752 Wikipedia:Lymphatic_vessel bone AAO:0000047 AEO:0000082 BTO:0000140 EFO:0000298 EHDAA2:0003082 ENVO:00002039 EV:0100140 FMA:30317 FMA:5018 GAID:92 H&W - a vascularized, supporting skeletal tissue, which also can form ectopically outside the skeleton. Bone consists of cells and a mineralized extracellular matrix that is permeated by canals (canaliculi) that contain osteocyte processes (Plate 2). Bone is deposited by bone-forming cells (osteoblasts), which, when they cease dividing, transform into osteocytes. The first bone matrix deposited is unmineralized and is known as osteoid (Plate 3). Subsequently, osteoid is impregnated with hydroxyapatite to form the mineralized tissue we know as bone, a tissue that is modeled, remodeled, and/or removed by mono- or multinucleated osteoclasts (and sometimes by osteocytes) MA:0001459 MAT:0000299 MIAA:0000299 OG:0001190 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViDlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkCG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ with cavitated organ parts, which primarily consists of compact (cortical) and cancellous bone, which surround bone marrow cavities; together with other bones, cartilages and joints, it constitutes the skeletal system. Examples: femur, sternum, maxilla, vertebra, talus[FMA] SCTID:272673000 TAO:0001514 UBERON:0001474 UBERON:FMA_30317-MA_0001459-MIAA_0000299-XAO_0000169-ZFA_0001514 XAO:0000169 ZFA:0001514 bone organ galen:Bone ncithesaurus:Bone BTO:0000140 FMA:5018 Organ with cavitated organ parts, which primarily consists of compact (cortical) and cancellous bone, which surround bone marrow cavities; together with other bones, cartilages and joints, it constitutes the skeletal system. Examples: femur, sternum, maxilla, vertebra, talus[FMA] Wikipedia:Bone ZFIN:curator ligament FMA:30319 UBERON:0000211 UBERON:0001475 UBERON:0002360 UBERON:FMA_30319-FMA_76821-MA_0000113-MIAA_0000113 made obsolete as it incorrectly grouped classes true deltoid EFO:0001412 EHDAA2:0000339 EMAPA:18177 FMA:32521 Intrinsic muscle of shoulder which attaches to the spine of scapula, clavicle and humerus.[FMA] MA:0002286 OG:0000846 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjdc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001476 UBERON:FMA_32521-MA_0002286 deltoid muscle deltoideus deltoideus muscle ncithesaurus:Deltoid FMA:FMA Intrinsic muscle of shoulder which attaches to the spine of scapula, clavicle and humerus.[FMA] Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle deltoid muscle Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle deltoideus Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle deltoideus muscle infraspinatus muscle EHDAA2:0000826 EHDAA:8305 EMAPA:18526 FMA:32546 MA:0002323 OG:0000921 OpenCyc:Mx4rwVT4_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:277439009 The Infraspinatus muscle is a thick triangular muscle, which occupies the chief part of the infraspinatous fossa. The infraspinatus is a muscle of the rotator cuff. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001477 UBERON:FMA_32546-MA_0002323 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Arm_muscles_back_numbers.png/200px-Arm_muscles_back_numbers.png infraspinatus ncithesaurus:Infraspinatus The Infraspinatus muscle is a thick triangular muscle, which occupies the chief part of the infraspinatous fossa. The infraspinatus is a muscle of the rotator cuff. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Infraspinatus_muscle teres major EHDAA2:0002004 EHDAA:8321 EMAPA:19069 EMAPA:19110 FMA:32549 MA:0002392 OG:0000750 OpenCyc:Mx4rwJZqBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:277444002 Teres major is a muscle of the upper limb and one of six scapulohumeral muscles. It is a thick but somewhat flattened muscle. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001478 UBERON:FMA_32549-MA_0002392 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Arm_muscles_back_numbers.png/200px-Arm_muscles_back_numbers.png ncithesaurus:Teres_Major_Muscle teres major muscle Teres major is a muscle of the upper limb and one of six scapulohumeral muscles. It is a thick but somewhat flattened muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Teres_major sesamoid bone AEO:0000086 EHDAA2:0003086 FMA:32672 GAID:210 MA:0001375 MESH:A.02.835.232.730 SCTID:362914002 TODO - generalize to VAO: Replacement element; an ossicle; often an endochondral replacement element that has cartilage and bone states that develops in dense regular connective tissue (e.g., tendons and ligaments). UBERON:0001479 UBERON:FMA_32672-MA_0001375 a bone embedded within a tendon. Sesamoids are found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint, such as the hand, knee, and foot. Functionally, they act to protect the tendon and to increase its mechanical effect. The presence of the sesamoid bone holds the tendon slightly farther away from the center of the joint and thus increases its moment arm. Sesamoid bones also prevent the tendon from flattening into the joint as tension increases and therefore also maintain a more consistent moment arm through a variety of possible tendon loads. This differs from menisci, which are made of cartilage and rather act to disperse the weight of the body on joints and reduce friction during movement. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gray350.png/200px-Gray350.png ncithesaurus:Sesamoid_Bone Wikipedia:Sesamoid_bone a bone embedded within a tendon. Sesamoids are found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint, such as the hand, knee, and foot. Functionally, they act to protect the tendon and to increase its mechanical effect. The presence of the sesamoid bone holds the tendon slightly farther away from the center of the joint and thus increases its moment arm. Sesamoid bones also prevent the tendon from flattening into the joint as tension increases and therefore also maintain a more consistent moment arm through a variety of possible tendon loads. This differs from menisci, which are made of cartilage and rather act to disperse the weight of the body on joints and reduce friction during movement. proximal carpal bone FMA:33302 MA:0002557 SCTID:306715004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001480 UBERON:FMA_33302-MA_0002557 distal carpal bone AAO:0000847 FMA:33303 MA:0002558 SCTID:306716003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001481 UBERON:FMA_33303-MA_0002558 muscle of shoulder A muscle organ that is part of a shoulder [Obol]. FMA:33531 MA:0000633 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001482 UBERON:FMA_33531-MA_0000633 muscle organ of shoulder shoulder muscle shoulder muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of shoulder OBOL:automatic shoulder muscle organ A muscle organ that is part of a shoulder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skin of shoulder A zone of skin that is part of a shoulder [Obol]. EMAPA:18059 FMA:34830 MA:0000635 SCTID:244131002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001483 UBERON:FMA_34830-MA_0000635 shoulder skin shoulder zone of skin zone of skin of shoulder OBOL:automatic zone of skin of shoulder OBOL:automatic shoulder zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a shoulder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic articular capsule An articular capsule (or joint capsule) is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:34836 GAID:263 MA:0001519 MESH:A.02.835.583.443 SCTID:182238002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001484 UBERON:FMA_34836-MA_0001519 capsula articularis fibrous capsule of joint galen:JointCapsule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gray299.png/200px-Gray299.png joint capsule joint fibrous capsule ncithesaurus:Joint_Capsule An articular capsule (or joint capsule) is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Articular_capsule FMA:34836 FMA:TA capsula articularis knee joint EFO:0001957 EMAPA:19137 FMA:35175 GAID:114 MA:0000471 MESH:A.02.835.583.475 OG:0001003 OpenCyc:Mx4rwCuaYZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182204005 The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia, and one between the femur and patella. It is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. The knee is a mobile trocho-ginglymus (i.e. a pivotal hinge joint), which permits flexion and extension as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation. Since in humans the knee supports nearly the whole weight of the body, it is the joint most vulnerable both to acute injury and the development of osteoarthritis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001485 UBERON:FMA_35175-MA_0000471 galen:KneeJoint joint of knee ncithesaurus:Knee_Joint The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia, and one between the femur and patella. It is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. The knee is a mobile trocho-ginglymus (i.e. a pivotal hinge joint), which permits flexion and extension as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation. Since in humans the knee supports nearly the whole weight of the body, it is the joint most vulnerable both to acute injury and the development of osteoarthritis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Knee_joint OBOL:automatic joint of knee hip joint . BTO:0001502 EMAPA:19136 FMA:35178 GAID:262 MA:0000470 MESH:A.02.835.583.411 OG:0001001 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP32b5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182201002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001486 UBERON:FMA_35178-MA_0000470 articulatio coxofemoralis femoro-iliac joint galen:HipJoint hip region joint joint of hip joint of hip region joint of regio coxae ncithesaurus:Hip_Joint regio coxae joint FMA OBOL:automatic joint of regio coxae . Wikipedia:Hip_joint OBOL:automatic hip region joint OBOL:automatic joint of hip region OBOL:automatic joint of hip OBOL:automatic regio coxae joint joint of foot A skeletal joint that is part of a foot [Obol]. FMA:35194 FMA:71349 GAID:256 MA:0000464 MESH:A.02.835.583.378 SCTID:244555001 TODO check FMA - use the set class for now UBERON:0001487 UBERON:FMA_35194-MA_0000464 articulationes pedis autopod of hind limb joint autopod of hindlimb joint autopod of inferior member joint autopod of lower extremity joint distal free limb segment of hind limb joint distal free limb segment of hindlimb joint distal free limb segment of inferior member joint distal free limb segment of lower extremity joint foot joint hind limb autopod joint hind limb distal free limb segment joint hindlimb autopod joint hindlimb distal free limb segment joint inferior member autopod joint inferior member distal free limb segment joint joint of autopod of hind limb joint of autopod of hindlimb joint of autopod of inferior member joint of autopod of lower extremity joint of distal free limb segment of hind limb joint of distal free limb segment of hindlimb joint of distal free limb segment of inferior member joint of distal free limb segment of lower extremity joint of hind limb autopod joint of hind limb distal free limb segment joint of hindlimb autopod joint of hindlimb distal free limb segment joint of inferior member autopod joint of inferior member distal free limb segment joint of lower extremity autopod joint of lower extremity distal free limb segment joint of terminal segment of free lower limb joints of foot lower extremity autopod joint lower extremity distal free limb segment joint terminal segment of free lower limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of autopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic joint of inferior member autopod OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod joint OBOL:automatic joint of distal free limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb joint OBOL:automatic joint of lower extremity distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic joint of lower extremity autopod OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb joint OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic joint of distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic joint of hindlimb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment joint OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod joint OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member joint OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment joint OBOL:automatic joint of inferior member distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic joint of hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod joint OBOL:automatic joint of autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb joint FMA:71349 joints of foot OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod joint OBOL:automatic joint of hind limb autopod OBOL:automatic joint of hind limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity joint OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment joint OBOL:automatic joint of autopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic joint of distal free limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic joint of distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb joint OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity joint OBOL:automatic joint of autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member joint FMA:71349 FMA:TA articulationes pedis OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment joint A skeletal joint that is part of a foot [Obol]. OBOL:automatic ankle joint BTO:0004706 EFO:0001409 FMA:35195 GAID:257 In human anatomy, the ankle joint is formed where the foot and the leg meet. The ankle, or talocrural joint, is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus bone in the foot. The articulation between the tibia and the talus bears more weight than between the smaller fibula and the talus. The term 'ankle' is used to describe structures in the region of the ankle joint proper. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000463 MESH:A.02.835.583.378.062 OpenCyc:Mx4rvwiy35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182212002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001488 UBERON:FMA_35195-MA_0000463 galen:AnkleJoint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ankle_en.svg/200px-Ankle_en.svg.png joint of ankle ncithesaurus:Ankle_Joint talocrural joint In human anatomy, the ankle joint is formed where the foot and the leg meet. The ankle, or talocrural joint, is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus bone in the foot. The articulation between the tibia and the talus bears more weight than between the smaller fibula and the talus. The term 'ankle' is used to describe structures in the region of the ankle joint proper. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ankle_joint OBOL:automatic joint of ankle joint of hand A skeletal joint that is part of a hand [Obol]. FMA:35245 FMA:71345 MA:0000452 SCTID:244546004 TODO check FMA - use the set class for now UBERON:0001489 UBERON:FMA_35245-MA_0000452 arm autopod joint arm distal free limb segment joint articulationes manus autopod of arm joint autopod of brachial region joint autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb joint brachial region autopod joint brachial region distal free limb segment joint distal free limb segment of arm joint distal free limb segment of brachial region joint distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb joint hand joint joint of arm autopod joint of arm distal free limb segment joint of autopod of arm joint of autopod of brachial region joint of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb joint of brachial region autopod joint of brachial region distal free limb segment joint of distal free limb segment of arm joint of distal free limb segment of brachial region joint of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb joint of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod joint of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment joint of terminal segment of free upper limb joints of hand proximal segment of free upper limb autopod joint proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment joint terminal segment of free upper limb joint OBOL:automatic arm autopod joint OBOL:automatic joint of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod OBOL:automatic joint of brachial region autopod OBOL:automatic brachial region distal free limb segment joint OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of brachial region joint OBOL:automatic joint of distal free limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb autopod joint OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of arm joint OBOL:automatic joint of brachial region distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic joint of terminal segment of free upper limb FMA:71345 FMA:TA articulationes manus OBOL:automatic joint of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of autopod of arm OBOL:automatic joint of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic joint of distal free limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic autopod of brachial region joint OBOL:automatic autopod of arm joint FMA:71345 joints of hand OBOL:automatic arm distal free limb segment joint OBOL:automatic brachial region autopod joint OBOL:automatic joint of arm distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb A skeletal joint that is part of a hand [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment joint OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of autopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic joint of arm autopod elbow joint Articulatio cubiti EMAPA:19102 FMA:35289 GAID:253 MA:0000451 MESH:A.02.835.583.290 OG:0000997 SCTID:182169008 Synovial joint that is part of the elbow[Obol]. The elbow joint (Articulatio cubiti) is a compound joint that actually comprises three separate joints: the joints connecting the upper and lower arm: 1) Articulatio humero-ulnaris and 2) Articulatio humero-radialis as well as the proximal joint connecting the forarm bones: 3) Articulatio radio-ulnaris proximalis[HP]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001490 UBERON:FMA_35289-MA_0000451 cubital region joint galen:ElbowJoint joint of cubital region joint of elbow ncithesaurus:Elbow_Joint OBOL:automatic joint of cubital region Synovial joint that is part of the elbow[Obol]. The elbow joint (Articulatio cubiti) is a compound joint that actually comprises three separate joints: the joints connecting the upper and lower arm: 1) Articulatio humero-ulnaris and 2) Articulatio humero-radialis as well as the proximal joint connecting the forarm bones: 3) Articulatio radio-ulnaris proximalis[HP]. Wikipedia:Elbow_joint OBOL:automatic cubital region joint OBOL:automatic joint of elbow wrist joint EMAPA:19205 FMA:35291 GAID:274 In human anatomy, the wrist is variously defined as (1) the carpus or carpal bones, the complex of eight bones forming the proximal skeletal segment of the hand; (2) the wrist joint or radiocarpal joint, the joint between the radius and the carpus; and (3) the anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as wrist joints. This region also include the carpal tunnel, the anatomical snuff box, the flexor retinaculum, and the extensor retinaculum. As a consequence of these various definitions, fractures to the carpal bones are referred to as carpal fractures, while fractures such as distal radius fracture are considered fractures to the wrist. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000460 MA:0000461 MESH:A.02.835.583.959 OpenCyc:Mx4rvZD2PJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182178002 UBERON:0001491 UBERON:FMA_35291-MA_0000460 carpal region joint galen:WristJoint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Human_wrist.png/200px-Human_wrist.png joint of carpal region joint of wrist ncithesaurus:Wrist_Joint radio-carpal joint radiocarpal joint todo - determine the difference between MA:0000460 and MA:0000461 MA:0000461 radio-carpal joint In human anatomy, the wrist is variously defined as (1) the carpus or carpal bones, the complex of eight bones forming the proximal skeletal segment of the hand; (2) the wrist joint or radiocarpal joint, the joint between the radius and the carpus; and (3) the anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as wrist joints. This region also include the carpal tunnel, the anatomical snuff box, the flexor retinaculum, and the extensor retinaculum. As a consequence of these various definitions, fractures to the carpal bones are referred to as carpal fractures, while fractures such as distal radius fracture are considered fractures to the wrist. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Wrist_joint OBOL:automatic joint of carpal region FMA:35291 radiocarpal joint OBOL:automatic carpal region joint radial nerve EHDAA2:0001584 EHDAA:5650 EMAPA:17278 FMA:37069 GAID:845 MA:0001171 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.050.700 OG:0000896 OpenCyc:Mx4rvfk7E5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181011002 The radial nerve is a nerve in the human body that supplies the upper limb. It supplies the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm, as well as the associated joints and overlying skin. It originates from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus with roots from C5, C6, C7, C8 &amp; T1. The radial nerve and its branches supply the dorsal muscles, such as triceps brachii, the extrinsic extensors of the wrist and hands, and the cutaneous nerve supply to most of the back of the hand. (The ulnar nerve cutaneously innervates the back of the little finger and adjacent half of the ring finger). The radial nerve divides into a deep branch (which becomes the posterior interosseous nerve), and continues as the superficial branch which goes on to innervate the dorsum (back) of the hand. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001492 UBERON:FMA_37069-MA_0001171 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gray818.png/200px-Gray818.png ncithesaurus:Radial_Nerve The radial nerve is a nerve in the human body that supplies the upper limb. It supplies the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm, as well as the associated joints and overlying skin. It originates from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus with roots from C5, C6, C7, C8 &amp; T1. The radial nerve and its branches supply the dorsal muscles, such as triceps brachii, the extrinsic extensors of the wrist and hands, and the cutaneous nerve supply to most of the back of the hand. (The ulnar nerve cutaneously innervates the back of the little finger and adjacent half of the ring finger). The radial nerve divides into a deep branch (which becomes the posterior interosseous nerve), and continues as the superficial branch which goes on to innervate the dorsum (back) of the hand. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Radial_nerve axillary nerve EMAPA:18802 FMA:37072 MA:0001166 OpenCyc:Mx4rvgwMfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181009006 The axillary nerve is a nerve of the human body, that comes off the posterior cord of the brachial plexus at the level of the axilla (armpit) and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6. The axillary nerve travels through the quadrangular space with the posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001493 UBERON:FMA_37072-MA_0001166 auxillery nerve circumflex humeral nerve circumflex nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brachial_plexus.jpg/200px-Brachial_plexus.jpg ncithesaurus:Axillary_Nerve nervus axillaris The axillary nerve is a nerve of the human body, that comes off the posterior cord of the brachial plexus at the level of the axilla (armpit) and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6. The axillary nerve travels through the quadrangular space with the posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Axillary_nerve MA Wikipedia:Axillary_nerve nervus axillaris Wikipedia:Axillary_nerve circumflex nerve MA MA Wikipedia:Axillary_nerve auxillery nerve ulnar nerve EHDAA2:0002099 EHDAA:5652 EMAPA:17279 FMA:37319 GAID:846 In human anatomy, the ulnar nerve is a nerve which runs near the ulna bone. The ulnar nerve is the largest unprotected nerve in the human body (meaning, unprotected by muscle or bone), and the only unprotected nerve that does not serve a purely sensory function (those nerves specifically meant to perceive changes in the environment, such as nerves in the skin). This nerve is directly connected to the little finger, and the adjacent half of the ring finger, supplying the palmar side of these fingers, including both front and back of the tips, perhaps as far back as the fingernail beds. One method of injuring the nerve is to strike the medial epicondyle of the humerus from posteriorly, or inferiorly with the elbow flexed. The ulnar nerve is trapped between the bone and the overlying skin at this point. This is commonly referred to as hitting one's 'funny bone. ' This name is thought to be a pun, based on the sound resemblance between the words 'humerus' and 'humourous' . [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001174 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.050.850 OG:0000922 SCTID:181012009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001494 UBERON:0005668 UBERON:FMA_37319-MA_0001174 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brachial_plexus.jpg/200px-Brachial_plexus.jpg ncithesaurus:Ulnar_Nerve In human anatomy, the ulnar nerve is a nerve which runs near the ulna bone. The ulnar nerve is the largest unprotected nerve in the human body (meaning, unprotected by muscle or bone), and the only unprotected nerve that does not serve a purely sensory function (those nerves specifically meant to perceive changes in the environment, such as nerves in the skin). This nerve is directly connected to the little finger, and the adjacent half of the ring finger, supplying the palmar side of these fingers, including both front and back of the tips, perhaps as far back as the fingernail beds. One method of injuring the nerve is to strike the medial epicondyle of the humerus from posteriorly, or inferiorly with the elbow flexed. The ulnar nerve is trapped between the bone and the overlying skin at this point. This is commonly referred to as hitting one's 'funny bone. ' This name is thought to be a pun, based on the sound resemblance between the words 'humerus' and 'humourous' . [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ulnar_nerve pectoral muscle BTO:0000023 FMA:37349 GAID:153 MA:0002423 MESH:A.02.633.567.775 Note: in FMA isa muscle of pectoral girdle; todo - resolve spatial disjointness inconsistencies and add SCTID:181621006 UBERON:0001495 UBERON:FMA_37349-MA_0002423 breast muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pectoralis_major.png/200px-Pectoralis_major.png muscle of pectoral part of chest muscle of pectoral region ncithesaurus:Pectoralis_Muscle pectoralis muscle FMA:37349 muscle of pectoral part of chest BTO:0000023 pectoralis muscle BTO FMA:37349 muscle of pectoral region BTO:0000023 breast muscle ascending aorta EHDAA2:0000147 EHDAA:9828 EMAPA:17014 EMAPA:18604 EMAPA:25959 FMA:3736 MA:0002570 OpenCyc:Mx4rwVFqO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181299009 The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta[GO]. A portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum; it passes obliquely upward, forward, and to the right, in the direction of the heart’s axis, as high as the upper border of the second right costal cartilage, describing a slight curve in its course, and being situated, about 6 cm behind the posterior surface of the sternum. The total length is about 5 cm in length [Wikipedia] UBERON:0001496 UBERON:FMA_3736-MA_0002570 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Ascending_Aorta pars ascendens aortae GO:0035905 The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta[GO]. A portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum; it passes obliquely upward, forward, and to the right, in the direction of the heart’s axis, as high as the upper border of the second right costal cartilage, describing a slight curve in its course, and being situated, about 6 cm behind the posterior surface of the sternum. The total length is about 5 cm in length [Wikipedia] Wikipedia:Ascending_aorta muscle of pelvic girdle A muscle organ that is part of a pelvic girdle [Obol]. FMA:37367 MA:0000537 Note that in MA, this is a subclass of pelvis muscle UBERON:0001497 UBERON:FMA_37367-MA_0000537 girdle-pelvic muscle organ muscle organ of girdle-pelvic muscle organ of pelvic girdle muscle organ of pelvic girdle bone pelvic girdle bone muscle organ pelvic girdle muscle pelvic girdle muscle organ OBOL:automatic pelvic girdle muscle organ OBOL:automatic pelvic girdle bone muscle organ OBOL:automatic girdle-pelvic muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of girdle-pelvic FMA OBOL:automatic muscle organ of pelvic girdle bone A muscle organ that is part of a pelvic girdle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of pelvic girdle muscle of foot A muscle organ that is part of a foot [Obol]. BTO:0000477 FMA:37369 MA:0000652 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001498 UBERON:FMA_37369-MA_0000652 autopod of hind limb muscle organ autopod of hindlimb muscle organ autopod of inferior member muscle organ autopod of lower extremity muscle organ distal free limb segment of hind limb muscle organ distal free limb segment of hindlimb muscle organ distal free limb segment of inferior member muscle organ distal free limb segment of lower extremity muscle organ foot muscle foot muscle organ hind limb autopod muscle organ hind limb distal free limb segment muscle organ hindlimb autopod muscle organ hindlimb distal free limb segment muscle organ inferior member autopod muscle organ inferior member distal free limb segment muscle organ lower extremity autopod muscle organ lower extremity distal free limb segment muscle organ muscle organ of autopod of hind limb muscle organ of autopod of hindlimb muscle organ of autopod of inferior member muscle organ of autopod of lower extremity muscle organ of distal free limb segment of hind limb muscle organ of distal free limb segment of hindlimb muscle organ of distal free limb segment of inferior member muscle organ of distal free limb segment of lower extremity muscle organ of foot muscle organ of hind limb autopod muscle organ of hind limb distal free limb segment muscle organ of hindlimb autopod muscle organ of hindlimb distal free limb segment muscle organ of inferior member autopod muscle organ of inferior member distal free limb segment muscle organ of lower extremity autopod muscle organ of lower extremity distal free limb segment muscle organ of terminal segment of free lower limb terminal segment of free lower limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of lower extremity distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment muscle organ OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hind limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment muscle organ OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member muscle organ OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hindlimb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hind limb autopod OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic foot muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic muscle organ of foot OBOL:automatic muscle organ of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic muscle organ of lower extremity autopod OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod muscle organ OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment muscle organ OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member muscle organ OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb muscle organ A muscle organ that is part of a foot [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod muscle organ OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod muscle organ OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of inferior member autopod OBOL:automatic muscle organ of inferior member distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod muscle organ muscle of arm A muscle organ that is part of an arm [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000141 MA:0000594 See notes on UBERON:0001460 for possible terminological confusion over term 'arm' UBERON:0001499 UBERON:FMA_37370-MA_0000594 arm muscle arm muscle system muscle of upper arm or lower arm upper arm / lower arm muscle EHDAA2:0000141 arm muscle system UBERON:cjm muscle of upper arm or lower arm MA:0000594 arm muscle UBERON:cjm upper arm / lower arm muscle A muscle organ that is part of an arm [Obol]. OBOL:automatic muscle of hand A muscle organ that is part of a hand [Obol]. FMA:37372 MA:0000628 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001500 UBERON:FMA_37372-MA_0000628 arm autopod muscle organ arm distal free limb segment muscle organ autopod of arm muscle organ autopod of brachial region muscle organ autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb muscle organ brachial region autopod muscle organ brachial region distal free limb segment muscle organ distal free limb segment of arm muscle organ distal free limb segment of brachial region muscle organ distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb muscle organ hand muscle hand muscle organ muscle organ of arm autopod muscle organ of arm distal free limb segment muscle organ of autopod of arm muscle organ of autopod of brachial region muscle organ of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb muscle organ of brachial region autopod muscle organ of brachial region distal free limb segment muscle organ of distal free limb segment of arm muscle organ of distal free limb segment of brachial region muscle organ of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb muscle organ of hand muscle organ of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod muscle organ of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment muscle organ of terminal segment of free upper limb proximal segment of free upper limb autopod muscle organ proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment muscle organ terminal segment of free upper limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of brachial region distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic muscle organ of arm distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic muscle organ of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic muscle organ of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic autopod of arm muscle organ OBOL:automatic autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of arm OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hand OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of arm muscle organ A muscle organ that is part of a hand [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of brachial region autopod OBOL:automatic brachial region distal free limb segment muscle organ OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of brachial region muscle organ OBOL:automatic autopod of brachial region muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic arm autopod muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of arm autopod OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb autopod muscle organ OBOL:automatic brachial region autopod muscle organ OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic arm distal free limb segment muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic hand muscle organ OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb muscle organ lumbrical of hand FMA:37385 MA:0002316 SCTID:181654008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001501 UBERON:FMA_37385-MA_0002316 hand lumbrical hand lumbrical muscle interosseous muscle of hand FMA:37417 MA:0002313 SCTID:265804003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001502 UBERON:FMA_37417-MA_0002313 hand interosseous muscle ncithesaurus:Hand_Interosseous_Muscle dorsal interosseous of hand FMA:37418 MA:0002314 SCTID:245002007 The dorsal interossei of the hand are muscles that occupy the space between the metacarpals. There are four dorsal interossei in each hand. They are specified as 'dorsal' to contrast them with the palmar interossei, which are located on the anterior side of the metacarpals. The dorsal interosseous muscles are bipennate, with each muscle arising by two heads from the adjacent sides of the metacarpal bones, but more extensively from the metacarpal bone of the finger into which the muscle is inserted. They are inserted into the bases of the proximal phalanges and into the extensor expansion of the corresponding extensor digitorum tendon. The middle digit has two dorsal interossei insert onto it while the first digit (thumb) and the fifth digit (little finger) have none[WP]. UBERON:0001503 UBERON:FMA_37418-MA_0002314 dorsal hand interosseus muscle ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Hand_Interosseous_Muscle The dorsal interossei of the hand are muscles that occupy the space between the metacarpals. There are four dorsal interossei in each hand. They are specified as 'dorsal' to contrast them with the palmar interossei, which are located on the anterior side of the metacarpals. The dorsal interosseous muscles are bipennate, with each muscle arising by two heads from the adjacent sides of the metacarpal bones, but more extensively from the metacarpal bone of the finger into which the muscle is inserted. They are inserted into the bases of the proximal phalanges and into the extensor expansion of the corresponding extensor digitorum tendon. The middle digit has two dorsal interossei insert onto it while the first digit (thumb) and the fifth digit (little finger) have none[WP]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_interossei_of_the_hand lumbrical of foot FMA:37453 MA:0002305 SCTID:181715003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001504 UBERON:FMA_37453-MA_0002305 foot lumbrical foot lumbrical muscle coracobrachialis FMA:37664 MA:0002282 Pirogoff's aponeurosis The Coracobrachialis is the smallest of the three muscles that attach to the coracoid process of the scapula. (The other two muscles are pectoralis minor and biceps brachii. ) It is situated at the upper and medial part of the arm. It is perforated by and innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001505 UBERON:FMA_37664-MA_0002282 coracobrachial coracobrachialis muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Coracobrachialis.png/200px-Coracobrachialis.png ncithesaurus:Coracobrachialis FMA:37664 Pirogoff's aponeurosis The Coracobrachialis is the smallest of the three muscles that attach to the coracoid process of the scapula. (The other two muscles are pectoralis minor and biceps brachii. ) It is situated at the upper and medial part of the arm. It is perforated by and innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Coracobrachialis Wikipedia:Coracobrachialis_muscle coracobrachialis muscle FMA brachialis Casserio's muscle EHDAA2:0000181 EHDAA:8281 EMAPA:19068 EMAPA:19109 FMA:37667 MA:0002271 OG:0001026 The brachialis (brachialis anticus) is a muscle in the upper arm that flexes the elbow joint. It lies just deep of the biceps brachii, and is a synergist that assists the biceps brachii in flexing at the elbow. It makes up part of the floor of the region known as the cubital fossa. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001506 UBERON:FMA_37667-MA_0002271 brachialis anticus muscle brachialis muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Brachialis.png/200px-Brachialis.png ncithesaurus:Brachialis The brachialis (brachialis anticus) is a muscle in the upper arm that flexes the elbow joint. It lies just deep of the biceps brachii, and is a synergist that assists the biceps brachii in flexing at the elbow. It makes up part of the floor of the region known as the cubital fossa. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brachialis_muscle Wikipedia:Brachialis_muscle brachialis muscle Wikipedia:Brachialis_muscle brachialis anticus muscle biceps brachii BTO:0003419 EHDAA2:0000167 EHDAA:8279 EMAPA:19067 EMAPA:19108 FMA:37670 In human anatomy, the biceps brachii is a muscle located on the upper arm. The biceps has several functions, the most important being to rotate the forearm and to flex the elbow. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002269 OG:0000861 SCTID:265802004 UBERON:0001507 UBERON:FMA_37670-MA_0002269 biceps biceps brachii %26 brachialis muscles biceps brachii muscle biceps cubiti biceps muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Biceps_%28PSF%29.jpg/200px-Biceps_%28PSF%29.jpg ncithesaurus:Biceps Wikipedia:Biceps_brachii_muscle biceps brachii %26 brachialis muscles Wikipedia:Biceps_brachii_muscle biceps muscle OG EHDAA2:0000167 biceps Wikipedia:Biceps_brachii_muscle biceps brachii muscle Wikipedia:Biceps_brachii_muscle biceps cubiti In human anatomy, the biceps brachii is a muscle located on the upper arm. The biceps has several functions, the most important being to rotate the forearm and to flex the elbow. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Biceps_brachii_muscle MA arch of aorta BTO:0000157 Do not confuse with aortic arch EFO:0002526 EHDAA2:0000132 EMAPA:17613 EMAPA:18602 FMA:3768 GAID:471 MA:0000475 OG:0001196 SCTID:181300001 UBERON:0001508 UBERON:FMA_3768-MA_0000475-MIAA_0000059 aortic arch arcus aortae begins at the level of the upper border of the second sternocostal articulation of the right side, and runs at first upward, backward, and to the left in front of the trachea; it is then directed backward on the left side of the trachea and finally passes downward on the left side of the body of the fourth thoracic vertebra, at the lower border of which it becomes continuous with the descending aorta[WP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png thoracic aorta FMA:3768 aortic arch Wikipedia:Arch_of_aorta begins at the level of the upper border of the second sternocostal articulation of the right side, and runs at first upward, backward, and to the left in front of the trachea; it is then directed backward on the left side of the trachea and finally passes downward on the left side of the body of the fourth thoracic vertebra, at the lower border of which it becomes continuous with the descending aorta[WP]. FMA:3768 FMA:TA arcus aortae GAID:471 thoracic aorta triceps brachii EHDAA2:0002080 EHDAA:8287 EMAPA:19070 FMA:37688 MA:0002399 OG:0000851 SCTID:181623009 The triceps brachii muscle (Latin for 'three-headed' muscle of the arm, it is called a three headed muscle because there are three bundles of muscle, each of different origin, joining together at the elbow) is the large muscle on the back of the human upper limb. It is the muscle principally responsible for extension of the elbow joint (i.e. straightening of the arm). Though a similarly-named muscle, the triceps surae, is found on the lower leg, the triceps brachii is commonly called simply the 'triceps'. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001509 UBERON:FMA_37688-MA_0002399 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Triceps_brachii.png/200px-Triceps_brachii.png ncithesaurus:Triceps triceps triceps brachii triceps muscle OG MA EHDAA2:0002080 triceps Wikipedia:Triceps_brachii_muscle triceps brachii Wikipedia:Triceps_brachii_muscle triceps muscle The triceps brachii muscle (Latin for 'three-headed' muscle of the arm, it is called a three headed muscle because there are three bundles of muscle, each of different origin, joining together at the elbow) is the large muscle on the back of the human upper limb. It is the muscle principally responsible for extension of the elbow joint (i.e. straightening of the arm). Though a similarly-named muscle, the triceps surae, is found on the lower leg, the triceps brachii is commonly called simply the 'triceps'. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Triceps_brachii skin of knee A zone of skin that is part of a knee [Obol]. EMAPA:18151 FMA:37800 MA:0000668 SCTID:181552001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001510 UBERON:FMA_37800-MA_0000668 knee skin knee zone of skin ncithesaurus:Knee_Skin zone of skin of knee OBOL:automatic zone of skin of knee OBOL:automatic knee zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a knee [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skin of leg A zone of skin that is part of a leg [Obol]. EMAPA:18156 EMAPA:18159 FMA:37828 MA:0000674 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001511 UBERON:FMA_37828-MA_0000674 leg skin leg zone of skin ncithesaurus:Leg_Skin zone of skin of leg OBOL:automatic zone of skin of leg A zone of skin that is part of a leg [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic leg zone of skin skin of ankle A zone of skin that is part of an ankle [Obol]. FMA:37831 MA:0000641 SCTID:181560000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001512 UBERON:FMA_37831-MA_0000641 ankle skin ankle zone of skin ncithesaurus:Ankle_Skin zone of skin of ankle A zone of skin that is part of an ankle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ankle zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of ankle skin of foot A zone of skin that is part of a foot [Obol]. EMAPA:18504 FMA:37834 MA:0000654 SCTID:181529000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001513 UBERON:FMA_37834-MA_0000654 autopod of hind limb zone of skin autopod of hindlimb zone of skin autopod of inferior member zone of skin autopod of lower extremity zone of skin distal free limb segment of hind limb zone of skin distal free limb segment of hindlimb zone of skin distal free limb segment of inferior member zone of skin distal free limb segment of lower extremity zone of skin foot skin foot zone of skin hind limb autopod zone of skin hind limb distal free limb segment zone of skin hindlimb autopod zone of skin hindlimb distal free limb segment zone of skin inferior member autopod zone of skin inferior member distal free limb segment zone of skin lower extremity autopod zone of skin lower extremity distal free limb segment zone of skin ncithesaurus:Foot_Skin skin of hind-paw terminal segment of free lower limb zone of skin zone of skin of autopod of hind limb zone of skin of autopod of hindlimb zone of skin of autopod of inferior member zone of skin of autopod of lower extremity zone of skin of distal free limb segment of hind limb zone of skin of distal free limb segment of hindlimb zone of skin of distal free limb segment of inferior member zone of skin of distal free limb segment of lower extremity zone of skin of foot zone of skin of hind limb autopod zone of skin of hind limb distal free limb segment zone of skin of hindlimb autopod zone of skin of hindlimb distal free limb segment zone of skin of inferior member autopod zone of skin of inferior member distal free limb segment zone of skin of lower extremity autopod zone of skin of lower extremity distal free limb segment zone of skin of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic zone of skin of autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic zone of skin of distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of distal free limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb zone of skin OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hind limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of lower extremity distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic zone of skin of inferior member autopod OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of inferior member distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic zone of skin of autopod of lower extremity EMAPA:18504 skin of hind-paw OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod zone of skin OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member zone of skin OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment zone of skin OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of lower extremity autopod OBOL:automatic foot zone of skin OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of distal free limb segment of inferior member A zone of skin that is part of a foot [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member zone of skin OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb zone of skin OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of autopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity zone of skin OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb zone of skin OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hind limb autopod OBOL:automatic zone of skin of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hindlimb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic zone of skin of autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic zone of skin of foot OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hindlimb autopod descending aorta The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries[GO]. The descending aorta is part of the aorta, the largest artery in the body. The descending aorta is the part of the aorta beginning at the aortic arch that runs down through the chest and abdomen. The descending aorta is divided into two portions, the thoracic and abdominal, in correspondence with the two great cavities of the trunk in which it is situated. Within the abdomen, the descending aorta branches into the two common iliac arteries which serve the legs. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:18605 FMA:3784 MA:0002571 OpenCyc:Mx4rv4EE35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:261399002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001514 UBERON:FMA_3784-MA_0002571 aorta descendens http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Descending_Aorta pars descendens aortae The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries[GO]. The descending aorta is part of the aorta, the largest artery in the body. The descending aorta is the part of the aorta beginning at the aortic arch that runs down through the chest and abdomen. The descending aorta is divided into two portions, the thoracic and abdominal, in correspondence with the two great cavities of the trunk in which it is situated. Within the abdomen, the descending aorta branches into the two common iliac arteries which serve the legs. [WP,unvetted]. GO:0035906 Wikipedia:Descending_aorta FMA:3784 pars descendens aortae FMA Wikipedia Wikipedia:Descending_aorta aorta descendens FMA thoracic aorta BTO:0000157 EFO:0002525 EMAPA:18603 FMA:3786 GAID:471 MA:0002569 MESH:A.07.231.114.056.372 OpenCyc:Mx4rveb9TpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302510009 The thoracic aorta is contained in the posterior mediastinal cavity. It begins at the lower border of the fourth thoracic vertebra where it is continuous with the aortic arch, and ends in front of the lower border of the twelfth thoracic vertebra, at the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm where it becomes the abdominal aorta. At its commencement, it is situated on the left of the vertebral column; it approaches the median line as it descends; and, at its termination, lies directly in front of the column. The vessel describes a curve which is concave forward; as the branches given off from it are small, its diminution in size is insignificant. It has a radius of approximately 1.16 cm. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001515 UBERON:FMA_3786-MA_0002569 galen:ThoracicAorta http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gray530.png/200px-Gray530.png ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Aorta thoracic part of aorta FMA The thoracic aorta is contained in the posterior mediastinal cavity. It begins at the lower border of the fourth thoracic vertebra where it is continuous with the aortic arch, and ends in front of the lower border of the twelfth thoracic vertebra, at the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm where it becomes the abdominal aorta. At its commencement, it is situated on the left of the vertebral column; it approaches the median line as it descends; and, at its termination, lies directly in front of the column. The vessel describes a curve which is concave forward; as the branches given off from it are small, its diminution in size is insignificant. It has a radius of approximately 1.16 cm. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thoracic_aorta abdominal aorta Abdominal part of aorta: the distal part of the descending aorta, which is the continuation of the thoracic part and gives rise to the inferior phrenic, lumbar, median sacral, superior and inferior mesenteric, middle suprarenal, renal, and testicular or ovarian arteries, and celiac trunk[BTO]. The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of descending aorta(of the thorax). [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002976 EFO:0002524 EMAPA:17856 EMAPA:18607 FMA:3789 GAID:470 MA:0000474 MESH:A.07.231.114.056.205 OpenCyc:Mx4rvYhWCZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244231007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001516 UBERON:FMA_3789-MA_0000474 abdominal part of aorta abdominal part of aorta aorta abdominalis descending abdominal aorta galen:AbdominalAorta http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gray531.png/200px-Gray531.png ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Aorta pars abdominalis aortae pars abdominalis aortae FMA:3789 pars abdominalis aortae FMA FMA:3789 abdominal part of aorta BTO:0002976 abdominal part of aorta Abdominal part of aorta: the distal part of the descending aorta, which is the continuation of the thoracic part and gives rise to the inferior phrenic, lumbar, median sacral, superior and inferior mesenteric, middle suprarenal, renal, and testicular or ovarian arteries, and celiac trunk[BTO]. The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of descending aorta(of the thorax). [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002976 Wikipedia:Abdominal_aorta BTO:0002976 aorta abdominalis BTO:0002976 pars abdominalis aortae FMA:3789 descending abdominal aorta skin of elbow A zone of skin that is part of a elbow [Obol]. EMAPA:18051 FMA:38250 MA:0000610 SCTID:181534001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001517 UBERON:0003399 UBERON:FMA_38250-MA_0000610 cubital region zone of skin elbow skin elbow zone of skin ncithesaurus:Elbow_Skin zone of skin of cubital region zone of skin of elbow OBOL:automatic elbow zone of skin OBOL:automatic cubital region zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of cubital region A zone of skin that is part of a elbow [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of elbow skin of wrist A zone of skin that is part of a wrist [Obol]. FMA:38280 MA:0000638 SCTID:181540008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001518 UBERON:FMA_38280-MA_0000638 carpal region zone of skin ncithesaurus:Wrist_Skin wrist skin wrist zone of skin zone of skin of carpal region zone of skin of wrist OBOL:automatic wrist zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of carpal region A zone of skin that is part of a wrist [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic carpal region zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of wrist skin of hand A zone of skin that is part of a hand [Obol]. EMAPA:18486 FMA:38295 MA:0000630 SCTID:181527003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001519 UBERON:FMA_38295-MA_0000630 arm autopod zone of skin arm distal free limb segment zone of skin autopod of arm zone of skin autopod of brachial region zone of skin autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb zone of skin brachial region autopod zone of skin brachial region distal free limb segment zone of skin distal free limb segment of arm zone of skin distal free limb segment of brachial region zone of skin distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb zone of skin hand skin hand zone of skin ncithesaurus:Hand_Skin proximal segment of free upper limb autopod zone of skin proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment zone of skin skin of fore-paw terminal segment of free upper limb zone of skin zone of skin of arm autopod zone of skin of arm distal free limb segment zone of skin of autopod of arm zone of skin of autopod of brachial region zone of skin of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb zone of skin of brachial region autopod zone of skin of brachial region distal free limb segment zone of skin of distal free limb segment of arm zone of skin of distal free limb segment of brachial region zone of skin of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb zone of skin of hand zone of skin of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod zone of skin of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment zone of skin of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of arm distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic zone of skin of autopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb zone of skin EMAPA:18486 skin of fore-paw OBOL:automatic brachial region distal free limb segment zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of autopod of arm OBOL:automatic arm autopod zone of skin OBOL:automatic arm distal free limb segment zone of skin OBOL:automatic hand zone of skin OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of arm zone of skin OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment zone of skin OBOL:automatic autopod of arm zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic zone of skin of distal free limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic autopod of brachial region zone of skin OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic zone of skin of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod A zone of skin that is part of a hand [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of arm autopod OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hand OBOL:automatic zone of skin of distal free limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic zone of skin of brachial region distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of brachial region zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of brachial region autopod OBOL:automatic zone of skin of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic zone of skin of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic brachial region autopod zone of skin OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb autopod zone of skin pronator teres FMA:38450 MA:0002357 SCTID:302514000 The pronator teres is a muscle of the human body (located mainly in the forearm) that, along with the pronator quadratus, serves to pronate the forearm (turning it so the palm faces posteriorly). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001520 UBERON:FMA_38450-MA_0002357 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pronator-teres.png/200px-Pronator-teres.png ncithesaurus:Pronator_Teres The pronator teres is a muscle of the human body (located mainly in the forearm) that, along with the pronator quadratus, serves to pronate the forearm (turning it so the palm faces posteriorly). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pronator_teres flexor carpi radialis FMA:38459 In anatomy, flexor carpi radialis is a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and abduct the hand. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002297 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001521 UBERON:FMA_38459-MA_0002297 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flexor-carpi-radialis.png/200px-Flexor-carpi-radialis.png ncithesaurus:Flexor_Carpi_Radialis In anatomy, flexor carpi radialis is a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and abduct the hand. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Flexor_carpi_radialis flexor carpi ulnaris FMA:38465 MA:0002298 SCTID:244985003 The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (FCU) is a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and adduct the hand. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001522 UBERON:FMA_38465-MA_0002298 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/FCU.png/200px-FCU.png ncithesaurus:Flexor_Carpi_Ulnaris The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (FCU) is a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and adduct the hand. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Flexor_carpi_ulnaris flexor digitorum profundus BTO:0001246 EMAPA:19319 FMA:38478 In human anatomy, the flexor digitorum profundus is a muscle in the forearm that flexes the fingers. It is considered to be an extrinsic muscle because its action is at a different location than the main body of the muscle. Flexor digitorum profundus, along with flexor digitorum superficialis have long tendons that run down the arm and through the carpal tunnel and attach to the palmar side of the phalanges of the fingers. This muscle originates from the upper 3/4ths anterior and medial side of the ulna. Flexor digitorum profundus lies deep to superficialis, but it attaches more distally. To get around this problem profundus's tendons go through the tendons of superficialis, and end up attaching to the distal phalanx. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002300 Note that in EMAPA, this is part of the leg, which is presumably a mistake UBERON:0001523 UBERON:FMA_38478-MA_0002300 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flexor-digitorum-profundis.png/200px-Flexor-digitorum-profundis.png ncithesaurus:Flexor_Digitorum_Profundus In human anatomy, the flexor digitorum profundus is a muscle in the forearm that flexes the fingers. It is considered to be an extrinsic muscle because its action is at a different location than the main body of the muscle. Flexor digitorum profundus, along with flexor digitorum superficialis have long tendons that run down the arm and through the carpal tunnel and attach to the palmar side of the phalanges of the fingers. This muscle originates from the upper 3/4ths anterior and medial side of the ulna. Flexor digitorum profundus lies deep to superficialis, but it attaches more distally. To get around this problem profundus's tendons go through the tendons of superficialis, and end up attaching to the distal phalanx. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Flexor_digitorum_profundus FMA BTO extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis longus is one of the five main muscles that control movements at the wrist. This muscle is quite long, starting on the lateral side of the humerus, and attaching to the base of the second metacarpal bone (metacarpal of the index finger). [WP,unvetted]. FMA:38494 MA:0002291 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001524 UBERON:FMA_38494-MA_0002291 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ECR-longus.png/200px-ECR-longus.png ncithesaurus:Extensor_Carpi_Radialis_Longus Extensor carpi radialis longus is one of the five main muscles that control movements at the wrist. This muscle is quite long, starting on the lateral side of the humerus, and attaching to the base of the second metacarpal bone (metacarpal of the index finger). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Extensor_carpi_radialis_longus extensor carpi radialis brevis FMA:38497 MA:0002290 The Extensor carpi radialis brevis is shorter and thicker than the extensor carpi radialis longus. The longus muscle can be found above the distal end of the Extensor carpi radialis brevis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001525 UBERON:FMA_38497-MA_0002290 ncithesaurus:Extensor_Carpi_Radialis_Brevis The Extensor carpi radialis brevis is shorter and thicker than the extensor carpi radialis longus. The longus muscle can be found above the distal end of the Extensor carpi radialis brevis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Extensor_carpi_radialis_brevis extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris is a muscle located in the human forearm that acts to extend and adduct the wrist. Being an extensor muscle, extensor carpi ulnaris is on the posterior side of the forearm. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:38506 MA:0002292 SCTID:244992008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001526 UBERON:FMA_38506-MA_0002292 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray418.png/200px-Gray418.png ncithesaurus:Extensor_Carpi_Ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris is a muscle located in the human forearm that acts to extend and adduct the wrist. Being an extensor muscle, extensor carpi ulnaris is on the posterior side of the forearm. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Extensor_carpi_ulnaris abductor pollicis longus FMA:38515 MA:0002266 The Abductor pollicis longus lies immediately below the Supinator and is sometimes united with it. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001527 UBERON:FMA_38515-MA_0002266 abductor pollicis longus muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray1231.png/200px-Gray1231.png ncithesaurus:Abductor_Pollicis_Longus Wikipedia:Abductor_pollicis_longus_muscle abductor pollicis longus muscle The Abductor pollicis longus lies immediately below the Supinator and is sometimes united with it. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Abductor_pollicis_longus_muscle radio-ulnar joint EMAPA:19206 FMA:38863 MA:0000462 OpenCyc:Mx4rvlO2nJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:264167003 The forearm is the structure and distal region of the upper limb, between the elbow and the wrist.. The term forearm is used in anatomy to distinguish it from the arm which is often misused to describe the entire appendage of the upper limb and technically means only the region of the upper arm whereas the lower 'arm' is called the forearm. It is homologous to the leg that lies between the knee and the ankle joints. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001528 UBERON:FMA_38863-MA_0000462 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Forearm_labeled.png/200px-Forearm_labeled.png radioulnar joint The forearm is the structure and distal region of the upper limb, between the elbow and the wrist.. The term forearm is used in anatomy to distinguish it from the arm which is often misused to describe the entire appendage of the upper limb and technically means only the region of the upper arm whereas the lower 'arm' is called the forearm. It is homologous to the leg that lies between the knee and the ankle joints. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Radio-ulnar_joint brachiocephalic artery EFO:0002550 EHDAA2:0000835 EMAPA:17615 FMA:3932 GAID:476 MA:0001922 MESH:A.07.231.114.145 OpenCyc:Mx4rv9mMTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244244002 The brachiocephalic artery (or brachiocephalic trunk or innominate artery) is an artery of the mediastinum that supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck. It is the first branch of the aortic arch, and soon after it emerges, the brachiocephalic artery divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery. There is no brachiocephalic artery for the left side of the body. The left common carotid, and the left subclavian artery, come directly off the aortic arch. However, there are two brachiocephalic veins. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001529 UBERON:FMA_3932-MA_0001922 brachiocephalic trunk galen:BrachioCephalicArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png innominate artery ncithesaurus:Innominate_Artery truncus brachiocephalicus The brachiocephalic artery (or brachiocephalic trunk or innominate artery) is an artery of the mediastinum that supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck. It is the first branch of the aortic arch, and soon after it emerges, the brachiocephalic artery divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery. There is no brachiocephalic artery for the left side of the body. The left common carotid, and the left subclavian artery, come directly off the aortic arch. However, there are two brachiocephalic veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_artery MA:0001922 brachiocephalic trunk FMA:3932 FMA:TA truncus brachiocephalicus common carotid artery Artery originating at the junction of the first two aortic arches and supplying the anterior brain. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> EHDAA2:0000306 EHDAA:7331 EMAPA:17855 FMA says exact synonym with carotid FMA:3939 GAID:479 MA:0001926 MESH:A.07.231.114.186.200 OG:0000272 SCTID:362041005 UBERON:0001530 UBERON:FMA_3939-ZFA_0000097 carotid artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Common_Carotid_Artery trunk of common carotid tree Wikipedia FMA:3939 carotid artery Artery originating at the junction of the first two aortic arches and supplying the anterior brain. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> Wikipedia:Common_carotid_artery ZFIN:curator right common carotid artery FMA:3941 In human anatomy, the common carotid artery is an artery that supplies the head and neck with oxygenated blood; it divides in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001928 OpenCyc:Mx4rtW9-AqgEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvg7rcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362042003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001531 UBERON:FMA_3941-MA_0001928 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Right_Common_Carotid_Artery trunk of right common carotid tree In human anatomy, the common carotid artery is an artery that supplies the head and neck with oxygenated blood; it divides in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Right_common_carotid_artery internal carotid artery AAO:0011054 BTO:0004697 EFO:0001952 EHDAA2:0000873 EHDAA:408 EHDAA:6389 EMAPA:16328 EMAPA:18612 FMA:3947 GAID:481 ICA In human anatomy, the internal carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck that helps supply blood to the brain. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001930 MESH:A.07.231.114.186.200.230 OG:0000267 OpenCyc:Mx4rvYx8KZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362045001 TAO:0005081 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001532 UBERON:FMA_3947-MA_0001930-XAO_0000366-ZFA_0005081 XAO:0000366 ZFA:0005081 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray513.png/200px-Gray513.png ncithesaurus:Internal_Carotid_Artery Wikipedia In human anatomy, the internal carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck that helps supply blood to the brain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_carotid_artery subclavian artery AAO:0010232 EHDAA2:0001933 EHDAA:4357 EMAPA:17617 FMA:3951 GAID:511 In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib[WP]. The pectoral (subclavian) arteries originate from the dorsal aorta and takes the blood outward into the fin from the paired portion of the dorsal aorta posterior to the last aortic arch. <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/zfbook/stages/hatch.html'> Kimmel et al. 1993</a> MA:0002045 MESH:A.07.231.114.839 OpenCyc:Mx4rvp8u1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA PA SCTID:265790007 TAO:0005086 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001533 UBERON:FMA_3951-MA_0002045-ZFA_0005086 XAO:0000365 ZFA:0005086 arterial tree of upper limb http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Subclavian_Artery pectoral artery subclavian arterial tree In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib[WP]. The pectoral (subclavian) arteries originate from the dorsal aorta and takes the blood outward into the fin from the paired portion of the dorsal aorta posterior to the last aortic arch. <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/zfbook/stages/hatch.html'> Kimmel et al. 1993</a> Wikipedia:Subclavian_artery ZFIN:curator right subclavian artery EHDAA2:0004514 FMA:3953 In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002047 OpenCyc:Mx4rtW7hwqgEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvp8u1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244246000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001534 UBERON:FMA_3953-MA_0002047 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Right_Subclavian_Artery In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Right_subclavian_artery vertebral artery EHDAA2:0002192 EHDAA:5328 EMAPA:17314 FMA:3956 GAID:518 MA:0002077 MESH:A.07.231.114.955 OG:0000263 OpenCyc:Mx4rvg_ir5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181323003 TAO:0005033 The vertebral arteries are branches of the subclavian arteries. The two vertebral arteries and the basilar artery are sometimes together called the vertebrobasilar system, which supplies blood to the posterior part of circle of Willis and anastomoses with blood supplied to the anterior part of the circle of Willis from the carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001535 UBERON:FMA_3956-MA_0002077-ZFA_0005033 ZFA:0005033 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vertebral_artery.png/200px-Vertebral_artery.png ncithesaurus:Vertebral_Artery The vertebral arteries are branches of the subclavian arteries. The two vertebral arteries and the basilar artery are sometimes together called the vertebrobasilar system, which supplies blood to the posterior part of circle of Willis and anastomoses with blood supplied to the anterior part of the circle of Willis from the carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vertebral_artery left common carotid artery FMA:4058 In human anatomy, the common carotid artery is an artery that supplies the head and neck with oxygenated blood; it divides in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001927 OpenCyc:Mx4rdz4xcLVIEduAAAAOpmP6tw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvg7rcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362043008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001536 UBERON:FMA_4058-MA_0001927 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Left_Common_Carotid_Artery trunk of left common carotid tree In human anatomy, the common carotid artery is an artery that supplies the head and neck with oxygenated blood; it divides in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Left_common_carotid_artery anterior tibial artery FMA:43894 MA:0002574 OpenCyc:Mx4rvaHcEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181357006 The anterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the anterior compartment of the leg and dorsal surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery. It is accompanied by a deep vein, the anterior tibial vein, along its course. It crosses the anterior aspect of the ankle joint, at which point it becomes the dorsalis pedis artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001537 UBERON:FMA_43894-MA_0002574 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray1247.png/200px-Gray1247.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Tibial_Artery The anterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the anterior compartment of the leg and dorsal surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery. It is accompanied by a deep vein, the anterior tibial vein, along its course. It crosses the anterior aspect of the ankle joint, at which point it becomes the dorsalis pedis artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_tibial_artery posterior tibial artery FMA:43895 MA:0002575 OpenCyc:Mx4rwLSaQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181358001 The posterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the posterior compartment of the leg and plantar surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery. It is accompanied by a deep vein, the posterior tibial vein, along its course. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001538 UBERON:FMA_43895-MA_0002575 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray1247.png/200px-Gray1247.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Tibial_Artery The posterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the posterior compartment of the leg and plantar surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery. It is accompanied by a deep vein, the posterior tibial vein, along its course. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Posterior_tibial_artery dorsalis pedis artery FMA:43915 In human anatomy, the dorsalis pedis artery (dorsal artery of foot), is a blood vessel of the lower limb that carries oxygenated blood to the dorsal surface of the foot. It arises at the anterior aspect of the ankle joint and is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery. It terminates at the proximal part of the first intermetatarsal space, where it divides into two branches, the first dorsal metatarsal artery and the deep plantar artery. Along its course, it is accompanied by a deep vein, the dorsalis pedis vein. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001942 SCTID:181362007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001539 UBERON:FMA_43915-MA_0001942 arteria dorsalis pedis dorsal artery of foot galen:DorsalisPedisArtery ncithesaurus:Dorsalis_Pedis_Artery FMA:43915 FMA:TA arteria dorsalis pedis In human anatomy, the dorsalis pedis artery (dorsal artery of foot), is a blood vessel of the lower limb that carries oxygenated blood to the dorsal surface of the foot. It arises at the anterior aspect of the ankle joint and is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery. It terminates at the proximal part of the first intermetatarsal space, where it divides into two branches, the first dorsal metatarsal artery and the deep plantar artery. Along its course, it is accompanied by a deep vein, the dorsalis pedis vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsalis_pedis_artery peroneal artery FMA:43921 In anatomy, the fibular artery (also known as the peroneal artery) supplies blood to the lateral compartment of the leg and is typically a branch of posterior tibial artery. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002018 OpenCyc:Mx4rwSO_s5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181359009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001540 UBERON:FMA_43921-MA_0002018 arteria fibularis fibular artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Fibular_artery.png/200px-Fibular_artery.png ncithesaurus:Peroneal_Artery FMA:43921 FMA:TA arteria fibularis In anatomy, the fibular artery (also known as the peroneal artery) supplies blood to the lateral compartment of the leg and is typically a branch of posterior tibial artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Peroneal_artery medial plantar artery FMA:43925 MA:0001997 SCTID:181360004 The medial plantar artery (internal plantar artery), much smaller than the lateral, passes forward along the medial side of the foot. It is at first situated above the Abductor hallucis, and then between it and the Flexor digitorum brevis, both of which it supplies. At the base of the first metatarsal bone, where it is much diminished in size, it passes along the medial border of the first toe, anastomosing with the first dorsal metatarsal artery. Small superficial digital branches accompany the digital branches of the medial plantar nerve and join the plantar metatarsal arteries of the first three spaces. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001541 UBERON:FMA_43925-MA_0001997 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray555.png/200px-Gray555.png ncithesaurus:Medial_Plantar_Artery The medial plantar artery (internal plantar artery), much smaller than the lateral, passes forward along the medial side of the foot. It is at first situated above the Abductor hallucis, and then between it and the Flexor digitorum brevis, both of which it supplies. At the base of the first metatarsal bone, where it is much diminished in size, it passes along the medial border of the first toe, anastomosing with the first dorsal metatarsal artery. Small superficial digital branches accompany the digital branches of the medial plantar nerve and join the plantar metatarsal arteries of the first three spaces. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_plantar_artery inguinal lymph node A lymph node in the inguinal region. FMA:44226 MA:0000737 SCTID:181762005 TODO - superficial/deep UBERON:0001542 UBERON:FMA_44226-MA_0000737 ncithesaurus:Inguinal_Lymph_Node A lymph node in the inguinal region. Wikipedia:Inguinal_lymph_node popliteal lymph node FMA:44227 MA:0000738 SCTID:279156002 The popliteal lymph nodes, small in size and some six or seven in number, are imbedded in the fat contained in the popliteal fossa. One lies immediately beneath the popliteal fascia, near the terminal part of the small saphenous vein, and drains the region from which this vein derives its tributaries. Another is placed between the popliteal artery and the posterior surface of the knee-joint; it receives the lymphatic vessels from the knee-joint together with those which accompany the genicular arteries. The others lie at the sides of the popliteal vessels, and receive as efferents the trunks which accompany the anterior and posterior tibial vessels. The efferents of the popliteal glands pass almost entirely alongside the femoral vessels to the deep inguinal glands, but a few may accompany the great saphenous vein, and end in the glands of the superficial subinguinal group. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001543 UBERON:FMA_44227-MA_0000738 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray609.png/200px-Gray609.png ncithesaurus:Popliteal_Lymph_Node The popliteal lymph nodes, small in size and some six or seven in number, are imbedded in the fat contained in the popliteal fossa. One lies immediately beneath the popliteal fascia, near the terminal part of the small saphenous vein, and drains the region from which this vein derives its tributaries. Another is placed between the popliteal artery and the posterior surface of the knee-joint; it receives the lymphatic vessels from the knee-joint together with those which accompany the genicular arteries. The others lie at the sides of the popliteal vessels, and receive as efferents the trunks which accompany the anterior and posterior tibial vessels. The efferents of the popliteal glands pass almost entirely alongside the femoral vessels to the deep inguinal glands, but a few may accompany the great saphenous vein, and end in the glands of the superficial subinguinal group. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Popliteal_lymph_node popliteal vein FMA:44327 GAID:537 MA:0002197 MESH:A.07.231.908.641 OpenCyc:Mx4rv8Ch-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281065001 The popliteal vein course runs alongside the popliteal artery but carries the blood from the knee joint and muscles in the thigh and calf back to the heart. Its origin is defined by the junction of the posterior tibial vein and anterior tibial vein. It drains the peroneal vein before reaching the knee joint and turns into the femoral vein when leaving the adductor canal (also known as Hunter's canal). The popliteal artery extends from the femoral artery behind the popliteal fossa which is the space behind the knee. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001544 UBERON:FMA_44327-MA_0002197 galen:PoplitealVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray609.png/200px-Gray609.png ncithesaurus:Popliteal_Vein The popliteal vein course runs alongside the popliteal artery but carries the blood from the knee joint and muscles in the thigh and calf back to the heart. Its origin is defined by the junction of the posterior tibial vein and anterior tibial vein. It drains the peroneal vein before reaching the knee joint and turns into the femoral vein when leaving the adductor canal (also known as Hunter's canal). The popliteal artery extends from the femoral artery behind the popliteal fossa which is the space behind the knee. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Popliteal_vein FMA/obol anterior tibial vein FMA:44331 In human anatomy, the anterior tibial vein of the lower limb carries blood from the anterior compartment of the leg to the popliteal vein which is forms when it joins with the posterior tibial vein. Like most deep veins, the anterior tibial vein is accompanied by an artery of the same name, the anterior tibial artery, along its course. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002244 OpenCyc:Mx4rvXYDl5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281066000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001545 UBERON:FMA_44331-MA_0002244 galen:AnteriorTibialVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gray440_color.png/200px-Gray440_color.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Tibial_Vein In human anatomy, the anterior tibial vein of the lower limb carries blood from the anterior compartment of the leg to the popliteal vein which is forms when it joins with the posterior tibial vein. Like most deep veins, the anterior tibial vein is accompanied by an artery of the same name, the anterior tibial artery, along its course. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_tibial_vein FMA/obol FMA/obol posterior tibial vein FMA:44332 In anatomy, the posterior tibial vein of the lower limb carries blood from the posterior compartment and plantar surface of the foot to the popliteal vein which it forms when it joins with the anterior tibial vein. Like most deep veins, the posterior tibial vein is accompanied by an artery of the same name, the posterior tibial artery, along its course. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002245 OpenCyc:Mx4rwA9GD5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281067009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001546 UBERON:FMA_44332-MA_0002245 galen:PosteriorTibialVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gray583.png/200px-Gray583.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Tibial_Vein FMA/obol In anatomy, the posterior tibial vein of the lower limb carries blood from the posterior compartment and plantar surface of the foot to the popliteal vein which it forms when it joins with the anterior tibial vein. Like most deep veins, the posterior tibial vein is accompanied by an artery of the same name, the posterior tibial artery, along its course. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Posterior_tibial_vein FMA/obol small saphenous vein BTO:0003272 FMA:44333 MA:0002217 SCTID:181404009 The small saphenous vein (also lesser saphenous vein), is a relatively large vein of the superficial posterior leg. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001547 UBERON:FMA_44333-MA_0002217 galen:LesserSaphenousVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gray582.png/200px-Gray582.png lesser saphenous vein ncithesaurus:Short_Saphenous_Vein short saphenous vein vena saphena parva FMA/obol FMA/obol The small saphenous vein (also lesser saphenous vein), is a relatively large vein of the superficial posterior leg. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Small_saphenous_vein FMA:44333 FMA:TA vena saphena parva lateral marginal vein FMA:44359 MA:0002160 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001548 UBERON:FMA_44359-MA_0002160 lateral marginal vein of foot vena marginalis lateralis vena marginalis lateralis pedis FMA/obol FMA/obol FMA:44359 FMA:TA vena marginalis lateralis pedis FMA/obol dorsal metatarsal vein FMA:44377 MA:0002105 The dorsal metatarsal veins are veins which drain the metatarsus of the foot. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001549 UBERON:FMA_44377-MA_0002105 metatarsal vein ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Metatarsal_Vein FMA/obol FMA/obol FMA/obol The dorsal metatarsal veins are veins which drain the metatarsus of the foot. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_metatarsal_veins medial marginal vein FMA:44420 MA:0002171 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001550 UBERON:FMA_44420-MA_0002171 medial marginal vein of foot vena marginalis medialis vena marginalis medialis pedis FMA:44420 FMA:TA vena marginalis medialis pedis FMA/obol FMA/obol sural vein FMA:44561 MA:0002231 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001551 UBERON:FMA_44561-MA_0002231 FMA/obol FMA/obol arcuate artery . EMAPA:28215 FMA:44594 MA:0002583 SCTID:244331005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001552 UBERON:FMA_44594-MA_0002583 . Wikipedia:Arcuate_artery medial tarsal artery FMA:44598 MA:0001998 SCTID:67925000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001553 UBERON:FMA_44598-MA_0001998 ncithesaurus:Medial_Tarsal_Artery skin of hip A zone of skin that is part of a hip [Obol]. EMAPA:18148 FMA:45282 MA:0000658 SCTID:181518004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001554 UBERON:FMA_45282-MA_0000658 hip region zone of skin hip skin hip zone of skin regio coxae zone of skin zone of skin of hip zone of skin of hip region zone of skin of regio coxae OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hip region OBOL:automatic hip region zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a hip [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic regio coxae zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hip OBOL:automatic hip zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of regio coxae digestive tract AAO:0010023 BILA:0000083 BTO:0000511 BTO:0000545 EHDAA2:0000726 EHDAA:518 EMAPA:16247 FBbt:00003125 FMA:45615 GO says gut is region of DT, from intestines to anus. ZFA treats as synonym for alimentary canal, and treats it as the sum of DT + organs (ZF has no term from stomach). GO says intestines to anus (excludes stomach and esophagus). MA appears to agree with GO (stomach and esophagus are not parts). FMA includes stomach and esophagus as parts of gut -- the FMA divides gut into lower and upper GI tract; it's not clear if this is exhaustive (small intestine is in neither), but lower GI tract may correspond better to the GO definition. NOTE: GO now changed, see sf id in def xref. Note that FMA also has a term 'gastrointestinal tract', but this includes the liver OG:0000309 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi0GpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000112 TGMA:0001819 Tube extending from the mouth to the anus. UBERON:0001555 UBERON:FMA_45615-MA_0000917-ZFA_0000112 WBbt:0005743 ZFA:0000112 alimentary canal digestive tube enteric tract galen:AlimentaryTract gut gut tube Tube extending from the mouth to the anus. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Human_gastrointestinal_tract http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=440764&aid=2991587&group_id=36855 ZFA:0000112 enteric tract lower urinary tract FMA:45659 MA:0002636 SCTID:181420004 Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the urinary bladder and the urethra. TODO - add superclass urinary tract? UBERON:0001556 UBERON:FMA_45659-MA_0002636 galen:LowerUrinaryTract upper respiratory tract EHDAA2:0002136 EMAPA:17669 FMA:45661 MA:0000442 OG:0000406 OpenCyc:Mx4rtT2HwgJMEdyAAADggVbxzQ SCTID:361381009 Subdivision of respiratory system which consists of the nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx and larynx[FMA] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001557 UBERON:FMA_45661-MA_0000442 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Illu_conducting_passages.jpg/200px-Illu_conducting_passages.jpg FMA:FMA Subdivision of respiratory system which consists of the nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx and larynx[FMA] Wikipedia:Upper_respiratory_tract lower respiratory tract EHDAA2:0001036 EMAPA:16738 FMA:45662 MA:0000435 OG:0000382 OpenCyc:Mx4rQRqjUgAKEdyHxgDggVfs8g SCTID:281488008 Subdivision of respiratory system which consists of the tracheobronchial tree, right lung and left lung.[FMA] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001558 UBERON:FMA_45662-MA_0000435 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Illu_conducting_passages.jpg/200px-Illu_conducting_passages.jpg FMA:FMA Subdivision of respiratory system which consists of the tracheobronchial tree, right lung and left lung.[FMA] Wikipedia:Lower_respiratory_tract head of organ FMA:45729 MA:0000581 UBERON:0001559 UBERON:FMA_45729-MA_0000581 head organ incorrect grouping organ head true MA:0000581 head organ neck of organ FMA:45733 UBERON:0001560 UBERON:FMA_45733-MA_0000589 organ neck subcostal artery EMAPA:19097 FMA:4613 MA:0002048 SCTID:244243008 The subcostal arteries, so named because they lie below the last ribs, constitute the lowest pair of branches derived from the thoracic aorta, and are in series with the intercostal arteries. Each passes along the lower border of the twelfth rib behind the kidney and in front of the Quadratus lumborum muscle, and is accompanied by the twelfth thoracic nerve. It then pierces the posterior aponeurosis of the Transversus abdominis, and, passing forward between this muscle and the Obliquus internus, anastomoses with the superior epigastric, lower intercostal, and lumbar arteries. Each subcostal artery gives off a posterior branch which has a similar distribution to the posterior ramus of an intercostal artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001561 UBERON:FMA_4613-MA_0002048 ncithesaurus:Subcostal_Artery The subcostal arteries, so named because they lie below the last ribs, constitute the lowest pair of branches derived from the thoracic aorta, and are in series with the intercostal arteries. Each passes along the lower border of the twelfth rib behind the kidney and in front of the Quadratus lumborum muscle, and is accompanied by the twelfth thoracic nerve. It then pierces the posterior aponeurosis of the Transversus abdominis, and, passing forward between this muscle and the Obliquus internus, anastomoses with the superior epigastric, lower intercostal, and lumbar arteries. Each subcostal artery gives off a posterior branch which has a similar distribution to the posterior ramus of an intercostal artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subcostal_artery digastric EMAPA:25134 FMA:46291 MA:0002288 SCTID:244825002 The digastric muscle (also digastricus) (named digastric as it has two bellies) is a small muscle located under the jaw. It lies below the body of the mandible, and extends, in a curved form, from the mastoid process to the symphysis menti. It belongs to the suprahyoid muscles group. A broad aponeurotic layer is given off from the tendon of the digastricus on either side, to be attached to the body and greater cornu of the hyoid bone; this is termed the suprahyoid aponeurosis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001562 UBERON:FMA_46291-MA_0002288 digastric muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Digastricus.png/200px-Digastricus.png musculus digastricus ncithesaurus:Digastric_Muscle Wikipedia:Digastric_muscle musculus digastricus Wikipedia:Digastric_muscle digastric muscle The digastric muscle (also digastricus) (named digastric as it has two bellies) is a small muscle located under the jaw. It lies below the body of the mandible, and extends, in a curved form, from the mastoid process to the symphysis menti. It belongs to the suprahyoid muscles group. A broad aponeurotic layer is given off from the tendon of the digastricus on either side, to be attached to the body and greater cornu of the hyoid bone; this is termed the suprahyoid aponeurosis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Digastric_muscle longus capitis EMAPA:25131 FMA:46308 MA:0002340 The longus capitis (rectus capitis anticus major), broad and thick above, narrow below, arises by four tendinous slips, from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae, and ascends, converging toward its fellow of the opposite side, to be inserted into the inferior surface of the basilar part of the occipital bone. It is innervated by a branch of cervical plexus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001563 UBERON:FMA_46308-MA_0002340 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Longus_capitis.png/200px-Longus_capitis.png longus capitus muscle ncithesaurus:Longus_Capitis rectus capitis anticus major Wikipedia:Longus_capitis_muscle longus capitus muscle The longus capitis (rectus capitis anticus major), broad and thick above, narrow below, arises by four tendinous slips, from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae, and ascends, converging toward its fellow of the opposite side, to be inserted into the inferior surface of the basilar part of the occipital bone. It is innervated by a branch of cervical plexus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Longus_capitis Wikipedia:Longus_capitis_muscle rectus capitis anticus major mylohyoid FMA:46320 MA:0002344 The mylohyoid muscle is a muscle running from the mandible to the hyoid bone, forming the floor of the oral cavity. These muscles are mesodermal in origin. UBERON:0001564 UBERON:FMA_46320-MA_0002344 musculus mylohyoideus mylohyoid muscle mylohyoideus mylohyoideus muscle ncithesaurus:Mylohyoid Wikipedia:Mylohyoid_muscle mylohyoid muscle Wikipedia Wikipedia:Mylohyoid_muscle mylohyoideus muscle The mylohyoid muscle is a muscle running from the mandible to the hyoid bone, forming the floor of the oral cavity. These muscles are mesodermal in origin. Wikipedia:Mylohyoid_muscle Wikipedia:Mylohyoid_muscle musculus mylohyoideus Wikipedia:Mylohyoid_muscle mylohyoideus geniohyoid AAO:0010655 FMA:46325 MA:0002308 The Geniohyoid muscle is a narrow muscle situated superior to the medial border of the mylohyoid muscle. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001565 UBERON:FMA_46325-MA_0002308 XAO:0004127 geniohyoid muscle geniohyoideus geniohyoideus muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Geniohyoid_muscle.PNG/200px-Geniohyoid_muscle.PNG ncithesaurus:Geniohyoid Wikipedia:Geniohyoid_muscle geniohyoid muscle Wikipedia:Geniohyoid_muscle geniohyoideus muscle The Geniohyoid muscle is a narrow muscle situated superior to the medial border of the mylohyoid muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Geniohyoid_muscle Wikipedia:Geniohyoid_muscle geniohyoideus cricothyroid muscle EMAPA:19270 FMA:46417 MA:0002284 SCTID:244809007 The cricothyroid muscle attaches to the anterolateral aspect of the cricoid and the inferior cornu and lower lamina of the thyroid cartilage, tilting the thyroid forwards and tensing the vocal cords. It is the only laryngeal muscle supplied by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (rather than the recurrent laryngeal nerve). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001566 UBERON:FMA_46417-MA_0002284 cricothyroid http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Musculuscricothyreoideus.png/200px-Musculuscricothyreoideus.png musculus cricothyroideus ncithesaurus:Cricothyroid_Muscle The cricothyroid muscle attaches to the anterolateral aspect of the cricoid and the inferior cornu and lower lamina of the thyroid cartilage, tilting the thyroid forwards and tensing the vocal cords. It is the only laryngeal muscle supplied by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (rather than the recurrent laryngeal nerve). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cricothyroid_muscle FMA:46417 FMA:TA musculus cricothyroideus cheek BTO:0001754 Cheeks constitute the area of the face below the eyes and between the nose and the left or right ear. It is fleshy in humans and other mammals, the skin being suspended by the chin and the jaws, and forming the lateral wall of the human mouth, visibly touching the cheekbone below the eye. In vertebrates, markings on the cheek area (malar stripes/spots/... ), particularly immediately beneath the eye, often serve as important distinguishing features between species or individuals. 'Buccal' means relating to the cheek. In humans, the region is innervated by the buccal nerve. The inside of the cheek (forming part of the mouth cavity) is lined with a mucous membrane. It is the most common location from which a DNA sample can be taken (during a cheek swab). The cheeks are covered externally by hairy skin, and internally by stratified squamous epithelium. This is mostly smooth, but may have aborally directed papillae . The mucosa is supplied with secretions from the Buccal glands, which are arranged in superior and inferior groups. In carnivores, the superior buccal gland is large and discrete: the Zygomatic gland. During mastication (chewing), the cheeks and tongue between them serve to keep the food between the teeth. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:46476 GAID:65 MA:0002475 MESH:A.01.456.505.173 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi5WZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182325008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001567 UBERON:FMA_46476-MA_0002475 galen:Cheek http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chica_cachetona.jpg/200px-Chica_cachetona.jpg ncithesaurus:Cheek Cheeks constitute the area of the face below the eyes and between the nose and the left or right ear. It is fleshy in humans and other mammals, the skin being suspended by the chin and the jaws, and forming the lateral wall of the human mouth, visibly touching the cheekbone below the eye. In vertebrates, markings on the cheek area (malar stripes/spots/... ), particularly immediately beneath the eye, often serve as important distinguishing features between species or individuals. 'Buccal' means relating to the cheek. In humans, the region is innervated by the buccal nerve. The inside of the cheek (forming part of the mouth cavity) is lined with a mucous membrane. It is the most common location from which a DNA sample can be taken (during a cheek swab). The cheeks are covered externally by hairy skin, and internally by stratified squamous epithelium. This is mostly smooth, but may have aborally directed papillae . The mucosa is supplied with secretions from the Buccal glands, which are arranged in superior and inferior groups. In carnivores, the superior buccal gland is large and discrete: the Zygomatic gland. During mastication (chewing), the cheeks and tongue between them serve to keep the food between the teeth. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cheek muscle of larynx BTO:0001626 FMA:46562 GAID:144 MA:0001768 MESH:A.02.633.567.500 SCTID:181744001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001568 UBERON:FMA_46562-MA_0001768 laryngeal muscle larynx muscle larynx muscle organ muscle organ of larynx ncithesaurus:Laryngeal_Muscle the muscles associated with the larynx. OBOL:automatic larynx muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of larynx MP:0002263 the muscles associated with the larynx. constrictor muscle of pharynx EMAPA:18964 FMA:46620 MA:0002278 SCTID:244799007 TODO - evaluate taxonomic specificity - functional definition? The superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle is a quadrilateral muscle, thinner and paler than the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001569 UBERON:FMA_46620-MA_0002278 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Musculusconstrictorpharyngissuperior.png/200px-Musculusconstrictorpharyngissuperior.png pharyngeal constrictor muscle The superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle is a quadrilateral muscle, thinner and paler than the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Constrictor_muscle_of_pharynx inferior pharyngeal constrictor FMA:46623 MA:0002279 The Inferior pharyngeal constrictor, the thickest of the three constrictors, arises from the sides of the cricoid and thyroid cartilage. Similarly to the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles, it is innervated by the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X), specifically, by branches from the pharyngeal plexus and by neuronal branches from the recurrent laryngeal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001570 UBERON:FMA_46623-MA_0002279 constrictor muscle of pharynx inferior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Musculusconstrictorpharyngisinferior.png/200px-Musculusconstrictorpharyngisinferior.png inferior constrictor inferior constrictor of pharynx inferior constrictor pharyngeus musculus constrictor pharyngis inferior The Inferior pharyngeal constrictor, the thickest of the three constrictors, arises from the sides of the cricoid and thyroid cartilage. Similarly to the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles, it is innervated by the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X), specifically, by branches from the pharyngeal plexus and by neuronal branches from the recurrent laryngeal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_pharyngeal_constrictor FMA:46623 FMA:TA musculus constrictor pharyngis inferior genioglossus AAO:0010660 EHDAA2:0000704 EHDAA:9150 EMAPA:18276 EMAPA:18881 FMA:46690 MA:0002307 OG:0000847 The genioglossus is a muscle of the human body which runs from the chin to the tongue. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001571 UBERON:FMA_46690-MA_0002307 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Genioglossus.png/200px-Genioglossus.png ncithesaurus:Genioglossus The genioglossus is a muscle of the human body which runs from the chin to the tongue. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Genioglossus hyoglossus AAO:0010663 EMAPA:18277 EMAPA:18882 FMA:46691 MA:0002317 The Hyoglossus, thin and quadrilateral, arises from the side of the body and from the whole length of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, and passes almost vertically upward to enter the side of the tongue, between the Styloglossus and Longitudinalis inferior. The hyoglossus depresses and retracts the tongue makes the dorsum more convex The fibers arising from the body of the hyoid bone overlap those from the greater cornu. It is important in singing. Structures passing medially to the hyoglossus muscle are the lingual vein and lingual artery. Laterally, in between the hyoglossus muscle and the mylohyoid muscle lay several important structures (from superior in inferior): submandibular gland, submandibular duct, lingual nerve, vena comitans of hypoglossal nerve, and the hypoglossal nerve. Note, posteriorly, the lingual nerve is superior to the submandibular duct and a portion of the submandibular salivary gland protrudes into the space between the hyoglossus and mylohyoid muscles. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001572 UBERON:FMA_46691-MA_0002317 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hyoglossus.png/200px-Hyoglossus.png The Hyoglossus, thin and quadrilateral, arises from the side of the body and from the whole length of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, and passes almost vertically upward to enter the side of the tongue, between the Styloglossus and Longitudinalis inferior. The hyoglossus depresses and retracts the tongue makes the dorsum more convex The fibers arising from the body of the hyoid bone overlap those from the greater cornu. It is important in singing. Structures passing medially to the hyoglossus muscle are the lingual vein and lingual artery. Laterally, in between the hyoglossus muscle and the mylohyoid muscle lay several important structures (from superior in inferior): submandibular gland, submandibular duct, lingual nerve, vena comitans of hypoglossal nerve, and the hypoglossal nerve. Note, posteriorly, the lingual nerve is superior to the submandibular duct and a portion of the submandibular salivary gland protrudes into the space between the hyoglossus and mylohyoid muscles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hyoglossus styloglossus EMAPA:18279 EMAPA:18884 FMA:46692 MA:0002387 The Styloglossus, the shortest and smallest of the three styloid muscles, arises from the anterior and lateral surfaces of the styloid process, near its apex, and from the stylomandibular ligament. Passing downward and forward between the internal and external carotid arteries, it divides upon the side of the tongue near its dorsal surface, blending with the fibers of the Longitudinalis inferior in front of the Hyoglossus; the other, oblique, overlaps the Hyoglossus and decussates with its fibers. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001573 UBERON:FMA_46692-MA_0002387 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Styloglossus.png/200px-Styloglossus.png ncithesaurus:Styloglossus The Styloglossus, the shortest and smallest of the three styloid muscles, arises from the anterior and lateral surfaces of the styloid process, near its apex, and from the stylomandibular ligament. Passing downward and forward between the internal and external carotid arteries, it divides upon the side of the tongue near its dorsal surface, blending with the fibers of the Longitudinalis inferior in front of the Hyoglossus; the other, oblique, overlaps the Hyoglossus and decussates with its fibers. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Styloglossus palatoglossus EMAPA:18278 EMAPA:18883 FMA:46697 MA:0002351 The palatoglossus, glossopalatinus, or palatoglossal muscle is a small fleshy fasciculus, narrower in the middle than at either end, forming, with the mucous membrane covering its surface, the glossopalatine arch. It arises from the anterior surface of the soft palate, where it is continuous with the muscle of the opposite side, and passing downward, forward, and lateralward in front of the palatine tonsil, is inserted into the side of the tongue, some of its fibers spreading over the dorsum, and others passing deeply into the substance of the organ to intermingle with the Transversus linguæ. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001574 UBERON:FMA_46697-MA_0002351 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gray1028.png/200px-Gray1028.png The palatoglossus, glossopalatinus, or palatoglossal muscle is a small fleshy fasciculus, narrower in the middle than at either end, forming, with the mucous membrane covering its surface, the glossopalatine arch. It arises from the anterior surface of the soft palate, where it is continuous with the muscle of the opposite side, and passing downward, forward, and lateralward in front of the palatine tonsil, is inserted into the side of the tongue, some of its fibers spreading over the dorsum, and others passing deeply into the substance of the organ to intermingle with the Transversus linguæ. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Palatoglossus extrinsic muscle of tongue EHDAA2:0002063 EHDAA:9148 FMA:46699 MA:0002296 OG:0000825 SCTID:244782006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001575 UBERON:FMA_46699-MA_0002296 extrinsic tongue muscle intrinsic muscle of tongue EHDAA2:0002064 EHDAA:9152 FMA:46701 MA:0002327 OG:0000748 SCTID:244788005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001576 UBERON:FMA_46701-MA_0002327 intrinsic lingual muscle intrinsic tongue muscle muscle of face Check the MA class cranial/facial muscle EMAPA:25133 FMA:46751 GAID:143 MA:0000579 MESH:A.02.633.567.400 SCTID:25903009 The facial muscles are a group of striated muscles innervated by the facial nerve that, among other things, control facial expression. These muscles are also called mimetic muscles. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001577 UBERON:FMA_46751-XAO_0001013 XAO:0001013 face muscle face muscle organ facial muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray378.png/200px-Gray378.png muscle organ of face ncithesaurus:Facial_Muscle OBOL:automatic muscle organ of face The facial muscles are a group of striated muscles innervated by the facial nerve that, among other things, control facial expression. These muscles are also called mimetic muscles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Facial_muscle OBOL:automatic face muscle organ orbicularis oculi FMA:46779 MA:0001254 SCTID:244726006 The 'orbicularis oculi' is a muscle in the face that closes the eyelids. It arises from the nasal part of the frontal bone, from the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove, and from the anterior surface and borders of a short fibrous band, the medial palpebral ligament. From this origin, the fibers are directed lateralward, forming a broad and thin layer, which occupies the eyelids or palpebræ, surrounds the circumference of the orbit, and spreads over the temple, and downward on the cheek. The palpebral portion of the muscle is thin and pale; it arises from the bifurcation of the medial palpebral ligament, forms a series of concentric curves, and is inserted into the lateral palpebral raphé. The orbital portion is thicker and of a reddish color; its fibers form a complete ellipse without interruption at the lateral palpebral commissure; the upper fibers of this portion blend with the Frontalis and Corrugator. The lacrimal part (Tensor tarsi) is a small, thin muscle, about 6 mm. in breadth and 12 mm. in length, situated behind the medial palpebral ligament and lacrimal sac. It arises from the posterior crest and adjacent part of the orbital surface of the lacrimal bone, and passing behind the lacrimal sac, divides into two slips, upper and lower, which are inserted into the superior and inferior tarsi medial to the puncta lacrimalia; occasionally it is very indistinct. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001578 UBERON:FMA_46779-MA_0001254 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gray379.png/200px-Gray379.png ncithesaurus:Orbicularis_Oculi The 'orbicularis oculi' is a muscle in the face that closes the eyelids. It arises from the nasal part of the frontal bone, from the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove, and from the anterior surface and borders of a short fibrous band, the medial palpebral ligament. From this origin, the fibers are directed lateralward, forming a broad and thin layer, which occupies the eyelids or palpebræ, surrounds the circumference of the orbit, and spreads over the temple, and downward on the cheek. The palpebral portion of the muscle is thin and pale; it arises from the bifurcation of the medial palpebral ligament, forms a series of concentric curves, and is inserted into the lateral palpebral raphé. The orbital portion is thicker and of a reddish color; its fibers form a complete ellipse without interruption at the lateral palpebral commissure; the upper fibers of this portion blend with the Frontalis and Corrugator. The lacrimal part (Tensor tarsi) is a small, thin muscle, about 6 mm. in breadth and 12 mm. in length, situated behind the medial palpebral ligament and lacrimal sac. It arises from the posterior crest and adjacent part of the orbital surface of the lacrimal bone, and passing behind the lacrimal sac, divides into two slips, upper and lower, which are inserted into the superior and inferior tarsi medial to the puncta lacrimalia; occasionally it is very indistinct. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Orbicularis_oculi olfactory nerve AAO:0010088 BTO:0003648 CN-I EHDAA2:0001293 EHDAA:6672 EMAPA:17797 FMA:46787 GAID:830 MA:0001096 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.640 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1319 OG:0000703 Olfactory nerve [I] OpenCyc:Mx4rvZuXAJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180937006 Segment of neural tree organ which is continuous with the olfactory epithelium and an olfactory bulb. The olfactory nerve supplies the nasal organ. TAO:0000249 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001579 UBERON:FMA_46787-MA_0001096-XAO_0000426-ZFA_0000249 XAO:0000426 ZFA:0000249 cranial nerve I fila olfactoria first cranial nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gray771.png/200px-Gray771.png ncithesaurus:Olfactory_Nerve nerve of smell nervus olfactorius nervus olfactorius [i] olfactory I olfactory fila olfactory i nerve FMA:46787 FMA:TA nervus olfactorius [i] EHDAA2:0001293 olfactory I BTO:0003648 nerve of smell BTO:0003648 olfactory fila ISBN:0471209627 Segment of neural tree organ which is continuous with the olfactory epithelium and an olfactory bulb. The olfactory nerve supplies the nasal organ. Wikipedia:Olfactory_nerve BTO:0003648 fila olfactoria BTO:0003648 nervus olfactorius levator labii superioris FMA:46805 MA:0002333 The levator labii superioris (or quadratus labii superioris) is a broad sheet, the origin of which extends from the side of the nose to the zygomatic bone. Its medial fibers form the angular head, which arises by a pointed extremity from the upper part of the frontal process of the maxilla and passing obliquely downward and lateralward divides into two slips. One of these is inserted into the greater alar cartilage and skin of the nose; the other is prolonged into the lateral part of the upper lip, blending with the infraorbital head and with the Orbicularis oris. The intermediate portion or infraorbital head arises from the lower margin of the orbit immediately above the infraorbital foramen, some of its fibers being attached to the maxilla, others to the zygomatic bone. Its fibers converge, to be inserted into the muscular substance of the upper lip between the angular head and the Caninus. The lateral fibers, forming the zygomatic head, arise from the malar surface of the zygomatic bone immediately behind the zygomaticomaxillary suture and pass downward and medialward to the upper lip. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001580 UBERON:FMA_46805-MA_0002333 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Levator_labii_superioris.png/200px-Levator_labii_superioris.png ncithesaurus:Levator_Labii_Superioris The levator labii superioris (or quadratus labii superioris) is a broad sheet, the origin of which extends from the side of the nose to the zygomatic bone. Its medial fibers form the angular head, which arises by a pointed extremity from the upper part of the frontal process of the maxilla and passing obliquely downward and lateralward divides into two slips. One of these is inserted into the greater alar cartilage and skin of the nose; the other is prolonged into the lateral part of the upper lip, blending with the infraorbital head and with the Orbicularis oris. The intermediate portion or infraorbital head arises from the lower margin of the orbit immediately above the infraorbital foramen, some of its fibers being attached to the maxilla, others to the zygomatic bone. Its fibers converge, to be inserted into the muscular substance of the upper lip between the angular head and the Caninus. The lateral fibers, forming the zygomatic head, arise from the malar surface of the zygomatic bone immediately behind the zygomaticomaxillary suture and pass downward and medialward to the upper lip. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Levator_labii_superioris depressor labii inferioris FMA:46816 MA:0002287 The depressor labii inferioris (or quadratus labii inferioris) is a facial muscle that helps lower the bottom lip. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001581 UBERON:FMA_46816-MA_0002287 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Depressor_labii_inferioris.png/200px-Depressor_labii_inferioris.png ncithesaurus:Depressor_Labii_Inferioris The depressor labii inferioris (or quadratus labii inferioris) is a facial muscle that helps lower the bottom lip. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Depressor_labii_inferioris buccinator . FMA:46834 MA:0002272 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001582 UBERON:FMA_46834-MA_0002272 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Buccinator.jpg/200px-Buccinator.jpg ncithesaurus:Buccinator . Wikipedia:Buccinator extrinsic auricular muscle FMA:46854 MA:0001230 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001583 UBERON:FMA_46854-MA_0001230 FMA left subclavian artery FMA:4694 In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002046 OpenCyc:Mx4rtW7hw6gEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvp8u1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244245001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001584 UBERON:FMA_4694-MA_0002046 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Left_Subclavian_Artery In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Left_subclavian_artery anterior vena cava BTO:0002683 EHDAA2:0001962 EHDAA:8726 EMAPA:18417 FMA:4720 GAID:549 MA:0000481 MESH:A.07.231.908.949.815 OG:0001195 SCTID:181368006 The mouse has both left and right anterior vena cava. adult humans only have a right. Postnatally the left regresses and becomes non-functional (Wessels and Sedmera 2003). In the mouse, The right pulmonary vein passes dorsal to the right superior vena cava, the left pulmonary dorsal to the left superior vena cava (Biology of the Laboratory Mouse, Green). Trunk of systemic vein which is formed by the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins and terminates in the right atrium. UBERON:0001585 UBERON:FMA_4720-MA_0000481 galen:SuperiorVenaCava http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Venenwinkel.png/200px-Venenwinkel.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Vena_Cava superior vena cava vena cava superior BTO:0002683 vena cava superior Trunk of systemic vein which is formed by the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins and terminates in the right atrium. Wikipedia:Superior_vena_cava FMA:4720 superior vena cava internal jugular vein AAO:0010236 EHDAA2:0000877 EHDAA2:0000878 EHDAA:5407 EMAPA:17620 FMA:4724 MA:0002157 OpenCyc:Mx4rvqdb95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181372005 The two internal jugular veins collect the blood from the brain, the superficial parts of the face, and the neck. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001586 UBERON:FMA_4724-MA_0002157 XAO:0000382 galen:InternalJugularVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray562.png/200px-Gray562.png internal jugular internal jugular venous tree ncithesaurus:Internal_Jugular_Vein The two internal jugular veins collect the blood from the brain, the superficial parts of the face, and the neck. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_jugular_vein EHDAA2:0000877 internal jugular subclavian vein AAO:0010510 EHDAA2:0001934 EHDAA:4455 EMAPA:17621 FMA:4725 GAID:546 In human anatomy, the subclavian veins are two large veins, one on either side of the body. Its diameter is approximately that of the small finger. It is divided into right and left subclavian vein. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002221 MESH:A.07.231.908.877 OpenCyc:Mx4rvvvtMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181388005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001587 UBERON:FMA_4725-MA_0002221 galen:SubclavianVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gray1174.png/200px-Gray1174.png ncithesaurus:Subclavian_Vein subclavian venous tree In human anatomy, the subclavian veins are two large veins, one on either side of the body. Its diameter is approximately that of the small finger. It is divided into right and left subclavian vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subclavian_vein vertebral vein AAO:0010509 FMA:4727 MA:0002262 OpenCyc:Mx4rwKt8xJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:303961000 The vertebral vein is formed in the suboccipital triangle, from numerous small tributaries which spring from the internal vertebral venous plexuses and issue from the vertebral canal above the posterior arch of the atlas. They unite with small veins from the deep muscles at the upper part of the back of the neck, and form a vessel which enters the foramen in the transverse process of the atlas, and descends, forming a dense plexus around the vertebral artery, in the canal formed by the foramina transversaria of the cervical vertebrae. This plexus ends in a single trunk, which emerges from the foramen transversarium of the sixth cervical vertebra, and opens at the root of the neck into the back part of the innominate vein near its origin, its mouth being guarded by a pair of valves. On the right side, it crosses the first part of the subclavian artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001588 UBERON:FMA_4727-MA_0002262 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gray563.png/200px-Gray563.png ncithesaurus:Vertebral_Vein The vertebral vein is formed in the suboccipital triangle, from numerous small tributaries which spring from the internal vertebral venous plexuses and issue from the vertebral canal above the posterior arch of the atlas. They unite with small veins from the deep muscles at the upper part of the back of the neck, and form a vessel which enters the foramen in the transverse process of the atlas, and descends, forming a dense plexus around the vertebral artery, in the canal formed by the foramina transversaria of the cervical vertebrae. This plexus ends in a single trunk, which emerges from the foramen transversarium of the sixth cervical vertebra, and opens at the root of the neck into the back part of the innominate vein near its origin, its mouth being guarded by a pair of valves. On the right side, it crosses the first part of the subclavian artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vertebral_vein internal thoracic vein EMAPA:18641 FMA:4729 In human anatomy, the internal thoracic vein (previously known as the internal mammary vein) is a vessel that drains the chest wall and mamma, a term used for breast in anatomy. Bilaterally, it arises from the superior epigastric vein, accompanies the internal thoracic artery along its course and terminates in the brachiocephalic vein. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002237 SCTID:281056008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001589 UBERON:FMA_4729-MA_0002237 ncithesaurus:Internal_Thoracic_Vein In human anatomy, the internal thoracic vein (previously known as the internal mammary vein) is a vessel that drains the chest wall and mamma, a term used for breast in anatomy. Bilaterally, it arises from the superior epigastric vein, accompanies the internal thoracic artery along its course and terminates in the brachiocephalic vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_thoracic_vein pericardiacophrenic vein FMA:4742 MA:0002187 SCTID:361626007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001590 UBERON:FMA_4742-MA_0002187 Vena comitans of the pericardiacophrenic arteries. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gray530.png/200px-Gray530.png ncithesaurus:Pericardiacophrenic_Vein Vena comitans of the pericardiacophrenic arteries. Wikipedia:Pericardiacophrenic_veins thymic vein FMA:4747 MA:0002246 SCTID:303432009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001591 UBERON:FMA_4747-MA_0002246 ncithesaurus:Thymic_Vein thymic tributary of brachiocephalic vein bronchial vein FMA:4749 MA:0002088 SCTID:198293000 The bronchial veins are small vessels that return blood from the larger bronchi and structures at the roots of the lungs. The right side drains into the azygos vein, while the left side drains into the left superior intercostal vein or the accessory hemiazygos vein. The bronchial veins are counterparts to the bronchial arteries. The veins, however, do not return all of the blood supplied by the arteries; much of the blood that is carried in the bronchial arteries is returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001592 UBERON:FMA_4749-MA_0002088 bronchial venous tree ncithesaurus:Bronchial_Vein The bronchial veins are small vessels that return blood from the larger bronchi and structures at the roots of the lungs. The right side drains into the azygos vein, while the left side drains into the left superior intercostal vein or the accessory hemiazygos vein. The bronchial veins are counterparts to the bronchial arteries. The veins, however, do not return all of the blood supplied by the arteries; much of the blood that is carried in the bronchial arteries is returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Bronchial_vein venous plexus FMA:4767 MA:0000069 SCTID:322151008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001593 UBERON:FMA_4767-MA_0000069 a congregation of multiple veins. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray585.png/200px-Gray585.png venous network Wikipedia:Venous_plexus a congregation of multiple veins. azygos vein EMAPA:18250 FMA:4838 GAID:528 MA:0002085 MESH:A.07.231.908.106 The azygos vein is a vein running up the right side of the thoracic vertebral column. It can also provide an alternate path for blood to the superior vena cava. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001594 UBERON:FMA_4838-MA_0002085 azygos venous tree galen:AzygosVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Azygos_vein.png/200px-Azygos_vein.png ncithesaurus:Azygos_Vein ISBN-10:0443065837 The azygos vein is a vein running up the right side of the thoracic vertebral column. It can also provide an alternate path for blood to the superior vena cava. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Azygos_vein auricular muscle FMA:48966 MA:0001229 SCTID:244757006 The auriculares muscles are the three muscles surrounding the auricula or outer ear: anterior auricular muscle superior auricular muscle posterior auricular muscle [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001595 UBERON:FMA_48966-MA_0001229 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Gray906.png/200px-Gray906.png muscle of auricle The auriculares muscles are the three muscles surrounding the auricula or outer ear: anterior auricular muscle superior auricular muscle posterior auricular muscle [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Auriculares_muscles intrinsic auricular muscle FMA:48967 MA:0001231 SCTID:244762007 UBERON:0001596 UBERON:FMA_48967-MA_0001231 FMA masseter BTO:0001755 EFO:0001424 EHDAA2:0001067 EHDAA:10561 EMAPA:25135 FMA:48996 In human anatomy, the masseter is one of the muscles of mastication. In the animal kingdom, it is particularly powerful in herbivores to facilitate chewing of plant matter. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002343 MESH:A.02.633.567.600.500 OG:0000823 SCTID:181738000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001597 UBERON:FMA_48996-MA_0002343 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Illu_head_neck_muscle.jpg/200px-Illu_head_neck_muscle.jpg masseter muscle ncithesaurus:Masseter_Muscle In human anatomy, the masseter is one of the muscles of mastication. In the animal kingdom, it is particularly powerful in herbivores to facilitate chewing of plant matter. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Masseter BTO:0001755 masseter muscle temporalis EHDAA2:0002001 EHDAA:10565 EMAPA:25138 FMA:49006 GAID:148 MA:0002390 MESH:A.02.633.567.600.850 OG:0000929 The temporal muscle is one of the muscles of mastication. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001598 UBERON:FMA_49006-MA_0002390 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gray382.png/200px-Gray382.png musculus temporalis ncithesaurus:Temporal_Muscle temporal muscle The temporal muscle is one of the muscles of mastication. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Temporalis FMA:49006 FMA:TA musculus temporalis stapedius EHDAA2:0001909 EHDAA:9029 EMAPA:18586 FMA:49027 GAID:164 MA:0001220 MESH:A.02.633.567.950 SCTID:244780003 The stapedius is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body. At just over one millimeter in length, its purpose is to stabilize the smallest bone in the body, the stapes. The stapedius emerges from a pinpoint foramen in the apex of the pyramidal eminence (a hollow, cone-shaped prominence in the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity), and inserts into the neck of the stapes. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001599 UBERON:FMA_49027-MA_0001220 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Musculusstapedius.png/200px-Musculusstapedius.png ncithesaurus:Stapedius_Muscle stapedius muscle The stapedius is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body. At just over one millimeter in length, its purpose is to stabilize the smallest bone in the body, the stapes. The stapedius emerges from a pinpoint foramen in the apex of the pyramidal eminence (a hollow, cone-shaped prominence in the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity), and inserts into the neck of the stapes. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Stapedius EHDAA2:0001909 stapedius muscle tensor tympani EHDAA2:0002002 EMAPA:18587 FMA:49028 GAID:166 MA:0001221 MESH:A.02.633.567.975 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001600 UBERON:FMA_49028-MA_0001221 eustachian muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gray912.png/200px-Gray912.png ncithesaurus:Tensor_Tympani the larger of the two muscles of the tympanic cavity, is contained in the bony canal above the osseous portion of the auditory tube. Its role is to dampen sounds produced from chewing. It arises from the cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube and the adjoining part of the great wing of the sphenoid, as well as from the osseous canal in which it is contained. Passing backward through the canal, it ends in a slender tendon which enters the tympanic cavity, makes a sharp bend around the extremity of the septum, known as the processus cochleariformis[1], and is inserted into the manubrium of the malleus, near its root[WP]. Wikipedia:Tensor_tympani the larger of the two muscles of the tympanic cavity, is contained in the bony canal above the osseous portion of the auditory tube. Its role is to dampen sounds produced from chewing. It arises from the cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube and the adjoining part of the great wing of the sphenoid, as well as from the osseous canal in which it is contained. Passing backward through the canal, it ends in a slender tendon which enters the tympanic cavity, makes a sharp bend around the extremity of the septum, known as the processus cochleariformis[1], and is inserted into the manubrium of the malleus, near its root[WP]. extra-ocular muscle BTO:0001579 EFO:0001921 FMA:49033 How many of these? TODO - MA and FMA vary here, and WP self-contradicts. TODO - develops from cranial mesoderm MA:0001271 OG:0000549 SCTID:181150000 Skeletal muscle derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. UBERON:0001601 UBERON:FMA_49033-MA_0000271 ZFA:0000511 extra-ocular skeletal muscle extraocular muscle extraocular musculature extraocular skeletal muscle extrinsic muscle of eyeball http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MRI_of_human_eye.jpg/200px-MRI_of_human_eye.jpg GO:0002074 Skeletal muscle derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. Wikipedia:Extraocular_muscles MA:0001271 extraocular skeletal muscle ZFA:0000511 extraocular musculature medial rectus FMA:49037 SCTID:181151001 TAO:0000301 The medial rectus muscle is a muscle in the orbit. As with most of the muscles of the orbit, it is innervated by the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (Cranial Nerve III). This muscle shares an origin with several other extrinsic eye muscles, the anulus tendineus, or common tendon. It is the largest of the extraocular muscles and its only action is adduction of the eyeball. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001602 UBERON:FMA_49037-ZFA_0000301 ZFA:0000301 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eyemuscles.png/200px-Eyemuscles.png The medial rectus muscle is a muscle in the orbit. As with most of the muscles of the orbit, it is innervated by the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (Cranial Nerve III). This muscle shares an origin with several other extrinsic eye muscles, the anulus tendineus, or common tendon. It is the largest of the extraocular muscles and its only action is adduction of the eyeball. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_rectus lateral rectus FMA:49038 SCTID:181152008 TAO:0000383 The lateral rectus muscle is a muscle in the orbit. It is one of six extraocular muscles that control the movements of the eye (abduction in this case) and the only muscle innervated by the abducens nerve, cranial nerve VI. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001603 UBERON:FMA_49038-ZFA_0000383 ZFA:0000383 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eyemuscles.png/200px-Eyemuscles.png The lateral rectus muscle is a muscle in the orbit. It is one of six extraocular muscles that control the movements of the eye (abduction in this case) and the only muscle innervated by the abducens nerve, cranial nerve VI. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_rectus levator palpebrae superioris FMA:49041 MA:0001272 SCTID:244774006 The levator palpebrae superioris (or levator muscle of upper eyelid) is the muscle in the orbit that elevates the superior (upper) eyelid. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001604 UBERON:FMA_49041-MA_0001272 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eyemuscles.png/200px-Eyemuscles.png ncithesaurus:Levator_Palpebrae_Superioris The levator palpebrae superioris (or levator muscle of upper eyelid) is the muscle in the orbit that elevates the superior (upper) eyelid. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Levator_palpebrae_superioris ciliary muscle BTO:0000654 Bowman`s muscles FMA:49151 MA:0001269 SCTID:280862009 The ciliary muscle is a smooth muscle in the eye that controls the eye's accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humour through Schlemm's canal. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001605 UBERON:FMA_49151-MA_0001269 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gray872.png/200px-Gray872.png musculus ciliarus ncithesaurus:Ciliary_Muscle BTO:0000654 musculus ciliarus The ciliary muscle is a smooth muscle in the eye that controls the eye's accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humour through Schlemm's canal. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ciliary_muscle BTO:0000654 Bowman`s muscles muscle of iris . FMA:49154 MA:0001287 SCTID:280888007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001606 UBERON:FMA_49154-MA_0001287 iris muscle iris muscle organ muscle organ of iris OBOL:automatic iris muscle organ . Wikipedia:Iris_muscle OBOL:automatic muscle organ of iris sphincter pupillae BTO:0000656 FMA:49157 MA:0001289 The iris sphincter muscle (pupillary sphincter, circular muscle of iris, circular fibers) is a muscle in the part of the eye called the iris. It encircles the eye, appropriate to its function as a constrictor. It is found in vertebrates and some cephalopods. In humans, it functions to constrict the pupil in bright light or during accommodation. Its dimensions are about 0.75 mm wide by 0.15 mm thick. It is controlled by parasympathetic fibers that originate from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, travel along the oculomotor nerve (CN III), synapse in the ciliary ganglion, and then enter the eye via the short ciliary nerves. Initially, all the myocytes are of the smooth muscle type, but much later in life, so that ultimately most cells are of the striated muscle type. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001607 UBERON:FMA_49157-MA_0001289 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gray878.png/200px-Gray878.png iris sphincter muscle musculus sphincter pupillae sphincter muscle of pupil BTO BTO:0000656 sphincter muscle of pupil BTO:0000656 iris sphincter muscle The iris sphincter muscle (pupillary sphincter, circular muscle of iris, circular fibers) is a muscle in the part of the eye called the iris. It encircles the eye, appropriate to its function as a constrictor. It is found in vertebrates and some cephalopods. In humans, it functions to constrict the pupil in bright light or during accommodation. Its dimensions are about 0.75 mm wide by 0.15 mm thick. It is controlled by parasympathetic fibers that originate from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, travel along the oculomotor nerve (CN III), synapse in the ciliary ganglion, and then enter the eye via the short ciliary nerves. Initially, all the myocytes are of the smooth muscle type, but much later in life, so that ultimately most cells are of the striated muscle type. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sphincter_pupillae BTO:0000656 musculus sphincter pupillae dilatator pupillae BTO:0001371 FMA:49158 MA:0001288 The iris dilator muscle (pupil dilator muscle, pupillary dilator, radial muscle of iris, radiating fibers), is a smooth muscle of the eye, running radially in the iris and therefore fit as a dilator. It is innervated by the sympathetic system, which acts by releasing noradrenaline, which acts on α1-receptors.. Thus, when presented with a threatening stimuli that activates the fight-or-flight response, this innervation dilates the iris, thus temporarily letting more light reach the retina. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001608 UBERON:FMA_49158-MA_0001288 dilator muscle of pupil dilator of pupil dilator pupillae dilator pupillae muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gray878.png/200px-Gray878.png iris dilator muscle musculus dilatator pupillae musculus dilator pupillae ncithesaurus:Dilator_Pupillae_Muscle BTO:0001371 musculus dilator pupillae BTO:0001371 iris dilator muscle The iris dilator muscle (pupil dilator muscle, pupillary dilator, radial muscle of iris, radiating fibers), is a smooth muscle of the eye, running radially in the iris and therefore fit as a dilator. It is innervated by the sympathetic system, which acts by releasing noradrenaline, which acts on α1-receptors.. Thus, when presented with a threatening stimuli that activates the fight-or-flight response, this innervation dilates the iris, thus temporarily letting more light reach the retina. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dilator_pupillae Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle FMA:49158 FMA:TA musculus dilatator pupillae BTO BTO:0001371 dilator pupillae muscle isthmus of thyroid gland EHDAA2:0002031 EHDAA:5777 EHDAA:5789 EMAPA:18195 EMAPA:18829 FMA:49178 MA:0000727 OG:0000739 SCTID:245539003 The thyroid isthmus connects together the lower thirds of the lobes; it measures about 1.25 cm. in breadth, and the same in depth, and usually covers the second and third rings of the trachea. Its situation and size present, however, many variations. In the middle line of the neck it is covered by the skin and fascia, and close to the middle line, on either side, by the Sternothyreoideus. Across its upper border runs an anastomotic branch uniting the two superior thyroid arteries; at its lower border are the inferior thyroid veins. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001609 UBERON:FMA_49178-MA_0000727 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gray1174.png/200px-Gray1174.png isthmus isthmus glandulae thyroideae ncithesaurus:Thyroid_Gland_Isthmus thyroid gland isthmus thyroid isthmus The thyroid isthmus connects together the lower thirds of the lobes; it measures about 1.25 cm. in breadth, and the same in depth, and usually covers the second and third rings of the trachea. Its situation and size present, however, many variations. In the middle line of the neck it is covered by the skin and fascia, and close to the middle line, on either side, by the Sternothyreoideus. Across its upper border runs an anastomotic branch uniting the two superior thyroid arteries; at its lower border are the inferior thyroid veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thyroid_isthmus OG:0000739 isthmus lingual artery AAO:0010492 FMA:49526 MA:0001992 OpenCyc:Mx4rvfqDCZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181327002 The lingual artery arises from the external carotid between the superior thyroid and facial artery[WP]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001610 UBERON:FMA_49526-MA_0001992 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lingual_artery.PNG/200px-Lingual_artery.PNG lingual branch of external carotid artery ncithesaurus:Lingual_Artery The lingual artery arises from the external carotid between the superior thyroid and facial artery[WP]. Wikipedia:Lingual_artery sublingual artery AAO:0010491 FMA:49543 MA:0002049 SCTID:368706006 The Sublingual Artery arises at the anterior margin of the Hyoglossus, and runs forward between the Genioglossus and Mylohyoideus to the sublingual gland. It supplies the gland and gives branches to the Mylohyoideus and neighboring muscles, and to the mucous membrane of the mouth and gums. One branch runs behind the alveolar process of the mandible in the substance of the gum to anastomose with a similar artery from the other side; another pierces the Mylohyoideus and anastomoses with the submental branch of the external maxillary artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001611 UBERON:FMA_49543-MA_0002049 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gray559.png/200px-Gray559.png ncithesaurus:Sublingual_Artery sublingual branch of lingual artery The Sublingual Artery arises at the anterior margin of the Hyoglossus, and runs forward between the Genioglossus and Mylohyoideus to the sublingual gland. It supplies the gland and gives branches to the Mylohyoideus and neighboring muscles, and to the mucous membrane of the mouth and gums. One branch runs behind the alveolar process of the mandible in the substance of the gum to anastomose with a similar artery from the other side; another pierces the Mylohyoideus and anastomoses with the submental branch of the external maxillary artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sublingual_artery facial artery EMAPA:19213 FMA:49549 MA:0001950 OpenCyc:Mx4rwCt95ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181328007 The facial artery (external maxillary artery in older texts) is a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies structures of the face. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001612 UBERON:FMA_49549-MA_0001950 external maxillary artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gray508.png/200px-Gray508.png ncithesaurus:Facial_Artery The facial artery (external maxillary artery in older texts) is a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies structures of the face. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Facial_artery occipital artery FMA:49586 MA:0002009 OpenCyc:Mx4rwC1IFJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244219005 The occipital artery arises opposite the facial artery, its path is below the posterior belly of digastric to the occipital region. This artery supplies blood to the back of the scalp and sterno-mastoid muscles. Other muscles it supplies are deep muscles in the back and neck. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001613 UBERON:FMA_49586-MA_0002009 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gray508.png/200px-Gray508.png ncithesaurus:Occipital_Artery The occipital artery arises opposite the facial artery, its path is below the posterior belly of digastric to the occipital region. This artery supplies blood to the back of the scalp and sterno-mastoid muscles. Other muscles it supplies are deep muscles in the back and neck. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Occipital_artery superficial temporal artery BTO:0003747 FMA:49650 In human anatomy, the superficial temporal artery is a major artery of the head. It arises from the external carotid artery when it bifurcates into the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery. Its pulse is palpable superior to the zygomatic arch, anterior and superior to the tragus. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002062 OpenCyc:Mx4rv33WkZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181325005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001614 UBERON:FMA_49650-MA_0002062 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gray1200.png/200px-Gray1200.png In human anatomy, the superficial temporal artery is a major artery of the head. It arises from the external carotid artery when it bifurcates into the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery. Its pulse is palpable superior to the zygomatic arch, anterior and superior to the tragus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superficial_temporal_artery transverse facial artery FMA:49657 MA:0002068 SCTID:146551008 The transverse facial artery is an artery that branches from the superficial temporal artery and runs across the face. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001615 UBERON:FMA_49657-MA_0002068 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gray515.png/200px-Gray515.png ncithesaurus:Transverse_Facial_Artery The transverse facial artery is an artery that branches from the superficial temporal artery and runs across the face. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Transverse_facial_artery maxillary artery EHDAA2:0001069 EHDAA:7357 EMAPA:17311 FMA:49675 GAID:498 MA:0001919 MESH:A.07.231.114.523 OpenCyc:Mx4rwDDJ45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181326006 The maxillary artery (or internal maxillary artery in older texts) is an artery that supplies deep structures of the face. It comes just out behind the neck of the mandible. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001616 UBERON:FMA_49675-MA_0001919 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gray510.png/200px-Gray510.png internal maxillary artery ncithesaurus:Maxillary_Artery Wikipedia The maxillary artery (or internal maxillary artery in older texts) is an artery that supplies deep structures of the face. It comes just out behind the neck of the mandible. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Maxillary_artery mental artery FMA:49701 MA:0002002 SCTID:147561008 The inferior alveolar artery (inferior dental artery) is an artery of the face. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001617 UBERON:FMA_49701-MA_0002002 mental branch of inferior alveolar artery ncithesaurus:Mental_Artery ramus mentalis (arteria alveolaris inferior) FMA:49701 FMA:TA ramus mentalis (arteria alveolaris inferior) The inferior alveolar artery (inferior dental artery) is an artery of the face. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Mental_artery buccal artery FMA:49754 MA:0001924 SCTID:148066005 The buccal artery (buccinator artery) is small and runs obliquely forward, between the Pterygoideus internus and the insertion of the Temporalis, to the outer surface of the Buccinator, to which it is distributed, anastomosing with branches of the external maxillary and with the infraorbital. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001618 UBERON:FMA_49754-MA_0001924 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gray508.png/200px-Gray508.png ncithesaurus:Buccal_Artery The buccal artery (buccinator artery) is small and runs obliquely forward, between the Pterygoideus internus and the insertion of the Temporalis, to the outer surface of the Buccinator, to which it is distributed, anastomosing with branches of the external maxillary and with the infraorbital. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Buccal_artery ophthalmic artery AAO:0010497 EHDAA2:0001300 EHDAA:7363 EMAPA:17007 FMA:49868 GAID:503 MA:0002011 MESH:A.07.231.114.622 OpenCyc:Mx4rvcCxpJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181310005 The ophthalmic artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery which supplies branches to supply the eye and other structures in the orbit. It enters the orbit together with the Optic nerve through the Optic canal. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001619 UBERON:FMA_49868-MA_0002011 XAO:0000368 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gray514.png/200px-Gray514.png The ophthalmic artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery which supplies branches to supply the eye and other structures in the orbit. It enters the orbit together with the Optic nerve through the Optic canal. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ophthalmic_artery central retinal artery FMA:49879 GAID:508 MA:0002038 MESH:A.07.231.114.765 SCTID:277771001 The central retinal artery (retinal artery) branches off the ophthalmic artery, running inferior to the optic nerve within its dural sheath to the eyeball. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001620 UBERON:FMA_49879-MA_0002038 Zinn's artery arteria centralis retinae central artery of retina central artery of the retina http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gray514_updated.png/200px-Gray514_updated.png ncithesaurus:Retinal_Artery retinal artery Wikipedia:Central_retinal_artery arteria centralis retinae Wikipedia:Central_retinal_artery central artery of the retina The central retinal artery (retinal artery) branches off the ophthalmic artery, running inferior to the optic nerve within its dural sheath to the eyeball. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Central_retinal_artery coronary artery BTO:0000290 EFO:0002551 EMAPA:19160 EMAPA:25968 EV:0100383 FMA:49893 MA:0002453 OpenCyc:Mx4rvoL56ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181294004 Systemic artery which supplies the heart.[FMA] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001621 UBERON:FMA_49893-MA_0002453 coronary arterial tree galen:CoronaryArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gray492.png/200px-Gray492.png ncithesaurus:Coronary_Artery FMA:FMA Systemic artery which supplies the heart.[FMA] Wikipedia:Coronary_artery lacrimal artery FMA:49927 MA:0001988 SCTID:369324002 The lacrimal artery arises close to the optic foramen, and is one of the largest branches derived from the ophthalmic artery: not infrequently it is given off before the artery enters the orbit. It accompanies the lacrimal nerve along the upper border of the Lateral Rectus, supplies the lacrimal gland. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001622 UBERON:FMA_49927-MA_0001988 ncithesaurus:Lacrimal_Artery The lacrimal artery arises close to the optic foramen, and is one of the largest branches derived from the ophthalmic artery: not infrequently it is given off before the artery enters the orbit. It accompanies the lacrimal nerve along the upper border of the Lateral Rectus, supplies the lacrimal gland. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lacrimal_artery dorsal nasal artery FMA:50000 MA:0001945 SCTID:369333000 The dorsal nasal artery (nasal artery) is an artery of the head. It is one of the two terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001623 UBERON:FMA_50000-MA_0001945 dorsal nasal branch of ophthalmic artery external nasal artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gray515.png/200px-Gray515.png ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Nasal_Artery The dorsal nasal artery (nasal artery) is an artery of the head. It is one of the two terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_nasal_artery anterior cerebral artery EHDAA2:0000128 EHDAA:5296 EMAPA:17854 EMAPA:18614 FMA:50028 GAID:485 MA:0001915 MESH:A.07.231.114.228.100 One of a pair of arteries on the brain that supply oxygen to most medial portions of frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes. The 2 anterior cerebral arteries arise from the internal carotid artery and are part of the Circle of Willis. OpenCyc:Mx4rv8biO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181309000 UBERON:0001624 UBERON:FMA_50028-MA_0001915 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gray517.png/200px-Gray517.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Cerebral_Artery One of a pair of arteries on the brain that supply oxygen to most medial portions of frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes. The 2 anterior cerebral arteries arise from the internal carotid artery and are part of the Circle of Willis. Wikipedia:Anterior_cerebral_artery right coronary artery Coronary artery which emerges from the anterior aortic sinus, between the right auricle and the pulmonary trunk, and supplies the right side of the heart.[FMA] EHDAA2:0004505 FMA:50039 MA:0002455 SCTID:362037006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001625 UBERON:FMA_50039-MA_0002455 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gray492.png/200px-Gray492.png ncithesaurus:Right_Coronary_Artery right coronary arterial tree Coronary artery which emerges from the anterior aortic sinus, between the right auricle and the pulmonary trunk, and supplies the right side of the heart.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Right_coronary_artery left coronary artery Coronary artery which emerges from the left posterior aortic sinus, between the left auricle and the pulmonary trunk, and supplies the left side of the heart.[FMA] EHDAA2:0004504 FMA:50040 MA:0002454 SCTID:362034004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001626 UBERON:FMA_50040-MA_0002454 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gray495.png/200px-Gray495.png left coronary arterial tree ncithesaurus:Left_Coronary_Artery Coronary artery which emerges from the left posterior aortic sinus, between the left auricle and the pulmonary trunk, and supplies the left side of the heart.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Left_coronary_artery middle cerebral artery EHDAA2:0001179 EHDAA:5298 EMAPA:18239 EMAPA:18615 FMA:50079 GAID:487 MA:0001935 MESH:A.07.231.114.228.550 OpenCyc:Mx4rvh3qQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181312002 The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the three major paired arteries that supplies blood to the cerebrum. The MCA arises from the internal carotid and continues into the lateral sulcus where it then branches and projects to many parts of the lateral cerebral cortex. It also supplies blood to the anterior temporal lobes and the insular cortices. The left and right MCAs rise from trifurcations of the internal carotid arteries and thus are connected to the anterior cerebral arteries and the posterior communicating arteries, which connect to the posterior cerebral arteries. The MCAs are not considered a part of the Circle of Willis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001627 UBERON:FMA_50079-MA_0001935 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gray517.png/200px-Gray517.png ncithesaurus:Middle_Cerebral_Artery sylvian artery The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the three major paired arteries that supplies blood to the cerebrum. The MCA arises from the internal carotid and continues into the lateral sulcus where it then branches and projects to many parts of the lateral cerebral cortex. It also supplies blood to the anterior temporal lobes and the insular cortices. The left and right MCAs rise from trifurcations of the internal carotid arteries and thus are connected to the anterior cerebral arteries and the posterior communicating arteries, which connect to the posterior cerebral arteries. The MCAs are not considered a part of the Circle of Willis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Middle_cerebral_artery posterior communicating artery An artery that connects caudal division of the internal carotid artery and the basal communicating artery to the basilar artery. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010205-5'>Isogai et al. 2001.</a> EHDAA2:0001487 EHDAA2:0004518 EHDAA:3352 EMAPA:18600 FMA:50084 MA:0002023 OpenCyc:Mx4rwDDlqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA PCA PCS SCTID:181314001 TAO:0005001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001628 UBERON:FMA_50084-MA_0002023-ZFA_0005001 ZFA:0005001 caudal communicating segment http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Circle_of_Willis_en.svg/200px-Circle_of_Willis_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Communicating_Artery posterior communicating segment of the basilar artery ZFA:0005001 caudal communicating segment ZFA:0005001 posterior communicating segment of the basilar artery An artery that connects caudal division of the internal carotid artery and the basal communicating artery to the basilar artery. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010205-5'>Isogai et al. 2001.</a> Wikipedia:Posterior_communicating_artery ZFIN:curator carotid body BTO:0000204 EMAPA:19211 FMA:50095 GAID:813 MA:0002463 MESH:A.08.800.550.700.120.600.150 SCTID:362586000 The carotid body (carotid glomus or glomus caroticum) is a small cluster of chemoreceptors and supporting cells located near the fork of the carotid artery (which runs along both sides of the throat). The carotid body detects changes in the composition of arterial blood flowing through it, mainly the partial pressure of oxygen, but also of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, it is also sensitive to changes in pH and temperature. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001629 UBERON:FMA_50095-MA_0002463 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gray1186.png/200px-Gray1186.png ncithesaurus:Carotid_Body The carotid body (carotid glomus or glomus caroticum) is a small cluster of chemoreceptors and supporting cells located near the fork of the carotid artery (which runs along both sides of the throat). The carotid body detects changes in the composition of arterial blood flowing through it, mainly the partial pressure of oxygen, but also of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, it is also sensitive to changes in pH and temperature. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Carotid_body muscle organ AAO:0011066 BTO:0001103 EMAPA:18187 EMAPA:18923 EV:0100146 FMA:5022 GAID:131 MA:0000015 OG:0001245 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2kf-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO]. Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of skeletal muscle tissue aggregated into macroscopic fasciculi by connective tissue; together with other muscles, it constitutes the muscular system. Examples: biceps, diaphragm, masseter, right third external intercostal muscle, external oblique, levator ani, serratus anterior[FMA]. SCTID:71616004 TAO:0005145 UBERON:0001630 UBERON:FMA_5022-MIAA_0000302-XAO_0000174 XAO:0000172 ZFA:0005145 galen:Muscle muscle skeletal muscle system somatic muscle BTO:0001103 skeletal muscle system ZFA:0005145 muscle BTO:0001103 somatic muscle GO:0007517 Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO]. Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of skeletal muscle tissue aggregated into macroscopic fasciculi by connective tissue; together with other muscles, it constitutes the muscular system. Examples: biceps, diaphragm, masseter, right third external intercostal muscle, external oblique, levator ani, serratus anterior[FMA]. thoracic duct EHDAA2:0004501 EMAPA:19310 FMA:5031 GAID:1290 Lymphatic trunk that connects all tributaries of the thoracic duct tree to the trunk of the left brachiocephalic vein[FMA]. MA:0002801 MESH:A.15.382.520.869 SCTID:362600004 TAO:0005110 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001631 UBERON:FMA_5031-ZFA_0005110 ZFA:0005110 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gray599.png/200px-Gray599.png ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Duct trunk of thoracic duct tree FMA:5031 Lymphatic trunk that connects all tributaries of the thoracic duct tree to the trunk of the left brachiocephalic vein[FMA]. Wikipedia:Thoracic_duct temporal artery AAO:0010495 FMA:50438 GAID:489 In human anatomy, the superficial temporal artery is a major artery of the head. It arises from the external carotid artery when it bifurcates into the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery. Its pulse is palpable superior to the zygomatic arch, anterior and superior to the tragus. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002061 MESH:A.07.231.114.228.868 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001632 UBERON:FMA_50438-MA_0002061 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gray1200.png/200px-Gray1200.png ncithesaurus:Temporal_Artery In human anatomy, the superficial temporal artery is a major artery of the head. It arises from the external carotid artery when it bifurcates into the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery. Its pulse is palpable superior to the zygomatic arch, anterior and superior to the tragus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Temporal_artery basilar artery BA EHDAA2:0000163 EHDAA:5285 EMAPA:17307 FMA:50542 GAID:474 In human anatomy, the basilar artery is one of the arteries that supplies the brain with oxygen-rich blood. The two vertebral arteries and the basilar artery are sometimes together called the vertebrobasilar system, which supplies blood to the posterior part of circle of Willis and anastomoses with blood supplied to the anterior part of the circle of Willis from the carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001920 MESH:A.07.231.114.106 OG:0000237 OpenCyc:Mx4rwJTtcZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244215004 TAO:0005002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001633 UBERON:FMA_50542-MA_0001920-ZFA_0005002 ZFA:0005002 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Circle_of_Willis_en.svg/200px-Circle_of_Willis_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Basilar_Artery In human anatomy, the basilar artery is one of the arteries that supplies the brain with oxygen-rich blood. The two vertebral arteries and the basilar artery are sometimes together called the vertebrobasilar system, which supplies blood to the posterior part of circle of Willis and anastomoses with blood supplied to the anterior part of the circle of Willis from the carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Basilar_artery mesencephalic artery Develops from the proximal portion of the primitive mesencephalic artery. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010205-5'>Isogai et al.2001.</a> FMA:50570 MsA TAO:0001068 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001634 UBERON:FMA_50570-ZFA_0001068 XAO:0004173 ZFA:0001068 Develops from the proximal portion of the primitive mesencephalic artery. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010205-5'>Isogai et al.2001.</a> ZFIN:curator superior cerebellar artery EHDAA2:0000681 EMAPA:19309 FMA:50573 MA:0001934 SCTID:244214000 The superior cerebellar artery (SCA) arises near the termination of the basilar artery. It passes lateralward, immediately below the oculomotor nerve, which separates it from the posterior cerebral artery, winds around the cerebral peduncle, close to the trochlear nerve, and, arriving at the upper surface of the cerebellum, divides into branches which ramify in the pia mater and anastomose with those of the inferior cerebellar arteries. Several branches are given to the pineal body, the anterior medullary velum, and the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001635 UBERON:FMA_50573-MA_0001934 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CerebellumArteries.jpg/200px-CerebellumArteries.jpg ncithesaurus:Superior_Cerebellar_Artery The superior cerebellar artery (SCA) arises near the termination of the basilar artery. It passes lateralward, immediately below the oculomotor nerve, which separates it from the posterior cerebral artery, winds around the cerebral peduncle, close to the trochlear nerve, and, arriving at the upper surface of the cerebellum, divides into branches which ramify in the pia mater and anastomose with those of the inferior cerebellar arteries. Several branches are given to the pineal body, the anterior medullary velum, and the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_cerebellar_artery posterior cerebral artery EHDAA2:0000659 EMAPA:17861 EMAPA:18616 FMA:50583 GAID:488 MA:0002022 MESH:A.07.231.114.228.700 OpenCyc:Mx4rwO4qIJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181313007 The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is one of a pair of blood vessels that supplies oxygenated blood to the posterior aspect of the brain in human anatomy]. It arises near the intersection of the posterior communicating artery and the basilar artery and connects with the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) and internal carotid artery via the posterior communicating artery (PCommA). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001636 UBERON:FMA_50583-MA_0002022 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gray517.png/200px-Gray517.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Cerebral_Artery The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is one of a pair of blood vessels that supplies oxygenated blood to the posterior aspect of the brain in human anatomy]. It arises near the intersection of the posterior communicating artery and the basilar artery and connects with the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) and internal carotid artery via the posterior communicating artery (PCommA). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Posterior_cerebral_artery artery AAO:0010211 AEO:0000208 An epithelial tube or tree of tibes that transports blood away from the heart[modified from AEO definition]. BTO:0000573 EFO:0000814 EHDAA2:0000143 EHDAA2:0003253 EV:0100026 FMA:50720 GAID:468 MA:0000064 MAT:0000034 MESH:A.07.231.114 MIAA:0000034 Note that in FMA an artery is a tree, whereas AEO/JB defines it as a tube. In fact, we use this class in a fairly generic fashion, to encompass both individual tubes and tube trees. In the future we may introduce more specific subclasses OG:0001251 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjknZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362877004 TAO:0000005 UBERON:0001637 UBERON:FMA_50720-MA_0000061-MA_0000064-MIAA_0000034-XAO_0000114-ZFA_0000005 XAO:0000114 ZFA:0000005 arterial subtree arterial system arterial tree organ part arterial vessel galen:Artery ncithesaurus:Artery AEO:JB An epithelial tube or tree of tibes that transports blood away from the heart[modified from AEO definition]. vein AAO:0010212 AEO:0000209 Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart. BTO:0000234 EFO:0000816 EHDAA2:0003254 EV:0100031 FMA:50723 GAID:492 MA:0000067 MAT:0000037 MESH:A.07.231.908 MIAA:0000037 OG:0001252 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjkWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181367001 TAO:0000082 TODO - check with MA - vein vs venous blood vessel UBERON:0001638 UBERON:FMA_50723-MA_0000066-MA_0000067-MIAA_0000037-XAO_0000115-ZFA_0000082 XAO:0000115 ZFA:0000082 galen:Vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Venous_system_en.svg/200px-Venous_system_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Vein venous subtree venous tree organ part venous vessel Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart. Wikipedia:Vein hepatic portal vein AAO:0010214 FMA:50735 HPV MA:0002132 OG:0000642 TAO:0005090 The hepatic portal vein (often simply portal vein) is a vein in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen. It is usually formed by the confluence of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins, and also receives blood from the inferior mesenteric, gastric, and cystic veins. The hepatic portal vein is a major component of the hepatic portal system, one of the main portal venous systems in the body. Conditions involving the hepatic portal vein cause considerable illness and death. An important example of such a condition is elevated blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein. This condition, called portal hypertension, is a major complication of cirrhosis worldwide. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001639 UBERON:FMA_50735-MA_0002132-ZFA_0005090 ZFA:0005090 hepatic portal tree http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gray591.png/200px-Gray591.png liver portal vein portal vein portal vein of liver primary hepatic portal vein primary hepatic portal veins ZFA:0005090 primary hepatic portal vein portal vein OBOL:automatic portal vein of liver The hepatic portal vein (often simply portal vein) is a vein in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen. It is usually formed by the confluence of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins, and also receives blood from the inferior mesenteric, gastric, and cystic veins. The hepatic portal vein is a major component of the hepatic portal system, one of the main portal venous systems in the body. Conditions involving the hepatic portal vein cause considerable illness and death. An important example of such a condition is elevated blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein. This condition, called portal hypertension, is a major complication of cirrhosis worldwide. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hepatic_portal_vein http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3091300&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 OBOL:automatic liver portal vein celiac artery EHDAA2:0004519 FMA:50737 GAID:483 MA:0001931 MESH:A.07.231.114.207 SCTID:181340007 The celiac artery, also known as the celiac trunk, is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta. Branching from the aorta 'anterior to the upper part of T12' vertebra in humans, it is one of three anterior/ midline branches of the abdominal aorta. UBERON:0001640 UBERON:FMA_50737-MA_0001931 celiac tree coeliac artery coeliac axis coeliac trunck coeliac trunk http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray532.png/200px-Gray532.png ncithesaurus:Coeliac_Artery truncus coeliacus Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac artery Wikipedia:Celiac_artery truncus coeliacus Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac axis The celiac artery, also known as the celiac trunk, is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta. Branching from the aorta 'anterior to the upper part of T12' vertebra in humans, it is one of three anterior/ midline branches of the abdominal aorta. Wikipedia:Celiac_artery FMA Wikipedia Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac trunk Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac trunck transverse sinus EMAPA:18637 FMA:50763 MA:0001868 OpenCyc:Mx4rwDb62ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279262004 The transverse sinuses (left and right lateral sinuses), within a human head, are two areas beneath the brain, which allow blood veins to span the area, from the back of the head towards the nose. They drain from the straight sinus and superior sagittal sinus (along the top and back of the brain) to the sigmoid sinuses (at the center of the head), at the internal jugular vein. See diagram (at right): labeled under the brain as '' . The transverse sinuses are of large size and begin at the internal occipital protuberance; one, generally the right, being the direct continuation of the superior sagittal sinus, the other of the straight sinus. Each transverse sinus passes lateralward and forward, describing a slight curve with its convexity upward, to the base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and lies, in this part of its course, in the attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli; it then leaves the tentorium and curves downward and medialward to reach the jugular foramen, where it ends in the internal jugular vein. In its course it rests upon the squama of the occipital, the mastoid angle of the parietal, the mastoid part of the temporal, and, just before its termination, the jugular process of the occipital; the portion which occupies the groove on the mastoid part of the temporal is sometimes termed the sigmoid sinus. The transverse sinuses are frequently of unequal size, with the one formed by the superior sagittal sinus being the larger; they increase in size as they proceed, from back to center. On transverse section, the horizontal portion exhibits a prismatic form, the curved portion has a semicylindrical form. They receive the blood from the superior petrosal sinuses at the base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone; they communicate with the veins of the pericranium by means of the mastoid and condyloid emissary veins; and they receive some of the inferior cerebral and inferior cerebellar veins, and some veins from the diploë. The petrosquamous sinus, when present, runs backward along the junction of the squama and petrous portion of the temporal, and opens into the transverse sinus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001641 UBERON:FMA_50763-MA_0001868 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray488_blue.gif/200px-Gray488_blue.gif lateral sinus ncithesaurus:Transverse_Sinus todo - check su The transverse sinuses (left and right lateral sinuses), within a human head, are two areas beneath the brain, which allow blood veins to span the area, from the back of the head towards the nose. They drain from the straight sinus and superior sagittal sinus (along the top and back of the brain) to the sigmoid sinuses (at the center of the head), at the internal jugular vein. See diagram (at right): labeled under the brain as '' . The transverse sinuses are of large size and begin at the internal occipital protuberance; one, generally the right, being the direct continuation of the superior sagittal sinus, the other of the straight sinus. Each transverse sinus passes lateralward and forward, describing a slight curve with its convexity upward, to the base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and lies, in this part of its course, in the attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli; it then leaves the tentorium and curves downward and medialward to reach the jugular foramen, where it ends in the internal jugular vein. In its course it rests upon the squama of the occipital, the mastoid angle of the parietal, the mastoid part of the temporal, and, just before its termination, the jugular process of the occipital; the portion which occupies the groove on the mastoid part of the temporal is sometimes termed the sigmoid sinus. The transverse sinuses are frequently of unequal size, with the one formed by the superior sagittal sinus being the larger; they increase in size as they proceed, from back to center. On transverse section, the horizontal portion exhibits a prismatic form, the curved portion has a semicylindrical form. They receive the blood from the superior petrosal sinuses at the base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone; they communicate with the veins of the pericranium by means of the mastoid and condyloid emissary veins; and they receive some of the inferior cerebral and inferior cerebellar veins, and some veins from the diploë. The petrosquamous sinus, when present, runs backward along the junction of the squama and petrous portion of the temporal, and opens into the transverse sinus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Transverse_sinus superior sagittal sinus EMAPA:18636 FMA:50767 MA:0001867 OpenCyc:Mx4rv9naEJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362075006 The superior sagittal sinus (also known as the superior longitudinal sinus), within a human cranium, is an area above/behind the brain, which allows blood veins to span the area, from the top of the head towards the back. It is believed that the cerebrospinal fluid drains through the arachnoid granulations into the dural venous sinuses of the superior sagittal sinus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001642 UBERON:FMA_50767-MA_0001867 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray488_blue.gif/200px-Gray488_blue.gif ncithesaurus:Superior_Sagittal_Sinus The superior sagittal sinus (also known as the superior longitudinal sinus), within a human cranium, is an area above/behind the brain, which allows blood veins to span the area, from the top of the head towards the back. It is believed that the cerebrospinal fluid drains through the arachnoid granulations into the dural venous sinuses of the superior sagittal sinus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_sagittal_sinus oculomotor nerve AAO:0010468 BM:MB-IIIN CN-III Cranial nerve which connects the midbrain to the extra-ocular and intra-ocular muscles. // Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles. EHDAA2:0001284 EHDAA:3736 EMAPA:17574 FMA:50864 GAID:829 MA:0001095 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.600 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1646 OG:0000692 Oculomotor nerve [III] OpenCyc:Mx4rvj7pZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362456009 TAO:0000405 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001643 UBERON:FMA_50864-MA_0001095-XAO_0003090-ZFA_0000405 XAO:0003090 ZFA:0000405 cranial nerve III http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gray776.png/200px-Gray776.png ncithesaurus:Oculomotor_Nerve nervus oculomotorius [iii] occulomotor oculomotor III oculomotor III nerve oculomotor nerve tree third cranial nerve Cranial nerve which connects the midbrain to the extra-ocular and intra-ocular muscles. // Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles. ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Oculomotor_nerve GO EHDAA2:0001284 oculomotor III FMA:50864 FMA:TA nervus oculomotorius [iii] trochlear nerve AAO:0010469 BM:IVN CN-IV Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles. EHDAA2:0002090 EMAPA:18218 FMA:50865 GAID:838 MA:0001105 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.800 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1654 OG:0000705 OpenCyc:Mx4rvyeBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180939009 TAO:0000600 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Trochlear nerve [IV] UBERON:0001644 UBERON:FMA_50865-MA_0001105-XAO_0003091-ZFA_0000600 XAO:0003091 ZFA:0000600 cranial nerve IV fourth cranial nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Trochlear_nerve.png/200px-Trochlear_nerve.png ncithesaurus:Trochlear_Nerve nervus trochlearis [iv] pathetic nerve superior oblique nerve trochlear trochlear IV nerve trochlear nerve tree FMA:50865 FMA:TA nervus trochlearis [iv] Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles. ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Trochlear_nerve trigeminal nerve AAO:0010470 BM:VN BTO:0001072 CN-V Cranial nerve that branches into the ophthalmic (supplying the skin of the nose and upper jaw) and the mandibular (supplying the lower jaw). EFO:0001402 EHDAA2:0002084 EHDAA:3738 EMAPA:16797 EMAPA:17576 FMA:50866 GAID:726 MA:0001100 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.760 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_869 OG:0000704 OpenCyc:Mx4rwMF8CJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362459002 TAO:0000697 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Trigeminal nerve [V] UBERON:0001645 UBERON:FMA_50866-MA_0001100-XAO_0003092-ZFA_0000697 XAO:0003092 ZFA:0000697 cranial nerve V fifth cranial nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gray778_Trigeminal.png/200px-Gray778_Trigeminal.png ncithesaurus:Trigeminal_Nerve nervus trigeminus nervus trigeminus [v] trigeminal V trigeminal nerve tree trigeminal v nerve trigeminus BTO:0001072 trigeminus EHDAA2:0002084 trigeminal V Cranial nerve that branches into the ophthalmic (supplying the skin of the nose and upper jaw) and the mandibular (supplying the lower jaw). ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nerve FMA:50866 FMA:TA nervus trigeminus [v] BTO:0001072 nervus trigeminus abducens nerve AAO:0010471 Abducens nerve [VI] Abducent nerve [VI] BM:Pons-VIN CN-VI Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles. EHDAA2:0000103 FMA:50867 GAID:824 MA:0001087 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.030 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_876 OG:0000697 OpenCyc:Mx4rvjl41ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180941005 TAO:0000310 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001646 UBERON:FMA_50867-MA_0001087-XAO_0003093-ZFA_0000310 XAO:0003093 ZFA:0000310 abducens VI nerve abducens nerve tree abducent nerve cranial nerve VI http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Abducens_nerve1.png/200px-Abducens_nerve1.png lateral rectus nerve ncithesaurus:Abducens_Nerve nervus abducens nervus abducens [vi] sixth cranial nerve FMA:50867 FMA:TA nervus abducens [vi] Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles. ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Abducens_nerve facial nerve AAO:0010472 BM:Pons-VIIN CN-VII Cranial nerve that branches into the supraorbital (supplying the skin of the eye region and the lateral line organs here), the palatine (to the roof of the buccal cavity), and the hyomandibular (dividing into the jugular and mental branches). EHDAA2:0000489 EHDAA:3729 EMAPA:17569 EMAPA:17796 FMA:50868 Facial nerve [VII] GAID:719 MA:0001091 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.250 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_827 OG:0000706 OpenCyc:Mx4rvthgEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362460007 TAO:0000664 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001647 UBERON:FMA_50868-MA_0001091-XAO_0003094-ZFA_0000664 XAO:0003094 ZFA:0000664 branchiomeric cranial nerve cranial nerve VII face nerve facial VII facial VII nerve facial nerve tree http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cranial_nerve_VII.svg/200px-Cranial_nerve_VII.svg.png ncithesaurus:Facial_Nerve nerve of face nervus facialis nervus facialis [vii] seventh cranial nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of face FMA:50868 FMA:TA nervus facialis [vii] ZFA:0000664 nervus facialis GO OBOL:automatic face nerve Cranial nerve that branches into the supraorbital (supplying the skin of the eye region and the lateral line organs here), the palatine (to the roof of the buccal cavity), and the hyomandibular (dividing into the jugular and mental branches). ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Facial_nerve EHDAA2:0000489 facial VII vestibulocochlear nerve AAO:0010473 BTO:0003490 CN-VIII Cranial nerve that runs to the ear. EHDAA2:0002194 EMAPA:17801 FMA:50869 GAID:839 MA:0001109 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.910 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_890 OG:0000695 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjMFZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180945001 TAO:0000247 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001648 UBERON:FMA_50869-FMA_53431-MA_0001109-XAO_0003095-ZFA_0000247 VIIIth cranial nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII] XAO:0003095 ZFA:0000247 acoustic nerve acoustic nerve (crosby) cochlear-vestibular nerve cochleovestibular nerve cranial nerve VIII eighth cranial nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray789.png/200px-Gray789.png ncithesaurus:Vestibulocochlear_Nerve nervus vestibulocochlearis nervus vestibulocochlearis [viii] octaval nerve stato-acoustic nerve statoacoustic nerve vestibulocochlear VIII nerve vestibulocochlear nerve tree BTO:0003490 nervus vestibulocochlearis FMA:50869 FMA:TA nervus vestibulocochlearis [viii] Cranial nerve that runs to the ear. ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Vestibulocochlear_nerve glossopharyngeal nerve AAO:0010474 BTO:0004979 CN-IX Cranial nerve that branches into the ramus communicans (to the skin), the pretrematic (to the walls of the pharynx and mouth, viscero-sensory fibers), and the larval post-trematic branch (lost in the adult). EHDAA2:0000709 EHDAA:3733 EMAPA:16795 EMAPA:17268 FMA:50870 GAID:827 Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] MA:0001093 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.290 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_899 OG:0000701 OpenCyc:Mx4rwIr5X5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362465002 TAO:0000668 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001649 UBERON:FMA_50870-MA_0001093-XAO_0003096-ZFA_0000668 XAO:0003096 ZFA:0000668 cranial nerve IX glossopharyngeal IX glossopharyngeal IX nerve glossopharyngeal nerve tree http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gray791.png/200px-Gray791.png ncithesaurus:Glossopharyngeal_Nerve nervus glossopharyngeus nervus glossopharyngeus [ix] ninth cranial nerve ZFA:0000668 nervus glossopharyngeus EHDAA2:0000709 glossopharyngeal IX Cranial nerve that branches into the ramus communicans (to the skin), the pretrematic (to the walls of the pharynx and mouth, viscero-sensory fibers), and the larval post-trematic branch (lost in the adult). ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Glossopharyngeal_nerve FMA FMA:50870 FMA:TA nervus glossopharyngeus [ix] hypoglossal nerve AAO:0010477 BTO:0003386 EHDAA2:0000798 EHDAA:2859 EMAPA:17269 FMA:50871 GAID:828 Hypoglossal nerve [XII] MA:0001094 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.330 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_820 Nerve that innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue. OG:0000693 OpenCyc:Mx4rv9eWA5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362471008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001650 UBERON:FMA_50871-MA_0001094 XAO:0004215 cranial nerve XII hypoglossal XII hypoglossal XII nerve hypoglossal nerve tree ncithesaurus:Hypoglossal_Nerve nervus hypoglossus [xii] twelfth cranial nerve GO:0021566 Nerve that innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue. Wikipedia:Hypoglossal_nerve NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_820 cranial nerve XII FMA:50871 FMA:TA nervus hypoglossus [xii] EHDAA2:0000798 hypoglossal XII right pulmonary artery FMA:50872 MA:0002500 SCTID:244235003 TODO - add class 'pulmonary artery tree organ' The pulmonary arteries carry blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood. In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide - approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001651 UBERON:FMA_50872-MA_0002500 galen:RightPulmonaryArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/200px-Alveoli_diagram.png ncithesaurus:Right_Pulmonary_Artery right main pulmonary artery right pulmonary arterial tree The pulmonary arteries carry blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood. In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide - approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Right_pulmonary_artery left pulmonary artery FMA:50873 MA:0002032 SCTID:244234004 TODO - add class 'pulmonary artery tree organ' The pulmonary arteries carry blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood. In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide - approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001652 UBERON:FMA_50873-MA_0002032 galen:LeftPulmonaryArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/200px-Alveoli_diagram.png left main pulmonary artery left pulmonary arterial tree ncithesaurus:Left_Pulmonary_Artery The pulmonary arteries carry blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood. In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide - approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Left_pulmonary_artery facial vein AAO:0010513 Comment note MA also has 'anterior facial vein' EMAPA:19220 FMA:50874 MA:0002115 OpenCyc:Mx4rvziz3JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181374006 The anterior facial vein (facial vein) commences at the side of the root of the nose, and is a direct continuation of the angular vein where it also receives a small nasal branch. It lies behind the facial artery and follows a less tortuous course. It receives blood from the external palatine vein before it either joins the anterior branch of the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein, or drains directly into the internal jugular vein. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001653 UBERON:FMA_50874-MA_0002115 face vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Facial_Vein vein of face OBOL:automatic vein of face The anterior facial vein (facial vein) commences at the side of the root of the nose, and is a direct continuation of the angular vein where it also receives a small nasal branch. It lies behind the facial artery and follows a less tortuous course. It receives blood from the external palatine vein before it either joins the anterior branch of the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein, or drains directly into the internal jugular vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Facial_vein OBOL:automatic face vein supra-orbital vein FMA:50904 MA:0002228 SCTID:152006005 The supraorbital vein begins on the forehead where it communicates with the frontal branch of the superficial temporal vein. It runs downward superficial to the Frontalis muscle, and joins the frontal vein at the medial angle of the orbit to form the angular vein. Previous to its junction with the frontal vein, it sends through the supraorbital notch into the orbit a branch which communicates with the ophthalmic vein; as this vessel passes through the notch, it receives the frontal diploic vein through a foramen at the bottom of the notch. The areas drained by this vessel are the forehead, eyebrow and upper eyelid. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001654 UBERON:FMA_50904-MA_0002228 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Supra-orbital_Vein supraorbital vein The supraorbital vein begins on the forehead where it communicates with the frontal branch of the superficial temporal vein. It runs downward superficial to the Frontalis muscle, and joins the frontal vein at the medial angle of the orbit to form the angular vein. Previous to its junction with the frontal vein, it sends through the supraorbital notch into the orbit a branch which communicates with the ophthalmic vein; as this vessel passes through the notch, it receives the frontal diploic vein through a foramen at the bottom of the notch. The areas drained by this vessel are the forehead, eyebrow and upper eyelid. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Supra-orbital_vein FMA/obol submental vein FMA:50925 MA:0002223 SCTID:152309009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001655 UBERON:FMA_50925-MA_0002223 ncithesaurus:Submental_Vein FMA/obol retromandibular vein FMA:50928 MA:0002117 OpenCyc:Mx4rv0bn95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:151299003 The retromandibular vein (temporomaxillary vein, posterior facial vein), formed by the union of the superficial temporal and maxillary veins, descends in the substance of the parotid gland, superficial to the external carotid artery but beneath the facial nerve, between the ramus of the mandible and the sternocleidomastoideus muscle. It divides into two branches: an anterior, which passes forward and unites with the anterior facial vein to form the common facial vein. a posterior, which is joined by the posterior auricular vein and becomes the external jugular vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001656 UBERON:FMA_50928-MA_0002117 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Temporo-maxillary_Vein posterior facial vein FMA/obol The retromandibular vein (temporomaxillary vein, posterior facial vein), formed by the union of the superficial temporal and maxillary veins, descends in the substance of the parotid gland, superficial to the external carotid artery but beneath the facial nerve, between the ramus of the mandible and the sternocleidomastoideus muscle. It divides into two branches: an anterior, which passes forward and unites with the anterior facial vein to form the common facial vein. a posterior, which is joined by the posterior auricular vein and becomes the external jugular vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Retromandibular_vein FMA/obol superficial temporal vein BTO:0003748 EMAPA:19315 FMA:50932 MA:0002242 OpenCyc:Mx4rvmANWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:150087005 The superficial temporal vein is a vein of the side of the head. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001657 UBERON:FMA_50932-MA_0002242 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Superficial_Temporal_Vein The superficial temporal vein is a vein of the side of the head. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superficial_temporal_vein FMA/obol FMA/obol FMA/obol middle temporal vein FMA:50935 MA:0002241 SCTID:151400007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001658 UBERON:FMA_50935-MA_0002241 FMA/obol FMA/obol FMA/obol transverse facial vein FMA:50938 MA:0002247 SCTID:151501009 The superficial temporal vein is a vein of the side of the head. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001659 UBERON:FMA_50938-MA_0002247 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png FMA/obol The superficial temporal vein is a vein of the side of the head. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Transverse_facial_vein FMA/obol FMA/obol maxillary vein FMA:50941 MA:0002169 OpenCyc:Mx4rvlDSc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:29972009 The maxillary veins (internal maxillary vein in older sources) consist of a short trunk which accompanies the first part of the internal maxillary artery. It is formed by a confluence of the veins of the pterygoid plexus, and passes backward between the sphenomandibular ligament and the neck of the mandible, and unites with the superficial temporal vein to form the retromandibular vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001660 UBERON:FMA_50941-MA_0002169 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Internal_Maxillary_Vein FMA/obol The maxillary veins (internal maxillary vein in older sources) consist of a short trunk which accompanies the first part of the internal maxillary artery. It is formed by a confluence of the veins of the pterygoid plexus, and passes backward between the sphenomandibular ligament and the neck of the mandible, and unites with the superficial temporal vein to form the retromandibular vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Maxillary_vein FMA/obol FMA/obol deep temporal vein FMA:50954 MA:0002240 SCTID:798000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001661 UBERON:FMA_50954-MA_0002240 ncithesaurus:Deep_Temporal_Vein anterior auricular vein FMA:50956 MA:0002083 SCTID:151602009 The anterior auricular veins are veins which drain the anterior aspect of the external ear. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001662 UBERON:FMA_50956-MA_0002083 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Auricular_Vein FMA/obol The anterior auricular veins are veins which drain the anterior aspect of the external ear. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_auricular_veins FMA/obol FMA/obol cerebral vein FMA:50981 GAID:530 MA:0002096 MESH:A.07.231.908.155 SCTID:244392000 The cerebral veins are divisible into external and internal groups according to the outer surfaces or the inner parts of the hemispheres they drain into. The external veins are the superior cerebral veins, inferior cerebral veins, and middle cerebral vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001663 UBERON:FMA_50981-MA_0002096 XAO:0004160 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gray568.png/200px-Gray568.png ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Vein The cerebral veins are divisible into external and internal groups according to the outer surfaces or the inner parts of the hemispheres they drain into. The external veins are the superior cerebral veins, inferior cerebral veins, and middle cerebral vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cerebral_veins inferior cerebral vein FMA:50986 MA:0002097 SCTID:244395003 The inferior cerebral veins, of small size, drain the under surfaces of the hemispheres. Those on the orbital surface of the frontal lobe join the superior cerebral veins, and through these open into the superior sagittal sinus. Those of the temporal lobe anastomose with the middle cerebral and basal veins, and join the cavernous, sphenoparietal, and superior petrosal sinuses. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001664 UBERON:FMA_50986-MA_0002097 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gray517.png/200px-Gray517.png The inferior cerebral veins, of small size, drain the under surfaces of the hemispheres. Those on the orbital surface of the frontal lobe join the superior cerebral veins, and through these open into the superior sagittal sinus. Those of the temporal lobe anastomose with the middle cerebral and basal veins, and join the cavernous, sphenoparietal, and superior petrosal sinuses. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_cerebral_vein triceps surae A set of muscles in FMA, a single organ in MA FMA:51062 MA:0002400 The triceps surae is a pair of muscles located at the calf - the gastrocnemius and the soleus. These muscles both insert into the calcaneus, the bone of the heel of the human foot, and form the major part of the muscle of the back part of the lower leg, commonly known as the calf muscle. The triceps surae is connected to the foot through the Achilles tendon, and has 3 heads deriving from the 2 major masses of muscle. The superficial portion (the gastrocnemius) gives off 2 heads attaching to the base of the femur directly above the knee. The deep (profundis) mass of muscle (the soleus) forms the remaining head which attaches to the superior posterior area of the tibia. The triceps surae is innervated by the tibial nerve, specifically, nerve roots L5–S2. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001665 UBERON:FMA_51062-MA_0002400 calf muscle gastrosoleus gastrosoleus complex http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg/200px-Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg ncithesaurus:Triceps_Surae sural triceps Wikipedia:Triceps_surae_muscle gastrosoleus Wikipedia:Triceps_surae_muscle calf muscle Wikipedia:Triceps_surae_muscle gastrosoleus complex The triceps surae is a pair of muscles located at the calf - the gastrocnemius and the soleus. These muscles both insert into the calcaneus, the bone of the heel of the human foot, and form the major part of the muscle of the back part of the lower leg, commonly known as the calf muscle. The triceps surae is connected to the foot through the Achilles tendon, and has 3 heads deriving from the 2 major masses of muscle. The superficial portion (the gastrocnemius) gives off 2 heads attaching to the base of the femur directly above the knee. The deep (profundis) mass of muscle (the soleus) forms the remaining head which attaches to the superior posterior area of the tibia. The triceps surae is innervated by the tibial nerve, specifically, nerve roots L5–S2. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Triceps_surae MA flexor digitorum longus BTO:0000466 FMA:51071 MA:0002299 SCTID:181703002 The Flexor digitorum longus is situated on the tibial side of the leg. At its origin it is thin and pointed, but it gradually increases in size as it descends. This muscle serves to curl the second, third, fourth, and fifth toes (flexion of phalanges II-V). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001666 UBERON:FMA_51071-MA_0002299 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gray442.png/200px-Gray442.png ncithesaurus:Flexor_Digitorum_Longus The Flexor digitorum longus is situated on the tibial side of the leg. At its origin it is thin and pointed, but it gradually increases in size as it descends. This muscle serves to curl the second, third, fourth, and fifth toes (flexion of phalanges II-V). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Flexor_digitorum_longus tibialis posterior BTO:0000867 FMA:51099 MA:0002394 The Tibialis posterior is the most central of all the leg muscles, and is located in the posterior compartment of the leg. It is the key stabilizing muscle of the lower leg. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001667 UBERON:FMA_51099-MA_0002394 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gray442.png/200px-Gray442.png ibialis posticus ncithesaurus:Tibialis_Caudalis posterior tibialis tibialis caudalis tibialis posterior muscle BTO:0000867 tibialis posterior muscle BTO:0000867 ibialis posticus The Tibialis posterior is the most central of all the leg muscles, and is located in the posterior compartment of the leg. It is the key stabilizing muscle of the lower leg. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tibialis_posterior BTO:0000867 posterior tibialis cerebellar vein Cerebellar veins are veins which drain the cerebellum. More specifically, they are: Superior cerebellar veins Inferior cerebellar veins [WP,unvetted]. FMA:51227 MA:0002093 SCTID:40693009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001668 UBERON:FMA_51227-MA_0002093 cerebellum vein epencephalon-1 vein ncithesaurus:Cerebellar_Vein vein of cerebellum vein of epencephalon-1 OBOL:automatic epencephalon-1 vein Cerebellar veins are veins which drain the cerebellum. More specifically, they are: Superior cerebellar veins Inferior cerebellar veins [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cerebellar_veins OBOL:automatic cerebellum vein OBOL:automatic vein of cerebellum OBOL:automatic vein of epencephalon-1 superior cerebellar vein FMA:51232 MA:0002095 SCTID:64307009 The superior cerebellar veins pass partly forward and medialward, across the superior vermis, to end in the straight sinus and the internal cerebral veins, partly lateralward to the transverse and superior petrosal sinuses. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001669 UBERON:FMA_51232-MA_0002095 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray704.png/200px-Gray704.png vein of superior cerebellar hemisphere The superior cerebellar veins pass partly forward and medialward, across the superior vermis, to end in the straight sinus and the internal cerebral veins, partly lateralward to the transverse and superior petrosal sinuses. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_cerebellar_vein inferior cerebellar vein FMA:51233 MA:0002094 SCTID:69104006 The inferior cerebellar veins are of large size, end in the transverse, superior petrosal, and occipital sinuses. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001670 UBERON:FMA_51233-MA_0002094 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray704.png/200px-Gray704.png inferior vein of cerebellar hemisphere The inferior cerebellar veins are of large size, end in the transverse, superior petrosal, and occipital sinuses. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_cerebellar_vein temporal vein FMA:51302 MA:0002239 The superficial temporal vein is a vein of the side of the head. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001671 UBERON:FMA_51302-MA_0002239 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Temporal_Vein The superficial temporal vein is a vein of the side of the head. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Temporal_vein anterior cerebral vein ACeV FMA:51306 SCTID:55155007 TAO:0001067 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001672 UBERON:FMA_51306-ZFA_0001067 XAO:0004158 ZFA:0001067 rostral cerebral vein central retinal vein FMA:51799 GAID:524 MA:0002213 MESH:A.07.231.611.773 SCTID:280913005 The central retinal vein (retinal vein) is a short vein that runs through the optic nerve and drains blood from the capillaries of the retina into the larger veins outside the eye. The anatomy of the veins of the orbit of the eye varies between individuals, and in some the central retinal vein drains into the superior ophthalmic vein, and in some it drains directly into the cavernous sinus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001673 UBERON:FMA_51799-MA_0002213 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gray572.png/200px-Gray572.png ncithesaurus:Retinal_Vein retinal vein The central retinal vein (retinal vein) is a short vein that runs through the optic nerve and drains blood from the capillaries of the retina into the larger veins outside the eye. The anatomy of the veins of the orbit of the eye varies between individuals, and in some the central retinal vein drains into the superior ophthalmic vein, and in some it drains directly into the cavernous sinus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Central_retinal_vein FMA/obol FMA/obol masseteric vein FMA:52519 MA:0002167 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001674 UBERON:FMA_52519-MA_0002167 ncithesaurus:Masseteric_Vein trigeminal ganglion 5th ganglion A prominent collection of touch-sensory neurons of the trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve, positioned beside the brain between the eye and the ear. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> AAO:0011107 BTO:0001231 EFO:0000903 EHDAA2:0002085 EHDAA:2113 EMAPA:16797 FMA:52618 GAID:725 Gasser's ganglion MA:0001080 MAT:0000511 MESH:A.08.340.390.850 OG:0000694 SCTID:244449009 TAO:0000295 UBERON:0001675 UBERON:FMA_52618-XAO_0000427-XAO_0000428-ZFA_0000295 XAO:0000427 XAO:0000428 ZFA:0000295 fifth ganglion gV ganglion of trigeminal nerve ganglion trigeminale gasserian ganglia gasserian ganglion http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gray776.png/200px-Gray776.png ncithesaurus:Trigeminal_Ganglion semilunar ganglion trigeminal V ganglion trigeminal ganglia trigeminus ganglion A prominent collection of touch-sensory neurons of the trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve, positioned beside the brain between the eye and the ear. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion ZFIN:curator ZFA:0000295 fifth ganglion trigeminal ganglia Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion gasserian ganglia MA:0001080 trigeminal V ganglion 5th ganglion ZFA:0000295 Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion gasserian ganglion BTO:0001231 Gasser's ganglion BTO:0001231 ganglion trigeminale BTO:0001231 ganglion of trigeminal nerve occipital bone A saucer-shaped membrane bone situated at the back and lower part of the cranium, is trapezoid in shape and curved on itself. It is pierced by a large oval aperture, the foramen magnum, through which the cranial cavity communicates with the vertebral canal. EMAPA:25112 FMA:52735 GAID:227 MA:0001468 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.572 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQtsiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181796003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001676 UBERON:FMA_52735-MA_0001468 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray194.png/200px-Gray194.png ncithesaurus:Occipital_Bone A saucer-shaped membrane bone situated at the back and lower part of the cranium, is trapezoid in shape and curved on itself. It is pierced by a large oval aperture, the foramen magnum, through which the cranial cavity communicates with the vertebral canal. Wikipedia:Occipital_bone sphenoid bone EMAPA:18340 FMA:52736 GAID:230 MA:0001472 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.802 OpenCyc:Mx4rwAU9XpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:272676008 UBERON:0001677 UBERON:FMA_52736-MA_0001472 an unpaired bone situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporal bone and basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a butterfly or bat with its wings extended. butterfly bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Illu_cranial_bones2.jpg/200px-Illu_cranial_bones2.jpg ncithesaurus:Sphenoid_Bone os sphenoidale os sphenoidale os sphenoidum part of viscerocranium in FMA, part of chondrocranium in MA sphenoid sphenoidal bone Wikipedia:Sphenoid_bone butterfly bone cjm Wikipedia:Sphenoid_bone os sphenoidale FMA:52736 FMA:TA os sphenoidale Wikipedia:Sphenoid_bone an unpaired bone situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporal bone and basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a butterfly or bat with its wings extended. FMA Wikipedia:Sphenoid_bone os sphenoidum temporal bone EHDAA:6035 EMAPA:17682 EMAPA:18020 FMA:52737 GAID:232 MA:0001476 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.885 OG:0000800 OpenCyc:Mx4rvbkAk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181795004 The temporal bone consists of four parts: * Squama temporalis * Mastoid portion * Petrous portion (Petrosal ridge) * Tympanic part. Note the Temporal bone is not explicitly categorized to a part of the cranium in FMA. The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum. UBERON:0001678 UBERON:FMA_52737-MA_0001476 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Illu_cranial_bones2.jpg/200px-Illu_cranial_bones2.jpg ncithesaurus:Temporal_Bone FMA The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum. Wikipedia:Temporal_bone ethmoid BTO:0004140 EMAPA:19018 FMA:52740 GAID:212 MA:0001483 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.292 Note the WP states the Neurocranium contains the ethmoid bone, both MA and FMA place the ethmoid as part of the viscerocranium. FMA also has it in neurocranium (via basicranium). Ideally we would have non-overlapping divisions of the skull, but for now we follow FMA OG:0001317 OpenCyc:Mx4rvuUPh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:272674006 UBERON:0001679 UBERON:FMA_52740-MA_0001483-ZFA_0000323 a bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. As such, it is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that makes up the orbit of the eye[WP] ethmoid bone ethmoidal bone ncithesaurus:Ethmoid_Bone os ethmoidale FMA:52740 FMA:TA os ethmoidale FMA MP:0000101 ethmoidal bone Wikipedia:Ethmoid a bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. As such, it is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that makes up the orbit of the eye[WP] lacrimal bone FMA:52741 In early lobe-finned fishes and ancestral tetrapods, the lacrimal bone is a relatively large and robust bone, running from the orbit to the nostrils. It forms part of the side of the face, between the nasal bones and the maxilla. In primitive forms, it is often accompanied by a much smaller septomaxilla bone, lying immediately behind the nasal opening, but this is lost in most modern species. The lacrimal bone is often smaller in living vertebrates, and is no longer always directly associated with the nasal opening, although it retains its connection with the orbit. The bone is entirely absent in living amphibians, as well as some reptilian species[WP, ISBN 0-03-910284-X] MA:0001486 OG:0001149 SCTID:272675007 UBERON:0001680 UBERON:FMA_52741-MA_0001486 ZFA:0000223 infraorbital 1 lacrimal lacrymal bone ncithesaurus:Lacrimal_Bone the smallest and most fragile bone of the face, is situated at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit. It has two surfaces and four borders. In early lobe-finned fishes and ancestral tetrapods, the lacrimal bone is a relatively large and robust bone, running from the orbit to the nostrils. It forms part of the side of the face, between the nasal bones and the maxilla. In primitive forms, it is often accompanied by a much smaller septomaxilla bone, lying immediately behind the nasal opening, but this is lost in most modern species. The lacrimal bone is often smaller in living vertebrates, and is no longer always directly associated with the nasal opening, although it retains its connection with the orbit. The bone is entirely absent in living amphibians, as well as some reptilian species. OG:0001149 ZFA:0000223 infraorbital 1 FMA Wikipedia:Lacrimal_bone the smallest and most fragile bone of the face, is situated at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit. It has two surfaces and four borders. In early lobe-finned fishes and ancestral tetrapods, the lacrimal bone is a relatively large and robust bone, running from the orbit to the nostrils. It forms part of the side of the face, between the nasal bones and the maxilla. In primitive forms, it is often accompanied by a much smaller septomaxilla bone, lying immediately behind the nasal opening, but this is lost in most modern species. The lacrimal bone is often smaller in living vertebrates, and is no longer always directly associated with the nasal opening, although it retains its connection with the orbit. The bone is entirely absent in living amphibians, as well as some reptilian species. Wikipedia nasal bone AAO:0000312 EMAPA:19202 FMA:52745 GAID:222 In primitive bony fish and tetrapods, the nasal bones are the most anterior of a set of four paired bones forming the roof of the skull, being followed in sequence by the frontals, the parietals, and the postparietals. Their form in living species is highly variable, depending on the shape of the head, but they generally form the roof of the snout or beak, running from the nostrils to a position short of the orbits. In most animals, they are generally therefore proportionally larger than in humans or great apes, because of the shortened faces of the latter. Turtles, unusually, lack nasal bones, with the prefrontal bones of the orbit reaching all the way to the nostrils (ISBN 0-03-910284-X) MA:0001494 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.324.665 OG:0001370 One of two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face, and form, by their junction, 'the bridge' of the nose[WP]. Paired dermal bones, likened to a bone tube, positioned lateral to the supraethmoid. Nasal bones are transversed by the anterior most part of the supraorbital canals and bear one neuromast foramen in zebrafish[ZFA]. OpenCyc:Mx4rwGOTZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181801008 TAO:0000365 UBERON:0001681 UBERON:FMA_52745-MA_0001494-ZFA_0000365 ZFA:0000365 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg/200px-Illu_facial_bones.jpg ncithesaurus:Nasal_Bone One of two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face, and form, by their junction, 'the bridge' of the nose[WP]. Paired dermal bones, likened to a bone tube, positioned lateral to the supraethmoid. Nasal bones are transversed by the anterior most part of the supraorbital canals and bear one neuromast foramen in zebrafish[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Nasal_bone ZFIN:curator palatine bone A bone situated at the back part of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid. It contributes to the walls of three cavities: the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, the roof of the mouth, and the floor of the orbit; it enters into the formation of two fossæ, the pterygopalatine and pterygoid fossæ; and one fissure, the inferior orbital fissure. he palatine bone somewhat resembles the letter L, and consists of a Horizontal plate of palatine bone and a Perpendicular plate of palatine bone and three outstanding processes—viz., the Pyramidal process of palatine bone, which is directed backward and lateralward from the junction of the two parts, and the Orbital process of palatine bone and Sphenoidal process of palatine bone, which surmount the vertical part, and are separated by a deep notch, the sphenopalatine notch. The human palatine articulates with six bones: the sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla, inferior nasal concha, vomer and opposite palatine. In bony fish the palatine bone consists of the perpendicular plate only, lying on the inner edge of the maxilla[WP]. FMA:52746 MA:0001495 SCTID:244654005 UBERON:0001682 UBERON:FMA_52746-MA_0001495 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gray996.png/200px-Gray996.png ncithesaurus:Palatine_Bone A bone situated at the back part of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid. It contributes to the walls of three cavities: the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, the roof of the mouth, and the floor of the orbit; it enters into the formation of two fossæ, the pterygopalatine and pterygoid fossæ; and one fissure, the inferior orbital fissure. he palatine bone somewhat resembles the letter L, and consists of a Horizontal plate of palatine bone and a Perpendicular plate of palatine bone and three outstanding processes—viz., the Pyramidal process of palatine bone, which is directed backward and lateralward from the junction of the two parts, and the Orbital process of palatine bone and Sphenoidal process of palatine bone, which surmount the vertical part, and are separated by a deep notch, the sphenopalatine notch. The human palatine articulates with six bones: the sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla, inferior nasal concha, vomer and opposite palatine. In bony fish the palatine bone consists of the perpendicular plate only, lying on the inner edge of the maxilla[WP]. Wikipedia:Palatine_bone FMA zygomatic bone EMAPA:25111 FMA:52747 GAID:225 HOG says is homologous to infraorbital 3, which is a dermal bone in dermatocranium. part of viscerocranium, chondrocranium in MA. MA:0001497 OG:0001638 SCTID:272683001 The zygomatic bone (cheekbone, malar bone) is a paired bone of the human skull. It articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. The zygomatic is homologous to the jugal bone of other tetrapods. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae [Fig. 1]. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal; and four borders. The term zygomatic derives from the Greek zygoma meaning 'yoke'. The zygomatic bone is occasionally referred to as the zygoma, but this term may also refer to the zygomatic arch or the zygomatic process. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001683 UBERON:FMA_52747-MA_0001497 cheek bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gray164.png/200px-Gray164.png jugal bone jugale malar bone orbital bone os zygomaticum os zygomaticus zygoma GAID:225 Wikipedia:Zygomatic_bone jugal bone GAID:225 zygoma jugale FMA:52747 FMA:TA os zygomaticum The zygomatic bone (cheekbone, malar bone) is a paired bone of the human skull. It articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. The zygomatic is homologous to the jugal bone of other tetrapods. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae [Fig. 1]. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal; and four borders. The term zygomatic derives from the Greek zygoma meaning 'yoke'. The zygomatic bone is occasionally referred to as the zygoma, but this term may also refer to the zygomatic arch or the zygomatic process. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Zygomatic_bone FMA Wikipedia:Zygomatic_bone os zygomaticus FMA:52747 malar bone mandible 'mandible' also refers to either the upper or lower part of the beak in birds. Note in ZFA mandible/lower jaw are the same class. BTO:0001748 EFO:0001965 EHDAA2:0001059 EHDAA:8007 EMAPA:18290 FMA:52748 GAID:68 MA:0001487 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.324.502.632 OG:0000510 SCTID:181812008 The bone that forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place[WP]. UBERON:0001684 UBERON:FMA_52748-MA_0001487 galen:Mandible http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray176.png/200px-Gray176.png inferior maxillary bone lower jaw bone lower mandibula mandibula mandibulla ncithesaurus:Mandible BTO:0001748 mandibula The bone that forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place[WP]. Wikipedia:Mandible FMA lower jaw bone Wikipedia:Mandible lower mandibula hyoid bone AAO:0000684 EMAPA:18650 EMAPA:18840 FMA:52749 GAID:197 MA:0001484 MESH:A.02.835.232.409 OG:0001325 SCTID:263352000 The hyoid bone (lingual bone) (Latin os hyoideum) is a horseshoe shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. At rest, it lies at the level of the base of the mandible in the front and the third cervical vertebra behind. It is the only bone in the human skeleton not articulated to any other bone. It is held in place by thyroid ligaments. The hyoid bone provides attachment to the muscles of the floor of the mouth and the tongue above, the larynx below, and the epiglottis and pharynx behind. Its name is derived from the Greek word hyoeides meaning 'shaped like the letter upsilon' (υ). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001685 UBERON:FMA_52749-MA_0001484 greater cornua greater horn of the hyoid http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gray186.png/200px-Gray186.png hyoid hyoid bone hyoideum lingual bone ncithesaurus:Hyoid_Bone os hyoideum The hyoid bone (lingual bone) (Latin os hyoideum) is a horseshoe shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. At rest, it lies at the level of the base of the mandible in the front and the third cervical vertebra behind. It is the only bone in the human skeleton not articulated to any other bone. It is held in place by thyroid ligaments. The hyoid bone provides attachment to the muscles of the floor of the mouth and the tongue above, the larynx below, and the epiglottis and pharynx behind. Its name is derived from the Greek word hyoeides meaning 'shaped like the letter upsilon' (υ). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone hyoideum FMA Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone hyoid Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone greater cornua Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone hyoid bone Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone lingual bone Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone greater horn of the hyoid Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone os hyoideum auditory ossicle AAO:0011015 EHDAA2:0001183 EHDAA:5697 EMAPA:17824 EV:0100360 FMA:52750 MA:0000254 OG:0000461 The ossicles (also called auditory ossicles) are the three smallest bones in the human body. They are contained within the middle ear space and serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth. The absence of the auditory ossicles would constitute a moderate-to-severe hearing loss. The term 'ossicles' literally means 'tiny bones' and commonly refers to the auditory ossicles, though the term may refer to any small bone throughout the body. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001686 UBERON:FMA_52750-MA_0000254-XAO_0000214 XAO:0000214 auditory bone auditory ossicle ear bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Illu_auditory_ossicles.jpg/200px-Illu_auditory_ossicles.jpg ncithesaurus:Auditory_Ossicle ossicle MA:0000254 ear bone EMAPA:17824 Wikipedia:Auditory_ossicle ossicle The ossicles (also called auditory ossicles) are the three smallest bones in the human body. They are contained within the middle ear space and serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth. The absence of the auditory ossicles would constitute a moderate-to-severe hearing loss. The term 'ossicles' literally means 'tiny bones' and commonly refers to the auditory ossicles, though the term may refer to any small bone throughout the body. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Auditory_ossicle FMA MA MA:0000254 auditory ossicle stapes AAO:0000580 EMAPA:18585 FMA:52751 GAID:868 MA:0001217 MESH:A.09.246.397.247.806 OpenCyc:Mx4rv5UnkZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:264199009 The stapes or stirrup is the stirrup-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear which is attached to the incus laterally and to the fenestra ovalis, the 'oval window' medially. The oval window is adjacent to the vestibule of the inner ear. The stapes is the smallest and lightest bone in the human body. The stapes transmits the sound vibrations from the incus to the membrane of the inner ear inside the fenestra ovalis. The stapes is also stabilized by the stapedius muscle, which is innervated by the facial nerve. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the bone homologous to the stapes is usually called the columella; however, in reptiles, either term may be used. As the stapes first develops embryologically from the 6th to 8th wk of life, it surrounds the stapedial artery, which supplies the majority of the vasculature of the embryonic head. After that period, the external carotid artery is generated and takes over for the stapedial artery, which subsequently involutes, leaving the stapes with a windowframe-like structure. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001687 UBERON:FMA_52751-MA_0001217 columella columella auris columellare http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gray918.png/200px-Gray918.png interstapediale mediostapediale mesostapediale ncithesaurus:Stapes os columellare os intermedium stapes stelidium stilus columellare stirrup todo - editor note: AAO assignment to be checked. Split into separate homologous classes? AAO:0000580 mesostapediale AAO:0000580 stilus columellare AAO:0000580 mediostapediale AAO:0000580 columella auris The stapes or stirrup is the stirrup-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear which is attached to the incus laterally and to the fenestra ovalis, the 'oval window' medially. The oval window is adjacent to the vestibule of the inner ear. The stapes is the smallest and lightest bone in the human body. The stapes transmits the sound vibrations from the incus to the membrane of the inner ear inside the fenestra ovalis. The stapes is also stabilized by the stapedius muscle, which is innervated by the facial nerve. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the bone homologous to the stapes is usually called the columella; however, in reptiles, either term may be used. As the stapes first develops embryologically from the 6th to 8th wk of life, it surrounds the stapedial artery, which supplies the majority of the vasculature of the embryonic head. After that period, the external carotid artery is generated and takes over for the stapedial artery, which subsequently involutes, leaving the stapes with a windowframe-like structure. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Stapes AAO:0000580 stelidium AAO:0000580 os columellare AAO:0000580 stapes AAO:0000580 interstapediale Wikipedia:Stapes columella AAO:0000580 columellare AAO:0000580 os intermedium incus EMAPA:18583 FMA:52752 GAID:866 MA:0001215 MESH:A.09.246.397.247.362 OG:0000689 SCTID:272649008 TODO - check develops from and homology The incus or anvil is the anvil-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear. It connects the malleus to the stapes. It was first described by Alessandro Achillin of Bologna. The incus transmits sound vibrations from the malleus to the stapes. The incus only exists in mammals, and is derived from a reptilian upper jaw bone, the quadrate bone. Embryologically it is derived from the first pharyngeal arch along with the rest of the bones of mastication, such as the maxilla and mandible. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001688 UBERON:FMA_52752-MA_0001215 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gray917.png/200px-Gray917.png ncithesaurus:Incus quadrate - incus Wikipedia OG:0000689 quadrate - incus The incus or anvil is the anvil-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear. It connects the malleus to the stapes. It was first described by Alessandro Achillin of Bologna. The incus transmits sound vibrations from the malleus to the stapes. The incus only exists in mammals, and is derived from a reptilian upper jaw bone, the quadrate bone. Embryologically it is derived from the first pharyngeal arch along with the rest of the bones of mastication, such as the maxilla and mandible. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Incus malleus EMAPA:18584 FMA:52753 GAID:867 MA:0001216 MESH:A.09.246.397.247.524 SCTID:264090005 The malleus or hammer is a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum. The word is Latin for hammer. It transmits the sound vibrations from the eardrum to the incus. The malleus is unique to mammals, and evolved from a lower jaw bone in basal amniotes called the articular, which still forms part of the jaw joint in reptiles. Embryologically it is derived from the first pharyngeal arch along with the rest of the bones of mastication, such as the maxilla and mandible. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001689 UBERON:FMA_52753-MA_0001216 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gray916.png/200px-Gray916.png ncithesaurus:Malleus Wikipedia The malleus or hammer is a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum. The word is Latin for hammer. It transmits the sound vibrations from the eardrum to the incus. The malleus is unique to mammals, and evolved from a lower jaw bone in basal amniotes called the articular, which still forms part of the jaw joint in reptiles. Embryologically it is derived from the first pharyngeal arch along with the rest of the bones of mastication, such as the maxilla and mandible. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Malleus Wikipedia Wikipedia ear AAO:0011014 BTO:0000368 EFO:0000826 EHDAA2:0000423 EHDAA:502 EMAPA:16193 EV:0100353 FMA:52780 GAID:62 MA:0000236 MAT:0000138 MESH:A.01.456.313 MIAA:0000138 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1062 OG:0000330 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViXS5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjL05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:1910005 Sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001690 UBERON:FMA_52780-FMA_78500-MA_0000236-MIAA_0000138-XAO_0000189-ZFA_0001138 XAO:0000189 auditory apparatus auris galen:Ear ncithesaurus:Ear BTO:0000368 auris GO:0042471 Sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals. Wikipedia:Ear external ear AAO:0011037 BTO:0002100 EHDAA2:0000462 EHDAA:3786 EHDAA:5343 EHDAA:5352 EMAPA:16991 EV:0100354 FMA:52781 GAID:104 MA:0000258 MAT:0000147 MESH:A.09.246.272 MIAA:0000147 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1705 OG:0000311 OpenCyc:Mx4rwOHtXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull[GO]. SCTID:181176000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001691 UBERON:FMA_52781-MA_0000258-MIAA_0000147-XAO_0000190 XAO:0000190 auricular region auricular region of head auris externa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gray907.png/200px-Gray907.png ncithesaurus:External_Ear outer ear GO:0042473 Part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull[GO]. Wikipedia:External_ear BTO:0002100 auris externa basioccipital bone AAO:0000039 EMAPA:18705 FMA:52858 Large median unpaired cartilage bone that contacts the exocciptal, epiotic and pterotic dorsally, and the parasphenoid anteriorly. Forms the posteroventral hind margin of the cranium, articulates with the centrum of the first vertebra. Bears a posteroventral pharyngeal process that is flattened ventrally and opposes the pharyngeal teeth of the fifth pair of ceratobranchials[ZFA]. MA:0001462 OG:0001152 SCTID:138976007 TAO:0000472 TODO - check FMA UBERON:0001692 UBERON:FMA_52858-MA_0001462-ZFA_0000472 ZFA:0000472 basilar part of occipital bone basioccipital http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Parsbasilaris%28young%29.PNG/200px-Parsbasilaris%28young%29.PNG Large median unpaired cartilage bone that contacts the exocciptal, epiotic and pterotic dorsally, and the parasphenoid anteriorly. Forms the posteroventral hind margin of the cranium, articulates with the centrum of the first vertebra. Bears a posteroventral pharyngeal process that is flattened ventrally and opposes the pharyngeal teeth of the fifth pair of ceratobranchials[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Basilar_part_of_occipital_bone ZFIN:curator exoccipital bone AAO:0000147 EMAPA:18708 FMA:52859 MA:0001464 OG:0001151 Paired cartilage bone that bears a large foramen (lateral occipital foramen). Contacts the supraoccipital dorsally, the epiotic laterally and the basioccipital ventrally. Forms the posterior hind margin of the cranium and borders the lateral and posterior margins of the forum (foramen) magnum. SCTID:139279001 TAO:0000661 TODO - check FMA - currently we place this as both of a zone of bone organ and an (endochondral) bone. Removed endochondral bone classification for now, violates disjointness axiom UBERON:0001693 UBERON:FMA_52859-MA_0001464-ZFA_0000661 ZFA:0000661 exoccipital http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gray131.png/200px-Gray131.png lateral part of occipital bone Paired cartilage bone that bears a large foramen (lateral occipital foramen). Contacts the supraoccipital dorsally, the epiotic laterally and the basioccipital ventrally. Forms the posterior hind margin of the cranium and borders the lateral and posterior margins of the forum (foramen) magnum. Wikipedia:Lateral_parts_of_occipital_bone ZFIN:curator petrous part of temporal bone EHDAA2:0001452 EMAPA:17683 FMA:52871 GAID:234 MA:0001477 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.885.681 SCTID:361733004 The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull. The temporal bone supports that part of the face known as the temple. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001694 UBERON:FMA_52871-MA_0001477 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray137.png/200px-Gray137.png pars petrosa (os temporale) petromastoid part of temporal bone petrosal bone petrous bone temporal bone petrous part The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull. The temporal bone supports that part of the face known as the temple. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Petrous_bone squamous part of temporal bone AAO:0000574 EMAPA:18021 FMA:52883 MA:0001473 SCTID:138672006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001695 UBERON:FMA_52883-MA_0001473 pars squamosa (os temporale) squamosal squamosal bone squamous bone the thin, platelike part of the temporal bone. AAO:0000574 squamosal MP:0004423 the thin, platelike part of the temporal bone. orbit AAO:0000343 BTO:0004687 FMA:53074 GAID:223 MA:0002482 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.324.690 OpenCyc:Mx4rvW8EgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001697 UBERON:FMA_53074-MA_0002482 XAO:0003171 ZFA:0001410 galen:Orbit ncithesaurus:Orbit orbit of skull the orbital bone is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. Wikipedia:Orbit_(anatomy) the orbital bone is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. foramen ovale of skull AAO:0000169 EHDAA2:0000551 EHDAA:10627 EMAPA:18711 FMA:53155 OG:0001189 UBERON:0001698 UBERON:FMA_53155-MA_0001873 foramen ovale foramen ovale (skull) foramen ovale basis cranii galen:ForamenOvaleBasisCranii ncithesaurus:Oval_Foramen one of the larger of the several holes at the base of the skull that transmit nerves through the skull. The foramen ovale is situated in the anterior part of the sphenoid bone, posteriolateral to the foramen rotundum.. AAO:0000169 FMA:53155 foramen ovale foramen ovale basis cranii galen:ForamenOvaleBasisCranii Wikipedia:Foramen_ovale_(skull) one of the larger of the several holes at the base of the skull that transmit nerves through the skull. The foramen ovale is situated in the anterior part of the sphenoid bone, posteriolateral to the foramen rotundum.. FMA:53155 foramen ovale (skull) sensory root of facial nerve FMA:53410 SCTID:279927001 TAO:0000679 The nervus intermedius, or intermediate nerve, is the part of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) located between the motor component of the facial nerve and the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII). It contains the sensory and parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve. Upon reaching the facial canal, it joins with the motor root of the facial nerve at the geniculate ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001699 UBERON:FMA_53410-ZFA_0000679 Wrisberg's nerve ZFA:0000679 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gray788.png/200px-Gray788.png intermediate nerve nervus intermedius FMA:53410 FMA:TA nervus intermedius The nervus intermedius, or intermediate nerve, is the part of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) located between the motor component of the facial nerve and the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII). It contains the sensory and parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve. Upon reaching the facial canal, it joins with the motor root of the facial nerve at the geniculate ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Intermediate_nerve geniculate ganglion EFO:0003669 EHDAA2:0000491 EHDAA:5567 EHDAA:6644 EMAPA:16983 EMAPA:17569 FMA:53414 GAID:718 MA:0001076 MESH:A.08.340.390.380 OG:0000707 SCTID:279076005 TAO:0001291 The geniculate ganglion is an L-shaped collection of fibers and sensory neurons of the facial nerve located in the facial canal of the head. It receives fibers from the motor, sensory, and parasympathetic components of the facial nerve and sends fibers that will innervate the lacrimal glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands, tongue, palate, pharynx, external auditory meatus, stapedius, posterior belly of the digastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle, and muscles of facial expression. Sensory and parasympathetic inputs are carried into the geniculate ganglion via the nervus intermedius. Motor fibers are carried via the facial nerve proper. The greater petrosal nerve, which carries sensory fibers as well as preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, emerges from the anterior aspect of the ganglion. The geniculate ganglion is one of several ganglia of the head and neck. Like the others, it is a bilaterally distributed structure, with each side of the face having a geniculate ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001700 UBERON:FMA_53414-MA_0001076-ZFA_0001291 ZFA:0001291 facial VII ganglion facial ganglion gVII ganglion genicularum genicular ganglion http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray789.png/200px-Gray789.png ncithesaurus:Geniculate_Ganglion ZFA The geniculate ganglion is an L-shaped collection of fibers and sensory neurons of the facial nerve located in the facial canal of the head. It receives fibers from the motor, sensory, and parasympathetic components of the facial nerve and sends fibers that will innervate the lacrimal glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands, tongue, palate, pharynx, external auditory meatus, stapedius, posterior belly of the digastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle, and muscles of facial expression. Sensory and parasympathetic inputs are carried into the geniculate ganglion via the nervus intermedius. Motor fibers are carried via the facial nerve proper. The greater petrosal nerve, which carries sensory fibers as well as preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, emerges from the anterior aspect of the ganglion. The geniculate ganglion is one of several ganglia of the head and neck. Like the others, it is a bilaterally distributed structure, with each side of the face having a geniculate ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Geniculate_ganglion glossopharyngeal ganglion EHDAA2:0000710 EHDAA:2838 EMAPA:16795 FMA:53471 MA:0001077 OG:0000702 SCTID:244451008 TAO:0001301 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001701 UBERON:FMA_53471-ZFA_0001301 ZFA:0001301 gIX ganglion of glosspharyngeal nerve glossopharyngeal IX ganglion petrosal ganglion the group of neuron cell bodies associated with the ninth cranial nerve. MA:0001077 glossopharyngeal IX ganglion ZFA:0001301 petrosal ganglion MP:0001096 the group of neuron cell bodies associated with the ninth cranial nerve. eyelash An eyelash or simply lash is one of the hairs that grow at the edge of the eyelid. Eyelashes protect the eye from debris and perform some of the same function as whiskers do on a cat or a mouse in the sense that they are sensitive to being touched, thus providing a warning that an object is near the eye (which is then closed reflexively). The greek word for eyelash is "blepharis". This word is often used as a root in biological terms FMA:53669 GAID:73 MA:0002702 MESH:A.01.456.505.420.504.421 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi41pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244201001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001702 UBERON:FMA_53669-MA_0002702 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/N2_Human_eye.jpg/200px-N2_Human_eye.jpg ncithesaurus:Eyelash An eyelash or simply lash is one of the hairs that grow at the edge of the eyelid. Eyelashes protect the eye from debris and perform some of the same function as whiskers do on a cat or a mouse in the sense that they are sensitive to being touched, thus providing a warning that an object is near the eye (which is then closed reflexively). The greek word for eyelash is "blepharis". This word is often used as a root in biological terms Wikipedia:Eyelash neurocranium AAO:0010153 EHDAA2:0000243 FMA:53672 It includes the following bones: Ethmoid bone, Frontal bone, Occipital bone, Parietal bone, Sphenoid bone, Temporal bone. The term cranium can be ambiguous, in that it can refer to the neurocranium, or the neurocranium and the Facial skeleton[WP] It seems MA uses 'neurocranium' as a synonym for chondrocranium. Note there are currently some structures part of both viscero and neurocranium - ethmoid, zyogomatic, ... Portion of the cranium which encloses the brain. The neurocranium arises from neural crest cells (also responsible for the development of teeth, the adrenal medulla and the splanchnocranium) of the ectoderm. There is also some contribution of ectomesenchyme. In Chondrichthyes and other cartilaginous vertebrates this portion of the cranium does not ossify; it is not replaced via endochondral ossification. SCTID:361731002 TAO:0001580 UBERON:0001703 UBERON:FMA_53672-ZFA_0001580 XAO:0003170 ZFA:0001580 brain box brain case brain pan braincase Portion of the cranium which encloses the brain. The neurocranium arises from neural crest cells (also responsible for the development of teeth, the adrenal medulla and the splanchnocranium) of the ectoderm. There is also some contribution of ectomesenchyme. In Chondrichthyes and other cartilaginous vertebrates this portion of the cranium does not ossify; it is not replaced via endochondral ossification. Wikipedia:Cranium ZFA:0001580 ZFA:0001580 braincase brain pan http://www.thefreedictionary.com/braincase ZFA:0001580 brain case viscerocranium AAO:0010157 EHDAA2:0002206 EHDAA:8361 EMAPA:18022 FMA:53673 Includes: * Inferior nasal concha * Lacrimal bone * Mandible * Maxilla * Nasal bone * Palatine bone * Vomer * Zygomatic bone. The hyoid is sometimes included, and sometimes excluded (FMA includes it)[WP] See also notes for ethmoid bone. MA:0000318 OG:0000315 The part of skull that is derived from branchial arches. The facial bones are the bones of the anterior and lower human skull. The splanchnocranium is derived from the neural crest cells (also responsible for the development of the neurocranium or, teeth and adrenal medulla)or from scleratone found in the somite block of the mesoderm. As with the neurocranium, in Chondricthyes and other cartilaginous vertebrates, they are not replaced via endochondral ossification. In tetrapods, such as amphibians and reptiles, the columella connecting to the tympanum is derived from the splanchnocranium. in mammals, the splanchnocranium derives the bones of the inner ear, the malleus, the incus and stapes[WP]. the part of the skull that comprises the facial bones[MP]. UBERON:0001704 UBERON:FMA_53673-MA_0000318 XAO:0003176 ZFA:0001216 facial bone facial skeleton http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg/200px-Illu_facial_bones.jpg pharyngeal arch skeleton pharyngeal skeleton splanchnocranium OG:0000315 Wikipedia:Viscerocranium splanchnocranium MP:0005274 The part of skull that is derived from branchial arches. The facial bones are the bones of the anterior and lower human skull. The splanchnocranium is derived from the neural crest cells (also responsible for the development of the neurocranium or, teeth and adrenal medulla)or from scleratone found in the somite block of the mesoderm. As with the neurocranium, in Chondricthyes and other cartilaginous vertebrates, they are not replaced via endochondral ossification. In tetrapods, such as amphibians and reptiles, the columella connecting to the tympanum is derived from the splanchnocranium. in mammals, the splanchnocranium derives the bones of the inner ear, the malleus, the incus and stapes[WP]. the part of the skull that comprises the facial bones[MP]. Wikipedia:Facial_skeleton ZFA:0001216 pharyngeal skeleton MA:0000318 facial bone ZFA:0001216 pharyngeal arch skeleton nail BTO:0001719 EFO:0000956 EMAPA:18734 EMAPA:18735 EMAPA:18736 EMAPA:18737 EMAPA:18738 EMAPA:18739 EMAPA:18740 EMAPA:18741 EMAPA:18742 EMAPA:18743 EV:0100159 FMA:54326 GAID:1320 MA:0002703 MAT:0000158 MESH:A.17.600 MIAA:0000158 OG:0001361 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjJv5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:72651009 TODO: check claw vs nail. A primate's nail consists of the unguis alone; the subunguis has disappeared. UBERON:0001705 UBERON:FMA_54326-MA_0002703-MIAA_0000158 XAO:0003103 a horn-like keratin structure covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes[WP]. claw galen:Nail ncithesaurus:Nail Wikipedia:Nail_(anatomy) a horn-like keratin structure covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes[WP]. FMA FMA nasal septum AAO:0010135 EHDAA2:0001234 EHDAA2:0004104 EHDAA:6809 EMAPA:17608 FMA:54375 GAID:115 MA:0000285 MESH:A.02.165.639 OG:0000017 OpenCyc:Mx4rv7e-k5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181197004 The nasal septum separates the left and right airways in the nose, dividing the two nostrils. It is depressed by the Depressor septi nasi muscle. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001706 UBERON:FMA_54375-MA_0000285 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray854.png/200px-Gray854.png ncithesaurus:Nasal_Septum The nasal septum separates the left and right airways in the nose, dividing the two nostrils. It is depressed by the Depressor septi nasi muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nasal_septum nasal cavity AAO:0000314 BTO:0002096 EHDAA2:0001226 EHDAA:6801 EMAPA:17604 FMA:54378 GAID:350 MA:0000284 MESH:A.04.531.449 OG:0000271 SCTID:263481003 TAO:0000130 UBERON:0001707 UBERON:FMA_54378-MA_0000284-ZFA_0000130 ZFA:0000130 a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face[WP]. cavitas nasalis cavitas nasi cavity of nose http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg/200px-Illu01_head_neck.jpg nasal canal nasal fossa nasal pit ncithesaurus:Nasal_Cavity olfactory cavity olfactory pit the cavity includes and starts at the nares and reaches all the way through to the and includes the choanae, the posterior nasal apertures[HP] Wikipedia:Nasal_cavity nasal fossa ZFA:0000130 nasal canal Wikipedia:Nasal_cavity a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face[WP]. BTO:0002096 cavitas nasalis ZFA:0000130 olfactory pit BTO:0002096 cavitas nasi MA MA jaw AAO:0000988 BTO:0001749 Bony structure of the mouth that holds the teeth. It consists of the MANDIBLE and the MAXILLA[MESH]. Skeletal and cartilagenous elements of the first pharyngeal arch[ZFA]. FMA:54396 GAID:214 MA:0001905 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.324.502 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjjEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0001227 TODO CHECK ZFA. Note that jaw is the superclass of upper/lower jaw in FMA, but in MA it is the combined structure. Check AAO. Development: There are cellular contributions from all three embryonic germ layers: pharyngeal mesoderm, endoderm and neural crest that migrates out of the ectoderm (Noden, 1983). UBERON:0001708 UBERON:FMA_54396-MA_0001905-ZFA_0001227 ZFA:0001227 galen:Jaw jaw cartilage jaws mandibular arch mandibular arch skeleton ncithesaurus:Jaw oral jaw skeleton pharyngeal arch 1 skeleton visceral arch 1 ZFA:0001227 jaw cartilage ZFA:0001227 mandibular arch skeleton Bony structure of the mouth that holds the teeth. It consists of the MANDIBLE and the MAXILLA[MESH]. Skeletal and cartilagenous elements of the first pharyngeal arch[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Jaw ZFIN:curator upper jaw AAO:0000620 EFO:0003659 EHDAA2:0002118 EHDAA:8025 EMAPA:17924 FMA:54397 MA:0001908 Note isa/partof difference MA/FMA OG:0000454 TAO:0001272 The dorsal portion of the first pharyngeal arch, comprising the upper jaw. UBERON:0001709 UBERON:FMA_54397-MA_0001908-XAO_0003087-ZFA_0001272 XAO:0003087 ZFA:0001272 dorsal mandibular arch dorsal visceral arch 1 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gray189.png/200px-Gray189.png ncithesaurus:Upper_Jaw palatoquadrate arch upper pharyngeal jaw upper pharyngeal jaws The dorsal portion of the first pharyngeal arch, comprising the upper jaw. Wikipedia:Upper_jaw ZFIN:curator ZFA:0001272 upper pharyngeal jaw ZFA:0001272 dorsal visceral arch 1 lower jaw AAO:0000272 EFO:0003660 EHDAA2:0001018 EHDAA:7995 EMAPA:17906 EMAPA:18290 FMA:54398 MA:0001906 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.324.502.632 OG:0000453 TAO:0001273 The ventral portion of the first pharyngeal arch, comprising the lower jaw. UBERON:0001710 UBERON:FMA_54398-MA_0001906-XAO_0003084-ZFA_0001273 XAO:0003084 ZFA:0001273 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray176.png/200px-Gray176.png mandible mandibular series ncithesaurus:Lower_Jaw ventral mandibular arch The ventral portion of the first pharyngeal arch, comprising the lower jaw. Wikipedia:Lower_jaw ZFIN:curator eyelid An eyelid is a thin fold of skin that covers and protects an eye. With the exception of the prepuce and the labia minora, it has the thinnest skin of the whole body. The levator palpebrae superioris muscle retracts the eyelid to 'open' the eye. This can be either voluntarily or involuntarily. The human eyelid features a row of eyelashes which serve to heighten the protection of the eye from dust and foreign debris, as well as from perspiration. 'Palpebral' (and 'blepharo') means relating to the eyelids. Its key function is to regularly spread the tears and other secretion on the eye surface to keep it moist, since the cornea must be continuously moist. They keep the eyes from drying out when asleep. Moreover, the blink reflex protects the eye from foreign bodies. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002241 EHDAA2:0000487 EHDAA:9037 EMAPA:17829 EV:0100338 FMA:54437 GAID:72 MA:0000268 MESH:A.01.456.505.420.504 OG:0000016 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi4m5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:265782007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001711 UBERON:FMA_54437-MA_0000268 blepharon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Eye_makeup.jpg/200px-Eye_makeup.jpg ncithesaurus:Eyelid palpebra An eyelid is a thin fold of skin that covers and protects an eye. With the exception of the prepuce and the labia minora, it has the thinnest skin of the whole body. The levator palpebrae superioris muscle retracts the eyelid to 'open' the eye. This can be either voluntarily or involuntarily. The human eyelid features a row of eyelashes which serve to heighten the protection of the eye from dust and foreign debris, as well as from perspiration. 'Palpebral' (and 'blepharo') means relating to the eyelids. Its key function is to regularly spread the tears and other secretion on the eye surface to keep it moist, since the cornea must be continuously moist. They keep the eyes from drying out when asleep. Moreover, the blink reflex protects the eye from foreign bodies. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Eyelid upper eyelid EHDAA2:0002115 EHDAA:9047 EMAPA:17834 FMA:54439 MA:0001267 OG:0000389 OpenCyc:Mx4rvg4ohJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244499008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001712 UBERON:FMA_54439-MA_0001267 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Eye_makeup.jpg/200px-Eye_makeup.jpg ncithesaurus:Upper_Eyelid palpebra superior superior eyelid FMA:54439 FMA:TA palpebra superior lower eyelid AAO:0010349 EHDAA2:0001015 EHDAA:9041 EMAPA:17831 FMA:54442 MA:0001263 OG:0000388 OpenCyc:Mx4rvW6GtJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362528002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001713 UBERON:FMA_54442-MA_0001263-XAO_0000007 XAO:0000007 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Eye_makeup.jpg/200px-Eye_makeup.jpg inferior eyelid ncithesaurus:Lower_Eyelid palpebra inferior FMA:54442 FMA:TA palpebra inferior ganglion of cranial nerve FMA:54502 MA:0000213 Note the MA term is part of the CNS. This needs to be checked w.r.t relationship between ganglia and the PNS, as the PNS and CNS are spatially disjoint. also meaning of MA term is not clear (appears to be union of nerve and ganglion, but MA 'cranial nerve' is unconnected) SCTID:244448001 UBERON:0001714 UBERON:FMA_54502-MA_0000213 cranial ganglion/nerve cranial nerve ganglion cranial neural ganglion cranial neural tree organ ganglion ganglion of cranial neural tree organ sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves. OBOL:automatic ganglion of cranial neural tree organ OBOL:automatic cranial neural tree organ ganglion Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve_ganglion sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves. oculomotor nuclear complex ABA:III BM:MB-III EFO:0002468 EV:0100250 FMA:54510 MA:0001073 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1240 OG:0001389 SCTID:362457000 TAO:0000553 The fibers of the oculomotor nerve arise from a nucleus in the midbrain, which lies in the gray substance of the floor of the cerebral aqueduct and extends in front of the aqueduct for a short distance into the floor of the third ventricle. From this nucleus the fibers pass forward through the tegmentum, the red nucleus, and the medial part of the substantia nigra, forming a series of curves with a lateral convexity, and emerge from the oculomotor sulcus on the medial side of the cerebral peduncle. The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve does not consist of a continuous column of cells, but is broken up into a number of smaller nuclei, which are arranged in two groups, anterior and posterior. Those of the posterior group are six in number, five of which are symmetrical on the two sides of the middle line, while the sixth is centrally placed and is common to the nerves of both sides. The anterior group consists of two nuclei, an antero-medial and an antero-lateral . The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, considered from a physiological standpoint, can be subdivided into several smaller groups of cells, each group controlling a particular muscle. A nearby nucleus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, is responsible for the autonomic functions of the oculomotor nerve, including pupillary constriction and lens accommodation. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001715 UBERON:FMA_54510-ZFA_0000553 ZFA:0000553 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cn3nucleus.png/200px-Cn3nucleus.png motor nucleus III nIII ncithesaurus:Oculomotor_Nucleus nucleus nervi oculomotorii nucleus of oculomotor nerve nucleus of third cranial nerve oculomotor III nucleus oculomotor nucleus third cranial nerve nucleus ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA FMA:54510 FMA:TA nucleus nervi oculomotorii ABA The fibers of the oculomotor nerve arise from a nucleus in the midbrain, which lies in the gray substance of the floor of the cerebral aqueduct and extends in front of the aqueduct for a short distance into the floor of the third ventricle. From this nucleus the fibers pass forward through the tegmentum, the red nucleus, and the medial part of the substantia nigra, forming a series of curves with a lateral convexity, and emerge from the oculomotor sulcus on the medial side of the cerebral peduncle. The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve does not consist of a continuous column of cells, but is broken up into a number of smaller nuclei, which are arranged in two groups, anterior and posterior. Those of the posterior group are six in number, five of which are symmetrical on the two sides of the middle line, while the sixth is centrally placed and is common to the nerves of both sides. The anterior group consists of two nuclei, an antero-medial and an antero-lateral . The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, considered from a physiological standpoint, can be subdivided into several smaller groups of cells, each group controlling a particular muscle. A nearby nucleus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, is responsible for the autonomic functions of the oculomotor nerve, including pupillary constriction and lens accommodation. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nucleus_of_oculomotor_nerve MA:0001073 oculomotor III nucleus ABA secondary palate BTO:0001779 EMAPA:18948 FMA:54549 GAID:152 MA:0002476 MESH:A.14.521.658 Partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities[GO]. The palate is divided into two parts, the anterior bony hard palate, and the posterior fleshy soft palate or velum. The maxillary nerve branch of the trigeminal nerve (V) supplies sensory innervation to the palate[WP]. UBERON:0001716 UBERON:FMA_54549-FMA_55023-MA_0002476-MA_0002477-MIAA_0000161 definitive palate galen:Palate http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg/200px-Illu01_head_neck.jpg ncithesaurus:Palate oral roof palate present in mammals and some reptiles. A similar structure is found in crocodilians, but, in most other tetrapods, the oral and nasal cavities are not truly separate. The secondary palate is formed by bilateral medial extensions of maxillary processes. The extensions (palatine processes) meet at the midline, merging dorsally with nasal septum and rostrally with primary palate. The secondary palate (hard palate) separates nasal and oral cavities. Caudal extension of the secondary palate into the pharynx, forms a soft palate which divides the rostral pharynx into dorsal (nasopharynx) and ventral (oropharynx) chamber. roof of mouth EMAPA:18948 GO:0060021 MA:0002476 palate EMAPA:18948 definitive palate GO:0060021 Partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities[GO]. The palate is divided into two parts, the anterior bony hard palate, and the posterior fleshy soft palate or velum. The maxillary nerve branch of the trigeminal nerve (V) supplies sensory innervation to the palate[WP]. Wikipedia:Palate Wikipedia:Secondary_palate spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve BM:VSp FMA:54565 GAID:605 MA:0001053 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.931.920 OG:0001357 SCTID:369033006 The spinal trigeminal nucleus is a nucleus in the medulla that receives information about deep/crude touch, pain, and temperature from the ipsilateral face. The facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves also convey pain information from their areas to the spinal trigeminal nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001717 UBERON:FMA_54565-MA_0001053 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray696.png/200px-Gray696.png ncithesaurus:Nucleus_of_the_Spinal_Tract_of_the_Trigeminal_Nerve spinal nucleus of cranial nerve v spinal trigeminal nucleus trigeminal nerve spinal tract nucleus trigeminal spinal nucleus trigeminal v spinal sensory nucleus MA The spinal trigeminal nucleus is a nucleus in the medulla that receives information about deep/crude touch, pain, and temperature from the ipsilateral face. The facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves also convey pain information from their areas to the spinal trigeminal nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus GO:0021741 spinal trigeminal nucleus MA mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve BM:Pons-5ME EV:0100252 FMA:54568 MA:0001057 Me5 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1010 OG:0001354 SCTID:369032001 TAO:0000312 The mesencephalic nucleus is involved with proprioception of the face, that is, the feeling of position of the muscles. Unlike many nuclei within the CNS, the mesencephalic nucleus contains no chemical synapses but are electrically coupled. Instead, neurons of this nucleus are pseudounipolar cells receiving proprioceptive information from the jaw, and sending projections to the motor trigeminal nucleus to mediate monosynaptic jaw reflexes. It is also the only structure in the CNS to contain the cell bodies of a primary afferent, which are usually contained within ganglia. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001718 UBERON:FMA_54568-ZFA_0000312 ZFA:0000312 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray696.png/200px-Gray696.png mesencephalic nucleus mesencephalic trigeminal V nucleus mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus nucleus of mesencephalic root of v part of midbrain tegmentum in NIF and MA. the neurons of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus are the only centrally located primary sensory neurons in amniotes; all others are extramedullary[PMID:11747082] trigeminal V mesencephalic nucleus trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus trigeminal nerve mesencepahlic nucleus Me5 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1010 ISBN:978-0-387-09845-6 GO:0021739 mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus MA MA:0001057 trigeminal V mesencephalic nucleus Wikipedia The mesencephalic nucleus is involved with proprioception of the face, that is, the feeling of position of the muscles. Unlike many nuclei within the CNS, the mesencephalic nucleus contains no chemical synapses but are electrically coupled. Instead, neurons of this nucleus are pseudounipolar cells receiving proprioceptive information from the jaw, and sending projections to the motor trigeminal nucleus to mediate monosynaptic jaw reflexes. It is also the only structure in the CNS to contain the cell bodies of a primary afferent, which are usually contained within ganglia. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve NIF Wikipedia:Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve mesencephalic nucleus nucleus ambiguus ABA:AMB BM:Me-AMB EV:0100292 FMA:54588 MA:0001050 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2650 SCTID:280184006 The nucleus ambiguus (literally 'ambiguous nucleus') is a region of histologically disparate cells located just dorsal to the inferior olivary nucleus in the lateral portion of the upper medulla. It receives upper motor neuron innervation directly via the corticobulbar tract This nucleus gives rise to the efferent motor fibers of the vagus nerve terminating in the laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, as well as to the efferent motor fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) terminating in the stylopharyngeus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001719 UBERON:FMA_54588-MA_0001050 ambiguus nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gray695.png/200px-Gray695.png ncithesaurus:Nucleus_Ambiguus ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA The nucleus ambiguus (literally 'ambiguous nucleus') is a region of histologically disparate cells located just dorsal to the inferior olivary nucleus in the lateral portion of the upper medulla. It receives upper motor neuron innervation directly via the corticobulbar tract This nucleus gives rise to the efferent motor fibers of the vagus nerve terminating in the laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, as well as to the efferent motor fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) terminating in the stylopharyngeus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nucleus_ambiguus ABA ABA ABA ABA cochlear nucleus FMA:54603 GAID:601 MA:0001012 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.810.428.600.135 SCTID:362463009 The cochlear nuclei consist of: (a) the dorsal cochlear nucleus, corresponding to the tuberculum acusticum on the dorso-lateral surface of the inferior peduncle; and (b) the ventral or accessory cochlear nucleus, placed between the two divisions of the nerve, on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001720 UBERON:FMA_54603-ZFA_0001638 ZFA:0001638 cochlear VIII nucleus cochlear nucleus of acoustic nerve cochlear nucleus of eighth cranial nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray691.png/200px-Gray691.png ncithesaurus:Cochlear_Nucleus nucleus of cochlear nerve statoacoustic (VIII) nucleus vestibulocochlear nucleus MA:0001012 cochlear VIII nucleus The cochlear nuclei consist of: (a) the dorsal cochlear nucleus, corresponding to the tuberculum acusticum on the dorso-lateral surface of the inferior peduncle; and (b) the ventral or accessory cochlear nucleus, placed between the two divisions of the nerve, on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cochlear_nucleus inferior vestibular nucleus ABA:SPIV BM:Me-VS-VSI BTO:0004369 EV:0100258 FMA:54608 MA:0001054 SCTID:280175006 The inferior vestibular nucleus is the vestibular nucleus which lies near the fourth ventricle. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001721 UBERON:FMA_54608-MA_0001054 descending vestibular nucleus ncithesaurus:Spinal_Vestibular_Nucleus spinal vestibular nucleus FMA:54608 descending vestibular nucleus ABA ABA The inferior vestibular nucleus is the vestibular nucleus which lies near the fourth ventricle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_vestibular_nucleus ABA FMA:54608 spinal vestibular nucleus medial vestibular nucleus ABA:MV BM:Me-VS-VSM BTO:0004371 FMA:54611 MA:0001048 SCTID:280174005 The medial vestibular nucleus is one of the vestibular nuclei. It is located in the medulla oblongata. Lateral vestibulo-spinal tract (lateral vestibular nucleus “Deiters”)- via ventrolateral medulla and spinal cord to ventral funiculus (lumbo-sacral segments). Ipsilaterally for posture Medial vestibulo-spinal tract (medial, lateral, inferior, vestibular nuclei), bilateral projection via descending medial longitudinal fasciculus to cervical segments. DESCENDING MLF. Bilaterally for head/neck/eye movements [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001722 UBERON:FMA_54611-MA_0001048 chief vestibular nucleus dorsal vestibular nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray700.png/200px-Gray700.png medial nucleus ncithesaurus:Medial_Vestibular_Nucleus nucleus of schwalbe nucleus triangularis principal vestibular nucleus schwalbe's nucleus triangular nucleus FMA:54611 FMA:TA nucleus triangularis FMA:54611 chief vestibular nucleus FMA:54611 schwalbe's nucleus FMA:54611 dorsal vestibular nucleus The medial vestibular nucleus is one of the vestibular nuclei. It is located in the medulla oblongata. Lateral vestibulo-spinal tract (lateral vestibular nucleus “Deiters”)- via ventrolateral medulla and spinal cord to ventral funiculus (lumbo-sacral segments). Ipsilaterally for posture Medial vestibulo-spinal tract (medial, lateral, inferior, vestibular nuclei), bilateral projection via descending medial longitudinal fasciculus to cervical segments. DESCENDING MLF. Bilaterally for head/neck/eye movements [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_vestibular_nucleus ABA FMA:54611 triangular nucleus FMA:54611 principal vestibular nucleus FMA:54611 nucleus of schwalbe ABA Wikipedia:Medial_vestibular_nucleus medial nucleus ABA tongue AAO:0010360 BTO:0001385 EFO:0000833 EHDAA2:0002062 EHDAA:9144 EMAPA:17185 EMAPA:18870 EV:0100058 FMA:54640 GAID:816 MA:0000347 MAT:0000040 MESH:A.14.549.885 MIAA:0000040 OG:0000419 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjmJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA_53KXLq9EdqAAAACs6hnmQ SCTID:181226008 The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech[GO]. UBERON:0001723 UBERON:FMA_54640-MA_0000347-MIAA_0000040-XAO_0000446 XAO:0000446 ZFA:0005333 editor notes - in MA the tongue is part of the oral region, which in uberon is treated as the oral opening. consider revising oral opening - oral region equivalence http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tongue.agr.jpg/200px-Tongue.agr.jpg ncithesaurus:Tongue GO BTO FMA GO:0043586 The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech[GO]. Wikipedia:Tongue MA Wikipedia Wikipedia sphenoidal sinus FMA:54683 GAID:359 MA:0001795 MESH:A.04.531.621.827 OpenCyc:Mx4rwEIoz5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181207000 The sphenoidal sinuses (or sphenoid) contained within the body of the sphenoid vary in size and shape; owing to the lateral displacement of the intervening septum they are rarely symmetrical. The following are their average measurements: vertical height, 2.2 cm. ; transverse breadth, 2 cm. ; antero-posterior depth, 2.2 cm. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001724 UBERON:FMA_54683-MA_0001795 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gray856.png/200px-Gray856.png ncithesaurus:Sphenoid_Sinus sphenoid sinus The sphenoidal sinuses (or sphenoid) contained within the body of the sphenoid vary in size and shape; owing to the lateral displacement of the intervening septum they are rarely symmetrical. The following are their average measurements: vertical height, 2.2 cm. ; transverse breadth, 2 cm. ; antero-posterior depth, 2.2 cm. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sphenoidal_sinus cranial synchondrosis FMA:54816 MA:0001502 SCTID:314228003 UBERON:0001725 UBERON:FMA_54816-MA_0001502 the cartilaginous joints of the skull; these include sphenoethmoidal synchondrosis, sphenooccipital synchondrosis, sphenopetrosal synchondrosis, petrooccipital synchondrosis, anterior intraoccipital synchondrosis and posterior intraoccipital synchondrosis. FMA http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=87514 the cartilaginous joints of the skull; these include sphenoethmoidal synchondrosis, sphenooccipital synchondrosis, sphenopetrosal synchondrosis, petrooccipital synchondrosis, anterior intraoccipital synchondrosis and posterior intraoccipital synchondrosis. papilla of tongue FMA:54819 MA:0001593 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4102 SCTID:368728006 UBERON:0001726 UBERON:FMA_54819-MA_0001593 lingual papilla ncithesaurus:Papilla_of_the_Tongue tongue papilla FMA-modified taste bud AAO:0010573 BTO:0000989 FMA:54825 GAID:815 MA:0001591 MESH:A.08.800.550.700.120.800 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4101 OG:0000130 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjan5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362099006 TAO:0001074 Taste buds are small structures on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus and epiglottis that provide information about the taste of food being eaten. These structures are involved in detecting the five elements of taste perception: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami (or savory). Via small openings in the tongue epithelium, called taste pores, parts of the food dissolved in saliva come into contact with the taste receptors. These are located on top of the taste receptor cells that constitute the taste buds. The taste receptor cells send information detected by clusters of various receptors and ion channels to the gustatory areas of the brain via the seventh, ninth and tenth cranial nerves. The human tongue has about 10,000 taste buds. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001727 UBERON:FMA_54825-MA_0001591-XAO_0000445-ZFA_0001074 XAO:0000445 ZFA:0001074 caliculus gustatorius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gray1018.png/200px-Gray1018.png taste buds taste-bud tastebud tastebuds todo - account for non-tongue taste buds Wikipedia:Taste_bud taste buds Taste buds are small structures on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus and epiglottis that provide information about the taste of food being eaten. These structures are involved in detecting the five elements of taste perception: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami (or savory). Via small openings in the tongue epithelium, called taste pores, parts of the food dissolved in saliva come into contact with the taste receptors. These are located on top of the taste receptor cells that constitute the taste buds. The taste receptor cells send information detected by clusters of various receptors and ion channels to the gustatory areas of the brain via the seventh, ninth and tenth cranial nerves. The human tongue has about 10,000 taste buds. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Taste_bud ZFA Wikipedia:Taste_bud taste-bud ZFA Wikipedia:Taste_bud caliculus gustatorius NIF Wikipedia FMA Wikipedia:Taste_bud tastebud Wikipedia:Taste_bud tastebuds http://dev.biologists.org/content/128/22/4573.full nasopharynx BTO:0000662 EHDAA2:0001239 EHDAA:7086 EMAPA:17670 EMAPA:25092 EV:0100066 FMA:54878 GAID:339 MA:0000443 MAT:0000447 MESH:A.03.867.557 Nasenrachenraum OG:0000375 OpenCyc:Mx4rwUPoDJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181200003 UBERON:0001728 UBERON:FMA_54878-MA_0000443 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Illu_pharynx.jpg/200px-Illu_pharynx.jpg nasal part of pharynx ncithesaurus:Nasopharynx rhinopharynx uppermost part of the pharynx. It extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate;[1] it differs from the oral and laryngeal parts of the pharynx in that its cavity always remains patent (open)[WP]. In front it communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities. On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal ostium of the auditory tube, somewhat triangular in shape, and bounded behind by a firm prominence, the torus tubarius or cushion, caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane. Wikipedia:Nasopharynx uppermost part of the pharynx. It extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate;[1] it differs from the oral and laryngeal parts of the pharynx in that its cavity always remains patent (open)[WP]. In front it communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities. On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal ostium of the auditory tube, somewhat triangular in shape, and bounded behind by a firm prominence, the torus tubarius or cushion, caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane. BTO:0000662 Nasenrachenraum oropharynx EFO:0001976 EHDAA2:0004082 EMAPA:25094 EV:0100067 FMA:54879 GAID:340 MA:0000351 MAT:0000446 MESH:A.03.867.603 OG:0000457 OpenCyc:Mx4rwACoxpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:263376008 The Oropharynx (oral part of the pharynx) reaches from the Uvula to the level of the hyoid bone. It opens anteriorly, through the isthmus faucium, into the mouth, while in its lateral wall, between the two palatine arches, is the palatine tonsil. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001729 UBERON:FMA_54879-MA_0000351 VAO:0000034 XAO:0004048 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Illu_pharynx.jpg/200px-Illu_pharynx.jpg ncithesaurus:Oropharynx oral part of pharynx The Oropharynx (oral part of the pharynx) reaches from the Uvula to the level of the hyoid bone. It opens anteriorly, through the isthmus faucium, into the mouth, while in its lateral wall, between the two palatine arches, is the palatine tonsil. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Oropharynx extrinsic ligament of larynx FMA:54921 MA:0001756 SCTID:279550004 UBERON:0001730 UBERON:FMA_54921-MA_0001756 laryngeal extrinsic ligament cavity of pharynx AAO:0010435 BTO:0002097 EMAPA:18381 EMAPA:18869 FMA:54935 SCTID:180543003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001731 UBERON:FMA_54935-XAO_0000105 XAO:0000105 cavitas pharyngis lumen of pharynx pharyngeal cavity BTO:0002097 cavitas pharyngis pharyngeal tonsil Adenoids (or pharyngeal tonsils, or nasopharyngeal tonsils) are a mass of lymphoid tissue situated at the very back of the nose, in the roof of the nasopharynx, where the nose blends into the mouth. Normally, in children, they make a soft mound in the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx, just above and behind the uvula. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0000777 EFO:0001401 EV:0100054 FMA:54970 GAID:1288 MA:0000774 MESH:A.15.382.520.604.084 Rachenmandel SCTID:181199001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001732 UBERON:FMA_54970-MA_0000774 adenoid http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gray994-adenoid.png/200px-Gray994-adenoid.png nasopharyngeal tonsil ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Tonsil tonsil of luschka Adenoids (or pharyngeal tonsils, or nasopharyngeal tonsils) are a mass of lymphoid tissue situated at the very back of the nose, in the roof of the nasopharynx, where the nose blends into the mouth. Normally, in children, they make a soft mound in the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx, just above and behind the uvula. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_tonsil BTO:0000777 Rachenmandel soft palate EMAPA:18949 FMA:55021 GAID:1284 MA:0002412 MAT:0000039 MESH:A.14.549.617.780 MIAA:0000039 SCTID:245784004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001733 UBERON:FMA_55021-MA_0002412-MIAA_0000039 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tonsils_diagram.jpg/200px-Tonsils_diagram.jpg muscular palate ncithesaurus:Soft_Palate soft tissue constituting the back of the roof of the mouth. The soft palate is distinguished from the hard palate at the front of the mouth in that it does not contain bone[WP]. The soft palate is the posterior portion of the palate extending from the posterior edge of the hard palate[GO]. velum GO:0060023 Wikipedia:Soft_palate soft tissue constituting the back of the roof of the mouth. The soft palate is distinguished from the hard palate at the front of the mouth in that it does not contain bone[WP]. The soft palate is the posterior portion of the palate extending from the posterior edge of the hard palate[GO]. FMA Wikipedia:Soft_palate velum Wikipedia:Soft_palate muscular palate uvula Conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers. The uvula, hanging from the end of the soft palate, is responsible for the sound of snoring. Touching the uvula or the end of the soft palate evokes a strong gag reflex in most people. EFO:0001386 FMA:55022 GAID:1285 MESH:A.14.549.617.780.729 SCTID:362082005 UBERON:0001734 UBERON:FMA_55022-MA_0001006 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tonsils_diagram.jpg/200px-Tonsils_diagram.jpg ncithesaurus:Uvula palatine uvula uvula of palate uvula palatina FMA:55022 FMA:TA uvula palatina Conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers. The uvula, hanging from the end of the soft palate, is responsible for the sound of snoring. Touching the uvula or the end of the soft palate evokes a strong gag reflex in most people. Wikipedia:Palatine_uvula tonsillar ring FMA:55070 MA:0000752 SCTID:56411004 UBERON:0001735 UBERON:FMA_55070-MA_0000752 Waldeyer's ring Waldeyer's tonsillar ring anulus lymphoideus pharyngis lymphoid tissue ring located in the pharynx and to the back of the oral cavity. The ring consists of (from superior to inferior): Pharyngeal tonsil (also known as 'adenoids' when infected) Tubal tonsil (where Eustachian tube opens in the nasopharynx) Palatine tonsils (commonly called 'the tonsils' in the vernacular, less commonly termed 'faucial tonsils') Lingual tonsils Some animals, but not humans, have one or two additional tonsils: Soft palate tonsil Paraepiglottic tonsil[WP]. ncithesaurus:Waldeyers_Tonsillar_Ring oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue pharyngeal lymphatic ring pharyngeal lymphoid ring see also FMA:79771 naso-pharyngeal lymphoid tissue FMA:55070 FMA:TA anulus lymphoideus pharyngis Wikipedia:Waldeyer's_ring lymphoid tissue ring located in the pharynx and to the back of the oral cavity. The ring consists of (from superior to inferior): Pharyngeal tonsil (also known as 'adenoids' when infected) Tubal tonsil (where Eustachian tube opens in the nasopharynx) Palatine tonsils (commonly called 'the tonsils' in the vernacular, less commonly termed 'faucial tonsils') Lingual tonsils Some animals, but not humans, have one or two additional tonsils: Soft palate tonsil Paraepiglottic tonsil[WP]. MA submandibular gland BTO:0001316 EFO:0001387 EMAPA:18812 EV:0100061 FMA:55093 GAID:942 MA:0001589 MESH:A.10.336.779.812 OG:0000364 SCTID:181235001 TODO check SSG vs SG The paired submandibular glands (submaxillary glands) are salivary glands located beneath the floor of the mouth. In humans, they account for 70% of the salivary volume and weigh about 15 grams. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001736 UBERON:FMA_55093-MA_0001589 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg/200px-Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg ncithesaurus:Submandibular_Gland submandibular salivary gland submaxillary gland The paired submandibular glands (submaxillary glands) are salivary glands located beneath the floor of the mouth. In humans, they account for 70% of the salivary volume and weigh about 15 grams. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Submandibular_gland larynx AAO:0000268 BTO:0001208 EFO:0000838 EHDAA2:0004063 EMAPA:18333 EV:0100039 FMA:55097 GAID:108 Heterogeneous cluster that connects the pharynx to the tracheobronchial tree[FMA]. MA:0000414 MAT:0000187 MESH:A.04.329 MIAA:0000187 OG:0001279 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViOnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181212004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001737 UBERON:FMA_55097-MA_0000414-MIAA_0000187-XAO_0003081 XAO:0003081 galen:Larynx ncithesaurus:Larynx FMA:55097 Heterogeneous cluster that connects the pharynx to the tracheobronchial tree[FMA]. Wikipedia:Larynx EHDAA2 thyroid cartilage BTO:0003655 EHDAA2:0002030 EHDAA:9395 EMAPA:18698 FMA:55099 GAID:112 MA:0001764 MESH:A.02.165.507.870 OG:0001365 SCTID:263483000 The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx. It is composed of two plate-like laminae that fuse on the anterior side of the cartilage to form a peak, called the laryngeal prominence. This prominence is often referred to as the 'pomus Adamus' or 'Adam's apple'. The laryngeal prominence is more prominent in adult male than female because of the difference in the size of the angle: 90° in male and 120° in female. The lip of the thyroid cartilage just superior to the laryngeal prominence is called the superior thyroid notch, while the notch inferior to the thyroid angle is called the inferior thyroid notch. Its posterior border is elongated both inferiorly and superiorly to form the superior horn of thyroid cartilage and inferior horn of thyroid cartilage. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001738 UBERON:FMA_55099-MA_0001764 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Larynx_external_en.svg/200px-Larynx_external_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Thyroid_Cartilage The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx. It is composed of two plate-like laminae that fuse on the anterior side of the cartilage to form a peak, called the laryngeal prominence. This prominence is often referred to as the 'pomus Adamus' or 'Adam's apple'. The laryngeal prominence is more prominent in adult male than female because of the difference in the size of the angle: 90° in male and 120° in female. The lip of the thyroid cartilage just superior to the laryngeal prominence is called the superior thyroid notch, while the notch inferior to the thyroid angle is called the inferior thyroid notch. Its posterior border is elongated both inferiorly and superiorly to form the superior horn of thyroid cartilage and inferior horn of thyroid cartilage. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thyroid_cartilage Wikipedia laryngeal cartilage BTO:0003660 EHDAA:8157 EMAPA:18697 FMA:55108 GAID:107 MA:0001758 MESH:A.02.165.507 SCTID:263482005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001739 UBERON:FMA_55108-MA_0001758 cartilage of larynx larynx cartilage ncithesaurus:Laryngeal_Cartilage the cartilaginous structures that support the larynx. FMA BTO MP:0002256 the cartilaginous structures that support the larynx. arytenoid cartilage AAO:0000674 EMAPA:18695 FMA:55109 GAID:109 MA:0001759 MESH:A.02.165.507.083 SCTID:264446005 The arytenoid cartilages are a pair of small three-sided pyramids which form part of the larynx, to which the vocal cords are attached. Each is pyramidal in form, and has three surfaces, a base, and an apex. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001740 UBERON:FMA_55109-MA_0001759 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray950.png/200px-Gray950.png ncithesaurus:Arytenoid_Cartilage The arytenoid cartilages are a pair of small three-sided pyramids which form part of the larynx, to which the vocal cords are attached. Each is pyramidal in form, and has three surfaces, a base, and an apex. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Arytenoid_cartilage Wikipedia corniculate cartilage FMA:55110 MA:0001885 SCTID:278989005 Santorini's cartilage The corniculate cartilages (cartilages of Santorini) are two small conical nodules consisting of yellow elastic cartilage, which articulate with the summits of the arytenoid cartilages and serve to prolong them posteriorly and medially. They are situated in the posterior parts of the aryepiglottic folds of mucous membrane, and are sometimes fused with the arytenoid cartilages. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001741 UBERON:FMA_55110-MA_0001885 cartilage of santorini http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gray952.png/200px-Gray952.png ncithesaurus:Corniculate_Cartilage The corniculate cartilages (cartilages of Santorini) are two small conical nodules consisting of yellow elastic cartilage, which articulate with the summits of the arytenoid cartilages and serve to prolong them posteriorly and medially. They are situated in the posterior parts of the aryepiglottic folds of mucous membrane, and are sometimes fused with the arytenoid cartilages. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Corniculate_cartilage epiglottic cartilage FMA:55112 MA:0001763 SCTID:278990001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001742 UBERON:FMA_55112-MA_0001763 ncithesaurus:Epiglottic_Cartilage the most superior of the laryngeal cartilages, which is found at the root of the tongue and folds back over the entrance to the larynx during swallowing. MP:0002259 the most superior of the laryngeal cartilages, which is found at the root of the tongue and folds back over the entrance to the larynx during swallowing. ligament of larynx A ligament that is part of a larynx [Obol]. FMA:55131 MA:0001755 SCTID:279508004 UBERON:0001743 UBERON:FMA_55131-MA_0001755 laryngeal ligament larynx ligament ncithesaurus:Laryngeal_Ligament A ligament that is part of a larynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA lymphoid tissue BTO:0000753 FMA:55220 GAID:342 MA:0002436 MESH:A.10.549 Portion of connective tissue with various types of white blood cells enmeshed in it, most numerous being the lymphocytes[WP]. SCTID:181768009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001744 UBERON:FMA_55220-MA_0002436 galen:LymphoidTissue lymphatic tissue lymphocytic tissue ncithesaurus:Lymphoid_Tissue Portion of connective tissue with various types of white blood cells enmeshed in it, most numerous being the lymphocytes[WP]. Wikipedia:Lymphoid_tissue secondary nodular lymphoid tissue BTO:0003671 EV:0100051 FMA:55224 GAID:946 MA:0000744 MESH:A.10.549.250 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001745 UBERON:FMA_55224-MA_0000744 germinal center http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Keimzentrum.jpg/200px-Keimzentrum.jpg lymph node germinal center lymph node secondary follicle ncithesaurus:Germinal_Center peripheral lymphoid tissue secondary lymphoid nodule secondary lymphoid tissue sites within lymph nodes in peripheral lymph tissues where intense mature B lymphocytes, otherwise known as Centrocytes rapidly proliferate, differentiate, mutate through somatic hypermutation and class switch during antibody responses. Germinal centers are an important part of the B-cell humoral immune response. They develop dynamically after the activation of B-cells by T-dependent antigen. Histologically, the GCs describe microscopically distinguishable parts in lymphoid tissues[WP]. A germinal center is a specialized microenvironment formed when activated B cells enter lymphoid follicles. Germinal centers are the foci for B cell proliferation and somatic hypermutation[GO]. GO:0002467 Wikipedia:Germinal_center sites within lymph nodes in peripheral lymph tissues where intense mature B lymphocytes, otherwise known as Centrocytes rapidly proliferate, differentiate, mutate through somatic hypermutation and class switch during antibody responses. Germinal centers are an important part of the B-cell humoral immune response. They develop dynamically after the activation of B-cells by T-dependent antigen. Histologically, the GCs describe microscopically distinguishable parts in lymphoid tissues[WP]. A germinal center is a specialized microenvironment formed when activated B cells enter lymphoid follicles. Germinal centers are the foci for B cell proliferation and somatic hypermutation[GO]. fibrous capsule of thyroid gland FMA:55513 MA:0002675 SCTID:176859009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001746 UBERON:FMA_55513-MA_0002675 ncithesaurus:Thyroid_Gland_Capsule thyroid capsule thyroid gland capsule parenchyma of thyroid gland A parenchyma that is part of a thyroid follicle [Obol]. BTO:0004579 FMA:55515 MA:0000730 SCTID:371402001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001747 UBERON:FMA_55515-MA_0000730 parenchyma of thyroid parenchyma of thyroid follicle parenchyma of thyroid gland follicle thyroid follicle parenchyma thyroid gland follicle parenchyma thyroid gland parenchyma thyroid parenchyma OBOL:automatic thyroid follicle parenchyma FMA OBOL:automatic parenchyma of thyroid follicle OBOL:automatic thyroid parenchyma OBOL:automatic parenchyma of thyroid FMA OBOL:automatic parenchyma of thyroid gland follicle A parenchyma that is part of a thyroid follicle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic thyroid gland follicle parenchyma capsule of parathyroid gland FMA:55566 MA:0002676 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001748 UBERON:FMA_55566-MA_0002676 ncithesaurus:Parathyroid_Gland_Capsule parathyroid gland capsule parenchyma of parathyroid gland A parenchyma that is part of a parathyroid gland [Obol]. FMA:55569 MA:0002677 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001749 UBERON:FMA_55569-MA_0002677 parathyroid gland parenchyma parathyroid parenchyma parenchyma of parathyroid FMA OBOL:automatic parenchyma of parathyroid FMA A parenchyma that is part of a parathyroid gland [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic parathyroid parenchyma lacrimal apparatus FMA:55605 GAID:901 MA:0000274 MESH:A.09.371.463 The lacrimal apparatus is the physiologic system containing the orbital structures for tear production and drainage. It consists of: (a) the lacrimal gland, which secretes the tears, and its excretory ducts, which convey the fluid to the surface of the eye; (b) the lacrimal canaliculi, the lacrimal sac, and the nasolacrimal duct, by which the fluid is conveyed into the cavity of the nose. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001750 UBERON:FMA_55605-MA_0000274 ncithesaurus:Lacrimal_Apparatus The lacrimal apparatus is the physiologic system containing the orbital structures for tear production and drainage. It consists of: (a) the lacrimal gland, which secretes the tears, and its excretory ducts, which convey the fluid to the surface of the eye; (b) the lacrimal canaliculi, the lacrimal sac, and the nasolacrimal duct, by which the fluid is conveyed into the cavity of the nose. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lacrimal_apparatus dentine BTO:0003453 Dentine is found in the fossil record as early as the late Cambrian, in fish, where it may have had a role in electrochemical sensing of the environment as well as assisting in defense[WP]. H&W describe a continuum atubular - meta/orthodentine - mesi/semidentine - cement and without cementoblasts. TODO - odontoid tissue. Editors note: note the asserted dual is_a parentage, as dentine is both skeletal tissue and a substance FMA:55628 GAID:1272 MA:0002542 MESH:A.14.254.900.280 SCTID:362112004 TAO:0005143 UBERON:0001751 UBERON:FMA_55628-MA_0002542-ZFA_0005143 VAO:0000069 XAO:0004051 ZFA:0005143 a tubular mineralized tissue[H&W]. In mammals - substance of tooth produced by odontoblasts; surrounds the pulp of the tooth and is subjacent to enamel and cement[FMA]. Mineralized collagen containing substance that forms the tooth structure[ZFA]. a calcified tissue of the body, and along with enamel, cementum, and pulp is one of the four major components of teeth[WP]. dentin dentine of tooth ncithesaurus:Dentin predentin MA:0002542 dentin GO:0070468 predentin Wikipedia:Dentin ZFIN:curator a tubular mineralized tissue[H&W]. In mammals - substance of tooth produced by odontoblasts; surrounds the pulp of the tooth and is subjacent to enamel and cement[FMA]. Mineralized collagen containing substance that forms the tooth structure[ZFA]. a calcified tissue of the body, and along with enamel, cementum, and pulp is one of the four major components of teeth[WP]. enamel A dentine-like hypermineralized substance that covers the tooth tip. Enamel's primary mineral is hydroxylapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate. Unlike dentin and bone, enamel does not contain collagen. Instead, it has two unique classes of proteins called amelogenins and enamelins[WP]. BTO:0001844 FMA:55629 MA:0002543 MESH:A.14.254.900.255 SCTID:362113009 TAO:0005142 Tooth enamel is also found in the dermal denticles of sharks UBERON:0000041. For the most part, research has shown that formation in animals is almost identical to formation in humans. The enamel organ, including the dental papilla, and ameloblasts function similarly.[53] The variations of enamel that are present are infrequent but sometimes important. Differences exist, certainly, in the morphology, number, and types of teeth among animals. H&W - highly mineralized, hard, prismatic, avascular outer layer of vertebrate teeth and some scales. Enamel is unique in being the only noncollagenous mineralized vertebrate skeletal tissue (Diekwisch, 2002). The enamel proteins amelogenin, enamelin, tuftelin, MMP-20, and EMSP-1 form a highly conserved family of matrix proteins (Satchell et al., 2002). Like dentine, enamel is both odontogenic and skeletogenic; enamel covers teeth and dermal skeletal tissues. Because of its very high mineral content, enamel is much more resistant to wear than dentine; some 96% of mammalian enamel is inorganic, and only 0.5% organic. // TODO - split enamel and enameloid UBERON:0001752 UBERON:FMA_55629-MA_0002543-ZFA_0005142 VAO:0000065 XAO:0004198 ZFA:0005142 enamel of tooth enameloid ncithesaurus:Enamel tooth enamel A dentine-like hypermineralized substance that covers the tooth tip. Enamel's primary mineral is hydroxylapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate. Unlike dentin and bone, enamel does not contain collagen. Instead, it has two unique classes of proteins called amelogenins and enamelins[WP]. Wikipedia:Enamel ZFIN:curator cementum A bone-like mineralized tissue secreted by cementoblasts on the surface of root dentine or, in some animals, crown enamel[Diekwisch 2001]. Substance of tooth produced by cementoblasts; surrounds the dentine of the root of the tooth[FMA]. a specialized calcified substance covering the root of a tooth. Cementum is excreted by cells called cementoblasts within the root of the tooth and is thickest at the root apex. Its coloration is yellowish and it is softer than enamel and dentin due to being less mineralized[WP]. BTO:0002525 Cementum, the supporting tissue that anchors mammalian and crocodylian teeth into their sockets, differs among species and can have features of dentine, of bone, and of calcified cartilage, as well as unique features. Cementum is deposited by cementoblasts onto existing dentine. As in bone and dentine, cementoblasts produce an organic matrix, the main constituent of which is collagen type I (Bosshardt, 2005), but cementum, dentine, and bone also share a number of important noncollagenous matrix components such as osteopontin, osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, a2-HS- glycoprotein, dentine matrix protein, dentine sialoprotein, and den- tine phosphoprotein (McKee et al., 1996; Bosshardt, 2005). it has been argued that in all rodents and ruminants, cementum is a form of calcified cartilage[H&W] FMA:55630 MA:0002541 MESH:A.14.254.646.267 SCTID:362114003 UBERON:0001753 UBERON:FMA_55630-MA_0002541 VAO:0000062 XAO:0004196 cement cement of tooth cementum cementum of tooth ncithesaurus:Cementum A bone-like mineralized tissue secreted by cementoblasts on the surface of root dentine or, in some animals, crown enamel[Diekwisch 2001]. Substance of tooth produced by cementoblasts; surrounds the dentine of the root of the tooth[FMA]. a specialized calcified substance covering the root of a tooth. Cementum is excreted by cells called cementoblasts within the root of the tooth and is thickest at the root apex. Its coloration is yellowish and it is softer than enamel and dentin due to being less mineralized[WP]. Wikipedia:Cementum dental pulp BTO:0000339 FMA:55631 GAID:1270 MA:0001599 MESH:A.14.254.900.260 OG:0001469 SCTID:362110007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001754 UBERON:FMA_55631-MA_0001599 ZFA:0005141 dental pulp cell http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tooth_Section.svg/200px-Tooth_Section.svg.png ncithesaurus:Dental_Pulp pulp of tooth the part in the center of a tooth made up of living soft tissue and cells called odontoblasts[WP]. tooth pulp BTO:0000339 dental pulp cell ZFA:0005141 tooth pulp Wikipedia:Dental_pulp the part in the center of a tooth made up of living soft tissue and cells called odontoblasts[WP]. stylohyal A segment in the hyoidean arch between the epihyal and tympanohyal[biology-online]. The interhyal is a small rod-like element that connects the ventral and dorsal parts of the hyoid arch. It articulates laterally with the posterior end of the epihyal and medially at the cartilaginous junction between the hyomandibula and the symplectic. It remains cartilaginous in adult zebrafish and other cypriniforms[ZFA]. FMA:56472 TAO:0001511 TODO - check UBERON:0001755 UBERON:FMA_56472-ZFA_0001511 ZFA:0001511 distal part of styloid process interhyal bone interhyal cartilage A segment in the hyoidean arch between the epihyal and tympanohyal[biology-online]. The interhyal is a small rod-like element that connects the ventral and dorsal parts of the hyoid arch. It articulates laterally with the posterior end of the epihyal and medially at the cartilaginous junction between the hyomandibula and the symplectic. It remains cartilaginous in adult zebrafish and other cypriniforms[ZFA]. ZFIN:curator http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Stylohyal middle ear AAO:0011065 BTO:0002099 EHDAA2:0001181 EHDAA:5693 EMAPA:17000 EV:0100357 FMA:56513 GAID:165 MA:0000253 MAT:0000146 MESH:A.09.246.397 MIAA:0000146 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1695 OG:0000312 OpenCyc:Mx4rvbw1j5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181185000 The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window)[GO]. UBERON:0001756 UBERON:FMA_56513-MA_0000253-MIAA_0000146-XAO_0000191 XAO:0000191 auris media ncithesaurus:Middle_Ear BTO:0002099 auris media GO:0042474 The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window)[GO]. Wikipedia:Middle_ear pinna EHDAA2:0001467 EMAPA:17589 EV:0100355 FMA:56580 MA:0000259 OG:0000460 OpenCyc:Mx4rvs_VC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:421159007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001757 UBERON:FMA_56580-MA_0000259 Visible part of the ear that resides outside of the head. The purpose of the pinna is to collect sound. It does so by acting as a funnel, amplifying the sound and directing it to the ear canal. While reflecting from the pinna, sound also goes through a filtering process which adds directional information to the sound (see sound localization, head-related transfer function, pinna notch). The filtering effect of the human pinna preferentially selects sounds in the frequency range of human speech. In various species, the pinna can also signal mood and radiate heat. auricle auricle of ear auricle of external ear auricula auricula (auris externa) galen:Auricle ncithesaurus:Auricle pinna of ear pinnae pinnae Wikipedia:Auricula auricula Visible part of the ear that resides outside of the head. The purpose of the pinna is to collect sound. It does so by acting as a funnel, amplifying the sound and directing it to the ear canal. While reflecting from the pinna, sound also goes through a filtering process which adds directional information to the sound (see sound localization, head-related transfer function, pinna notch). The filtering effect of the human pinna preferentially selects sounds in the frequency range of human speech. In various species, the pinna can also signal mood and radiate heat. Wikipedia:Pinna_(anatomy) periodontium BTO:0001021 FMA:56665 GAID:216 MESH:A.14.254.646 The tissues that invest or help to invest and support the teeth, including the periodontal ligament, gingivae, cementum, and alveolar and supporting bone[BTO]. UBERON:0001758 UBERON:FMA_56665-MA_0002467 ncithesaurus:Periodontium note FMA treats periodontium and periodontal ligament as the same paradentium periodontal ligament periodontal membrane tooth supporting structure MA:0002467 periodontal membrane cjm MESH:A.14.254.646 tooth supporting structure FMA:56665 periodontal ligament cjm BTO:0001021 The tissues that invest or help to invest and support the teeth, including the periodontal ligament, gingivae, cementum, and alveolar and supporting bone[BTO]. Wikipedia:Periodontium MESH:A.14.254.646 paradentium FMA vagus nerve AAO:0010475 BTO:0003472 CN-X Cranial nerve that branches into the lateral (to body sense organs) and the intestino-accessorial (to the skin, muscles of shoulder, hyoid, larynx, gut, lungs, and heart). EFO:0002549 FMA:5731 GAID:721 MA:0001106 MESH:A.08.800.050.050.925 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_801 OG:0000737 OpenCyc:Mx4rviHk2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362466001 TAO:0000453 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001759 UBERON:FMA_5731-MA_0001106-XAO_0003097-ZFA_0000453 Vagus nerve [X] XAO:0003097 ZFA:0000453 cranial nerve X galen:VagusNerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gray791.png/200px-Gray791.png ncithesaurus:Vagus_Nerve nervus vagus nervus vagus [x] pneuomgastric nerve tenth cranial nerve vagal nerve vagus vagus X nerve vagus nerve tree BTO:0003472 nervus vagus GO MA:0001106 vagus X nerve FMA:5731 FMA:TA nervus vagus [x] Cranial nerve that branches into the lateral (to body sense organs) and the intestino-accessorial (to the skin, muscles of shoulder, hyoid, larynx, gut, lungs, and heart). ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Vagus_nerve BTO:0003472 pneuomgastric nerve frontal sinus FMA:57417 GAID:357 MA:0001793 MESH:A.04.531.621.387 OpenCyc:Mx4rvqMUR5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181205008 Sinuses are mucosa-lined airspaces within the bones of the face and skull. The frontal sinuses, situated behind the superciliary arches, are absent at birth, but are generally fairly well developed between the seventh and eighth years, only reaching their full size after puberty. The frontal bone is membranous at birth and there is rarely more than a recess until the bone tissue starts to ossify about age two. Consequently this structure does not show on radiographs before that time. Frontal sinuses are rarely symmetrical and the septum between them frequently deviates to one or other side of the middle line. Sinus development begins in the womb, but only the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses are present at birth. Approximately 5% of people have absent frontal sinuses. Their average measurements are as follows: height 28 mm, breadth 24 mm, depth 20 mm, creating a space of 6-7 ml. Each opens into the anterior part of the corresponding middle meatus of the nose through the frontonasal duct which traverses the anterior part of the labyrinth of the ethmoid. These structures then open into the hiatus semilunaris in the middle meatus. The mucous membrane in this sinus is innervated by the supraorbital nerve, which carries the postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers for mucous secretion from the facial nerve and supplied by the supraorbital artery and anterior ethmoidal artery. Through its copious mucus production, the sinus is an essential part of the immune defense/air filtration carried out by the nose. Nasal and sinal mucosae are ciliated and move mucus to the choanae and finally to the stomach. The thick upper layers of nasal mucus trap bacteria and small particles in tissue abundantly provided with immune cells, antibodies, and antibacterial proteins. The layers beneath are thinner and provide a substrate in which the cilia are able to beat and move the upper layer with its debris through the ostia toward the choanae. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001760 UBERON:FMA_57417-MA_0001793 cavity of frontal bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nnh_front.svg/200px-Nnh_front.svg.png ncithesaurus:Frontal_Sinus FMA:57417 cavity of frontal bone Sinuses are mucosa-lined airspaces within the bones of the face and skull. The frontal sinuses, situated behind the superciliary arches, are absent at birth, but are generally fairly well developed between the seventh and eighth years, only reaching their full size after puberty. The frontal bone is membranous at birth and there is rarely more than a recess until the bone tissue starts to ossify about age two. Consequently this structure does not show on radiographs before that time. Frontal sinuses are rarely symmetrical and the septum between them frequently deviates to one or other side of the middle line. Sinus development begins in the womb, but only the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses are present at birth. Approximately 5% of people have absent frontal sinuses. Their average measurements are as follows: height 28 mm, breadth 24 mm, depth 20 mm, creating a space of 6-7 ml. Each opens into the anterior part of the corresponding middle meatus of the nose through the frontonasal duct which traverses the anterior part of the labyrinth of the ethmoid. These structures then open into the hiatus semilunaris in the middle meatus. The mucous membrane in this sinus is innervated by the supraorbital nerve, which carries the postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers for mucous secretion from the facial nerve and supplied by the supraorbital artery and anterior ethmoidal artery. Through its copious mucus production, the sinus is an essential part of the immune defense/air filtration carried out by the nose. Nasal and sinal mucosae are ciliated and move mucus to the choanae and finally to the stomach. The thick upper layers of nasal mucus trap bacteria and small particles in tissue abundantly provided with immune cells, antibodies, and antibacterial proteins. The layers beneath are thinner and provide a substrate in which the cilia are able to beat and move the upper layer with its debris through the ostia toward the choanae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Frontal_sinus foramen caecum of thyroid EHDAA2:0000550 EHDAA:2150 EHDAA:2977 EMAPA:17069 EMAPA:18828 MA:0000725 OG:0000826 UBERON:0001761 UBERON:FMA_57443-MA_0000725 foramen caecum MA:0000725 foramen caecum nasal concha EHDAA2:0004101 EMAPA:25093 GAID:224 In anatomy, a nasal concha (or turbinate) is a long, narrow and curled bone shelf (shaped like an elongated sea-shell) which protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose. Turbinate bone refers to any of the scrolled spongy bones of the nasal passages in vertebrates. In humans, the turbinates divide the nasal airway into three groove-like air passages –and are responsible for forcing inhaled air to flow in a steady, regular pattern around the largest possible surface of cilia and climate controlling tissue. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000286 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.324.948 Note that FMA considers nasal concha and nasal concha of ethmoid bone to be synonymous. We disambiguate these here OpenCyc:Mx4rv07bVJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361931007 UBERON:0001762 UBERON:FMA_57456-MA_0000286 concha http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray153.png/200px-Gray153.png nasal turbinate ncithesaurus:Nasal_Turbinate turbinate turbinate bone In anatomy, a nasal concha (or turbinate) is a long, narrow and curled bone shelf (shaped like an elongated sea-shell) which protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose. Turbinate bone refers to any of the scrolled spongy bones of the nasal passages in vertebrates. In humans, the turbinates divide the nasal airway into three groove-like air passages –and are responsible for forcing inhaled air to flow in a steady, regular pattern around the largest possible surface of cilia and climate controlling tissue. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nasal_concha EMAPA:25093 turbinate bone EMAPA:25093 concha dental papilla BTO:0001839 FMA:57662 GAID:1277 MA:0001598 MESH:A.14.254.900.720.250 OG:0001465 TAO:0005140 Tissue of the developing tooth. It is composed of pre-odontoblast and undiffentiated mesnchyme cells and connects to the basal lamina[ZFA]. The dental papilla is a condensation of ectomesenchymal cells called odontoblasts, seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. It lies below a cellular aggregation known as the enamel organ. The dental papilla appears after 8-10 weeks intra uteral life. The dental papilla gives rise to the dentin and pulp of a tooth. The enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle together forms one unit, called the tooth germ. This is of importance because all the tissues of a tooth and its supporting structures form from these distinct cellular aggregations. UBERON:0001763 UBERON:FMA_57662-MA_0001598-ZFA_0005140 VAO:0000025 XAO:0004045 ZFA:0005140 dentinal papilla http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray1011.png/200px-Gray1011.png papilla dentis pharyngeal tooth mesenchyme todo - add child terms for EMAPA. todo - check if the FMA and MA structures refer to developed structures. todo - check part_of - should perhaps be adjacent_to? tooth mesenchyme MESH BTO:0001839 dentinal papilla ZFA ZFA:0005140 pharyngeal tooth mesenchyme BTO:0001839 papilla dentis Tissue of the developing tooth. It is composed of pre-odontoblast and undiffentiated mesnchyme cells and connects to the basal lamina[ZFA]. The dental papilla is a condensation of ectomesenchymal cells called odontoblasts, seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. It lies below a cellular aggregation known as the enamel organ. The dental papilla appears after 8-10 weeks intra uteral life. The dental papilla gives rise to the dentin and pulp of a tooth. The enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle together forms one unit, called the tooth germ. This is of importance because all the tissues of a tooth and its supporting structures form from these distinct cellular aggregations. Wikipedia:Dental_papilla ZFA:0005140 MA BTO FMA ZFA:0005140 tooth mesenchyme maxillary sinus FMA:57715 GAID:358 MA:0001794 MESH:A.04.531.621.578 OpenCyc:Mx4rvp2ZWJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181204007 The maxillary sinus (or Antrum of Highmore) is the largest of the paranasal sinuses, and is pyramidal in shape. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001764 UBERON:FMA_57715-MA_0001794 antrum of highmore http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gray1199.png/200px-Gray1199.png ncithesaurus:Maxillary_Sinus The maxillary sinus (or Antrum of Highmore) is the largest of the paranasal sinuses, and is pyramidal in shape. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Maxillary_sinus mammary duct BTO:0002845 Epithelial tube that transports milk[GO]. FMA:58006 MA:0000791 SCTID:361719004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001765 UBERON:FMA_58006-MA_0000791 ductus lactiferi galactophorous tubule lactiferous duct lactiferous tubule mammary duct mammary gland duct ncithesaurus:Lactiferous_Duct Epithelial tube that transports milk[GO]. GO:0060603 Wikipedia:Lactiferous_duct BTO:0002845 lactiferous tubule FMA:58006 lactiferous duct BTO:0002845 ductus lactiferi BTO:0002845 mammary duct BTO:0002845 galactophorous tubule anterior chamber of eyeball BTO:0002084 EHDAA2:0000129 EHDAA:9033 EMAPA:18231 FMA:58078 GAID:889 MA:0000262 MESH:A.09.371.060.067 OG:0001431 SCTID:181160009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001766 UBERON:FMA_58078-MA_0000262 anterior chamber anterior chamber of eye camera anterior eye anterior chamber http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Chamber_of_the_Eye the fluid-filled space inside the eye between the iris and the cornea's innermost surface, the endothelium.[1] Aqueous humor is the fluid that fills the anterior chamber. Hyphema and glaucoma are two main pathologies in this area. In hyphema, blood fills the anterior chamber. In glaucoma, blockage of the canal of Schlemm prevents the normal outflow of aqueous humor, resulting in accumulation of fluid, increased intraocular pressure, and eventually blindness. HP:0000593 MP:0010709 anterior chamber Wikipedia:Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball the fluid-filled space inside the eye between the iris and the cornea's innermost surface, the endothelium.[1] Aqueous humor is the fluid that fills the anterior chamber. Hyphema and glaucoma are two main pathologies in this area. In hyphema, blood fills the anterior chamber. In glaucoma, blockage of the canal of Schlemm prevents the normal outflow of aqueous humor, resulting in accumulation of fluid, increased intraocular pressure, and eventually blindness. posterior chamber of eyeball BTO:0002086 FMA:58080 MA:0002460 OpenCyc:Mx4rvnYe8pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362504004 The posterior chamber should not be confused with vitreous chamber. UBERON:0001767 UBERON:FMA_58080-MA_0002460 a narrow chink behind the peripheral part of the iris of the lens, and in front of the suspensory ligament of the lens and the ciliary processes the Posterior Chamber consists of small space directly posterior of the Iris but anterior to the lens. camera posterior eye posterior chamber http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gray883.png/200px-Gray883.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Chamber_of_the_Eye posterior chamber of eye Wikipedia:Posterior_chamber_of_eyeball a narrow chink behind the peripheral part of the iris of the lens, and in front of the suspensory ligament of the lens and the ciliary processes the Posterior Chamber consists of small space directly posterior of the Iris but anterior to the lens. vascular layer of eyeball FMA:58103 GAID:912 MA:0002480 MESH:A.09.371.894 SCTID:280648000 TODO - check child terms, isa vs partof UBERON:0001768 UBERON:FMA_58103-MA_0002480 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Gray869.png/200px-Gray869.png ncithesaurus:Uvea pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye[WP]. The pigmented vascular coat of the eyeball, consisting of the CHOROID; CILIARY BODY; and IRIS, which are continuous with each other. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)[GAID]. tunica vasculosa of eyeball uvea uveal tract Wikipedia:Uvea pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye[WP]. The pigmented vascular coat of the eyeball, consisting of the CHOROID; CILIARY BODY; and IRIS, which are continuous with each other. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)[GAID]. iris AAO:0010347 BTO:0000653 EMAPA:19154 EV:0100345 FMA:58235 GAID:917 MA and FMA differ regarding isa vs partof to vascular layer MA:0000273 MESH:A.09.371.894.513 OG:0000101 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjbppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181164000 TAO:0001238 UBERON:0001769 UBERON:FMA_58235-MA_0000273-XAO_0000185-ZFA_0001238 XAO:0000185 ZFA:0001238 a membrane in the eye, responsible for controlling the amount of light reaching the retina. The iris consists of pigmented fibrovascular tissue known as a stroma. It is the most forward portion of the eye and the only one seen on superficial inspection. The stroma connects a sphincter muscle (sphincter pupillae), which contracts the pupil, and a set of dilator muscles (dilator pupillae) which open it. The back surface is covered by a heavily pigmented epithelial layer two cells thick (the iris pigment epithelium), but the front surface has no epithelium. The high pigment content blocks light from passing through the iris and restricts it to the pupil. The outer edge of the iris, known as the root, is attached to the sclera and the anterior ciliary body. The iris and ciliary body together are known as the anterior uvea. Just in front of the root of the iris is the region through which the aqueous humour constantly drains out of the eye, with the result that diseases of the iris often have important effects on intraocular pressure, and indirectly on vision. Depending on the amount of light, the iris makes the pupil larger or smaller. anterior uvea ncithesaurus:Iris FMA Wikipedia:Iris_(anatomy) a membrane in the eye, responsible for controlling the amount of light reaching the retina. The iris consists of pigmented fibrovascular tissue known as a stroma. It is the most forward portion of the eye and the only one seen on superficial inspection. The stroma connects a sphincter muscle (sphincter pupillae), which contracts the pupil, and a set of dilator muscles (dilator pupillae) which open it. The back surface is covered by a heavily pigmented epithelial layer two cells thick (the iris pigment epithelium), but the front surface has no epithelium. The high pigment content blocks light from passing through the iris and restricts it to the pupil. The outer edge of the iris, known as the root, is attached to the sclera and the anterior ciliary body. The iris and ciliary body together are known as the anterior uvea. Just in front of the root of the iris is the region through which the aqueous humour constantly drains out of the eye, with the result that diseases of the iris often have important effects on intraocular pressure, and indirectly on vision. Depending on the amount of light, the iris makes the pupil larger or smaller. FMA XAO lacrimal canaliculus FMA:58245 MA:0001294 SCTID:263348000 The lacrimal canaliculi, also known as the lacrimal canals or lacrimal ducts, are the small channels in each eyelid that commence at minute orifices, termed puncta lacrimalia, on the summits of the papillae lacrimales, seen on the margins of the lids at the lateral extremity of the lacus lacrimalis. The superior duct, the smaller and shorter of the two, at first ascends, and then bends at an acute angle, and passes medialward and downward to the lacrimal sac. The inferior duct at first descends, and then runs almost horizontally to the lacrimal sac. At the angles they are dilated into ampullæ. Microscopically, they are lined by nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium surrounded by fibrous tissue. Outside the latter is a layer of striped muscle, continuous with the lacrimal part of the Orbicularis oculi; at the base of each lacrimal papilla the muscular fibers are circularly arranged and form a kind of sphincter. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001770 UBERON:FMA_58245-MA_0001294 ncithesaurus:Lacrimal_Canaliculus The lacrimal canaliculi, also known as the lacrimal canals or lacrimal ducts, are the small channels in each eyelid that commence at minute orifices, termed puncta lacrimalia, on the summits of the papillae lacrimales, seen on the margins of the lids at the lateral extremity of the lacus lacrimalis. The superior duct, the smaller and shorter of the two, at first ascends, and then bends at an acute angle, and passes medialward and downward to the lacrimal sac. The inferior duct at first descends, and then runs almost horizontally to the lacrimal sac. At the angles they are dilated into ampullæ. Microscopically, they are lined by nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium surrounded by fibrous tissue. Outside the latter is a layer of striped muscle, continuous with the lacrimal part of the Orbicularis oculi; at the base of each lacrimal papilla the muscular fibers are circularly arranged and form a kind of sphincter. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lacrimal_canaliculus pupil AAO:0010351 FMA:58252 GAID:918 MA:0001292 MESH:A.09.371.894.513.780 OG:0000116 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViBr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:35146001 TAO:0001283 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001771 UBERON:FMA_58252-MA_0001292-XAO_0000283-ZFA_0001283 XAO:0000283 ZFA:0001283 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Eye_iris.jpg/200px-Eye_iris.jpg ncithesaurus:Pupil sphere that is located in the center of the iris of the eye and that controls the amount of light that enters the eye. Wikipedia:Pupil sphere that is located in the center of the iris of the eye and that controls the amount of light that enters the eye. corneal epithelium BTO:0000287 EFO:0001917 EMAPA:17162 FMA:58263 GAID:895 MA:0001243 MESH:A.09.371.060.217.325 SCTID:15775008 The corneal epithelium (epithelium corneæ anterior layer) is made up of epithelial tissue and covers the front of the cornea. It consists of several layers of cells. The cells of the deepest layer are columnar; then follow two or three layers of polyhedral cells, the majority of which are prickle cells similar to those found in the stratum mucosum of the cuticle. Lastly, there are three or four layers of squamous cells, with flattened nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001772 UBERON:FMA_58263-MA_0001243 ZFA:0001683 anterior corneal epithelium anterior endothelium of cornea cornea epithelial tissue cornea epithelium endothelium anterius corneae endothelium camerae anterioris bulbi endothelium corneale epithelial tissue of cornea epithelium anterius (cornea) epithelium anterius corneae epithelium of cornea epithelium posterius corneae external epithelium of cornea http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray871.png/200px-Gray871.png ncithesaurus:Corneal_Epithelium BTO:0000287 endothelium anterius corneae BTO:0000287 epithelium posterius corneae BTO:0000287 endothelium corneale OBOL:automatic cornea epithelium OBOL:automatic cornea epithelial tissue FMA:58263 FMA:TA epithelium anterius corneae OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of cornea The corneal epithelium (epithelium corneæ anterior layer) is made up of epithelial tissue and covers the front of the cornea. It consists of several layers of cells. The cells of the deepest layer are columnar; then follow two or three layers of polyhedral cells, the majority of which are prickle cells similar to those found in the stratum mucosum of the cuticle. Lastly, there are three or four layers of squamous cells, with flattened nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Corneal_epithelium BTO:0000287 anterior endothelium of cornea BTO:0000287 endothelium camerae anterioris bulbi sclera AAO:0010354 BTO:0001606 EMAPA:19027 EV:0100342 FMA:58269 GAID:911 MA:0000280 MESH:A.09.371.784 OG:0001274 OpenCyc:Mx4rv7yR55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181163006 The sclera, also known as the white part of the eye, is the opaque (usually white, though certain animals, such as horses and lizards, can have black sclera), fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. It is derived from the neural crest. In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, however, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow. The sclera forms the posterior five sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe. It is continuous with the dura mater and the cornea, and maintains the shape of the globe, offering resistance to internal and external forces, and provides an attachment for the extraocular muscle insertions. The sclera is perforated by plenty of nerves and vessels passing through the posterior scleral foramen, the hole that is formed by the optic nerve. At the optic disk the outer two-thirds of the sclera continues with the dura mater (outer coat of the brain) via the dural sheath of the optic nerve. The inner third joins with some choroidal tissue to form a plate (lamina cribrosa) across the optic nerve with perforations through which the optic fibers (fasciculi). The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions. The sclera's blood vessels are mainly on the surface, and together with the conjunctiva (which lies on top) This is a thin layer covering the sclera. Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva, those of the sclera renders the inflamed eye bright red. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001773 UBERON:FMA_58269-MA_0000280-XAO_0000183 XAO:0000183 ZFA:0005563 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Sclera ZFA The sclera, also known as the white part of the eye, is the opaque (usually white, though certain animals, such as horses and lizards, can have black sclera), fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. It is derived from the neural crest. In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, however, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow. The sclera forms the posterior five sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe. It is continuous with the dura mater and the cornea, and maintains the shape of the globe, offering resistance to internal and external forces, and provides an attachment for the extraocular muscle insertions. The sclera is perforated by plenty of nerves and vessels passing through the posterior scleral foramen, the hole that is formed by the optic nerve. At the optic disk the outer two-thirds of the sclera continues with the dura mater (outer coat of the brain) via the dural sheath of the optic nerve. The inner third joins with some choroidal tissue to form a plate (lamina cribrosa) across the optic nerve with perforations through which the optic fibers (fasciculi). The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions. The sclera's blood vessels are mainly on the surface, and together with the conjunctiva (which lies on top) This is a thin layer covering the sclera. Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva, those of the sclera renders the inflamed eye bright red. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sclera muscle of trunk AAO:0000611 EFO:0003531 FMA:58274 MA:0000514 Muscle organ which is a part of the trunk. Examples: external intercostal muscle, external oblique, levator ani. TODO - check muscle organ vs musculature UBERON:0001774 UBERON:FMA_58274-MA_0000514 XAO:0003230 ZFA:0000473 body musculature muscle organ of torso muscle organ of trunk torso muscle organ trunk muscle trunk muscle organ trunk musculature OBOL:automatic muscle organ of trunk OBOL:automatic muscle organ of torso OBOL:automatic trunk muscle organ OBOL:automatic torso muscle organ ZFA:0000473 body musculature ciliary body AAO:0010341 BTO:0000260 EMAPA:19065 EV:0100346 FMA:58295 GAID:916 MA:0000264 MESH:A.09.371.894.280 OG:0000102 SCTID:263340007 TAO:0001203 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001775 UBERON:FMA_58295-MA_0000264-XAO_0000186-ZFA_0001203 XAO:0000186 ZFA:0001203 anterior uvea circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. corpus ciliare http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Ciliary_Body Wikipedia:Ciliary_body circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. Wikipedia:Ciliary_body corpus ciliare choroid BTO:0001829 EMAPA:19077 EV:0100347 FMA:58298 GAID:913 MA:0000263 MESH:A.09.371.894.223 SCTID:181172003 UBERON:0001776 UBERON:FMA_58298-MA_0000263 ZFA:0005229 chorioid choroid coat choroidea http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Choroid optic choroid posterior uvea vascular layer containing connective tissue, of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. In humans its thickness is about 0.5 mm. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina [1]. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract[WP]. Wikipedia:Choroid choroidea Wikipedia:Choroid choroid coat BTO:0001829 chorioid Wikipedia:Uvea#Regions posterior uvea ZFA:0005229 optic choroid Wikipedia:Choroid vascular layer containing connective tissue, of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. In humans its thickness is about 0.5 mm. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina [1]. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract[WP]. substantia propria of cornea EFO:0002514 EMAPA:17602 FMA:58306 GAID:893 MA:0001245 MESH:A.09.371.060.217.228 SCTID:362511000 The substantia propria (or stroma of cornea) is fibrous, tough, unyielding, and perfectly transparent. It is composed of about 200 flattened lamellæ (plates of collagen fibrils), superimposed one on another. They are each about 1.5-2.5 micrometres in thickness. These fibrils run at different angles between the limbi. Fibres of the layers frequently interweave, the anterior lamellæ interweaving more than posterior lamellæ. The fibres of each lamella are parallel with one another, but at right angles to those of adjacent lamellæ. The lamellæ are produced by keratocytes (corneal corpuscles), which occupy about 10% of the substantia propria. These lamellæ are made up of bundles of modified connective tissue, the fibres of which are directly continuous with those of the sclera. More collagen fibres run in a temporal-nasal direction than run in the superior-inferior direction. This is often ignored by corneal transplant surgeons, leading to poor corneal mechanical strength in corneal transplant patients. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001777 UBERON:FMA_58306-MA_0001245 ZFA:0001685 corneal stroma http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray871.png/200px-Gray871.png ncithesaurus:Corneal_Stroma stroma of cornea substantia propria The substantia propria (or stroma of cornea) is fibrous, tough, unyielding, and perfectly transparent. It is composed of about 200 flattened lamellæ (plates of collagen fibrils), superimposed one on another. They are each about 1.5-2.5 micrometres in thickness. These fibrils run at different angles between the limbi. Fibres of the layers frequently interweave, the anterior lamellæ interweaving more than posterior lamellæ. The fibres of each lamella are parallel with one another, but at right angles to those of adjacent lamellæ. The lamellæ are produced by keratocytes (corneal corpuscles), which occupy about 10% of the substantia propria. These lamellæ are made up of bundles of modified connective tissue, the fibres of which are directly continuous with those of the sclera. More collagen fibres run in a temporal-nasal direction than run in the superior-inferior direction. This is often ignored by corneal transplant surgeons, leading to poor corneal mechanical strength in corneal transplant patients. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Corneal_stroma ciliary epithelium An epithelium that is part of a ciliary body [Obol]. BTO:0001770 FMA:58464 MA:0001238 SCTID:280870004 UBERON:0001778 UBERON:FMA_58464-MA_0001238 ciliary body epithelium epithelium of ciliary body ncithesaurus:Ciliary_Epithelium FMA MP FMA:58464 epithelium of ciliary body MA FMA:58464 ciliary body epithelium An epithelium that is part of a ciliary body [Obol]. OBOL:automatic iris stroma FMA:58526 MA:0002777 SCTID:280882008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001779 UBERON:FMA_58526-MA_0002777 ZFA:0005569 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gray883.png/200px-Gray883.png iridial stroma stroma of iris the delicate vascular connective tissue that lies between the anterior surface of the iris and the pars iridica retinae. Wikipedia:Iris_stroma http://www.drugs.com/dict/stroma-of-iris.html the delicate vascular connective tissue that lies between the anterior surface of the iris and the pars iridica retinae. spinal nerve AAO:0011101 BTO:0000870 EHDAA2:0001898 EHDAA:2895 EMAPA:16989 FMA:5858 GAID:841 MA:0000233 MESH:A.08.800.800.720 Neural tree (organ) which is directly continuous with the spinal cord. Examples: Fifth cervical spinal nerve, third lumbar spinal nerve. OG:0000824 OpenCyc:Mx4rwK_iFJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361099009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001780 UBERON:FMA_5858-MA_0000233-XAO_0003101 XAO:0003101 backbone nerve ncithesaurus:Spinal_Nerve nerve of backbone nerve of spinal column nerve of spine nerve of vertebral column spinal column nerve spinal nerve tree spine nerve vertebral column nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of spinal column Neural tree (organ) which is directly continuous with the spinal cord. Examples: Fifth cervical spinal nerve, third lumbar spinal nerve. Wikipedia:Spinal_nerve OBOL:automatic backbone nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of vertebral column OBOL:automatic spine nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of backbone OBOL:automatic spinal column nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of spine OBOL:automatic vertebral column nerve layer of retina AAO:0010353 FMA:58617 MA:0001318 MA:0001319 Note that MA does not treat internal/external limiting memranes as layers - these are classified as laminae. Here we follow other ontologies in grouping with other layers. MA also treats retinal pigment epithelium and neural retina epithelium as distinct from the layers. We follow ontologies such as FMA and ZFA in first dividing into pigmented and neural layers - these are also classified as layers, giving us over the usual 10 layers SCTID:280657006 UBERON:0001781 UBERON:FMA_58617-MA_0001319-XAO_0000266 XAO:0000266 any of the layers that make up the retina[MP]. ncithesaurus:Retina_Layer retina layer retina neuronal layer retinal layer retinal neuronal layer MP:0003727 any of the layers that make up the retina[MP]. MP:0006069 retinal neuronal layer MP:0006069 retina neuronal layer pigmented layer of retina A monolayer of pigmented epithelium covering the neural retina; develops from the outer of the two layers of the optic cup[ZFA]. the pigmented cell layer just outside the neurosensory retina that nourishes retinal visual cells, and is firmly attached to the underlying choroid and overlying retinal visual cells[WP]. AAO:0011096 BTO:0001177 EHDAA2:0001465 EHDAA:4765 EMAPA:17172 FMA:58627 MA:0000279 OG:0000536 PRE RPE SCTID:280662007 TAO:0000144 UBERON:0001782 UBERON:FMA_58627-MA_0000279-ZFA_0000144 XAO:0003217 ZFA:0000144 editor note - we follow ontologies such as FMA and ZFA in first dividing into pigmented and neural layers epithelium, retinal pigment http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gray881.png/200px-Gray881.png ncithesaurus:Retinal_Pigment_Epithelium outer pigmented layer of retina pigment epithelium of retina pigmented epithelium pigmented retina pigmented retinal epithelium retinal pigment epithelium retinal pigmented epithelium stratum pigmentosum (retina) ZFA:0000144 retinal pigmented epithelium A monolayer of pigmented epithelium covering the neural retina; develops from the outer of the two layers of the optic cup[ZFA]. the pigmented cell layer just outside the neurosensory retina that nourishes retinal visual cells, and is firmly attached to the underlying choroid and overlying retinal visual cells[WP]. Wikipedia:Retinal_pigment_epithelium ZFIN:curator Wikipedia MP:0005201 Wikipedia:Retinal_pigment_epithelium retinal pigment epithelium BTO:0001177 epithelium, retinal pigment optic disc EFO:0001974 EHDAA2:0001307 EHDAA:9077 EMAPA:18238 EMAPA:25088 FMA:58634 MA:0000278 OG:0000551 SCTID:362518006 The optic disc or optic nerve head is the location where ganglion cell axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve. There are no light sensitive rods or cones to respond to a light stimulus at this point. This causes a break in the visual field called 'the blind spot' or the 'physiological blind spot'. The optic nerve head in a normal human eye carries from 1 to 1.2 million neurons from the eye towards the brain. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001783 UBERON:FMA_58634-MA_0000278 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gray879.png/200px-Gray879.png ncithesaurus:Optic_Disc The optic disc or optic nerve head is the location where ganglion cell axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve. There are no light sensitive rods or cones to respond to a light stimulus at this point. This causes a break in the visual field called 'the blind spot' or the 'physiological blind spot'. The optic nerve head in a normal human eye carries from 1 to 1.2 million neurons from the eye towards the brain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Optic_disc macula lutea Obsoleted as it accidentally grouped macula and macula lutea UBERON:0000053 UBERON:0000054 UBERON:0001784 UBERON:FMA_58637-MA_0001306-ZFA_0000386 true cranial nerve AAO:0000108 BTO:0001104 EHDAA2:0000323 EMAPA:17263 EMAPA:17264 FMA:5865 GAID:802 MA:0000215 MESH:A.08.800.800.120 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1623 Neural tree organ which is continuous with the brain. Examples: Trochlear nerve, facial nerve[FMA]. // Any of the major paired nerves of the head region. // Twelve pairs of cranial nerves exit/enter the cranium through openings in the skull. The nerves contain efferent axons with motor and glandular functions, as well as afferent axons from cranial ganglia with sensory functions. The nerves are numbered in a rostral to caudal sequence, with the exception of the lateral line nerves. OG:0000279 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWvJVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244447006 TAO:0000641 UBERON:0001785 UBERON:FMA_5865-MA_0000215-XAO_0003089-ZFA_0000641 XAO:0003089 ZFA:0000641 cranial nerves cranial neural tree organ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en.svg/200px-Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Cranial_Nerve note not classified as nerve in FMA. Note the structure of EMAPA is rather odd here - EMAPA:17264 (nerve of CNS) has a single child, cranial. We make EMAPA:17264 a subclass of this structure, as this appears to be the intent Neural tree organ which is continuous with the brain. Examples: Trochlear nerve, facial nerve[FMA]. // Any of the major paired nerves of the head region. // Twelve pairs of cranial nerves exit/enter the cranium through openings in the skull. The nerves contain efferent axons with motor and glandular functions, as well as afferent axons from cranial ganglia with sensory functions. The nerves are numbered in a rostral to caudal sequence, with the exception of the lateral line nerves. Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve XB:curator ZFIN:curator fovea centralis As an anatomical term, there are several foveae around the body, including in the head of the femur.(WP) EV:0100350 FMA:58658 GAID:910 MA:0001307 MESH:A.09.371.729.522.436 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2543 SCTID:264479005 UBERON:0001786 UBERON:FMA_58658-MA_0001307 a part of the eye, located in the center of the macula region of the retina. [1] [2] The fovea is responsible for sharp central vision (also called foveal vision). The fovea is surrounded by the parafovea belt, and the perifovea outer region:[2] the parafovea is the intermediate belt where the ganglion cell layer is composed of more than five rows of cells; as well as the highest density of cones; the perifovea is the outermost region where the ganglion cell layer contains two to four rows of cells, and is where visual acuity is below the optimum. The perifovea contains an even more diminished density of cones, having 12 per 100 micrometres versus 50 per 100 micrometres in the most central fovea. This, in turn, is surrounded by a larger peripheral area that delivers highly compressed information of low resolution. Approximately 50% of the nerve fibers in the optic nerve carry information from the fovea, while the other 50% carry information from the rest of the retina. The parafovea extends to a distance of 1¼ mm from the central fovea, and the perifovea is found 2¾ mm away from the fovea centralis[WP]. centre of macula fovea fovea centralis in macula http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Fovea_Centralis Wikipedia:Fovea_centralis_in_macula fovea centralis in macula Wikipedia:Fovea_centralis_in_macula a part of the eye, located in the center of the macula region of the retina. [1] [2] The fovea is responsible for sharp central vision (also called foveal vision). The fovea is surrounded by the parafovea belt, and the perifovea outer region:[2] the parafovea is the intermediate belt where the ganglion cell layer is composed of more than five rows of cells; as well as the highest density of cones; the perifovea is the outermost region where the ganglion cell layer contains two to four rows of cells, and is where visual acuity is below the optimum. The perifovea contains an even more diminished density of cones, having 12 per 100 micrometres versus 50 per 100 micrometres in the most central fovea. This, in turn, is surrounded by a larger peripheral area that delivers highly compressed information of low resolution. Approximately 50% of the nerve fibers in the optic nerve carry information from the fovea, while the other 50% carry information from the rest of the retina. The parafovea extends to a distance of 1¼ mm from the central fovea, and the perifovea is found 2¾ mm away from the fovea centralis[WP]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2543 centre of macula photoreceptor layer of retina FMA:58680 MA:0001308 OG:0001165 The layer within the retina where the photoreceptor cell receptor segments reside. UBERON:0001787 UBERON:FMA_58680-MA_0001308 XAO:0003215 ZFA:0000143 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gray881.png/200px-Gray881.png layer of rods and cones ncithesaurus:Layer_of_the_Rods_and_Cones retina photoreceptor layer retinal photoreceptor layer stratum segmentorum externorum et internorum (retina) we follow MA and ZFA in subdividing this into inner and outer segments ZFA:0000143 retinal photoreceptor layer ZFA The layer within the retina where the photoreceptor cell receptor segments reside. Wikipedia:Layer_of_rods_and_cones ZFA:0000143 outer limiting layer of retina FMA:58683 MA:0001309 SCTID:280676008 UBERON:0001788 UBERON:FMA_58683-MA_0001309 XAO:0003224 ZFA:0001331 external limiting lamina of retina external limiting membrane external limiting membrane of retina ncithesaurus:Outer_Limiting_Membrane outer limiting membrane outer limiting membrane of retina retina external limiting lamina retina outer limiting membrane stratum limitans externum (retina) the row of jucntional complexes between the plasma membranes of rod segments and the Muller glia cells; this barrier separates the layer of inner and outer segments of the rods and cones from the outer nuclear layer and forms a blood-retina barrier[MP]. MP:0010236 the row of jucntional complexes between the plasma membranes of rod segments and the Muller glia cells; this barrier separates the layer of inner and outer segments of the rods and cones from the outer nuclear layer and forms a blood-retina barrier[MP]. ZFA:0001331 external limiting membrane XAO:0003224 outer limiting membrane MP:0010236 retina outer limiting membrane outer nuclear layer of retina EMAPA:19157 FMA:58684 MA:0001315 OG:0001170 ONL SCTID:280678009 The layer within the retina where the photoreceptor cell bodies reside. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001789 UBERON:FMA_58684-MA_0001315 XAO:0003219 ZFA:0001464 retina outer nuclear layer retinal outer nuclear layer stratum nucleare externum (retina) ZFA soma The layer within the retina where the photoreceptor cell bodies reside. ZFA:0001464 outer plexiform layer of retina BTO:0003174 FMA:58685 MA:0001316 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090403 OG:0001171 OPL SCTID:280684007 The layer within the retina where the bipolar cells synapse with the photoreceptor cells[ZFA]. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells[GO]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001790 UBERON:FMA_58685-MA_0001316 XAO:0003218 ZFA:0001330 external plexiform layer ncithesaurus:Outer_Plexiform_Layer outer plexiform layer retina outer plexiform layer retinal outer plexiform layer stratum plexiforme externum BTO:0003174 outer plexiform layer BTO:0003174 external plexiform layer The layer within the retina where the bipolar cells synapse with the photoreceptor cells[ZFA]. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells[GO]. ZFA:0001330 inner nuclear layer of retina BTO:0003176 EMAPA:19155 FMA:58686 INL MA:0001311 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005031 OG:0001167 SCTID:362520009 The layer of the retina composed of the cell bodies of bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and some of the cell bodies of amacrine cells. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001791 UBERON:FMA_58686-MA_0001311 XAO:0003221 ZFA:0000119 intermediate cell layer retina inner nuclear layer retinal inner nuclear layer stratum nucleare internum BTO:0003176 The layer of the retina composed of the cell bodies of bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and some of the cell bodies of amacrine cells. ZFA:0000119 intermediate cell layer ganglionic layer of retina BTO:0003398 Check exact synonyms in ZFA / XAO FMA:58687 GCL layer MA:0001310 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005030 OG:0001166 RGC layer SCTID:280670002 UBERON:0001792 UBERON:FMA_58687-MA_0001310 XAO:0003223 ZFA:0000024 a layer of the retina that consists of retinal ganglion cells[WP]. innermost nuclear layer of the retina, which contains neurons that project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. ganglion cell layer ganglionic cell layer of retina http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gray881.png/200px-Gray881.png ncithesaurus:Ganglion_Cell_Layer retina ganglion cell layer retina ganglion layer retinal ganglion cell layer retinal ganglion layer stratum ganglionicum (retina) FMA FMA FMA:58687 ganglionic cell layer of retina MP:0008510 retinal ganglion layer FMA:58687 ZFA:0000024 ganglion cell layer Wikipedia:Ganglion_cell_layer a layer of the retina that consists of retinal ganglion cells[WP]. innermost nuclear layer of the retina, which contains neurons that project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. FMA:58687 stratum ganglionicum (retina) nerve fiber layer of retina EMAPA:18591 FMA:58688 Fiber layer adjacent the retinal ganglion cell layer which is comprised of their axons as they traverse to the optic nerve[ZFA]. The retinal nerve fiber layer (nerve fiber layer, stratum opticum, RNFL) is formed by the expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve; it is thickest near the porus opticus, gradually diminishing toward the ora serrata. As the nerve fibers pass through the lamina cribrosa sclerae they lose their medullary sheaths and are continued onward through the choroid and retina as simple axis-cylinders. When they reach the internal surface of the retina they radiate from their point of entrance over this surface grouped in bundles, and in many places arranged in plexuses. Most of the fibers are centripetal, and are the direct continuations of the axis-cylinder processes of the cells of the ganglionic layer, but a few of them are centrifugal and ramify in the inner plexiform and inner nuclear layers, where they end in enlarged extremities. MA:0001314 OG:0001169 SCTID:280671003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001793 UBERON:0005888 UBERON:FMA_58688-MA_0001314 XAO:0003220 ZFA:0001619 layer of nerve fibers of retina layer of nerve fibres of retina retina nerve fiber layer stratum neurofibrarum (retina) stratum neurofibrarum retinae stratum opticum of retina Fiber layer adjacent the retinal ganglion cell layer which is comprised of their axons as they traverse to the optic nerve[ZFA]. The retinal nerve fiber layer (nerve fiber layer, stratum opticum, RNFL) is formed by the expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve; it is thickest near the porus opticus, gradually diminishing toward the ora serrata. As the nerve fibers pass through the lamina cribrosa sclerae they lose their medullary sheaths and are continued onward through the choroid and retina as simple axis-cylinders. When they reach the internal surface of the retina they radiate from their point of entrance over this surface grouped in bundles, and in many places arranged in plexuses. Most of the fibers are centripetal, and are the direct continuations of the axis-cylinder processes of the cells of the ganglionic layer, but a few of them are centrifugal and ramify in the inner plexiform and inner nuclear layers, where they end in enlarged extremities. Wikipedia:Nerve_fiber_layer ZFA:0001619 FMA:58688 FMA:TA stratum neurofibrarum retinae inner limiting layer of retina FMA:58689 MA:0001313 SCTID:280677004 TODO - check frog/fish UBERON:0001794 UBERON:FMA_58689-MA_0001313 XAO:0003222 ZFA:0001029 inner limiting membrane inner limiting membrane of retina internal limiting lamina of retina internal limiting membrane of retina ncithesaurus:Inner_Limiting_Membrane retina inner limiting membrane retina internal limiting lamina the row of fused Muller cell processes and astrocytes that separates the retinal nerve fiber layer from the vitreous[MP]. MP:0010235 the row of fused Muller cell processes and astrocytes that separates the retinal nerve fiber layer from the vitreous[MP]. XAO:0003222 inner limiting membrane MP:0010235 retina inner limiting membrane inner plexiform layer of retina BTO misspelling? BTO:0003175 FMA:58704 IPL MA:0001312 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005032 OG:0001168 SCTID:280682006 The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells[GO]. UBERON:0001795 UBERON:FMA_58704-MA_0001312 XAO:0003225 ZFA:0001329 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gray881.png/200px-Gray881.png inner plexiform layer ncithesaurus:Inner_Plexiform_Layer retina inner plexiform layer retinal inner plexiform layer stratum plexifome internum stratum plexiforme internum BTO:0003175 stratum plexifome internum BTO:0003175 inner plexiform layer FMA:58704 stratum plexiforme internum The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells[GO]. Wikipedia:Inner_plexiform_layer aqueous humor of eyeball Body substance in liquid state contained in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball[FMA]. The aqueous humour is a thick watery substance filling the space between the lens and the cornea[WP]. EHDAA2:0000139 EHDAA:10196 EMAPA:18232 ENVO:02000024 FMA:58819 GAID:890 MA:0001236 MESH:A.09.371.060.067.070 Note that FMA says A+P chambers, and MA states A chamber OG:0000548 OpenCyc:Mx4rvdGd-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280587006 UBERON:0001796 UBERON:FMA_58819-MA_0001236 ZFA:0005564 aqueous humor aqueous humour http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png humor aquosus ncithesaurus:Aqueous_Humor FMA:58819 FMA:TA humor aquosus Body substance in liquid state contained in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball[FMA]. The aqueous humour is a thick watery substance filling the space between the lens and the cornea[WP]. FMA:58819 Wikipedia:Aqueous_humor vitreous humor BTO:0001451 Body substance of semisolid state which constitutes the vitreous body of the eye.[FMA] EMAPA:17837 ENVO:02000032 EV:0100344 FMA:58822 MA:0001286 Note that FMA distinguishes between a portion and the whole portion. We equate with whole portion here, but this is arbitrary OG:0000795 OpenCyc:Mx4rv7ZIfZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001797 UBERON:FMA_58822-MA_0001286 ZFA:0005561 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png humor vitreous humor vitreus humoral fluid ncithesaurus:Vitreous_Humor ocular fluid portion of vitreous humor vitreous vitreous fluid vitreous humour whole portion of vitreous humor BTO:0001451 vitreous fluid Body substance of semisolid state which constitutes the vitreous body of the eye.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Vitreous_humor FMA:58822 whole portion of vitreous humor ZFA:0005561 vitreous BTO:0001451 humoral fluid BTO:0001451 ocular fluid FMA:58822 FMA:TA humor vitreus FMA:67388 portion of vitreous humor vitreous body ENVO:02000032 FMA:58827 GAID:919 MA:0002462 MESH:A.09.371.943 Mucoid tissue in the vitreous chamber of the eyeball. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left vitreous bodies.[FMA] Note - in many AOs these are exact synonyms, but FMA has a part of link between portion of vitreous humor and this SCTID:181170006 UBERON:0001798 UBERON:FMA_58827-MA_0002462 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Vitreous_Body FMA:58827 FMA:FMA Mucoid tissue in the vitreous chamber of the eyeball. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left vitreous bodies.[FMA] vitreous chamber of eyeball BTO:0002087 FMA:58848 MA:0002461 The posterior chamber is a narrow chink behind the peripheral part of the iris of the human eye, and in front of the suspensory ligament of the lens and the ciliary processes the Posterior Chamber consists of small space directly posterior of the Iris but anterior to the lens. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001799 UBERON:FMA_58848-MA_0002461 camera postrema camera postrema bulbi oculi camera vitrea camera vitrea bulbi ncithesaurus:Vitreous_Chamber postremal chamber postremal chamber of eyeball vitreous chamber FMA:58848 FMA:TA camera postrema bulbi oculi The posterior chamber is a narrow chink behind the peripheral part of the iris of the human eye, and in front of the suspensory ligament of the lens and the ciliary processes the Posterior Chamber consists of small space directly posterior of the Iris but anterior to the lens. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vitreous_chamber sensory ganglion FMA:5885 MA:0002566 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001800 UBERON:FMA_5885-MA_0002566 ganglion sensorium ncithesaurus:Sensory_Ganglion the clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons, interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells. MP:0000960 the clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons, interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells. anterior segment of eyeball FMA:58865 MA:0002484 MESH:A.09.371.060 SCTID:280658001 The anterior segment is the front third of the eye that includes the structures in front of the vitreous humour: the cornea, iris, ciliary body, and lens. Within the anterior segment are two fluid-filled spaces: the anterior chamber between the posterior surface of the cornea (i.e. the corneal endothelium) and the iris; the posterior chamber between the iris and the front face of the vitreous. Aqueous humor fills these spaces within the anterior segment and provides nutrients to the surrounding structures. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001801 UBERON:FMA_58865-MA_0002484 ZFA:0005566 anterior segment of eye anterior segment of the eye eye anterior segment ncithesaurus:Anterior_Eye_Segment segmentum anterius (bulbus oculi) The anterior segment is the front third of the eye that includes the structures in front of the vitreous humour: the cornea, iris, ciliary body, and lens. Within the anterior segment are two fluid-filled spaces: the anterior chamber between the posterior surface of the cornea (i.e. the corneal endothelium) and the iris; the posterior chamber between the iris and the front face of the vitreous. Aqueous humor fills these spaces within the anterior segment and provides nutrients to the surrounding structures. Wikipedia:Anterior_segment_of_eyeball posterior segment of eyeball FMA:58868 MA:0002485 SCTID:280659009 The posterior segment is the back two-thirds of the eye that includes the anterior hyaloid membrane and all structures behind it: the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve. On the anterior side of the lens is the aqueous humour which is bounded on all sides by the lens, ciliary body, suspensory ligaments, and by the cornea. It lets light through without refraction, helps maintain the shape of the eye and suspends the delicate lens. In some animals, the retina contains a reflective layer (the tapetum lucidum) which increases the amount of light each photosensitive cell perceives, allowing the animal to see better under low light conditions. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001802 UBERON:FMA_58868-MA_0002485 ZFA:0005567 eye posterior segment http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Eye_Segment posterior segment of eye posterior segment of the eye segmentum posterius (bulbus oculi) The posterior segment is the back two-thirds of the eye that includes the anterior hyaloid membrane and all structures behind it: the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve. On the anterior side of the lens is the aqueous humour which is bounded on all sides by the lens, ciliary body, suspensory ligaments, and by the cornea. It lets light through without refraction, helps maintain the shape of the eye and suspends the delicate lens. In some animals, the retina contains a reflective layer (the tapetum lucidum) which increases the amount of light each photosensitive cell perceives, allowing the animal to see better under low light conditions. Wikipedia:Posterior_segment_of_eyeball epithelium of lens BTO:0001873 FMA:58871 MA:0001301 SCTID:362523006 TAO:0001326 The cells of the lens epithelium regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens.[6] As ions, nutrients, and liquid enter the lens from the aqueous humor, Na+/K+ ATPase pumps in the lens epithelial cells pump ions out of the lens to maintain appropriate lens osmolarity and volume, with equatorially positioned lens epithelium cells contributing most to this current. The activity of the Na+/K+ ATPases keeps water and current flowing through the lens from the poles and exiting through the equatorial regions. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001803 UBERON:FMA_58871-MA_0001301-ZFA_0001326 XAO:0004094 ZFA:0001326 epithelial tissue of eye lens epithelial tissue of lens epithelium lentis epithelium of eye lens eye lens epithelial tissue eye lens epithelium lens epithelial tissue lens epithelium OBOL:automatic eye lens epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lens OBOL:automatic epithelium of eye lens OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of eye lens The cells of the lens epithelium regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens.[6] As ions, nutrients, and liquid enter the lens from the aqueous humor, Na+/K+ ATPase pumps in the lens epithelial cells pump ions out of the lens to maintain appropriate lens osmolarity and volume, with equatorially positioned lens epithelium cells contributing most to this current. The activity of the Na+/K+ ATPases keeps water and current flowing through the lens from the poles and exiting through the equatorial regions. Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy)#Lens_Epithelium FMA:58871 FMA:TA epithelium lentis OBOL:automatic lens epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic eye lens epithelial tissue capsule of lens EHDAA2:0000977 EMAPA:18237 FMA:58881 MA:0001300 OG:0000550 SCTID:244500004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001804 UBERON:FMA_58881-MA_0001300 ZFA:0005574 a smooth, transparent basement membrane that completely surrounds the lens. It is synthesized by the lens epithelium and its main components are Type IV collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gray883.png/200px-Gray883.png lens capsule ncithesaurus:Lens_Capsule Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy)#Lens_capsule Wikipedia:Lens_capsule a smooth, transparent basement membrane that completely surrounds the lens. It is synthesized by the lens epithelium and its main components are Type IV collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). autonomic ganglion EMAPA:17157 EMAPA:18221 FMA:5889 MA:0000220 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001805 UBERON:FMA_5889-MA_0000220 autonomic nervous system ganglion ganglion of autonomic nervous system ganglion of visceral nervous system ganglion that has dendrites that form a junction between autonomic nerves originating from the central nervous system and autonomic nerves innervating their target organs in the periphery. There are two subtypes, sympathetic ganglion and parasympathetic ganglion. ncithesaurus:Autonomic_Ganglion visceral nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic visceral nervous system ganglion Wikipedia:Autonomic_ganglion ganglion that has dendrites that form a junction between autonomic nerves originating from the central nervous system and autonomic nerves innervating their target organs in the periphery. There are two subtypes, sympathetic ganglion and parasympathetic ganglion. OBOL:automatic ganglion of autonomic nervous system OBOL:automatic ganglion of visceral nervous system OBOL:automatic autonomic nervous system ganglion sympathetic ganglion AAO:0010773 BTO:0001333 EHDAA2:0001969 EMAPA:17157 FMA:5890 MA:0000226 SCTID:362485003 Sympathetic ganglia are the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. They deliver information to the body about stress and impending danger, and are responsible for the familiar fight-or-flight response. They contain approximately 20000&ndash;30000 nerve cell bodies and are located close to and on either side of the spinal cord in long chains. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001806 UBERON:FMA_5890-MA_0000226 ganglion of sympathetic nervous system ganglion of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system ganglion sympatheticum ganglion sympathicum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gray839.png/200px-Gray839.png ncithesaurus:Sympathetic_Ganglion sympathetic nervous system ganglion sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic sympathetic nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic ganglion of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system ISBN10:0073040584 BTO:0001333 ganglion sympathicum OBOL:automatic ganglion of sympathetic nervous system Sympathetic ganglia are the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. They deliver information to the body about stress and impending danger, and are responsible for the familiar fight-or-flight response. They contain approximately 20000&ndash;30000 nerve cell bodies and are located close to and on either side of the spinal cord in long chains. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sympathetic_ganglion paravertebral ganglion FMA:5891 TAO:0001556 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Trunk ganglion which is part of a bilaterally paired set of sympathetic ganglia located anterior and lateral to the spinal cord. UBERON:0001807 UBERON:FMA_5891-ZFA_0001556 ZFA:0001556 ganglion of sympathetic trunk ganglion trunci sympathetici ganglion trunci sympathici http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gray847.png/200px-Gray847.png sympathetic chain ganglion FMA:5891 FMA:TA ganglion trunci sympathici Trunk ganglion which is part of a bilaterally paired set of sympathetic ganglia located anterior and lateral to the spinal cord. Wikipedia:Paravertebral_ganglion ZFIN:curator parasympathetic ganglion BTO:0001256 EHDAA2:0001400 FMA:5894 MA:0002469 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100303 Parasympathetic ganglia are the autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system. Most are small terminal ganglia or intramural ganglia, so named because they lie near or within (respectively) the organs they innervate. The exceptions are the four paired parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck. [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:279284004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001808 UBERON:FMA_5894-MA_0002469 ganglion parasympathicum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gray839.png/200px-Gray839.png ncithesaurus:Parasympathetic_Ganglion BTO:0001256 ganglion parasympathicum Parasympathetic ganglia are the autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system. Most are small terminal ganglia or intramural ganglia, so named because they lie near or within (respectively) the organs they innervate. The exceptions are the four paired parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Parasympathetic_ganglion ISBN10:0073040584 enteric ganglion FMA:5896 MA:0001144 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001809 UBERON:FMA_5896-MA_0001144 intramural ganglion ncithesaurus:Enteric_Ganglion nerve plexus AEO:0000138 Anatomical junction where subdivisions of two or more neural trees interconnect with one another to form a network through which nerve fibers of the constituent nerve trees become regrouped; together with other nerve plexuses, nerves and ganglia, it constitutes the peripheral nervous system. Examples: cervical nerve plexus, brachial nerve plexus, sacral nerve plexus[FMA]. BTO:0000205 EHDAA2:0003138 EHDAA:3780 EMAPA:16987 EMAPA:18224 FMA:5901 MA:0002407 SCTID:122455009 UBERON:0001810 UBERON:FMA_5901-MA_0002407 in FMA this is a subtype of junction rather than tissue ncithesaurus:Nerve_Plexus Anatomical junction where subdivisions of two or more neural trees interconnect with one another to form a network through which nerve fibers of the constituent nerve trees become regrouped; together with other nerve plexuses, nerves and ganglia, it constitutes the peripheral nervous system. Examples: cervical nerve plexus, brachial nerve plexus, sacral nerve plexus[FMA]. FMA:5901 Wikipedia:Nerve_plexus conjunctiva AAO:0010343 BTO:0003415 EFO:0000374 EV:0100340 FMA:59011 GAID:898 HAO:0000221 MA:0000265 MESH:A.09.371.192 SCTID:181161008 The conjunctiva is a clear mucous membrane consisting of cells and underlying basement membrane that covers the sclera (white part of the eye) and lines the inside of the eyelids. It is made of epithelial tissue. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001811 UBERON:FMA_59011-XAO_0000182 XAO:0000182 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gray883.png/200px-Gray883.png ncithesaurus:Conjunctiva wall of conjunctival sac The conjunctiva is a clear mucous membrane consisting of cells and underlying basement membrane that covers the sclera (white part of the eye) and lines the inside of the eyelids. It is made of epithelial tissue. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Conjunctiva palpebral conjunctiva FMA:59025 MA:0001265 SCTID:280666005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001812 UBERON:FMA_59025-MA_0001265 ncithesaurus:Palpebral_Conjunctiva tunica conjunctiva palpebrum somatic nerve plexus A nerve plexus that is part of a somatic nervous system [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001899 EMAPA:16987 FMA:5903 MA:0000235 OG:0000925 SCTID:42280003 TODO - check UBERON:0001813 UBERON:FMA_5903-MA_0000235 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Nerve_Plexus plexus nervorum spinalium plexus of spinal nerves spinal nerve plexus A nerve plexus that is part of a somatic nervous system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:5903 spinal nerve plexus FMA:5903 plexus of spinal nerves FMA:5903 FMA:TA plexus nervorum spinalium brachial nerve plexus EHDAA2:0000180 EHDAA:3782 EMAPA:16988 FMA:5906 GAID:842 MA:0001180 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.050 OG:0000372 OpenCyc:Mx4rwNWmO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181002002 The brachial plexus is an arrangement of nerve fibers, running from the spine, formed by the ventral rami of the lower cervical and upper thoracic nerve root, specifically from below the fifth cervical vertebra to above the first thoracic vertebra. It proceeds through the neck, the axilla (armpit region) and into the arm. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001814 UBERON:FMA_5906-MA_0001180 brachial plexus check superclass - nerve vs collection of fibers vs junction; note that FMA also has 'brachial autonomic nerve plexus' http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gray808.png/200px-Gray808.png ncithesaurus:Brachial_Plexus plexus brachialis MA The brachial plexus is an arrangement of nerve fibers, running from the spine, formed by the ventral rami of the lower cervical and upper thoracic nerve root, specifically from below the fifth cervical vertebra to above the first thoracic vertebra. It proceeds through the neck, the axilla (armpit region) and into the arm. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brachial_plexus Wikipedia:Brachial_plexus plexus brachialis lumbosacral nerve plexus EHDAA2:0001040 EHDAA:4673 EMAPA:17587 FMA:5907 GAID:849 MA:0001181 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.450 OG:0000926 OpenCyc:Mx4rvzYo75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181049003 The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerve, sacral nerve, and coccygeal nerves form the lumbosacral plexus, the first lumbar nerve being frequently joined by a branch from the twelfth thoracic. For descriptive purposes this plexus is usually divided into three parts: lumbar plexus sacral plexus pudendal plexus [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001815 UBERON:FMA_5907-MA_0001181 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gray822.png/200px-Gray822.png lumbosacral plexus ncithesaurus:Lumbosacral_Plexus plexus lumbosacralis The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerve, sacral nerve, and coccygeal nerves form the lumbosacral plexus, the first lumbar nerve being frequently joined by a branch from the twelfth thoracic. For descriptive purposes this plexus is usually divided into three parts: lumbar plexus sacral plexus pudendal plexus [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lumbosacral_plexus FMA:5907 FMA:TA plexus lumbosacralis autonomic nerve plexus A nerve plexus that is part of an autonomic nervous system [Obol]. EMAPA:18224 FMA:5910 MA:0000221 SCTID:362482000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001816 UBERON:FMA_5910-MA_0000221 autonomic plexus plexus autonomicus plexus nervosus visceralis plexus visceralis visceral nerve plexus visceral plexus FMA:5910 FMA:TA plexus nervosus visceralis A nerve plexus that is part of an autonomic nervous system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:5910 FMA:TA plexus visceralis FMA:5910 FMA:TA plexus autonomicus lacrimal gland BTO:0000044 EFO:0001389 EV:0100339 FMA:59101 Lobular organ the parenchyma of which consists of glandular acini which communicate the lacrimal sac. Examples: There only two instances, right lacrimal and left lacrimal glands[FMA]. The lacrimal glands are paired almond-shaped glands, one for each eye, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film. They are situated in the upper, outer portion of each orbit. Inflammation of the lacrimal glands is called dacryoadenitis[WP]. MA:0001296 OG:0001476 SCTID:181147003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001817 UBERON:FMA_59101-MA_0001296 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gray896.png/200px-Gray896.png ncithesaurus:Lacrimal_Gland Lobular organ the parenchyma of which consists of glandular acini which communicate the lacrimal sac. Examples: There only two instances, right lacrimal and left lacrimal glands[FMA]. The lacrimal glands are paired almond-shaped glands, one for each eye, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film. They are situated in the upper, outer portion of each orbit. Inflammation of the lacrimal glands is called dacryoadenitis[WP]. Wikipedia:Lacrimal_gland tarsal gland BTO:0004165 FMA:59104 GAID:899 MA:0001249 MESH:A.09.371.337.614 SCTID:280585003 The meibomian glands (or tarsal glands) are a special kind of sebaceous glands at the rim of the eyelids, responsible for the supply of sebum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's tear film, prevents tear spillage onto the cheek, and makes the closed lids airtight. There are approximately 50 glands on the upper eyelids and 25 glands on the lower eyelids. The glands are named after Heinrich Meibom (1638-1700), a German physician. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001818 UBERON:FMA_59104-MA_0001249 gland of meibom http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gray1205.png/200px-Gray1205.png meibomian gland ncithesaurus:Meibomian_Gland palpebral gland The meibomian glands (or tarsal glands) are a special kind of sebaceous glands at the rim of the eyelids, responsible for the supply of sebum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's tear film, prevents tear spillage onto the cheek, and makes the closed lids airtight. There are approximately 50 glands on the upper eyelids and 25 glands on the lower eyelids. The glands are named after Heinrich Meibom (1638-1700), a German physician. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tarsal_gland palpebral fissure FMA:59110 MA:0001266 Palpebral fissure is the anatomic name for the separation between the upper and lower eyelids. In the adult this measures about 10mm vertically and 30 mm horizontally. It can be reduced in size in fetal alcohol syndrome. In Trisomy 9 the palpebral fissures can be upslanting. [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:280576003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001819 UBERON:FMA_59110-MA_0001266 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gray892.png/200px-Gray892.png Palpebral fissure is the anatomic name for the separation between the upper and lower eyelids. In the adult this measures about 10mm vertically and 30 mm horizontally. It can be reduced in size in fetal alcohol syndrome. In Trisomy 9 the palpebral fissures can be upslanting. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Palpebral_fissure sweat gland BTO:0001331 EV:0100160 FMA:59152 GAID:943 MA:0000150 MESH:A.10.336.899 OG:0001467 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjx15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361700009 Sweat glands are exocrine glands, found in the skin of all mammal species, that are used for body temperature regulation. In humans a system of apocrine - and merocrine sweat glands is the main method of cooling. Many other mammals rely on panting or other means as a primary source of cooling, but still use sweat glands to aid in body temperature regulation. Sweat also serves a purpose of increasing friction on the palms of hands or the pads of paws. Both apocrine and merocrine sweat glands contain myoepithelial cells (from Greek myo-, 'muscle'), specialized epithelial cells located between the gland cells and the underlying basal lamina. Myoepithelial cell contractions squeeze the gland and discharge the accumulated secretions. The secretory activities of the gland cells and the contractions of myoepithelial cells are controlled by both the autonomic nervous system and by the circulating hormones. Additionally, ceruminous glands, which produce ear wax, and mammary glands, which produce milk, are frequently considered to be modified sweat glands. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001820 UBERON:FMA_59152-MA_0000150 glandula sudorifera http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Skin.svg/200px-Skin.svg.png ncithesaurus:Sweat_Gland sudoriferous gland sudoriparous gland todo - check if all sweat glands are epidermal - see EMAPA:29743 BTO:0001331 glandula sudorifera Sweat glands are exocrine glands, found in the skin of all mammal species, that are used for body temperature regulation. In humans a system of apocrine - and merocrine sweat glands is the main method of cooling. Many other mammals rely on panting or other means as a primary source of cooling, but still use sweat glands to aid in body temperature regulation. Sweat also serves a purpose of increasing friction on the palms of hands or the pads of paws. Both apocrine and merocrine sweat glands contain myoepithelial cells (from Greek myo-, 'muscle'), specialized epithelial cells located between the gland cells and the underlying basal lamina. Myoepithelial cell contractions squeeze the gland and discharge the accumulated secretions. The secretory activities of the gland cells and the contractions of myoepithelial cells are controlled by both the autonomic nervous system and by the circulating hormones. Additionally, ceruminous glands, which produce ear wax, and mammary glands, which produce milk, are frequently considered to be modified sweat glands. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sweat_gland FMA BTO:0001331 sudoriferous gland BTO:0001331 sudoriparous gland MA sebaceous gland BTO:0001980 EV:0100161 FMA:59160 GAID:900 MA:0002565 MESH:A.10.336.827 OG:0001468 SCTID:361697005 The sebaceous glands are microscopic glands in the skin which secrete an oily/waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate the skin and hair of animals. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001821 UBERON:FMA_59160-MA_0002565 glandula sebaceae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/HairFollicle.png/200px-HairFollicle.png ncithesaurus:Sebaceous_Gland sebaceous follicle BTO:0001980 glandula sebaceae The sebaceous glands are microscopic glands in the skin which secrete an oily/waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate the skin and hair of animals. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sebaceous_gland BTO:0001980 sebaceous follicle orbital septum FMA:59328 MA:0001259 SCTID:368859002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001822 UBERON:FMA_59328-MA_0001259 a membranous sheet that acts as the anterior boundary of the orbit. It extends from the orbital rims to the eyelids[WP]. Wikipedia:Orbital_septum a membranous sheet that acts as the anterior boundary of the orbit. It extends from the orbital rims to the eyelids[WP]. nasal cartilage FMA:59502 MA:0001883 One of the cartilage structures in the nose that provide form and support[WP]. SCTID:278941001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001823 UBERON:FMA_59502-MA_0001883 cartilage of nose http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gray852.png/200px-Gray852.png ncithesaurus:Nasal_Cartilage One of the cartilage structures in the nose that provide form and support[WP]. Wikipedia:Nasal_cartilage MA mucosa of larynx EMAPA:18334 FMA:59662 GAID:301 MA:0001766 MESH:A.04.329.597 SCTID:361940006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001824 UBERON:FMA_59662-MA_0001766 laryngeal mucosa larynx mucosa larynx mucosa of organ larynx mucous membrane larynx organ mucosa mucosa of organ of larynx mucous membrane of larynx ncithesaurus:Laryngeal_Mucosa organ mucosa of larynx the mucous lining of the larynx, which is composed of squamous epithelium in the upper larynx and ciliated columnar epithelium in the lower larynx. tunica mucosa laryngis OBOL:automatic larynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of larynx MP:0002261 the mucous lining of the larynx, which is composed of squamous epithelium in the upper larynx and ciliated columnar epithelium in the lower larynx. OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of larynx FMA:59662 FMA:TA tunica mucosa laryngis OBOL:automatic larynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic larynx mucosa of organ paranasal sinus Arise as epithelial lined diverticula of the lining of the nasal cavity. The extent of sinus development varies with species, most of the development occurs postnatally EHDAA:6489 EMAPA:18633 EV:0100038 FMA:59679 GAID:355 MA:0000431 MESH:A.04.531.621 Paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces, communicating with the nasal cavity, within the bones of the skull and face. [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:181203001 UBERON:0001825 UBERON:FMA_59679-MA_0000431 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nnh_front.svg/200px-Nnh_front.svg.png nasal sinus ncithesaurus:Paranasal_Sinus sinus Paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces, communicating with the nasal cavity, within the bones of the skull and face. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Paranasal_sinus GAID:355 nasal sinus nasal cavity mucosa BTO:0000912 FMA:59684 GAID:302 SCTID:310211009 TODO - check lining vs part of. split olfactory and nasal mucosa? UBERON:0001826 UBERON:FMA_59684-MA_0001324 mucosa of nose mucous membrane of nose nasal mucosa the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity[MP]. tunica mucosa nasi FMA:59684 mucous membrane of nose FMA:59684 mucosa of nose FMA:59684 FMA:TA tunica mucosa nasi MP:0002238 the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity[MP]. tear BTO:0001499 ENVO:02000034 FMA:59756 GAID:1173 MA:0002508 MESH:A.12.200.882 Secretion produced by the lacrimal gland.[FMA] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001827 UBERON:FMA_59756-MA_0002508 galen:Tear galen:Tears ncithesaurus:Tear FMA:FMA Secretion produced by the lacrimal gland.[FMA] Wikipedia:Tear gingiva BTO:0000519 EFO:0001925 EMAPA:18967 EMAPA:18970 EV:0100064 FMA:59762 GAID:1257 MA:0000342 MESH:A.14.254.646.480 OG:0001269 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViWnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181224006 The gingiva, or gums, consists of the mucosal tissue that lies over the alveolar bone. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001828 UBERON:FMA_59762-MA_0000342 galen:Gingiva gum gum tissue http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tooth_Section.svg/200px-Tooth_Section.svg.png ncithesaurus:Gingiva FMA:59762 gum The gingiva, or gums, consists of the mucosal tissue that lies over the alveolar bone. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Gingiva UBERON:cjm gum tissue major salivary gland FMA:59788 MA:0002478 SCTID:303049006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001829 UBERON:FMA_59788-MA_0002478 galen:MajorSalivaryGland ncithesaurus:Major_Salivary_Gland the three largest glands of the oral cavity that secrete most of the saliva, including the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. MP:0003792 the three largest glands of the oral cavity that secrete most of the saliva, including the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. minor salivary gland FMA:59789 GAID:940 MA:0002479 MESH:A.10.336.779.650 SCTID:362177001 UBERON:0001830 UBERON:FMA_59789-MA_0002479 galen:MinorSalivaryGland ncithesaurus:Minor_Salivary_Gland the smaller, largely mucus-secreting, exocrine glands of the oral cavity, consisting of the labial, buccal, molar, lingual, and palatine glands[MP]. There are over 600 minor salivary glands located throughout the oral cavity within the lamina propria of the oral mucosa. They are 1-2mm in diameter and unlike the other glands, they are not encapsulated by connective tissue only surrounded by it. The gland is usually a number of acini connected in a tiny lobule. A minor salivary gland may have a common excretory duct with another gland, or may have its own excretory duct. Their secretion is mainly mucous in nature (except for Von Ebner's glands) and have many functions such as coating the oral cavity with saliva. Problems with dentures are usually associated with minor salivary glands[WP]. MP:0003791 Wikipedia:Salivary_gland#Minor_Salivary_Glands the smaller, largely mucus-secreting, exocrine glands of the oral cavity, consisting of the labial, buccal, molar, lingual, and palatine glands[MP]. There are over 600 minor salivary glands located throughout the oral cavity within the lamina propria of the oral mucosa. They are 1-2mm in diameter and unlike the other glands, they are not encapsulated by connective tissue only surrounded by it. The gland is usually a number of acini connected in a tiny lobule. A minor salivary gland may have a common excretory duct with another gland, or may have its own excretory duct. Their secretion is mainly mucous in nature (except for Von Ebner's glands) and have many functions such as coating the oral cavity with saliva. Problems with dentures are usually associated with minor salivary glands[WP]. parotid gland AAO:0010095 BTO:0001004 EFO:0002558 EMAPA:18537 EV:0100060 FMA:59790 GAID:938 MA:0001585 MESH:A.10.336.779.464 OG:0000308 OpenCyc:Mx4rvqwyg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181234002 The parotid gland is the largest of the salivary glands. It is found wrapped around the mandibular ramus, and it secretes saliva through Stensen's duct into the oral cavity, to facilitate mastication and swallowing. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001831 UBERON:FMA_59790-MA_0001585 galen:ParotidGland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg/200px-Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg ncithesaurus:Parotid_Gland parotid The parotid gland is the largest of the salivary glands. It is found wrapped around the mandibular ramus, and it secretes saliva through Stensen's duct into the oral cavity, to facilitate mastication and swallowing. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Parotid_gland sublingual gland BTO:0001315 EMAPA:18809 EV:0100062 FMA:59791 GAID:941 MA:0001588 MESH:A.10.336.779.687 OG:0000363 Rivinus gland Rivinus' gland SCTID:362176005 The sublingual glands are salivary glands in the mouth. They lie anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue, beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth. They are drained by 8-20 excretory ducts called the ducts of Rivinus. The largest duct, the sublingual duct (of Bartholin) joins the submandibular duct to drain through the sublingual caruncle. The sublingual gland consists mostly of Mucous acini capped with serous demilunes and is therefore categorized as a mixed gland. Most of the remaining small sublingual ducts open separately into the mouth on an elevated crest of mucous membrane, the sublingual fold, caused by the gland and on either side of the frenulum linguae. The chorda tympani nerve is secretomotor to the sublingual glands. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001832 UBERON:FMA_59791-MA_0001588 ductus sublingualis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray1024.png/200px-Gray1024.png BTO:0001315 Rivinus gland The sublingual glands are salivary glands in the mouth. They lie anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue, beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth. They are drained by 8-20 excretory ducts called the ducts of Rivinus. The largest duct, the sublingual duct (of Bartholin) joins the submandibular duct to drain through the sublingual caruncle. The sublingual gland consists mostly of Mucous acini capped with serous demilunes and is therefore categorized as a mixed gland. Most of the remaining small sublingual ducts open separately into the mouth on an elevated crest of mucous membrane, the sublingual fold, caused by the gland and on either side of the frenulum linguae. The chorda tympani nerve is secretomotor to the sublingual glands. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sublingual_gland lip BTO:0001647 FMA:59816 GAID:76 MA:0000343 MESH:A.01.456.505.631.515 OG:0000677 One of the two fleshy folds which surround the opening of the mouth. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9458 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi4U5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181221003 TAO:0007006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001833 UBERON:FMA_59816-ZFA_0007006 ZFA:0007006 galen:Lip http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mouth.jpg/200px-Mouth.jpg lips ncithesaurus:Lip One of the two fleshy folds which surround the opening of the mouth. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9458 Wikipedia:Lip ZFIN:curator upper lip FMA:59817 MA:0000919 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWPv7pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245776003 The upper lip covers the anterior surface of the body of the maxilla. Its upper half is of usual skin color and has a depression at its centre, directly under the nasal septum, called the philtrum, while its lower half is a markedly different, red-colored skin tone more similar to the colour of the inside of the mouth, and the term vermillion refers to the colored portion of either the upper or lower lip. It is raised by the Levator labii superioris and is connected to the lower lip by the thin lining of the lip itself, which can be seen by opening your mouth wide in front of a mirror. Thinning of the vermilion of the upper lip and flattening of the philtrum are two of the facial characteristics of Fetal alcohol syndrome, a life-long disability caused by the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001834 UBERON:FMA_59817-MA_0000919 ZFA:0005226 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg/200px-Illu01_head_neck.jpg The upper lip covers the anterior surface of the body of the maxilla. Its upper half is of usual skin color and has a depression at its centre, directly under the nasal septum, called the philtrum, while its lower half is a markedly different, red-colored skin tone more similar to the colour of the inside of the mouth, and the term vermillion refers to the colored portion of either the upper or lower lip. It is raised by the Levator labii superioris and is connected to the lower lip by the thin lining of the lip itself, which can be seen by opening your mouth wide in front of a mirror. Thinning of the vermilion of the upper lip and flattening of the philtrum are two of the facial characteristics of Fetal alcohol syndrome, a life-long disability caused by the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Upper_lip lower lip FMA:59818 MA:0000921 OpenCyc:Mx4rv842UpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245777007 The lower lip (also called underlip) covers the anterior body of the mandible. It is lowered by the Depressor labii inferioris muscle. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001835 UBERON:FMA_59818-MA_0000921 ZFA:0005225 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mouth.jpg/200px-Mouth.jpg The lower lip (also called underlip) covers the anterior body of the mandible. It is lowered by the Depressor labii inferioris muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lower_lip saliva BTO:0001202 ENVO:02000036 FMA:59862 GAID:1167 In humans, the saliva is a turbid and slightly viscous fluid, generally of an alkaline reaction, and is secreted by the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands. In the mouth the saliva is mixed with the secretion from the buccal glands. In man and many animals, saliva is an important digestive fluid on account of the presence of the peculiar enzyme, ptyalin[GO]. MA:0002507 MAT:0000444 MESH:A.12.200.666 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjJ95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001836 UBERON:FMA_59862-MA_0002507 galen:Saliva ncithesaurus:Saliva salivary gland secretion GO:0046541 In humans, the saliva is a turbid and slightly viscous fluid, generally of an alkaline reaction, and is secreted by the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands. In the mouth the saliva is mixed with the secretion from the buccal glands. In man and many animals, saliva is an important digestive fluid on account of the presence of the peculiar enzyme, ptyalin[GO]. Wikipedia:Saliva FMA:59862 salivary gland secretion duct of salivary gland An intralobular duct found in salivary glands and involved in the production and transport of their secretions[BTO]. BTO:0005115 FMA:59908 GAID:939 MA:0001586 MESH:A.10.336.779.640 SCTID:181238004 UBERON:0001837 UBERON:FMA_59908-MA_0001586 check taxonomy coverage - define functionally? salivary duct salivary gland duct secretory duct An intralobular duct found in salivary glands and involved in the production and transport of their secretions[BTO]. BTO:0005115 Wikipedia:Salivary_duct BTO:0005115 secretory duct sublingual duct BTO:0004558 FMA:59983 MA:0002699 SCTID:281000009 The excretory ducts of the sublingual gland are from eight to twenty in number. Of the smaller sublingual ducts (ducts of Rivinus), some join the submandibular duct; others open separately into the mouth, on the elevated crest of mucous membrane (plica sublingualis), caused by the projection of the gland, on either side of the frenulum linguae. One or more join to form the major sublingual duct (larger sublingual duct, duct of Bartholin), which opens into the submandibular duct. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001838 UBERON:FMA_59983-MA_0002699 The excretory ducts of the sublingual gland are from eight to twenty in number. Of the smaller sublingual ducts (ducts of Rivinus), some join the submandibular duct; others open separately into the mouth, on the elevated crest of mucous membrane (plica sublingualis), caused by the projection of the gland, on either side of the frenulum linguae. One or more join to form the major sublingual duct (larger sublingual duct, duct of Bartholin), which opens into the submandibular duct. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sublingual_duct bony labyrinth A system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system, which provides the sense of balance. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The bony labyrinth is lined with the membranous labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea (the hearing organ). The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving. Joint and muscle receptors also are important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from these systems that control our balance. [WP,unvetted]. AAO:0011078 BTO:0004685 EV:0100362 FMA:60179 Ideally we would place a spatially disjoint from relationship to membranous labyrinth, but there are many parts in common. this should be resolved. MA:0000238 OG:0001219 SCTID:279727008 UBERON:0001839 UBERON:FMA_60179-MA_0000238-XAO_0000193 XAO:0000193 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray920.png/200px-Gray920.png ncithesaurus:Osseous_Labyrinth osseous labyrinth osseus labyrinth A system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system, which provides the sense of balance. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The bony labyrinth is lined with the membranous labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea (the hearing organ). The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving. Joint and muscle receptors also are important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from these systems that control our balance. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Bony_labyrinth semicircular canal AAO:0011098 BTO:0003383 EV:0100365 FMA:60186 GAID:776 MA:0000249 MESH:A.09.246.631.663 Note that MA divides this into osseous and duct. In FMA, this is systemically part of the bony labyrinth. Note this is an anatomical space in ZFA. The MA treatment has advantages for representing the neuroepithelium, which should not be part of bone. Also check duct vs canal OG:0001144 One of three half-circular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear[WP]. Fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in the ear, that detect angular accelerations. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/semi_canal/semi.html'>semicircular canals</a> by T. Whitfield.) SCTID:279757004 TAO:0000431 UBERON:0001840 UBERON:FMA_60186-MA_0000249-XAO_0000198-ZFA_0000431 XAO:0000198 ZFA:0000431 ductus semicirculares http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Balance_Disorder_Illustration_A.png/200px-Balance_Disorder_Illustration_A.png ncithesaurus:Semicircular_Canal One of three half-circular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear[WP]. Fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in the ear, that detect angular accelerations. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/semi_canal/semi.html'>semicircular canals</a> by T. Whitfield.) Wikipedia:Semicircular_canal ZFIN:curator BTO:0003383 FMA:71880 FMA:TA ductus semicirculares OG MA anterior semicircular canal EHDAA2:0001959 EHDAA:7802 EMAPA:17299 FMA:60187 MA:0001207 One of three fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in each ear, that detect angular acceleration. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/semi_canal/semi.html'>semicircular canals</a> by T. Whitfield.) SCTID:279764002 TAO:0000314 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001841 UBERON:FMA_60187-MA_0001207-ZFA_0000314 ZFA:0000314 anterior semicircular canals anterior semicircular duct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray921.png/200px-Gray921.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Semicircular_Canal rostral vertical semicircular canal superior semicircular canal One of three fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in each ear, that detect angular acceleration. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/semi_canal/semi.html'>semicircular canals</a> by T. Whitfield.) Wikipedia:Anterior_semicircular_canal ZFIN:curator posterior semicircular canal EHDAA2:0001489 EHDAA:7796 EMAPA:17296 FMA:60190 MA:0001209 One of three fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in each ear, that detect angular acceleration. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/semi_canal/semi.html'>semicircular canals</a> by T. Whitfield.) SCTID:279762003 TAO:0000262 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001842 UBERON:FMA_60190-MA_0001209-ZFA_0000262 ZFA:0000262 caudal vertical semicircular canal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray921.png/200px-Gray921.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Semicircular_Canal posterior semicircular canals posterior semicircular duct One of three fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in each ear, that detect angular acceleration. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/semi_canal/semi.html'>semicircular canals</a> by T. Whitfield.) Wikipedia:Posterior_semicircular_canal ZFIN:curator lateral semicircular canal EHDAA2:0000920 EHDAA:7790 EMAPA:17821 FMA:60193 MA:0001208 One of three fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in each ear, that detect angular acceleration. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/semi_canal/semi.html'>semicircular canals</a> by T. Whitfield.) SCTID:279761005 TAO:0000220 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001843 UBERON:FMA_60193-MA_0001208-ZFA_0000220 ZFA:0000220 horizontal semicircular canal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray921.png/200px-Gray921.png lateral semicircular canals lateral semicircular duct One of three fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in each ear, that detect angular acceleration. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/semi_canal/semi.html'>semicircular canals</a> by T. Whitfield.) Wikipedia:Lateral_semicircular_canal ZFIN:curator cochlea AAO:0000253 BTO:0000267 EFO:0000357 EMAPA:17597 EV:0100363 FMA:60201 GAID:724 MA:0000240 MAT:0000144 MESH:A.09.246.631.246 MIAA:0000144 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1190 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_883 OG:0000691 OpenCyc:Mx4rvqfJmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181187008 TAO:0000374 The association with 'lagena' in frog and fish comes from HOG, although HOG is inconsistent here, associating lagena with XAO cochlea and ZFA cochlear duct. NBK53175 says: "In contrast, the ventrally located auditory chambers have undergone more extensive evolutionary modifications. The saccule and lagena are prominent auditory organs in fish but the saccule has a vestibular role in mammals and birds, and the lagena is absent in mammals. The primary au- ditory organ in mammals and birds is the cochlea, which has no known counterpart in amphibians and fish (Riley and Phillips, 2003)" The cochlea is the auditory portion of the inner ear. Its core component is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea. The name is from the Latin for snail, which is from the Greek kokhlias 'snail, screw,' from kokhlos 'spiral shell,' in reference to its coiled shape; the cochlea is coiled in most mammals, monotremes being the exceptions. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001844 UBERON:FMA_60201-MA_0000240-MIAA_0000144-XAO_0000197 XAO:0000197 ZFA:0000374 cochlear organ cochlear part of bony labyrinth http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cochlea-crosssection.png/200px-Cochlea-crosssection.png lagena ncithesaurus:Cochlea XAO:0000197 lagena The cochlea is the auditory portion of the inner ear. Its core component is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea. The name is from the Latin for snail, which is from the Greek kokhlias 'snail, screw,' from kokhlos 'spiral shell,' in reference to its coiled shape; the cochlea is coiled in most mammals, monotremes being the exceptions. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cochlea BTO:0000267 cochlear organ perilymph FMA:60908 GAID:1185 MA:0002529 MESH:A.12.207.571.678 Transudate contained in the osseous labyrinth outside the membranous labyrinth.[FMA] UBERON:0001845 UBERON:FMA_60908-MA_0002529 ZFA:0005413 ncithesaurus:Perilymph FMA:FMA Transudate contained in the osseous labyrinth outside the membranous labyrinth.[FMA] Wikipedia:Perilymph internal ear AAO:0000238 BTO:0000630 Complex labyrinthine structure that comprises sensory endorgans specialized for vestibular, auditory, and acoustico-vestibular sensation. EFO:0001363 EHDAA2:0000831 EHDAA:504 EMAPA:16194 EV:0100361 FMA:60909 GAID:871 MA:0000237 MAT:0000145 MESH:A.09.246.631 MIAA:0000145 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1196 OG:0000284 OpenCyc:Mx4rwJ8SsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181189006 TAO:0000217 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001846 UBERON:FMA_60909-MA_0000237-MIAA_0000145-XAO_0000192-ZFA_0000217 XAO:0000192 ZFA:0000217 auris interna galen:InnerEar http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gray923.png/200px-Gray923.png inner ear labyrinth ncithesaurus:Internal_Ear otocyst Complex labyrinthine structure that comprises sensory endorgans specialized for vestibular, auditory, and acoustico-vestibular sensation. PMID:16217737 Wikipedia:Internal_ear ZFIN:curator BTO:0000630 auris interna lobule of pinna FMA:60984 MA:0002468 The earlobe is, in humans and many other animals, the soft lower part of the external ear. It is the lowermost portion of the human pinna, projecting below the antitragus. The earlobe is composed of tough areolar and adipose (fatty) connective tissues, lacking the firmness and elasticity of the rest of the pinna. Since the earlobe does not contain cartilage the earlobe has a large blood supply and may help to warm the ears and maintain balance but generally earlobes are not considered to have any major biological function. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001847 UBERON:FMA_60984-MA_0002468 auricular lobule ear lobe ear lobule lobe of ear lobule of auricle lobule of auricle of ear lobulus auriculae ncithesaurus:Lobule_of_the_Auricle pinna lobule The earlobe is, in humans and many other animals, the soft lower part of the external ear. It is the lowermost portion of the human pinna, projecting below the antitragus. The earlobe is composed of tough areolar and adipose (fatty) connective tissues, lacking the firmness and elasticity of the rest of the pinna. Since the earlobe does not contain cartilage the earlobe has a large blood supply and may help to warm the ears and maintain balance but generally earlobes are not considered to have any major biological function. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ear_lobe FMA:60984 FMA:TA lobulus auriculae auricular cartilage FMA:61013 MA:0001227 SCTID:279627003 UBERON:0001848 UBERON:FMA_61013-MA_0001227 cartilage of pinna FMA FMA:61013 cartilage of pinna membranous labyrinth AAO:0011060 EHDAA2:0000899 EHDAA:4698 EMAPA:17815 EV:0100367 FMA:61022 MA:0000242 OG:0000729 Organ with organ cavity which consists of the vestibular labyrinth and the cochlear labyrinth. Examples: There are only two membranous labyrinths, the right and the left.[FMA] SCTID:263790009 UBERON:0001849 UBERON:FMA_61022-MA_0000242-XAO_0000194 XAO:0000194 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray924.png/200px-Gray924.png inner ear has parts membranous and osseuous/bony labyrinth. it's not clear where the edinburgh terms 'labyrinth' belong, we place them here for now ncithesaurus:Membranous_Labyrinth FMA:FMA Organ with organ cavity which consists of the vestibular labyrinth and the cochlear labyrinth. Examples: There are only two membranous labyrinths, the right and the left.[FMA] Wikipedia:Membranous_labyrinth lacrimal duct EMAPA:19245 FMA:61063 MA:0001295 Organ with organ cavity which connects the vestibule of the conjunctival sac to the nasal cavity. Examples: There are only two lacrimal ducts, the right and the left lacrimal ducts.[FMA] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001850 UBERON:FMA_61063-MA_0001295 tear duct FMA:FMA Organ with organ cavity which connects the vestibule of the conjunctival sac to the nasal cavity. Examples: There are only two lacrimal ducts, the right and the left lacrimal ducts.[FMA] Wikipedia:Lacrimal_duct cortex AAO:0010327 EFO:0000383 EHDAA:9344 EMAPA:18427 FMA:61109 Outermost layer of an organ[WP]. This class is used in a very general sense UBERON:0001851 UBERON:FMA_61109-XAO_0000216 galen:Cortex Outermost layer of an organ[WP]. Wikipedia:Cortex_(anatomy) endolymph FMA:61112 GAID:1184 MA:0002528 MESH:A.12.207.571.324 Transudate contained within the membranous labyrinth.[FMA] UBERON:0001852 UBERON:FMA_61112-MA_0002528 ZFA:0005414 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cochlea-crosssection.png/200px-Cochlea-crosssection.png ncithesaurus:Endolymph FMA:FMA Transudate contained within the membranous labyrinth.[FMA] Wikipedia:Endolymph utricle of membranous labyrinth AAO to be checked AAO:0000625 BTO:0001807 EHDAA2:0002153 EHDAA:4726 EMAPA:17293 EV:0100368 FMA:61113 MA:0000247 OG:0000289 SCTID:279817006 TAO:0000700 UBERON:0001853 UBERON:FMA_61113-MA_0000247-XAO_0000195-ZFA_0000700 XAO:0000195 ZFA:0000700 membranous labyrinth utricle ncithesaurus:Utricle one of the two otolith organs located in the vertebrate inner ear. These use small stones and a viscous fluid to stimulate hair cells to detect motion and orientation. The utricle is larger than the saccule and is of an oblong form, compressed transversely, and occupies the upper and back part of the vestibule, lying in contact with the recessus ellipticus and the part below it. The utricle contains mechanoreceptors called hair cells that distinguish between degrees of tilting of the head, thanks to their apical cilia set-up. These are covered by otolith which, due to gravity, pull on the cilia and tilt them. Depending on whether the tilt is in the direction of the kinocilium or not, the resulting hair cell polarisation is excitatory (depolarising) or inhibitory (hyperpolarisation), respectively. This signal to the vestibular nerve (which takes it to the brainstem) does not adapt with time. The effect of this is that, for example, an individual lying down to sleep will continue to detect that they are lying down hours later when they awaken[WP]. utricle utriculus utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) ZFA:0000700 utriculus Wikipedia:Utricle_(ear) one of the two otolith organs located in the vertebrate inner ear. These use small stones and a viscous fluid to stimulate hair cells to detect motion and orientation. The utricle is larger than the saccule and is of an oblong form, compressed transversely, and occupies the upper and back part of the vestibule, lying in contact with the recessus ellipticus and the part below it. The utricle contains mechanoreceptors called hair cells that distinguish between degrees of tilting of the head, thanks to their apical cilia set-up. These are covered by otolith which, due to gravity, pull on the cilia and tilt them. Depending on whether the tilt is in the direction of the kinocilium or not, the resulting hair cell polarisation is excitatory (depolarising) or inhibitory (hyperpolarisation), respectively. This signal to the vestibular nerve (which takes it to the brainstem) does not adapt with time. The effect of this is that, for example, an individual lying down to sleep will continue to detect that they are lying down hours later when they awaken[WP]. saccule of membranous labyrinth A bed of sensory cells situated in the inner ear. The saccule translates head movements into neural impulses which the brain can interpret. The saccule is sensitive to linear translations of the head, specifically movements up and down (think about moving on an elevator). When the head moves vertically, the sensory cells of the saccule are disturbed and the neurons connected to them begin transmitting impulses to the brain. These impulses travel along the vestibular portion of the eighth cranial nerve to the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem. is the smaller of the two vestibular sacs. It is globular in form and lies in the recessus sphæricus near the opening of the scala vestibuli of the cochlea. Its cavity does not directly communicate with that of the utricle. The anterior part of the saccule exhibits an oval thickening, the macula acustica sacculi, or macula, to which are distributed the saccular filaments of the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the acoustic nerve or cranial nerve VIII[WP]. AAO to be checked AAO:0000550 BTO:0001805 EHDAA2:0001769 EHDAA:4712 EMAPA:17290 EV:0100369 FMA:61116 MA:0000246 OG:0000374 SCTID:279827000 TAO:0000428 UBERON:0001854 UBERON:FMA_61116-MA_0000246-ZFA_0000428 XAO:0000196 ZFA:0000428 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bigotolith.jpg/200px-Bigotolith.jpg membranous labyrinth saccule ncithesaurus:Saccule saccule sacculus sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) ZFA:0000428 sacculus A bed of sensory cells situated in the inner ear. The saccule translates head movements into neural impulses which the brain can interpret. The saccule is sensitive to linear translations of the head, specifically movements up and down (think about moving on an elevator). When the head moves vertically, the sensory cells of the saccule are disturbed and the neurons connected to them begin transmitting impulses to the brain. These impulses travel along the vestibular portion of the eighth cranial nerve to the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem. is the smaller of the two vestibular sacs. It is globular in form and lies in the recessus sphæricus near the opening of the scala vestibuli of the cochlea. Its cavity does not directly communicate with that of the utricle. The anterior part of the saccule exhibits an oval thickening, the macula acustica sacculi, or macula, to which are distributed the saccular filaments of the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the acoustic nerve or cranial nerve VIII[WP]. Wikipedia:Saccule cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth An endolymph filled cavity inside the cochlea, located in between the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli, separated by the basilar membrane and Reissner's membrane (the vestibular membrane) respectively. Houses the organ of Corti[WP]. BTO:0001692 EHDAA2:0000262 EHDAA:4718 EMAPA:17598 FMA:61119 GAID:874 MA:0000243 MESH:A.09.246.631.246.292 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2562 OG:0000507 Reissner's canal SCTID:279849006 TODO: check cochlear duct vs cochlear aqueduct vs scala media UBERON:0001855 UBERON:FMA_61119-MA_0000243 cochlea duct cochlear aqueduct cochlear duct ductus cochlearis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gray928.png/200px-Gray928.png membranous cochlea ncithesaurus:Cochlear_Duct reissners canal scala media scala medias scala of Loewenberg NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2562 scala medias An endolymph filled cavity inside the cochlea, located in between the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli, separated by the basilar membrane and Reissner's membrane (the vestibular membrane) respectively. Houses the organ of Corti[WP]. Wikipedia:Cochlear_duct BTO:0001692 membranous cochlea BTO:0001692 ductus cochlearis Wikipedia:Cochlear_duct scala media NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2562 cochlea duct BTO:0001692 scala of Loewenberg NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2562 reissners canal semicircular duct FMA:61122 MA:0000251 OG:0000238 SCTID:279833009 TODO - check canal vs duct. see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray927.png UBERON:0001856 UBERON:FMA_61122-MA_0000251 any of the three loop-shaped membranous inner tubular parts of the semicircular canals that are about one-fourth the diameter of the corresponding outer bony canals, that communicate at each end with the utricle, and that have near one end an expanded ampulla containing an area of sensory epithelium ductus semicirculares membranous semicircular canal ncithesaurus:Semicircular_Duct any of the three loop-shaped membranous inner tubular parts of the semicircular canals that are about one-fourth the diameter of the corresponding outer bony canals, that communicate at each end with the utricle, and that have near one end an expanded ampulla containing an area of sensory epithelium http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/semicircular+duct MA FMA MA FMA:71880 FMA:TA ductus semicirculares MA:0000251 membranous semicircular canal anterior semicircular duct FMA:61123 MA:0001211 OG:0000246 SCTID:279836001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001857 UBERON:FMA_61123-MA_0001211 posterior semicircular duct FMA:61126 MA:0001214 OG:0000248 SCTID:279835002 The semicircular canals are three half-circular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear. The three canals are the horizontal semicircular canal (also known as the lateral semicircular canal), superior semicircular canal (also known as the anterior semicircular canal), and the posterior semicircular canal. The canals are aligned approximately orthogonally to one another. The horizontal canal is aligned roughly horizontally in the head. The superior and anterior canals are aligned roughly at a 45 degree angle to a vertical plane drawn from the nose to the back of the skull. Thus, the horizontal canal detects horizontal head movements (such as when doing a pirouette), while the superior and posterior canals detect vertical head movements. Each canal is filled with a fluid called endolymph and contains a motion sensor with little hairs whose ends are embedded in a gelatinous structure called the cupula. As the skull twists in any direction, the endolymph is thrown into different sections of the canals. The cilia detect when the endolymph rushes past, and a signal is then sent to the brain. The semicircular canals are a component of the Labyrinth. Among species of mammals, the size of the semicircular canals is correlated with their type of locomotion. Specifically, species that are agile and have fast, jerky locomotion have larger canals relative to their body size than those that move more cautiously. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001858 UBERON:FMA_61126-MA_0001214 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Balance_Disorder_Illustration_A.png/200px-Balance_Disorder_Illustration_A.png The semicircular canals are three half-circular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear. The three canals are the horizontal semicircular canal (also known as the lateral semicircular canal), superior semicircular canal (also known as the anterior semicircular canal), and the posterior semicircular canal. The canals are aligned approximately orthogonally to one another. The horizontal canal is aligned roughly horizontally in the head. The superior and anterior canals are aligned roughly at a 45 degree angle to a vertical plane drawn from the nose to the back of the skull. Thus, the horizontal canal detects horizontal head movements (such as when doing a pirouette), while the superior and posterior canals detect vertical head movements. Each canal is filled with a fluid called endolymph and contains a motion sensor with little hairs whose ends are embedded in a gelatinous structure called the cupula. As the skull twists in any direction, the endolymph is thrown into different sections of the canals. The cilia detect when the endolymph rushes past, and a signal is then sent to the brain. The semicircular canals are a component of the Labyrinth. Among species of mammals, the size of the semicircular canals is correlated with their type of locomotion. Specifically, species that are agile and have fast, jerky locomotion have larger canals relative to their body size than those that move more cautiously. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Posterior_semicircular_duct lateral semicircular duct FMA:61129 MA:0001213 OG:0000247 SCTID:279834003 The lateral or horizontal canal (external semicircular canal) is the shortest of the three canals. Movement of fluid within this canal corresponds to rotation of the head around a vertical axis (i.e. the neck). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001859 UBERON:FMA_61129-MA_0001213 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray921.png/200px-Gray921.png The lateral or horizontal canal (external semicircular canal) is the shortest of the three canals. Movement of fluid within this canal corresponds to rotation of the head around a vertical axis (i.e. the neck). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_semicircular_duct endolymphatic duct EMAPA:18580 FMA:61246 From the posterior wall of the saccule a canal, the endolymphatic duct, is given off; this duct is joined by the ductus utriculosaccularis, and then passes along the aquaeductus vestibuli and ends in a blind pouch on the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, where it is in contact with the dura mater. [WP,unvetted]. GAID:886 MA:0001187 MESH:A.09.246.631.909.957.360 SCTID:362567008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001860 UBERON:FMA_61246-MA_0001187 ZFA:0001705 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray924.png/200px-Gray924.png From the posterior wall of the saccule a canal, the endolymphatic duct, is given off; this duct is joined by the ductus utriculosaccularis, and then passes along the aquaeductus vestibuli and ends in a blind pouch on the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, where it is in contact with the dura mater. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Endolymphatic_duct ductus reuniens EMAPA:17287 FMA:61252 MA:0000244 SCTID:279805009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001861 UBERON:FMA_61252-MA_0000244 vestibular labyrinth BTO:0001856 EHDAA2:0000832 EMAPA:17286 FMA:61255 MA:0000245 SCTID:181188003 The part of the membranous labyrinth that includes the utricle and saccule lodged within the vestibule and the semicircular ducts lodged eccentrically in the corresponding canals. UBERON:0001862 UBERON:FMA_61255-MA_0000245 XAO:0004145 labyrinthus vestibularis ncithesaurus:Vestibular_Labyrinth vestibular apparatus BTO:0001856 The part of the membranous labyrinth that includes the utricle and saccule lodged within the vestibule and the semicircular ducts lodged eccentrically in the corresponding canals. BTO:0001856 labyrinthus vestibularis scala vestibuli FMA:61269 MA:0001206 SCTID:362578000 Scala vestibuli is a perilymph filled cavity inside the cochlea of the inner ear. It is separated from the scala media by Reissner's membrane and extends from the oval window to the helicotrema where it joins scala tympani. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001863 UBERON:FMA_61269-MA_0001206 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gray923.png/200px-Gray923.png Scala vestibuli is a perilymph filled cavity inside the cochlea of the inner ear. It is separated from the scala media by Reissner's membrane and extends from the oval window to the helicotrema where it joins scala tympani. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scala_vestibuli scala tympani FMA:61272 GAID:879 MA:0001205 MESH:A.09.246.631.246.848 SCTID:362579008 Scala tympani is one of the perilymph-filled cavities in the cochlear labyrinth. It is separated from the scala media by the basilar membrane, and it extends from the round window to the helicotrema, where it continues as scala vestibuli. The purpose of the perilymph-filled scala tympani and scala vestibuli is to transduce the movement of air that causes the tympanic membrane and the ossicles to vibrate, to movement of liquid and the basilar membrane. This movement is conveyed to the organ of Corti inside the scala media, composed of hair cells attached to the basilar membrane and their stereocilia embedded in the tectorial membrane. The movement of the basilar membrane compared to the tectorial membrane causes the sterocilia to bend. They then depolarise and send impulses to the brain via the cochlear nerve. This produces the sensation of sound. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001864 UBERON:FMA_61272-MA_0001205 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray921.png/200px-Gray921.png Scala tympani is one of the perilymph-filled cavities in the cochlear labyrinth. It is separated from the scala media by the basilar membrane, and it extends from the round window to the helicotrema, where it continues as scala vestibuli. The purpose of the perilymph-filled scala tympani and scala vestibuli is to transduce the movement of air that causes the tympanic membrane and the ossicles to vibrate, to movement of liquid and the basilar membrane. This movement is conveyed to the organ of Corti inside the scala media, composed of hair cells attached to the basilar membrane and their stereocilia embedded in the tectorial membrane. The movement of the basilar membrane compared to the tectorial membrane causes the sterocilia to bend. They then depolarise and send impulses to the brain via the cochlear nerve. This produces the sensation of sound. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scala_tympani cartilaginous external acoustic tube FMA:61289 MA:0001234 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001865 UBERON:FMA_61289-MA_0001234 cartilaginous external acoustic meatus cartilaginous part of external acoustic meatus external acoustic meatus cartilaginous part meatus acusticus externus cartilagineus FMA:61289 FMA:TA meatus acusticus externus cartilagineus sebum BTO:0001981 ENVO:02000037 FMA:61304 GAID:1168 MA:0002538 MESH:A.12.200.702 The sebaceous glands are microscopic glands in the skin which secrete an oily/waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate the skin and hair of animals. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001866 UBERON:FMA_61304-MA_0002538 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/HairFollicle.png/200px-HairFollicle.png ncithesaurus:Sebum The sebaceous glands are microscopic glands in the skin which secrete an oily/waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate the skin and hair of animals. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sebum cartilage of external ear A cartilage that is part of a external ear [Obol]. FMA:61339 GAID:103 MA:0001886 MESH:A.02.165.207 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001867 UBERON:FMA_61339-MA_0001886 auricular region cartilage auricular region of head cartilage cartilage of auricular region cartilage of auricular region of head cartilage of outer ear external ear cartilage ncithesaurus:External_Ear_Cartilage outer ear cartilage A cartilage that is part of a external ear [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cartilage of auricular region of head OBOL:automatic cartilage of outer ear OBOL:automatic cartilage of auricular region OBOL:automatic auricular region cartilage OBOL:automatic auricular region of head cartilage OBOL:automatic outer ear cartilage skin of chest A zone of skin that is part of a chest [Obol]. FMA:61416 FMA:61417 MA:0000553 SCTID:181496004 UBERON:0001868 UBERON:FMA_61415-MA_0000553 anterior thoracic region zone of skin anterolateral part of thorax zone of skin check FMA:61415 chest skin chest zone of skin front of thorax zone of skin zone of skin of anterior chest zone of skin of anterior part of thorax zone of skin of anterior thoracic region zone of skin of anterolateral part of thorax zone of skin of chest zone of skin of front of thorax OBOL:automatic zone of skin of chest OBOL:automatic anterior thoracic region zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of front of thorax FMA:61416 zone of skin of anterior part of thorax A zone of skin that is part of a chest [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of anterior thoracic region OBOL:automatic chest zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of anterolateral part of thorax OBOL:automatic anterolateral part of thorax zone of skin FMA:61416 zone of skin of anterior chest OBOL:automatic front of thorax zone of skin cerebral hemisphere AAO:0010480 BTO:0000231 EFO:0002521 FMA:61817 MA:0000133 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1042 OG:0001639 One of two bilateral, largely symmetrical organ subdivisions within the telencephalon which contain the cerebral cortex and cerebral white matter.[FMA] OpenCyc:Mx4rvigx5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278251007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001869 UBERON:FMA_61817-MA_0000133 cerebrum galen:CerebralHemisphere ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Hemisphere FMA:FMA One of two bilateral, largely symmetrical organ subdivisions within the telencephalon which contain the cerebral cortex and cerebral white matter.[FMA] Wikipedia:Cerebral_hemisphere frontal cortex BM:Tel-Cx-FR BTO:0000484 EFO:0000913 EV:0100167 FMA:61824 Frontal lobe is the anterior-most of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere. It is bounded by the central sulcus on its posterior border and by the longitudinal cerebral fissure on its medial border. GAID:674 MA:0000905 MAT:0000505 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.213.270 Many species don't have lobes but they do have frontal cortex. Lobe isn't a really well defined term though [MM] NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_928 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090601 OpenCyc:Mx4rv3OJ8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180920004 UBERON:0001870 UBERON:FMA_61824-MA_0000905 frontal lobe frontal region http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gray729.png/200px-Gray729.png ncithesaurus:Frontal_Lobe regio frontalis Frontal lobe is the anterior-most of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere. It is bounded by the central sulcus on its posterior border and by the longitudinal cerebral fissure on its medial border. Wikipedia:Frontal_lobe FMA:61824 FMA:TA regio frontalis FMA:61824 frontal lobe temporal lobe BM:Tel-Cx-Te BTO:0001355 EFO:0000917 EMAPA:18797 EV:0100169 FMA:61825 GAID:635 MA:0000941 MAT:0000508 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.213.863 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1160 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQLi-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180921000 Temporal lobe is the ventrolateral lobe of five lobes comprising each cerebral hemisphere. It is bounded dorsally by the lateral fissure and posteriorly by an arbitrary border shared with the occipital lobe. UBERON:0001871 UBERON:FMA_61825-MA_0000941 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gray730.png/200px-Gray730.png ncithesaurus:Temporal_Lobe temporal cortex temporal neocortex Temporal lobe is the ventrolateral lobe of five lobes comprising each cerebral hemisphere. It is bounded dorsally by the lateral fissure and posteriorly by an arbitrary border shared with the occipital lobe. Wikipedia:Temporal_lobe DHB:TCx temporal neocortex parietal lobe BTO:0001001 EFO:0000914 EV:0100168 FMA:61826 GAID:680 MA:0000916 MAT:0000506 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.213.670 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1148 OpenCyc:Mx4rvg-typwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Parietal lobe is the one of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere which occupies the dorsal-posterior portion of the hemisphere. It is bounded by the central sulcus on its anterior border and and by the longitudinal cerebral fissure on its medial border. Posteriorly it shares an arbitrary border with the occipital lobe. SCTID:180922007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001872 UBERON:FMA_61826-MA_0000916 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gray726_parietal_lobe.png/200px-Gray726_parietal_lobe.png ncithesaurus:Parietal_Lobe_of_the_Brain parietal cortex parietal neocortex parietal region regio parietalis DHB:PCx parietal neocortex Parietal lobe is the one of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere which occupies the dorsal-posterior portion of the hemisphere. It is bounded by the central sulcus on its anterior border and and by the longitudinal cerebral fissure on its medial border. Posteriorly it shares an arbitrary border with the occipital lobe. Wikipedia:Parietal_lobe FMA:61826 FMA:TA regio parietalis caudate nucleus BM:Tel-CA BTO:0000211 CHECK - rodents. The caudate nucleus and putamen are separated by a clear white matter bundle in most species but not in rodents (MM) EFO:0000907 EMAPA:18207 EV:0100185 FMA:61833 GAID:670 MA:0000894 MAT:0000513 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.105.487.550.184 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1373 Nucleus of brain which is an elongated crescent-shaped mass lying parallel and adjacent to the lateral ventricle throughout its extent. OpenCyc:Mx4rvvyAjJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279297002 UBERON:0001873 UBERON:FMA_61833-MA_0000894 caudatus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg/200px-Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg ncithesaurus:Caudate_Nucleus nucleus caudatus Nucleus of brain which is an elongated crescent-shaped mass lying parallel and adjacent to the lateral ventricle throughout its extent. Wikipedia:Caudate_nucleus BTO:0000211 nucleus caudatus putamen BM:Tel-Pu CHECK - rodents. The caudate nucleus and putamen are separated by a clear white matter bundle in most species but not in rodents (MM) EV:0100187 FMA:61834 GAID:671 MA:0000895 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.105.487.550.784 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_809 Nucleus of brain which lies ventral to the caudate nucleus and internal capsule and medial to the external capsule. The putamen and caudate nucleus together form the dorsal striatum. It is also one of the structures that comprises the basal ganglia. Through various pathways, the putamen is connected to the substantia nigra and globus pallidus. The main function of the putamen is to regulate movements and influence various types of learning. It employs dopamine to perform its functions. The putamen also plays a role in degenerative neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. OG:0001456 SCTID:281512002 UBERON:0001874 UBERON:FMA_61834-MA_0000895 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BrainCaudatePutamen.svg/200px-BrainCaudatePutamen.svg.png ncithesaurus:Putamen nucleus putamen Nucleus of brain which lies ventral to the caudate nucleus and internal capsule and medial to the external capsule. The putamen and caudate nucleus together form the dorsal striatum. It is also one of the structures that comprises the basal ganglia. Through various pathways, the putamen is connected to the substantia nigra and globus pallidus. The main function of the putamen is to regulate movements and influence various types of learning. It employs dopamine to perform its functions. The putamen also plays a role in degenerative neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. Wikipedia:Putamen FMA FMA globus pallidus BTO and MA are inconsistent w.r.t striatum and pallidum being non-overlapping as in ABA. Note that we have pallidum as part_of basal gangion, so we can make the direct link to basal ganglion. ISBN10:1588900649 says: ... a derivative of the diencephalon, seperates as a result of growing fibers of theinternal capsule and is finally displaced into telencephalon. only a small medial remnannt remains, the entopeduncular nucleus. The globus pallidus should be regarded as part of the subthalamus BTO:0002246 EFO:0000905 EV:0100188 FMA:61835 GAID:668 MA:0000890 MAT:0000510 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.105.487.397 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1234 SCTID:362361005 Subcortical nucleus, functionally part of the basal ganglia, which consists of two segments the external (or lateral) and internal (or medial) separated by the medial medullary lamina in primates. In rodents, The globus pallidus lateral is separated from the medial segment by the fibers of the internal capsule/cerebral peduncle[NIF]. Nucleus of brain which is located medially to the putamen and laterally to the internal capsule[FMA]. UBERON:0001875 UBERON:FMA_61835-MA_0000890 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Brain_structure.gif/200px-Brain_structure.gif ncithesaurus:Globus_Pallidus pale body paleostriatum pallidium pallidum Wikipedia:Globus_pallidus paleostriatum BTO-weakened NIF_GrossAnatomy Wikipedia:Globus_pallidus pallidium MA FMA:61835 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1234 Subcortical nucleus, functionally part of the basal ganglia, which consists of two segments the external (or lateral) and internal (or medial) separated by the medial medullary lamina in primates. In rodents, The globus pallidus lateral is separated from the medial segment by the fibers of the internal capsule/cerebral peduncle[NIF]. Nucleus of brain which is located medially to the putamen and laterally to the internal capsule[FMA]. Wikipedia:Globus_pallidus GO ISBN10:1588900649 GO:0021759 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1234 Wikipedia:Globus_pallidus pallidum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1234 pale body amygdala BM:Tel-Am BTO:0001042 EFO:0000252 EV:0100189 EV:0100190 FMA:61841 GAID:616 MA:0000887 MAT:0000289 MESH:A.08.186.211.577.090 MIAA:0000289 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1241 OG:0001277 OpenCyc:Mx4rwJC_2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Subdivision of basal ganglion of telencephalon which is an almond-shaped gray mass in the dorsomedial part of the temporal lobe[FMA] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001876 UBERON:FMA_61841-MA_0000887-MIAA_0000289 amygdaloid area amygdaloid body amygdaloid complex amygdaloid nuclear complex amygdaloid nuclear group amygdaloid nuclear groups archistriatum corpus amygdaloideum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Amyg.png/200px-Amyg.png ncithesaurus:Amygdala nucleus amygdalae Subdivision of basal ganglion of telencephalon which is an almond-shaped gray mass in the dorsomedial part of the temporal lobe[FMA] Wikipedia:Amygdala BTO:0001042 nucleus amygdalae BTO:0001042 amygdaloid nuclear group BTO:0001042 corpus amygdaloideum medial septal nucleus ABA:MS BM:Tel-Spt-SMN BTO:0002446 FMA:61879 MA:0000935 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1668 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001877 UBERON:FMA_61879-MA_0000935 medial parolfactory nucleus medial septum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1668 medial septum septofimbrial nucleus ABA:SF BM:SFN FMA:61881 MA:0000938 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_730 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001878 UBERON:FMA_61881-MA_0000938 nucleus septofibrialis scattered nucleus of the septum ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_730 nucleus septofibrialis ABA nucleus of diagonal band ABA:NDB FMA:61882 MA:0000936 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_719 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001879 UBERON:FMA_61882-MA_0000936 diagonal band nucleus nucleus of the diagonal band of broca olfactory area (roberts) bed nucleus of stria terminalis A brain structure in the forebrain wrapped around the stria terminalis. It's largest extent can be found around the crossing of the anterior commissure[INCF]. ABA:BST BM:BNST BST BTO:0002698 EFO:0001971 FMA:61884 MA:0000925 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_724 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001880 UBERON:FMA_61884-MA_0000925 bed nucleus of the stria terminalis bed nucleus stria terminalis (johnson) intercalate nucleus of stria terminalis interstitial nucleus of stria terminalis nuclei of stria terminalis nucleus of stria terminalis nucleus striae terminalis stria terminalis nucleus FMA:61884 FMA:TA nucleus striae terminalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_724 interstitial nucleus of stria terminalis BST INCF:Seattle_mtg_2010 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_724 bed nucleus stria terminalis (johnson) A brain structure in the forebrain wrapped around the stria terminalis. It's largest extent can be found around the crossing of the anterior commissure[INCF]. INCF:Seattle_mtg_2010 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_724 bed nucleus of the stria terminalis FMA:61884 nucleus of stria terminalis island of calleja ABA:isl BM:Tel-ISC FMA:61888 GAID:632 MA:0000977 MESH:A.08.186.211.577.699.400 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1113 The islands of Calleja (IC, ISC, or IClj) are a group of neural granule cells located within the ventral striatum in the brains of most animals. This region of the brain is part of the limbic system, where it aids in the reinforcing effects of reward-like activities. Within most species, the islands are specifically located within the olfactory tubercle; however, in primates these islands are located within the nucleus accumbens, the reward center of the brain, since the olfactory tubercle has practically disappeared in the brains of primates. Both of these structures have been implicated in the processing of incentives as well as addictions to drugs. Projections to and from the islands supplement this knowledge with their involvement in the reward pathways for both cocaine and amphetamines. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001881 UBERON:FMA_61888-MA_0000977 calleja island http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Islands_of_Calleja_Rat.jpg/200px-Islands_of_Calleja_Rat.jpg islands of calleja The islands of Calleja (IC, ISC, or IClj) are a group of neural granule cells located within the ventral striatum in the brains of most animals. This region of the brain is part of the limbic system, where it aids in the reinforcing effects of reward-like activities. Within most species, the islands are specifically located within the olfactory tubercle; however, in primates these islands are located within the nucleus accumbens, the reward center of the brain, since the olfactory tubercle has practically disappeared in the brains of primates. Both of these structures have been implicated in the processing of incentives as well as addictions to drugs. Projections to and from the islands supplement this knowledge with their involvement in the reward pathways for both cocaine and amphetamines. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Islands_of_Calleja nucleus accumbens ABA:ACB BM:Ac BTO:0001862 EFO:0000906 FMA:61889 GAID:672 MA:0000892 MAT:0000512 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.105.683 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_727 SCTID:427667007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001882 UBERON:FMA_61889-MA_0000892 a collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia[GO]. accumbens nucleus colliculus of caudate nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Circuit_du_syst%C3%A8me_de_recompense.jpg/200px-Circuit_du_syst%C3%A8me_de_recompense.jpg ncithesaurus:Accumbens_Nucleus nucleus accumbens septi MA GO:0021768 Wikipedia:Nucleus_accumbens a collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia[GO]. FMA GO ABA anterior perforated substance ABA:OT BM:Tel-OLT BTO:0001869 EV:0100177 FMA:61891 MA:0000976 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1096 SCTID:369108006 Subdivision of telencephalon which is a region on the ventro-medial aspect of the telencephalon penetrated by numerous blood vessels. It is bounded by the optic tract posteriorly and the olfactory trigone anteriorly. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001883 UBERON:FMA_61891-MA_0000976 anterior perforated area anterior perforated space http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray732.png/200px-Gray732.png olfactory area (mai) olfactory tubercle tuberculum olfactorium ABA FMA:61891 FMA:TA tuberculum olfactorium Subdivision of telencephalon which is a region on the ventro-medial aspect of the telencephalon penetrated by numerous blood vessels. It is bounded by the optic tract posteriorly and the olfactory trigone anteriorly. Wikipedia:Anterior_perforated_substance phrenic nerve BTO:0001063 EHDAA:4677 EMAPA:17813 FMA:6191 GAID:848 MA:0001170 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.150.700 OG:0000728 OpenCyc:Mx4rvtmdUJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280344009 The phrenic nerve arises from the third, fourth, and fifth cervical spinal nerves (C3-C5) in humans. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001884 UBERON:FMA_6191-MA_0001170 diaphragmatic nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gray806.png/200px-Gray806.png ncithesaurus:Phrenic_Nerve nervus phrenicus phrenic BTO:0001063 diaphragmatic nerve The phrenic nerve arises from the third, fourth, and fifth cervical spinal nerves (C3-C5) in humans. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Phrenic_nerve BTO:0001063 phrenic BTO:0001063 nervus phrenicus dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation ABA:DG BM:Tel-DG BTO says dentate gyrus = fascia dentata + hilus. Note that GO classifies dentate gyrus development under hippocampus development BTO:0002496 BTO:0002615 EFO:0001366 EMAPA:19037 FMA:61922 GAID:624 MA:0000190 MESH:A.08.186.211.577.405.200 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1178 SCTID:279211002 The dentate gyrus is one of two interlocking gyri of the hippocampus. It contains granule cells, which project to the pyramidal cells and interneurons of the CA3 region of the ammon gyrus[GO]. UBERON:0001885 UBERON:FMA_61922-MA_0000190 area dentata dentate gyrus fascia dentata gyrus dentatus hippocampal dentate gyrus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/HippocampalRegions.jpg/200px-HippocampalRegions.jpg ncithesaurus:Dentate_Gyrus MA ABA The dentate gyrus is one of two interlocking gyri of the hippocampus. It contains granule cells, which project to the pyramidal cells and interneurons of the CA3 region of the ammon gyrus[GO]. Wikipedia:Dentate_gyrus ABA BTO:0002496 gyrus dentatus BTO:0002496 hippocampal dentate gyrus FMA choroid plexus A tuft of capillaries that project into the ventricles of the brain and secretes cerebral spinal fluid. The choroid plexus is covered by a cuboidal epithelium which maintains the integrity of the blood-brain barrier[?]. Fringe of the tela choroidea of the brain ventricles[MP]. The choroid plexus is the area on the ventricles of the brain where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by modified ependymal cells[WP]. BTO:0000258 EFO:0001915 FMA:61934 GAID:607 MA:0000823 MESH:A.08.186.211.276.298 OG:0001377 SCTID:264450003 TAO:0001443 TODO - check relationship to ventricle. Check subclass - ZFA says vasculature. Note that FMA:61934 (choroid plexus of cerebral hemisphere) has exact synonym 'choroid plexus' but it is not clear that this belongs here, as the fourth ventricle is not in the cerbral hemisphere UBERON:0001886 UBERON:FMA_61934-MA_0000823-ZFA_0001443 ZFA:0001443 chorioid plexus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gray708.svg/200px-Gray708.svg.png ncithesaurus:Choroid_Plexus plexus choroideus FMA:61934 FMA:TA plexus choroideus FMA:61934 chorioid plexus A tuft of capillaries that project into the ventricles of the brain and secretes cerebral spinal fluid. The choroid plexus is covered by a cuboidal epithelium which maintains the integrity of the blood-brain barrier[?]. Fringe of the tela choroidea of the brain ventricles[MP]. The choroid plexus is the area on the ventricles of the brain where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by modified ependymal cells[WP]. MP:0000820 Wikipedia:Choroid_plexus ZFIN:curator internal capsule BM:IC EMAPA:18206 FMA:61950 GAID:685 Internal capsule is an organ subdivision of the telencephalon which is made up primarily of myelinated axonal neural tissue (white matter). The internal capsule is a major set of fiber bundles lateral to the thalamus and caudate nucleus and medial to the putamen and globus pallidus. It projects dorsally to the white matter underlying the cerebral cortex. MA:0002748 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.435 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1659 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001887 UBERON:FMA_61950-MA_0002748 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg/200px-Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg internal capsule radiations ncithesaurus:Internal_Capsule Internal capsule is an organ subdivision of the telencephalon which is made up primarily of myelinated axonal neural tissue (white matter). The internal capsule is a major set of fiber bundles lateral to the thalamus and caudate nucleus and medial to the putamen and globus pallidus. It projects dorsally to the white matter underlying the cerebral cortex. Wikipedia:Internal_capsule lateral olfactory stria BM:Tel-LOT EV:0100175 FMA:61971 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1559 TAO:0000229 The olfactory tract is a narrow white band, triangular on coronal section, the apex being directed upward. It lies in the olfactory sulcus on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe, and divides posteriorly into two striæ, a medial and a lateral. The lateral olfactory stria is directed across the lateral part of the anterior perforated substance and then bends abruptly medialward toward the uncus of the hippocampal gyrus. The medial olfactory stria turns medialward behind the parolfactory area and ends in the subcallosal gyrus; in some cases a small intermediate stria is seen running backward to the anterior perforated substance. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001888 UBERON:FMA_61971-ZFA_0000229 ZFA:0000229 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray732.png/200px-Gray732.png lateral olfactory tract tractus olfactorius lateralis The olfactory tract is a narrow white band, triangular on coronal section, the apex being directed upward. It lies in the olfactory sulcus on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe, and divides posteriorly into two striæ, a medial and a lateral. The lateral olfactory stria is directed across the lateral part of the anterior perforated substance and then bends abruptly medialward toward the uncus of the hippocampal gyrus. The medial olfactory stria turns medialward behind the parolfactory area and ends in the subcallosal gyrus; in some cases a small intermediate stria is seen running backward to the anterior perforated substance. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_olfactory_stria ZFA:0000229 tractus olfactorius lateralis trunk of phrenic nerve EHDAA2:0001463 FMA:6198 MA:0001177 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001889 UBERON:FMA_6198-MA_0001177 phrenic nerve trunk phrenic neural trunk forebrain AAO:0010147 BTO:0000478 EFO:0000909 EHDAA2:0000556 EHDAA:3470 EMAPA:16895 FMA:61992 MA:0000170 MAT:0000105 MESH:A.08.186.211.730 MIAA:0000105 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1509 OG:0000383 SCTID:362291003 TAO:0000109 The most anterior region the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon. UBERON:0001890 UBERON:FMA_61992-MA_0000170-MIAA_0000105-XAO_0000011-ZFA_0000109 XAO:0000011 ZFA:0000109 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/200px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png ncithesaurus:Fore-Brain ncithesaurus:Prosencephalon prosencephalon The most anterior region the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon. Wikipedia:Forebrain ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 midbrain AAO:0010149 ABA:MB BM:MB BTO:0000138 EFO:0000919 EHDAA2:0001104 EHDAA2:0001162 EHDAA:3694 EMAPA:16974 EV:0100242 FMA:61993 MA:0000207 MAT:0000106 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.659 MIAA:0000106 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1667 OG:0000069 OpenCyc:Mx4rvsBUqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the tectum, cerebral peduncle, midbrain tegmentum and cerebral aqueduct[FMA]. The brain region between the forebrain anteriorly and the hindbrain posteriorly, including the tectum dorsally and the midbrain tegmentum ventrally[ZFA]. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO]. SCTID:279099009 TAO:0000128 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001891 UBERON:FMA_61993-MA_0000207-MIAA_0000106-XAO_0000014-ZFA_0000128 XAO:0000014 ZFA:0000128 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Human_brain_inferior_view_description.JPG/200px-Human_brain_inferior_view_description.JPG mesencephalon midbrain vesicle ncithesaurus:Mesencephalon ABA FMA:61993 GO:0030901 Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the tectum, cerebral peduncle, midbrain tegmentum and cerebral aqueduct[FMA]. The brain region between the forebrain anteriorly and the hindbrain posteriorly, including the tectum dorsally and the midbrain tegmentum ventrally[ZFA]. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO]. Wikipedia:Midbrain ZFIN:curator ABA ABA rhombomere A segment of the developing hindbrain[ZFA]. In the vertebrate embryo, a rhombomere is a transiently divided segment of the developing neural tube, within the hindbrain region (a neuromere) in the area that will eventually become the rhombencephalon. The rhombomeres appear as a series of slightly constricted swellings in the neural tube, caudal to the cephalic flexure. In human embryonic development, the rhombomeres are present by day 29[WP]. EFO:0003617 EHDAA2:0000669 EMAPA:16148 EMAPA:16478 MAT:0000272 MIAA:0000272 OG:0000672 TAO:0001064 UBERON:0001892 UBERON:FMA_61998-MIAA_0000272-ZFA_0001064 XAO:0004079 ZFA:0001064 future rhombencephalon hindbrain segment rhombomere segment of hindbrain ZFA:0001064 segment of hindbrain MIAA:0000272 future rhombencephalon ZFA:0001064 hindbrain segment A segment of the developing hindbrain[ZFA]. In the vertebrate embryo, a rhombomere is a transiently divided segment of the developing neural tube, within the hindbrain region (a neuromere) in the area that will eventually become the rhombencephalon. The rhombomeres appear as a series of slightly constricted swellings in the neural tube, caudal to the cephalic flexure. In human embryonic development, the rhombomeres are present by day 29[WP]. Wikipedia:Rhombomere ZFIN:curator telencephalon AAO:0010479 ABA:CH BM:Tel BTO:0000239 EFO:0000912 EHDAA2:0001982 EMAPA:16652 EMAPA:16910 EV:0100165 FMA:62000 GAID:621 MA:0000183 MAT:0000421 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885 MIAA:0000421 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1115 OG:0000283 Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, basal ganglia, septum and fornix, as well as subcortical gray and white matter structures[FMA]. SCTID:263353005 TAO:0000079 The telencephalon is the name for a large region within the brain that is attributed many functions. Many people refer to it as the cerebrum; however, it is technically referred to as the telencephalon. As a more technical definition, the telencephalon refers to the cerebral hemispheres and other, smaller structures within the brain, although the telencephalon is one of the larger divisions (in terms of number). It is the anterior-most embryological division of the brain that develops from the prosencephalon. The telencephalon is composed of the following sub-regions; Limbic system; Cerebral cortex or cortices of the cerebral hemispheres, Basal ganglia, Olfactory bulb. The telencephalon comprises what most people think of as the 'brain' It lies on top of the brainstem and is the largest and most well-developed of the five major divisions of the brain. The telencephalon is the newest structure in the phylogenetic sense, with mammals having the largest and most well-developed among all species. It emerges from the prosencephalon, the first of three vesicles that form from the embryonic neural tube (Christine Fennema-Notestine, NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1115). UBERON:0001893 UBERON:FMA_6200-FMA_62000-MA_0000183-MIAA_0000421-XAO_0000012-ZFA_0000079 XAO:0000012 ZFA:0000079 cerebrum endbrain telencephalon FMA:62000 Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, basal ganglia, septum and fornix, as well as subcortical gray and white matter structures[FMA]. Wikipedia:Telencephalon cerebrum http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Cerebrum Swanson:2004 endbrain ABA diencephalon AAO:0010481 ABA:IB BM:Die BTO:0000342 EFO:0000911 EHDAA2:0000385 EHDAA:1969 EHDAA:2645 EHDAA:3472 EMAPA:16641 EMAPA:16896 EV:0100194 FMA:62001 GAID:618 MA:0000171 MAT:0000420 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385 MIAA:0000420 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1503 Note that in ABA, this is part of the brain stem OG:0000318 OpenCyc:Mx4rwC-V0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus[FMA]. The more posterior and ventral of two forebrain neuromeres, the other being the telencephalon; major derivatives are the eye cups, the brain pretectal region, the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus (including the habenula and epiphysis). <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> SCTID:279328001 TAO:0000101 UBERON:0001894 UBERON:FMA_62001-MA_0000171-MIAA_0000420-XAO_0000013-ZFA_0000101 XAO:0000013 ZFA:0000101 between brain betweenbrain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/200px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png interbrain mature diencephalon ncithesaurus:Diencephalon ABA FMA:62001 Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus[FMA]. The more posterior and ventral of two forebrain neuromeres, the other being the telencephalon; major derivatives are the eye cups, the brain pretectal region, the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus (including the habenula and epiphysis). <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> Wikipedia:Diencephalon ZFIN:curator ABA FMA:62001 mature diencephalon Swanson:2004 interbrain BTO:0000342 betweenbrain metencephalon BTO:0000673 EHDAA2:0001149 EHDAA:5498 EMAPA:17071 FMA:62003 GAID:594 MA:0000197 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.810.428 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_965 OG:0000741 Rostral segment of the hindbrain that has as its parts the pons (where present) and the cerebellum. UBERON:0001895 UBERON:FMA_62003-MA_0000197 epencephalon-2 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/200px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png the terms metencephalon and myelencephalon are only meaningful in mammals and birds[Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain]. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata and thus these are not distinguished in ZFA[ZFA]. Rostral segment of the hindbrain that has as its parts the pons (where present) and the cerebellum. Wikipedia:Metencephalon medulla oblongata AAO:0010486 ABA:MY BTO:0000041 EFO:0000924 EHDAA2:0001088 EHDAA:7588 EMAPA:17550 EV:0100275 FMA:62004 GAID:590 MA:0000206 MAT:0000111 MAT:0000367 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.810.406 MIAA:0000111 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_957 OG:0000181 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjxSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rwCqnXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the medullary reticular formation, inferior olivary complex and cochlear nuclear complex, among other structures[FMA]. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate[GO]. SCTID:279104005 TAO:0000545 UBERON:0001896 UBERON:FMA_62004-MA_0000206-MIAA_0000111-XAO_0003100-ZFA_0000545 XAO:0003100 ZFA:0000545 bulb bulbus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Illu_pituitary_pineal_glands.jpg/200px-Illu_pituitary_pineal_glands.jpg medulla metepencephalon ncithesaurus:Medulla_Oblongata FMA:62004 GO:0021550 Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the medullary reticular formation, inferior olivary complex and cochlear nuclear complex, among other structures[FMA]. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate[GO]. Wikipedia:Medulla_oblongata FMA:62004 metepencephalon FMA:62004 FMA:TA bulbus ABA:MY medulla ABA thalamus A midline paired symmetrical structure within the brains of vertebrates, including humans. It is situated between the cerebral cortex and midbrain, both in terms of location and neurological connections. Its function includes relaying sensation, special sense and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, along with the regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness. The thalamus surrounds the third ventricle. It is the main product of the embryonic diencephalon. AAO:0010483 ABA:TH BTO:0001365 EFO:0000910 EMAPA:17540 EV:0100195 FMA:62007 GAID:656 MA and ZFA think there is a distinct dorsal thalamus, but FMA says its an exact synonym MA:0000179 MAT:0000109 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.826 MIAA:0000109 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_954 OG:0000657 OpenCyc:Mx4rwMPQ65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244433007 TAO:0001215 UBERON:0001897 UBERON:FMA_62007-MA_0000179-MIAA_0000109-ZFA_0001215 ZFA:0001215 dorsal thalamus dorsal thalamus (anthoney) galen:Thalamus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Brain_chrischan_thalamus.jpg/200px-Brain_chrischan_thalamus.jpg ncithesaurus:Thalamus thalamus dorsalis BTO:0001365 thalamus dorsalis FMA:62007 dorsal thalamus (anthoney) A midline paired symmetrical structure within the brains of vertebrates, including humans. It is situated between the cerebral cortex and midbrain, both in terms of location and neurological connections. Its function includes relaying sensation, special sense and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, along with the regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness. The thalamus surrounds the third ventricle. It is the main product of the embryonic diencephalon. Wikipedia:Thalamus ABA FMA:62007 dorsal thalamus hypothalamus A specialized brain region of the ventral diencephalon arising near the end of the segmentation period; the embryonic hypothalamic region will give rise to the posterior pituitary gland as well as a number of brain nuclei. [ZFA]. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).[Wikipedia]. AAO:0010484 ABA:HY BM:Die-Hy BTO:0000614 EFO:0000107 EHDAA2:0000802 EHDAA:5446 EMAPA:17536 EV:0100225 FMA:62008 GAID:460 MA:0000173 MAT:0000112 MESH:A.08.186.211.577.482 MIAA:0000112 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_734 OG:0000179 OpenCyc:Mx4rwEgr9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:264483005 TAO:0000032 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001898 UBERON:FMA_62008-MA_0000173-MIAA_0000112-ZFA_0000032 XAO:0004070 ZFA:0000032 galen:Hypothalamus ncithesaurus:Hypothalamus preoptico-hypothalamic area preoptico-hypothalamic region A specialized brain region of the ventral diencephalon arising near the end of the segmentation period; the embryonic hypothalamic region will give rise to the posterior pituitary gland as well as a number of brain nuclei. [ZFA]. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).[Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Hypothalamus ZFIN:curator ABA epithalamus AAO:0010482 ABA:EPI BM:Die-Epi BTO:0000175 EFO:0000918 EHDAA2:0000448 EHDAA:5433 EMAPA:17532 EV:0100220 FMA:62009 GAID:455 MA:0000172 MAT:0000422 MESH:A.08.186.211.577.200 MIAA:0000422 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1710 OG:0000178 OpenCyc:Mx4rvneLQpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281487003 TAO:0000509 The epithalamus is the small dorsomedial area of the thalamus including the habenular nuclei and associated fiber bundles, the pineal body, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle[GO]. a dorsal posterior segment of the diencephalon (a segment in the middle of the brain also containing the hypothalamus and the thalamus) which includes the habenula, the stria medullaris and the pineal body. Its function is the connection between the limbic system to other parts of the brain[WP] Some functions of its components include the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001899 UBERON:FMA_62009-MA_0000172-MIAA_0000422-ZFA_0000509 ZFA:0000509 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Epithalamus.png/200px-Epithalamus.png ncithesaurus:Epithalamus ABA ABA ABA The epithalamus is the small dorsomedial area of the thalamus including the habenular nuclei and associated fiber bundles, the pineal body, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle[GO]. a dorsal posterior segment of the diencephalon (a segment in the middle of the brain also containing the hypothalamus and the thalamus) which includes the habenula, the stria medullaris and the pineal body. Its function is the connection between the limbic system to other parts of the brain[WP] Some functions of its components include the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland. Wikipedia:Epithalamus subthalamus Anterior part of the diencephalon that lies between the thalamus, hypothalamus, and tegmentum of the mesencephalon, including subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, the fields of Forel, and the nucleus of ansa lenticularis[GO]. BM:Die-VTh EV:0100223 FMA:62010 GAID:653 MA:0000181 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.800 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_708 SCTID:279332007 TAO:0000458 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001900 UBERON:FMA_62010-MA_0000181-ZFA_0000458 ZFA:0000458 ncithesaurus:Ventral_Thalamus prethalamus subthalamic region thalamus ventralis ventral thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_708 thalamus ventralis Anterior part of the diencephalon that lies between the thalamus, hypothalamus, and tegmentum of the mesencephalon, including subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, the fields of Forel, and the nucleus of ansa lenticularis[GO]. GO:0021539 Wikipedia:Subthalamus epithelium of trachea BTO:0001389 EHDAA2:0002069 EHDAA:5007 EMAPA:16855 EMAPA:18409 FMA:62015 MA:0001862 OG:0001045 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001901 UBERON:0003227 UBERON:FMA_62015-MA_0001862 epithelial tissue of trachea epithelial tissue of windpipe epithelium of windpipe ncithesaurus:Tracheal_Epithelium trachea epithelial tissue trachea epithelium tracheal epithelium windpipe epithelial tissue windpipe epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of windpipe OBOL:automatic trachea epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic windpipe epithelium OBOL:automatic windpipe epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of windpipe OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of trachea epithelium of small intestine An epithelium that is part of a small intestine [Obol]. BTO:0001258 FMA:62017 MA:0001553 SCTID:45480009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001902 UBERON:FMA_62017-MA_0001553 ZFA:0005127 epithelial tissue of small bowel epithelial tissue of small intestine epithelium of small bowel mid intestine epithelium small bowel epithelial tissue small bowel epithelium small intestinal epithelium small intestine epithelial tissue small intestine epithelium OBOL:automatic small intestine epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of small intestine ZFA:0005127 mid intestine epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of small bowel FMA OBOL:automatic small bowel epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a small intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel epithelium thalamic reticular nucleus ABA:RT BM:Die-VTh-R EV:0100214 FMA:62026 MA:0000876 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1721 SCTID:279164008 The thalamic reticular nucleus is part of the ventral thalamus that forms a capsule around the thalamus laterally. It is separated from the thalamus by the external medullary lamina. Reticular cells are GABAergic, and have discoid dendritic arbors in the plane of the nucleus. Thalamic Reticular Nucleus is variously abbreviated TRN, RTN, NRT, and RT. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001903 UBERON:FMA_62026-MA_0000876 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Constudthal.gif/200px-Constudthal.gif nucleus reticularis thalami reticular nuclear group reticular nucleus of thalamus reticular nucleus of the thalamus reticular nucleus-2 reticular thalamic nucleus ABA FMA:62026 FMA:TA nucleus reticularis thalami ABA ABA The thalamic reticular nucleus is part of the ventral thalamus that forms a capsule around the thalamus laterally. It is separated from the thalamus by the external medullary lamina. Reticular cells are GABAergic, and have discoid dendritic arbors in the plane of the nucleus. Thalamic Reticular Nucleus is variously abbreviated TRN, RTN, NRT, and RT. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thalamic_reticular_nucleus habenula BTO:0003684 EV:0100222 FMA:62032 GAID:619 Habenula is a segment of the epithalamus that has as its parts the lateral and medial habenular nuclei and the habenular commissure. // The habenula relays impulses from limbic areas of the telencephalon to an unpaired midbrain nucleus, the interpeduncular nucleus. MA:0000830 MESH:A.08.186.211.577.200.360 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1611 SCTID:362389008 TAO:0000213 TODO - add separate term for nucleus (e.g. BTO:0003685 habenular nucleus) UBERON:0001904 UBERON:FMA_62032-MA_0000830-ZFA_0000213 ZFA:0000213 habenulae habenular nuclei habenular nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray715.png/200px-Gray715.png Habenula is a segment of the epithalamus that has as its parts the lateral and medial habenular nuclei and the habenular commissure. // The habenula relays impulses from limbic areas of the telencephalon to an unpaired midbrain nucleus, the interpeduncular nucleus. Wikipedia:Habenula ZFIN:curator pineal body AAO:0010549 ABA:PIN BM:P BTO:0001067 EFO:0000865 EHDAA2:0001466 EHDAA:7523 EMAPA:18778 EV:0100221 FMA:62033 GAID:453 MA:0000175 MAT:0000448 MESH:A.06.407.635 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1184 OG:0000051 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2FMGpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181126002 The pineal body is an unpaired glandular organ subdivision shaped somewhat like a pine cone. It is attached on the midline near the posterior and habenular commissures of the epithalamus. UBERON:0001905 UBERON:FMA_62033-MA_0000175-XAO_0000160 XAO:0000160 ZFA:0000019 corpus pineale epiphysis epiphysis cerebri galen:PinealGland glandula pinealis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Illu_pituitary_pineal_glands.jpg/200px-Illu_pituitary_pineal_glands.jpg ncithesaurus:Pineal_Gland part of midbrain in HOG, but this is inconsistent with ABA pineal gland pineal organ FMA:62033 FMA:TA glandula pinealis Wikipedia:Epiphysis_cerebri epiphysis cerebri ABA multiple FMA:62033 The pineal body is an unpaired glandular organ subdivision shaped somewhat like a pine cone. It is attached on the midline near the posterior and habenular commissures of the epithalamus. Wikipedia:Pineal_body ABA ZFA:0000019 epiphysis ZFA:0000019 pineal organ subthalamic nucleus ABA:STN BM:Die-Sb BTO:0002252 EFO:0001392 EV:0100224 FMA:62035 GAID:655 Luys' body MA:0000877 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.800.800 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1010002 The subthalamic nucleus is the lens-shaped nucleus located in the ventral part of the subthalamus on the inner aspect of the internal capsule that is concerned with the integration of somatic motor function[GO]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001906 UBERON:FMA_62035-MA_0000877 body of forel body of luys http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Basal-ganglia-coronal-sections-large.png/200px-Basal-ganglia-coronal-sections-large.png ncithesaurus:Subthalamic_Nucleus nucleus of corpus luysii nucleus of luys nucleus subthalamicus subthalamic nucleus (of luys) BTO:0002252 Luys' body ABA ABA ABA ABA The subthalamic nucleus is the lens-shaped nucleus located in the ventral part of the subthalamus on the inner aspect of the internal capsule that is concerned with the integration of somatic motor function[GO]. Wikipedia:Subthalamic_nucleus BTO:0002252 nucleus subthalamicus zona incerta ABA:ZI BM:Die-VTh-ZI BTO:0003146 FMA:62038 MA:0000878 SCTID:369186007 The zona incerta is a horizontally elongated region of gray matter cells in the subthalamus below the thalamus. Its connections project extensively over the brain from the cerebral cortex down into the spinal cord. Its function is unknown though several have been proposed related to “limbic–motor integration” such as controlling visceral activity and pain; gating sensory input and synchronizing cortical and subcortical brain rhythms. Its dysfunction may play a role in central pain syndrome. It is also been identified as a promising deep brain stimulation therapy target for treating Parkinsons Disease. Its existence was first described by Auguste Forel in 1877 as a “region of which nothing certain can be said”. A hundred and thirty years later in 2007, Nadia Urbain and Martin Deschênes of Université Laval noted that the “zona incerta is among the least studied regions of the brain; its name does not even appear in the index of many textbooks. ” [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001907 UBERON:FMA_62038-MA_0000878 ABA ABA The zona incerta is a horizontally elongated region of gray matter cells in the subthalamus below the thalamus. Its connections project extensively over the brain from the cerebral cortex down into the spinal cord. Its function is unknown though several have been proposed related to “limbic–motor integration” such as controlling visceral activity and pain; gating sensory input and synchronizing cortical and subcortical brain rhythms. Its dysfunction may play a role in central pain syndrome. It is also been identified as a promising deep brain stimulation therapy target for treating Parkinsons Disease. Its existence was first described by Auguste Forel in 1877 as a “region of which nothing certain can be said”. A hundred and thirty years later in 2007, Nadia Urbain and Martin Deschênes of Université Laval noted that the “zona incerta is among the least studied regions of the brain; its name does not even appear in the index of many textbooks. ” [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Zona_incerta ABA ABA optic tract BM:Tel-OT Diencephalic white matter (tract) which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons after which they have passed through the optic chiasm[ZFA]. Predominantly white matter structure found in diencephalon consisting of fibers originating in the retina. The optic tract is considered to extend from the point of the optic chiasm and terminates largely, although not exclusively, in the lateral geniculate complex. Other fibers end in the superior colliculus and other structures in the diencephalon, midbrain and brainstem (MM)[NIF]. FMA:62046 GAID:735 MA:0001099 MESH:A.08.612.220.860 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1684 OG:0001164 SCTID:280952003 TAO:0000252 UBERON:0001908 UBERON:FMA_62046-ZFA_0000252 XAO:0004101 ZFA:0000252 editor note: relationships need checking by expert. NIF and ZFA both state part of diencepahalon; MA says part of optic nerve II. in uberon, CNS and PNS are spatially disjoint, and axon tracts are part of the CNS so we make the relationship to CNII 'continuous_with' http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gray773.png/200px-Gray773.png ncithesaurus:Optic_Tract optic lemniscus visual pathway GAID:735 visual pathway :NIF_GrossAnatomy Diencephalic white matter (tract) which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons after which they have passed through the optic chiasm[ZFA]. Predominantly white matter structure found in diencephalon consisting of fibers originating in the retina. The optic tract is considered to extend from the point of the optic chiasm and terminates largely, although not exclusively, in the lateral geniculate complex. Other fibers end in the superior colliculus and other structures in the diencephalon, midbrain and brainstem (MM)[NIF]. Wikipedia:Optic_tract ZFIN:curator habenular commissure BM:Die-Epi-HC FMA:62048 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1609 SCTID:279335009 TAO:0000359 The habenular commissure, is a brain commissure (a band of nerve fibers) situated in front of the pineal gland that connects the habenular nucleus on one side of the diencephalon with that on the other side. The habernular commissure is part of the trigonum habenulæ (a small depressed triangular area situated in front of the superior colliculus and on the lateral aspect of the posterior part of the tænia thalami). The trigonum habenulæ also contains groups of nerve cells termed the ganglion habenulæ. Fibers enter the trigonum habenulæ from the stalk of the pineal gland, and the habenular commissure. Most of the trigonum habenulæ's fibers are, however, directed downward and form a bundle, the fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert, which passes medial to the red nucleus, and, after decussating with the corresponding fasciculus of the opposite side, ends in the interpeduncular ganglion. Nerve cell fibers enter the trigonum habenulæ from the stalk of the pineal body, and the habernular commissure. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001909 UBERON:FMA_62048-ZFA_0000359 ZFA:0000359 commissura habenularum commissure habenularum MP:0008231 commissure habenularum ZFA:0000359 commissura habenularum The habenular commissure, is a brain commissure (a band of nerve fibers) situated in front of the pineal gland that connects the habenular nucleus on one side of the diencephalon with that on the other side. The habernular commissure is part of the trigonum habenulæ (a small depressed triangular area situated in front of the superior colliculus and on the lateral aspect of the posterior part of the tænia thalami). The trigonum habenulæ also contains groups of nerve cells termed the ganglion habenulæ. Fibers enter the trigonum habenulæ from the stalk of the pineal gland, and the habenular commissure. Most of the trigonum habenulæ's fibers are, however, directed downward and form a bundle, the fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert, which passes medial to the red nucleus, and, after decussating with the corresponding fasciculus of the opposite side, ends in the interpeduncular ganglion. Nerve cell fibers enter the trigonum habenulæ from the stalk of the pineal body, and the habernular commissure. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Habenular_commissure medial forebrain bundle FMA:62064 GAID:736 MESH:A.08.612.492 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_908 TAO:0005111 The Medial forebrain bundle (MFB), is a complex bundle of axons coming from the basal olfactory regions, the periamygdaloid region, and the septal nuclei, and passing to the lateral hypothalamus, with some carrying on into the tegmentum. It contains both ascending and descending fibers. It also represents a part of the mesolimbic pathway, carrying information between the ventral tegmentum and the nucleus accumbens. It is commonly accepted that the MFB is a part of the reward system, involved in the integration of reward and pleasure. Electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle is believed to cause sensations of pleasure. This hypothesis is based upon intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) studies. Animals will work for MFB ICSS, and humans report that MFB ICSS is intensely pleasurable. This is most likely because the medial forebrain bundle carries information from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (nAcc or Acb). The nAcc is a recognized reward center, and activation of the pathway from the VTA to the nAcc is believed to be rewarding, which is why it is sometimes referred to as the hedonic highway. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001910 UBERON:FMA_62064-ZFA_0005111 ZFA:0005111 medial forebrain fasciculus ncithesaurus:Medial_Forebrain_Bundle telencephalic medial fasciculus The Medial forebrain bundle (MFB), is a complex bundle of axons coming from the basal olfactory regions, the periamygdaloid region, and the septal nuclei, and passing to the lateral hypothalamus, with some carrying on into the tegmentum. It contains both ascending and descending fibers. It also represents a part of the mesolimbic pathway, carrying information between the ventral tegmentum and the nucleus accumbens. It is commonly accepted that the MFB is a part of the reward system, involved in the integration of reward and pleasure. Electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle is believed to cause sensations of pleasure. This hypothesis is based upon intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) studies. Animals will work for MFB ICSS, and humans report that MFB ICSS is intensely pleasurable. This is most likely because the medial forebrain bundle carries information from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (nAcc or Acb). The nAcc is a recognized reward center, and activation of the pathway from the VTA to the nAcc is believed to be rewarding, which is why it is sometimes referred to as the hedonic highway. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_forebrain_bundle mammary gland BTO:0000817 Brustdruese EFO:0000854 EMAPA:17759 EV:0100125 MA:0000145 MAT:0000073 MESH:A.10.336.482 MIAA:0000073 Note that this class corresponds to the generic mammary gland. The human mammary gland is in the thoracic/breast region and is therefore covered by the subclass "thoracic mammary gland" // Males typically only have rudimentary mammary glands, The male Dayak fruit bat has lactating mammary glands. Male lactation occurs infrequently in some species. We make a part_of association to female organism for now as this is the canonical case OG:0000398 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjVq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361720005 The specialized accessory gland of the skin of female mammals that secretes milk. In the human female, it is a compound tubuloalveolar gland composed of 15 to 25 lobes arranged radially about the nipple and separated by connective and adipose tissue, each lobe having its own excretory (lactiferous) duct opening on the nipple. The lobes are subdivided into lobules, with the alveolar ducts and alveoli being the secretory portion of the gland[BTO]. The mouse forms five to six pairs of mammary glands that extend from the neck to the groin. UBERON:0001911 UBERON:FMA_62088-MA_0000145-MIAA_0000073-Mammary dug glandula mammaria http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Illu_breast_anatomy.jpg/200px-Illu_breast_anatomy.jpg lactiferous gland lobe of breast lobe of mammary gland mamma ncithesaurus:Mammary_Gland Wikipedia:Mammary_gland dug FMA:62088 lactiferous gland BTO:0000817 The specialized accessory gland of the skin of female mammals that secretes milk. In the human female, it is a compound tubuloalveolar gland composed of 15 to 25 lobes arranged radially about the nipple and separated by connective and adipose tissue, each lobe having its own excretory (lactiferous) duct opening on the nipple. The lobes are subdivided into lobules, with the alveolar ducts and alveoli being the secretory portion of the gland[BTO]. The mouse forms five to six pairs of mammary glands that extend from the neck to the groin. Wikipedia:Mammary_gland see notes FMA:57983 FMA:TA glandula mammaria MA BTO:0000817 mamma BTO:0000817 Brustdruese lobule of lactiferous gland BTO:0004718 FMA:62090 MA:0000793 Organ component of the mammary gland which consists of an aggregate of mammary alveoli that communicate with a lobular lactiferous duct.[FMA] TODO - ensure correct terminology for lobes/lobules. FMA uses lobule for core term, but also has 'set of mammary gland lobes'. UBERON:0001912 UBERON:FMA_62090-MA_0000793 acinus of mammary gland breast lobe lactiferous acinus lactiferous gland lobule lactiferous lobule lobe of breast lobe of mammary gland lobi glandulae mammariae lobule of mammary gland lobus glandulae mammariae mammary acinus mammary gland lobule BTO:0004718 lobus glandulae mammariae BTO:0004718 lobe of breast FMA:62090 Organ component of the mammary gland which consists of an aggregate of mammary alveoli that communicate with a lobular lactiferous duct.[FMA] BTO:0004718 breast lobe BTO:0004718 lobi glandulae mammariae BTO:0004718 lobe of mammary gland milk BTO:0000868 ENVO:02000031 EV:0100126 FMA:62100 GAID:1230 MA:0002552 MAT:0000056 MESH:A.13.622 MIAA:0000056 OG:0001263 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjGZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Secretion produced by the mammary gland.[FMA] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001913 UBERON:FMA_62100-MA_0002552-MIAA_0000056 galen:Milk mammary gland milk ncithesaurus:Milk FMA:FMA Secretion produced by the mammary gland.[FMA] Wikipedia:Breast_milk colostrum BTO:0000276 FMA:62101 GAID:1159 MA:0002551 MESH:A.12.200.194 Milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals in late pregnancy. Most species will generate colostrum within one day of giving birth. UBERON:0001914 UBERON:FMA_62101-MA_0002551 in MA this is a sib of mammary gland milk, rather than a subclass, better definitions required ncithesaurus:Colostrum Milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals in late pregnancy. Most species will generate colostrum within one day of giving birth. Wikipedia:Colostrum endothelium of capillary An endothelium that is part of a capillary [Obol]. BTO:0004954 FMA:62114 MA:0000711 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001915 UBERON:FMA_62114-MA_0000711 blood capillary endothelium capillary endothelium capillary vessel endothelium endothelium of blood capillary endothelium of capillary vessel ncithesaurus:Capillary_Endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of blood capillary An endothelium that is part of a capillary [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic endothelium of capillary vessel OBOL:automatic blood capillary endothelium OBOL:automatic capillary vessel endothelium endothelium of arteriole An endothelium that is part of an arteriole [Obol]. FMA:62115 MA:0000705 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001916 UBERON:FMA_62115-MA_0000705 arteriole endothelium ncithesaurus:Arteriole_Endothelium An endothelium that is part of an arteriole [Obol]. OBOL:automatic endothelium of artery AAO:0011013 An endothelium that is part of an artery [Obol]. BTO:0004757 FMA:62116 MA:0000707 OG:0001215 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001917 UBERON:FMA_62116-MA_0000707-XAO_0000357 XAO:0000357 arterial endothelium artery endothelium ncithesaurus:Artery_Endothelium An endothelium that is part of an artery [Obol]. OBOL:automatic endothelium of venule An endothelium that is part of a venule [Obol]. FMA:62117 MA:0000716 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001918 UBERON:FMA_62117-MA_0000716 ncithesaurus:Venule_Endothelium venule endothelium An endothelium that is part of a venule [Obol]. OBOL:automatic endothelium of vein AAO:0011110 An endothelium that is part of a vein [Obol]. BTO:0004756 FMA:62118 MA:0000712 OG:0001216 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001919 UBERON:FMA_62118-MA_0000712 XAO:0000358 ncithesaurus:Vein_Endothelium vein endothelium venous endothelium An endothelium that is part of a vein [Obol]. OBOL:automatic paraventricular nucleus of thalamus ABA:PVT BM:Die-Th-Pa BTO:0002460 FMA:62152 MA:0000866 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_764 SCTID:369163000 The nucleus paraventricularis anterior thalami and nuclues paraventricularis posterior thalami, two of the nuclei mediani thalami; they are situated on the dorsomedial wall of the thalamus, juxtaposed to the third ventricle. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001920 UBERON:FMA_62152-MA_0000866 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ef/PVNss.jpg/200px-PVNss.jpg nuclei paraventriculares thalami paraventricular gray paraventricular nuclei paraventricular nuclei of thalamus paraventricular thalamic nucleus FMA:62152 FMA:TA nuclei paraventriculares thalami FMA Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource The nucleus paraventricularis anterior thalami and nuclues paraventricularis posterior thalami, two of the nuclei mediani thalami; they are situated on the dorsomedial wall of the thalamus, juxtaposed to the third ventricle. FMA paraventricular nuclei ABA paraventricular nuclei of thalamus reuniens nucleus BTO:0002459 FMA:62153 MA:0000865 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_770 SCTID:369164006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001921 UBERON:FMA_62153-MA_0000865 medioventral nucleus nucleus reuniens reuniens thalamic nucleus parafascicular nucleus ABA:PF BM:Die-Th-Pf EV:0100202 FMA:62166 MA:0000874 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_952 SCTID:279150008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001922 UBERON:FMA_62166-MA_0000874 ncithesaurus:Parafascicular_Nucleus_of_the_Thalamus nuclei parafasciculares thalami nucleus parafascicularis nucleus parafascicularis (hassler) nucleus parafascicularis thalami parafascicular nucleus (vogt) parafascicular nucleus of thalamus parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus parafascicular thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_952 parafascicular nucleus (vogt) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_952 nuclei parafasciculares thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_952 nucleus parafascicularis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_952 nucleus parafascicularis (hassler) ABA FMA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_952 parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_952 nucleus parafascicularis ABA ABA central medial nucleus ABA:CM BM:Die-CeM BTO:0003753 FMA:62171 MA:0000872 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_971 SCTID:279161000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001923 UBERON:FMA_62171-MA_0000872 a small cell group in the interthalamic adhesion of the thalamus that occupy the midline region of the internal medullary lamina, between the left and right paracentral nuclei. central medial nucleus of thalamus central medial nucleus thalamus (rioch 1928) central medial thalamic nucleus nucleus centralis medialis nucleus centralis medialis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_971 nucleus centralis medialis ABA MP:0008929 a small cell group in the interthalamic adhesion of the thalamus that occupy the midline region of the internal medullary lamina, between the left and right paracentral nuclei. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_971 nucleus centralis medialis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_971 central medial nucleus thalamus (rioch 1928) ABA ABA ABA paracentral nucleus ABA:PCN BM:Die-Th-Pc EV:0100204 FMA:62172 MA:0000873 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_981 SCTID:279152000 UBERON:0001924 UBERON:FMA_62172-MA_0000873 nucleus centralis lateralis superior (kusama) nucleus paracentral nucleus paracentral thalami nucleus paracentralis thalami one of the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus, located medial to the central lateral nucleus. paracentral nucleus of thalamus paracentral nucleus thalamus (gurdjian 1927) paracentral thalamic nucleus todo - relationships NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_981 nucleus paracentral thalami FMA:62172 FMA:TA nucleus paracentralis thalami ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_981 paracentral nucleus thalamus (gurdjian 1927) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_981 nucleus centralis lateralis superior (kusama) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_981 nucleus paracentral ABA MP:0008928 one of the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus, located medial to the central lateral nucleus. FMA ABA ABA ventral lateral nucleus BM:Die-Th-VL BTO:0002463 FMA:62186 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1237 SCTID:279146001 TAO:0000306 The ventral lateral nucleus (VL) is a nucleus of the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001925 UBERON:FMA_62186-ZFA_0000306 ZFA:0000306 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png lateral ventral nucleus of thalamus nuclei ventrales laterales thalami nucleus ventralis intermedius nucleus ventralis lateralis nucleus ventralis lateralis thalami nucleus ventralis thalami lateralis nucleus ventrolateralis thalami ventral lateral complex of thalamus ventral lateral nuclei of thalamus ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus ventral lateral thalamic nuclei ventral lateral thalamic nucleus ventrolateral thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1237 nucleus ventrolateralis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1237 ventral lateral thalamic nucleus The ventral lateral nucleus (VL) is a nucleus of the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_lateral_nucleus BTO:0002463 ventral lateral nuclei of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1237 nucleus ventralis lateralis BTO:0002463 nuclei ventrales laterales thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1237 nucleus ventralis thalami lateralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1237 nucleus ventralis lateralis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1237 nucleus ventralis intermedius lateral geniculate body BTO:0004366 BTO:0004367 EFO:0001988 EV:0100219 FMA:62209 MA:0000869 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1662 Note that BTO has distinct classes for body and nucleus, but other sources treat as identical SCTID:362377006 The lateral geniculate nucleus is the primary processor of visual information received from the retina[GO]. UBERON:0001926 UBERON:FMA_62209-MA_0000869 corpus geniculatum externum corpus geniculatum laterales external geniculate body http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gray719.png/200px-Gray719.png lateral geniculate complex lateral geniculate nucleus nucleus geniculatus lateralis Wikipedia:Lateral_geniculate_nucleus external geniculate body NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1662 nucleus geniculatus lateralis FMA BTO:0004367 corpus geniculatum externum The lateral geniculate nucleus is the primary processor of visual information received from the retina[GO]. Wikipedia:Lateral_geniculate_body NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1662 corpus geniculatum laterales FMA medial geniculate body ABA:MG BM:Die-Th-MG BTO:0002674 EFO:0001968 EV:0100218 FMA:62211 MA:0000870 MGB NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1670 SCTID:362378001 The Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN) or Medial Geniculate Body (MGB) is part of the auditory thalamus and represents the thalamic relay between the inferior colliculus (IC) and the auditory cortex (AC). It is made up of a number of sub-nuclei that are distinguished by their neuronal morphology and density, by their afferent and efferent connections, and by the coding properties of their neurons. It is thought that the MGB influences the direction and maintenance of attention. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001927 UBERON:FMA_62211-MA_0000870 corpus geniculatum mediale http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png medial geniculate complex medial geniculate nuclei medial geniculate nucleus nuclei corporis geniculati medialis FMA FMA:62211 FMA:TA nuclei corporis geniculati medialis FMA The Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN) or Medial Geniculate Body (MGB) is part of the auditory thalamus and represents the thalamic relay between the inferior colliculus (IC) and the auditory cortex (AC). It is made up of a number of sub-nuclei that are distinguished by their neuronal morphology and density, by their afferent and efferent connections, and by the coding properties of their neurons. It is thought that the MGB influences the direction and maintenance of attention. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_geniculate_body ABA BTO:0002674 MGB NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1670 corpus geniculatum mediale preoptic area Area of the forebrain anterior to the posterior tuberculum and the hypothalamus and ventral to the ventral thalamus[ZFA]. BM:Die-Hy-POA BTO:0001796 EFO:0002523 FMA:62313 GAID:644 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.357.342.450 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1706 SCTID:362382004 TAO:0000470 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001928 UBERON:FMA_62313-ZFA_0000470 ZFA:0000470 area hypothalamica rostralis area praeoptica area preoptica http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG preoptic hypothalamic area preoptic hypothalamic region preoptic nuclei preoptic region preoptic region of hypothalamus regio hypothalamica anterior Area of the forebrain anterior to the posterior tuberculum and the hypothalamus and ventral to the ventral thalamus[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Preoptic_area ZFIN:curator BTO:0001796 preoptic hypothalamic region BTO:0001796 area hypothalamica rostralis BTO:0001796 regio hypothalamica anterior BTO:0001796 preoptic hypothalamic area supraoptic nucleus ABA:SO BM:Die-Hy-SON BTO:0002697 EFO:0002476 EV:0100227 FMA:62317 GAID:646 MA:0000849 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.357.342.650 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1411 SCTID:369130007 The supraoptic nucleus (SON) is a nucleus of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus of the mammalian brain. The nucleus is situated at the base of the brain, adjacent to the optic chiasm. In humans, it contains about 3,000 neurons. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001929 UBERON:FMA_62317-MA_0000849 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d7/SONss.jpg/200px-SONss.jpg nucleus supraopticus supra-optic nucleus supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus BTO:0002697 nucleus supraopticus Wikipedia ABA The supraoptic nucleus (SON) is a nucleus of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus of the mammalian brain. The nucleus is situated at the base of the brain, adjacent to the optic chiasm. In humans, it contains about 3,000 neurons. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Supraoptic_nucleus ABA paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus ABA:PVH BM:Die-Hy-PAH BTO:0002476 EFO:0002469 EV:0100229 FMA:62320 GAID:643 MA:0000848 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.357.342.400 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1407 SCTID:369131006 The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is a neuronal nucleus in the hypothalamus. It contains multiple subpopulations of neurons that are activated by a variety of stressful and/or physiological changes. Many PVH neurons project directly to the posterior pituitary where they release oxytocin or vasopressin into the general circulation. Other PVN neurons control various anterior pituitary functions, while still others directly regulate appetite and autonomic functions in the brainstem and spinal cord. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001930 UBERON:FMA_62320-MA_0000848 filiform nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ef/PVNss.jpg/200px-PVNss.jpg nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus paraventricular nucleus ABA BTO:0002476 nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is a neuronal nucleus in the hypothalamus. It contains multiple subpopulations of neurons that are activated by a variety of stressful and/or physiological changes. Many PVH neurons project directly to the posterior pituitary where they release oxytocin or vasopressin into the general circulation. Other PVN neurons control various anterior pituitary functions, while still others directly regulate appetite and autonomic functions in the brainstem and spinal cord. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Paraventricular_nucleus_of_hypothalamus ABA lateral preoptic nucleus ABA:LPO BM:Die-Hy-LPO FMA:62326 MA:0000835 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1722 SCTID:369129002 The lateral preoptic nucleus is lateral to the medial preoptic nucleus. It also mediates non-REM sleep onset.[WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001931 UBERON:FMA_62326-MA_0000835 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG lateral preoptic area lateral preoptic hypothalamic nucleus ABA The lateral preoptic nucleus is lateral to the medial preoptic nucleus. It also mediates non-REM sleep onset.[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Preoptic_area#Lateral_preoptic_nucleus GO ABA ABA ABA arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus ABA:ARH BM:HAr BTO:0002473 EV:0100230 FMA:62329 GAID:647 MA:0000847 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.357.352.081 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1638 The arcuate nucleus (or infundibular nucleus) is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle and the median eminence. The arcuate nucleus includes several important populations of neurons, including: Neuroendocrine neurons, Centrally-projecting neurons and Others. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001932 UBERON:FMA_62329-MA_0000847 arcuate hypothalamic nucleus arcuate nucleus arcuate nucleus-2 arcuate periventricular nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG infundibular hypothalamic nucleus infundibular nucleus infundibular periventricular nucleus ncithesaurus:Arcuate_Nucleus nucleus arcuatus nucleus arcuatus hypothalami nucleus infundibularis nucleus semilunaris FMA:62329 FMA:TA nucleus arcuatus ABA ABA BTO:0002473 nucleus infundibularis BTO:0002473 nucleus semilunaris BTO:0002473 nucleus arcuatus hypothalami The arcuate nucleus (or infundibular nucleus) is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle and the median eminence. The arcuate nucleus includes several important populations of neurons, including: Neuroendocrine neurons, Centrally-projecting neurons and Others. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Arcuate_nucleus retrochiasmatic area ABA:RCH FMA:62330 MA:0000841 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1569 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001933 UBERON:FMA_62330-MA_0000841 retrochiasmatic region ABA ABA ABA ABA dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus ABA:DMH BM:Die-Hy-DMH BTO:0002474 EV:0100232 FMA:62331 GAID:648 MA:0000838 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.357.352.270 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1558 SCTID:369134003 The Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. It is involved in feeding, drinking, and body weight regulation. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001934 UBERON:FMA_62331-MA_0000838 dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus dorsomedial nucleus of dorsal hypothalamus dorsomedial nucleus of intermediate hypothalamus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalamicae intermediae ABA Wikipedia FMA ABA ABA ABA FMA ABA ABA BTO:0002474 nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalamicae intermediae The Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. It is involved in feeding, drinking, and body weight regulation. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsomedial_hypothalamic_nucleus MA ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus ABA:VMH BM:VMH BTO:0002472 EV:0100233 FMA:62332 GAID:650 MA:0000845 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.357.352.953 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1572 SCTID:369124007 The ventromedial nucleus (sometimes referred to as the ventromedial hypothalamus) is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001935 UBERON:FMA_62332-MA_0000845 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami part of tuberal area in MA ventrolateral hypothalamic nucleus ventrolateral nucleus of hypothalamus ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus. BTO:0002472 ventrolateral nucleus of hypothalamus BTO:0002472 nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami BTO:0002472 ventrolateral hypothalamic nucleus ABA The ventromedial nucleus (sometimes referred to as the ventromedial hypothalamus) is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventromedial_hypothalamic_nucleus BTO:0002472 ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus. ABA ABA FMA ABA FMA tuberomammillary nucleus ABA:TM EV:0100237 FMA:62335 MA:0000853 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1271 SCTID:369122006 The tuberomammillary nucleus is a subnucleus of the posterior third of the hypothalamus. It consists of, largely, histaminergic and is involved with the control of arousal, sleep and circadian rhythm. Axons of the tuberomammillary nucleus project primarily to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, basal forebrain, and hypothalamus. The projections to the cerebral cortex directly increase cortical activation and arousal, and projections to acetylcholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain and dorsal pons do so indirectly, by increasing the release of acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001936 UBERON:FMA_62335-MA_0000853 caudal magnocellular nucleus mammilloinfundibular nucleus mammiloinfundibular nucleus tuberomamillary nucleus tuberomammillary hypothalamic nucleus EV:0100237 tuberomamillary nucleus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1271 mammiloinfundibular nucleus ABA The tuberomammillary nucleus is a subnucleus of the posterior third of the hypothalamus. It consists of, largely, histaminergic and is involved with the control of arousal, sleep and circadian rhythm. Axons of the tuberomammillary nucleus project primarily to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, basal forebrain, and hypothalamus. The projections to the cerebral cortex directly increase cortical activation and arousal, and projections to acetylcholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain and dorsal pons do so indirectly, by increasing the release of acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tuberomammillary_nucleus ABA lateral hypothalamic nucleus EV:0100234 FMA:62337 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1199 SCTID:360452004 TAO:0000227 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001937 UBERON:FMA_62337-ZFA_0000227 ZFA:0000227 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG lateral mammillary nucleus ABA:LM EV:0100239 FMA:62341 MA:0000850 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1460 SCTID:369143007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001938 UBERON:FMA_62341-MA_0000850 lateral mammillary hypothalamic nucleus lateral nucleus of mammillary body nucleus mammillaris lateralis ABA ABA ABA FMA:62341 FMA:TA nucleus mammillaris lateralis medial mammillary nucleus ABA:MM EV:0100238 FMA:62342 MA:0000851 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1299 SCTID:369141009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001939 UBERON:FMA_62342-MA_0000851 internal mammillary nucleus medial nucleus of mammillary body nucleus mammillaris medialis FMA:62342 FMA:TA nucleus mammillaris medialis ABA ABA ABA supramammillary nucleus ABA:SUM FMA:62347 MA:0000852 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1479 SCTID:369144001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001940 UBERON:FMA_62347-MA_0000852 ABA ABA ABA lateral habenular nucleus ABA:LH BM:Die-Epi-Hl BTO:0002699 FMA:62372 MA:0000831 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1438 SCTID:361538005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001941 UBERON:FMA_62372-MA_0000831 lateral habenula nucleus habenulae lateralis nucleus habenularis lateralis nucleus habenularis lateralis epithalami ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1438 nucleus habenularis lateralis epithalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1438 nucleus habenulae lateralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1438 nucleus habenularis lateralis medial habenular nucleus ABA:MH BM:Die-Epi-HM BTO:0003686 FMA:62373 MA:0000832 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1431 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001942 UBERON:FMA_62373-MA_0000832 medial habenula nucleus habenulae medialis nucleus habenularis medialis nucleus habenularis medialis (hassler) nucleus habenularis medialis epithalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1431 nucleus habenularis medialis (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1431 nucleus habenulae medialis ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1431 nucleus habenularis medialis ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1431 nucleus habenularis medialis epithalami midbrain tegmentum BTO:0003388 EFO:0000921 EMAPA:18215 FMA:62393 MA:0000212 MAT:0000452 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1200 OG:0001367 SCTID:362392007 Subdivision of the midbrain lying anterior to the tectum and posterior to the substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle.[FMA] TAO:0001354 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001943 UBERON:FMA_62393-MA_0000212-ZFA_0001354 ZFA:0000160 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gray712.png/200px-Gray712.png mesencephalic tegmentum tegmentum tegmentum mesencephali tegmentum of midbrain FMA:62393 FMA:TA tegmentum mesencephali FMA:FMA Subdivision of the midbrain lying anterior to the tectum and posterior to the substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle.[FMA] Wikipedia:Midbrain_tegmentum pretectal region ABA:PRT BM:MB-Tec-PT FMA:62402 MA:0001062 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_703 Region between dorsal thalamus and optic tectum[pub]. It receives binocular sensory input from retinal ganglion cells of the eyes, and is the region responsible for maintaining the pupillary light reflex. [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:416333003 TAO:0000418 UBERON:0001944 UBERON:FMA_62402-MA_0001062-ZFA_0000418 ZFA:0000418 area pretectalis nuclei pretectales part of diencephalon in ZFA - modify to adjacent here, supported by pub pretectal area pretectal nuclei pretectum FMA:62402 FMA:TA nuclei pretectales FMA ABA ISBN10:0471888893 Region between dorsal thalamus and optic tectum[pub]. It receives binocular sensory input from retinal ganglion cells of the eyes, and is the region responsible for maintaining the pupillary light reflex. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pretectum ABA ABA ABA FMA:62402 FMA:TA area pretectalis ABA ABA ABA ABA ISBN10:0471888893 ABA ABA superior colliculus AAO:0010609 BM:MB-Tec-SC BTO:0000965 EFO:0002474 EV:0100245 FMA:62403 GAID:576 MA:0001068 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.659.237.816 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1040 Part of the midbrain tecturm consisting of paired bodies that sit caudal to the thalamus and surround the pineal gland in the mesencephalon of vertebrate brains. It comprises the rostral aspect of the midbrain, posterior to the periaqueductal gray and adjacent superior the inferior colliculus. The inferior and superior colliculi are known collectively as the corpora quadrigemina (Latin, quadruplet bodies). It consists of several identified cellular layers and also comprises the brachium of the superior colliculus and commissure of superior colliculus [Wikipedia.org and Neuronames (MM)]. The term SC is used when discussing mammals, and OT for other vertebrates[WP]. The tectum is a layered structure, with a number of layers that vary by species. The superficial layers are sensory-related, and receive input from the eyes as well as other sensory systems.[1] The optic tectum is one of the fundamental components of the vertebrate brain, existing across the full range of species from hagfish to human.[4] (See the brain article for background.) Some aspects of the structure are very consistent, including a structure composed of a number of layers, with a dense input from the optic nerve to the superficial layers and another strong input conveying somatosensory input to deeper layers. Other aspects are highly variable, such as the total number of layers (from 3 in the African lungfish to 15 in the goldfish[5]), and the number of different types of cells (from 2 in the lungfish to 27 in the house sparrow[5]). In hagfish, lamprey, and shark it is a relatively small structure, but in teleost fish it is greatly expanded, in some cases becoming the largest structure in the brain. (See the adjoining drawing of a codfish brain.) In amphibians, reptiles, and especially birds it is also a very significant component, but in mammals it is dwarfed by the massive expansion of the cerebral cortex. UBERON:0001945 UBERON:FMA_62403-MA_0001068-ZFA_0000445 XAO:0003226 ZFA:0000445 anterior colliculus anterior corpus quadrigeminum corpora bigemina cranial colliculus dorsal midbrain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cn3nucleus.png/200px-Cn3nucleus.png optic lobe optic tectum optic tectum tectal lobe tectum tectum opticum Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus ZFA:0000445 optic tectum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1040 Part of the midbrain tecturm consisting of paired bodies that sit caudal to the thalamus and surround the pineal gland in the mesencephalon of vertebrate brains. It comprises the rostral aspect of the midbrain, posterior to the periaqueductal gray and adjacent superior the inferior colliculus. The inferior and superior colliculi are known collectively as the corpora quadrigemina (Latin, quadruplet bodies). It consists of several identified cellular layers and also comprises the brachium of the superior colliculus and commissure of superior colliculus [Wikipedia.org and Neuronames (MM)]. Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus inferior colliculus ABA:IC EFO:0002465 EV:0100246 FMA:62404 GAID:575 MA:0001067 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.659.237.364 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_806 The inferior colliculi together with the superior colliculi form the eminences of the corpora quadrigemina, and also part of the tectal region of the midbrain. The inferior colliculus lies caudal to its counterpart - the superior colliculus - above the trochlear nerve, and at the base of the projection of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The inferior colliculus is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several more peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex. The inferior colliculus has three subnuclei. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001946 UBERON:FMA_62404-MA_0001067 caudal colliculus inferior colliculi posterior colliculus posterior corpus quadrigeminum The inferior colliculi together with the superior colliculi form the eminences of the corpora quadrigemina, and also part of the tectal region of the midbrain. The inferior colliculus lies caudal to its counterpart - the superior colliculus - above the trochlear nerve, and at the base of the projection of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The inferior colliculus is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several more peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex. The inferior colliculus has three subnuclei. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_colliculus EV:0100246 inferior colliculi red nucleus ABA:RN BM:MB-RN EV:0100248 FMA:62407 GAID:586 MA:0001063 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.659.822.642 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1478 SCTID:279287006 The red nucleus is a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination. It comprises a caudal magnocellular and a rostral parvocellular part. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001947 UBERON:FMA_62407-MA_0001063 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cn3nucleus.png/200px-Cn3nucleus.png ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA The red nucleus is a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination. It comprises a caudal magnocellular and a rostral parvocellular part. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Red_nucleus ABA ABA regional part of spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1496 SCTID:244437008 TODO - check ZFA UBERON:0001948 UBERON:FMA_62420-ZFA_0001332 ZFA:0001332 spinal neuromere spinal neuromeres gingival epithelium A stratified squamous epithelium consisting of a basal layer; it is keratinized or parakeratinized[BTO]. BTO:0004998 FMA:62423 MA:0001576 UBERON:0001949 UBERON:FMA_62423-MA_0001576 epithelial tissue of gingiva epithelium of gingiva gingiva epithelial tissue gingiva epithelium ncithesaurus:Gingival_Epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of gingiva A stratified squamous epithelium consisting of a basal layer; it is keratinized or parakeratinized[BTO]. BTO:0004998 OBOL:automatic gingiva epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic gingiva epithelium neocortex ABA:Isocortex BTO:0000920 EHDAA2:0000234 EMAPA:17544 FMA:62429 GAID:677 MA:0002754 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.213.420 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2547 The neocortex is a part of the brain of mammals. It is the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres, and made up of six layers, labelled I to VI (with VI being the innermost and I being the outermost). The neocortex is part of the cerebral cortex (along with the archicortex and paleocortex, which are cortical parts of the limbic system). It is involved in higher functions such as sensory perception, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning, conscious thought and, in humans, language. Other names for the neocortex include neopallium and isocortex ('equal rind'). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001950 UBERON:FMA_62429-MA_0002754 cerebral cortex cerebral neocortex homogenetic cortex homotypical cortex isocortex isocortex (sensu lato) neopallial cortex neopallium nonolfactory cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2547 homotypical cortex ABA FMA:62429 isocortex (sensu lato) BTO:0000920 nonolfactory cortex ABA Wikipedia The neocortex is a part of the brain of mammals. It is the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres, and made up of six layers, labelled I to VI (with VI being the innermost and I being the outermost). The neocortex is part of the cerebral cortex (along with the archicortex and paleocortex, which are cortical parts of the limbic system). It is involved in higher functions such as sensory perception, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning, conscious thought and, in humans, language. Other names for the neocortex include neopallium and isocortex ('equal rind'). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Neocortex epithelium of nasopharynx An epithelium that is part of a nasopharynx [Obol]. BTO:0004480 EHDAA2:0001241 EHDAA:7090 EMAPA:17672 FMA:62452 MA:0001865 OG:0001038 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001951 UBERON:0003237 UBERON:FMA_62452-MA_0001865 epithelial tissue of nasal part of pharynx epithelial tissue of nasopharynx epithelial tissue of rhinopharynx epithelium of nasal part of pharynx epithelium of rhinopharynx nasal part of pharynx epithelial tissue nasal part of pharynx epithelium nasopharynx epithelial tissue nasopharynx epithelium ncithesaurus:Nasopharynx_Epithelium rhinopharynx epithelial tissue rhinopharynx epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of nasopharynx OBOL:automatic nasopharynx epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic epithelium of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx epithelium OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx epithelium OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a nasopharynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of rhinopharynx EHDAA2 epithelium of oropharynx An epithelium that is part of a oropharynx [Obol]. EHDAA2:0004083 FMA:62453 MA:0001605 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001952 UBERON:FMA_62453-MA_0001605 ncithesaurus:Oropharynx_Epithelium oropharynx epithelial tissue oropharynx epithelium EHDAA2 OBOL:automatic oropharynx epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a oropharynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic MA:0001605 oropharynx epithelium presubiculum ABA:PRE Area 27 of Brodmann-1909 is a cytoarchitecturally defined cortical area that is a rostral part of the parahippocampal gyrus of the guenon (Brodmann-1909). It is commonly regarded as a synonym of presubiculum (Crosby-62). [WP,unvetted]. BM:Tel-Cx-PSB Brodmann area 27 FMA:62486 MA:0000923 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1108 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001953 UBERON:FMA_62486-MA_0000923 area 27 of Brodmann http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_27.png/200px-Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_27.png presubiculum (cajal) ABA ABA Area 27 of Brodmann-1909 is a cytoarchitecturally defined cortical area that is a rostral part of the parahippocampal gyrus of the guenon (Brodmann-1909). It is commonly regarded as a synonym of presubiculum (Crosby-62). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_27 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1108 presubiculum (cajal) ABA Ammon's horn A paired structure, with mirror-image halves in the left and right sides of the brain. The hippocampus is closely associated with the cerebral cortex, and in primates is located in the medial temporal lobe, underneath the cortical surface. It is shaped like a curved tube[WP]. ABA:CA Ammon's horn BM:Tel-CAM BTO:0003705 EFO:0000530 EMAPA:19039 EMAPA:19148 EV:0100180 FMA:62493 GAID:623 MA:0000191 MAT:0000114 MESH:A.08.186.211.577.405 MIAA:0000114 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_721 OG:0001177 OpenCyc:Mx4rv3piFJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001954 UBERON:0003940 UBERON:0004165 UBERON:FMA_62493-MA_0000191-MIAA_0000114 WP: Non-mammalian species do not have a brain structure that looks like the mammalian hippocampus, but they have one that is considered homologous to it. The hippocampus, as pointed out above, is essentially the medial edge of the cortex. Only mammals have a fully developed cortex, but the structure it evolved from, called the pallium, is present in all vertebrates, even the most primitive ones such as the lamprey or hagfish.[82] The pallium is usually divided into three zones: medial, lateral, and dorsal. The medial pallium forms the precursor of the hippocampus. It does not resemble the hippocampus visually, because the layers are not warped into an S shape or enwrapped by the dentate gyrus, but the homology is indicated by strong chemical and functional affinities. There is now evidence that these hippocampal-like structures are involved in spatial cognition in birds, reptiles, and fish. In birds, the correspondence is sufficiently well established that most anatomists refer to the medial pallial zone as the "avian hippocampus". The story for fish is more complex. In teleost fish (which make up the great majority of existing species), the forebrain is distorted in comparison to other types of vertebrates: most neuroanatomists believe that the teleost forebrain is essentially everted, like a sock turned inside-out, so that structures that lie in the interior, next to the ventricles, for most vertebrates, are found on the outside in teleost fish, and vice versa.[86] One of the consequences of this is that the medial pallium ("hippocampal" zone) of a typical vertebrate is thought to correspond to the lateral pallium of a typical fish. Several types of fish (particularly goldfish) have been shown experimentally to have strong spatial memory abilities, even forming "cognitive maps" of the areas they inhabit.[80] There is evidence that damage to the lateral pallium impairs spatial memory. ammon gyrus ammon horn cornu ammonis hippocampus hippocampus major hippocampus proper hippocampus proprius http://scalablebrainatlas.incf.org/services/thumbnail.php?template=ABA07&size=L&dim=2d3d&format=png&region=CA ncithesaurus:Hippocampus GO:0021541 cornu ammonis ABA A paired structure, with mirror-image halves in the left and right sides of the brain. The hippocampus is closely associated with the cerebral cortex, and in primates is located in the medial temporal lobe, underneath the cortical surface. It is shaped like a curved tube[WP]. Wikipedia:Hippocampus FMA:62493 FMA:TA hippocampus proprius GO:0021541 ammon gyrus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_721 ammon horn Wikipedia:Hippocampus FMA ABA Ammon's horn GO:0021541 FMA MA:0000191 hippocampus ABA epithelium of respiratory bronchiole An epithelium that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Obol]. FMA:62498 MA:0001773 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001955 UBERON:FMA_62498-MA_0001773 bronchiolus respiratorius epithelial tissue bronchiolus respiratorius epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchiolus respiratorius epithelial tissue of respiratory bronchiole epithelium of bronchiolus respiratorius ncithesaurus:Respiratory_Bronchiole_Epithelium respiratory bronchiole epithelial tissue respiratory bronchiole epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of bronchiolus respiratorius OBOL:automatic respiratory bronchiole epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic bronchiolus respiratorius epithelial tissue FMA OBOL:automatic bronchiolus respiratorius epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of respiratory bronchiole An epithelium that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bronchiolus respiratorius cartilage of bronchus FMA:62649 MA:0001835 SCTID:278980009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001956 UBERON:FMA_62649-MA_0001835 bronchi cartilage bronchial cartilage bronchial cartilage ring bronchial trunk cartilage bronchus cartilage cartilage of bronchi cartilage of bronchial trunk ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Cartilage the hyaline cartilaginous structures that support the bronchi, present as irregular rings in the larger bronchi (and not as regular as in the trachea), and as small plates and islands in the smaller bronchi; as the branching continues through the bronchial tree, the amount of hyaline cartilage in the walls decreases until it is absent in the smallest bronchioles[MP]. OBOL:automatic cartilage of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchi cartilage OBOL:automatic the hyaline cartilaginous structures that support the bronchi, present as irregular rings in the larger bronchi (and not as regular as in the trachea), and as small plates and islands in the smaller bronchi; as the branching continues through the bronchial tree, the amount of hyaline cartilage in the walls decreases until it is absent in the smallest bronchioles[MP]. OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk cartilage OBOL:automatic cartilage of bronchial trunk MP:0010988 bronchial cartilage ring MP submucosa of bronchus A submucosa that is part of a bronchus [Obol]. BTO:0002108 FMA:62653 MA:0001837 SCTID:85546005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001957 UBERON:FMA_62653-MA_0001837 bronchi submucosa bronchial submucosa bronchial trunk submucosa bronchus submucosa ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Submucosa submucosa of bronchi submucosa of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk submucosa A submucosa that is part of a bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic submucosa of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchi submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of bronchial trunk epithelium of terminal bronchiole An epithelium that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Obol]. FMA:62794 MA:0001774 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001958 UBERON:FMA_62794-MA_0001774 bronchiolus terminalis epithelial tissue bronchiolus terminalis epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchiolus terminalis epithelial tissue of terminal bronchiole epithelium of bronchiolus terminalis ncithesaurus:Terminal_Bronchiole_Epithelium terminal bronchiole epithelial tissue terminal bronchiole epithelium OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis epithelium An epithelium that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of bronchiolus terminalis OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bronchiolus terminalis OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of terminal bronchiole OBOL:automatic terminal bronchiole epithelial tissue FMA white pulp of spleen FMA:62805 MA:0000762 The white pulp contains T cells, B cells and accessory cells. The function of the white pulp is to mount an immunological response to antigens within the blood. The white pulp is present in the form of a periarteriolar lymphoid sheath. This sheath contains B cell follicles and T cells. At the edge of the T zone is a region known as the marginal zone where larger lymphocytes and antigen presenting dendritic cells are located. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001959 UBERON:FMA_62805-MA_0000762 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gray1191.png/200px-Gray1191.png pulpa alba spleen white pulp white pulp FMA:62805 FMA:TA pulpa alba The white pulp contains T cells, B cells and accessory cells. The function of the white pulp is to mount an immunological response to antigens within the blood. The white pulp is present in the form of a periarteriolar lymphoid sheath. This sheath contains B cell follicles and T cells. At the edge of the T zone is a region known as the marginal zone where larger lymphocytes and antigen presenting dendritic cells are located. Wikipedia:White_pulp periarterial lymphatic sheath FMA:62810 MA:0000765 PALS This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001960 UBERON:FMA_62810-MA_0000765 periarterial lymphoid sheath spleen periarteriolar lymphatic sheath mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue FMA:62819 MA:0000140 MALT This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001961 UBERON:FMA_62819-MA_0000140 diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sites of the body such as the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin[WP]. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes[GO]. epithelio-lymphoid tissue mucosa associated lymphatic tissue mucosa associated lymphoid tissue mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue mucosal-associated lymphatic tissue mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue ncithesaurus:Mucosa-Associated_Lymphoid_Tissue GO:0048537 mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue GO:0048537 mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue GO:0048537 mucosal-associated lymphatic tissue Wikipedia:Mucosa-associated_lymphoid_tissue diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sites of the body such as the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin[WP]. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes[GO]. gut-associated lymphoid tissue FMA:62820 GALT MA:0000136 Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in digestive tract. includes Peyer's patches, appendix, and solitary lymph nodules[GO]. UBERON:0001962 UBERON:FMA_62820-MA_0000136 gut associated lymphoid tissue ncithesaurus:Gut_Associated_Lymphoid_Tissue Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in digestive tract. includes Peyer's patches, appendix, and solitary lymph nodules[GO]. Wikipedia:Gut-associated_lymphoid_tissue bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue BALT FMA:62821 MA:0000135 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001963 UBERON:FMA_62821-MA_0000135 bronchus associated lymphoid tissue ncithesaurus:Bronchus-Associated_Lymphoid_Tissue least splanchnic nerve EMAPA:29691 FMA:6283 MA:0002635 SCTID:280506004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Thoracic splanchnic nerves are splanchnic nerves that arise from the sympathetic trunk in the thorax and travel inferiorly to provide sympathetic innervation to the abdomen. The nerves contain preganglionic sympathetic and visceral afferent fibers. There are three main thoracic splanchnic nerves: The nerve's origins can be remembered by the '4-3-2 rule', accounting for the number of ganglia giving rise to each nerve. However, different sources define the nerves in different ways, so this rule may not always be reliable. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001964 UBERON:FMA_6283-MA_0002635 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray838.png/200px-Gray838.png least thoracic splanchnic nerve lowest splanchnic nerve nervus splanchnicus imus ramus renalis nervus splanchnici minoris renal branch of lesser splanchnic nerve renal nerve Thoracic splanchnic nerves are splanchnic nerves that arise from the sympathetic trunk in the thorax and travel inferiorly to provide sympathetic innervation to the abdomen. The nerves contain preganglionic sympathetic and visceral afferent fibers. There are three main thoracic splanchnic nerves: The nerve's origins can be remembered by the '4-3-2 rule', accounting for the number of ganglia giving rise to each nerve. However, different sources define the nerves in different ways, so this rule may not always be reliable. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Least_splanchnic_nerve FMA:6283 FMA:TA ramus renalis nervus splanchnici minoris MA FMA:6283 FMA:TA nervus splanchnicus imus substantia nigra pars compacta ABA:SNc BM:MB-SNc BTO:0003749 FMA:62907 MA:0001064 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_990 Regional part of substantia nigra consisting of a densely packed region of cells, more or less dorsal to the pars reticulata, but extending into the pars reticulata in some species. The dominant neurotransmitter used by pars compacta neurons is dopamine. Pars compacta neurons are pigmented in many species (MM)[NIF]. SNpc This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001965 UBERON:FMA_62907-MA_0001064 compact part of substantia nigra pars compacta pars compacta substantiae nigrae substantia nigra compact part substantia nigra compacta substantia nigra, compact part FMA:62907 FMA:TA pars compacta substantiae nigrae NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_990 substantia nigra compact part ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_990 substantia nigra compacta ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_990 Regional part of substantia nigra consisting of a densely packed region of cells, more or less dorsal to the pars reticulata, but extending into the pars reticulata in some species. The dominant neurotransmitter used by pars compacta neurons is dopamine. Pars compacta neurons are pigmented in many species (MM)[NIF]. Wikipedia:Substantia_nigra_pars_compacta substantia nigra pars reticulata ABA:SNr BM:MB-SNr BTO:0003750 FMA:62908 MA:0001066 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_968 Regional part of substantia nigra consisting of loosely packed cells, generally located ventral and lateral to the pars compacta. Many cells in this region use GABA as a neurotransmitter (MM)[NLex]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001966 UBERON:FMA_62908-MA_0001066 pars reticularis substantiae nigrae pars reticulata reticular part of substantia nigra substantia nigra, reticular part ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA FMA:62908 FMA:TA pars reticularis substantiae nigrae Neurolex:Substantia_nigra_pars_reticulata Regional part of substantia nigra consisting of loosely packed cells, generally located ventral and lateral to the pars compacta. Many cells in this region use GABA as a neurotransmitter (MM)[NLex]. Wikipedia:Pars_reticulata ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA reticular lamina FMA:62924 UBERON:0001967 UBERON:FMA_62924-MA_0001194 a thin extracellular layer that sometimes lies below the basal lamina, is composed chiefly of collagenous fibers, and serves to anchor the basal lamina to underlying connective tissue. fibroreticular lamina lamina fibroreticularis reticular membrane todo - use GO? Wikipedia:Reticular_lamina a thin extracellular layer that sometimes lies below the basal lamina, is composed chiefly of collagenous fibers, and serves to anchor the basal lamina to underlying connective tissue. http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/medical/reticular%20lamina FMA FMA semen BTO:0001230 Body substance which consists of spermatozoa and seminal plasma.[FMA] FMA:62966 FMA:62969 GAID:1169 MA:0002522 MA:0002526 MESH:A.12.200.732 OpenCyc:Mx4rvgC-zpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001968 UBERON:FMA_62966-MA_0002522 UBERON:FMA_62967-MA_0002523-MIAA_0000057 UBERON:FMA_62969-MA_0002526 ncithesaurus:Semen secretion of seminal vesicle semen seminal vesicle secretion sperm todo - check FMA BTO:0001230 sperm Body substance which consists of spermatozoa and seminal plasma.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Semen blood plasma BTO:0000131 Body substance in liquid state contained in the lumen of arterial and venous trees, blood capillary and the cardiac chambers; constitutes the liquid phase of blood.[FMA] EFO:0001905 FMA:62970 GAID:1178 MA:0002501 MAT:0000052 MESH:A.12.207.152.693 MIAA:0000052 OpenCyc:Mx4rEg4ZYrIbEduAAAAOpmP6tw UBERON:0001969 UBERON:FMA_62970-MA_0002501-MIAA_0000052 ncithesaurus:Plasma plasma portion of blood plasma portion of plasma Body substance in liquid state contained in the lumen of arterial and venous trees, blood capillary and the cardiac chambers; constitutes the liquid phase of blood.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Blood_plasma bile . BTO:0000121 ENVO:02000023 FMA:62971 GAID:1157 MA:0002513 MESH:A.12.200.087 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001970 UBERON:FMA_62971-MA_0002513 fel galen:Bile gall ncithesaurus:Bile . Wikipedia:Bile BTO:0000121 gall BTO:0000121 fel gastric juice . BTO:0000501 FMA:62972 GAID:1160 MA:0002519 MESH:A.12.200.307 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001971 UBERON:FMA_62972-MA_0002519 galen:GastricJuice stomach secretion succus gastricus . Wikipedia:Gastric_juice BTO:0000501 succus gastricus submucosa of esophagus A submucosa that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. BTO:0002109 FMA:62997 MA:0002724 SCTID:362128009 UBERON:0001972 UBERON:FMA_62997-MA_0002724 esophageal submucosa esophagus submucosa gullet submucosa oesophagus submucosa submucosa of esophagus submucosa of gullet submucosa of oesophagus tela submucosa oesophageae FMA:62997 FMA:TA tela submucosa oesophageae OBOL:automatic submucosa of gullet OBOL:automatic submucosa of oesophagus A submucosa that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic oesophagus submucosa OBOL:automatic gullet submucosa substance of tooth Body substance in solid state produced by odontoblasts, amyloblasts or cementoblasts.[FMA] FMA:63001 MA:0002540 UBERON:0001973 UBERON:FMA_63001-MA_0002540 note the asserted dual parentage. This is deliberate, pending better definitions of the distinction between substance and tissue portion of substance of tooth tooth substance FMA:63001 portion of substance of tooth Body substance in solid state produced by odontoblasts, amyloblasts or cementoblasts.[FMA] FMA:63001 lamina propria of esophagus A lamina propria that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. EMAPA:26987 EMAPA:27003 FMA:63050 MA:0001568 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001974 UBERON:FMA_63050-MA_0001568 esophagus lamina propria esophagus lamina propria mucosa esophagus lamina propria mucosae gullet lamina propria gullet lamina propria mucosa gullet lamina propria mucosae lamina propria mucosa of esophagus lamina propria mucosa of gullet lamina propria mucosa of oesophagus lamina propria mucosae of esophagus lamina propria mucosae of gullet lamina propria mucosae of oesophagus lamina propria of gullet lamina propria of oesophagus oesophagus lamina propria oesophagus lamina propria mucosa oesophagus lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of gullet OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of gullet OBOL:automatic lamina propria of oesophagus OBOL:automatic oesophagus lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic oesophagus lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of esophagus OBOL:automatic gullet lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic esophagus lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic gullet lamina propria OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of oesophagus OBOL:automatic gullet lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic esophagus lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of oesophagus OBOL:automatic lamina propria of gullet A lamina propria that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic serosa of esophagus A serous membrane that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. FMA:63057 MA:0001571 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001975 UBERON:FMA_63057-MA_0001571 esophagus serosa esophagus serous membrane gullet serosa gullet serous membrane oesophagus serosa oesophagus serous membrane serosa of abdominal part of esophagus serosa of gullet serosa of oesophagus serous coat of oesophagus serous membrane of esophagus serous membrane of gullet serous membrane of oesophagus tunica serosa oesophageae OBOL:automatic esophagus serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of gullet OBOL:automatic serosa of gullet A serous membrane that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic serous membrane of esophagus OBOL:automatic serous membrane of oesophagus OBOL:automatic gullet serosa FMA:63057 FMA:TA tunica serosa oesophageae OBOL:automatic gullet serous membrane OBOL:automatic oesophagus serous membrane epithelium of esophagus BTO:0001578 EFO:0003041 EHDAA2:0001287 EMAPA:16835 FMA:63063 MA:0001565 TAO:0001499 UBERON:0001976 UBERON:FMA_63063-MA_0001565-ZFA_0001499 ZFA:0001499 epithelial tissue of esophagus epithelial tissue of gullet epithelial tissue of oesophagus epithelium of gullet epithelium of oesophagus esophageal epithelium esophagus epithelial tissue esophagus epithelium gullet epithelial tissue gullet epithelium ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Epithelium oesophagus epithelial tissue oesophagus epithelium todo check epithelium types: in FMA: Nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium; mouse has basal and squamous subtypes; in ZFA it is columnar OBOL:automatic gullet epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic gullet epithelium OBOL:automatic oesophagus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of esophagus OBOL:automatic esophagus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of gullet OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of gullet OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of oesophagus OBOL:automatic epithelium of oesophagus serum BTO:0000133 BTO:0001239 Body substance derived from plasma by the elimination of fibrinogen.[FMA] FMA:63083 MA:0002502 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001977 UBERON:FMA_63083-MA_0002502 blood serum ncithesaurus:Serum Body substance derived from plasma by the elimination of fibrinogen.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Serum parenchyma of pancreas FMA:63120 MA:0000724 OG:0001430 SCTID:371401008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001978 UBERON:FMA_63120-MA_0000724 pancreas parenchyma pancreatic parenchyma venule BTO:0002626 FMA:63130 MA:0000071 MESH:A.07.231.432.952 SCTID:341687009 Subdivision of venous tree (organ) which is directly continuous with the capillary vessel. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001979 UBERON:FMA_63130-MA_0000071 ZFA:0005315 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Illu_capillary.jpg/200px-Illu_capillary.jpg ncithesaurus:Venule Subdivision of venous tree (organ) which is directly continuous with the capillary vessel. Wikipedia:Venule arteriole AAO:0010253 BTO:0001997 FMA:63182 MA:0000063 MESH:A.07.231.114.060 SCTID:337724002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001980 UBERON:FMA_63182-MA_0000063 ZFA:0005255 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Illu_capillary.jpg/200px-Illu_capillary.jpg ncithesaurus:Arteriole the smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries[GO]. Subdivision of arterial tree (organ) which is directly continuous with capillary vessel[FMA]. FMA:63182 GO:0014830 Wikipedia:Arteriole the smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries[GO]. Subdivision of arterial tree (organ) which is directly continuous with capillary vessel[FMA]. blood vessel A vessel through which blood circulates in the body. AAO:0011004 AEO:0000207 BTO:0001102 EFO:0000817 EHDAA2:0003252 EHDAA:240 FMA:50722 FMA:63183 GAID:169 MA:0000060 MAT:0000393 MESH:A.07.231 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090901 OG:0001250 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjxlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361097006 UBERON:0001981 UBERON:FMA_63183-XAO_0001011 XAO:0001011 ZFA:0005314 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Circulatory_System_en.svg/200px-Circulatory_System_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Blood_Vessel note that FMA:63183 Blood vessel is categorized as 'general anatomical term'. Suggestion to map to region of vascular tree from Terry H at JAX. Taxon notes: annelids have blood vessels, but this class is not applicable to annelids. region of vascular tree organ vascular tree organ region FMA:50722 vascular tree organ region A vessel through which blood circulates in the body. BTO:0001102 Wikipedia:Blood_vessel EHDAA2 GO:0072360 FMA:50722 region of vascular tree organ capillary AAO:0010252 BTO:0002045 EFO:0001906 EMAPA:28039 EMAPA:28075 EV:0100035 FMA:63194 MA:0000065 MESH:A.07.231.432.410 Microvessel of the blood circulation system lined with vascular endothelial cells[ZFA]. Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090902 OG:0001253 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWEU-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001982 UBERON:FMA_63194-MA_0000065-XAO_0000116 XAO:0000116 ZFA:0005250 blood capillary capillary vessel ncithesaurus:Capillary Microvessel of the blood circulation system lined with vascular endothelial cells[ZFA]. Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules. NLM:capillary Wikipedia:Capillary crypt of lieberkuhn A gland found in the epithelial lining of the small intestine and colon. FMA:63621 MA:0001535 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001983 UBERON:FMA_63621-MA_0001535 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Small_intestine_low_mag.jpg/200px-Small_intestine_low_mag.jpg intestinal gland lieberkuhn crypt ncithesaurus:Crypts_of_the_Lieberkuhn A gland found in the epithelial lining of the small intestine and colon. Wikipedia:Crypts_of_Lieberkuhn Wikipedia:Crypts_of_Lieberkuhn intestinal gland crypt of lieberkuhn of large intestine A crypt of lieberkuhn that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. FMA:63622 MA:0001544 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001984 UBERON:FMA_63622-MA_0001544 intestinal gland of large intestine large intestinal crypt of lieberkuhn large intestine crypt of lieberkuhn large intestine intestinal gland large intestine lieberkuhn crypt lieberkuhn crypt of large intestine ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Crypt_of_the_Lieberkuhn A crypt of lieberkuhn that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic large intestine intestinal gland OBOL:automatic large intestine lieberkuhn crypt OBOL:automatic lieberkuhn crypt of large intestine OBOL:automatic intestinal gland of large intestine corneal endothelium A monolayer of specialized, flattened, mitochondria-rich cells that lines the posterior surface of the cornea and faces the anterior chamber of the eye[WP]. FMA:63882 GAID:891 MA:0001242 MESH:A.09.371.060.067.318 SCTID:368827009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001985 UBERON:FMA_63882-MA_0001242 ZFA:0001687 cornea endothelium endothelium of cornea http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray871.png/200px-Gray871.png ncithesaurus:Corneal_Endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of cornea A monolayer of specialized, flattened, mitochondria-rich cells that lines the posterior surface of the cornea and faces the anterior chamber of the eye[WP]. Wikipedia:Corneal_endothelium OBOL:automatic cornea endothelium endothelium A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body[MESH]. Simple squamous epithelium which lines blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart[FMA] BTO:0000393 EFO:0002548 EMAPA:18578 EMAPA:19063 FMA:63916 GAID:520 MESH:A.10.272.491 SCTID:27168002 The term ‘‘endothelium’’ has been either restricted to the continuous cell layer of the vertebrates, as we are assuming here, or applied to all the cells able to adhere to the luminal surface of the vascular basement membrane (Casley-Smith 1980) UBERON:0001986 UBERON:FMA_63916-ZFA_0001639 galen:Endothelium ncithesaurus:Endothelium FMA A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body[MESH]. Simple squamous epithelium which lines blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart[FMA] FMA:63916 MESH:A.10.272.491 placenta BTO:0001078 EFO:0001407 EV:0100119 FMA:63934 GAID:379 In eutherians, the chorioallantoic membrane of the fetus establishes intimate contact with the adjacent vascular wall of the mother's uterus to produce the placenta, a composite structure formed in part from tissues of the fetus and in part from tissues of the mother [ISBN10:0073040584 "Vertebrates, Kardong"]. TODO - is taxon restriction too strict, even if we restrict def to allantoic placenta? - WP says: also found in some snakes and lizards with varying levels of development up to mammalian levels. Pough et al. 1992. Herpetology: Third Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall:Pearson Education, Inc., 2002. MA:0000386 MAT:0000279 MESH:A.16.759 MIAA:0000279 OG:0001266 OpenCyc:Mx4rvv4zZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181455002 UBERON:0001987 UBERON:FMA_63934-MA_0000386-MIAA_0000279 allantoic placenta eutherian placenta http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Placenta.jpg/200px-Placenta.jpg ncithesaurus:Placenta organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin[GO]. ISBN10:0073040584 allantoic placenta ISBN10:0073040584 ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia Wikipedia:Placenta organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin[GO]. feces BTO:0000440 ENVO:00002003 Excretion in semisolid state processed by the intestine.[FMA] FMA:64183 GAID:1199 MA:0002509 MAT:0000053 MESH:A.12.459 MIAA:0000053 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjJMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001988 UBERON:FMA_64183-MA_0002509-MIAA_0000053 excrement faeces fecal matter galen:Feces ncithesaurus:Feces stool Excretion in semisolid state processed by the intestine.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Feces BTO:0000440 excrement superior cervical ganglion BTO:0001325 EFO:0001945 EHDAA2:0001946 EHDAA:8943 EMAPA:18441 FMA:6467 GAID:712 MA:0001156 MESH:A.08.340.315.350.850 SCTID:279278002 TAO:0001572 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Trunk ganglion which is bilaterally paired and located at the anterior end of the sympathetic ganglion chain. UBERON:0001989 UBERON:FMA_6467-MA_0001156-ZFA_0001572 ZFA:0001572 ganglion cervicale superius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gray844.png/200px-Gray844.png superior cervical sympathetic ganglion superior sympathetic cervical ganglion Trunk ganglion which is bilaterally paired and located at the anterior end of the sympathetic ganglion chain. Wikipedia:Superior_cervical_ganglion ZFIN:curator BTO:0001325 ganglion cervicale superius middle cervical ganglion BTO:0000359 EHDAA2:0001180 EHDAA:8941 EMAPA:18440 FMA:6468 MA:0001155 SCTID:279279005 The middle cervical ganglion is the smallest of the three cervical ganglia, and is occasionally absent. It is placed opposite the sixth cervical vertebra, usually in front of, or close to, the inferior thyroid artery. It is probably formed by the coalescence of two ganglia corresponding to the fifth and sixth cervical nerves. It sends gray rami communicantes to the fifth and sixth cervical nerves, and gives off the middle cardiac nerve. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001990 UBERON:FMA_6468-MA_0001155 ganglion cervicale medium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gray844.png/200px-Gray844.png middle cervical sympathetic ganglion The middle cervical ganglion is the smallest of the three cervical ganglia, and is occasionally absent. It is placed opposite the sixth cervical vertebra, usually in front of, or close to, the inferior thyroid artery. It is probably formed by the coalescence of two ganglia corresponding to the fifth and sixth cervical nerves. It sends gray rami communicantes to the fifth and sixth cervical nerves, and gives off the middle cardiac nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Middle_cervical_ganglion BTO:0000359 ganglion cervicale medium cervical ganglion BTO:0000113 EMAPA:18438 FMA:6470 MA:0001153 SCTID:181100007 The cervical ganglia are paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. They consist of three paravertebral ganglia: superior cervical ganglion middle cervical ganglion inferior cervical ganglion. The inferior ganglion may be fused with the first thoracic ganglion to form a single structure, the stellate ganglion. Nerves emerging from cervical sympathetic ganglia contribute to the cardiac plexus, among other things. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001991 UBERON:FMA_6470-MA_0001153 cervical sympathetic ganglion http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gray844.png/200px-Gray844.png The cervical ganglia are paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. They consist of three paravertebral ganglia: superior cervical ganglion middle cervical ganglion inferior cervical ganglion. The inferior ganglion may be fused with the first thoracic ganglion to form a single structure, the stellate ganglion. Nerves emerging from cervical sympathetic ganglia contribute to the cardiac plexus, among other things. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cervical_ganglion papillary layer of dermis Dense irregular connective tissue of the skin that consists of fibroblasts, various connective tissue cell types, and collagen, predominantly type III.[FMA] FMA:64776 MA:0000800 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001992 UBERON:FMA_64776-MA_0000800 dermis papillary layer papillary dermis Dense irregular connective tissue of the skin that consists of fibroblasts, various connective tissue cell types, and collagen, predominantly type III.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Papillary_dermis reticular layer of dermis Dense irregular connective tissue that consists of elastic fibers and collagen, predominantly type I.[FMA] FMA:64778 MA:0000801 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001993 UBERON:FMA_64778-MA_0000801 dermis reticular layer reticular dermis Dense irregular connective tissue that consists of elastic fibers and collagen, predominantly type I.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Reticular_dermis hyaline cartilage Cartilage (tissue) which consists of chondrocytes and collagen, the intercellular matrix of which is an amorphous gel with a perichondrium. FMA:64783 MA:0000109 SCTID:39298000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001994 UBERON:FMA_64783-MA_0000109 VAO:0000094 XAO:0004029 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gray292.png/200px-Gray292.png hyaline cartilage tissue ncithesaurus:Hyaline_Cartilage Cartilage (tissue) which consists of chondrocytes and collagen, the intercellular matrix of which is an amorphous gel with a perichondrium. Wikipedia:Hyaline_cartilage fibrocartilage Cartilage tissue intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue; contains of abundant collagen fibers; chondrocytes often arranged in columns[VAO]. A mixture of white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous tissue in various proportions. It owes its flexibility and toughness to the former of these constituents, and its elasticity to the latter. It is the only type of cartilage that contains type I collagen in addition to the normal type II[WP]. Cartilage (tissue) which consists of chondrocytes and collagen, the intercellular matrix of which is an amorphous gel without a well-defined perichondrium[FMA]. FMA:64784 MA:0000108 SCTID:91685003 The white fibrocartilages admit of arrangement into four groups—interarticular, connecting, circumferential, and stratiform -- WP. TODO: add mineralized UBERON:0001995 UBERON:FMA_64784-MA_0000108 VAO:0000103 XAO:0004028 galen:Fibrocartilage http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gray295.png/200px-Gray295.png ncithesaurus:Fibrocartilage Cartilage tissue intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue; contains of abundant collagen fibers; chondrocytes often arranged in columns[VAO]. A mixture of white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous tissue in various proportions. It owes its flexibility and toughness to the former of these constituents, and its elasticity to the latter. It is the only type of cartilage that contains type I collagen in addition to the normal type II[WP]. Cartilage (tissue) which consists of chondrocytes and collagen, the intercellular matrix of which is an amorphous gel without a well-defined perichondrium[FMA]. FMA:64784 VAO:0000103 Wikipedia:Fibrocartilage elastic cartilage Cartilage (tissue) which consists of chondrocytes and collagen, the intercellular matrix of which consists of elastic fibers. FMA:64785 MA:0000107 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001996 UBERON:FMA_64785-MA_0000107 VAO:0000091 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Gray904.png/200px-Gray904.png ncithesaurus:Elastic_Cartilage Cartilage (tissue) which consists of chondrocytes and collagen, the intercellular matrix of which consists of elastic fibers. Wikipedia:Elastic_cartilage olfactory epithelium AAO:0010158 BTO:0000108 EFO:0001972 EHDAA2:0001228 EHDAA:4774 EMAPA:17606 FMA:64803 MA:0001325 MAT:0000445 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2703 Nasal epithelium wherein ciliated olfactory receptor neurons, supporting cells, and basal cells are located. OG:0000985 SCTID:37623003 TAO:0000554 TODO - check ZFA part of parentage. Add term for mucosa? FMA:77199 UBERON:0001997 UBERON:0004853 UBERON:FMA_64803-ZFA_0000554 ZFA:0000554 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray857.png/200px-Gray857.png nasal cavity olfactory epithelium nasal epithelium nasal sensory epithelium ncithesaurus:Olfactory_Epithelium olfactory membrane olfactory mucosa olfactory sensory epithelium sensory olfactory epithelium FMA Nasal epithelium wherein ciliated olfactory receptor neurons, supporting cells, and basal cells are located. Wikipedia:Olfactory_epithelium ZFIN:curator FMA GAID:303 olfactory mucosa NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2703 olfactory membrane MA:0001325 nasal cavity olfactory epithelium sternocostal joint FMA:7954 GAID:271 MA:0001512 MESH:A.02.835.583.790 SCTID:361860002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001998 UBERON:FMA_64877-MA_0001512 arthrodial joints, with the exception of the first, in which the cartilage is directly united with the sternum, and which is, therefore, a synarthrodial articulation. articulatio sternocostalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gray315.png/200px-Gray315.png ncithesaurus:Sternocostal_Joint sternochondral joint sternocostal synovial joint synovial sternocostal joint FMA:7954 sternocostal synovial joint FMA:7954 synovial sternocostal joint Wikipedia:Sternocostal_joints arthrodial joints, with the exception of the first, in which the cartilage is directly united with the sternum, and which is, therefore, a synarthrodial articulation. FMA:7954 articulatio sternocostalis iliopsoas Anatomical cluster consisting of iliacus, psoas major, psoas minor[WP]. BTO:0000621 EHDAA2:0000812 EHDAA:9458 EMAPA:18520 FMA:64918 Hyrtl's muscle MA:0002321 OG:0001005 SCTID:181668001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001999 UBERON:FMA_64918-MA_0002321 iliopsoas muscle ncithesaurus:Iliopsoas_Muscle BTO:0000621 iliopsoas muscle Anatomical cluster consisting of iliacus, psoas major, psoas minor[WP]. Wikipedia:Iliopsoas gluteal muscle . BTO:0000531 FMA:64922 MA:0000535 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002000 UBERON:FMA_64922-MA_0000535 gluteus gluteus muscle ncithesaurus:Gluteal_Muscle . Wikipedia:Gluteal_muscle BTO:0000531 gluteus FMA joint of rib A skeletal joint that is part of a rib [Obol]. FMA:64994 MA:0001508 SCTID:263314001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002001 UBERON:FMA_64994-MA_0001508 ncithesaurus:Joint_of_the_Rib rib joint A skeletal joint that is part of a rib [Obol]. OBOL:automatic interchondral joint FMA:64996 FMA:71378 FMA:7955 MA:0001511 SCTID:303101003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002002 UBERON:FMA_64996-MA_0001511 articulatio interchondralis articulationes interchondrales contiguous borders of the sixth, seventh, and eighth, and sometimes those of the ninth and tenth, costal cartilages articulate with each other by small, smooth, oblong facets. interchondral joints interchondral joints set synovial interchondral joint FMA:7955 articulatio interchondralis Wikipedia:Interchondral_joints contiguous borders of the sixth, seventh, and eighth, and sometimes those of the ninth and tenth, costal cartilages articulate with each other by small, smooth, oblong facets. FMA:71378 interchondral joints FMA:71378 FMA:TA articulationes interchondrales FMA:7955 synovial interchondral joint FMA:71378 interchondral joints set peripheral nerve BTO:0001027 EMAPA:25148 EV:0100335 FMA:65239 GAID:747 MA:0000228 MESH:A.08.800.800 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1615 Neural tree (organ) which is directly continuous with the neuraxis. Examples: phrenic nerve, radial nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, sciatic nerve[FMA]. The peripheral nerves include the 12 cranial nerves, the spinal nerves and roots, and what are called the autonomic nerves that are concerned specifically with the regulation of the heart muscle, the muscles in blood vessel walls, and glands[BTO]. The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium[GAID]. A peripheral nerve, or simply nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of peripheral axons (the long, slender projections of neurons). A nerve provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses that are transmitted along each of the axons. Nerves are found only in the peripheral nervous system. In the central nervous system, the analogous structures are known as tracts[WP]. OG:0000901 SCTID:244457007 TODO - check definition vs nerve UBERON:0002003 UBERON:0003377 UBERON:FMA_65239-MA_0000228-XAO_0000204 XAO:0000204 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nervous_system_diagram.png/200px-Nervous_system_diagram.png ncithesaurus:Peripheral_Nerve nerve part of peripheral nervous system peripheral nerve tree Neural tree (organ) which is directly continuous with the neuraxis. Examples: phrenic nerve, radial nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, sciatic nerve[FMA]. The peripheral nerves include the 12 cranial nerves, the spinal nerves and roots, and what are called the autonomic nerves that are concerned specifically with the regulation of the heart muscle, the muscles in blood vessel walls, and glands[BTO]. The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium[GAID]. A peripheral nerve, or simply nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of peripheral axons (the long, slender projections of neurons). A nerve provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses that are transmitted along each of the axons. Nerves are found only in the peripheral nervous system. In the central nervous system, the analogous structures are known as tracts[WP]. Wikipedia:Peripheral_nerve NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1615 nerve part of peripheral nervous system trunk of sciatic nerve FMA:65507 MA:0001178 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002004 UBERON:FMA_65507-MA_0001178 sciatic nerve trunk sciatic neural trunk enteric nervous system BTO:0002506 EFO:0000895 EMAPA:26922 FMA:66070 GAID:799 MA:0000222 MAT:0000102 MESH:A.08.800.050.150 MIAA:0000102 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1166 PNS - enteric TAO:0001155 The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gall bladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation[GO]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002005 UBERON:FMA_66070-MA_0000222-MIAA_0000102-ZFA_0001155 ZFA:0001155 The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gall bladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation[GO]. Wikipedia:Enteric_nervous_system cortex of lymph node FMA:66253 MA:0000740 Peripheral portion of the lymph node, underneath the capsule[WP]. UBERON:0002006 UBERON:FMA_66253-MA_0000740 lymph node cortex ncithesaurus:Lymph_Node_Cortex Peripheral portion of the lymph node, underneath the capsule[WP]. Wikipedia:Cortex_of_lymph_node medulla of lymph node . FMA:66254 MA:0000745 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002007 UBERON:FMA_66254-MA_0000745 lymph node medulla . Wikipedia:Medulla_of_lymph_node cardiac nerve plexus FMA:6628 MA:0001138 SCTID:280511002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002008 UBERON:FMA_6628-MA_0001138 a plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart that innervate the heart. autonomic nerve plexus of heart autonomic plexus of heart cardiac plexus heart autonomic nerve plexus heart autonomic plexus heart visceral nerve plexus heart visceral plexus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray838.png/200px-Gray838.png ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Nerve_Plexus plexus cardiacus visceral nerve plexus of heart visceral plexus of heart OBOL:automatic autonomic nerve plexus of heart OBOL:automatic heart autonomic plexus OBOL:automatic visceral nerve plexus of heart FMA:6628 FMA:TA plexus cardiacus Wikipedia:Cardiac_plexus a plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart that innervate the heart. OBOL:automatic heart visceral nerve plexus OBOL:automatic heart autonomic nerve plexus OBOL:automatic autonomic plexus of heart OBOL:automatic heart visceral plexus OBOL:automatic visceral plexus of heart pulmonary nerve plexus FMA:6629 MA:0001143 SCTID:280512009 The pulmonary plexus is an autonomic plexus formed from pulmonary branches of vagus nerve and the sympathetic trunk. It supplies the Bronchial tree. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002009 UBERON:FMA_6629-MA_0001143 plexus pulmonalis pulmonary plexus FMA:6629 pulmonary plexus FMA FMA:6629 FMA:TA plexus pulmonalis The pulmonary plexus is an autonomic plexus formed from pulmonary branches of vagus nerve and the sympathetic trunk. It supplies the Bronchial tree. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pulmonary_plexus MA celiac nerve plexus FMA:6630 GAID:796 MA:0001139 MESH:A.08.800.050.050.150 SCTID:362494009 The celiac plexus, also known as the solar plexus, is a complex network of nerves located in the abdomen. The celiac plexus is located near where the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta. It is behind the stomach and the omental bursa and in front of the crura of the diaphragm, on the level of the first lumbar vertebra, L1. The plexus is formed (in part) by the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves of both sides, and also parts of the right vagus nerve. The celiac plexus proper consists of the celiac ganglia with a network of interconnecting fibers. The aorticorenal ganglia are often considered to be part of the celiac ganglia, and thus, part of the plexus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002010 UBERON:FMA_6630-MA_0001139 celiac plexus coeliac nerve plexus coeliac plexus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray838.png/200px-Gray838.png plexus coeliacus plexus nervosus coeliacus FMA:6630 FMA:TA plexus nervosus coeliacus FMA:6630 FMA:TA plexus coeliacus The celiac plexus, also known as the solar plexus, is a complex network of nerves located in the abdomen. The celiac plexus is located near where the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta. It is behind the stomach and the omental bursa and in front of the crura of the diaphragm, on the level of the first lumbar vertebra, L1. The plexus is formed (in part) by the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves of both sides, and also parts of the right vagus nerve. The celiac plexus proper consists of the celiac ganglia with a network of interconnecting fibers. The aorticorenal ganglia are often considered to be part of the celiac ganglia, and thus, part of the plexus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Celiac_plexus thoracodorsal artery FMA:66320 MA:0002065 The thoracodorsal artery is a branch of the subscapular artery. It travels inferiorly with the thoracodorsal nerve and supplies the latissimus dorsi. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002011 UBERON:FMA_66320-MA_0002065 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Latissimus_dorsi.png/200px-Latissimus_dorsi.png ncithesaurus:Thoracodorsal_Artery The thoracodorsal artery is a branch of the subscapular artery. It travels inferiorly with the thoracodorsal nerve and supplies the latissimus dorsi. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thoracodorsal_artery pulmonary artery AAO:0010221 BTO:0000778 EFO:0001399 EHDAA2:0001575 EHDAA:4351 EMAPA:17008 FMA:66326 GAID:505 MA:0002031 MESH:A.07.231.114.715 OG:0000982 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjbIpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181380003 The pulmonary arteries carry blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood. In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide - approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002012 UBERON:FMA_66326-MA_0002031 XAO:0004162 galen:PulmonaryArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/200px-Alveoli_diagram.png ncithesaurus:Pulmonary_Artery pulmonary arterial tree pulmonary arterial tree organ part Wikipedia The pulmonary arteries carry blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood. In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide - approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pulmonary_artery superior hypogastric nerve plexus Check relationship with generic hypogastric nerve/plexus EMAPA:19274 FMA:6642 MA:0001142 SCTID:244484008 The superior hypogastric plexus (in older texts, hypogastric plexus or presacral nerve) is a plexus of nerves situated on the vertebral bodies below the bifurcation of the aorta. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002013 UBERON:FMA_6642-MA_0001142 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray838.png/200px-Gray838.png hypogastric plexus nervus presacralis plexus hypogastricus superior presacral nerve superior hypogastric plexus FMA:6642 FMA:TA plexus hypogastricus superior FMA:6642 FMA:TA nervus presacralis The superior hypogastric plexus (in older texts, hypogastric plexus or presacral nerve) is a plexus of nerves situated on the vertebral bodies below the bifurcation of the aorta. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_hypogastric_plexus inferior hypogastric nerve plexus Check relationship with generic hypogastric nerve/plexus EMAPA:19275 FMA:6643 MA:0001141 SCTID:192608000 The inferior hypogastric plexus (pelvic plexus in some texts) is a plexus of nerves that supplies the viscera of the pelvic cavity. The inferior hypogastric plexus is a paired structure, with each situated on the side of the rectum in the male, and at the sides of the rectum and vagina in the female. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002014 UBERON:FMA_6643-MA_0001141 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray838.png/200px-Gray838.png inferior hypogastric plexus ncithesaurus:Inferior_Hypogastric_Nerve_Plexus pelvic nerve plexus pelvic plexus plexus hypogastricus inferior plexus nervosus pelvicus plexus pelvicus FMA:6643 FMA:TA plexus pelvicus The inferior hypogastric plexus (pelvic plexus in some texts) is a plexus of nerves that supplies the viscera of the pelvic cavity. The inferior hypogastric plexus is a paired structure, with each situated on the side of the rectum in the male, and at the sides of the rectum and vagina in the female. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_hypogastric_plexus FMA:6643 FMA:TA plexus nervosus pelvicus FMA:6643 FMA:TA plexus hypogastricus inferior kidney capsule EMAPA:18679 FMA:66610 MA:0000370 SCTID:243657006 The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a thick layer of ' adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. The renal capsule relates to the other layers in the following order (moving from innermost to outermost): renal medulla renal cortex renal capsule perinephric fat (or 'perirenal fat') renal fascia paranephric fat (or 'pararenal fat') peritoneum (anteriorly), and transversalis fascia (posteriorly). [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002015 UBERON:FMA_66610-MA_0000370 capsule of kidney fibrous capsule of kidney galen:CapsuleOfKidney http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Illu_kidney.jpg/200px-Illu_kidney.jpg ncithesaurus:Renal_Capsule renal capsule GO:0072127 renal capsule FMA:66610 fibrous capsule of kidney The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a thick layer of ' adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. The renal capsule relates to the other layers in the following order (moving from innermost to outermost): renal medulla renal cortex renal capsule perinephric fat (or 'perirenal fat') renal fascia paranephric fat (or 'pararenal fat') peritoneum (anteriorly), and transversalis fascia (posteriorly). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Kidney_capsule pulmonary vein AAO:0010521 BTO:0001799 EHDAA2:0001579 EHDAA:2629 EMAPA:18645 FMA:66643 GAID:543 MA:0002206 MESH:A.07.231.908.713 OG:0001133 Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart[GO]. UBERON:0002016 UBERON:FMA_66643-MA_0002206-XAO_0000394 XAO:0000394 galen:PulmonaryVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/200px-Alveoli_diagram.png ncithesaurus:Pulmonary_Vein pulmonary venous tree organ part Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart[GO]. Wikipedia:Pulmonary_vein portal vein A vein that conducts blood from the digestive organs, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver[BTO]. BTO:0001792 EHDAA2:0001485 EHDAA:6510 EMAPA:17349 FMA:66645 GAID:540 MA:0002198 MESH:A.07.231.908.670.567 OG:0000656 OpenCyc:Mx4rv_bem5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362064007 UBERON:0002017 UBERON:FMA_66645-MA_0002198-XAO_0000392 XAO:0000392 galen:PortalVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gray591.png/200px-Gray591.png ncithesaurus:Portal_Vein portal venous tree organ part Wikipedia:Vitelline_vein A vein that conducts blood from the digestive organs, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver[BTO]. BTO:0001792 synovial membrane AEO:0000181 BTO:0001823 EFO:0001393 EHDAA2:0003181 EV:0100143 FMA:66762 GAID:264 MA:0000114 MESH:A.02.835.583.443.800 OG:0001282 SCTID:361828005 Soft tissue that lines the non-cartilaginous surfaces within joints with cavities (synovial joints). UBERON:0002018 UBERON:FMA_66762-MA_0000114 galen:SynovialMembrane http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Synovium.png/200px-Synovium.png membrana synovialis capsulae articularis ncithesaurus:Synovial_Membrane stratum synoviale synovial layer synovial sheath synovium FMA:66762 FMA:TA stratum synoviale GAID EHDAA2 BTO:0001823 OG:0001282 synovium EHDAA2 GAID:264 membrana synovialis capsulae articularis FMA:General_anatomical_term synovial sheath FMA:66762 synovial layer Soft tissue that lines the non-cartilaginous surfaces within joints with cavities (synovial joints). Wikipedia:Synovial_membrane spinal accessory nerve AAO:0010476 Accessory nerve [XI] EHDAA2:0000106 EHDAA:2855 EMAPA:17159 EMAPA:17265 FMA:6720 GAID:825 In mice, the spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve[GO]. MA:0001088 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.060 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_812 OG:0000699 OpenCyc:Mx4rwTEwI5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362469008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002019 UBERON:FMA_6720-MA_0001088 Willis' nerve XAO:0004214 accessory XI accessory XI nerve accessory nerve cervical accessory nerve cranial nerve XI eleventh cranial nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gray791.png/200px-Gray791.png ncithesaurus:Accessory_Nerve nervus accessorius [xi] pars spinalis nervus accessorius spinal accessory nerve tree spinal part of accessory nerve EHDAA2:0000106 accessory XI FMA:6720 FMA:TA pars spinalis nervus accessorius NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_812 cranial nerve XI FMA:6720 FMA:TA nervus accessorius [xi] NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_812 eleventh cranial nerve In mice, the spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve[GO]. Wikipedia:Spinal_accessory_nerve gray matter of neuraxis AEO:0000136 EHDAA2:0003136 FMA:67242 Heterogeneous cluster of neural somas in the brain and the spinal cord. MA:0001112 OpenCyc:Mx4rwDdKMpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002020 UBERON:FMA_67242-MA_0001112 ZFA:0001681 gray mater gray matter grey matter grey substance http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Spinal_nerve.svg/200px-Spinal_nerve.svg.png ncithesaurus:Gray_Matter substantia grisea FMA:67242 FMA:TA substantia grisea Heterogeneous cluster of neural somas in the brain and the spinal cord. Wikipedia:Gray_matter ZFA:0001681 gray mater occipital lobe BTO:0000293 EFO:0000915 EV:0100170 FMA:67325 GAID:678 MA:0000913 MAT:0000507 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.213.571 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1136 Occipital lobe is the one of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere which occupies the posterior-most portion of the hemisphere. Anteriorly, it shares an arbitrary border with the parietal lobe and temporal lobe. Medially, it is bounded by the longitudinal cerebral fissure. OpenCyc:Mx4rv9OFy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180923002 UBERON:0002021 UBERON:FMA_67325-MA_0000913-ZFA_0001414 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray727_occipital_lobe.png/200px-Gray727_occipital_lobe.png ncithesaurus:Occipital_Lobe occipital cortex occipital neocortex regio occipitalis DHB:Ocx occipital neocortex Occipital lobe is the one of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere which occupies the posterior-most portion of the hemisphere. Anteriorly, it shares an arbitrary border with the parietal lobe and temporal lobe. Medially, it is bounded by the longitudinal cerebral fissure. Wikipedia:Occipital_lobe FMA:67325 FMA:TA regio occipitalis insula BM:Tel-Cx-Ins BTO:0001105 EV:0100172 FMA:67329 MA:0000909 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1117 OpenCyc:Mx4rvpK5WZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279201009 The insula is the one of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere. It lies in the depths of the lateral fissure and is covered by portions of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002022 UBERON:FMA_67329-MA_0000909 central lobe cortex of island insula lobule insular cortex insular lobe insular region insulary cortex island of reil lobus insularis ncithesaurus:Central_Lobe BTO:0001105 insulary cortex The insula is the one of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere. It lies in the depths of the lateral fissure and is covered by portions of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. Wikipedia:Insula FMA:67329 FMA:TA lobus insularis claustrum ABA:CLA BM:Tel-Cl BTO:0004292 EV:0100183 FMA:67440 MA:0000888 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1522 SCTID:279410004 Subdivision located in the telencephalon which is a member of the anatomical set 'Basal ganglia'. The claustrum is made up primarily of cellular neural tissue (gray matter), and is located lateral to the caudate nucleus and external capsule and medial to the insula. UBERON:0002023 UBERON:FMA_67440-MA_0000888 dorsal claustrum dorsal portion of claustrum ncithesaurus:Claustrum ABA Subdivision located in the telencephalon which is a member of the anatomical set 'Basal ganglia'. The claustrum is made up primarily of cellular neural tissue (gray matter), and is located lateral to the caudate nucleus and external capsule and medial to the insula. Wikipedia:Claustrum ABA internal carotid nerve plexus FMA:67533 MA:0001162 SCTID:280509006 The internal carotid plexus (carotid plexus) is situated on the lateral side of the internal carotid artery, and in the plexus there occasionally exists a small gangliform swelling, the carotid ganglion, on the under surface of the artery. Postganglionic sympathetic fibres ascend from the superior cervical ganglion, along the walls of the internal carotid artery, to enter the internal carotid plexus. These fibres then distribute to deep structures, which include the levator palpebrae superioris and pupillary dilator muscles. Some of the fibres from the internal carotid plexus converge to form the deep petrosal nerve. The internal carotid plexus communicates with the semilunar ganglion, the abducent nerve, and the sphenopalatine ganglion; it distributes filaments to the wall of the carotid artery, and also communicates with the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002024 UBERON:FMA_67533-MA_0001162 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gray840.png/200px-Gray840.png internal carotid plexus ncithesaurus:Internal_Carotid_Nerve_Plexus plexus caroticus internus FMA:67533 FMA:TA plexus caroticus internus The internal carotid plexus (carotid plexus) is situated on the lateral side of the internal carotid artery, and in the plexus there occasionally exists a small gangliform swelling, the carotid ganglion, on the under surface of the artery. Postganglionic sympathetic fibres ascend from the superior cervical ganglion, along the walls of the internal carotid artery, to enter the internal carotid plexus. These fibres then distribute to deep structures, which include the levator palpebrae superioris and pupillary dilator muscles. Some of the fibres from the internal carotid plexus converge to form the deep petrosal nerve. The internal carotid plexus communicates with the semilunar ganglion, the abducent nerve, and the sphenopalatine ganglion; it distributes filaments to the wall of the carotid artery, and also communicates with the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_carotid_nerve_plexus stratum basale of epidermis AAO:0010598 BTO:0000438 Deepest layer of the layers of the epidermis[WP]. FMA:67540 MA:0000803 Malpighian layer SCTID:419481005 UBERON:0002025 UBERON:FMA_67540-MA_0000803 XAO:0000041 basal cell layer of epidermis epidermis basal layer epidermis stratum basale epidermis stratum germinativum stratum basalis of epidermis stratum germinativum FMA FMA:67540 basal cell layer of epidermis Deepest layer of the layers of the epidermis[WP]. Wikipedia:Stratum_germinativum BTO:0000438 Malpighian layer stratum spinosum of epidermis BTO:0000435 FMA:67542 MA:0000807 SCTID:420086000 UBERON:0002026 UBERON:FMA_67542-MA_0000807 a layer of the epidermis found between the stratum granulosum and stratum basale. Has cells that produce and secrete bipolar lipids which prevent evaporation, helping to 'water-proof' the skin. Keratinization begins in the stratum spinosum. epidermis prickle cell layer epidermis stratum spinosum ncithesaurus:Stratum_Spinosum prickle cell layer prickle cell layer of epidermis squamous cell layer of epidermis stratum malphighii stratum spinosum Wikipedia:Stratum_spinosum a layer of the epidermis found between the stratum granulosum and stratum basale. Has cells that produce and secrete bipolar lipids which prevent evaporation, helping to 'water-proof' the skin. Keratinization begins in the stratum spinosum. BTO:0000435 prickle cell layer FMA:67542 prickle cell layer of epidermis stratum corneum of epidermis AAO:0010597 BTO:0000344 FMA:67545 MA:0000804 SCTID:361695002 UBERON:0002027 UBERON:FMA_67545-MA_0000804 cornified layer epidermis stratum corneum horny layer horny layer of epidermis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Skinlayers.png/200px-Skinlayers.png ncithesaurus:Stratum_Corneum outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of large, flat, polyhedral, plate-like envelopes filled with keratin, which is made up of dead cells that have migrated up from the stratum granulosum. stratum corneum this skin layer is composed mainly of dead cells that lack nuclei. As these dead cells slough off on the surface in the thin air-filled stratum disjunctum, they are continuously replaced by new cells from the stratum germinativum (basale). In the human forearm, for example, about 1300 cells/cm2/hr are shed. This outer layer that is sloughed off is also known as the stratum dysjunctum. Cells of the stratum corneum contain keratin, a protein that helps keep the skin hydrated by preventing water evaporation. These cells can also absorb water, further aiding in hydration, and explaining why humans and other animals experience wrinkling of the skin on the fingers and toes ("pruning") when immersed in water for prolonged periods. In addition, this layer is responsible for the "spring back" or stretchy properties of skin. A weak glutenous protein bond pulls the skin back to its natural shape. The thickness of the stratum corneum varies according to the amount of protection and/or grip required by a region of the body. For example, the hands are typically used to grasp objects, requiring the palms to be covered with a thick stratum corneum. In a similar manner, the sole of the foot is prone to injury, and so it is protected with a thick stratum corneum layer. In general, the stratum corneum contains 15 to 20 layers of dead cells. The stratum corneum has a thickness between 10 and 40 μm. n reptiles, the stratum corneum is permanent, and is replaced only during times of rapid growth, in a process called ecdysis or moulting. The stratum corneum in reptiles contains beta-keratin, which provides a much more rigid skin layer. BTO:0000344 horny layer Wikipedia:Stratum_corneum outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of large, flat, polyhedral, plate-like envelopes filled with keratin, which is made up of dead cells that have migrated up from the stratum granulosum. FMA:67545 horny layer of epidermis FMA hindbrain AAO:0010150 ABA:HB BTO:0000672 EFO:0000923 EHDAA2:0000746 EHDAA:3514 EHDAA:6487 EMAPA:16916 EMAPA:18632 FMA:67687 MA:0000195 MAT:0000107 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.810 MIAA:0000107 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_942 OG:0000070 TAO:0000029 The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain. In mammals and birds the hindbrain is divided into a rostral metencephalon and a caudal myelencephalon. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata (From: Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain)[ZFA]. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata[FMA]. UBERON:0002028 UBERON:FMA_67687-MA_0000195-MIAA_0000107-XAO_0000015-ZFA_0000029 XAO:0000015 ZFA:0000029 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/200px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png in MA, brainstem and hindbrain and part-of siblings under brain, consistent with FMA and NIF. See also notes for cerebellum. We weaken the relation in ABA to overlaps ncithesaurus:Hind-Brain rhombencephalon ABA ABA modified-source-relation The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain. In mammals and birds the hindbrain is divided into a rostral metencephalon and a caudal myelencephalon. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata (From: Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain)[ZFA]. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata[FMA]. Wikipedia:Hindbrain ZFA:0000029 ZFIN:curator ZFA ABA XAO epithelium of gall bladder BTO:0001449 FMA:67711 MA:0001632 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002029 UBERON:FMA_67711-MA_0001632 biliary epithelium epithelial tissue of gall bladder epithelial tissue of gallbladder epithelium of gallbladder gall bladder epithelial tissue gall bladder epithelium gallbladder epithelial tissue gallbladder epithelium ncithesaurus:Gallbladder_Epithelium the simple columnar epithelial lining of the gall bladder. OBOL:automatic gall bladder epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic gallbladder epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of gall bladder OBOL:automatic gallbladder epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of gallbladder OBOL:automatic epithelium of gallbladder MP:0009492 the simple columnar epithelial lining of the gall bladder. nipple BTO:0000821 FMA makes this part of the breast, whereas in MA it is part of the mammary gland. We assert both these for now, but the MA assertion is probably too strong, and a different relationship type should be used. FMA:67771 GAID:35 MA:0000796 MESH:A.01.236.500 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjKi5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Projection of skin containing the outlets for 15-20 lactiferous ducts arranged cylindrically around the tip. SCTID:265780004 UBERON:0002030 UBERON:FMA_67771-MA_0000796 galen:Nipple http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Female_nipple_profile.jpg/200px-Female_nipple_profile.jpg ncithesaurus:Nipple papilla mammae papilla of breast papillary part of breast teat thele thelium MP:0009723 thele FMA:67771 Projection of skin containing the outlets for 15-20 lactiferous ducts arranged cylindrically around the tip. Wikipedia:Nipple FMA MP:0009723 thelium Stedmans MP:0009723 papilla mammae MA epithelium of bronchus An epithelium that is part of a bronchus [Obol]. BTO:0001845 EFO:0000307 FMA:67782 MA:0001839 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002031 UBERON:FMA_67782-MA_0001839 bronchi epithelial tissue bronchi epithelium bronchial epithelium bronchial trunk epithelial tissue bronchial trunk epithelium bronchus epithelial tissue bronchus epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchi epithelial tissue of bronchial trunk epithelial tissue of bronchus epithelium of bronchi epithelium of bronchial trunk ncithesaurus:Bronchial_Epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk epithelium FMA OBOL:automatic bronchus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchi epithelium OBOL:automatic bronchi epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bronchial trunk An epithelium that is part of a bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic epithelium of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk epithelial tissue areola FMA:67796 MA:0000788 OpenCyc:Mx4rvrcOL5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Subdivision of breast which consists of skin, connective tissue and smooth muscle bundle and modified sebaceous glands and which surrounds the nipple.[FMA] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002032 UBERON:FMA_67796-MA_0000788 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Brustwarze.JPG/200px-Brustwarze.JPG ncithesaurus:Areola FMA:FMA Subdivision of breast which consists of skin, connective tissue and smooth muscle bundle and modified sebaceous glands and which surrounds the nipple.[FMA] Wikipedia:Areola arrector muscle of hair BTO:0005132 EMAPA:26771 EMAPA:26775 EMAPA:26779 FMA:67821 MA:0000778 SCTID:319910005 UBERON:0002033 UBERON:FMA_67821-MA_0000778 arrector pili arrector pili muscle arrector pili smooth muscle arrector pilli arrector pilli muscle tiny muscle fiber attached to each hair follicle, which contract to make the hairs stand on end, causing goose bumps. They exist in most mammals including humans. EMAPA:26779 MP:0010679 arrector pili muscle MA:0000778 arrector pili smooth muscle MP:0010679 arrector pilli muscle MP:0010679 arrector pilli FMA:67821 MA:0000778 arrector pili Wikipedia:Arrector_pili tiny muscle fiber attached to each hair follicle, which contract to make the hairs stand on end, causing goose bumps. They exist in most mammals including humans. suprachiasmatic nucleus ABA:SCH BM:Die-Hy-SCN BTO:0001822 EFO:0002475 EV:0100228 FMA:67883 GAID:645 MA:0000843 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.357.342.625 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1325 OG:0000036 SCN SCTID:369132004 TAO:0000441 The suprachiasmatic nucleus, or nuclei, (SCN), a tiny region on the brain's midline in a shallow impression of the optic chiasm, is responsible for controlling endogenous circadian rhythms. The neuronal and hormonal activities it generates regulate many different body functions over a 24-hour period. The SCN, pine cone shaped and the size of a grain of rice, interacts with many other regions of the brain. It contains several cell types and several different peptides and neurotransmitters. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002034 UBERON:FMA_67883-MA_0000843-ZFA_0000441 XAO:0004072 ZFA:0000441 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG ncithesaurus:Suprachiasmatic_Nucleus suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus The suprachiasmatic nucleus, or nuclei, (SCN), a tiny region on the brain's midline in a shallow impression of the optic chiasm, is responsible for controlling endogenous circadian rhythms. The neuronal and hormonal activities it generates regulate many different body functions over a 24-hour period. The SCN, pine cone shaped and the size of a grain of rice, interacts with many other regions of the brain. It contains several cell types and several different peptides and neurotransmitters. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Suprachiasmatic_nucleus ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA BTO:0001822 SCN medial preoptic nucleus ABA:MPN FMA:67890 MA:0000840 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_706 SCTID:369128005 The medial preoptic nucleus is bounded laterally by the lateral preoptic nucleus, and medially by the preoptic periventricular nucleus. It releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone, controls copulation in males, and is larger in males than in females.[WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002035 UBERON:FMA_67890-MA_0000840 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG medial preoptic hypothalamic nucleus MA ABA ABA ABA The medial preoptic nucleus is bounded laterally by the lateral preoptic nucleus, and medially by the preoptic periventricular nucleus. It releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone, controls copulation in males, and is larger in males than in females.[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_preoptic_nucleus#Medial_preoptic_nucleus Wikipedia:Sexually_dimorphic_nucleus ABA ABA striated muscle tissue AAO:0010762 AEO:0000140 EHDAA2:0003140 FMA:67905 MA:0002438 OpenCyc:Mx4rwAoze5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Tissue which consists of striated muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium. Examples: Skeletal muscle tissue, Cardiac muscle tissue[FMA]. UBERON:0002036 UBERON:FMA_67905-MA_0002438 WBbt:0005779 galen:StriatedMuscle ncithesaurus:Striated_Muscle_Tissue striated muscle FMA:67905 Tissue which consists of striated muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium. Examples: Skeletal muscle tissue, Cardiac muscle tissue[FMA]. Wikipedia:Striated_muscle cerebellum AAO:0010485 ABA:CB BM:CB BTO:0000232 EFO:0000327 EMAPA:17787 EV:0100293 FMA:67944 GAID:595 MA:0000198 MAT:0000110 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.810.428.200 MIAA:0000110 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1489 OG:0000024 OpenCyc:Mx4rvl1eipwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement[MESH]. A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum , and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe[BTO]. Brain structure derived from the anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain. The cerebellum plays a role in somatic motor function, the control of muscle tone, and balance[ZFA]. SCTID:180924008 TAO:0000100 UBERON:0002037 UBERON:FMA_67944-FMA_78469-MA_0000196-MA_0000198-MIAA_0000110-XAO_0003098-XAO_0003099-ZFA_0000100-ZFA_0000110 XAO:0003098 ZFA:0000100 epencephalon-1 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cerebellum_NIH.png/200px-Cerebellum_NIH.png ncithesaurus:Cerebellum note that almost all AOs agree that the cerebellum is part of the hindbrain (sometimes specifically part of the metencephalon, which, when present, is part of the hindbrain). However, ABA has cerebellum and brain stem as partof siblings, with the hindbrain part of the brainstem NIF ZFA ABA FMA MA BTO:0000232 ISBN:3764351209 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.810.428.200 Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement[MESH]. A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum , and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe[BTO]. Brain structure derived from the anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain. The cerebellum plays a role in somatic motor function, the control of muscle tone, and balance[ZFA]. ZFA:0000100 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3291162&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 ABA substantia nigra BTO:0000143 EFO:0000922 EV:0100247 FMA:67947 GAID:581 MA:0000210 MAT:0000504 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.659.687 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_789 SCTID:279286002 Soemmering's substance Subdivision of the midbrain anterior to the midbrain tegmentum which contains darkly pigmented neurons[FMA]. TODO: In BTO and NIF, part of basal ganglion which is part of telencephalon - but this is inconsistent with being part of midbrain, if these are spatially disjoint, as in ABA UBERON:0002038 UBERON:FMA_67947-MA_0000210 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Midbraincrosssection.png/200px-Midbraincrosssection.png ncithesaurus:Substantia_Nigra nucleus of basis pedunculi substancia nigra FMA:67947 Subdivision of the midbrain anterior to the midbrain tegmentum which contains darkly pigmented neurons[FMA]. Wikipedia:Substantia_nigra multiple NIF Wikipedia:Substantia_nigra substancia nigra inferior phrenic vein FMA:68068 MA:0002195 SCTID:286500002 The Inferior Phrenic Veins drain the diaphragm and follow the course of the inferior phrenic arteries; the right ends in the inferior vena cava; the left is often represented by two branches, one of which ends in the left renal or suprarenal vein, while the other passes in front of the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm and opens into the inferior vena cava. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002039 UBERON:FMA_68068-MA_0002195 The Inferior Phrenic Veins drain the diaphragm and follow the course of the inferior phrenic arteries; the right ends in the inferior vena cava; the left is often represented by two branches, one of which ends in the left renal or suprarenal vein, while the other passes in front of the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm and opens into the inferior vena cava. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_phrenic_vein bronchial artery EMAPA:18608 FMA:68109 GAID:477 In human anatomy, the bronchial arteries help supply the lungs with oxygenated blood. Although there is much variation, there are usually two bronchial arteries that run to the left lung, and one to the right lung. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001923 MESH:A.07.231.114.158 OpenCyc:Mx4r4sy0UiNbEd2AAAACs6hRXg SCTID:244247009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002040 UBERON:FMA_68109-MA_0001923 bronchial arterial tree http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gray1032.png/200px-Gray1032.png ncithesaurus:Bronchial_Artery In human anatomy, the bronchial arteries help supply the lungs with oxygenated blood. Although there is much variation, there are usually two bronchial arteries that run to the left lung, and one to the right lung. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Bronchial_artery terminal bronchus FMA:68416 MA:0000440 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002041 UBERON:FMA_68416-MA_0000440 endothelium of lymphatic vessel An endothelium that is part of a lymphatic vessel [Obol]. BTO:0004303 FMA:68444 MA:0000750 MESH:A.10.272.491.332 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002042 UBERON:FMA_68444-MA_0000750 ZFA:0005258 endothelium of lymph vessel lymph vessel endothelium lymphatic endothelium lymphatic vessel endothelium ncithesaurus:Lymphatic_Vessel_Endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of lymph vessel OBOL:automatic lymph vessel endothelium BTO:0004303 lymphatic endothelium An endothelium that is part of a lymphatic vessel [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA dorsal raphe nucleus A large raphe nucleus extending from the anterior part of the pons through the mesencephalon; its neurons are serotoninergic[NIF]. The dorsal raphe nucleus is a part of the raphe nucleus and consists of rostral and caudal subdivisions. The rostral aspect of the dorsal raphe is further divided into interfascicular, ventral, ventrolateral and dorsal subnuclei. The projections of the dorsal raphe have been found to vary topographically, and thus the subnuclei differ in their projections. An increased number of cells in the lateral aspects of the dorsal raphe is characteristic of humans and other primates. [WP,unvetted]. ABA:DR BM:MB-DR BTO:0002434 EFO:0001919 FMA:68462 MA:0002980 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_982 TAO:0000366 TODO check dorsal vs inferior. ZF has no pons. UBERON:0002043 UBERON:FMA_68462-ZFA_0000366 ZFA:0000366 cell group b7 dorsal nucleus of the raphe dorsal nucleus raphe dorsal raphe http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Drn.png/200px-Drn.png inferior raphe nucleus nucleus raphes dorsalis nucleus raphes posterior posterior raphe nucleus Wikipedia A large raphe nucleus extending from the anterior part of the pons through the mesencephalon; its neurons are serotoninergic[NIF]. The dorsal raphe nucleus is a part of the raphe nucleus and consists of rostral and caudal subdivisions. The rostral aspect of the dorsal raphe is further divided into interfascicular, ventral, ventrolateral and dorsal subnuclei. The projections of the dorsal raphe have been found to vary topographically, and thus the subnuclei differ in their projections. An increased number of cells in the lateral aspects of the dorsal raphe is characteristic of humans and other primates. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_982 Wikipedia:Dorsal_raphe_nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_982 dorsal raphe BTO:0002434 nucleus raphes dorsalis BTO:0002434 nucleus raphes posterior ABA Wikipedia ventral nucleus of posterior commissure ABA:ND BM:MB-D Darkshevich's nucleus FMA:68464 MA:0001072 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_896 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002044 UBERON:FMA_68464-MA_0001072 nucleus of darkschewitsch ABA cuneate nucleus ABA:CU BM:Me-Cu Burdach's nucleus FMA:68465 MA:0001035 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2640 One of the dorsal column nuclei, the cuneate nucleus is a wedge-shaped nucleus in the closed part of the medulla oblongata. It contains cells that give rise to the cuneate tubercle, visible on the posterior aspect of the medulla. It lies laterally to the gracile nucleus and medial to the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the medulla. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002045 UBERON:FMA_68465-MA_0001035 burdachs nucleus cuneate http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray691.png/200px-Gray691.png ncithesaurus:Cuneate_Nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2640 burdachs nucleus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2640 cuneate One of the dorsal column nuclei, the cuneate nucleus is a wedge-shaped nucleus in the closed part of the medulla oblongata. It contains cells that give rise to the cuneate tubercle, visible on the posterior aspect of the medulla. It lies laterally to the gracile nucleus and medial to the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the medulla. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cuneate_nucleus thyroid gland A two-lobed endocrine gland found in all vertebrates, located in front of and on either side of the trachea in humans, and producing various hormones, such as triiodothyronine and calcitonin[BTO]. A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body[GAID]. AAO:0010544 BTO:0001379 EFO:0000861 EHDAA2:0002028 EHDAA:2148 EHDAA:2975 EMAPA:17068 EMAPA:18698 EMAPA:18827 EV:0100133 FMA:9603 GAID:465 MA:0000129 MAT:0000081 MESH:A.06.407.900 MIAA:0000081 OG:0000418 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjLT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181117000 UBERON:0002046 UBERON:FMA_68805-FMA_9603-MA_0000129-MA_0000726-MIAA_0000081-XAO_0000162-ZFA_0001072 XAO:0000162 galen:ThyroidGland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Illu_endocrine_system.jpg/200px-Illu_endocrine_system.jpg ncithesaurus:Thyroid_Gland thyroid A two-lobed endocrine gland found in all vertebrates, located in front of and on either side of the trachea in humans, and producing various hormones, such as triiodothyronine and calcitonin[BTO]. A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body[GAID]. BTO:0001379 GAID:465 Wikipedia:Thyroid pontine raphe nucleus ABA:RPO FMA:68875 MA:0001022 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1110 The Pontine raphe nucleus is one of the raphe nuclei. It is located in the pontine tegmentum. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002047 UBERON:FMA_68875-MA_0001022 raphe of pons raphe pontis raphe pontis nucleus ABA Wikipedia The Pontine raphe nucleus is one of the raphe nuclei. It is located in the pontine tegmentum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pontine_raphe_nucleus ABA ABA ABA FMA:68875 FMA:TA raphe pontis lung AAO:0000275 AAO:0010567 BTO:0000763 EFO:0000934 EHDAA2:0001042 EHDAA:1554 EHDAA:2205 EMAPA:16728 EV:0100042 FMA:7195 GAID:345 MA:0000415 MAT:0000135 MESH:A.04.411 MIAA:0000135 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Respiration organ present in all air-breathing animals whose principal function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere[WP]. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax[GO]. SCTID:181216001 UBERON:0002048 UBERON:FMA_68877-FMA_7195-MA_0000415-MIAA_0000135-XAO_0000119 XAO:0000119 galen:Lung ncithesaurus:Lung respiration organ in all air-breathing animals, including most tetrapods, a few fish and a few snails. In mammals and the more complex life forms, the two lungs are located in the chest on either side of the heart. Their principal function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere. This exchange of gases is accomplished in the mosaic of specialized cells that form millions of tiny, exceptionally thin-walled air sacs called alveoli. // Avian lungs do not have alveoli as mammalian lungs do, they have Faveolar lungs. They contain millions of tiny passages known as para-bronchi, connected at both ends by the dorsobronchi // Snakes and limbless lizards typically possess only the right lung as a major respiratory organ; the left lung is greatly reduced, or even absent. Amphisbaenians, however, have the opposite arrangement, with a major left lung, and a reduced or absent right lung [WP] some species only have a single lung GO BTO:0000763 Respiration organ present in all air-breathing animals whose principal function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere[WP]. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax[GO]. Wikipedia:Lung vasculature BTO:0003718 FMA:69050 UBERON:0002049 UBERON:FMA_69050-XAO_0001010-ZFA_0001079 ZFA:0005249 an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism[ZFA]. Examples: vasculature of lung, vasculature of face. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Circulatory_System_en.svg/200px-Circulatory_System_en.svg.png see also: vascular system vascular network ZFA:0005249 an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism[ZFA]. Examples: vasculature of lung, vasculature of face. FMA:69050 vascular network FMA embryonic structure AAO:0000138 AEO:0000125 Anatomical structure that is part of an embryo. BILA:0000034 BTO:0000174 EFO:0000461 EHDAA2:0003169 FBbt:00004208 FMA:69067 GAID:407 MESH:A.16 Note in FMA embryo is_a embryonic structure SCTID:667009 TAO:0001105 UBERON:0002050 UBERON:FMA_69067-XAO_0003042-ZFA_0001105 XAO:0003042 ZFA:0001105 developing embryonic structure developing structure embryonale Struktur embryonic anatomical structure ncithesaurus:Embryonic_Structure EHDAA2:0003169 embryonic anatomical structure Anatomical structure that is part of an embryo. BTO:0000174 ZFIN:curator FBbt:00004208 developing embryonic structure BTO:0000174 embryonale Struktur epithelium of bronchiole An epithelium that is part of a bronchiole [Obol]. BTO:0001866 FMA:62497 FMA:69077 MA:0001772 Note that in FMA2 and FMA3, lobular bronchiole is an exact synonym of bronchiole; however there are two distinct terms for the corresponding epithelium. UBERON:0002051 UBERON:FMA_69077-MA_0001772 bronchiolar epithelium bronchiole epithelial tissue bronchiole epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchiole epithelial tissue of lobular bronchiole epithelium of lobular bronchiole lobular bronchiole epithelial tissue lobular bronchiole epithelium ncithesaurus:Bronchiole_Epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lobular bronchiole An epithelium that is part of a bronchiole [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lobular bronchiole epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bronchiole OBOL:automatic bronchiole epithelial tissue FMA BTO:0001866 bronchiolar epithelium BTO OBOL:automatic epithelium of lobular bronchiole OBOL:automatic lobular bronchiole epithelium capsule of adrenal gland FMA:69087 MA:0000117 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002052 UBERON:FMA_69087-MA_0000117 adrenal gland capsule ncithesaurus:Adrenal_Gland_Capsule zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland BTO:0000048 FMA:69225 GAID:449 MA:0001891 MESH:A.06.407.071.140.960 SCTID:21476003 The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland is the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex, lying directly beneath the adrenal gland's capsule. Its cells are ovoid in shape and are arranged in clusters or arches. In response to increased potassium levels, renin or decreased blood flow to the kidneys, cells of the zona glomerulosa produce and secrete the mineralocorticoid aldosterone into the blood as part of the renin-angiotensin system. Aldosterone regulates the body's concentration of electrolytes, primarily sodium and potassium, by acting on the distal convoluted tubule of kidney nephrons to: increase sodium reabsorption increase potassium excretion increase water reabsorption through osmosis The enzyme aldosterone synthase acts in this location. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002053 UBERON:FMA_69225-MA_0001891 adrenal gland zona glomerulosa glomerulosa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray1185.png/200px-Gray1185.png zona glomerulosa zona glomerulosa of suprarenal gland BTO:0000048 glomerulosa MA:0001891 adrenal gland zona glomerulosa MA The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland is the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex, lying directly beneath the adrenal gland's capsule. Its cells are ovoid in shape and are arranged in clusters or arches. In response to increased potassium levels, renin or decreased blood flow to the kidneys, cells of the zona glomerulosa produce and secrete the mineralocorticoid aldosterone into the blood as part of the renin-angiotensin system. Aldosterone regulates the body's concentration of electrolytes, primarily sodium and potassium, by acting on the distal convoluted tubule of kidney nephrons to: increase sodium reabsorption increase potassium excretion increase water reabsorption through osmosis The enzyme aldosterone synthase acts in this location. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Zona_glomerulosa FMA zona fasciculata of adrenal gland BTO:0000050 FMA:69234 GAID:448 MA:0001890 MESH:A.06.407.071.140.950 SCTID:56069004 The zona fasciculata constitutes the middle zone of the adrenal cortex, sitting directly beneath the zona glomerulosa. Constituent cells are organized into bundles or 'fascicles'. The zona fasciculata chiefly produces glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol in the human), which regulates the metabolism of glucose, especially in times of stress (e.g. , part of the fight-or-flight response). This tissue also generates a small amount of weak androgens. In certain animals such as rodents, the lack of 17alpha-hydroxylase results in the synthesis of corticosterone instead of cortisol. Steroid-producing adrenal tumours and hyperplasias of the zona fasciculata result in excess cortisol production and are the cause for adrenal Cushing's syndrome. The genetic disorder McCune-Albright syndrome can also present Cushing's syndrome in affected patients. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002054 UBERON:FMA_69234-MA_0001890 adrenal gland zona fasciculata http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray1185.png/200px-Gray1185.png zona fasciculata zona fasciculata of suprarenal gland FMA The zona fasciculata constitutes the middle zone of the adrenal cortex, sitting directly beneath the zona glomerulosa. Constituent cells are organized into bundles or 'fascicles'. The zona fasciculata chiefly produces glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol in the human), which regulates the metabolism of glucose, especially in times of stress (e.g. , part of the fight-or-flight response). This tissue also generates a small amount of weak androgens. In certain animals such as rodents, the lack of 17alpha-hydroxylase results in the synthesis of corticosterone instead of cortisol. Steroid-producing adrenal tumours and hyperplasias of the zona fasciculata result in excess cortisol production and are the cause for adrenal Cushing's syndrome. The genetic disorder McCune-Albright syndrome can also present Cushing's syndrome in affected patients. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Zona_fasciculata MA MA:0001890 adrenal gland zona fasciculata FMA zona reticularis of adrenal gland FMA:69236 GAID:450 MA:0001892 MESH:A.06.407.071.140.970 SCTID:47325000 The zona reticularis is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex, lying deep to the zona fasciculata and superficial to the adrenal medulla. The cells are arranged cords that project in different directions giving a net-like appearance (L. reticulum - net). Cells in the zona reticularis produce precursor androgens including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione from cholesterol. DHEA is further converted to DHEA-sulfate via a sulfotransferase, SULT2A1. These precursors are not further converted in the adrenal cortex as the cells lack 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Instead, they are released into the blood stream and taken up in the testis and ovaries to produce testosterone and the estrogens respectively. In some animals like rodents, the reticularis layer does contain 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which along with other enzymes present results in the production of corticosteroids like the fasciculata. In rodents too, the lack of 17alpha-hydroxylase results in the synthesis of corticosterone instead of cortisol as in the human. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002055 UBERON:FMA_69236-MA_0001892 adrenal gland zona reticularis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray1185.png/200px-Gray1185.png zona reticularis zona reticularis of suprarenal gland MA:0001892 adrenal gland zona reticularis FMA MA FMA The zona reticularis is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex, lying deep to the zona fasciculata and superficial to the adrenal medulla. The cells are arranged cords that project in different directions giving a net-like appearance (L. reticulum - net). Cells in the zona reticularis produce precursor androgens including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione from cholesterol. DHEA is further converted to DHEA-sulfate via a sulfotransferase, SULT2A1. These precursors are not further converted in the adrenal cortex as the cells lack 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Instead, they are released into the blood stream and taken up in the testis and ovaries to produce testosterone and the estrogens respectively. In some animals like rodents, the reticularis layer does contain 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which along with other enzymes present results in the production of corticosteroids like the fasciculata. In rodents too, the lack of 17alpha-hydroxylase results in the synthesis of corticosterone instead of cortisol as in the human. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Zona_reticularis inferior suprarenal artery Each renal artery gives off some small inferior suprarenal branches to the suprarenal gland, the ureter, and the surrounding cellular tissue and muscles. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:69264 MA:0002056 SCTID:303426004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002056 UBERON:FMA_69264-MA_0002056 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gray1121.png/200px-Gray1121.png ncithesaurus:Inferior_Suprarenal_Artery Each renal artery gives off some small inferior suprarenal branches to the suprarenal gland, the ureter, and the surrounding cellular tissue and muscles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_suprarenal_artery phrenic artery FMA:69330 MA:0002019 The inferior phrenic arteries are two small vessels, which supply the diaphragm but present much variety in their origin. They may arise separately from the front of the aorta, immediately above the celiac artery, or by a common trunk, which may spring either from the aorta or from the celiac artery. Sometimes one is derived from the aorta, and the other from one of the renal arteries; they rarely arise as separate vessels from the aorta. They diverge from one another across the crura of the diaphragm, and then run obliquely upward and lateralward upon its under surface. The left phrenic passes behind the esophagus, and runs forward on the left side of the esophageal hiatus. The right phrenic passes behind the inferior vena cava, and along the right side of the foramen which transmits that vein. Near the back part of the central tendon each vessel divides into a medial and a lateral branch. The medial branch curves forward, and anastomoses with its fellow of the opposite side, and with the musculophrenic and pericardiacophrenic arteries. The lateral branch passes toward the side of the thorax, and anastomoses with the lower intercostal arteries, and with the musculophrenic. The lateral branch of the right phrenic gives off a few vessels to the inferior vena cava; and the left one, some branches to the esophagus. Each vessel gives off superior suprarenal branches to the suprarenal gland of its own side. The spleen and the liver also receive a few twigs from the left and right vessels respectively. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002057 UBERON:FMA_69330-MA_0002019 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gray531.png/200px-Gray531.png ncithesaurus:Phrenic_Artery The inferior phrenic arteries are two small vessels, which supply the diaphragm but present much variety in their origin. They may arise separately from the front of the aorta, immediately above the celiac artery, or by a common trunk, which may spring either from the aorta or from the celiac artery. Sometimes one is derived from the aorta, and the other from one of the renal arteries; they rarely arise as separate vessels from the aorta. They diverge from one another across the crura of the diaphragm, and then run obliquely upward and lateralward upon its under surface. The left phrenic passes behind the esophagus, and runs forward on the left side of the esophageal hiatus. The right phrenic passes behind the inferior vena cava, and along the right side of the foramen which transmits that vein. Near the back part of the central tendon each vessel divides into a medial and a lateral branch. The medial branch curves forward, and anastomoses with its fellow of the opposite side, and with the musculophrenic and pericardiacophrenic arteries. The lateral branch passes toward the side of the thorax, and anastomoses with the lower intercostal arteries, and with the musculophrenic. The lateral branch of the right phrenic gives off a few vessels to the inferior vena cava; and the left one, some branches to the esophagus. Each vessel gives off superior suprarenal branches to the suprarenal gland of its own side. The spleen and the liver also receive a few twigs from the left and right vessels respectively. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Phrenic_artery ciliary ganglion EFO:0002559 EHDAA2:0000251 EHDAA:5623 EMAPA:18222 FMA:6964 MA:0001136 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100304 OG:0000805 SCTID:279281007 The ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion located in the posterior orbit. It measures 1–2 millimeters in diameter and contains approximately 2,500 neurons. Preganglionic axons from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus form synapses with these cells. The postganglionic axons run in the short ciliary nerves and innervate two eye muscles: the sphincter pupillae constricts the pupil, know as Miosis. The opposite, Mydriasis, is the dilation of the pupil. the ciliaris muscle contracts, releasing tension on the Zonular Fibers, making the lens more convex, also known as accommodation. Both of these muscles are involuntary – they are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck.. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002058 UBERON:FMA_6964-MA_0001136 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Augennerven.jpg/200px-Augennerven.jpg The ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion located in the posterior orbit. It measures 1–2 millimeters in diameter and contains approximately 2,500 neurons. Preganglionic axons from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus form synapses with these cells. The postganglionic axons run in the short ciliary nerves and innervate two eye muscles: the sphincter pupillae constricts the pupil, know as Miosis. The opposite, Mydriasis, is the dilation of the pupil. the ciliaris muscle contracts, releasing tension on the Zonular Fibers, making the lens more convex, also known as accommodation. Both of these muscles are involuntary – they are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck.. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ciliary_ganglion submandibular ganglion BTO:0001318 Blandin`s ganglion EHDAA2:0001942 EHDAA:6710 FMA:6966 MA:0002470 The submandibular ganglion (or submaxillary ganglion in older texts) is part of the human autonomic nervous system. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck.. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002059 UBERON:FMA_6966-MA_0002470 ganglion submandibulare http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Gray778.png/200px-Gray778.png lingual ganglion maxillary ganglion ncithesaurus:Submandibular_Ganglion submaxillary ganglion BTO:0001318 Blandin`s ganglion MA The submandibular ganglion (or submaxillary ganglion in older texts) is part of the human autonomic nervous system. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck.. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Submandibular_ganglion BTO:0001318 ganglion submandibulare MA:0002470 maxillary ganglion MA:0002470 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=2979467&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 lingual ganglion MA:0002470 submaxillary ganglion femoral artery AAO:0010222 BTO:0001624 FMA:70248 GAID:494 MA:0001951 MESH:A.07.231.114.351 OpenCyc:Mx4rwHMI05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244332003 The femoral artery is a large artery in the muscles of the thigh. It is a continuation of external iliac artery where it enters the femoral triangle at the mid inguinal point behind the inguinal ligament. It leaves femoral triangle through apex beneath the sartorius muscle. It enters the popliteal fossa by passing through the 5th osseo-aponeurotic(adductor hiatus) opening of adductor magnus where it becomes the Popliteal Artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002060 UBERON:FMA_70248-MA_0001951 galen:FemoralArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray546.png/200px-Gray546.png ncithesaurus:Femoral_Artery The femoral artery is a large artery in the muscles of the thigh. It is a continuation of external iliac artery where it enters the femoral triangle at the mid inguinal point behind the inguinal ligament. It leaves femoral triangle through apex beneath the sartorius muscle. It enters the popliteal fossa by passing through the 5th osseo-aponeurotic(adductor hiatus) opening of adductor magnus where it becomes the Popliteal Artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Femoral_artery truncus arteriosus EHDAA2:0004143 FMA:70301 GAID:554 MA:0000103 MESH:A.07.541.278.930 OpenCyc:Mx4rquH9YKgNEdudWQACs5b6Bw SCTID:308828009 The truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis are divided by the aorticopulmonary septum. The truncus arteriosus gives rise to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The bulbus cordis gives rise to the smooth parts (outflow tract) of the left and right ventricles. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002061 UBERON:FMA_70301-MA_0000103 The truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis are divided by the aorticopulmonary septum. The truncus arteriosus gives rise to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The bulbus cordis gives rise to the smooth parts (outflow tract) of the left and right ventricles. Wikipedia:Truncus_arteriosus_(embryology) endocardial cushion EHDAA2:0000434 EHDAA2:0004028 EHDAA:2586 EMAPA:16696 FMA:70302 GO graph seems to suggest this is an endothelium. WP: The endocardial cushions are thought to arise from a subset of endothelial cells that undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transformation, a process whereby these cells break cell-to-cell contacts and migrate into the cardiac jelly (towards to interior of the heart tube). Latest (2010-06-01) new def suggested for GO, added above. Note that EHDAA2 has a more detailed model which we may later adopt MA:0000078 OG:0000932 TAO:0001317 The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves[GO]. Swellings of tissue present between the endocardial and myocardial cell layers that will give rise to the interstitial cells of the cardiac valves[ZFA]. UBERON:0002062 UBERON:FMA_70302-MA_0000078-ZFA_0001317 XAO:0004189 ZFA:0001317 atrioventricular cushion endocardial cushion tissue endocardial cushions http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gray465.png/200px-Gray465.png Wikipedia:Endocardial_cushion atrioventricular cushion EHDAA2:0000434 endocardial cushion tissue Wikipedia ZFA GO GO:0003197 The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves[GO]. Swellings of tissue present between the endocardial and myocardial cell layers that will give rise to the interstitial cells of the cardiac valves[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Endocardial_cushion ZFIN:curator ZFA sinus venosus AAO:0010505 EHDAA2:0001839 EHDAA:480 EMAPA:16237 FMA:70303 OG:0000177 TAO:0000154 The sinus venosus is a large quadrangular cavity which precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart. In humans, it exists distinctly only in the embryonic heart, where it is found between the two venae cavae. In the adult, it is incorporated into the wall of the right atrium to form a smooth part called the sinus venarum, also known as the venarum sinus, which is separated from the rest of the atrium by a ridge of fibres called the crista terminalis. The sinus venosus also forms the SA node and the coronary sinus. In the embryo, the thin walls of the sinus venosus are connected below with the right ventricle, and medially with the left atrium, but are free in the rest of their extent. It receives blood from the vitelline vein, umbilical vein and common cardinal vein. It originally starts as a paired structure but shifts towards associating only with the right atrium as the embryonic heart develops. The left portion shrinks in size and eventually forms the coronary sinus and oblique vein of the left atrium, whereas the right part becomes incorporated into the right atrium to form the sinus venarum. UBERON:0002063 UBERON:FMA_70303-ZFA_0000154 ZFA:0000154 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gray465.png/200px-Gray465.png inflow tract ncithesaurus:Sinus_Venosus sinus venarum venarum venarum sinus venosus ZFA Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus venosus The sinus venosus is a large quadrangular cavity which precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart. In humans, it exists distinctly only in the embryonic heart, where it is found between the two venae cavae. In the adult, it is incorporated into the wall of the right atrium to form a smooth part called the sinus venarum, also known as the venarum sinus, which is separated from the rest of the atrium by a ridge of fibres called the crista terminalis. The sinus venosus also forms the SA node and the coronary sinus. In the embryo, the thin walls of the sinus venosus are connected below with the right ventricle, and medially with the left atrium, but are free in the rest of their extent. It receives blood from the vitelline vein, umbilical vein and common cardinal vein. It originally starts as a paired structure but shifts towards associating only with the right atrium as the embryonic heart develops. The left portion shrinks in size and eventually forms the coronary sinus and oblique vein of the left atrium, whereas the right part becomes incorporated into the right atrium to form the sinus venarum. Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus sinus venarum Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus venarum OG ZFA:0000154 inflow tract Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus venarum sinus common cardinal vein AAO:0011033 BTO:0004388 EHDAA2:0000304 EHDAA:1314 EMAPA:16356 Either of a pair of large transverse venous sinuses that conduct blood from the cardinal veins to the sinus venosus of the vertebrate embryo. FMA:70308 OG:0000112 SCTID:308783008 TAO:0000186 TODO check synonym XAO-related, ZFA-exact UBERON:0002064 UBERON:FMA_70308-ZFA_0000186 XAO:0000373 ZFA:0000186 duct of Cuvier http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray477.svg/200px-Gray477.svg.png ncithesaurus:Common_Cardinal_Vein FMA BTO:0004388 Either of a pair of large transverse venous sinuses that conduct blood from the cardinal veins to the sinus venosus of the vertebrate embryo. Wikipedia:Common_cardinal_vein postcardinal vein AAO:0010511 BTO:0004386 Continuation of the caudal vein cranial to the anal pore. The cardinal vein splits into a pair of vessels in the cranial trunk, just caudal to the radix of the aorta. The posterior cardinals each empty into the common cardinal vein. EHDAA2:0001486 EHDAA:1316 EMAPA:16357 FMA:70314 OG:0000111 PCV SCTID:308781005 TAO:0000477 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002065 UBERON:FMA_70314-ZFA_0000477 XAO:0000241 ZFA:0000477 axial vein caudal cardinal veins ncithesaurus:Posterior_Cardinal_Vein posterior cardinal vein Continuation of the caudal vein cranial to the anal pore. The cardinal vein splits into a pair of vessels in the cranial trunk, just caudal to the radix of the aorta. The posterior cardinals each empty into the common cardinal vein. ZFIN:curator umbilical vein BTO:0001509 EFO:0001940 EHDAA2:0002107 EHDAA:1034 EHDAA:488 EMAPA:16243 EMAPA:16375 EV:0100392 FMA:70317 GAID:542 MA:0002249 MESH:A.07.231.908.670.874 OG:0000015 OpenCyc:Mx4rdu17MmWaEd2AAABQjYGu0g SCTID:367567000 The umbilical vein is a blood vessel present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002066 UBERON:FMA_70317-MA_0002249 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gray502.png/200px-Gray502.png ncithesaurus:Umbilical_Vein The umbilical vein is a blood vessel present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Umbilical_vein dermis AAO:0000128 BTO:0000294 EFO:0000953 EV:0100154 FMA:70323 GAID:1321 MA:0000152 MAT:0000153 MESH:A.17.815.180 MIAA:0000153 OG:0000108 SCTID:361696001 TAO:0001119 The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis[WP]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002067 UBERON:FMA_70323-MA_0000152-MIAA_0000153-XAO_0000217-ZFA_0001119 XAO:0000217 ZFA:0001119 corium cutis ncithesaurus:Dermis vertebrate dermis ZFA The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis[WP]. Wikipedia:Dermis ZFIN:curator BTO:0000294 cutis ZFA BTO:0000294 corium XAO urachus EHDAA2:0002137 EHDAA2:0002138 EHDAA:7016 EHDAA:9332 EMAPA:18323 FMA:70343 GAID:1313 MA:0001701 MESH:A.16.254.835 OG:0000735 SCTID:276858000 TODO check. Wikipedia and DBPedia disagree - is this a remnant of the allantois? The urachus is an embryological canal connecting the urinary bladder of the fetus with the allantois, a structure that contributes to the formation of the umbilical cord. The lumen (inside) of the urachus is normally obliterated during embryonic development, transforming the urachus into a solid cord, a functionless remnant. The urachus lies in the space of Retzius, between the transversalis fascia anteriorly and the peritoneum posteriorly. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002068 UBERON:FMA_70343-MA_0001701 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gray1156.png/200px-Gray1156.png ncithesaurus:Urachus The urachus is an embryological canal connecting the urinary bladder of the fetus with the allantois, a structure that contributes to the formation of the umbilical cord. The lumen (inside) of the urachus is normally obliterated during embryonic development, transforming the urachus into a solid cord, a functionless remnant. The urachus lies in the space of Retzius, between the transversalis fascia anteriorly and the peritoneum posteriorly. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Urachus stratum granulosum of epidermis A layer of the epidermis found between the stratum corneum (and possibly stratum lucidum) and stratum spinosum.[1] In this layer, keratinocytes are now called granular cells, and contain keratohyalin and lamellar granules. BTO:0000361 FMA:70344 MA:0000805 SCTID:418563001 UBERON:0002069 UBERON:FMA_70344-MA_0000805 epidermis granular layer epidermis stratum granulosum granular layer of epidermis ncithesaurus:Stratum_Granulosum stratum granulosum FMA:70344 granular layer of epidermis A layer of the epidermis found between the stratum corneum (and possibly stratum lucidum) and stratum spinosum.[1] In this layer, keratinocytes are now called granular cells, and contain keratohyalin and lamellar granules. Wikipedia:Stratum_granulosum BTO:0000361 stratum granulosum superior pancreaticoduodenal artery FMA:70437 MA:0002015 SCTID:244272009 The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is an artery that supplies blood to the duodenum and pancreas. It is a branch of the gastroduodenal artery, which comes from the common hepatic artery of the celiac trunk. The common hepatic itself becomes the proper hepatic after giving off the gastroduodenal artery and goes on to supply the right and left lobes of the liver. The term superior distinguishes the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery from the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, which a branch of the superior mesenteric artery. These arteries, together with the pancreatic branches of the splenic artery, form connections or anastomoses with one another, allowing blood to perfuse the pancreas and duodenum through multiple channels. The artery splits into two branches: the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the anterior margins of the duodenum and pancreas the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the posterior margins of these organs [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002070 UBERON:FMA_70437-MA_0002015 bauchspeicheldrüsenzwölffingerdarmpulsader@de http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gray533.png/200px-Gray533.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Pancreatico-Duodenal_Artery superior pancreatico-duodenal artery superior pancreatoduodenal artery bauchspeicheldrüsenzwölffingerdarmpulsader@de http://www.anatomyatlases.org/AnatomicVariants/MuscularSystem/Terminology.shtml http://www.anatomyatlases.org/AnatomicVariants/MuscularSystem/Terminology.shtml superior pancreatoduodenal artery The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is an artery that supplies blood to the duodenum and pancreas. It is a branch of the gastroduodenal artery, which comes from the common hepatic artery of the celiac trunk. The common hepatic itself becomes the proper hepatic after giving off the gastroduodenal artery and goes on to supply the right and left lobes of the liver. The term superior distinguishes the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery from the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, which a branch of the superior mesenteric artery. These arteries, together with the pancreatic branches of the splenic artery, form connections or anastomoses with one another, allowing blood to perfuse the pancreas and duodenum through multiple channels. The artery splits into two branches: the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the anterior margins of the duodenum and pancreas the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the posterior margins of these organs [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_pancreaticoduodenal_artery stratum lucidum of epidermis BTO:0000364 FMA:70540 Located between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum layers, it is composed of three to five layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes. he keratinocytes of the stratum lucidum do not feature distinct boundaries and are filled with eleidin, an intermediate form of keratin. MA:0000806 UBERON:0002071 UBERON:FMA_70540-MA_0000806 epidermis stratum lucidum ncithesaurus:Stratum_Lucidum stratum conjunctum of epidermis stratum lucidum the layer of lightly staining corneocytes foud between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum layers; found primarily in the thick epidermis of the palmar and plantar skin and is composed of three to five layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes. MP:0009610 Wikipedia:Stratum_lucidum the layer of lightly staining corneocytes foud between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum layers; found primarily in the thick epidermis of the palmar and plantar skin and is composed of three to five layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes. BTO:0000364 stratum lucidum hypodermis BTO:0004525 FMA:70544 FMA:9630 GAID:929 Lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. It is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. The hypodermis is used mainly for fat storage[WP]. A layer separating the inner face of the dermis from the subjacent muscle cells. It is covered on both sides by a basement membrane. It contains pigment cells[FMA]. MESH:A.10.165.887 Note that this class combines superficial fascia and hypodermis in FMA. Note also BTO has 'subcutis' TAO:0001136 UBERON:0002072 UBERON:FMA_70544-MIAA_0000418-ZFA_0000117-ZFA_0001136 ZFA:0001136 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Skin.svg/200px-Skin.svg.png hypoderm ncithesaurus:Superficial_Fascia subcutaneous tissue subcutis superficial fascia tela subcutanea vertebrate hypodermis ZFA FMA:9630 superficial fascia Wikipedia:Hypodermis subcutaneous tissue FMA:9630 FMA:TA tela subcutanea Lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. It is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. The hypodermis is used mainly for fat storage[WP]. A layer separating the inner face of the dermis from the subjacent muscle cells. It is covered on both sides by a basement membrane. It contains pigment cells[FMA]. Wikipedia:Hypodermis ZFIN:curator hair follicle BTO:0000554 EFO:0002464 EMAPA:29741 EV:0100156 FMA:70660 GAID:934 MA:0000154 MESH:A.10.272.497.500 OG:0001268 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjOI5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280830006 TODO - add new class for MA:0002910 vibrissa follicle UBERON:0002073 UBERON:FMA_70660-MA_0000154 a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open[GO]. ncithesaurus:Hair_Follicle vibrissa follicle MP:0010234 vibrissa follicle Wikipedia Wikipedia:Hair_follicle a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open[GO]. hair shaft BTO:0004672 FMA:70728 MA:0000159 SCTID:361359004 TODO - add distinct subclasses for coat hair vs vibrissa hair The non-growing portion of a hair which protrudes from the skin, i.e., from the follicle[BTO]. the cuticle, and/or cortex and/or medulla of a hair[MP]. UBERON:0002074 UBERON:FMA_70728-MA_0000159 ncithesaurus:Shaft_of_the_Hair scapus pili FMA BTO:0004672 scapus pili BTO:0004672 MP:0003809 The non-growing portion of a hair which protrudes from the skin, i.e., from the follicle[BTO]. the cuticle, and/or cortex and/or medulla of a hair[MP]. viscus AAO:0010386 An organ that is located within the body cavity (or in its extension, in the scrotum); it consists of organ parts that are embryologically derived from endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm or intermediate mesoderm; together with other organs, the viscus constitutes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and immune systems, or is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. Examples: heart, lung, esophagus, kidney, ovary, spleen. // An internal organ of the body; especially: one (as the heart, liver, or intestine) located in the great cavity of the trunk proper. BTO:0001491 EHDAA2:0002201 EHDAA:512 EMAPA:16245 FMA:7085 MA:0000019 MESH:A.01.960 SCTID:118760003 UBERON:0002075 UBERON:FMA_7085-XAO_0003034 XAO:0003034 general anatomical term in FMA. Note that we place the MA class here temporarily, although properly systems should be distinguished from organs ncithesaurus:Viscera viscera visceral organ An organ that is located within the body cavity (or in its extension, in the scrotum); it consists of organ parts that are embryologically derived from endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm or intermediate mesoderm; together with other organs, the viscus constitutes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and immune systems, or is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. Examples: heart, lung, esophagus, kidney, ovary, spleen. // An internal organ of the body; especially: one (as the heart, liver, or intestine) located in the great cavity of the trunk proper. BTO:0001491 Wikipedia:Viscus EHDAA2:0002201 visceral organ cuticle of hair FMA:70933 MA:0000157 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002076 UBERON:FMA_70933-MA_0000157 hair cuticle cortex of hair A cortex that is part of a hair [Obol]. FMA:70934 MA:0000156 SCTID:318832008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002077 UBERON:FMA_70934-MA_0000156 coat hair cortex coat/hair cortex cortex of coat hair cortex of coat/hair hair cortex OBOL:automatic coat/hair cortex A cortex that is part of a hair [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic coat hair cortex OBOL:automatic cortex of coat hair OBOL:automatic cortex of coat/hair right atrium AAO:0010248 BTO:0001703 EHDAA2:0000290 EMAPA:17321 FMA:7096 MA:0000075 OG:0000328 OpenCyc:Mx4runNcs6fqEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rDJ89oqgPEdudWQACs5b6Bw Right cardiac chamber which is continuous with the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.[FMA] SCTID:244383003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002078 UBERON:FMA_7096-MA_0000075 XAO:0003192 cardiac right atrium galen:RightAtrium heart right atrium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/200px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png ncithesaurus:Right_Atrium right atrium of heart right cardiac atrium FMA:FMA Right cardiac chamber which is continuous with the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.[FMA] Wikipedia:Right_atrium left atrium AAO:0010247 BTO:0001702 EHDAA2:0000275 EMAPA:17315 FMA:7097 Left cardiac chamber which is continuous with the pulmonary venous trunk.[FMA] MA:0000074 OG:0000369 OpenCyc:Mx4rkJN1AagEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rDJ89oqgPEdudWQACs5b6Bw SCTID:244387002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002079 UBERON:FMA_7097-MA_0000074 XAO:0003191 cardiac left atrium galen:LeftAtrium heart left atrium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/200px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png left atrium of heart left cardiac atrium ncithesaurus:Left_Atrium FMA:FMA Left cardiac chamber which is continuous with the pulmonary venous trunk.[FMA] Wikipedia:Left_atrium right ventricle BTO:0001630 EMAPA:17340 FMA:7098 MA:0000093 OG:0000717 OpenCyc:Mx4rRMlc0KgNEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjj1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Right cardiac chamber which is continuous with the pulmonary arterial trunk.[FMA] SCTID:244384009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002080 UBERON:FMA_7098-MA_0000093 cardiac right ventricle galen:RightVentricle heart right ventricle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/200px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png ncithesaurus:Right_Ventricle right ventricle of heart FMA:FMA Right cardiac chamber which is continuous with the pulmonary arterial trunk.[FMA] Wikipedia:Right_ventricle Wikipedia cardiac atrium AAO:0010246 Cardiac atria Cardiac chamber which consists of a wall that surrounds the cavity of an atrium.[FMA] EFO:0000314 EMAPA:16688 EV:0100019 FMA:7099 GAID:555 MA:0000073 MESH:A.07.541.358 OG:0000175 TAO:0000471 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002081 UBERON:FMA_7099-MA_0000073 ZFA:0000471 atrium atrium of heart heart atrium ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Atrium ZFA:0000471 atrium Cardiac chamber which consists of a wall that surrounds the cavity of an atrium.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Heart_atrium Cardiac atria cardiac ventricle AAO:0010249 BTO:0000862 Cardiac chamber which consists of a wall that surrounds the cavity of a ventricle. EFO:0000317 EHDAA2:0002178 EMAPA:17331 EV:0100020 FMA:7100 GAID:568 MA:0000091 MESH:A.07.541.560 OG:0000435 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjj1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:277699000 TAO:0000009 UBERON:0002082 UBERON:FMA_7100-MA_0000091-ZFA_0000009 XAO:0003193 ZFA:0000009 heart ventricle lower chamber of heart ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Ventricle ventricle ventricle of heart Cardiac chamber which consists of a wall that surrounds the cavity of a ventricle. FMA:7100 ductus venosus EHDAA2:0000422 EHDAA:5402 EMAPA:17343 FMA:71007 In the fetus, the ductus venosus shunts a significant majority (80%) of the blood flow of the umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava. Thus, it allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver. In conjunction with the other fetal shunts, the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus, it plays a critical role in preferentially shunting oxygenated blood to the fetal brain. The ductus venosus is open at the time of the birth and is the reason why umbilical vein catheterization works. Ductus venosus naturally closes during the first week of life in most full-term neonates; however, it may take much longer to close in pre-term neonates. Functional closure occurs within minutes of birth. Structural closure in term babies occurs within 3 to 7 days. After it closes, the remnant is known as ligamentum venosum[WP]. MA:0002111 OG:0000924 SCTID:304829005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002083 UBERON:FMA_71007-MA_0002111 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gray502.png/200px-Gray502.png ncithesaurus:Ductus_Venosus In the fetus, the ductus venosus shunts a significant majority (80%) of the blood flow of the umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava. Thus, it allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver. In conjunction with the other fetal shunts, the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus, it plays a critical role in preferentially shunting oxygenated blood to the fetal brain. The ductus venosus is open at the time of the birth and is the reason why umbilical vein catheterization works. Ductus venosus naturally closes during the first week of life in most full-term neonates; however, it may take much longer to close in pre-term neonates. Functional closure occurs within minutes of birth. Structural closure in term babies occurs within 3 to 7 days. After it closes, the remnant is known as ligamentum venosum[WP]. Wikipedia:Ductus_venosus left ventricle BTO:0001629 EMAPA:17337 FMA:7101 Left cardiac chamber which is continuous with the aorta.[FMA] MA:0000092 OG:0000718 OpenCyc:Mx4rtW8v46gEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjj1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244385005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002084 UBERON:FMA_7101-MA_0000092 cardiac left ventricle galen:LeftVentricle heart left ventricle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/200px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png left ventricle of heart ncithesaurus:Left_Ventricle Wikipedia FMA:FMA Left cardiac chamber which is continuous with the aorta.[FMA] Wikipedia:Left_ventricle interatrial septum Cardiac septum which separates the right atrium from the left atrium.[FMA] EHDAA2:0000838 EHDAA:1896 EMAPA:17011 FMA:7108 MA:0000084 OG:0000385 OpenCyc:Mx4rpd49nLYEEduAAAACs2IKfQ OpenCyc:Mx4rwGvku5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362016003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002085 UBERON:FMA_7108-MA_0000084 atrial septum galen:InteratrialSeptum interatrial septal wall ncithesaurus:Interatrial_Septum Cardiac septum which separates the right atrium from the left atrium.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Interatrial_septum sinoatrial valve FMA:71120 TAO:0000680 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002086 UBERON:FMA_71120-ZFA_0000680 ZFA:0000680 atrioventricular canal AV canal EHDAA2:0000152 EHDAA:764 EMAPA:16546 FMA:71121 OG:0001473 SCTID:341079007 TAO:0001315 The part of the heart connecting the atrium to the cardiac ventricle[ZFA]. In the developing heart, the constriction between the atrium and ventricle constitutes the atrial canal, and indicates the site of the future atrioventricular valves[WP]. UBERON:0002087 UBERON:FMA_71121-ZFA_0001315 XAO:0004123 ZFA:0001315 atrial canal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gray464.png/200px-Gray464.png Wikipedia:Atrial_canal atrial canal The part of the heart connecting the atrium to the cardiac ventricle[ZFA]. In the developing heart, the constriction between the atrium and ventricle constitutes the atrial canal, and indicates the site of the future atrioventricular valves[WP]. Wikipedia:Atrioventricular_canal ZFA:0001315 lateral thoracic vein FMA:71210 MA:0002162 SCTID:53595001 The lateral thoracic vein is a tributary of the axillary vein. It runs with the lateral thoracic artery and drains the Serratus anterior muscle and the Pectoralis major muscle. Normally, the thoracoepigastric vein exists between this vein and superficial epigastric vein (a tributary of femoral vein), to act as a shunt for blood if the portal system (through the liver) develops hypertension or a blockage. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002088 UBERON:FMA_71210-MA_0002162 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray576.png/200px-Gray576.png The lateral thoracic vein is a tributary of the axillary vein. It runs with the lateral thoracic artery and drains the Serratus anterior muscle and the Pectoralis major muscle. Normally, the thoracoepigastric vein exists between this vein and superficial epigastric vein (a tributary of femoral vein), to act as a shunt for blood if the portal system (through the liver) develops hypertension or a blockage. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_thoracic_vein FMA/obol FMA/obol thoracodorsal vein FMA:71213 MA:0002238 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002089 UBERON:FMA_71213-MA_0002238 FMA/obol FMA/obol postcranial axial skeleton AAO:0000034 EHDAA2:0000161 EHDAA:5049 EMAPA:17214 EMAPA:18043 MA:0002986 MAT:0000148 MIAA:0000148 OG:0000317 TAO:0000317 The post-cranial subdivision of skeleton structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; in Danio, consisting of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins; in human consists of the bones of the vertebral column, the thoracic cage and the pelvis[ZFA+FMA]. UBERON:0002090 UBERON:FMA_71221-MA_0000308-MIAA_0000148-XAO_0003073-ZFA_0000317 VAO:0000093 XAO:0003073 ZFA:0000317 axial skeleton post-cranial axial skeleton previous some AOs had used the term 'axial skeleton' to include the skull. This is being resolved (see tracker items above). Status: MA - fixed. MA:0000308 axial skeleton The post-cranial subdivision of skeleton structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; in Danio, consisting of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins; in human consists of the bones of the vertebral column, the thoracic cage and the pelvis[ZFA+FMA]. ZFA:0000317 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=2983975&group_id=76834&atid=974957 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=1205376&aid=2983977&group_id=76834 appendicular skeleton AAO:0000747 EFO:0000951 FMA:71222 MA:0000290 MAT:0000278 MIAA:0000278 SCTID:322050006 Subdivision of skeleton which consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs/appendages. TAO:0000027 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002091 UBERON:FMA_71222-MA_0000290-MIAA_0000278-ZFA_0000027 VAO:0000076 XAO:0003166 ZFA:0000027 ncithesaurus:Appendicular_Skeleton paired fin skeleton Subdivision of skeleton which consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs/appendages. Wikipedia:Appendicular_skeleton paired fin skeleton cranial dura mater EMAPA:17766 EMAPA:17785 EMAPA:17793 EV:0100313 FMA:71236 MA:0000815 OG:0000270 SCTID:309321003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002092 UBERON:FMA_71236-MA_0000815 brain dura mater dura mater of brain ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Dura_Mater the fibrous membrane forming the outer of the three coverings that surrounds the brain within the cranial cavity; consists of two layers including the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer. MP:0009025 the fibrous membrane forming the outer of the three coverings that surrounds the brain within the cranial cavity; consists of two layers including the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer. spinal dura mater A dura mater that is part of a spinal cord [Obol]. EMAPA:17806 FMA:71237 MA:0001132 OG:0000411 SCTID:362302001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002093 UBERON:FMA_71237-MA_0001132 dura mater of neuraxis of spinal cord dura mater of spinal cord ncithesaurus:Spinal_Cord_Dura_Mater spinal cord dura mater spinal cord dura mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic spinal cord dura mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of spinal cord A dura mater that is part of a spinal cord [Obol]. OBOL:automatic interventricular septum BTO:0002483 Cardiac septum which separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle.[FMA] EFO:0001956 EHDAA2:0000885 EHDAA:2603 EMAPA:17333 FMA:7133 MA:0000085 OG:0000386 OpenCyc:Mx4rwA7lp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362019005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002094 UBERON:FMA_7133-MA_0000085 galen:InterventricularSeptum heart interventricular septum heart ventricular septum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray498.png/200px-Gray498.png interventricular septum of heart interventriculare cordis ncithesaurus:Interventricular_Septum ventricular septum MA:0000085 heart interventricular septum BTO:0002483 interventriculare cordis BTO:0002483 interventricular septum of heart MA:0000085 ventricular septum MA:0000085 heart ventricular septum Cardiac septum which separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Interventricular_septum mesentery AAO:0011061 Anatomical organ component composed of a double layer of serous membrane that suspends a viscus from the body wall or connects adjacent viscera and in doing so conveys blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to and from the viscera. Examples: greater omentum, broad ligament of uterus, sigmoid mesocolon. BTO:0001380 EV:0100083 FMA:7144 GAID:21 MESH:A.01.047.025.600.451 Note that in Uberon, this term is used in the generic sense, not necessarily restricted to the peritoneum, consistent with FMA. WP: "In anatomy, the mesentery is the double layer of peritoneum that suspends the jejunum and ileum from the posterior wall of the abdomen. Its meaning, however, is frequently extended to include double layers of peritoneum connecting various components of the abdominal cavity.". TODO - check. Consider FMA:259286 - Region of mesentery. SCTID:362707009 UBERON:0002095 UBERON:FMA_7144-XAO_0000138-ZFA_0005129 galen:Mesentery generic mesentery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gray1038.png/200px-Gray1038.png mesentery (generic) ncithesaurus:Mesentery Wikipedia:Mesentery generic mesentery Anatomical organ component composed of a double layer of serous membrane that suspends a viscus from the body wall or connects adjacent viscera and in doing so conveys blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to and from the viscera. Examples: greater omentum, broad ligament of uterus, sigmoid mesocolon. FMA:7144 Wikipedia:Mesentery Wikipedia:Mesentery#Mesentery_.28general.29 Wikipedia:Mesentery mesentery (generic) skin of body BTO:0001253 EFO:0000962 EHDAA2:0001844 EMAPA:17525 FMA:7163 MESH:A.17.815 Nonparenchymatous organ that consists of the dermis and epidermis. Subdivisions of the skin surround various body parts; as a whole, the skin constitutes the external layer of the body. Examples: There is only one skin[FMA]. Surface structure that consists of the external membranous integument of the animal. Note that FMA uses 'skin' for the entire organ. XAO seems consistent. MA seems to use it analagously to zone of skin OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjX3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181469002 UBERON:0002097 UBERON:FMA_7163-MA_0000151-MIAA_0000284-XAO_0000023 XAO:0000023 entire skin galen:Skin http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Skin.svg/200px-Skin.svg.png integument ncithesaurus:Skin skin FMA:7163 Nonparenchymatous organ that consists of the dermis and epidermis. Subdivisions of the skin surround various body parts; as a whole, the skin constitutes the external layer of the body. Examples: There is only one skin[FMA]. Surface structure that consists of the external membranous integument of the animal. OMD:skin Wikipedia:Skin apex of heart FMA:7164 MA:0000488 SCTID:362009004 The apex of the heart is the lowest superficial part of the heart. It is directed downward, forward, and to the left, and is overlapped by the left lung and pleura. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002098 UBERON:FMA_7164-MA_0000488 cardiac apex heart apex http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gray492.png/200px-Gray492.png ncithesaurus:Apex_of_the_Heart The apex of the heart is the lowest superficial part of the heart. It is directed downward, forward, and to the left, and is overlapped by the left lung and pleura. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Apex_of_heart cardiac septum FMA:7180 GAID:562 MA:0000083 MESH:A.07.541.459 SCTID:362014000 The thin membranous structure between the two heart atria or the thick muscular structure between the two heart ventricles. UBERON:0002099 UBERON:FMA_7180-MA_0000083 XAO:0004141 cardiac septa heart septa heart septum ncithesaurus:Heart_Septum septum of heart we make the relationship to cardiac chamber one of parthood. Note in GO, the septum development is part of the heart development GO cardiac septa heart septa MESH:A.07.541.459 The thin membranous structure between the two heart atria or the thick muscular structure between the two heart ventricles. trunk AAO:0000612 AAO:0010339 BILA:0000116 BTO:0001493 EFO:0000966 FMA:7181 MA:0000004 MAT:0000296 MIAA:0000296 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkJjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Rumpf SCTID:262225004 Subdivision of body proper, which consists of a maximal set of diverse subclasses of organ and organ part spatially associated with the ribcage, thoracic and lumbar vertebral column, sacrum and coccyx, it is partially surrounded by skin of trunk.[FMA]. Organism subdivision that is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail. // Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail. TAO:0001115 UBERON:0002100 UBERON:FMA_7181-MIAA_0000296-XAO_0003025-ZFA_0001115 XAO:0003025 ZFA:0001115 editor note - check AAO galen:Trunk ncithesaurus:Trunk torso trunk region AAO:0000612 trunk region BTO:0001493 Rumpf FMA:7181 Subdivision of body proper, which consists of a maximal set of diverse subclasses of organ and organ part spatially associated with the ribcage, thoracic and lumbar vertebral column, sacrum and coccyx, it is partially surrounded by skin of trunk.[FMA]. Organism subdivision that is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail. // Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail. Wikipedia:Torso ZFA:0001115 ZFIN:curator limb AAO:0010336 EFO:0000876 EHDAA2:0003172 EHDAA:1697 EHDAA:8273 EMAPA:16405 FMA:7182 GAID:36 MA:0000007 MAT:0000090 MIAA:0000090 OG:0000336 OpenCyc:Mx4rvn1uSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:243996003 UBERON:0002101 UBERON:FMA_7182-MA_0000007-MIAA_0000090-XAO_0003027 XAO:0003027 galen:Extremity limb sensu vertebrata ncithesaurus:Limb tetrapod limb MAT:0000090 limb sensu vertebrata forelimb AAO:0000205 BTO:0001729 EFO:0000882 EHDAA2:0002133 EHDAA:6208 EMAPA:17412 EV:0100014 FMA:7183 GAID:1215 GAID:51 MA:0000025 MAT:0000394 MESH:A.13.395 MIAA:0000394 OG:0000338 SCTID:182245002 TODO - check free upper limb vs upper limb in FMA. Both MA and FMA consider shoulder (and shoulder bones) part of upper limb. UBERON:0002102 UBERON:FMA_7183-MA_0000025-MIAA_0000394-XAO_0003030 XAO:0003030 anterior-most limb on a body. Note distinction between arm and forelimb. hand is part of forelimb, but not part of arm anteriormost limb fore limb foreleg forelimb galen:UpperExtremity membrum superius ncithesaurus:Upper_Extremity superior member upper extremity upper limb FMA:7183 FMA:TA membrum superius BTO:0001729 ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Forelimb anterior-most limb on a body. Note distinction between arm and forelimb. hand is part of forelimb, but not part of arm hindlimb A posterior limb on an animal. AAO:0000219 BTO:0002345 EFO:0000883 EHDAA2:0001033 EHDAA:6094 EMAPA:17458 EV:0100015 FMA:7184 GAID:1221 GAID:38 MA:0000026 MAT:0000395 MESH:A.13.473 MIAA:0000395 OG:0000337 SCTID:182281004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002103 UBERON:FMA_7184-MA_0000026-MIAA_0000395-XAO_0003031 XAO:0003031 galen:LowerExtremity hind limb hindlimb http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gray1239.png/200px-Gray1239.png inferior member lower extremity lower limb membrum inferius ncithesaurus:Lower_Extremity A posterior limb on an animal. ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Lower_limb FMA:7184 FMA:TA membrum inferius visual system . AAO:0000632 FMA:7191 MA:0002444 NIF_GrossAnatomy:FMAID_7191 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViCtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281831001 TAO:0001127 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002104 UBERON:FMA_7191-MA_0002444-ZFA_0001127 XAO:0003198 ZFA:0001127 ncithesaurus:Visual_System visual organ system . Wikipedia:Visual_system vestibulo-auditory system A sensory system for the sense of hearing[WP]. AAO:0000631 Auditory system is general anatomical term in FMA FMA:7192 FMA:78500 MA:0002443 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090817 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViwtJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0001138 UBERON:0002105 UBERON:FMA_7192-MA_0002443 XAO:0003195 ZFA:0001138 auditory organ system auditory system auditory/vestibular system http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/HumanEar.jpg/200px-HumanEar.jpg ncithesaurus:Auditory_System vestibuloauditory system vestibuloauditory system A sensory system for the sense of hearing[WP]. Wikipedia:Auditory_system spleen AAO:0010395 BTO:0001281 EFO:0000869 EMAPA:18767 EV:0100055 FMA:7196 GAID:1289 MA:0000141 MAT:0000085 MESH:A.15.382.520.604.713 MIAA:0000085 OG:0000120 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjgw5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ found in virtually all vertebrate animals with important roles in regard to red blood cells and the immune system.[1] In humans, it is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve in case of hemorrhagic shock, especially in animals like horses (not in humans), while recycling iron.[2] It synthesizes antibodies in its white pulp and removes, from blood and lymph node circulation, antibody-coated bacteria along with antibody-coated blood cells. SCTID:181279003 TAO:0000436 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002106 UBERON:FMA_7196-MA_0000141-MIAA_0000085-XAO_0000328-ZFA_0000436 XAO:0000328 ZFA:0000436 galen:Spleen http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Illu_spleen.jpg/200px-Illu_spleen.jpg ncithesaurus:Spleen Organ found in virtually all vertebrate animals with important roles in regard to red blood cells and the immune system.[1] In humans, it is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve in case of hemorrhagic shock, especially in animals like horses (not in humans), while recycling iron.[2] It synthesizes antibodies in its white pulp and removes, from blood and lymph node circulation, antibody-coated bacteria along with antibody-coated blood cells. Wikipedia:Spleen Wikipedia liver AAO:0010111 An exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO]. BTO:0000759 EFO:0000887 EHDAA2:0000997 EHDAA:2197 EMAPA:16846 EV:0100089 FMA:7197 GAID:288 MA:0000358 MAT:0000097 MESH:A.03.620 MIAA:0000097 OG:0000257 Only ZFA considers this part_of immune system. WP: The liver is found in all vertebrates, and is typically the largest visceral organ. Its form varies considerably in different species, and is largely determined by the shape and arrangement of the surrounding organs. Nonetheless, in most species it is divided into right and left lobes; exceptions to this general rule include snakes, where the shape of the body necessitates a simple cigar-like form. The internal structure of the liver is broadly similar in all vertebrates.[7] An organ sometimes referred to as a liver is found associated with the digestive tract of the primitive chordate Amphioxus. However, this is an enzyme secreting gland, not a metabolic organ, and it is unclear how truly homologous it is to the vertebrate liver. OpenCyc:Mx4rvVimppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181268008 TAO:0000123 UBERON:0002107 UBERON:FMA_7197-MA_0000358-MIAA_0000097-XAO_0000133-ZFA_0000123 XAO:0000133 ZFA:0000123 galen:Liver http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Leber_Schaf.jpg/200px-Leber_Schaf.jpg ncithesaurus:Liver ZFA An exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO]. BTO:0000759 Wikipedia:Liver http://www.stembook.org/node/512 EHDAA2 FMA ZFA EHDAA2 ZFA small intestine AAO:0010397 BTO:0000651 EFO:0000841 EV:0100072 FMA:7200 GAID:313 MA:0000337 MAT:0000047 MESH:A.03.492.411.620 MIAA:0000047 OG:0000055 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjlIJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the stomach and distally with the large intestine[FMA]. The passage from the posterior intestine, from the rectal valve to the opening to the exterior. // The terminal region of the mid intestine is comprised of specialized enterocytes that appear to play a role in mucosal immunity. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-050120-6'>Wallace et al, 2005.</a> SCTID:181250005 TAO:0001323 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002108 UBERON:FMA_7200-MA_0000337-MIAA_0000047-XAO_0000130-ZFA_0001323 XAO:0000130 ZFA:0001323 anterior intestine galen:SmallIntestine http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram.svg/200px-Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram.svg.png intestinum tenue mid intestine ncithesaurus:Small_Intestine small bowel small intestine FMA:7200 Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the stomach and distally with the large intestine[FMA]. The passage from the posterior intestine, from the rectal valve to the opening to the exterior. // The terminal region of the mid intestine is comprised of specialized enterocytes that appear to play a role in mucosal immunity. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-050120-6'>Wallace et al, 2005.</a> WA:dh Wikipedia:Small_intestine ZFIN:curator BTO:0000651 intestinum tenue pair of nares FMA:72005 Note this is a "set of anatomical planes" in FMA OpenCyc:Mx4rvViCLpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Pair of nostrils. UBERON:0002109 UBERON:FMA_72005-ZFA_0000550 nares nares set nostrils pair of nostrils Pair of nostrils. Wikipedia:Nares http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/ammocoetes.html gallbladder AAO:0010114 BTO:0000493 EFO:0000853 EHDAA2:0000699 EHDAA:8062 EMAPA:17202 EV:0100090 FMA:7202 MA:0000356 MAT:0000072 MESH:A.03.159.439 MIAA:0000072 OG:0000221 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkGr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Rats do not have a gallbladder, but produce bile. The bile flows directly from the liver through the (hepatic) bile duct into the small intestine (Hebel and Stromberg, 1988) SCTID:181269000 TAO:0000208 UBERON:0002110 UBERON:FMA_7202-MA_0000356-MIAA_0000072-XAO_0000135-ZFA_0000208 XAO:0000135 ZFA:0000208 a small organ that aids digestion and stores bile produced by the liver[WP]. Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the cystic duct and distally terminates in the fundus of the gallbladder[FMA]. galen:Gallbladder gall bladder http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Abdomal_organs.svg/200px-Abdomal_organs.svg.png ncithesaurus:Gallbladder ISBN:9780120749034 FMA:7202 Wikipedia:Gallbladder a small organ that aids digestion and stores bile produced by the liver[WP]. Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the cystic duct and distally terminates in the fundus of the gallbladder[FMA]. smooth muscle of artery A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an artery [Obol]. BTO:0000087 FMA:72024 MA:0000708 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002111 UBERON:FMA_72024-MA_0000708 arterial smooth muscle arterial smooth muscle cell artery smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an artery [Obol]. OBOL:automatic BTO:0000087 arterial smooth muscle cell BTO:0000087 arterial smooth muscle smooth muscle of esophagus A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. FMA:72025 MA:0001573 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002112 UBERON:FMA_72025-MA_0001573 esophagus involuntary muscle esophagus non-striated muscle esophagus smooth muscle esophagus smooth muscle tissue gullet involuntary muscle gullet non-striated muscle gullet smooth muscle gullet smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of esophagus involuntary muscle of gullet involuntary muscle of oesophagus non-striated muscle of esophagus non-striated muscle of gullet non-striated muscle of oesophagus oesophagus involuntary muscle oesophagus non-striated muscle oesophagus smooth muscle oesophagus smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of gullet smooth muscle of oesophagus smooth muscle tissue of esophagus smooth muscle tissue of gullet smooth muscle tissue of oesophagus OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of gullet OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of gullet OBOL:automatic gullet smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic oesophagus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of esophagus OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of oesophagus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of oesophagus OBOL:automatic esophagus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of gullet OBOL:automatic gullet involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of esophagus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of gullet OBOL:automatic esophagus smooth muscle tissue A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of oesophagus OBOL:automatic gullet non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic oesophagus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic esophagus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of esophagus OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of oesophagus OBOL:automatic gullet smooth muscle OBOL:automatic oesophagus involuntary muscle kidney A paired organ which has the production of urine as its primary function. AAO:0000250 BTO:0000671 EFO:0000929 EV:0100096 FMA:7203 GAID:423 MA:0000368 MAT:0000119 MESH:A.05.810.453 MIAA:0000119 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjlYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181414000 TAO:0000529 UBERON:0002113 UBERON:FMA_7204-MA_0001683 UBERON:FMA_7205-MA_0001655 XAO:0003267 galen:Kidney kidney ncithesaurus:Kidney A paired organ which has the production of urine as its primary function. Wikipedia:Kidney duodenum AAO:0010402 BTO:0000365 EFO:0000851 EHDAA:3830 EHDAA:3937 EMAPA:17178 EMAPA:17193 EMAPA:18661 EMAPA:18852 EV:0100073 FMA:7206 GAID:284 MA:0000338 MAT:0000044 MESH:A.03.492.411.620.270 MIAA:0000044 OG:0000052 OpenCyc:Mx4rv4LJDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181247007 The first part of the small intestine. At the junction of the stomach and the duodenum the alimentary canal is inflected. The duodenum first goes anteriorly for a short distance, turns dorsally, and eventually caudally, thus it is a U-shaped structure with two horizontal sections (a ventral and a dorsal one). This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002114 UBERON:FMA_7206-MA_0000338-MIAA_0000044-XAO_0000236 XAO:0000236 galen:Duodenum ncithesaurus:Duodenum proximal intestine upper intestine BTO:0000365 upper intestine ZFA:0000348 BTO:0000365 proximal intestine ISBN:0815318960 The first part of the small intestine. At the junction of the stomach and the duodenum the alimentary canal is inflected. The duodenum first goes anteriorly for a short distance, turns dorsally, and eventually caudally, thus it is a U-shaped structure with two horizontal sections (a ventral and a dorsal one). Wikipedia:Duodenum jejunum BTO:0000657 EFO:0001333 EMAPA:18666 EMAPA:18932 EV:0100074 FMA:7207 GAID:318 MA:0000340 MAT:0000045 MESH:A.03.492.411.620.625 MIAA:0000045 OG:0000053 OpenCyc:Mx4rwATkPJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181248002 TODO consider ZFA:0001323 mid intestine, see also small intestine The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms middle intestine or mid-gut may be used instead of jejunum. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002115 UBERON:FMA_7207-MA_0000340-MIAA_0000045 galen:Jejunum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Illu_small_intestine.jpg/200px-Illu_small_intestine.jpg intestinum jejunum middle intestine ncithesaurus:Jejunum Wikipedia The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms middle intestine or mid-gut may be used instead of jejunum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Jejunum BTO:0000657 intestinum jejunum BTO:0000657 middle intestine ileum AAO:0010403 BTO:0000620 EFO:0001334 EV:0100075 FMA:7208 GAID:315 MA:0000339 MAT:0000282 MESH:A.03.492.411.620.484 MIAA:0000282 OG:0000647 OpenCyc:Mx4rvdcLHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181249005 TODO consider ZFA:0000706 posterior intestine, see also colon The ileum is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms posterior intestine or distal intestine may be used instead of ileum. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002116 UBERON:FMA_7208-MA_0000339-MIAA_0000282-XAO_0000237 XAO:0000237 distal intestine galen:Ileum intestinum ileum lower intestine ncithesaurus:Ileum BTO:0000620 distal intestine BTO:0000620 intestinum ileum BTO:0000620 lower intestine The ileum is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms posterior intestine or distal intestine may be used instead of ileum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ileum right ovary An ovary that is part of a right side of organism [Obol]. FMA:7213 MA:0001705 SCTID:280123002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002118 UBERON:FMA_7213-MA_0001705 ncithesaurus:Right_Ovary An ovary that is part of a right side of organism [Obol]. OBOL:automatic left ovary An ovary that is part of a left side of organism [Obol]. FMA:7214 In some elasmobranchs, the left ovary does not mature, with only the right ovary fully developing. In the primitive jawless fish, and some teleosts, there is only one ovary, formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo[Wikipedia:Ovary#In_other_animals] MA:0001704 SCTID:280124008 UBERON:0002119 UBERON:FMA_7214-MA_0001704 ncithesaurus:Left_Ovary An ovary that is part of a left side of organism [Obol]. OBOL:automatic pronephros BTO:0001541 EFO:0000927 EHDAA2:0001570 EHDAA:1017 EMAPA:16579 FMA:72170 In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensible for larval life[GO]. // The first kidney in all vertebrates - it is transitional and disappears soon after it has formed. // Organ that serves as a transient kidney, providing osmoregulation during early developmental stages and then degenerating during metamorphosis. // The embryonic kidney, present at the level of the third somite, is composed of two glomeruli fused at the midline, two pronephric tubules, and paired bilateral pronephric ducts that modify the composition of the blood filtrate before delivering it to the cloaca for excretion.<a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> MAT:0000117 MIAA:0000117 OG:0000037 SCTID:308804007 TODO - check developmental relationships. UBERON:0002120 UBERON:FMA_72170-MIAA_0000117-XAO_0002000-ZFA_0000151 archinephron embryonic kidney ncithesaurus:Pronephros pronephron GO:0048793 In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensible for larval life[GO]. // The first kidney in all vertebrates - it is transitional and disappears soon after it has formed. // Organ that serves as a transient kidney, providing osmoregulation during early developmental stages and then degenerating during metamorphosis. // The embryonic kidney, present at the level of the third somite, is composed of two glomeruli fused at the midline, two pronephric tubules, and paired bilateral pronephric ducts that modify the composition of the blood filtrate before delivering it to the cloaca for excretion.<a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> Wikipedia:Pronephros XB:curator ZFIN:curator ZFA GO BTO:0001541 embryonic kidney OG GO BTO:0001541 pronephron BTO:0001541 archinephron capsule of thymus FMA:72204 MA:0000766 SCTID:188181003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002122 UBERON:FMA_72204-MA_0000766 the fibrous connective tissue surrounding the thymus. thymus capsule MP:0002368 the fibrous connective tissue surrounding the thymus. cortex of thymus BTO:0002934 Cortical portion of thymus, mainly composed of lymphoid cells, supported by a network of finely-branched epithelial reticular cells, which is continuous with a similar network in the medullary portion. This network forms an adventitia to the blood vessels. The cortex is the location of the earliest events in thymocyte development, where T cell receptor gene rearrangement and positive selection takes place. FMA:72205 Histologically, the thymus can be divided into a central medulla and a peripheral cortex which is surrounded by an outer capsule. The cortex and medulla play different roles in the development of T cells. Cells in the thymus can be divided into thymic stromal cells and cells of hematopoietic origin[WP] MA:0000767 SCTID:188262003 UBERON:0002123 UBERON:FMA_72205-MA_0000767 ncithesaurus:Thymus_Cortex thymic cortex thymus cortex Cortical portion of thymus, mainly composed of lymphoid cells, supported by a network of finely-branched epithelial reticular cells, which is continuous with a similar network in the medullary portion. This network forms an adventitia to the blood vessels. The cortex is the location of the earliest events in thymocyte development, where T cell receptor gene rearrangement and positive selection takes place. Wikipedia:Thymus#Cortex MA:0000767 thymus cortex BTO:0002934 thymic cortex medulla of thymus BTO:0004560 EFO:0001969 FMA:72206 MA:0000771 Medullary portion of thymus. The reticulum is coarser than in the cortex, the lymphoid cells are relatively fewer in number, and there are found peculiar nest-like bodies, the concentric corpuscles of Hassall. These concentric corpuscles are composed of a central mass, consisting of one or more granular cells, and of a capsule formed of epithelioid cells. They are the remains of the epithelial tubes, which grow out from the third branchial pouches of the embryo to form the thymus. Each follicle is surrounded by a vascular plexus, from which vessels pass into the interior, and radiate from the periphery toward the center, forming a second zone just within the margin of the medullary portion. In the center of the medullary portion there are very few vessels, and they are of minute size. SCTID:188344009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002124 UBERON:FMA_72206-MA_0000771 medulla of thymus gland ncithesaurus:Thymus_Medulla thymus gland medulla thymus medulla Medullary portion of thymus. The reticulum is coarser than in the cortex, the lymphoid cells are relatively fewer in number, and there are found peculiar nest-like bodies, the concentric corpuscles of Hassall. These concentric corpuscles are composed of a central mass, consisting of one or more granular cells, and of a capsule formed of epithelioid cells. They are the remains of the epithelial tubes, which grow out from the third branchial pouches of the embryo to form the thymus. Each follicle is surrounded by a vascular plexus, from which vessels pass into the interior, and radiate from the periphery toward the center, forming a second zone just within the margin of the medullary portion. In the center of the medullary portion there are very few vessels, and they are of minute size. Wikipedia:Thymus#Medulla OBOL:automatic medulla of thymus gland OBOL:automatic thymus gland medulla lobule of thymus FMA:72215 MA:0000770 SCTID:187882006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002125 UBERON:FMA_72215-MA_0000770 the basic structural unit of the thymus. thymus lobule MP:0002367 the basic structural unit of the thymus. solitary tract nuclear complex FMA:72242 SCTID:369080003 The solitary tract and nucleus are structures in the brainstem that carry and receive visceral sensation and taste from the facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) cranial nerves. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002126 UBERON:FMA_72242-MA_0001052 nuclei of solitary tract nucleus tractus solitarii solitary nuclei ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA FMA:72242 FMA:TA nucleus tractus solitarii The solitary tract and nucleus are structures in the brainstem that carry and receive visceral sensation and taste from the facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) cranial nerves. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nucleus_of_tractus_solitarius inferior olivary complex ABA:IO BM:Me-IO BTO:0002298 EV:0100277 FMA:72243 MA:0001040 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1164 TAO:0000215 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002127 UBERON:FMA_72243-MA_0001040-ZFA_0000215 ZFA:0000215 caudal olivary nuclei complexus olivaris inferior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/CerebCircuit.png/200px-CerebCircuit.png inferior olivary nuclear complex inferior olivary nuclei inferior olivary nucleus inferior olive largest nucleus situated in the olivary body, part of the medulla oblongata. It is closely associated with the cerebellum, but its specific function is voluntary body movements. nuclei olivares caudales nuclei olivares inferiores oliva FMA:72243 inferior olive FMA:72243 inferior olivary nucleus BTO:0002298 complexus olivaris inferior Wikipedia:Inferior_olivary_nucleus largest nucleus situated in the olivary body, part of the medulla oblongata. It is closely associated with the cerebellum, but its specific function is voluntary body movements. ABA ABA BTO:0002298 nuclei olivares inferiores FMA:72243 FMA:TA oliva BTO:0002298 nuclei olivares caudales ABA FMA:72243 inferior olivary nuclear complex BTO:0002298 inferior olivary nuclei ABA ABA ABA ABA BTO:0002298 caudal olivary nuclei ABA ABA superior olivary complex ABA:SOC EV:0100263 FMA:72247 GO -- In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. -- TODO fix GO def to be the same throughout NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1307 The superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound[GO]. UBERON:0002128 UBERON:FMA_72247-MA_0001026 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gray713.png/200px-Gray713.png nucleus olivaris superior superior olivary nuclei superior olivary nucleus superior olive The superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound[GO]. Wikipedia:Superior_olivary_complex FMA:72247 superior olivary nuclei ABA FMA:72247 FMA:TA nucleus olivaris superior FMA:72247 superior olive ABA FMA:72247 superior olivary nucleus ABA cerebellar cortex ABA:CBX BM:CB-Cbx BTO:0000043 EV:0100294 FMA:72248 GAID:596 MA:0000199 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.810.428.200.212 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1566 SCTID:361593004 The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function[GO]. The circuits in the cerebellar cortex look similar across all classes of vertebrates, including fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals (e.g., Fig. 2). This has been taken as evidence that the cerebellum performs functions important to all vertebrate species. (Wikipedia) UBERON:0002129 UBERON:FMA_72248-MA_0000199 cortex cerebellaris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cerebellum_NIH.png/200px-Cerebellum_NIH.png ncithesaurus:Cerebellar_Cortex ABA BTO:0000043 cortex cerebellaris The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function[GO]. Wikipedia:Cerebellar_cortex Wikipedia cerebellar nuclear complex ABA:CBN EV:0100299 FMA:72249 GAID:599 MA:0000203 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.810.428.200.337 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1568 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002130 UBERON:0004007 UBERON:FMA_72249-MA_0000203 central nuclei cerebellar nuclei deep cerebellar nuclear complex deep cerebellar nuclei deep cerebellar nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gray707.png/200px-Gray707.png intracerebellar nuclei intrinsic nuclei of cerebellum nuclei cerebelli roof nuclei-2 the gray matter nuclei located in the center of the cerebellum, embedded in the white matter, which receive inhibitory (GABAergic) inputs from Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex and excitatory (glutamatergic) inputs from mossy fiber pathways; all output fibers of the cerebellum originate from the these nuclei[MP] ABA MP:0009979 Wikipedia:Deep_cerebellar_nuclei the gray matter nuclei located in the center of the cerebellum, embedded in the white matter, which receive inhibitory (GABAergic) inputs from Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex and excitatory (glutamatergic) inputs from mossy fiber pathways; all output fibers of the cerebellum originate from the these nuclei[MP] FMA:72249 FMA:TA nuclei cerebelli NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1568 deep cerebellar nuclear complex anterior lobe of cerebellum EV:0100295 FMA:72251 MA:0000991 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1118 SCTID:279359004 The anterior lobe of cerebellum is the portion of the cerebellum responsible for mediating unconscious proprioception. In alcoholics, it can deteriorate. It is sometimes equated to the 'paleocerebellum'. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002131 UBERON:FMA_72251-MA_0000991 anterior cerebellar lobe anterior lobe of cerebellum anterior lobe of the cerebellum cerebellum anterior lobe http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/CerebellumRegions.jpg/200px-CerebellumRegions.jpg The anterior lobe of cerebellum is the portion of the cerebellum responsible for mediating unconscious proprioception. In alcoholics, it can deteriorate. It is sometimes equated to the 'paleocerebellum'. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_lobe_of_cerebellum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1118 anterior lobe of the cerebellum Wikipedia dentate nucleus ABA:DN BM:CB-CBL EV:0100300 FMA:72260 MA:0001008 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1171 The Dentate nucleus is located within the deep white matter of each cerebellar hemisphere. It is the largest of the four deep cerebellar nuclei, the others being the fastigial nucleus and the interposed nucleus (globose and emboliform nuclei combined). It is responsible for the planning, initiation and control of volitional movements. It therefore receives its afferents from the premotor cortex and the supplementary motor cortex. Its efferents project via the superior cerebellar peduncle through the red nucleus to the ventrolateral thalamus (crossing over at the pontomesencephalic junction). It consists of an irregularly folded, of a grayish-yellow color, containing white fibers, and presenting on its antero-medial aspect an opening, the hilus, from which most of the fibers of the superior peduncle emerge. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002132 UBERON:FMA_72260-MA_0001008 dentate cerebellar nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gray707.png/200px-Gray707.png lateral cerebellar nucleus lateral nucleus of cerebellum ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1171 dentate cerebellar nucleus The Dentate nucleus is located within the deep white matter of each cerebellar hemisphere. It is the largest of the four deep cerebellar nuclei, the others being the fastigial nucleus and the interposed nucleus (globose and emboliform nuclei combined). It is responsible for the planning, initiation and control of volitional movements. It therefore receives its afferents from the premotor cortex and the supplementary motor cortex. Its efferents project via the superior cerebellar peduncle through the red nucleus to the ventrolateral thalamus (crossing over at the pontomesencephalic junction). It consists of an irregularly folded, of a grayish-yellow color, containing white fibers, and presenting on its antero-medial aspect an opening, the hilus, from which most of the fibers of the superior peduncle emerge. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dentate_nucleus atrioventricular valve AV valve Cardiac valve which has as its parts the leaf of cardiac valve that separates the atrium from the ventricle. // The atrioventricular valve has four distinct leaflets oriented anterior, posterior, left, and right of the atrioventricular orifice. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010912-30'>Hu et al. 2001.</a> EHDAA2:0000153 EHDAA:7421 FMA:7233 MA:0002789 OG:0001472 OpenCyc:Mx4rfCfdorrpEduAAAACs6hRXg SCTID:11124005 TAO:0005064 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002133 UBERON:FMA_7233-ZFA_0005064 ZFA:0005064 galen:AtrioventricularValve Cardiac valve which has as its parts the leaf of cardiac valve that separates the atrium from the ventricle. // The atrioventricular valve has four distinct leaflets oriented anterior, posterior, left, and right of the atrioventricular orifice. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010912-30'>Hu et al. 2001.</a> Wikipedia:Heart_valve#Atrioventricular_valves ZFIN:curator tricuspid valve Atrioventricular valve which has as its parts the anterior, posterior and septal leaflets, attached to the fibrous ring of tricuspid valve.[FMA] EHDAA2:0002081 EHDAA2:0004029 EHDAA:7427 EMAPA:17873 FMA:7234 GAID:567 MA:0000090 MESH:A.07.541.510.893 OG:0000816 OpenCyc:Mx4rvuWAAJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181288007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002134 UBERON:FMA_7234-MA_0000090 galen:TricuspidValve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/200px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png ncithesaurus:Tricuspid_Valve right atrioventricular valve valva atrioventricularis dextra Atrioventricular valve which has as its parts the anterior, posterior and septal leaflets, attached to the fibrous ring of tricuspid valve.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Tricuspid_valve FMA:7234 FMA:TA valva atrioventricularis dextra mitral valve Atrioventricular valve which has as its parts the anterior and posterior leaflets, attached to the fibrous ring of mitral valve.[FMA] EFO:0003933 EHDAA2:0000168 EMAPA:17871 FMA:7235 GAID:565 MA:0000088 MESH:A.07.541.510.507 OG:0000817 OpenCyc:Mx4rv4l2nJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181286006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002135 UBERON:FMA_7235-MA_0000088 bicuspid valve galen:MitralValve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/200px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png left atrioventricular valve ncithesaurus:Mitral_Valve valva atrioventricularis sinistra FMA:7235 FMA:TA valva atrioventricularis sinistra Atrioventricular valve which has as its parts the anterior and posterior leaflets, attached to the fibrous ring of mitral valve.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Mitral_valve hilus of dentate gyrus CA4 FMA:72358 MA:0000947 Merge with CA4? NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1482 UBERON:0002136 UBERON:FMA_72358-MA_0000947 dentate gyrus hilus field CA4 of hippocampal formation aortic valve BTO:0004628 Cardiac valve which has as its parts the anterior, right posterior and left posterior cusps, attached to the fibrous ring of aortic valve.[FMA] EFO:0003879 EHDAA2:0000134 EHDAA:4410 EMAPA:17870 FMA:7236 GAID:563 Human variation: It is normally tricuspid (with three leaflets), although in 1% of the population it is found to be congenitally bicuspid (two leaflets) MA:0000087 MESH:A.07.541.510.110 OG:0000815 OpenCyc:Mx4rv5914JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181287002 UBERON:0002137 UBERON:FMA_7236-MA_0000087 galen:AorticValve ncithesaurus:Aortic_Valve Cardiac valve which has as its parts the anterior, right posterior and left posterior cusps, attached to the fibrous ring of aortic valve.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Aortic_valve MA habenulo-interpeduncular tract BM:HPT FMA:72400 Meynert's retroflex bundle NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1504 SCTID:369194000 TAO:0000353 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002138 UBERON:FMA_72400-ZFA_0000353 ZFA:0000353 fasciculus retroflexus fasciculus retroflexus (meynert) habenulointerpeduncular fasciculus habenulointerpeduncular tract habenulopeduncular tract tractus habenulo-interpeduncularis ZFA:0000353 tractus habenulo-interpeduncularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1504 fasciculus retroflexus (meynert) subcommissural organ BTO:0001820 FMA:72414 GAID:794 MA:0002941 MESH:A.08.713.810 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1028 SCO SCTID:369193006 TAO:0000683 The subcommissural organ is a circumventricular organ consisting of ependymal cells which secrete somatostatin. It is named for its location relative to the posterior commissure. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002139 UBERON:FMA_72414-ZFA_0000683 ZFA:0000683 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray715.png/200px-Gray715.png The subcommissural organ is a circumventricular organ consisting of ependymal cells which secrete somatostatin. It is named for its location relative to the posterior commissure. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subcommissural_organ parabigeminal nucleus ABA:PBG BM:PBG FMA:72415 MA:0001074 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002140 UBERON:FMA_72415-MA_0001074 parvocellular oculomotor nucleus ABA:EW BM:EW FMA:72424 MA:0001071 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_822 SCTID:62088007 The Edinger-Westphal nucleus (also known as the accessory oculomotor nucleus) is the accessory parasympathetic cranial nerve nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, supplying the constricting muscles of the iris. Alternatively, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is a term often used to refer to the adjacent population of non-preganglionic neurons that do not project to the ciliary ganglion, but rather project to the spinal cord, dorsal raphe nucleus, and septal nuclei. Unlike the classical, preganglionic Edinger-Westphal neurons that contain choline acetyltransferase, neurons of the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus have been shown to contain various stress- and feeding-related neuropeptides, such as Urocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. Proper nomenclature for this distinct brain region has not yet been established. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002141 UBERON:FMA_72424-MA_0001071 ZFA:0000244 accessory oculomotor nucleus edinger-westphal nucleus nucleus Edinger-Westphal oculomotor nucleus, parvocellular part ABA ZFA:0000244 nucleus Edinger-Westphal ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA The Edinger-Westphal nucleus (also known as the accessory oculomotor nucleus) is the accessory parasympathetic cranial nerve nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, supplying the constricting muscles of the iris. Alternatively, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is a term often used to refer to the adjacent population of non-preganglionic neurons that do not project to the ciliary ganglion, but rather project to the spinal cord, dorsal raphe nucleus, and septal nuclei. Unlike the classical, preganglionic Edinger-Westphal neurons that contain choline acetyltransferase, neurons of the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus have been shown to contain various stress- and feeding-related neuropeptides, such as Urocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. Proper nomenclature for this distinct brain region has not yet been established. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Edinger-westphal_nucleus ABA pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus ABA:PPN BM:Pons-PPT FMA:72429 MA:0001020 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1437 The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) (or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, PPTN) is located in the brainstem, caudal to the substantia nigra and adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncle. It is composed by a wide variety of neurochemical cell types, including cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic cells. In the classical sense, the PPN is considered to be one of the main components of the reticular activating system. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002142 UBERON:FMA_72429-MA_0001020 peduncular pontine nucleus pedunculopontine nucleus ABA ABA The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) (or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, PPTN) is located in the brainstem, caudal to the substantia nigra and adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncle. It is composed by a wide variety of neurochemical cell types, including cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic cells. In the classical sense, the PPN is considered to be one of the main components of the reticular activating system. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pedunculopontine_tegmental_nucleus dorsal tegmental nucleus ABA:DTN BM:TD FMA:72434 MA:0001013 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_992 OG:0001368 TAO:0000346 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002143 UBERON:FMA_72434-ZFA_0000346 ZFA:0000346 dorsal tegmental nucleus (gudden) dorsal tegmental nucleus of gudden gudden nucleus nucleus tegmentalis dorsalis nucleus tegmentalis posterior posterior tegmental nucleus von Gudden's nucleus ABA ABA FMA:72434 FMA:TA nucleus tegmentalis posterior ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ZFA:0000346 nucleus tegmentalis dorsalis ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_992 dorsal tegmental nucleus of gudden peripeduncular nucleus ABA:PP BM:MB-PPN FMA:72437 MA:0000875 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1474 Note that FMA and NIF support this being part of midbrain tegmentum; MA places this in the thalamus and ABA supports thalamus. todo - check. for now we take a conservative position and assert overlaps for both rather than part of SCTID:25949000 UBERON:0002144 UBERON:FMA_72437-MA_0000875 a group of neuron cell bodies that form a thin, caplike configuration over the dorsolateral aspect of the crus cerebri; many of its cells are acetylcholinesterase positive. peripeduncular nucleus of pons NIF a group of neuron cell bodies that form a thin, caplike configuration over the dorsolateral aspect of the crus cerebri; many of its cells are acetylcholinesterase positive. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=61630 MA ABA ABA FMA:72437 peripeduncular nucleus of pons interpeduncular nucleus ABA:IPN BM:MB-IP FMA:72439 MA:0001069 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002145 UBERON:FMA_72439-MA_0001069 ZFA:0000903 interpeduncular ganglion NIF ABA pulmonary valve Cardiac valve which has as its parts the right anterior, left anterior and posterior cusps, attached to the fibrous ring of pulmonary valve.[FMA] EHDAA2:0001577 EHDAA:4412 EMAPA:17872 FMA:7246 GAID:566 MA:0000089 MESH:A.07.541.510.738 OG:0000814 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP6uq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181289004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002146 UBERON:FMA_7246-MA_0000089 galen:PulmonaryValve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/200px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png ncithesaurus:Pulmonary_Valve pulmonic valve Cardiac valve which has as its parts the right anterior, left anterior and posterior cusps, attached to the fibrous ring of pulmonary valve.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Pulmonary_valve MA reticulotegmental nucleus ABA:TRN FMA:72471 MA:0001025 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_882 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002147 UBERON:FMA_72471-MA_0001025 nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis reticular tegmental nucleus reticulotegmental nucleus of pons tegmental reticular nucleus, pontine gray ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA FMA:72471 FMA:TA nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis ABA locus ceruleus ABA:LC BM:Pons-LC BTO:0001408 EFO:0001963 FMA:72478 GAID:577 MA:0001017 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.659.473 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_905 SCTID:369016004 TAO:0000539 TODO - check ZFA/pons. also GO says part of dorsorostral pons The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic[GO]. Bluish region in the superior angle of the fourth ventricle floor, corresponding to melanin-like pigmented nerve cells which lie lateral to the ponto-mesencephalic central gray (griseum centrale). It is also known as nucleus pigmentosus pontis[GAID]. UBERON:0002148 UBERON:FMA_72478-MA_0001017-ZFA_0000539 ZFA:0000539 blue nucleus caerulean nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray709.png/200px-Gray709.png locus caeruleus locus cinereus locus coeruleu locus coeruleus nucleus caeruleus nucleus of locus caeruleus nucleus pigmentosus pontis substantia ferruginea NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_905 locus caeruleus BTO:0001408 locus cinereus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_905 blue nucleus GAID:577 GO:0021703 The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic[GO]. Bluish region in the superior angle of the fourth ventricle floor, corresponding to melanin-like pigmented nerve cells which lie lateral to the ponto-mesencephalic central gray (griseum centrale). It is also known as nucleus pigmentosus pontis[GAID]. Wikipedia:Locus_ceruleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_905 nucleus pigmentosus pontis ABA ABA ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_905 substantia ferruginea FMA:72478 FMA:TA nucleus caeruleus superior salivatory nucleus ABA:SSN FMA:72482 MA:0001027 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1131 SCTID:369028007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002149 UBERON:FMA_72482-MA_0001027 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gray788.png/200px-Gray788.png superior salivary nucleus visceromotor cranial nerve nucleus located in the pontine tegmentum. ABA ABA ABA ABA Wikipedia:Superior_salivatory_nucleus visceromotor cranial nerve nucleus located in the pontine tegmentum. ABA ABA GO:0021753 superior salivary nucleus ABA ABA ABA superior cerebellar peduncle BM:BC MA:0002746 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1711 SCTID:279218008 The superior cerebellar peduncles (brachium conjunctivum), two in number, emerge from the upper and medial part of the white substance of the hemispheres and are placed under cover of the upper part of the cerebellum. They are joined to each other across the middle line by the anterior medullary velum, and can be followed upward as far as the inferior colliculi, under which they disappear. Below, they form the upper lateral boundaries of the fourth ventricle, but as they ascend they converge on the dorsal aspect of the ventricle and thus assist in roofing it in. All fibers (except vestibular fibers to the vestibular nuclei through the inferior cerebellar peduncle) carrying information from the cerebellum to the midbrain and pons pass through the superior cerebellar peduncle. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002150 UBERON:FMA_72495-MA_0002746 brachium conjunctivum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray704.png/200px-Gray704.png superior peduncle we follow NIF in dividing this into 3 parts. This allows for consistency with ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1711 brachium conjunctivum Wikipedia:Superior_cerebellar_peduncle superior peduncle The superior cerebellar peduncles (brachium conjunctivum), two in number, emerge from the upper and medial part of the white substance of the hemispheres and are placed under cover of the upper part of the cerebellum. They are joined to each other across the middle line by the anterior medullary velum, and can be followed upward as far as the inferior colliculi, under which they disappear. Below, they form the upper lateral boundaries of the fourth ventricle, but as they ascend they converge on the dorsal aspect of the ventricle and thus assist in roofing it in. All fibers (except vestibular fibers to the vestibular nuclei through the inferior cerebellar peduncle) carrying information from the cerebellum to the midbrain and pons pass through the superior cerebellar peduncle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_cerebellar_peduncle pontine nuclear group ABA:PG BM:Pons-PGr BTO:0003396 FMA:72512 MA:0001021 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1516 SCTID:304942009 The pontine nuclei are a part of the pons which store the memory of intention during motor activity. Corticopontine fibres carry information from the primary motor cortex to the ipsilateral pontine nucleus in the ventral pons, and the pontocerebellar projection then carries that information to the contralateral cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle. They therefore allow modification of actions in the light of their outcome, or error correction, and are hence important in learning motor skills. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002151 UBERON:FMA_72512-MA_0001021 nuclei pontis pontine gray pontine gray matter pontine nuclear complex pontine nuclear group pontine nuclei pontine nucleus ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1516 pontine nuclear complex ABA BTO:0003396 nuclei pontis ABA ABA BTO:0003396 pontine gray matter ABA ABA FMA:72512 pontine nuclear group ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1516 pontine gray ABA The pontine nuclei are a part of the pons which store the memory of intention during motor activity. Corticopontine fibres carry information from the primary motor cortex to the ipsilateral pontine nucleus in the ventral pons, and the pontocerebellar projection then carries that information to the contralateral cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle. They therefore allow modification of actions in the light of their outcome, or error correction, and are hence important in learning motor skills. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pontine_nuclei middle cerebellar peduncle BM:Pons-BP FMA:72515 MA:0002745 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1529 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1699 SCTID:279219000 The middle cerebellar peduncles (brachia pontis) are composed entirely of centripetal fibers, which arise from the cells of the nuclei pontis of the opposite side and end in the cerebellar cortex; the fibers are arranged in three fasciculi, superior, inferior, and deep. The superior fasciculus, the most superficial, is derived from the upper transverse fibers of the pons; it is directed backward and lateralward superficial to the other two fasciculi, and is distributed mainly to the lobules on the inferior surface of the cerebellar hemisphere and to the parts of the superior surface adjoining the posterior and lateral margins. The inferior fasciculus is formed by the lowest transverse fibers of the pons; it passes under cover of the superior fasciculus and is continued downward and backward more or less parallel with it, to be distributed to the folia on the under surface close to the vermis. The deep fasciculus comprises most of the deep transverse fibers of the pons. It is at first covered by the superior and inferior fasciculi, but crosses obliquely and appears on the medial side of the superior, from which it receives a bundle; its fibers spread out and pass to the upper anterior cerebellar folia. The fibers of this fasciculus cover those of the restiform body. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002152 UBERON:FMA_72515-MA_0002745 brachium pontis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Gray705.png/200px-Gray705.png NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1529 brachium pontis The middle cerebellar peduncles (brachia pontis) are composed entirely of centripetal fibers, which arise from the cells of the nuclei pontis of the opposite side and end in the cerebellar cortex; the fibers are arranged in three fasciculi, superior, inferior, and deep. The superior fasciculus, the most superficial, is derived from the upper transverse fibers of the pons; it is directed backward and lateralward superficial to the other two fasciculi, and is distributed mainly to the lobules on the inferior surface of the cerebellar hemisphere and to the parts of the superior surface adjoining the posterior and lateral margins. The inferior fasciculus is formed by the lowest transverse fibers of the pons; it passes under cover of the superior fasciculus and is continued downward and backward more or less parallel with it, to be distributed to the folia on the under surface close to the vermis. The deep fasciculus comprises most of the deep transverse fibers of the pons. It is at first covered by the superior and inferior fasciculi, but crosses obliquely and appears on the medial side of the superior, from which it receives a bundle; its fibers spread out and pass to the upper anterior cerebellar folia. The fibers of this fasciculus cover those of the restiform body. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Middle_cerebellar_peduncle FMA fastigial nucleus ABA:FN BM:CB-CBM FMA:72537 MA:0001009 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1146 The fastigial nucleus or nucleus fastigii refers specifically to the concentration of gray matter nearest to the middle line at the anterior end of the superior vermis, and immediately over the roof of the fourth ventricle, from which it is separated by a thin layer of white matter. It is smaller than the nucleus dentatus, but somewhat larger than the nucleus emboliformis and nucleus globosus, the other two independent centers of gray matter in the cerebellum. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002153 UBERON:FMA_72537-MA_0001009 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gray707.png/200px-Gray707.png medial (fastigial) nucleus medial cerebellar nucleus roof nucleus-1 The fastigial nucleus or nucleus fastigii refers specifically to the concentration of gray matter nearest to the middle line at the anterior end of the superior vermis, and immediately over the roof of the fourth ventricle, from which it is separated by a thin layer of white matter. It is smaller than the nucleus dentatus, but somewhat larger than the nucleus emboliformis and nucleus globosus, the other two independent centers of gray matter in the cerebellum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Fastigial_nucleus ABA lateral reticular nucleus ABA:LRN BM:LR Comment: note in ABA this is disjoint from MDR, but we relax this here to accomodate FMA FMA:72574 MA:0001047 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081246 TAO:0000535 The lateral reticular nucleus, of the funiculus, can be divided into three subnuclei, the parvocellular, magnocellular and the subtrigeminal. As is typical of the reticular formation, none of these are very distinct subnuclei, but rather blurred distinctions between cell types and location. The lateral reticular nucleus sends all of its projections to the cerebellum. The parvocellular portion of the LRN and the immediately adjacent magnocellular portion send most their projections to the vermis of the cerebellum. The rest of the magnocellular subnucleus sends its projections to the hemisphere regions of the cerebellum. The subtrigeminal nucleus sends its projections to the flocculonodular lobe. All of these efferent pathways are projected in an ipsilateral manner to the cerebellum, the most abundant of which are those to the vermis. This nucleus is also involved in the mediation of inspiration (in-breathing) with a part of the ventral r. nucleus. The afferent pathways to the LRN come from the spinal cord and higher brain structures. Most of the afferents come from the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord and project exclusively to the parts of the LRN that do not receive input from the cortex. The spinal cord projections terminate mostly in the parvocellular region along with the adjacent magnocellular cells. This implies that most input from the spinal cord is relayed into the vermis. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002154 UBERON:FMA_72574-MA_0001047-ZFA_0000535 ZFA:0000535 lateral reticular nucleus (medulla) ABA ABA ABA The lateral reticular nucleus, of the funiculus, can be divided into three subnuclei, the parvocellular, magnocellular and the subtrigeminal. As is typical of the reticular formation, none of these are very distinct subnuclei, but rather blurred distinctions between cell types and location. The lateral reticular nucleus sends all of its projections to the cerebellum. The parvocellular portion of the LRN and the immediately adjacent magnocellular portion send most their projections to the vermis of the cerebellum. The rest of the magnocellular subnucleus sends its projections to the hemisphere regions of the cerebellum. The subtrigeminal nucleus sends its projections to the flocculonodular lobe. All of these efferent pathways are projected in an ipsilateral manner to the cerebellum, the most abundant of which are those to the vermis. This nucleus is also involved in the mediation of inspiration (in-breathing) with a part of the ventral r. nucleus. The afferent pathways to the LRN come from the spinal cord and higher brain structures. Most of the afferents come from the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord and project exclusively to the parts of the LRN that do not receive input from the cortex. The spinal cord projections terminate mostly in the parvocellular region along with the adjacent magnocellular cells. This implies that most input from the spinal cord is relayed into the vermis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_reticular_nucleus ABA ABA ABA ABA FMA FMA ABA gigantocellular nucleus ABA:GRN FMA:72576 MA:0001037 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005001 The gigantocellular nucleus, as the name indicates, is mainly composed of the so called giant neuronal cells. This nucleus has been known to innervate the caudal hypoglossal nucleus, and responds to glutamateric stimuli. The gigantocellular nucleus excites the hypoglossal nucleus, and can play a role in the actions of the said nerve . This nucleus receives connections from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, and parvocellular reticular nucleus. Retrograde studies have shown that the deep mesencephalic reticular formation and oral pontine reticular nucleus project to the nucleus gigantocellularis. The dorsal rostral section of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis is also involved mediating in expiration (or out-breathing) along with the parvocellular nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002155 UBERON:FMA_72576-MA_0001037 gigantocellular reticular nucleus nucleus gigantocellularis ABA ABA FMA:72576 FMA:TA nucleus gigantocellularis ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA The gigantocellular nucleus, as the name indicates, is mainly composed of the so called giant neuronal cells. This nucleus has been known to innervate the caudal hypoglossal nucleus, and responds to glutamateric stimuli. The gigantocellular nucleus excites the hypoglossal nucleus, and can play a role in the actions of the said nerve . This nucleus receives connections from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, and parvocellular reticular nucleus. Retrograde studies have shown that the deep mesencephalic reticular formation and oral pontine reticular nucleus project to the nucleus gigantocellularis. The dorsal rostral section of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis is also involved mediating in expiration (or out-breathing) along with the parvocellular nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Gigantocellular_nucleus ABA ABA nucleus raphe magnus ABA:RM EFO:0002518 FMA:72584 MA:0001024 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1363 The nucleus raphe magnus, located directly rostral to the raphe obscurus, is afferently stimulated from axons in the spinal cord and cerebellum. This makes the magnus a likely candidate for part of the motor system; however, it seems to participate in the endogenous analgesia system. The magnus receives descending afferents from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, parvocellular reticular nucleus and the prelimbic, infralimbic, medial and lateral precentral cortices . All of these brain areas influence the main function of the raphe magnus. The main function of the magnus is mostly pain mediation; in fact it sends projections to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to directly inhibit pain. The periaquiductal gray, the epicenter of analgesia, sends efferent connections to the nucleus raphe magnus in when it is stimulated by opiates (endogenous or otherwise). Electrical stimulation of the PAG produces analgesia, as well as administration of morphine to the PAG or n.r. magnus. The antinociceptic effects of electrical stimulation of the PAG can be blocked by administering naloxone, an opiate antagonist, to the n.r. magnus. All of this seems to indicate that the magnus is part of the endogenous opiate system, and acts to inhibit pain in the spinal cord. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002156 UBERON:FMA_72584-MA_0001024 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gray694.png/200px-Gray694.png magnus raphe nucleus nucleus raphes magnus raphe magnus raphe magnus nucleus Wikipedia:Nucleus_raphe_magnus raphe magnus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1363 raphe magnus nucleus FMA:72584 FMA:TA nucleus raphes magnus The nucleus raphe magnus, located directly rostral to the raphe obscurus, is afferently stimulated from axons in the spinal cord and cerebellum. This makes the magnus a likely candidate for part of the motor system; however, it seems to participate in the endogenous analgesia system. The magnus receives descending afferents from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, parvocellular reticular nucleus and the prelimbic, infralimbic, medial and lateral precentral cortices . All of these brain areas influence the main function of the raphe magnus. The main function of the magnus is mostly pain mediation; in fact it sends projections to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to directly inhibit pain. The periaquiductal gray, the epicenter of analgesia, sends efferent connections to the nucleus raphe magnus in when it is stimulated by opiates (endogenous or otherwise). Electrical stimulation of the PAG produces analgesia, as well as administration of morphine to the PAG or n.r. magnus. The antinociceptic effects of electrical stimulation of the PAG can be blocked by administering naloxone, an opiate antagonist, to the n.r. magnus. All of this seems to indicate that the magnus is part of the endogenous opiate system, and acts to inhibit pain in the spinal cord. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nucleus_raphe_magnus ABA FMA NIF Wikipedia nucleus raphe pallidus ABA:RPA FMA:72586 MA:0001051 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1375 The nucleus raphe pallidus receives afferent connections from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, and parvocellular reticular nucleus. Also, the pallidus receives afferents from the medial preoptic area, median preoptic nucleus and lateral paragigantocellular reticular nuclei . The pallidus has recently been shown to be involved in the activation of a fever as an immunoreaction. It has been implied that the preoptic area is constantly inhibiting the raphe pallidus, especially the rostral portion, with GABA. When the preoptic area receives immune signals from the body, the inhibition stops and the rostral portion of the raphe pallidus excites the intermediolateral cell column, which induces a fever . The raphe pallidus has also been known to mediate the tachycardia response, an extremely high heart rate known to be incited by emotional or psychological stress. Microinjections of a GABA-a antagonist into the raphe pallidus, induces an increased heart rate. Conversely, microinjections of muscimol, a GABA-a agonist, inhibit tachycardia in rats under air-stress stimuli. In both of these cases, GABA is mediating two different sympathetic responses, so clearly the nucleus raphe pallidus is a far more a complex nucleus than previously thought. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002157 UBERON:FMA_72586-MA_0001051 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gray694.png/200px-Gray694.png nucleus raphes pallidus pallidal raphe nucleus raphe pallidus nucleus ABA FMA ABA The nucleus raphe pallidus receives afferent connections from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, and parvocellular reticular nucleus. Also, the pallidus receives afferents from the medial preoptic area, median preoptic nucleus and lateral paragigantocellular reticular nuclei . The pallidus has recently been shown to be involved in the activation of a fever as an immunoreaction. It has been implied that the preoptic area is constantly inhibiting the raphe pallidus, especially the rostral portion, with GABA. When the preoptic area receives immune signals from the body, the inhibition stops and the rostral portion of the raphe pallidus excites the intermediolateral cell column, which induces a fever . The raphe pallidus has also been known to mediate the tachycardia response, an extremely high heart rate known to be incited by emotional or psychological stress. Microinjections of a GABA-a antagonist into the raphe pallidus, induces an increased heart rate. Conversely, microinjections of muscimol, a GABA-a agonist, inhibit tachycardia in rats under air-stress stimuli. In both of these cases, GABA is mediating two different sympathetic responses, so clearly the nucleus raphe pallidus is a far more a complex nucleus than previously thought. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nucleus_raphe_pallidus FMA:72586 FMA:TA nucleus raphes pallidus principal inferior olivary nucleus FMA:72592 MA:0001046 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081248 The inferior olivary nucleus that consists of the major laminar structure. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002158 UBERON:FMA_72592-MA_0001046 chief inferior olivary nucleus convoluted olive inferior olivary complex, principal olive inferior olive principal nucleus inferior olive, principal nucleus main olivary nucleus nucleus olivaris principalis principal nucleus of inferior olive principal olivary nucleus principal olive NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081248 principal olive NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081248 convoluted olive The inferior olivary nucleus that consists of the major laminar structure. Wikipedia:Olivary_body#Olivary_nuclei FMA:72592 FMA:TA nucleus olivaris principalis medial accessory inferior olivary nucleus FMA:72594 MA:0001045 SCTID:369069003 The inferior olivary nucleus that lies between the primary olivary nucleus and the pyramid, and forms a curved lamina, the concavity of which is directed laterally This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002159 UBERON:FMA_72594-MA_0001045 inferior olivary complex, medial accessory olive inferior olive medial nucleus inferior olive, medial nucleus medial accessory olivary nucleus nucleus olivaris accessorius medialis The inferior olivary nucleus that lies between the primary olivary nucleus and the pyramid, and forms a curved lamina, the concavity of which is directed laterally Wikipedia:Olivary_body#Olivary_nuclei FMA:72594 FMA:TA nucleus olivaris accessorius medialis nucleus prepositus ABA:PRP FMA:72596 MA:0001023 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2652 SCTID:369078009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002160 UBERON:FMA_72596-MA_0001023 nucleus praepositus nucleus prepositus hypoglossus prepositus hypoglossal nucleus prepositus nucleus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2652 nucleus praepositus gracile nucleus ABA:GR BM:Me-Gr EV:0100280 FMA:72602 Goll's nucleus Located in the medulla oblongata, the gracile nucleus is one of the dorsal column nuclei that participate in the sensation of fine touch and proprioception of the lower body (legs and trunk). It contains second-order neurons of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus system, which receive inputs from sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and send axons that synapse in the thalamus. The neurons contained within the nucleus form a visible bump called the gracile tubercle on the posterior side of the closed medulla at the floor of the fourth ventricle. The gracile nucleus and fasciculus carry epicritic, kinesthetic, and conscious proprioceptive information from the lower part of the body (below the level of T6 in the spinal cord). The counterpart to the gracile nucleus and fasciculus is the cuneate nucleus and fasciculus, which carries the same type of information, but from the upper body (above T6, excepting the face and ear - the information from the face and ear is carried by the primary sensory trigeminal nucleus). [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001038 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2643 SCTID:369071003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002161 UBERON:FMA_72602-MA_0001038 golls nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gray688.png/200px-Gray688.png nucleus gracilis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2643 golls nucleus Wikipedia NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2643 nucleus gracilis ABA Located in the medulla oblongata, the gracile nucleus is one of the dorsal column nuclei that participate in the sensation of fine touch and proprioception of the lower body (legs and trunk). It contains second-order neurons of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus system, which receive inputs from sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and send axons that synapse in the thalamus. The neurons contained within the nucleus form a visible bump called the gracile tubercle on the posterior side of the closed medulla at the floor of the fourth ventricle. The gracile nucleus and fasciculus carry epicritic, kinesthetic, and conscious proprioceptive information from the lower part of the body (below the level of T6 in the spinal cord). The counterpart to the gracile nucleus and fasciculus is the cuneate nucleus and fasciculus, which carries the same type of information, but from the upper body (above T6, excepting the face and ear - the information from the face and ear is carried by the primary sensory trigeminal nucleus). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Gracile_nucleus area postrema ABA:AP An area of medulla oblongata, outside the blood-brain barrier. The apical terminals of the neurons are, in a strategic location either to monitor the chemical constitution of the plasma or to release neurogenic substances into the general circulation. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-970602-2'>Ma 1997.</a> BTO:0003425 FMA:72607 GAID:591 MA:0001034 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.810.406.286 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2636 SCTID:369039005 TAO:0005146 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002162 UBERON:FMA_72607-MA_0001034-ZFA_0005146 ZFA:0005146 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray709.png/200px-Gray709.png ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA An area of medulla oblongata, outside the blood-brain barrier. The apical terminals of the neurons are, in a strategic location either to monitor the chemical constitution of the plasma or to release neurogenic substances into the general circulation. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-970602-2'>Ma 1997.</a> Wikipedia:Area_postrema ZFIN:curator ABA inferior cerebellar peduncle BM:RB FMA:72615 MA:0002744 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1645 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1691 SCTID:362418008 The upper part of the posterior district of the medulla oblongata is occupied by the inferior peduncle, a thick rope-like strand situated between the lower part of the fourth ventricle and the roots of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Each cerebellar inferior peduncle connects the medulla spinalis and medulla oblongata with the cerebellum, and comprises the juxtarestiform body and restiform body. Important fibers running through the inferior cerebellar peduncle include the spinocerebellar tract and axons from the inferior olivary nucleus, among others. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002163 UBERON:FMA_72615-MA_0002744 corpus restiforme http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gray677.png/200px-Gray677.png inferior peduncle restiform body FMA:72615 FMA:TA corpus restiforme FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1691 restiform body Wikipedia:Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle inferior peduncle The upper part of the posterior district of the medulla oblongata is occupied by the inferior peduncle, a thick rope-like strand situated between the lower part of the fourth ventricle and the roots of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Each cerebellar inferior peduncle connects the medulla spinalis and medulla oblongata with the cerebellum, and comprises the juxtarestiform body and restiform body. Important fibers running through the inferior cerebellar peduncle include the spinocerebellar tract and axons from the inferior olivary nucleus, among others. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle tectobulbar tract FMA:72645 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_750 SCTID:369265000 TAO:0000446 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002164 UBERON:FMA_72645-ZFA_0000446 ZFA:0000446 a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the optic tectum towards target cells in the premotor reticulospinal system in the hindbrain. tecto-bulbar tract GO:0034429 a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the optic tectum towards target cells in the premotor reticulospinal system in the hindbrain. endocardium AAO:0010408 BTO:0000387 EFO:0000821 EHDAA2:0004153 EV:0100021 FMA:7280 GAID:550 MA:0000076 MAT:0000455 MESH:A.07.541.207 OG:0000084 OpenCyc:Mx4rsWA75K1cEduAAADggVaqvw SCTID:362013006 TAO:0001320 The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers[GO]. Tunica intima which has as its parts the endothelium of endocardium and the fibroelastic connective tissue that surrounds the cavity of a cardiac chamber[FMA]. UBERON:0002165 UBERON:FMA_7280-XAO_0000066-ZFA_0001320 XAO:0000066 ZFA:0001320 fixed in GO to reflect FMA. See email to David/Varsha June 18 2010 galen:Endocardium heart endocardium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gray493.png/200px-Gray493.png ncithesaurus:Endocardium FMA:7280 The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers[GO]. Tunica intima which has as its parts the endothelium of endocardium and the fibroelastic connective tissue that surrounds the cavity of a cardiac chamber[FMA]. Wikipedia:Endocardium UBERON endocardium of atrium Cardiac atria endocardium Endocardium that is part of the atrium. FMA:7284 MA:0000077 OG:0000606 SCTID:192001005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002166 UBERON:FMA_7284-MA_0000077-ZFA_0001614 ZFA:0001614 atrial endocardium atrium endocardium atrium of heart endocardium cardiac atrium endocardium endocardium of Cardiac atria endocardium of atrium of heart endocardium of cardiac atrium endocardium of heart atrium heart atrium endocardium OBOL:automatic endocardium of heart atrium Cardiac atria endocardium OBOL:automatic Endocardium that is part of the atrium. ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic endocardium of cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic heart atrium endocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac atrium endocardium OBOL:automatic endocardium of Cardiac atria OBOL:automatic atrium of heart endocardium OBOL:automatic endocardium of atrium of heart right lung EHDAA2:0001730 EHDAA:4969 EMAPA:17661 FMA:7309 Lung which consists of the right upper lobe, middle lobe and right lower lobe.[FMA] MA:0000426 OG:0000301 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361967000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002167 UBERON:FMA_7309-MA_0000426 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gray972.png/200px-Gray972.png ncithesaurus:Right_Lung FMA:FMA Lung which consists of the right upper lobe, middle lobe and right lower lobe.[FMA] Wikipedia:Right_lung left lung EHDAA2:0000943 EHDAA:4947 EMAPA:17653 FMA:7310 Lung which consists of the left upper lobe and left lower lobe.[FMA] MA:0000425 OG:0000618 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361982005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002168 UBERON:FMA_7310-MA_0000425 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gray973.png/200px-Gray973.png ncithesaurus:Left_Lung FMA:FMA Lung which consists of the left upper lobe and left lower lobe.[FMA] Wikipedia:Left_lung alveolar sac BTO:0000061 FMA:7317 MA:0000418 OpenCyc:Mx4rwCvh75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0002169 UBERON:0008871 UBERON:FMA_7317-MA_0000418 air sac ncithesaurus:Alveolar_Sac pulmonary alveolar sac sacculus alveolaris the small terminal dilation of the alveolar ducts around which the alveoli form pocket-like clusters MP:0010902 air sac MP:0010902 pulmonary alveolar sac MP:0010902 Wikipedia:Alveolar_sac the small terminal dilation of the alveolar ducts around which the alveoli form pocket-like clusters MA FMA FMA:7317 sacculus alveolaris upper lobe of right lung EHDAA2:0001747 EHDAA:4987 EMAPA:17991 FMA:7333 MA:0000429 OG:0000859 SCTID:361969002 The lobe of the right lung that is closest to the head. UBERON:0002170 UBERON:FMA_7333-MA_0000429 galen:UpperLobeOfRightLung lobus superior pulmonis dextri ncithesaurus:Upper_Lobe_of_the_Right_Lung right cranial lobe of lung right lung cranial lobe right lung superior lobe right upper lobe right upper lobe of lung superior lobe of right lung upper lobe of right lung The lobe of the right lung that is closest to the head. UBERON:cjm MA:0000429 right lung cranial lobe MA:0000429 right lung superior lobe FMA:7333 right upper lobe FMA:TA lobus superior pulmonis dextri FMA:7333 right upper lobe of lung FMA galen:UpperLobeOfRightLung upper lobe of right lung FMA:7333 superior lobe of right lung lower lobe of right lung EHDAA2:0001740 EHDAA:4979 EMAPA:17986 FMA:7337 MA:0000428 OG:0000857 SCTID:361976007 The lobe of the right lung that is furtherst from the head. UBERON:0002171 UBERON:FMA_7337-MA_0000428 galen:LowerLobeOfRightLung inferior lobe of right lung lobus inferior pulmonis dextri lower lobe of right lung ncithesaurus:Lower_Lobe_of_the_Right_Lung right caudal lobe of lung right lower lobe right lower lobe of lung right lung caudal lobe right lung inferior lobe galen:LowerLobeOfRightLung lower lobe of right lung MA:0000428 right lung caudal lobe FMA:7337 right lower lobe FMA:7337 FMA:TA lobus inferior pulmonis dextri The lobe of the right lung that is furtherst from the head. UBERON:cjm FMA:7337 right lower lobe of lung FMA MA:0000428 right lung inferior lobe FMA:7337 inferior lobe of right lung alveolar atrium An atrium that is part of an alveolus of lung [Obol]. FMA:7340 MA:0000419 SCTID:201806004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002172 UBERON:FMA_7340-MA_0000419 alveolus of lung atrium atrium alveolare atrium of alveolus atrium of alveolus of lung atrium of lung alveolus lung alveolus atrium An atrium that is part of an alveolus of lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic atrium of alveolus of lung OBOL:automatic alveolus of lung atrium OBOL:automatic atrium of lung alveolus OBOL:automatic lung alveolus atrium alveolar duct Alveolar ducts are the tiny end ducts of the branching airways that fill the lungs. Each lung holds approximately 1.5 to 2 million of them. The tubules divide into two or three alveolar sacs at the distal end. They are formed from the confluence openings of several alveoli. Distal terminations of alveolar ducts are atria which then end in alveolar sacs. In human anatomy, respiratory bronchioles exists proximal to the alveolar ducts. The epithelial lining consists of smooth muscle knobs covered by nonciliated, simple cuboidal cells. The smooth muscle constricts under parasympathetic innervation and relax under sympathetic innervation. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:19183 EMAPA:19185 EMAPA:19187 EMAPA:19189 EMAPA:19191 FMA:7341 MA:0000417 OpenCyc:Mx4rvXmfV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002173 UBERON:FMA_7341-MA_0000417 ncithesaurus:Alveolar_Duct Alveolar ducts are the tiny end ducts of the branching airways that fill the lungs. Each lung holds approximately 1.5 to 2 million of them. The tubules divide into two or three alveolar sacs at the distal end. They are formed from the confluence openings of several alveoli. Distal terminations of alveolar ducts are atria which then end in alveolar sacs. In human anatomy, respiratory bronchioles exists proximal to the alveolar ducts. The epithelial lining consists of smooth muscle knobs covered by nonciliated, simple cuboidal cells. The smooth muscle constricts under parasympathetic innervation and relax under sympathetic innervation. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Alveolar_duct middle lobe of right lung EMAPA:17997 FMA:7383 In the human, the right lung is divided into three lobes (as opposed to two lobes on the left), superior, middle, and inferior, by two interlobular fissures: [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000430 SCTID:361973004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002174 UBERON:FMA_7383-MA_0000430 galen:MiddleLobeOfRightLung http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gray972.png/200px-Gray972.png intermediate lobe of right lung lobus medius pulmonis dextri middle lobe of lung ncithesaurus:Middle_Lobe_of_the_Right_Lung right lung middle lobe right lung, middle lobe right middle lobe right middle lobe of lung FMA:7383 middle lobe of lung FMA:7383 FMA:TA lobus medius pulmonis dextri In the human, the right lung is divided into three lobes (as opposed to two lobes on the left), superior, middle, and inferior, by two interlobular fissures: [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Middle_lobe_of_right_lung intermediolateral nucleus FMA:73915 MA:0002753 The intermediolateral nucleus is a region of gray matter found in Rexed lamina VII of the spinal column. Rexed Lamina VII contains several well defined nuclei including the nucleus dorsalis, the intermediolateral cell column (lateral gray horn), and the sacral autonomic nucleus. It extends from the first thoracic through the third lumbar segment, and contains the autonomic motor neurons that give rise to the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002175 UBERON:FMA_73915-MA_0002753 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Medulla_spinalis_-_Substantia_grisea_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_Substantia_grisea_-_English.svg.png intermediolateral nucleus of spinal cord nucleus intermediolateralis medullae spinalis spinal cord intermediolateral nucleus FMA:73915 FMA:TA nucleus intermediolateralis medullae spinalis The intermediolateral nucleus is a region of gray matter found in Rexed lamina VII of the spinal column. Rexed Lamina VII contains several well defined nuclei including the nucleus dorsalis, the intermediolateral cell column (lateral gray horn), and the sacral autonomic nucleus. It extends from the first thoracic through the third lumbar segment, and contains the autonomic motor neurons that give rise to the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Intermediolateral_nucleus lateral cervical nucleus FMA:73921 MA:0002755 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002176 UBERON:FMA_73921-MA_0002755 right main bronchus FMA:7395 MA:0001849 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvoIuvJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361955002 The right main bronchus (or right primary bronchus, or right principal bronchus) is a bronchus of the respiratory system. It is wider, shorter, and more vertical in direction than the left. It is about 2.5 cm. long, and enters the right lung nearly opposite the fifth thoracic vertebra. The azygos vein arches over it from behind; and the right pulmonary artery lies at first below and then in front of it. About 2 cm. from its commencement it gives off a branch to the upper lobe of the right lung. This is termed the eparterial branch of the bronchus, because it arises above the right pulmonary artery. The bronchus now passes below the artery, and is known as the hyparterial branch; it divides into two branches for the middle and lower lobes. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002177 UBERON:FMA_7395-MA_0001849 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Illu_conducting_passages.jpg/200px-Illu_conducting_passages.jpg ncithesaurus:Right_Main_Bronchus right bronchus right primary bronchus right principal bronchus The right main bronchus (or right primary bronchus, or right principal bronchus) is a bronchus of the respiratory system. It is wider, shorter, and more vertical in direction than the left. It is about 2.5 cm. long, and enters the right lung nearly opposite the fifth thoracic vertebra. The azygos vein arches over it from behind; and the right pulmonary artery lies at first below and then in front of it. About 2 cm. from its commencement it gives off a branch to the upper lobe of the right lung. This is termed the eparterial branch of the bronchus, because it arises above the right pulmonary artery. The bronchus now passes below the artery, and is known as the hyparterial branch; it divides into two branches for the middle and lower lobes. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Right_main_bronchus Wikipedia:Right_main_bronchus right principal bronchus Wikipedia:Right_main_bronchus right primary bronchus left main bronchus FMA:7396 MA:0001843 SCTID:361959008 The left main bronchus (or left primary bronchus, or left principal bronchus) is smaller in caliber but longer than the right, being nearly 5 cm long. It enters the root of the left lung opposite the sixth thoracic vertebra. It passes beneath the aortic arch, crosses in front of the esophagus, the thoracic duct, and the descending aorta, and has the left pulmonary artery lying at first above, and then in front of it. The left bronchus has no eparterial branch, and therefore it has been supposed by some that there is no upper lobe to the left lung, but that the so-called upper lobe corresponds to the middle lobe of the right lung. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002178 UBERON:FMA_7396-MA_0001843 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Illu_conducting_passages.jpg/200px-Illu_conducting_passages.jpg left bronchus left primary bronchus left principal bronchus ncithesaurus:Left_Main_Bronchus Wikipedia:Left_main_bronchus left principal bronchus The left main bronchus (or left primary bronchus, or left principal bronchus) is smaller in caliber but longer than the right, being nearly 5 cm long. It enters the root of the left lung opposite the sixth thoracic vertebra. It passes beneath the aortic arch, crosses in front of the esophagus, the thoracic duct, and the descending aorta, and has the left pulmonary artery lying at first above, and then in front of it. The left bronchus has no eparterial branch, and therefore it has been supposed by some that there is no upper lobe to the left lung, but that the so-called upper lobe corresponds to the middle lobe of the right lung. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Left_main_bronchus Wikipedia:Left_main_bronchus left primary bronchus lateral funiculus FMA:74000 SCTID:362434006 TAO:0000533 The most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz. , an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus, between the exit of these roots and the postero-lateral sulcus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002179 UBERON:FMA_74000-ZFA_0000533 ZFA:0000533 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg.png lateral funiculus of spinal cord lateral white column of spinal cord The most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz. , an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus, between the exit of these roots and the postero-lateral sulcus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_funiculus FMA:74000 lateral white column of spinal cord ventral funiculus FMA:74003 SCTID:362429007 TAO:0000605 The most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz. , an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus, between the exit of these roots and the postero-lateral sulcus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002180 UBERON:FMA_74003-ZFA_0000605 ZFA:0000605 anterior funiculus anterior funiculus of spinal cord anterior white column of spinal cord funiculus anterior medullae spinalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg.png ventral funiculus of spinal cord ventral white column of spinal cord The most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz. , an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus, between the exit of these roots and the postero-lateral sulcus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_funiculus FMA:74003 anterior white column of spinal cord FMA:74003 ventral white column of spinal cord FMA:74003 FMA:TA funiculus anterior medullae spinalis substantia gelatinosa EV:0100318 FMA:74019 GAID:701 Gelatinous-appearing material in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, consisting chiefly of Golgi type II neurons and some larger nerve cells. MA:0001124 MESH:A.08.186.854.610.800 UBERON:0002181 UBERON:FMA_74019-MA_0001124 central gelatinous substance of spinal cord gelatinous substance of Rolando gelatinous substance of dorsal horn of spinal cord gelatinous substance of posterior horn of spinal cord ncithesaurus:Substantia_Gelatinosa substantia gelatinosa cornu posterioris medullae spinalis Gelatinous-appearing material in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, consisting chiefly of Golgi type II neurons and some larger nerve cells. MESH:A.08.186.854.610.800 Wikipedia:Substantia_gelatinosa FMA:74019 gelatinous substance of Rolando FMA:74019 FMA:TA substantia gelatinosa cornu posterioris medullae spinalis main bronchus EFO:0000932 EHDAA2:0001044 EHDAA:3072 EMAPA:16849 FMA:7405 MA:0000438 OG:0000370 OpenCyc:Mx4rvoIuvJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245508000 The trachea (windpipe) divides into two main bronchi. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002182 UBERON:FMA_7405-MA_0000438 bronchus principalis mainstem bronchus ncithesaurus:Main_Bronchus primary bronchus principal bronchus FMA EHDAA2 FMA The trachea (windpipe) divides into two main bronchi. Wikipedia:Main_bronchus lobar bronchus EHDAA:4955 EHDAA:4963 EHDAA:4977 EHDAA:4985 EHDAA:4993 EHDAA:8175 EHDAA:8187 EHDAA:8203 EHDAA:8213 EHDAA:8225 EMAPA:17388 EMAPA:17982 EMAPA:17987 EMAPA:17992 EMAPA:17998 FMA:7406 MA:0000437 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQMLXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245509008 The lobar bronchus is the major airway within the respiratory tree that starts by division of the principal bronchi on both sides and ends at the point of its own subdivision into tertiary or segmental bronchi[GO]. UBERON:0002183 UBERON:FMA_7406-MA_0000437 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg/200px-Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg ncithesaurus:Lobar_Bronchus secondary bronchus FMA GO:0060482 The lobar bronchus is the major airway within the respiratory tree that starts by division of the principal bronchi on both sides and ends at the point of its own subdivision into tertiary or segmental bronchi[GO]. Wikipedia:Lobar_bronchus FMA segmental bronchus EHDAA:7043 EHDAA:7049 EHDAA:7058 EHDAA:7064 EHDAA:7070 FMA:7407 MA:0000439 OG:0001446 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQGFgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245513001 The tertiary bronchi (also known as the segmental bronchi) arise from the secondary bronchi. The respiratory epithelium lining their lumen is surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle. This layer is composed of two ribbons of smooth muscle that spiral in opposite directions. The smooth muscle layer is surrounded by irregular plates of hyaline cartilage which help maintain the patency of the airway. Each of the tertiary bronchi serves a specific bronchopulmonary segment. There are 10 tertiary bronchi in the right lung, and eight in the left. The tertiary bronchi get smaller and divide into primary bronchioles. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002184 UBERON:FMA_7407-MA_0000439 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg/200px-Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg ncithesaurus:Segmental_Bronchus tertiary bronchus The tertiary bronchi (also known as the segmental bronchi) arise from the secondary bronchi. The respiratory epithelium lining their lumen is surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle. This layer is composed of two ribbons of smooth muscle that spiral in opposite directions. The smooth muscle layer is surrounded by irregular plates of hyaline cartilage which help maintain the patency of the airway. Each of the tertiary bronchi serves a specific bronchopulmonary segment. There are 10 tertiary bronchi in the right lung, and eight in the left. The tertiary bronchi get smaller and divide into primary bronchioles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Segmental_bronchus FMA bronchus A portion of the airway that connects to the lungs[GO]. BTO:0001340 EFO:0000932 EV:0100041 FMA:7409 GAID:346 MA:0000436 MAT:0000133 MESH:A.04.411.125 MIAA:0000133 OG:0000262 SCTID:181215002 UBERON:0002185 UBERON:FMA_7409-MA_0000436-MIAA_0000133-XAO_0000121 XAO:0000121 bronchi bronchial tissue bronchial trunk http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Respiratory_system_complete_numbered.svg/200px-Respiratory_system_complete_numbered.svg.png ncithesaurus:Bronchus A portion of the airway that connects to the lungs[GO]. Wikipedia:Bronchus BTO:0001340 bronchial tissue bronchi bronchiole BTO:0002375 EHDAA:8171 EHDAA:8183 EHDAA:8199 EHDAA:8221 FMA:7410 MA:0000422 OG:0000675 OpenCyc:Mx4rvl9iDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278982001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002186 UBERON:FMA_7410-MA_0000422 bronchiolus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/200px-Alveoli_diagram.png lobular bronchiole ncithesaurus:Bronchiole the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi[GO]. BTO:0002375 bronchiolus Wikipedia:Bronchiole the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi[GO]. terminal bronchiole A terminal bronchiole is a bronchiole at the end of the conducting zone. At the transition into the respiratory zone, alveoli become present. The terminal bronchiole is the most distal segment of the conducting zone. Each of the terminal bronchioles divides to form respiratory bronchioles which contain a small number of alveoli. Terminal bronchioles are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium containing Clara cells. Terminal bronchioles contain a limited number of ciliated cells and no goblet cells. Clara cells are non-ciliated, rounded protein secreting cells. Their secretions are a nonsticky, proteinaceous compound to maintain the airway in the smallest bronchioles. The secretion, called surfactant, reduces surface tension allowing for bronchioles to expand during inspiration and keeping the bronchioles from collapsing during expiration. Clara cells, a stem cell of the respiratory system, produce enzymes that detoxify substances dissolved in the respiratory fluid. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0003223 FMA:7411 MA:0000424 OpenCyc:Mx4rwS7IU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278981008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002187 UBERON:FMA_7411-MA_0000424 bronchiolus terminalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/200px-Alveoli_diagram.png ncithesaurus:Terminal_Bronchiole A terminal bronchiole is a bronchiole at the end of the conducting zone. At the transition into the respiratory zone, alveoli become present. The terminal bronchiole is the most distal segment of the conducting zone. Each of the terminal bronchioles divides to form respiratory bronchioles which contain a small number of alveoli. Terminal bronchioles are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium containing Clara cells. Terminal bronchioles contain a limited number of ciliated cells and no goblet cells. Clara cells are non-ciliated, rounded protein secreting cells. Their secretions are a nonsticky, proteinaceous compound to maintain the airway in the smallest bronchioles. The secretion, called surfactant, reduces surface tension allowing for bronchioles to expand during inspiration and keeping the bronchioles from collapsing during expiration. Clara cells, a stem cell of the respiratory system, produce enzymes that detoxify substances dissolved in the respiratory fluid. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Terminal_bronchiole respiratory bronchiole BTO:0003222 FMA:7412 MA:0000423 OpenCyc:Mx4rwS6ki5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:128517006 The respiratory bronchioles are interrupted by alveoli which are thin walled evaginations. Alveolar ducts are distal continuations of the respiratory bronchioles. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002188 UBERON:FMA_7412-MA_0000423 bronchiolus respiratorius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/200px-Alveoli_diagram.png ncithesaurus:Respiratory_Bronchiole The respiratory bronchioles are interrupted by alveoli which are thin walled evaginations. Alveolar ducts are distal continuations of the respiratory bronchioles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Respiratory_bronchiole outer cortex of kidney FMA:74285 MA:0001649 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002189 UBERON:FMA_74285-MA_0001649 outer renal cortex subcutaneous adipose tissue BTO:0004042 FMA:74315 MA:0000473 UBERON:0002190 UBERON:FMA_74315-MA_0000473 fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue panniculus adiposus (tela subcutanea) panniculus adiposus telae subcutaneae FMA:74315 FMA:TA panniculus adiposus (tela subcutanea) FMA:74315 FMA:TA panniculus adiposus telae subcutaneae FMA:74315 fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue subiculum ABA:SUB ABA:SUB is part of the retrohippocampal region, along with the entorhinal area. this is in the hippocampal formation but not the hippocampal region BM:Tel-Cx-SB BTO:0003087 FMA:74414 MA:0000960 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1305 SCTID:369097009 The subiculum is the most inferior component of the hippocampal formation. It lies between the entorhinal cortex and the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus proper. It receives input from CA1 and entorhinal cortical layer III pyramidal neurons and is the main output of the hippocampus. The pyramidal neurons send projections to the nucleus accumbens, septal nuclei, prefrontal cortex, lateral hypothalamus, nucleus reuniens, mammillary nuclei, entorhinal cortex and amygdala. The pyramidal neurons in the subiculum exhibit transitions between two modes of action potential output: bursting and single spiking. The transitions between these two modes is thought to be important for routing information out of the hippocampus. It is the site responsible for ictal activity in some cases of human epilepsy. It has also been implicated in working memory and drug addiction. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002191 UBERON:FMA_74414-MA_0000960 gyrus parahippocampalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg/200px-Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg ncithesaurus:Subiculum subicular cortex subiculum cornu ammonis subiculum hippocampi BTO:0003087 gyrus parahippocampalis NIF_GrossAnatomy The subiculum is the most inferior component of the hippocampal formation. It lies between the entorhinal cortex and the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus proper. It receives input from CA1 and entorhinal cortical layer III pyramidal neurons and is the main output of the hippocampus. The pyramidal neurons send projections to the nucleus accumbens, septal nuclei, prefrontal cortex, lateral hypothalamus, nucleus reuniens, mammillary nuclei, entorhinal cortex and amygdala. The pyramidal neurons in the subiculum exhibit transitions between two modes of action potential output: bursting and single spiking. The transitions between these two modes is thought to be important for routing information out of the hippocampus. It is the site responsible for ictal activity in some cases of human epilepsy. It has also been implicated in working memory and drug addiction. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subiculum ABA ABA BTO:0003087 subiculum cornu ammonis ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1305 subicular cortex FMA:74414 subiculum hippocampi choroidal fissure EMAPA:17768 FMA:74512 SCTID:361508004 TAO:0001075 The narrow cleft along the medial wall of the lateral ventricle along the margins of which the choroid plexus is attached; it lies between the upper surface of the thalamus and lateral edge of the fornix in the central part of the ventricle and between the terminal stria and fimbria hippocampi in the inferior horn[ZFA]. UBERON:0002192 UBERON:FMA_74512-MA_0001305-XAO_0000474-ZFA_0001075 ZFA:0001075 chorioid fissure choroid fissure ncithesaurus:Choroidal_Fissure not to be confused with optic fissure. the choroidal fissure is a subarachnoid space ISBN:0815318960 The narrow cleft along the medial wall of the lateral ventricle along the margins of which the choroid plexus is attached; it lies between the upper surface of the thalamus and lateral edge of the fornix in the central part of the ventricle and between the terminal stria and fimbria hippocampi in the inferior horn[ZFA]. ZFA:0001075 FMA:74512 chorioid fissure FMA:74512 TAO:0001075 choroid fissure hemolymphoid system Anatomical cluster consisting of the hematopoietic system and the lymphoid system, or its analogs. EHDAA2:0004615 EMAPA:18534 EMAPA:18765 FMA:74562 MA:0000013 UBERON:0002193 UBERON:FMA_74562-MA_0000013 haemolymphoid system hematolymphoid system lymphomyeloid complex MA capsule of lymph node Capsule surrounding lymph node composed of connective tissue with some plain muscle fibers. from its internal surface are given off a number of membranous processes or trabeculae, consisting, in man, of connective tissue, with a small admixture of plain muscle fibers; but in many of the lower animals composed almost entirely of involuntary muscle[WP]. FMA:74604 MA:0000739 SCTID:327532004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002194 UBERON:FMA_74604-MA_0000739 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lymphknoten_%28Schwein%29.jpg/200px-Lymphknoten_%28Schwein%29.jpg lymph node capsule ncithesaurus:Lymph_Node_Capsule Capsule surrounding lymph node composed of connective tissue with some plain muscle fibers. from its internal surface are given off a number of membranous processes or trabeculae, consisting, in man, of connective tissue, with a small admixture of plain muscle fibers; but in many of the lower animals composed almost entirely of involuntary muscle[WP]. Wikipedia:Lymph_node_capsule trabecula of lymph node FMA:74605 MA:0000746 Membranous process coming from capsule of lymph node[WP]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002195 UBERON:FMA_74605-MA_0000746 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gray598.png/200px-Gray598.png lymph node trabecula lymph node trabeculum ncithesaurus:Lymph_Node_Trabecula Membranous process coming from capsule of lymph node[WP]. Wikipedia:Lymph_node_trabeculae adenohypophysis AAO:0010540 BM:AHy BTO:0000040 BTO:0000496 EFO:0000230 EHDAA2:0000109 EMAPA:17514 FMA:74627 MA:0000177 MESH:A.06.407.747.608 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1581 OG:0000141 SCTID:245532007 TAO:0001282 The glandular, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction[WP]. The anterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland). This lobe contains cells that produce prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and proopiomelanocortin. In contrast to mammalian vertebrates, the adenohypophysis remains in a subepithelial position and there exists no equivalent of Rathke's pouch in zebrafish[ZFA]. UBERON:0002196 UBERON:FMA_74627-MA_0000177-ZFA_0001282 ZFA:0001282 anterior hypophysis anterior lobe (hypophysis) anterior lobe of hypophysis anterior lobe of pituitary anterior lobe of pituitary gland anterior pituitary anterior pituitary gland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gray1181.png/200px-Gray1181.png lobus anterior (glandula pituitaria) lobus anterior hypophysis ncithesaurus:Anterior_Lobe_of_the_Pituitary_Gland note that BTO may contain an error here. Also note we may need to introduce taxon-specific developmental relationships: "While in most basal fish and tetrapods the adenohypophyseal anlagen invaginates to form Rathke’s pouch, in teleost fish the adenohypophyseal placode does not invaginate but rather maintains its initial organization forming a solid structure in the head"[NBK53175] pituitary gland, anterior lobe ZFA NBK53175 ZFA ZFA:0001282 anterior hypophysis FMA:74627 FMA:TA lobus anterior hypophysis BTO:0000040 anterior pituitary gland The glandular, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction[WP]. The anterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland). This lobe contains cells that produce prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and proopiomelanocortin. In contrast to mammalian vertebrates, the adenohypophysis remains in a subepithelial position and there exists no equivalent of Rathke's pouch in zebrafish[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Adenohypophysis ZFIN:curator FMA:74627 FMA:TA lobus anterior (glandula pituitaria) ZFA ZFA median eminence of neurohypophysis AAO:0010539 BM:ME BTO:0001954 EHDAA2:0001080 EHDAA:7540 EMAPA:17521 FMA:74634 GAID:463 MA:0000859 MESH:A.06.407.747.734.500 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_925 OG:0001179 SCTID:369121004 The median eminence is part of the inferior boundary for the hypothalamus part of the human brain. A small swelling on the tuber cinereum posterior to the infundibulum - atop the pituitary stalk - the median eminence lies in the area roughly bounded on its posterolateral region by the cerebral peduncles, and on its anterolateral region by the optic chiasm. The median eminence is one of the seven areas of the brain devoid of a blood-brain barrier. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002197 UBERON:FMA_74634-MA_0000859 eminentia mediana hypothalami http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG median eminence median eminence of hypothalamus median eminence of posterior lobe of pituitary gland median eminence of tuber cinereum The median eminence is part of the inferior boundary for the hypothalamus part of the human brain. A small swelling on the tuber cinereum posterior to the infundibulum - atop the pituitary stalk - the median eminence lies in the area roughly bounded on its posterolateral region by the cerebral peduncles, and on its anterolateral region by the optic chiasm. The median eminence is one of the seven areas of the brain devoid of a blood-brain barrier. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Median_eminence FMA:74634 FMA:TA eminentia mediana hypothalami neurohypophysis AAO:0010537 BM:NY BTO:0000937 EHDAA2:0001271 EHDAA:7536 EMAPA:17519 FMA:74628 MA:0000178 MESH:A.06.407.747.734 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1586 OG:0000142 SCTID:245527006 TAO:0001271 UBERON:0002198 UBERON:FMA_74636-ZFA_0001271 ZFA:0001271 comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system[WP]. part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones involved in blood pressure regulation[GO]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG/200px-Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG infundibular process lobus nervosus neurohypophysis lobus posterior (glandula pituitaria) lobus posterior hypophysis ncithesaurus:Posterior_Lobe_of_the_Pituitary_Gland neural lobe neural lobe of pituitary neural lobe of pituitary gland neurohypophysis pituitary gland, posterior lobe posterior lobe of pituitary posterior lobe of pituitary gland posterior pituitary posterior pituitary gland FMA:74628 FMA:TA lobus nervosus neurohypophysis FMA:74628 FMA:TA lobus posterior hypophysis FMA:74628 neural lobe of pituitary gland FMA:74628 neural lobe FMA:74628 infundibular process NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1586 neural lobe of pituitary BTO:0000937 posterior pituitary gland FMA:74628 FMA:TA lobus posterior (glandula pituitaria) Wikipedia:Neurohypophysis comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system[WP]. part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones involved in blood pressure regulation[GO]. FMA:74628 posterior lobe of pituitary gland integument AAO:0000239 BTO:0000634 EHDAA2:0001844 FMA:74657 Hautsystem MESH:A.17.815 TAO:0000368 The dermis, epidermis and hypodermis. UBERON:0002199 UBERON:FMA_74657-ZFA_0000368 VAO:0000029 ZFA:0000368 dermal system dermoid system galen:Integument in FMA intergument = skin+superficial fascia(hypodermis), skin=dermis+epidermis+hair_nail. Note that the definition provided here excludes the more general sense of the term 'integument' used in invertebrates integumentum commune skin tegument the integument BTO:0000634 Hautsystem FMA:74657 the integument BTO:0000634 tegument BTO:0000634 dermal system BTO:0000634 dermoid system The dermis, epidermis and hypodermis. Wikipedia:Integument FMA:74657 FMA:TA integumentum commune vasculature of head A vasculature that is part of a head [Obol]. EFO:0003656 FMA:74710 TAO:0001267 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002200 UBERON:FMA_74710-ZFA_0001267 XAO:0004152 ZFA:0001267 adult head vascular network adult head vasculature cranial vasculature head vascular network head vasculature vascular network of adult head vascular network of head vasculature of adult head OBOL:automatic adult head vascular network OBOL:automatic vascular network of adult head OBOL:automatic head vascular network A vasculature that is part of a head [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vascular network of head OBOL:automatic vasculature of adult head OBOL:automatic adult head vasculature vasculature of trunk A vasculature that is part of a trunk [Obol]. FMA:74712 TAO:0005024 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002201 UBERON:FMA_74712-ZFA_0005024 ZFA:0005024 torso vascular network torso vasculature trunk vascular network trunk vasculature vascular network of torso vascular network of trunk vasculature of torso OBOL:automatic torso vasculature OBOL:automatic vasculature of torso A vasculature that is part of a trunk [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic torso vascular network OBOL:automatic vascular network of torso OBOL:automatic trunk vascular network OBOL:automatic vascular network of trunk submucosa of trachea BTO:0002115 FMA:7472 MA:0001860 SCTID:4419000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002202 UBERON:FMA_7472-MA_0001860 ncithesaurus:Trachea_Submucosa submucosa of windpipe trachea submucosa tracheal submucosa windpipe submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of windpipe OBOL:automatic windpipe submucosa vasculature of eye A vasculature that is part of a eye [Obol]. FMA:74743 SCTID:123846009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002203 UBERON:FMA_74743-ZFA_0007057 ZFA:0007057 eye vascular network eye vasculature ocular blood vessel ocular vasculature optic vasculature vascular network of eye OBOL:automatic vascular network of eye A vasculature that is part of a eye [Obol]. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0007057 ocular blood vessel OBOL:automatic eye vascular network musculoskeletal system AAO:0010546 Anatomical system that provides locomotion and physical support to the organism. EV:0100139 FMA:7482 GAID:98 MA:0002418 MESH:A.02 OG:0001275 OpenCyc:Mx4rQRpVNgAKEdyHxgDggVfs8g SCTID:278858007 UBERON:0002204 UBERON:FMA_7482-MA_0002418-XAO_0000168 XAO:0000168 musculo-skeletal system ncithesaurus:Musculoskeletal_System Anatomical system that provides locomotion and physical support to the organism. Wikipedia:Musculoskeletal_system XB:curator manubrium of sternum AAO:0000680 EMAPA:18723 FMA:7486 GAID:247 MA:0001332 MESH:A.02.835.232.904.766.442 OpenCyc:Mx4rvXOLAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182014008 UBERON:0002205 UBERON:FMA_7486-ZFA_0001601 broad, upper part of the sternum. Located ventrally with a quadrangular shape, wider superiorly and narrower inferiorly, it articulates with the clavicles and the first two ribs[WP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gray116.png/200px-Gray116.png manubrium manubrium of sternum manubrium sterni ncithesaurus:Sternal_Manubrium not to be confused with manubrium of eardrum. todo - find reference to support disjointness assertion with teleost sternal manubrium Wikipedia:Manubrium broad, upper part of the sternum. Located ventrally with a quadrangular shape, wider superiorly and narrower inferiorly, it articulates with the clavicles and the first two ribs[WP]. MA:0001332 sternal manubrium EMAPA:18723 manubrium sterni mammillary body ABA:MBO FMA:74877 GAID:652 MA:0000174 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.357.362.500 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_865 SCTID:279306001 The mammilary body is a protrusion at the posterior end of the hypothalamus that contains hypothalamic nuclei[GO]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002206 UBERON:FMA_74877-MA_0000174 ZFA:0000334 corpus mamillare http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray1180.png/200px-Gray1180.png mamillary body ncithesaurus:Mamillary_Body ZFA:0000334 corpus mamillare The mammilary body is a protrusion at the posterior end of the hypothalamus that contains hypothalamic nuclei[GO]. Wikipedia:Mammillary_body ABA ABA GO ABA ABA xiphoid process FMA:7488 MA:0001334 SCTID:272711000 The xiphoid process, also known as the xiphisternum, is a small cartilaginous extension to the lower part of the sternum which is usually ossified in the adult human. By age 15 to 29, the xiphoid usually fuses to the body of the sternum with a fibrous joint. Unlike the synovial articulation of major joints, this is non-movable. Much the way the first seven ribs articulate with the sternum, the cartilage in the celiac plexus joins on the xiphoid process, reinforcing it, and indirectly attaches the costal cartilage to the sternum. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002207 UBERON:FMA_7488-MA_0001884 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray117.png/200px-Gray117.png metasternum ncithesaurus:Xiphoid_Process processus xiphoideus this class may represent a mixed bony-cartilage element, or it may be the superclass of either purely cartilage or purely ossified elements xiphisternum xiphoid xiphoid process xiphoid process xiphoid process of sternum xiphoideus xiphosternal junction xyphoid Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process xyphoid Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process xiphisternum Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process xiphoid process Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process xiphoid FMA:7488 xiphoid process Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process xiphoideus Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process xiphosternal junction Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process processus xiphoideus Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process metasternum The xiphoid process, also known as the xiphisternum, is a small cartilaginous extension to the lower part of the sternum which is usually ossified in the adult human. By age 15 to 29, the xiphoid usually fuses to the body of the sternum with a fibrous joint. Unlike the synovial articulation of major joints, this is non-movable. Much the way the first seven ribs articulate with the sternum, the cartilage in the celiac plexus joins on the xiphoid process, reinforcing it, and indirectly attaches the costal cartilage to the sternum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3153001&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 sternebra FMA:7489 MA:0001333 SCTID:95955004 The sternum is a long flat bone (or, in some models, set of three bones) shaped like a capital 'T' located in the center of the thorax (chest). It connects to the rib bones via cartilage, forming the anterior section of the rib cage with them, and thus helps to protect the lungs, heart and major blood vessels from physical trauma. The sternum is sometimes cut open to gain access to the thoracic contents when performing cardiothoracic surgery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002208 UBERON:FMA_7489-MA_0001333 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Illu_thoracic_cage.jpg/200px-Illu_thoracic_cage.jpg The sternum is a long flat bone (or, in some models, set of three bones) shaped like a capital 'T' located in the center of the thorax (chest). It connects to the rib bones via cartilage, forming the anterior section of the rib cage with them, and thus helps to protect the lungs, heart and major blood vessels from physical trauma. The sternum is sometimes cut open to gain access to the thoracic contents when performing cardiothoracic surgery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sternebra fibrous joint AEO:0000178 EHDAA2:0003178 FMA:7492 MA:0000321 Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, gomphosis.[FMA] SCTID:37772004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002209 UBERON:FMA_7492-MA_0000321 ZFA:0005156 articulatio fibrosa FMA:FMA Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, gomphosis.[FMA] Wikipedia:Fibrous_joint syndesmosis FMA:7494 Fibrous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages of the vertebral column and the limbs as well as articulating ossicles, are connected by skeletal ligaments or membranes. Examples: Intervertebral syndesmosis, inferior tibiofibular joint.[FMA] MA:0001500 SCTID:89358004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002210 UBERON:FMA_7494-MA_0001500 FMA:FMA Fibrous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages of the vertebral column and the limbs as well as articulating ossicles, are connected by skeletal ligaments or membranes. Examples: Intervertebral syndesmosis, inferior tibiofibular joint.[FMA] Wikipedia:Syndesmosis nerve root BTO:0000883 FMA:5981 SCTID:362295007 UBERON:0002211 UBERON:FMA_74941-ZFA_0001328 ncithesaurus:Nerve_Root we make nerve root continuous_with nerve to avoid inconsistencies with the spatial disjointness constraint between PNS and CNS, with nerves part_of CNS. FMA has segment of nerve with subtypes: segment of sympathetic trunk, nerve root, nerve rootlet, nerve root proper macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth FMA:74944 MA:0001201 SCTID:362572004 The saccule is the smaller of the two vestibular sacs; it is globular in form, and lies in the recessus sphæricus near the opening of the scala vestibuli of the cochlea. Its anterior part exhibits an oval thickening, the macula of saccule (or saccular macula), to which are distributed the saccular filaments of the acoustic nerve. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002212 UBERON:FMA_74944-MA_0001201 XAO:0004136 ZFA:0007000 macula of membranous labyrinth saccule macula of saccule macula of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula saccule macula sacculi membranous labyrinth saccule macula ncithesaurus:Macula_of_Saccule saccular macula saccular macula of membranous labyrinth saccular maculs saccule macula saccule of membranous labyrinth macula sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula FMA:74944 FMA:TA macula sacculi ZFA:0007000 macula saccule ZFA:0007000 saccular macula The saccule is the smaller of the two vestibular sacs; it is globular in form, and lies in the recessus sphæricus near the opening of the scala vestibuli of the cochlea. Its anterior part exhibits an oval thickening, the macula of saccule (or saccular macula), to which are distributed the saccular filaments of the acoustic nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Macula_of_saccule OBOL:automatic macula of membranous labyrinth saccule OBOL:automatic saccule of membranous labyrinth macula OBOL:automatic membranous labyrinth saccule macula OBOL:automatic macula of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) OBOL:automatic saccule macula OBOL:automatic sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula cartilaginous joint FMA:7496 MA:0000320 Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by cartilage. Examples: Spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint, pubic symphysis.[FMA] SCTID:58442004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002213 UBERON:FMA_7496-MA_0000320 ZFA:0005155 articulatio cartilaginea FMA:FMA Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by cartilage. Examples: Spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint, pubic symphysis.[FMA] Wikipedia:Cartilaginous_joint macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth EFO:0003474 FMA:74960 MA:0001203 SCTID:362568003 The portion of the utricle which is lodged in the recess forms a sort of pouch or cul-de-sac, the floor and anterior wall of which are thickened, and form the macula of utricle (or utricular macula), which receives the utricular filaments of the vestibulocochlear nerve. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002214 UBERON:FMA_74960-MA_0001203 ZFA:0000030 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bigotolith.jpg/200px-Bigotolith.jpg macula of membranous labyrinth utricle macula of utricle macula of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula utricle macula utriculi membranous labyrinth utricle macula ncithesaurus:Macula_of_Utricle utricle macula utricle of membranous labyrinth macula utricular macula utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula The portion of the utricle which is lodged in the recess forms a sort of pouch or cul-de-sac, the floor and anterior wall of which are thickened, and form the macula of utricle (or utricular macula), which receives the utricular filaments of the vestibulocochlear nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Macula_of_utricle OBOL:automatic utricle macula OBOL:automatic membranous labyrinth utricle macula OBOL:automatic macula of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) OBOL:automatic macula of membranous labyrinth utricle OBOL:automatic utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula OBOL:automatic utricle of membranous labyrinth macula FMA:74960 FMA:TA macula utriculi ZFA:0000030 macula utricle synchondrosis Cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by hyaline cartilage. Examples: spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint.[FMA] FMA:7497 MA:0001501 SCTID:42903008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002215 UBERON:FMA_7497-MA_0001501 cartilago epiphysialis epiphysial cartilage http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gray297.png/200px-Gray297.png primary cartilaginous joint FMA:7497 FMA:TA cartilago epiphysialis Cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by hyaline cartilage. Examples: spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Synchondrosis symphysis Cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by fibrocartilage. Examples: pubic symphysis, intervertebral symphysis, manubriosternal joint.[FMA] FMA:7498 MA:0001504 SCTID:1584001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002216 UBERON:FMA_7498-MA_0001504 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gray298.png/200px-Gray298.png secondary cartilaginous joint Cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by fibrocartilage. Examples: pubic symphysis, intervertebral symphysis, manubriosternal joint.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Symphysis synovial joint AEO:0000183 EHDAA2:0003183 FMA:7501 Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by an articular capsule which encloses a synovial membrane and a synovial cavity. Examples: Temporomandibular joint, knee joint.[FMA] MA:0000322 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2bBV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:113234001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002217 UBERON:FMA_7501-MA_0000322 ZFA:0005153 articulatio synoviale diarthrodial joints diarthroses galen:SynovialJoint ZFA:0005153 diarthroses FMA:FMA Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by an articular capsule which encloses a synovial membrane and a synovial cavity. Examples: Temporomandibular joint, knee joint.[FMA] Wikipedia:Synovial_joint ZFA:0005153 diarthrodial joints tympanic ring AAO:0000615 EMAPA:19197 FMA:75053 MA:0001225 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002218 UBERON:FMA_75053-MA_0001225 the bony ring at the ear canal to which the tympanic membrane is attached. MP:0000030 the bony ring at the ear canal to which the tympanic membrane is attached. subfornical organ ABA:SFO FMA:75260 GAID:795 MA:0000940 MESH:A.08.713.840 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100314 The subfornical organ, situated on the ventral surface of the fornix, at the foramen of Monro, is one of the circumventricular organs of the brain. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002219 UBERON:FMA_75260-MA_0000940 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray715.png/200px-Gray715.png ABA ABA The subfornical organ, situated on the ventral surface of the fornix, at the foramen of Monro, is one of the circumventricular organs of the brain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subfornical_organ ABA ABA ABA ABA fontanelle Anatomical structure that is a membranous gap between bones of the skull[TAO]. In humans: Fontanelles are soft spots on a baby's head which, during birth, enable the bony plates of the skull to flex, allowing the child's head to pass through the birth canal. The ossification of the bones of the skull cause the fontanelles to close over by a child's second birthday. The closures eventually form the sutures of the neurocranium. Although there are the two anterior and posterior fontanelles, there are two more fontanelles of interest, the mastoid fontanelle, and the sphenoidal fontanelle[WP]. FMA:75438 MA:0001465 TAO:0001738 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002221 UBERON:FMA_75438-MA_0001465 ZFA:0005536 fontanel http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gray197.png/200px-Gray197.png ncithesaurus:Fontanelle Anatomical structure that is a membranous gap between bones of the skull[TAO]. In humans: Fontanelles are soft spots on a baby's head which, during birth, enable the bony plates of the skull to flex, allowing the child's head to pass through the birth canal. The ossification of the bones of the skull cause the fontanelles to close over by a child's second birthday. The closures eventually form the sutures of the neurocranium. Although there are the two anterior and posterior fontanelles, there are two more fontanelles of interest, the mastoid fontanelle, and the sphenoidal fontanelle[WP]. Wikipedia:Fontanelle perichondrium AAO:0010445 BTO:0005089 FMA:75446 Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds cartilage. SCTID:11881003 TAO:0001643 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002222 UBERON:FMA_75446-ZFA_0001634 VAO:0000036 XAO:0004049 ZFA:0001634 cartilage connective tissue perichondral region of cartilage perichondral region of cartilage element Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds cartilage. VAO:0000036 Wikipedia:Perichondrium https://github.com/cmungall/uberon/issues/26 endolymphatic sac EHDAA2:0000441 EHDAA:7761 EMAPA:17593 FMA:75639 From the posterior wall of the saccule a canal, the ductus endolymphaticus, is given off; this duct is joined by the ductus utriculosaccularis, and then passes along the aquaeductus vestibuli and ends in a blind pouch, the endolymphatic sac, on the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, where it is in contact with the dura mater. Studies suggest that the endolymphatic duct and endolymphatic sac perform both absorptive and secretory, as well as phagocytic and immunodefensive,functions . [WP,unvetted]. GAID:887 MA:0001188 MESH:A.09.246.631.909.957.360.701 OG:0000791 SCTID:279810008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002223 UBERON:FMA_75639-MA_0001188 From the posterior wall of the saccule a canal, the ductus endolymphaticus, is given off; this duct is joined by the ductus utriculosaccularis, and then passes along the aquaeductus vestibuli and ends in a blind pouch, the endolymphatic sac, on the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, where it is in contact with the dura mater. Studies suggest that the endolymphatic duct and endolymphatic sac perform both absorptive and secretory, as well as phagocytic and immunodefensive,functions . [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Endolymphatic_sac thoracic cavity Body cavity subdivision which is enclosed by the thoracic wall and the diaphragm[FMA]. FMA:7565 GAID:93 MA:0000032 MESH:A.01.911.800 OpenCyc:Mx4rmvyleLfEEduAAAACs6hRXg OpenCyc:Mx4rvhU_TpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:243949006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002224 UBERON:FMA_7565-MA_0000032 cavity of chest cavity of thorax chest cavity http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg/200px-Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Cavity pectoral cavity space of thoracic compartment FMA:7565 space of thoracic compartment Body cavity subdivision which is enclosed by the thoracic wall and the diaphragm[FMA]. FMA:7565 Wikipedia:Thoracic_cavity costal arch FMA:7569 FMA:7570 MA:0001396 SCTID:367767002 The costal margin, sometimes referred to as the costal arch, is the medial margin formed by the false ribs -- specifically, from the eighth rib to the tenth rib. UBERON:0002225 UBERON:FMA_7569-MA_0001396 arcus costae costal margin ncithesaurus:Costal_Arch subcostal arch todo - split? check part_of relationship The costal margin, sometimes referred to as the costal arch, is the medial margin formed by the false ribs -- specifically, from the eighth rib to the tenth rib. Wikipedia:Costal_margin Wikipedia:Costal_margin subcostal arch FMA Wikipedia:Costal_margin arcus costae Wikipedia:Costal_margin costal margin MA basilar membrane of cochlea FMA:75706 GAID:872 MA:0001190 MESH:A.09.246.631.246.125 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2521 SCTID:362574003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002226 UBERON:FMA_75706-MA_0001190 a stiff structural element that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani[WP]. basilar membrane http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Organ_of_corti.svg/200px-Organ_of_corti.svg.png ncithesaurus:Basilar_Membrane Wikipedia:Basilar_membrane a stiff structural element that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani[WP]. spiral organ of cochlea AAO:0011018 BTO:0001691 Corti's organ EFO:0001364 EMAPA:19061 EMAPA:19151 EV:0100364 FMA:75715 GAID:772 MA:0001193 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2526 The organ of Corti (or spiral organ) is the organ in the inner ear of mammals that contains auditory sensory cells, or 'hair cells.' [WP,unvetted]. Todo - check XAO, taxon constraints UBERON:0002227 UBERON:FMA_75715-MA_0001193 XAO:0003145 basilar papilla cochlear spiral organ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cochlea-crosssection.png/200px-Cochlea-crosssection.png ncithesaurus:Organ_of_Corti organ of corti organum spirale spiral organ spiral organ of corti BTO:0001691 basilar papilla BTO:0001691 Corti's organ BTO:0001691 organum spirale The organ of Corti (or spiral organ) is the organ in the inner ear of mammals that contains auditory sensory cells, or 'hair cells.' [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Organ_of_Corti rib AAO:0000545 An intersegmental rod-shaped bone that forms in the peritoneal membrane and attach to the vertebral parapophyses. They protect and support internal organs. In most vertebrates, ribs surround the chest. they enable lungs to expand by expanding the chest, they also protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thorax. In some animals, especially snakes, ribs may provide support and protection for the entire body. EFO:0003066 EMAPA:18010 FMA:7574 GAID:245 Humans have 24 ribs (12 pairs). The first seven sets of ribs, known as "true ribs", are directly attached to the sternum through the costal cartilage. The following five sets are known as "false ribs", three of these sharing a common cartilaginous connection to the sternum, while the last two (eleventh and twelfth ribs) are termed floating ribs (costae fluitantes) or vertebral ribs. They are attached to the vertebrae only, and not to the sternum or cartilage coming off of the sternum. Some people are missing one of the two pairs of floating ribs, while others have a third pair. Rib removal is the surgical excision of ribs for therapeutic or cosmetic reasons. In fish, there are often two sets of ribs attached to the vertebral column. One set, the dorsal ribs, are found in the dividing septum between the upper and lower parts of the main muscle segments, projecting roughly sideways from the vertebral column. The second set, of ventral ribs arise from the vertebral column just below the dorsal ribs, and enclose the lower body, often joining at the tips. Not all species possess both types of rib, with the dorsal ribs being most commonly absent. Sharks, for example, have no dorsal ribs, and only very short ventral ribs, while lampreys have no ribs at all. In some teleosts, there may be additional rib-like bones within the muscle mass. Tetrapods, however, only ever have a single set of ribs which are probably homologous with the dorsal ribs of fishes. In the early tetrapods, every vertebra bore a pair of ribs, although those on the thoracic vertebrae are typically the longest. The sacral ribs were stout and short, since they formed part of the pelvis, connecting the backbone to the hip bones.[1] In most subsequent forms, many of these early ribs have been lost, and in living amphibians and reptiles, there is great variation in rib structure and number. For example, turtles have only eight pairs of ribs, which are developed into a bony or cartilagenous carapace and plastron, while snakes have numerous ribs running along the full length of their trunk. Frogs typically have no ribs, aside from a sacral pair, which form part of the pelvis.[1]. In birds, ribs are present as distinct bones only on the thoracic region, although small fused ribs are present on the cervical vertebrae. The thoracic ribs of birds possess a wide projection to the rear; this uncinate process is an attachment for the shoulder muscles.[1]. Mammals usually also only have distinct ribs on the thoracic vertebra, although fixed cervical ribs are also present in monotremes. In marsupials and placental mammals, the cervical and lumbar ribs are found only as tiny remnants fused to the vertebrae, where they are referred to as transverse processes. In general, the structure and number of the true ribs in humans is similar to that in other mammals. Unlike reptiles, caudal ribs are never found in mammals.[1] MA:0000315 MESH:A.02.835.232.904.567 OG:0001154 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjNoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302523002 TAO:0000538 UBERON:0002228 UBERON:FMA_7574-MA_0000315-ZFA_0000538 ZFA:0000538 dorsal rib galen:Rib ncithesaurus:Rib pleural rib An intersegmental rod-shaped bone that forms in the peritoneal membrane and attach to the vertebral parapophyses. They protect and support internal organs. In most vertebrates, ribs surround the chest. they enable lungs to expand by expanding the chest, they also protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thorax. In some animals, especially snakes, ribs may provide support and protection for the entire body. Wikipedia:Rib ZFIN:curator interparietal bone EHDAA:9530 EMAPA:19017 FMA:75748 MA:0001467 OG:0001327 SCTID:369438005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002229 UBERON:FMA_75748-MA_0001467 inter-parietal bone interparietal post-parietal bone postparietal postparietal bone the bone of the cranium that lies above and anterior to the occipital bone in some mammals. OG:0001327 postparietal bone MP:0000077 the bone of the cranium that lies above and anterior to the occipital bone in some mammals. EMAPA:19017 inter-parietal bone OG:0001327 postparietal MP:0000077 EHDAA:9530 interparietal OG:0001327 post-parietal bone head of rib FMA:7575 MA:0001415 SCTID:263358001 The head of the rib is the end of a rib closest to the vertebral column, with which it articulates with. It is marked by a kidney-shaped articular surface, divided by a horizontal crest into two facets for articulation with the depression formed on the bodies of two adjacent thoracic vertebrae; the upper facet is the smaller; to the crest is attached the interarticular ligament. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002230 UBERON:FMA_7575-MA_0001415 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray122.png/200px-Gray122.png ncithesaurus:Rib_Head rib head The head of the rib is the end of a rib closest to the vertebral column, with which it articulates with. It is marked by a kidney-shaped articular surface, divided by a horizontal crest into two facets for articulation with the depression formed on the bodies of two adjacent thoracic vertebrae; the upper facet is the smaller; to the crest is attached the interarticular ligament. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Head_of_rib body of rib FMA:7577 MA:0001416 SCTID:263361000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002231 UBERON:FMA_7577-MA_0001416 ncithesaurus:Rib_Shaft rib body rib shaft shaft of rib olfactory gland AAO:0010162 BTO:0001697 Bowman's gland Bowman's glands (aka olfactory glands, glands of Bowman) are situated in the olfactory mucosa, beneath the olfactory epithelium, in the lamina propria, a connective tissue also containing fibroblasts, blood vessels, and bundles of fine axons from the olfactory neurons. The structure of the Bowman's glands consists of an acinus in the lamina propria and a secretory duct going out through the olfactory epithelium. Electron microscopy studies show that Bowman's glands contain cells with large secretory vesicles.[2] Bowman's glands might secrete proteins such as Lysozyme, amylase and IgA similarly to serous glands. The exact composition of the secretions from Bowman's glands is unclear, but there is evidence that Bowman's glands do not produce odorant binding protein[WP]. FMA:75801 MA:0000287 SCTID:368891001 UBERON:0002232 UBERON:FMA_75801-MA_0000287 olfactory gland of Bowman Bowman's glands (aka olfactory glands, glands of Bowman) are situated in the olfactory mucosa, beneath the olfactory epithelium, in the lamina propria, a connective tissue also containing fibroblasts, blood vessels, and bundles of fine axons from the olfactory neurons. The structure of the Bowman's glands consists of an acinus in the lamina propria and a secretory duct going out through the olfactory epithelium. Electron microscopy studies show that Bowman's glands contain cells with large secretory vesicles.[2] Bowman's glands might secrete proteins such as Lysozyme, amylase and IgA similarly to serous glands. The exact composition of the secretions from Bowman's glands is unclear, but there is evidence that Bowman's glands do not produce odorant binding protein[WP]. Wikipedia:Olfactory_glands tectorial membrane of cochlea . FMA:75805 GAID:876 MA:0001199 MESH:A.09.246.631.246.292.906 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2531 SCTID:368960006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002233 UBERON:FMA_75805-MA_0001199 ncithesaurus:Tectorial_Membrane tectorial membrane tectorial membrane of spiral organ of cochlea . Wikipedia:Tectorial_membrane proximal phalanx of finger A proximal phalanx that is part of a finger [Obol]. FMA:75816 MA:0001395 SCTID:181986000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002234 UBERON:FMA_75816-MA_0001395 hand proximal phalanx ncithesaurus:Proximal_Phalanx_of_Hand proximal phalanx of hand A proximal phalanx that is part of a finger [Obol]. OBOL:automatic MA:0001395 hand proximal phalanx tubercle of rib FMA:7583 MA:0001417 SCTID:361104005 The tubercle of a rib is an eminence on the posterior surface, at the junction of the neck and body of the rib, and nearer the lower than the upper border. It consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. The articular portion, the lower and more medial of the two, presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrae to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation, and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper than in the lower ribs[WP]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002235 UBERON:FMA_7583-MA_0001417 ncithesaurus:Rib_Tubercle rib tubercle The tubercle of a rib is an eminence on the posterior surface, at the junction of the neck and body of the rib, and nearer the lower than the upper border. It consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. The articular portion, the lower and more medial of the two, presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrae to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation, and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper than in the lower ribs[WP]. Wikipedia:Tubercle_(rib) costal cartilage FMA:7591 MA:0000106 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP1g3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244703004 The costal cartilages are bars of hyaline cartilage which serve to prolong the ribs forward and contribute very materially to the elasticity of the walls of the thorax. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002236 UBERON:FMA_7591-MA_0000106 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gray315.png/200px-Gray315.png ncithesaurus:Costal_Cartilage The costal cartilages are bars of hyaline cartilage which serve to prolong the ribs forward and contribute very materially to the elasticity of the walls of the thorax. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Costal_cartilage true rib FMA:7592 MA:0001419 OpenCyc:Mx4rv4-iWJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:368044009 The first seven ribs are connected behind with the vertebral column, and in front, through the intervention of the costal cartilages, with the sternum; they are called true ribs or vertebro-sternal ribs. False ribs are interconnected membranous structures that are connected with the sternum process. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002237 UBERON:FMA_7592-MA_0001419 costa vera costae verae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gray115.png/200px-Gray115.png The first seven ribs are connected behind with the vertebral column, and in front, through the intervention of the costal cartilages, with the sternum; they are called true ribs or vertebro-sternal ribs. False ribs are interconnected membranous structures that are connected with the sternum process. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:True_ribs Wikipedia:True_ribs costae verae false rib FMA:7594 MA:0001398 OpenCyc:Mx4rwLzzTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:368045005 The false ribs are the five sets of ribs below the top seven true ribs. Of these: the first three (eighth, ninth, and tenth rib) have their cartilages attached to the cartilage of the rib above (vertebro-chondral): the last two are free at their anterior extremities and are termed floating ribs or vertebral ribs. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002238 UBERON:FMA_7594-MA_0001398 asternal ribs costa spuria costae spuriae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gray115.png/200px-Gray115.png Wikipedia:False_ribs asternal ribs The false ribs are the five sets of ribs below the top seven true ribs. Of these: the first three (eighth, ninth, and tenth rib) have their cartilages attached to the cartilage of the rib above (vertebro-chondral): the last two are free at their anterior extremities and are termed floating ribs or vertebral ribs. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:False_rib Wikipedia:False_ribs costae spuriae floating rib FMA:7595 Floating ribs are four atypical ribs (two lowermost pairs, XI-XII) in the human ribcage. They are called so because they are attached to the vertebrae only, and not to the sternum or cartilage coming off of the sternum. Some people are missing one of the two pairs. Others have a third pair. Most, however, possess only two pairs. Their position can be permanently altered by a form of body modification called tightlacing, which uses a corset to compress and move the ribs. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001399 OpenCyc:Mx4rvaPCWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:368046006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002239 UBERON:FMA_7595-MA_0001399 costa fluitante http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Skeleton_woman_back.png/200px-Skeleton_woman_back.png Floating ribs are four atypical ribs (two lowermost pairs, XI-XII) in the human ribcage. They are called so because they are attached to the vertebrae only, and not to the sternum or cartilage coming off of the sternum. Some people are missing one of the two pairs. Others have a third pair. Most, however, possess only two pairs. Their position can be permanently altered by a form of body modification called tightlacing, which uses a corset to compress and move the ribs. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Floating_rib spinal cord AAO:0010151 BM:SpC BTO:0001279 EFO:0000110 EHDAA2:0001891 EHDAA:2863 EMAPA:17577 EMAPA:17700 EV:0100316 Elongated, approximately cylindrical part of the central nervous system that lies in the vertebral canal and from which the spinal nerves emerge. FMA:7647 GAID:695 MA:0000216 MAT:0000183 MESH:A.08.186.854 MIAA:0000183 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1709 OG:0000601 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjjk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180959008 TAO:0000075 TODO: add superclass to unify with VNC? UBERON:0002240 UBERON:FMA_7647-MA_0000216-MIAA_0000183-XAO_0000020-ZFA_0000075 XAO:0000020 ZFA:0000075 medulla spinalis ncithesaurus:Spinal_Cord spinal cord structure spinal medulla ZFA:0000075 spinal cord structure ZFA Elongated, approximately cylindrical part of the central nervous system that lies in the vertebral canal and from which the spinal nerves emerge. OMD:spinal+cord Wikipedia:Spinal_cord BTO:0001279 spinal medulla BTO:0001279 medulla spinalis chondrocranium AAO:0010169 Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and composed entirely of either cartilage, cartilage replacement bones or a mixture of both[ZFA]. that part of the neurocranium formed by endochondral ossification and comprising the bones of the base of the skull[TFD]. BTO:0001328 EHDAA2:0000243 EMAPA:17681 MA:0000317 OG:0000288 TAO:0001424 UBERON:0002241 UBERON:FMA_76621-XAO_0003059-ZFA_0001424 ZFA:0001424 calvarium neurocranium note the definition here specifically mentions cartilage or cartilage replacement bones. we make chondrocranium part_of neurocranium (should this not be reversed and replaced with develops_from?). Note that this section of the ontology needs revising. MA:0000317 calvarium Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and composed entirely of either cartilage, cartilage replacement bones or a mixture of both[ZFA]. that part of the neurocranium formed by endochondral ossification and comprising the bones of the base of the skull[TFD]. ZFA:0001424 http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/chondrocranium MA:0000317 neurocranium nucleus pulposus BTO:0003626 FMA:76703 MA:0000112 UBERON:0002242 UBERON:FMA_76703-MA_0000112 a jelly-like connective tissue in the middle of the spinal disc. It is the remnant of the notochord. It functions to distribute hydraulic pressure in all directions within each disc under compressive loads. The nucleus pulposus consists of chondrocytes, collagen fibrils, and proteoglycan aggrecans that have hyaluronic long chains which attract water. Attached to each hyaluronic chain are side chains of chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate[WP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cervical_vertebra_english.png/200px-Cervical_vertebra_english.png nucleus propulsus pulpy nucleus Wikipedia Wikipedia:Nucleus_pulposus nucleus propulsus Wikipedia:Nucleus_pulposus a jelly-like connective tissue in the middle of the spinal disc. It is the remnant of the notochord. It functions to distribute hydraulic pressure in all directions within each disc under compressive loads. The nucleus pulposus consists of chondrocytes, collagen fibrils, and proteoglycan aggrecans that have hyaluronic long chains which attract water. Attached to each hyaluronic chain are side chains of chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate[WP]. cutaneous vein FMA:76720 MA:0002098 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002243 UBERON:FMA_76720-MA_0002098 ncithesaurus:Cutaneous_Vein premaxilla AAO:0000461 EHDAA2:0001496 EHDAA:6962 EHDAA:8033 EMAPA:17641 EMAPA:17933 EMAPA:19033 FMA:76869 MA:0001493 OG:0000426 TAO:0000567 The premaxilla is a bone of the upper jaw. It is an L-shaped bone first visible as a thin sliver in the anterodorsal region of the upper lip, anterior to the dorsal tip of the maxilla (5.7 mm). In the adult, the premaxilla is ligamentously attached to its counterpart at the midline and the kinethmoid posterodorsally, by the premaxillo-rostroid ligaments. Premaxillary teeth are absent in zebrafish[ZFA]. the embryonic bone that later fuses with the maxilla to form the incisive bone OR the embryonic structure that forms the anterior part of the maxillae.[TFD]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002244 UBERON:FMA_76869-MA_0001493-ZFA_0000567 ZFA:0000567 premaxillae premaxillae The premaxilla is a bone of the upper jaw. It is an L-shaped bone first visible as a thin sliver in the anterodorsal region of the upper lip, anterior to the dorsal tip of the maxilla (5.7 mm). In the adult, the premaxilla is ligamentously attached to its counterpart at the midline and the kinethmoid posterodorsally, by the premaxillo-rostroid ligaments. Premaxillary teeth are absent in zebrafish[ZFA]. the embryonic bone that later fuses with the maxilla to form the incisive bone OR the embryonic structure that forms the anterior part of the maxillae.[TFD]. Wikipedia:Premaxilla ZFIN:curator http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/premaxilla hemisphere of cerebellum ABA:HEM FMA:76925 Hemisphere of cerebellum [H II - H X] MA:0000200 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1575 SCTID:362411002 The cerebellum consists of three parts, a median and two lateral, which are continuous with each other, and are substantially the same in structure. The median portion is constricted, and is called the vermis, from its annulated appearance which it owes to the transverse ridges and furrows upon it; the lateral expanded portions are named the hemispheres. The lateral hemisphere is considered the portion of the cerebellum to develop most recently. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002245 UBERON:FMA_76925-MA_0000200 cerebellar hemisphere cerebellum hemisphere hemispherium cerebelli [h ii - h x] ncithesaurus:Hemisphere_of_the_Cerebellum The cerebellum consists of three parts, a median and two lateral, which are continuous with each other, and are substantially the same in structure. The median portion is constricted, and is called the vermis, from its annulated appearance which it owes to the transverse ridges and furrows upon it; the lateral expanded portions are named the hemispheres. The lateral hemisphere is considered the portion of the cerebellum to develop most recently. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cerebellar_hemisphere FMA:76925 FMA:TA hemispherium cerebelli [h ii - h x] dorsal thoracic nucleus . Clarke's column Clarke's nucleus FMA:77023 MA:0001121 Stilling-Clarke's column Stilling-Clarke's nucleus This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002246 UBERON:FMA_77023-MA_0001121 nucleus thoracicus posterior posterior thoracic nucleus spinal cord dorsal nucleus . Wikipedia:Clarke's_column FMA:77023 FMA:TA nucleus thoracicus posterior uterine horn BTO:0004235 EFO:0000975 EMAPA:18985 FMA:77053 MA:0000393 SCTID:245480007 The uterine horns are the points where the uterus and the uterine tubes meet. It is one of the points of attachment for the round ligament of uterus (the other being the mons pubis). The uterine horns are far more prominent in other animals than they are in humans[WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002247 UBERON:FMA_77053-MA_0000393 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Illu_female_pelvis.jpg/200px-Illu_female_pelvis.jpg The uterine horns are the points where the uterus and the uterine tubes meet. It is one of the points of attachment for the round ligament of uterus (the other being the mons pubis). The uterine horns are far more prominent in other animals than they are in humans[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Uterine_horn transverse pericardial sinus EHDAA2:0002077 EHDAA:796 EMAPA:16214 FMA:77132 MA:0001880 There are two Pericardial sinuses: transverse and oblique. The cul-de-sac enclosed between the limbs of the inverted U of the venous mesocardium lies behind the left atrium and is known as the oblique sinus. . The passage between the venous and arterial mesocardia—i.e. , between the aorta and pulmonary artery in front and the superior vena cava behind—is termed the transverse sinus. Also, the sinus that forms in the pericardial cavity where the dorso-mesentary pericardium reside. Can be used to pass ligature during cardiac surgery. [WP,unvetted]. Thiele's canal This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002248 UBERON:FMA_77132-MA_0001880 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Gray489.png/200px-Gray489.png transverse sinus of pericardial cavity There are two Pericardial sinuses: transverse and oblique. The cul-de-sac enclosed between the limbs of the inverted U of the venous mesocardium lies behind the left atrium and is known as the oblique sinus. . The passage between the venous and arterial mesocardia—i.e. , between the aorta and pulmonary artery in front and the superior vena cava behind—is termed the transverse sinus. Also, the sinus that forms in the pericardial cavity where the dorso-mesentary pericardium reside. Can be used to pass ligature during cardiac surgery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Transverse_pericardial_sinus median artery FMA:77142 MA:0001999 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002249 UBERON:FMA_77142-MA_0001999 ncithesaurus:Median_Artery popliteal artery FMA:77155 GAID:504 In human anatomy, the popliteal artery is defined as the extension of the 'superficial' femoral artery after passing through the adductor canal and adductor hiatus above the knee. The termination of the popliteal artery is its bifurcation into the anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery. The popliteal artery, through numerous smaller branches, supplies blood to the knee joint and muscles in the thigh and calf. It is accompanied, along its length, by the popliteal vein. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002021 MESH:A.07.231.114.681 OpenCyc:Mx4rvduV6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181350008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002250 UBERON:FMA_77155-MA_0002021 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Popliteal_artery.png/200px-Popliteal_artery.png ncithesaurus:Popliteal_Artery In human anatomy, the popliteal artery is defined as the extension of the 'superficial' femoral artery after passing through the adductor canal and adductor hiatus above the knee. The termination of the popliteal artery is its bifurcation into the anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery. The popliteal artery, through numerous smaller branches, supplies blood to the knee joint and muscles in the thigh and calf. It is accompanied, along its length, by the popliteal vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Popliteal_artery iliocostalis FMA:77177 MA:0002319 The iliocostalis is the muscle immediately lateral to the longissimus that is the nearest to the furrow that separates the epaxial muscles from the hypaxial. It lies very deep to the fleshy portion of the serratus ventralis (serratus anterior). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002251 UBERON:FMA_77177-MA_0002319 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Iliostalis.png/200px-Iliostalis.png The iliocostalis is the muscle immediately lateral to the longissimus that is the nearest to the furrow that separates the epaxial muscles from the hypaxial. It lies very deep to the fleshy portion of the serratus ventralis (serratus anterior). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Iliocostalis splenius . FMA:77180 MA:0002382 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002252 UBERON:FMA_77180-MA_0002382 ncithesaurus:Splenius . Wikipedia:Splenius incisive bone FMA:77231 MA:0001485 was originally a distinct class 'incisive bone', now merged into MA:0001493 'premaxilla'. This is a general anatomical term in FMA. Here we treat it as an adult structure that develops from the embryonic premaxilla The incisive bone is the portion of the maxilla adjacent to the incisors. It is a pair of small cranial bones at the very tip of the jaws of many animals, usually bearing teeth, but not always. They are connected to the maxilla and the nasals. The term premaxilla can also be used to refer to the incisive bone. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002253 UBERON:FMA_77231-MA_0001485 premaxilla MA:0001493 Wikipedia:Incisive_bone premaxilla The incisive bone is the portion of the maxilla adjacent to the incisors. It is a pair of small cranial bones at the very tip of the jaws of many animals, usually bearing teeth, but not always. They are connected to the maxilla and the nasals. The term premaxilla can also be used to refer to the incisive bone. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Incisive_bone thyroglossal duct EMAPA:17070 EMAPA:18833 FMA treats this as vestigial FMA:77274 MA:0000130 OG:0000746 SCTID:308822005 The thyroglossal duct is an embryological anatomical structure forming an open connection between the initial area of development of the thyroid gland and its final position. The thyroid gland starts developing in the oropharynx in the fetus and descends to its final position taking a path through the tongue, hyoid bone and neck muscles. The connection between its original position and its final position is the thyroglossal duct. This duct normally atrophies and closes off before birth but can remain open in some people. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002254 UBERON:FMA_77274-MA_0000130 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Illu08_thyroid.jpg/200px-Illu08_thyroid.jpg ncithesaurus:Thyroglossal_Duct The thyroglossal duct is an embryological anatomical structure forming an open connection between the initial area of development of the thyroid gland and its final position. The thyroid gland starts developing in the oropharynx in the fetus and descends to its final position taking a path through the tongue, hyoid bone and neck muscles. The connection between its original position and its final position is the thyroglossal duct. This duct normally atrophies and closes off before birth but can remain open in some people. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thyroglossal_duct vomeronasal organ AAO:0000997 BTO:0002608 EFO:0001934 EHDAA2:0002211 EHDAA:7865 EMAPA:17612 FMA:77280 GAID:354 Jacobson's organ MA:0000289 MESH:A.04.531.591.940 OG:0000665 SCTID:361346007 The vomeronasal organ (VNO), or Jacobson's organ, is an auxiliary olfactory sense organ that is found in many animals. It was discovered by Ludwig Jacobson in 1813. During embryological development, it forms from the nasal (olfactory) placode, at the anterior edge of the neural plate. It is a chemoreceptor organ which is completely separated from the nasal cavity the majority of the time, being enclosed in a separate bony or cartilaginous capsule which opens into the base of the nasal cavity. It is a tubular crescent shape and split into two pairs, separated by the nasal septum. It is the first processing stage of the accessory olfactory system, after which chemical stimuli go to the accessory olfactory bulb, then to targets in the amygdala and hypothalamus. The vomeronasal organ is mainly used to detect pheromones, chemical messengers that carry information between individuals of the same species, hence is sometimes referred to as the 'sixth sense. ' The VNO has two separate types of neuronal receptors, V1R and V2R, which are seven-transmembrane receptors that are coupled to G proteins. The receptors are distinct from each other and form the large family of receptors in the main olfactory system. Evidence shows that the VNO responds to nonvolatile cues which stimulate the receptor neurons. Information is then transferred to the accessory olfactory bulb as well as other centres of the brain such as the anterior part of the hypothalamus. Its presence in many animals has been widely studied and the importance of the vomeronasal system to the role of reproduction and social behavior (through influence on anterior hypothalamus) has been shown in many studies. Its presence and functionality in humans is widely controversial, though most studies agree the organ regresses during fetal development. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002255 UBERON:FMA_77280-MA_0000289 XAO:0000272 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Gray51.png/200px-Gray51.png organ of jacobsen organum vomeronasale The vomeronasal organ (VNO), or Jacobson's organ, is an auxiliary olfactory sense organ that is found in many animals. It was discovered by Ludwig Jacobson in 1813. During embryological development, it forms from the nasal (olfactory) placode, at the anterior edge of the neural plate. It is a chemoreceptor organ which is completely separated from the nasal cavity the majority of the time, being enclosed in a separate bony or cartilaginous capsule which opens into the base of the nasal cavity. It is a tubular crescent shape and split into two pairs, separated by the nasal septum. It is the first processing stage of the accessory olfactory system, after which chemical stimuli go to the accessory olfactory bulb, then to targets in the amygdala and hypothalamus. The vomeronasal organ is mainly used to detect pheromones, chemical messengers that carry information between individuals of the same species, hence is sometimes referred to as the 'sixth sense. ' The VNO has two separate types of neuronal receptors, V1R and V2R, which are seven-transmembrane receptors that are coupled to G proteins. The receptors are distinct from each other and form the large family of receptors in the main olfactory system. Evidence shows that the VNO responds to nonvolatile cues which stimulate the receptor neurons. Information is then transferred to the accessory olfactory bulb as well as other centres of the brain such as the anterior part of the hypothalamus. Its presence in many animals has been widely studied and the importance of the vomeronasal system to the role of reproduction and social behavior (through influence on anterior hypothalamus) has been shown in many studies. Its presence and functionality in humans is widely controversial, though most studies agree the organ regresses during fetal development. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vomeronasal_organ BTO:0002608 organum vomeronasale dorsal horn of spinal cord BM:SpC-DH EMAPA:17773 FMA:256530 MA:0001119 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2667 OG:0001287 SCTID:180961004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002256 UBERON:FMA_77405-MA_0001119 ZFA:0000649 cornu dorsale dorsal gray column of spinal cord dorsal gray horn dorsal gray matter of spinal cord dorsal grey column of spinal cord dorsal horn dorsal horn spinal cord dorsal region of mature spinal cord dorsal region of spinal cord dorsal spinal cord http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg.png ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Horn_of_the_Spinal_Cord posterior gray column of spinal cord posterior gray horn of spinal cord posterior grey column of spinal cord posterior horn of spinal cord spinal cord dorsal horn spinal cord posterior horn the pronounced, dorsolaterally oriented ridge of grey matter in each lateral half of the spinal cord[MP]. the dorsal (more towards the back) grey matter of the spinal cord. It receives several types of sensory information from the body, including light touch, proprioception, and vibration. This information is sent from receptors of the skin, bones, and joints through sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion[WP]. The dorsal region of the mature spinal cord contains neurons that process and relay sensory input[GO]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2667 spinal cord posterior horn GO:0021516 MP:0006282 Wikipedia:Posterior_horn_of_spinal_cord the pronounced, dorsolaterally oriented ridge of grey matter in each lateral half of the spinal cord[MP]. the dorsal (more towards the back) grey matter of the spinal cord. It receives several types of sensory information from the body, including light touch, proprioception, and vibration. This information is sent from receptors of the skin, bones, and joints through sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion[WP]. The dorsal region of the mature spinal cord contains neurons that process and relay sensory input[GO]. ZFA:0000649 dorsal horn spinal cord ZFA:0000649 cornu dorsale Wikipedia:Posterior_horn_of_spinal_cord posterior horn of spinal cord FMA:256530 posterior gray horn of spinal cord FMA:256530 posterior gray column of spinal cord ZFA:0000649 dorsal horn FMA:256530 dorsal gray column of spinal cord GO NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2667 dorsal gray horn FMA:256530 dorsal gray matter of spinal cord ventral horn of spinal cord EMAPA:18575 FMA:256541 MA:0001134 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2668 OG:0001288 SCTID:279443000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002257 UBERON:FMA_77431-MA_0001134 ZFA:0000702 anterior gray column of spinal cord anterior gray horn of spinal cord anterior grey column of spinal cord anterior horn ncithesaurus:Ventral_Horn_of_the_Spinal_Cord spinal cord anterior horn spinal cord ventral horn the ventral grey column of the spinal cord[MP]. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output[GO]. ventral gray column of spinal cord ventral gray matter of spinal cord ventral grey column of spinal cord ventral grey horn ventral horn spinal cord ventral region of spinal cord ventral spinal cord FMA:256541 ventral gray column of spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2668 spinal cord anterior horn NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2668 ventral grey horn FMA:256541 anterior gray column of spinal cord FMA:256541 ventral gray matter of spinal cord ZFA:0000702 ventral horn spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2668 anterior horn GO:0021517 MP:0005112 the ventral grey column of the spinal cord[MP]. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output[GO]. FMA:256541 anterior gray horn of spinal cord dorsal funiculus FMA:77461 SCTID:362432005 TAO:0000501 The portion of the medulla spinalis which lies between the posterolateral sulcus and the posterior median sulcus is named the posterior funiculus. This area includes the dorsal columns (also called the posterior columns) which contains the fasciculus gracilis and, higher in the body, the fasciculus cuneatus, which are separated by a partition of glial cells. Histologically, these two fasciculi are on other sides of the dorsal intermediate sulcus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002258 UBERON:FMA_77461-ZFA_0000501 ZFA:0000501 dorsal funiculus of spinal cord dorsal white column of spinal cord funiculus dorsalis funiculus posterior medullae spinalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg.png posterior funiculus posterior funiculus of spinal cord posterior white column of spinal cord FMA:77461 FMA:TA funiculus posterior medullae spinalis ZFA:0000501 funiculus dorsalis The portion of the medulla spinalis which lies between the posterolateral sulcus and the posterior median sulcus is named the posterior funiculus. This area includes the dorsal columns (also called the posterior columns) which contains the fasciculus gracilis and, higher in the body, the fasciculus cuneatus, which are separated by a partition of glial cells. Histologically, these two fasciculi are on other sides of the dorsal intermediate sulcus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_funiculus FMA:77461 dorsal white column of spinal cord FMA:77461 posterior white column of spinal cord corpora quadrigemina BTO:0001710 EV:0100244 FMA:242157 GAID:574 In the brain, the corpora quadrigemina (Latin for 'quadruplet bodies') are the four colliculi—two inferior, two superior—located on the tectum the dorsal aspect of the midbrain. The corpora quadrigemina are reflex centers involving vision and hearing. [WP,unvetted]. Two pairs of colliculi on the dorsal surface of the midbrain composed of white matter externally and gray matter within, the superior pair containing correlation centers for optic reflexes and the inferior pair containing correlation centers for auditory reflexes[BTO]. MA:0002567 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.659.237 SCTID:361579006 UBERON:0002259 UBERON:FMA_77488-MA_0002567 colliculi corpora quadrigemina editor note: this section needs worked on for pan-vertebrate consistency. for now we include a mammal specific definition, even though the child terms are applicable across vertebrates http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray709.png/200px-Gray709.png ncithesaurus:Corpora_Quadrigemina BTO:0001710 In the brain, the corpora quadrigemina (Latin for 'quadruplet bodies') are the four colliculi—two inferior, two superior—located on the tectum the dorsal aspect of the midbrain. The corpora quadrigemina are reflex centers involving vision and hearing. [WP,unvetted]. Two pairs of colliculi on the dorsal surface of the midbrain composed of white matter externally and gray matter within, the superior pair containing correlation centers for optic reflexes and the inferior pair containing correlation centers for auditory reflexes[BTO]. Wikipedia:Corpora_quadrigemina MP:0000899 colliculi ventral root of spinal cord FMA:5979 FMA:77516 FMA:77516 xref is a 'general anatomical term'. We xref both to ensure equivalence. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090209 TAO:0000705 The efferent motor root of a spinal nerve. At its distal end, the ventral root joins with the dorsal root to form a mixed spinal nerve. UBERON:0002260 UBERON:FMA_77516-ZFA_0000705 ZFA:0000705 anterior nerve root anterior root http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Spinal_nerve.svg/200px-Spinal_nerve.svg.png ventral root Wikipedia:Anterior_root_of_spinal_nerve anterior nerve root FMA ZFA The efferent motor root of a spinal nerve. At its distal end, the ventral root joins with the dorsal root to form a mixed spinal nerve. Wikipedia:Anterior_root_of_spinal_nerve NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090209 ventral root Wikipedia:Anterior_root_of_spinal_nerve anterior root dorsal root of spinal cord BTO:0000360 FMA xref is 'general anatomical term'. We xref both to ensure equivalence. FMA:5980 In anatomy and neurology, the dorsal root (or posterior root) is the afferent sensory root of a spinal nerve. At the distal end of the dorsal root is the dorsal root ganglion, which contains the neuron cell bodies of the nerve fibres conveyed by the root. If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve were severed it would lead to numbness in certain areas of the body. The lateral division of the dorsal root contains lightly myelinated and unmyelinated axons of small diameter. These transmit pain and temperature sensation from the body. These fibers cross through the anterior white commissure to form the Anterior lateral system in the lateral funiculus. The medial division of the dorsal root contains myelinated axons of larger diameter. These transmit information of discriminative touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception originating from spinal levels C2 through S5. These fibers are pushed in towards the posterior medial sulcus to form the fasciculus gracilis and the fasciculus cuneatus. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090208 SCTID:362436008 TAO:0000652 UBERON:0002261 UBERON:FMA_77517-ZFA_0000652 ZFA:0000652 dorsal root dorsal root of spinal nerve dorsal spinal nerve root http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Spinal_nerve.svg/200px-Spinal_nerve.svg.png ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Root_of_the_Spinal_Nerve posterior root of spinal nerve radix dorsalis radix posterior (nervus spinalis) radix sensoria (nervus spinalis) sensory root of spinal nerve Wikipedia ZFA:0000652 radix dorsalis ZFA:0000652 dorsal root FMA:5980 radix sensoria (nervus spinalis) FMA In anatomy and neurology, the dorsal root (or posterior root) is the afferent sensory root of a spinal nerve. At the distal end of the dorsal root is the dorsal root ganglion, which contains the neuron cell bodies of the nerve fibres conveyed by the root. If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve were severed it would lead to numbness in certain areas of the body. The lateral division of the dorsal root contains lightly myelinated and unmyelinated axons of small diameter. These transmit pain and temperature sensation from the body. These fibers cross through the anterior white commissure to form the Anterior lateral system in the lateral funiculus. The medial division of the dorsal root contains myelinated axons of larger diameter. These transmit information of discriminative touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception originating from spinal levels C2 through S5. These fibers are pushed in towards the posterior medial sulcus to form the fasciculus gracilis and the fasciculus cuneatus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Posterior_root_of_spinal_nerve FMA:5980 dorsal root of spinal nerve Wikipedia:Posterior_root_of_spinal_nerve posterior root of spinal nerve FMA:5980 sensory root of spinal nerve FMA:5980 dorsal spinal nerve root FMA:5980 radix posterior (nervus spinalis) celiac ganglion EHDAA2:0000266 EHDAA:8946 EMAPA:19321 FMA:77570 MA:0001158 SCTID:362492008 The celiac ganglia are two large irregularly shaped masses of nerve tissue in the upper abdomen. Part of the sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the two celiac ganglia are the largest ganglia in the ANS, and they innervate most of the digestive tract. They have the appearance of lymph glands and are placed on either side of the midline in front of the crura of the diaphragm, close to the suprarenal glands (also called adrenal glands). The ganglion on the right side is placed behind the inferior vena cava. They are sometimes referred to as the semilunar ganglia or the solar ganglia. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002262 UBERON:FMA_77570-MA_0001158 coeliac ganglion http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gray848.png/200px-Gray848.png ncithesaurus:Coeliac_Ganglion The celiac ganglia are two large irregularly shaped masses of nerve tissue in the upper abdomen. Part of the sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the two celiac ganglia are the largest ganglia in the ANS, and they innervate most of the digestive tract. They have the appearance of lymph glands and are placed on either side of the midline in front of the crura of the diaphragm, close to the suprarenal glands (also called adrenal glands). The ganglion on the right side is placed behind the inferior vena cava. They are sometimes referred to as the semilunar ganglia or the solar ganglia. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Celiac_ganglion lentiform nucleus BTO:0002250 EMAPA:18208 EV:0100186 FMA:77615 MA:0000896 OpenCyc:Mx4rvvyH2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279319002 TODO - add parts The lentiform nucleus or lenticular nucleus comprises the putamen and the globus pallidus within the basal ganglia. It is a large, cone-shaped mass of gray matter just lateral to the internal capsule. [WP,unvetted]. The part of the corpus striatum somewhat resembling a biconvex lens, divided into an external, larger, lateral part (putamen) and an internal, smaller, lighter colored medial part (globus pallidus), which is in turn subdivided into a smaller, medial, and a larger, lateral part by the medial medullary lamina[BTO]. UBERON:0002263 UBERON:FMA_77615-MA_0000896 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gray741.png/200px-Gray741.png lenticular nucleus ncithesaurus:Lenticular_Nucleus nucleus lenticularis nucleus lentiformis BTO:0002250 nucleus lentiformis BTO:0002250 The lentiform nucleus or lenticular nucleus comprises the putamen and the globus pallidus within the basal ganglia. It is a large, cone-shaped mass of gray matter just lateral to the internal capsule. [WP,unvetted]. The part of the corpus striatum somewhat resembling a biconvex lens, divided into an external, larger, lateral part (putamen) and an internal, smaller, lighter colored medial part (globus pallidus), which is in turn subdivided into a smaller, medial, and a larger, lateral part by the medial medullary lamina[BTO]. Wikipedia:Lentiform_nucleus BTO:0002250 nucleus lenticularis BTO:0002250 lenticular nucleus olfactory bulb A bulbous anterior projection of the olfactory lobe that is the place of termination of the olfactory nerves and is especially well developed in lower vertebrates (as fishes)[BTO]. Segment of neural tree organ which is continuous with a set of olfactory nerves and an olfactory tract. In most vertebrates, the olfactory bulb is the most rostral (forward) part of the brain. In humans, however, the olfactory bulb is on the inferior (bottom) side of the brain. The olfactory bulb is supported and protected by the cribriform plate which in mammals, separates it from the olfactory epithelium, and which is perforated by olfactory nerve axons. The bulb is divided into two distinct structures, the main olfactory bulb, and the accessory olfactory bulb[WP]. AAO:0010165 ABA:OLF BM:Tel-OB BTO:0000961 EHDAA2:0001294 EV:0100173 FMA:77624 GAID:633 MA:0000194 MESH:A.08.186.211.577.699.573 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1137 OG:0000033 SCTID:279394006 TAO:0000402 TODO - check lobe vs bulb. // the olfactory bulbs develop as bilateral evaginations from a region of the prosencephalic neural plate intercalated between the septal and the cortical anlagen (Cobos et al. 2001b, Rubenstein et al. 1998) UBERON:0002264 UBERON:FMA_77624-MA_0000194-MIAA_0000116-ZFA_0000402 XAO:0004180 ZFA:0000402 bulbus olfactorius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/1543%2CVesalius%27OlfactoryBulbs.jpg/200px-1543%2CVesalius%27OlfactoryBulbs.jpg main olfactory bulb ncithesaurus:Olfactory_Bulb olfactory lobe ZFA:0000402 olfactory lobe ABA A bulbous anterior projection of the olfactory lobe that is the place of termination of the olfactory nerves and is especially well developed in lower vertebrates (as fishes)[BTO]. Segment of neural tree organ which is continuous with a set of olfactory nerves and an olfactory tract. In most vertebrates, the olfactory bulb is the most rostral (forward) part of the brain. In humans, however, the olfactory bulb is on the inferior (bottom) side of the brain. The olfactory bulb is supported and protected by the cribriform plate which in mammals, separates it from the olfactory epithelium, and which is perforated by olfactory nerve axons. The bulb is divided into two distinct structures, the main olfactory bulb, and the accessory olfactory bulb[WP]. Wikipedia:Olfactory_bulb ZFA:0000402 bulbus olfactorius ABA ZFA olfactory tract BTO:0003647 FMA:77626 MA:0000975 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1663 SCTID:362356008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Tract of brain which is continuous with olfactory bulb and the cerebral cortex.[FMA] UBERON:0002265 UBERON:FMA_77626-MA_0000975 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray732.png/200px-Gray732.png ncithesaurus:Olfactory_Tract olfactory peduncle tractus olfactorius BTO:0003647 olfactory peduncle FMA:FMA Tract of brain which is continuous with olfactory bulb and the cerebral cortex.[FMA] Wikipedia:Olfactory_tract BTO:0003647 tractus olfactorius anterior olfactory nucleus ABA:AON AON BM:Tel-OAN BTO:0003649 EV:0100174 FMA:77628 MA:0000968 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1085 The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON; also called the anterior olfactory cortex) is a portion of the forebrain of vertebrates. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002266 UBERON:FMA_77628-MA_0000968 anterior olfactory cortex http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Human_brainstem_anterior_view_2_description.JPG/200px-Human_brainstem_anterior_view_2_description.JPG ncithesaurus:Anterior_Olfactory_Nucleus nucleus retrobulbaris [a8] retrobulbar nucleus [a8] ABA BTO:0003649 anterior olfactory cortex AON BTO:0003649 ABA FMA:77628 FMA:TA nucleus retrobulbaris [a8] The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON; also called the anterior olfactory cortex) is a portion of the forebrain of vertebrates. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_olfactory_nucleus ABA laterodorsal tegmental nucleus ABA:LDT BTO:0004016 FMA:77654 MA:0001016 The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (or lateroposterior tegmental nucleus) is a nucleus situated in the brainstem, spanning the midbrain tegmentum and the pontine tegmentum. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002267 UBERON:FMA_77654-MA_0001016 lateroposterior tegmental nucleus nucleus tegmentalis posterolateralis FMA:77654 FMA:TA nucleus tegmentalis posterolateralis The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (or lateroposterior tegmental nucleus) is a nucleus situated in the brainstem, spanning the midbrain tegmentum and the pontine tegmentum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Laterodorsal_tegmental_nucleus ABA ABA ABA ABA olfactory organ AAO:0010180 BTO:0001772 FMA:77659 OG:0000287 UBERON:0002268 UBERON:FMA_77659-XAO_0000273 XAO:0000273 note - fma general anatomical term. xao has no subtypes (but Johnstons organ develops from this). An olfactory organ overlaps with the olfactory system, because some parts of the nose (e.g. nasal skeleton) are parts of the skeletal system, which is spatially disjoint olfactory neuroepithelium organ olfactus organum olfactorium BTO:0001772 organum olfactorium BTO:0001772 olfactory neuroepithelium BTO:0001772 organ olfactus pupillary membrane FMA:77663 MA:0001293 The pupillary membrane in mammals exists in the fetus as a source of blood supply for the lens. It normally atrophies from the time of birth to the age of four to eight weeks. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002269 UBERON:FMA_77663-MA_0001293 The pupillary membrane in mammals exists in the fetus as a source of blood supply for the lens. It normally atrophies from the time of birth to the age of four to eight weeks. Wikipedia:Persistent_pupillary_membrane hyaloid artery Cloquet's canal Cloquets canal EHDAA2:0004072 EMAPA:19242 FMA:77670 OG:0001478 SCTID:308790003 TAO:0005045 The hyaloid artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery, which is itself a branch of the internal carotid artery. It is contained within the optic stalk of the eye and extends from the optic disc through the vitreous humor to the lens. Usually fully regressed before birth, its purpose is to supply nutrient to the developing lens in the growing fetus. During the tenth week of development in humans (time varies depending on species), the lens grows independent of a blood supply and the hyaloid artery usually regresses. Its proximal portion remains as the central artery of the retina. Regression of the hyaloid artery leaves a clear central zone through the vitreous called the hyaloid canal or Cloquet's canal. Cloquet's canal is named after the man who first described it, French physician Jules Germain Cloquet (1790b1883). Occasionally the artery may not fully regress, resulting in the condition persistent hyaloid artery. More commonly, small remnants of the artery may remain. Free remnants can sometimes be seen as "floaters". An anterior remnant of the hyaloid artery can be seen in some people as Mittendorf's dot, a small pinpoint-like scar on the posterior surface of the lens. A posterior remnant may be seen where the artery left the optic disc, and is known as Bergmeister's papilla. UBERON:0002270 UBERON:FMA_77670-ZFA_0005045 XAO:0004155 ZFA def is: Artery that is internal to the eye; this is more general than the human-centric definition here.. ZFA:0005045 central artery of retina http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png EMAPA:19242 central artery of retina ZFA Cloquets canal Wikipedia:Hyaloid_artery The hyaloid artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery, which is itself a branch of the internal carotid artery. It is contained within the optic stalk of the eye and extends from the optic disc through the vitreous humor to the lens. Usually fully regressed before birth, its purpose is to supply nutrient to the developing lens in the growing fetus. During the tenth week of development in humans (time varies depending on species), the lens grows independent of a blood supply and the hyaloid artery usually regresses. Its proximal portion remains as the central artery of the retina. Regression of the hyaloid artery leaves a clear central zone through the vitreous called the hyaloid canal or Cloquet's canal. Cloquet's canal is named after the man who first described it, French physician Jules Germain Cloquet (1790b1883). Occasionally the artery may not fully regress, resulting in the condition persistent hyaloid artery. More commonly, small remnants of the artery may remain. Free remnants can sometimes be seen as "floaters". An anterior remnant of the hyaloid artery can be seen in some people as Mittendorf's dot, a small pinpoint-like scar on the posterior surface of the lens. A posterior remnant may be seen where the artery left the optic disc, and is known as Bergmeister's papilla. Wikipedia:Hyaloid_artery Cloquet's canal Wikipedia:Hyaloid_artery ZFA periventricular zone of hypothalamus ABA:PVZ FMA:77682 MA:0000846 OG:0000623 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002271 UBERON:FMA_77682-MA_0000846 hypothalamus periventricular zone medial zone of hypothalamus ABA:MEZ FMA:77683 MA:0000837 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002272 UBERON:FMA_77683-MA_0000837 hypothalamus medial zone lateral zone of hypothalamus ABA:LZ FMA:77684 MA:0000833 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002273 UBERON:FMA_77684-MA_0000833 hypothalamus lateral zone perifornical nucleus FMA:77688 MA:0000836 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002274 UBERON:FMA_77688-MA_0000836 reticular formation FMA:77719 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.772 SCTID:361552007 UBERON:0002275 UBERON:FMA_77719-ZFA_0000421 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gray701.png/200px-Gray701.png note that this class denotes the generic structure, and not a specific one such as medullary or pontine reticular formation. lamina of spiral limbus FMA:77721 MA:0001191 The osseous spiral lamina consists of two plates of bone, and between these are the canals for the transmission of the filaments of the acoustic nerve. On the upper plate of that part of the lamina which is outside the vestibular membrane, the periosteum is thickened to form the limbus spiralis (or limbus laminæ spiralis), this ends externally in a concavity, the sulcus spiralis internus, which represents, on section, the form of the letter C. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002276 UBERON:FMA_77721-MA_0001191 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gray930.png/200px-Gray930.png limbus lamina spiralis limbus laminae spiralis spiral limbus lamina The osseous spiral lamina consists of two plates of bone, and between these are the canals for the transmission of the filaments of the acoustic nerve. On the upper plate of that part of the lamina which is outside the vestibular membrane, the periosteum is thickened to form the limbus spiralis (or limbus laminæ spiralis), this ends externally in a concavity, the sulcus spiralis internus, which represents, on section, the form of the letter C. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Limbus_laminae_spiralis spiral sulcus FMA:77744 MA:0001195 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002277 UBERON:FMA_77744-MA_0001195 sulcus spiralis MA perilymphatic space BTO:0002083 FMA:77745 MA:0000248 Retzius space SCTID:362576001 The fluid-filled space separating the membranous from the osseous labyrinth. UBERON:0002278 UBERON:FMA_77745-MA_0000248 ZFA:0005459 perilymphatic channel spatium perilymphaticum Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource The fluid-filled space separating the membranous from the osseous labyrinth. vestibular aqueduct At the hinder part of the medial wall of the vestibule is the orifice of the vestibular aqueduct, which extends to the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It transmits a small vein, and contains a tubular prolongation of the membranous labyrinth, the ductus endolymphaticus, which ends in a cul-de-sac between the layers of the dura mater within the cranial cavity. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:77821 GAID:885 MA:0001186 MESH:A.09.246.631.909.957 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002279 UBERON:FMA_77821-MA_0001186 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray921.png/200px-Gray921.png At the hinder part of the medial wall of the vestibule is the orifice of the vestibular aqueduct, which extends to the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It transmits a small vein, and contains a tubular prolongation of the membranous labyrinth, the ductus endolymphaticus, which ends in a cul-de-sac between the layers of the dura mater within the cranial cavity. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vestibular_aqueduct otolith Acellular structure composed of calcium carbonate located in the otolith organ. FMA:77826 TAO:0001621 UBERON:0002280 UBERON:FMA_77826-ZFA_0001617 ZFA:0001617 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bigotolith.jpg/200px-Bigotolith.jpg immature otolith immature otoliths ncithesaurus:Otolith otoconium otoliths statoconium statolith Acellular structure composed of calcium carbonate located in the otolith organ. Wikipedia:Otolith ZFIN:curator otoliths vestibular membrane of cochlear duct FMA:77829 MA:0001200 Reissner's membrane SCTID:362575002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002281 UBERON:FMA_77829-MA_0001200 a membrane inside the cochlea of the inner ear. It separates scala media from scala vestibuli. Together with the basilar membrane it creates a compartment in the cochlea filled with endolymph, which is important for the function of the organ of Corti. It primarily functions as a diffusion barrier, allowing nutrients to travel from the perilymph to the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth. Histologically, the membrane is composed of two layers of flattened epithelium, separated by a basal lamina. Its structure suggests that its function is transport of fluid and electrolytes. superior wall of cochlear duct vestibular membrane vestibular membrane of reissner Wikipedia:Reissner's_membrane a membrane inside the cochlea of the inner ear. It separates scala media from scala vestibuli. Together with the basilar membrane it creates a compartment in the cochlea filled with endolymph, which is important for the function of the organ of Corti. It primarily functions as a diffusion barrier, allowing nutrients to travel from the perilymph to the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth. Histologically, the membrane is composed of two layers of flattened epithelium, separated by a basal lamina. Its structure suggests that its function is transport of fluid and electrolytes. stria vascularis of cochlear duct BTO:0001819 EFO:0001644 FMA:77832 GAID:875 MA:0001198 MESH:A.09.246.631.246.292.876 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2525 SCTID:279842002 The upper portion of the spiral ligament contains numerous capillary loops and small blood vessels, and is termed the stria vascularis. It produces endolymph for the scala media, one of the three fluid-filled compartments of the cochlea. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002282 UBERON:FMA_77832-MA_0001198 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cochlea-crosssection.png/200px-Cochlea-crosssection.png stria vascularis stria vascularis ductus cochlearis stria vascularis of cochlea vascular stria of cochlear duct NBK53175 BTO:0001819 stria vascularis ductus cochlearis The upper portion of the spiral ligament contains numerous capillary loops and small blood vessels, and is termed the stria vascularis. It produces endolymph for the scala media, one of the three fluid-filled compartments of the cochlea. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Stria_vascularis BTO:0001819 vascular stria of cochlear duct nail matrix FMA:77856 MA:0002707 Portion of tissue (or germinal matrix) upon which the nail rests, the part of the nail bed that extends beneath the nail root and contains nerves, lymph and blood vessels. The matrix is responsible for the production of the cells that become the nail plate. The width and thickness of the nail plate is determined by the size, length, and thickness of the matrix, while the shape of the fingertip itself determines if the nail plate is flat, arched, or hooked. The matrix will continue to grow as long as it receives nutrition and remains in a healthy condition. As new nail plate cells are incubated, they emerge from the matrix round and white to push older nail plate cells forward; and in this way yet older cells become compressed, flat, and translucent, making the pink colour of the capillaries in the nail bed below visible[WP]. UBERON:0002283 UBERON:FMA_77856-MA_0002707 keratogenous membrane matrix unguis onychostroma Wikipedia:Nail_(anatomy)#Parts_of_the_nail keratogenous membrane Wikipedia:Nail_(anatomy)#Parts_of_the_nail matrix unguis Wikipedia:Nail_(anatomy)#Parts_of_the_nail onychostroma Portion of tissue (or germinal matrix) upon which the nail rests, the part of the nail bed that extends beneath the nail root and contains nerves, lymph and blood vessels. The matrix is responsible for the production of the cells that become the nail plate. The width and thickness of the nail plate is determined by the size, length, and thickness of the matrix, while the shape of the fingertip itself determines if the nail plate is flat, arched, or hooked. The matrix will continue to grow as long as it receives nutrition and remains in a healthy condition. As new nail plate cells are incubated, they emerge from the matrix round and white to push older nail plate cells forward; and in this way yet older cells become compressed, flat, and translucent, making the pink colour of the capillaries in the nail bed below visible[WP]. UBERON:cjm hyponychium Epithelium located beneath the nail plate at the junction between the free edge and the skin of the fingertip. It forms a seal that protects the nail bed. FMA:77860 MA:0002705 SCTID:300918002 UBERON:0002284 UBERON:FMA_77860-MA_0002705 Epithelium located beneath the nail plate at the junction between the free edge and the skin of the fingertip. It forms a seal that protects the nail bed. Wikipedia:Hyponychium lateral ventricle BM:Tel-LV BTO:0000879 EFO:0001961 EHDAA2:0001984 EHDAA:3502 EHDAA:6576 EV:0100307 FMA:78448 GAID:611 MA:0000192 MESH:A.08.186.211.276.650 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1263 OG:0000643 OpenCyc:Mx4rvYsFdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Paired structure SCTID:180930008 The two lateral ventricles are a cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of the embryonic neural tube. They are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle[GO]. The lateral ventricles are part of the ventricular system of the brain. Classified as part of the telencephalon, they are the largest of the ventricles. The lateral ventricles connect to the central third ventricle through the interventricular foramina of Monro[WP]. UBERON:0002285 UBERON:FMA_78448-MA_0000192 ZFA:0000696 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray734.png/200px-Gray734.png lateral ventricle of brain ncithesaurus:Lateral_Ventricle telencephalic ventricle telencephalon lateral ventricle BTO:0000879 lateral ventricle of brain GO:0021670 The two lateral ventricles are a cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of the embryonic neural tube. They are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle[GO]. The lateral ventricles are part of the ventricular system of the brain. Classified as part of the telencephalon, they are the largest of the ventricles. The lateral ventricles connect to the central third ventricle through the interventricular foramina of Monro[WP]. Wikipedia:Lateral_ventricle OG:0000643 ZFA:0000696 telencephalic ventricle EHDAA2:0001984 telencephalon lateral ventricle third ventricle 3rd ventricle BM:Die-3V EHDAA2:0000084 EMAPA:16515 EMAPA:16642 EMAPA:16900 EV:0100308 FMA:78454 GAID:614 MA:0000182 MESH:A.08.186.211.276.840 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_714 OG:0000007 OpenCyc:Mx4rvakhcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the ventricular system of the brain, forming a single large cavity in the midline of the diencephalon; it is continuous with the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramen and the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct (Maryann Martone). A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the HYPOTHALAMUS, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by EPENDYMA. It communicates with the FOURTH VENTRICLE by the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT, and with the LATERAL VENTRICLES by the interventricular foramina[GAID]. SCTID:180931007 Singular structure TAO:0000161 UBERON:0002286 UBERON:FMA_78454-MA_0000182-ZFA_0000161 ZFA:0000161 diencephalic ventricle diencephalic vesicle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray734.png/200px-Gray734.png ncithesaurus:Third_Ventricle_of_Brain ventriculus diencephali ZFA:0000161 ventriculus diencephali GAID:614 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_714 Part of the ventricular system of the brain, forming a single large cavity in the midline of the diencephalon; it is continuous with the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramen and the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct (Maryann Martone). A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the HYPOTHALAMUS, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by EPENDYMA. It communicates with the FOURTH VENTRICLE by the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT, and with the LATERAL VENTRICLES by the interventricular foramina[GAID]. Wikipedia:Third_ventricle optic recess of third ventricle At the junction of the floor and anterior wall of the third ventricle, immediately above the optic chiasma, the ventricle presents a small angular recess or diverticulum, the optic recess (or supraoptic recess). [WP,unvetted]. EHDAA2:0001317 EHDAA:1343 EHDAA:1973 EHDAA:2649 EHDAA:3478 EMAPA:16644 EMAPA:16902 FMA:78455 OG:0000595 SCTID:369279008 TAO:0000049 TODO - check taxonomic grouping UBERON:0002287 UBERON:FMA_78455-ZFA_0000049 ZFA:0000049 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray721.png/200px-Gray721.png optic recess preoptic recess recessus supraopticus supraoptic recess FMA:78455 FMA:TA recessus supraopticus At the junction of the floor and anterior wall of the third ventricle, immediately above the optic chiasma, the ventricle presents a small angular recess or diverticulum, the optic recess (or supraoptic recess). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Optic_recess choroid plexus of third ventricle 3rd ventricle choroid plexus A choroid plexus that is part of a third ventricle [Obol]. FMA:78462 MA:0000879 OG:0001374 SCTID:61576002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002288 UBERON:FMA_78462-MA_0000879 ZFA:0001444 chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of third ventricle chorioid plexus of third ventricle choroid plexus third ventricle diencephalic choroid plexus ncithesaurus:Choroid_Plexus_of_the_Third_Ventricle third ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere third ventricle choroid plexus OBOL:automatic third ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere ZFA:0001444 choroid plexus third ventricle OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of third ventricle ZFA:0001444 diencephalic choroid plexus A choroid plexus that is part of a third ventricle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic cerebral aqueduct BM:MB-AQ EFO:0003501 EHDAA2:0001163 EHDAA:3696 EMAPA:17795 EV:0100309 FMA:78467 GAID:583 MA:0000208 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.659.822.187 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1261 OG:0000832 SCTID:279249003 The mesencephalic duct, also known as the aqueductus mesencephali, aqueduct of Sylvius or the cerebral aqueduct, contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is within the mesencephalon (or midbrain) and connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle, which is between the pons and cerebellum. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002289 UBERON:0005684 UBERON:FMA_78467-MA_0000208 ZFA:0000159 aqueduct (sylvius) aqueduct of midbrain aqueduct of sylvius aqueductus mesencephali cerebral aquaduct cerebral aqueduct of sylvius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cn3nucleus.png/200px-Cn3nucleus.png medial tectal ventricle mesencephalic ventricle mesencephalic vesicle midbrain cerebral aqueduct midbrain ventricle ncithesaurus:Aqueduct_of_Sylvius tectal ventricle ZFA:0000159 midbrain ventricle ZFA:0000159 tectal ventricle The mesencephalic duct, also known as the aqueductus mesencephali, aqueduct of Sylvius or the cerebral aqueduct, contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is within the mesencephalon (or midbrain) and connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle, which is between the pons and cerebellum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cerebral_aqueduct ZFA:0000159 medial tectal ventricle ZFA:0000159 mesencephalic vesicle EHDAA2:0001163 midbrain cerebral aqueduct ZFA:0000159 cerebral aquaduct ZFA:0000159 mesencephalic ventricle FMA:78467 FMA:TA aqueductus mesencephali choroid plexus of fourth ventricle 4th ventricle choroid plexus A choroid plexus that is part of a fourth ventricle [Obol]. FMA:78492 MA:0000983 OG:0001375 SCTID:42214001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002290 UBERON:FMA_78492-MA_0000983 ZFA:0001446 chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of fourth ventricle choroid plexus fourth ventricle fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere fourth ventricle choroid plexus ncithesaurus:Choroid_Plexus_of_the_Fourth_Ventricle OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle OBOL:automatic fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere ZFA:0001446 choroid plexus fourth ventricle A choroid plexus that is part of a fourth ventricle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic central canal FMA:78497 MA:0001117 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1409 SCTID:279447004 Spinal cord structure that is part of the ventricular system and is filled with cerebral-spinal fluid and runs the length of the spinal cord. TAO:0000938 UBERON:0002220 UBERON:0002291 UBERON:FMA_75364-MA_0001117 UBERON:FMA_78497-ZFA_0000938 ZFA:0000938 canalis centralis central canal of spinal cord http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg.png ncithesaurus:Central_Canal neural lumen previously mapped to FMA:75364. Note some ontologies (NIF, SNOMED) subdivide this into lumbar, thoracic, etc. Note we follow FMA in distinguishing between the canal and the lumen spinal cord central canal ventricle of spinal cord FMA:78497 ventricle of spinal cord Spinal cord structure that is part of the ventricular system and is filled with cerebral-spinal fluid and runs the length of the spinal cord. ZFIN:curator MA cjm FMA ZFA:0000938 canalis centralis joint of head of rib EMAPA:19020 EMAPA:19208 FMA:7951 MA:0001510 SCTID:263315000 The costovertebral joints are the articulations that connect the heads of the ribs with the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae. Joining of ribs to the vertebrae occurs at two places, the head and the tubercle of the rib. Two convex facets from the head attach to two adjacent vertebrae. This forms a trochoid joint, which is strengthened by the ligament of the head and the intercapital ligament. Articulation of the tubercle is to the transverse process of the adjacent vertebrae. This articulation is reinforced by the dorsal costotransverse ligament. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002292 UBERON:FMA_7951-MA_0001510 costal head joint costocorporeal joint costovertebral joint head of rib joint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gray312.png/200px-Gray312.png joint of costal head joint of rib head ncithesaurus:Costovertebral_Joint rib head joint The costovertebral joints are the articulations that connect the heads of the ribs with the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae. Joining of ribs to the vertebrae occurs at two places, the head and the tubercle of the rib. Two convex facets from the head attach to two adjacent vertebrae. This forms a trochoid joint, which is strengthened by the ligament of the head and the intercapital ligament. Articulation of the tubercle is to the transverse process of the adjacent vertebrae. This articulation is reinforced by the dorsal costotransverse ligament. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Costovertebral_joint OBOL:automatic head of rib joint OBOL:automatic rib head joint OBOL:automatic joint of rib head costochondral joint . FMA:7956 MA:0001509 OpenCyc:Mx4rvfy27JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:282413008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002293 UBERON:FMA_7956-MA_0001509 articulatio costochondralis chondrocostal synchondrosis costochondral junction costochondral synchondrosis ncithesaurus:Costochondral_Joint . Wikipedia:Costochondral_joint MA FMA biliary system Anatomical system that consists of the organs and ducts (bile ducts, gallbladder, and associated structures) that are involved in the production and transportation of bile. FMA:79646 SCTID:361354009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002294 UBERON:FMA_79646-MA_0001273 biliary apparatus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png/200px-Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png Anatomical system that consists of the organs and ducts (bile ducts, gallbladder, and associated structures) that are involved in the production and transportation of bile. Wikipedia:Biliary_system scala media An endolymph filled cavity inside the cochlea, located in between the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli, separated by the basilar membrane and Reissner's membrane (the vestibular membrane) respectively. Scala media houses the organ of Corti. [WP,unvetted]. EHDAA2:0000262 FMA:79789 MA:0002458 TODO: check cochlear duct vs cochlear aqueduct vs scala media UBERON:0002295 UBERON:FMA_79789-MA_0002458 cochlear duct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gray928.png/200px-Gray928.png An endolymph filled cavity inside the cochlea, located in between the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli, separated by the basilar membrane and Reissner's membrane (the vestibular membrane) respectively. Scala media houses the organ of Corti. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scala_media dorsal mesentery EHDAA2:0004560 EHDAA:3019 EHDAA:3033 EHDAA:3921 EHDAA:3934 EHDAA:3957 EHDAA:3971 FMA:79795 SCTID:308823000 TAO:0005130 The mesentery that originates from the dorsal side of the peritoneal cavity[ZFA]. UBERON:0002296 UBERON:FMA_79795-ZFA_0005130 ZFA:0005130 dorsal mesogastrium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gray985.png/200px-Gray985.png Wikipedia:Dorsal_mesentery dorsal mesogastrium FMA The mesentery that originates from the dorsal side of the peritoneal cavity[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_mesentery Wikipedia:Mesentery#Development ZFIN:curator EHDAA2 cerumen . ENVO:02000028 FMA:79869 GAID:1158 MA:0002506 MESH:A.12.200.147 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002297 UBERON:FMA_79869-MA_0002506 ear wax ncithesaurus:Cerumen . Wikipedia:Cerumen brainstem ABA:BS BTO:0000146 EFO:0001962 EV:0100241 FMA:79876 MA:0000169 MESH:A.08.186.211.132 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1565 OG:0001457 SCTID:180925009 The brainstem (or brain stem) is the lower part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. The brain stem provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial nerves. Though small, this is an extremely important part of the brain as the nerve connections of the motor and sensory systems from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body pass through the brain stem. This includes the corticospinal tract (motor), the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway (fine touch, vibration sensation and proprioception) and the spinothalamic tract (pain, temperature, itch and crude touch). The brain stem also plays an important role in the regulation of cardiac and respiratory function. It also regulates the central nervous system, and is pivotal in maintaining consciousness and regulating the sleep cycle. Some taxonomies describe the brain stem as the medulla oblongata (myelencephalon) and pons (part of metencephalon), whereas others include the midbrain (mesencephalon). [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002298 UBERON:FMA_79876-MA_0000169 ZFA includes the tegmentum, MA the whole midbrain. Both include medulla oblongata. Here we make an overlaps link between midbrain and brainstem. Note that ABA states that cerebellum and brainstem are spatially disjoint. We do NOT include this axiom here, as it leads to multiple inconsistencies. This needs addressed in more detail. ZFA:0001707 brain stem http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gray719.png/200px-Gray719.png ncithesaurus:Brain_Stem truncus encephalicus ABA The brainstem (or brain stem) is the lower part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. The brain stem provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial nerves. Though small, this is an extremely important part of the brain as the nerve connections of the motor and sensory systems from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body pass through the brain stem. This includes the corticospinal tract (motor), the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway (fine touch, vibration sensation and proprioception) and the spinothalamic tract (pain, temperature, itch and crude touch). The brain stem also plays an important role in the regulation of cardiac and respiratory function. It also regulates the central nervous system, and is pivotal in maintaining consciousness and regulating the sleep cycle. Some taxonomies describe the brain stem as the medulla oblongata (myelencephalon) and pons (part of metencephalon), whereas others include the midbrain (mesencephalon). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brainstem BTO:0000146 truncus encephalicus ABA:BS brain stem alveolus of lung BTO:0000060 EFO:0001985 EMAPA:19182 EMAPA:19184 EMAPA:19186 EMAPA:19188 EMAPA:19190 EV:0100043 FMA:7318 GAID:349 MA:0000420 MESH:A.04.411.715 OG:0001445 SCTID:361364000 Spherical outcropping of the respiratory bronchioles and primary site of gas exchange with the blood. Alveoli are particular to mammalian lungs. Different structures are involved in gas exchange in other vertebrates[WP]. UBERON:0002299 UBERON:FMA_82493-MA_0000420 alveoli alveolus alveolus pulmonis lung alveolus pulmonary alveolus MA FMA PMID:12625309 PMID:12869615 Spherical outcropping of the respiratory bronchioles and primary site of gas exchange with the blood. Alveoli are particular to mammalian lungs. Different structures are involved in gas exchange in other vertebrates[WP]. Wikipedia:Pulmonary_alveolus Wikipedia:Pulmonary_alveolus alveolus pulmonis FMA:7318 pulmonary alveolus BTO:0000060 alveoli ventricle A chamber of an organ with cavitated organ parts. Examples: right ventricle of heart, lateral ventricle of brain. AAO:0010249 EHDAA2:0002178 EHDAA:1912 FMA:82553 MAT:0000497 Note that this term is used in the general sense - there are specific subclasses for brain ventricle and heart ventricle. FMA Ventricle is general anatomical term. EFO ventricle is part_of heart. See also chamber. UBERON:0002300 UBERON:FMA_82553-MA_0000818 galen:Ventricle A chamber of an organ with cavitated organ parts. Examples: right ventricle of heart, lateral ventricle of brain. Wikipedia:Ventricle layer of neocortex ABA:CTX1-6b FMA:83138 MA:0000186 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002301 UBERON:FMA_83138-MA_0000186 cerebral cortex layer cortical layer neocortex layer MA:0000186 cerebral cortex layer myocardium of atrium A myocardium that is part of a cardiac atrium [Obol]. Cardiac atria cardiac muscle Cardiac atria heart muscle Cardiac atria heart myocardium Cardiac atria muscle of heart Cardiac atria myocardium EFO:0003087 FMA:83509 MA:0000081 OG:0000602 SCTID:191910002 TAO:0001374 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002302 UBERON:FMA_83509-MA_0000081-ZFA_0001374 ZFA:0001374 atrial myocardium atrium myocardium atrium of heart cardiac muscle atrium of heart heart muscle atrium of heart heart myocardium atrium of heart muscle of heart atrium of heart myocardium cardiac atrium cardiac muscle cardiac atrium heart muscle cardiac atrium heart myocardium cardiac atrium muscle of heart cardiac atrium myocardium cardiac muscle of Cardiac atria cardiac muscle of atrium of heart cardiac muscle of cardiac atrium cardiac muscle of heart atrium heart atrium cardiac muscle heart atrium heart muscle heart atrium heart myocardium heart atrium muscle of heart heart atrium myocardium heart muscle of Cardiac atria heart muscle of atrium of heart heart muscle of cardiac atrium heart muscle of heart atrium heart myocardium of Cardiac atria heart myocardium of atrium of heart heart myocardium of cardiac atrium heart myocardium of heart atrium muscle of heart of Cardiac atria muscle of heart of atrium of heart muscle of heart of cardiac atrium muscle of heart of heart atrium myocardium of Cardiac atria myocardium of atrium of heart myocardium of cardiac atrium myocardium of heart atrium OBOL:automatic atrium of heart heart muscle OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of heart atrium OBOL:automatic heart muscle of cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of heart atrium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of atrium of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of Cardiac atria A myocardium that is part of a cardiac atrium [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cardiac atrium myocardium OBOL:automatic heart atrium muscle of heart OBOL:automatic atrium of heart cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic heart muscle of Cardiac atria OBOL:automatic atrium of heart heart myocardium OBOL:automatic heart atrium heart myocardium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of cardiac atrium Cardiac atria muscle of heart OBOL:automatic Cardiac atria cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic heart atrium myocardium OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of Cardiac atria OBOL:automatic heart muscle of heart atrium Cardiac atria heart myocardium OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic myocardium of atrium of heart OBOL:automatic heart atrium cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac atrium muscle of heart OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of atrium of heart OBOL:automatic myocardium of heart atrium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of Cardiac atria OBOL:automatic cardiac atrium heart myocardium OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of heart atrium OBOL:automatic myocardium of cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic atrium of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of atrium of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac atrium heart muscle OBOL:automatic myocardium of Cardiac atria OBOL:automatic cardiac atrium cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic atrium of heart muscle of heart Cardiac atria myocardium OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic heart muscle of atrium of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic heart atrium heart muscle Cardiac atria heart muscle OBOL:automatic juxtaglomerular apparatus An anatomical structure which consists of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells and the macula densa. The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate[GO]. a microscopic structure in the kidney, which regulates the function of each nephron. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is named for its proximity to the glomerulus: it is found between the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and the returning distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron. This location is critical to its function in regulating renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. The three cellular components of the apparatus are the macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells (also known as granular cells)[WP]. EMAPA:30449 FMA:83599 GAID:432 MA:0002546 MESH:A.05.810.453.736.520.520 SCTID:362219002 UBERON:0002303 UBERON:FMA_83599-MA_0002546 juxtaglomerular complex ncithesaurus:Juxtaglomerular_Apparatus An anatomical structure which consists of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells and the macula densa. The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate[GO]. a microscopic structure in the kidney, which regulates the function of each nephron. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is named for its proximity to the glomerulus: it is found between the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and the returning distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron. This location is critical to its function in regulating renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. The three cellular components of the apparatus are the macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells (also known as granular cells)[WP]. GO:0072206 Wikipedia:Juxtaglomerular_apparatus GO layer of dentate gyrus FMA:83678 MA:0002429 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002304 UBERON:FMA_83678-MA_0002429 dentate gyrus layer layer of hippocampus FMA:83679 MA:0002427 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1192 TODO - check NIF xref UBERON:0002305 UBERON:FMA_83679-MA_0002427 cytoarchitectural fields of hippocampal formation hippocampus layer the layers of the laminar structure of the hippocampus. MP:0000813 Wikipedia:Hippocampus_anatomy#Hippocampal_Cells_and_Layers the layers of the laminar structure of the hippocampus. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1192 cytoarchitectural fields of hippocampal formation nasal mucus BTO:0003603 FMA:83688 In the respiratory system mucus aids in the protection of the lungs by trapping foreign particles that enter it, particularly through the nose, during normal breathing. Phlegm is a specialized term for mucus that is restricted to the respiratory tract, while the term mucus more globally describes secretions of the nasal passages as well. MA:0002535 TODO - split nasal vs respiratory tract? UBERON:0002306 UBERON:FMA_83688-MA_0002535 ncithesaurus:Nasal_Mucus respiratory mucus In the respiratory system mucus aids in the protection of the lungs by trapping foreign particles that enter it, particularly through the nose, during normal breathing. Phlegm is a specialized term for mucus that is restricted to the respiratory tract, while the term mucus more globally describes secretions of the nasal passages as well. Wikipedia:Nasal_mucus#Respiratory_system BTO:0003603 respiratory mucus choroid plexus of lateral ventricle A choroid plexus that is part of a lateral ventricle [Obol]. FMA:83711 MA:0000961 OG:0001376 SCTID:70064002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002307 UBERON:FMA_83711-MA_0000961 ZFA:0001447 chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of lateral ventricle choroid plexus telencephalic ventricle lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere lateral ventricle choroid plexus ncithesaurus:Choroid_Plexus_of_the_Lateral_Ventricle ZFA:0001447 choroid plexus telencephalic ventricle A choroid plexus that is part of a lateral ventricle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle nucleus of brain FMA:83840 MA:0000811 Nucleus of neuraxis which is located within the brain. Example: pontobulbar nucleus, globose nucleus[FMA]. brain structure consisting of a relatively compact cluster of neurons. It is one of the two most common forms of nerve cell organization, the other being layered structures such as the cerebral cortex or cerebellar cortex. In anatomical sections, a nucleus shows up as a region of gray matter, often bordered by white matter. The vertebrate brain contains hundreds of distinguishable nuclei, varying widely in shape and size. A nucleus may itself have a complex internal structure, with multiple types of neurons arranged in clumps (subnuclei) or layers.[Wikipedia] SCTID:426465002 UBERON:0002308 UBERON:FMA_83840-MA_0000811 We considered merging with 'neural nucleus' ZFA:0005575 brain nucleus ncithesaurus:Brain_Nucleus FMA:83840 Nucleus of neuraxis which is located within the brain. Example: pontobulbar nucleus, globose nucleus[FMA]. brain structure consisting of a relatively compact cluster of neurons. It is one of the two most common forms of nerve cell organization, the other being layered structures such as the cerebral cortex or cerebellar cortex. In anatomical sections, a nucleus shows up as a region of gray matter, often bordered by white matter. The vertebrate brain contains hundreds of distinguishable nuclei, varying widely in shape and size. A nucleus may itself have a complex internal structure, with multiple types of neurons arranged in clumps (subnuclei) or layers.[Wikipedia] Wikipedia:Nucleus_(neuroanatomy) medial longitudinal fasciculus BTO:0003951 FMA:83846 MLF SCTID:362397001 TAO:0000543 The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) is a pair of crossed fiber tracts, one on each side of the brainstem. These bundles of axons are situated near the midline of the brainstem and are composed of both ascending and descending fibers that arise from a number of sources and terminate in different areas. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002309 UBERON:FMA_83846-ZFA_0000543 ZFA:0000543 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gray711.png/200px-Gray711.png The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) is a pair of crossed fiber tracts, one on each side of the brainstem. These bundles of axons are situated near the midline of the brainstem and are composed of both ascending and descending fibers that arise from a number of sources and terminate in different areas. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus MLF ZFA:0000543 hippocampus fimbria A prominent band of white matter along the medial edge of the hippocampus[WP]. BM:Tel-FI FMA:83866 MA:0000949 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1502 SCTID:369096000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002310 UBERON:FMA_83866-MA_0000949 fimbria fimbria hippocampus fimbria of hippocampus fimbria of the fornix fimbria-fornix hippocampal fimbria http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gray749.png/200px-Gray749.png ncithesaurus:Fimbria neuraxis fimbria NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1502 fimbria of the fornix A prominent band of white matter along the medial edge of the hippocampus[WP]. Wikipedia:Fimbria_of_hippocampus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1502 fimbria-fornix MA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1502 fimbria FMA:83866 fimbria of hippocampus MP:0009324 hippocampal fimbria nodulus of cerebellum UBERON:0002311 UBERON:0004083 UBERON:FMA_83882-MA_0001007 true hippocampus pyramidal layer A cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the hippocampus in which pyramidal cells are predominant. Its location is superficial to the Stratum oriens; it is deep to the Stratum radiatum in area CA1 and area CA2 and deep to the Stratum lucidum in area CA3 (Stephan-75) (NeuroNames). BTO:0001066 FMA:83895 MA:0000956 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1444 UBERON:0002313 UBERON:0005369 UBERON:FMA_83895-MA_0000956 hippocampus stratum pyramidale pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus pyramidal layer of hippocampus stratum pyramidale stratum pyramidale hippocampi NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1444 pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus FMA:83895 pyramidal layer of hippocampus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1444 stratum pyramidale hippocampi NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1444 stratum pyramidale A cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the hippocampus in which pyramidal cells are predominant. Its location is superficial to the Stratum oriens; it is deep to the Stratum radiatum in area CA1 and area CA2 and deep to the Stratum lucidum in area CA3 (Stephan-75) (NeuroNames). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1444 midbrain tectum BM:MB-Tec BTO:0001793 Dorsal part of the midbrain, consisting of the superior and inferior colliculi and the pretectal nuclei [MM, NIF]. The tectum is a region of the brain, specifically the dorsal part of the mesencephalon (midbrain). This is contrasted with the tegmentum, which refers to the region ventral to the ventricular system. It is derived in embryonic development from the alar plate of the neural tube. [WP,unvetted]. EFO:0000920 EMAPA:19051 FMA:83902 In adult humans it is present only in the mesencephalon as the inferior and the superior colliculi[WP]. MA:0000211 MAT:0000451 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1032 OG:0001388 SCTID:362394008 UBERON:0002314 UBERON:FMA_83902-MA_0000211 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gray685.png/200px-Gray685.png mesencephalic tectum ncithesaurus:Tectum_Mesencephali neuraxis tectum tectum tectum mesencephali ZFA:0000445 mesencephalic tectum Dorsal part of the midbrain, consisting of the superior and inferior colliculi and the pretectal nuclei [MM, NIF]. The tectum is a region of the brain, specifically the dorsal part of the mesencephalon (midbrain). This is contrasted with the tegmentum, which refers to the region ventral to the ventricular system. It is derived in embryonic development from the alar plate of the neural tube. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1032 Wikipedia:Midbrain_tectum BTO:0001793 tectum mesencephali gray matter of spinal cord FMA:256580 MA:0000002 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100204 SCTID:279441003 UBERON:0002315 UBERON:FMA_83926-MA_0000002 gray matter of neuraxis of spinal cord grey matter of spinal cord grey substance of spinal cord ncithesaurus:Gray_Matter_of_the_Spinal_Cord spinal cord gray matter spinal cord gray matter of neuraxis spinal cord grey matter spinal cord grey substance the ridge-shaped grey matter of the spinal cord that extends longitudunally through the center of each half of the spinal cord, and are largely or entirely composed of nerve cell bodies and their dendrites and some supportive tissue. OBOL:automatic spinal cord gray matter MP:0008503 the ridge-shaped grey matter of the spinal cord that extends longitudunally through the center of each half of the spinal cord, and are largely or entirely composed of nerve cell bodies and their dendrites and some supportive tissue. OBOL:automatic spinal cord grey substance OBOL:automatic gray matter of neuraxis of spinal cord OBOL:automatic spinal cord gray matter of neuraxis white matter AEO:0000139 FMA:83929 Heterogeneous cluster of neurites in the brain and the spinal cord. MA:0001135 OpenCyc:Mx4rwOAsDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002316 UBERON:FMA_83929-MA_0001135 ZFA:0001682 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Spinal_nerve.svg/200px-Spinal_nerve.svg.png ncithesaurus:White_Matter white matter of neuraxis white substance FMA:83929 white matter of neuraxis Heterogeneous cluster of neurites in the brain and the spinal cord. Wikipedia:White_matter white matter of cerebellum FMA:83943 MA:0002430 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1562 SCTID:362412009 UBERON:0002317 UBERON:FMA_83943-MA_0002430 ZFA:0001708 cerebellar white matter cerebellum white matter ncithesaurus:Cerebellum_White_Matter note that in NIF this is a composite structure; in MA and FMA it is explicitly part of cerebellum. This leads to consistency problems with strict parcellation schemes like ABA, see cerebellar peduncles. In NIF this is a composite structure, this is followed partially here in weakening the relationship to overlaps FMA-weakened MA-weakened white matter of spinal cord FMA:83945 MA:0000910 SCTID:279436006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002318 UBERON:FMA_83945-MA_0000910 ncithesaurus:White_Matter_of_the_Spinal_Cord spinal cord white matter spinal cord white matter of neuraxis spinal cord white substance the regions of the spinal cord that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites. white matter of neuraxis of spinal cord white substance of spinal cord OBOL:automatic spinal cord white matter of neuraxis OBOL:automatic spinal cord white substance MP:0008027 the regions of the spinal cord that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites. OBOL:automatic white matter of neuraxis of spinal cord OBOL:automatic white substance of spinal cord mesangium BTO:0002494 EMAPA:28248 FMA:84139 MA:0002617 MESH:A.05.810.453.736.520.380 UBERON:0002319 UBERON:FMA_84139-MA_0002617 WP considers this the same as glomerular mesangium. In MA, glomerular and extraglomerular are distingsuished. inner layer of the glomerulus, within the basement membrane surrounding the glomerular capillaries. ncithesaurus:Mesangium Wikipedia:Mesangium http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=76834&atid=974957 inner layer of the glomerulus, within the basement membrane surrounding the glomerular capillaries. glomerular mesangium A thin membrane which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus. It is connective tissue composed of mesangial cells - myofibroblasts phenotypically related to vascular smooth muscle cells (MUSCLE, SMOOTH, VASCULAR), PHAGOCYTES and the mesangial EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. EMAPA:27961 EMAPA:28248 FMA:84140 GAID:430 MA:0002606 MESH:A.05.810.453.736.520.380 SCTID:244574009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002320 UBERON:FMA_84140-MA_0002606 A thin membrane which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus. It is connective tissue composed of mesangial cells - myofibroblasts phenotypically related to vascular smooth muscle cells (MUSCLE, SMOOTH, VASCULAR), PHAGOCYTES and the mesangial EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. MESH:A.05.810.453.736.520.380 Wikipedia:Glomerular_mesangium GO extraglomerular mesangium EMAPA:28278 FMA:84141 MA:0002602 UBERON:0002321 UBERON:FMA_84141-MA_0002602 editor note - check MA part_ofs - should be spatially disjoint from renal glomerulus? MA MA MA periventricular nucleus . FMA:84354 TAO:0000260 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002322 UBERON:FMA_84354-ZFA_0000260 ZFA:0000260 ventral zone of periventricular hypothalamus . Wikipedia:Periventricular_nucleus ZFA:0000260 ventral zone of periventricular hypothalamus body cavity AEO:0000186 BTO:0001707 EHDAA2:0000267 EHDAA2:0003186 FBbt:00005060 FMA:85006 MA:0002447 SCTID:361348008 TAO:0001438 UBERON:0000169 UBERON:0002323 UBERON:FMA_85006-MA_0002447-ZFA_0001438 ZFA:0001438 celom coelom coelome coelomic cavity editor note: check the FMA placement here; add developmental relationships; check EHDAA2 fluid-filled space between epidermis and outer lining of gut cavity[WP]. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. galen:BodyCavity hemocoel ncithesaurus:Cavity space of body compartment ventral body cavity Wikipedia:Body_cavity fluid-filled space between epidermis and outer lining of gut cavity[WP]. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. EHDAA2:0000267 coelomic cavity BTO:0001707 celom BTO:0001707 coelome FBbt:00005060 hemocoel FMA:85006 space of body compartment muscle of back A muscle organ that is part of a back [Obol]. FMA:85216 MA:0000496 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002324 UBERON:FMA_85216-MA_0000496 back muscle back muscle organ muscle organ of back OBOL:automatic back muscle organ A muscle organ that is part of a back [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of back epithelium of urethra FMA:85275 MA:0001686 The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. The epithelium is the tubular, planar layer of cells through which the urine passes.. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002325 UBERON:FMA_85275-MA_0001686 epithelial tissue of urethra ncithesaurus:Urethra_Epithelium urethra epithelial tissue urethra epithelium urethral epithelium GO OBOL:automatic urethra epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of urethra GO:0061071 The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. The epithelium is the tubular, planar layer of cells through which the urine passes.. lamina propria of urethra A lamina propria that is part of a urethra [Obol]. FMA:85276 MA:0001689 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002326 UBERON:FMA_85276-MA_0001689 lamina propria mucosa of urethra lamina propria mucosae of urethra urethra lamina propria urethra lamina propria mucosa urethra lamina propria mucosae urethral lamina propria OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of urethra A lamina propria that is part of a urethra [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic urethra lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic urethra lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of urethra trunk of intercostal nerve FMA:85315 MA:0001176 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002327 UBERON:FMA_85315-MA_0001176 intercostal nerve trunk intercostal neural trunk notochord AAO:0000327 Avascular multi-tissue structure composed of large vacuolated epithelial cells (chordablasts) and perichordal fibrous tissue[VAO]. The notochord is an elongate, rod-like, skeletal structure dorsal to the gut tube and ventral to the nerve cord. The notochord should not be confused with the backbone or vertebral column of most adult vertebrates. The notochord appears early in embryogeny and plays an important role in promoting or organizing the embryonic development of nearby structures. In most adult chordates the notochord disappears or becomes highly modified. In some non-vertebrate chordates and fishes the notochord persists as a laterally flexible but incompressible skeletal rod that prevents telescopic collapse of the body during swimming[TOLWEB]. BTO:0001768 EHDAA2:0001277 EHDAA:1241 EHDAA:6021 EMAPA:16191 EV:0100002 FMA:85521 GAID:1311 MAT:0000281 MESH:A.16.254.610 OG:0000199 SCTID:308820002 Some organisms retain a post-embryonic notochord TAO:0000135 UBERON:0002328 UBERON:FMA_85521-XAO_0000055-ZFA_0000135 VAO:0000032 XAO:0000055 ZFA:0000135 embryonic notocord http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png/200px-Gray19_with_color.png ncithesaurus:Notochord notocord VAO ZFA:0000135 notocord http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 Avascular multi-tissue structure composed of large vacuolated epithelial cells (chordablasts) and perichordal fibrous tissue[VAO]. The notochord is an elongate, rod-like, skeletal structure dorsal to the gut tube and ventral to the nerve cord. The notochord should not be confused with the backbone or vertebral column of most adult vertebrates. The notochord appears early in embryogeny and plays an important role in promoting or organizing the embryonic development of nearby structures. In most adult chordates the notochord disappears or becomes highly modified. In some non-vertebrate chordates and fishes the notochord persists as a laterally flexible but incompressible skeletal rod that prevents telescopic collapse of the body during swimming[TOLWEB]. ISBN:0815318960 NLM:notochord VAO:0000032 Wikipedia:Notochord ZFIN:curator http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 https://github.com/cmungall/uberon/issues/25 somite A segmental mass of mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo, occurring in pairs along the notochord and developing into muscles and vertebrae[BTO]. Portion of mesoderm distributed along the two sides of the neural tube and that will eventually become dermis (dermatome), skeletal muscle (myotome), and vertebrae (sclerotome)[WP]. In Zebrafish: Any of the approximately 45 bilaterally paired blocks of mesoderm cells, lying on either side of the notochord and neural tube, and forming sequentially starting at the head during development of the embryo. Together they give rise to the axial skeleton (from the sclerotome), associated musculature (from the myotome), and dermis (from the dermatome). // Undifferentiated mesodermal components of early trunk or tail segments or metameres, derived from paraxial mesoderm; forms myotomes, sclerotomes and perhaps dermatomes. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> AAO:0010569 BTO:0001558 EHDAA2:0003436 EHDAA:366 EHDAA:699 FMA:85522 GAID:1306 MAT:0000068 MESH:A.16.254.425.660.750 MIAA:0000068 OG:0000191 TAO:0000155 UBERON:0002329 UBERON:FMA_85522-MIAA_0000068-XAO_0000058-ZFA_0000155 XAO:0000058 ZFA:0000155 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png/200px-Gray19_with_color.png mesodermal cluster ncithesaurus:Somite somites somitic mesoderm GOTAX:0000352 A segmental mass of mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo, occurring in pairs along the notochord and developing into muscles and vertebrae[BTO]. Portion of mesoderm distributed along the two sides of the neural tube and that will eventually become dermis (dermatome), skeletal muscle (myotome), and vertebrae (sclerotome)[WP]. In Zebrafish: Any of the approximately 45 bilaterally paired blocks of mesoderm cells, lying on either side of the notochord and neural tube, and forming sequentially starting at the head during development of the embryo. Together they give rise to the axial skeleton (from the sclerotome), associated musculature (from the myotome), and dermis (from the dermatome). // Undifferentiated mesodermal components of early trunk or tail segments or metameres, derived from paraxial mesoderm; forms myotomes, sclerotomes and perhaps dermatomes. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> BTO:0001558 OMD:somite Wikipedia:Somite XB:curator ZFIN:curator GO:0001756 mesodermal cluster exocrine system Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce exocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (hormones) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. [Wikipedia]. EHDAA2:0002225 FMA:85539 MA:0002411 UBERON:0002330 UBERON:FMA_85539-MA_0002411 exocrine glandular system ncithesaurus:Exocrine_System EHDAA2:0002225 exocrine glandular system Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce exocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (hormones) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. [Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Exocrine_system umbilical cord BTO:0001415 EFO:0001415 EHDAA2:0000312 EHDAA:158 EMAPA:26115 EV:0100127 FMA:85541 GAID:517 MAT:0000280 MESH:A.16.254.789 MIAA:0000280 OpenCyc:Mx4rvyewDJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280644003 The connecting cord from the developing embryo or fetus to the placenta. During prenatal development, the umbilical cord comes from the same zygote as the fetus and (in humans) normally contains two arteries (the umbilical arteries) and one vein (the umbilical vein), buried within Wharton's jelly. The umbilical vein supplies the fetus with oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta. Conversely, the umbilical arteries return the deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood[WP]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002331 UBERON:FMA_85541-MIAA_0000280 birth cord connecting stalk ncithesaurus:Umbilical_Cord yolk stalk Wikipedia:Umbilical_cord birth cord The connecting cord from the developing embryo or fetus to the placenta. During prenatal development, the umbilical cord comes from the same zygote as the fetus and (in humans) normally contains two arteries (the umbilical arteries) and one vein (the umbilical vein), buried within Wharton's jelly. The umbilical vein supplies the fetus with oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta. Conversely, the umbilical arteries return the deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood[WP]. Wikipedia:Umbilical_cord BTO:0001415 yolk stalk pulmonary trunk EFO:0001399 EHDAA2:0001576 EHDAA:9831 EMAPA:17015 EMAPA:18240 FMA:8612 MA:0002033 OG:0001134 OpenCyc:Mx4rv-6d0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Pulmonary arterial trunk which is continuous with the right ventricle.[FMA] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002333 UBERON:FMA_8612-MA_0002033 galen:PulmonaryTrunk http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/200px-Alveoli_diagram.png pulmonary artery (trunk) trunk of pulmonary arterial tree FMA:FMA Pulmonary arterial trunk which is continuous with the right ventricle.[FMA] Wikipedia:Pulmonary_trunk submandibular duct BTO:0004556 FMA:86266 MA:0002698 The submandibular duct (Wharton's duct, submaxillary duct) is one of the salivary ducts. It is about 5 cm. long, and its wall is much thinner than that of the parotid duct. It begins by numerous branches from the deep surface of the gland, and runs forward between the mylohyoideus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus, then between the sublingual gland and the genioglossus, and opens by a narrow orifice on the summit of a small at the side of the frenulum linguæ. On the hyoglossus it lies between the lingual and hypoglossal nerves, but at the anterior border of the muscle it is crossed laterally by the lingual nerve; the terminal branches of the lingual nerve ascend on its medial side. It drains saliva from the submandibular glands and sublingual glands to the sublingual caruncle at the base of the tongue. It was initially described by the English anatomist Thomas Wharton and sometimes referred to by his name. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002334 UBERON:FMA_86266-MA_0002698 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray1024.png/200px-Gray1024.png ncithesaurus:Submandibular_Duct The submandibular duct (Wharton's duct, submaxillary duct) is one of the salivary ducts. It is about 5 cm. long, and its wall is much thinner than that of the parotid duct. It begins by numerous branches from the deep surface of the gland, and runs forward between the mylohyoideus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus, then between the sublingual gland and the genioglossus, and opens by a narrow orifice on the summit of a small at the side of the frenulum linguæ. On the hyoglossus it lies between the lingual and hypoglossal nerves, but at the anterior border of the muscle it is crossed laterally by the lingual nerve; the terminal branches of the lingual nerve ascend on its medial side. It drains saliva from the submandibular glands and sublingual glands to the sublingual caruncle at the base of the tongue. It was initially described by the English anatomist Thomas Wharton and sometimes referred to by his name. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Submandibular_duct macula densa BTO:0003940 FMA:86333 MA:0002603 SCTID:244657003 The macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO].. UBERON:0002335 UBERON:FMA_86333-MA_0002603 ncithesaurus:Macula_Densa MA GO:0072024 The macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO].. Wikipedia:Macula_densa corpus callosum BM:Tel-CC BTO:0000615 EFO:0001390 EV:0100305 FMA:86464 GAID:683 MA:0000188 MAT:0000286 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.362 MIAA:0000286 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1087 OpenCyc:Mx4rvbNzdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362354006 The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provides communications between the right and left cerebral hemispheres[GO]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002336 UBERON:FMA_86464-MA_0000188-MIAA_0000286 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gray733.png/200px-Gray733.png ncithesaurus:Corpus_Callosum The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provides communications between the right and left cerebral hemispheres[GO]. Wikipedia:Corpus_callosum endometrial stroma FMA:86487 MA:0002734 SCTID:254115004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002337 UBERON:FMA_86487-MA_0002734 endometrium stroma ncithesaurus:Endometrial_Stroma stroma of endometrium lamina propria of bronchus A lamina propria that is part of a bronchus [Obol]. FMA:86619 MA:0001836 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002338 UBERON:FMA_86619-MA_0001836 bronchi lamina propria bronchi lamina propria mucosa bronchi lamina propria mucosae bronchial trunk lamina propria bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosa bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosae bronchus lamina propria bronchus lamina propria mucosa bronchus lamina propria mucosae lamina propria mucosa of bronchi lamina propria mucosa of bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosa of bronchus lamina propria mucosae of bronchi lamina propria mucosae of bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosae of bronchus lamina propria of bronchi lamina propria of bronchial trunk ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Lamina_Propria OBOL:automatic lamina propria of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchi lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic bronchi lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchi lamina propria OBOL:automatic bronchus lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk lamina propria OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of bronchi A lamina propria that is part of a bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bronchus lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of bronchi OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of bronchus OBOL:automatic lamina propria of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of bronchial trunk epithelium of lobar bronchus EMAPA:17390 EMAPA:17658 EMAPA:17666 EMAPA:17984 EMAPA:17989 EMAPA:17994 EMAPA:18000 FMA:86624 MA:0001842 UBERON:0002339 UBERON:FMA_86624-MA_0001842 epithelial tissue of lobar bronchus epithelial tissue of secondary bronchus epithelium of secondary bronchus lobar bronchial epithelium lobar bronchus epithelial tissue lobar bronchus epithelium secondary bronchus epithelial tissue secondary bronchus epithelium the tissue made up of epithelial cells that lines the inside of the lobar bronchus. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of secondary bronchus OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of secondary bronchus OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lobar bronchus OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic lobar bronchus epithelial tissue GO:0060481 the tissue made up of epithelial cells that lines the inside of the lobar bronchus. epithelium of main bronchus An epithelium that is part of a main bronchus [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001047 EHDAA:5003 EMAPA:16851 FMA:86625 MA:0001847 OG:0001034 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002340 UBERON:0003245 UBERON:FMA_86625-MA_0001847 bronchus principalis epithelial tissue bronchus principalis epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchus principalis epithelial tissue of main bronchus epithelial tissue of primary bronchus epithelial tissue of principal bronchus epithelium of bronchus principalis epithelium of primary bronchus epithelium of principal bronchus main bronchial epithelium main bronchus epithelial tissue main bronchus epithelium primary bronchus epithelial tissue primary bronchus epithelium principal bronchus epithelial tissue principal bronchus epithelium OBOL:automatic primary bronchus epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic main bronchus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic principal bronchus epithelium OBOL:automatic primary bronchus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic principal bronchus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis epithelium OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of main bronchus OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic epithelium of primary bronchus An epithelium that is part of a main bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of bronchus principalis epithelium of segmental bronchus An epithelium that is part of a segmental bronchus [Obol]. FMA:86626 MA:0001850 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002341 UBERON:FMA_86626-MA_0001850 epithelial tissue of segmental bronchus epithelial tissue of tertiary bronchus epithelium of tertiary bronchus segmental bronchial epithelium segmental bronchus epithelial tissue segmental bronchus epithelium tertiary bronchus epithelial tissue tertiary bronchus epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of segmental bronchus OBOL:automatic epithelium of tertiary bronchus OBOL:automatic tertiary bronchus epithelium An epithelium that is part of a segmental bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic segmental bronchus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic tertiary bronchus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of tertiary bronchus neural crest AAO:0010578 BTO:0001764 FMA:86666 GAID:1310 MAT:0000066 MESH:A.16.254.600 MIAA:0000066 OG:0000057 SCTID:361462002 TAO:0000045 The neural crest, a transient component of the ectoderm, is located in between the neural tube and the epidermis (or the free margins of the neural folds) of an embryo during neural tube formation. Neural crest cells quickly migrate during or shortly after neurulation, an embryological event marked by neural tube closure. UBERON:0002342 UBERON:FMA_86666-MIAA_0000066-XAO_0000048-ZFA_0000045 XAO:0000048 ZFA:0000045 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray644.png/200px-Gray644.png ncithesaurus:Neural_Crest XAO BTO The neural crest, a transient component of the ectoderm, is located in between the neural tube and the epidermis (or the free margins of the neural folds) of an embryo during neural tube formation. Neural crest cells quickly migrate during or shortly after neurulation, an embryological event marked by neural tube closure. Wikipedia:Neural_crest ISBN10:0073040584 GOTAX:0000352 abdomen musculature FMA:71294 FMA:86917 Set of all muscles in abdomen. TAO:0001327 UBERON:0002343 UBERON:FMA_86917-ZFA_0001327 ZFA:0001327 abdominal musculature muscle group of abdomen muscles of abdomen musculature of abdomen musculature of abdominal wall note distinction between abdomen muscle and abdomen musculature OBOL:automatic Set of all muscles in abdomen. FMA:71294 muscles of abdomen FMA:86917 musculature of abdominal wall FMA:71294 muscle group of abdomen descending thoracic aorta EFO:0002527 EMAPA:18605 FMA:87217 MA:0002572 SCTID:181301002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002345 UBERON:FMA_87217-MA_0002572 the part of the aorta that extends from the arch of the aorta to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest. MP:0009868 the part of the aorta that extends from the arch of the aorta to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest. neural ectoderm AAO:0000469 BILA:0000039 EHDAA2:0001248 EHDAA:1498 EHDAA:255 EMAPA:16073 EV:0100004 Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue. FBbt:00001061 FMA:87657 MAT:0000176 MIAA:0000176 OG:0000150 TAO:0001120 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002346 UBERON:FMA_87657-MIAA_0000176-XAO_0000042-ZFA_0001120 XAO:0000042 ZFA:0001120 ncithesaurus:Neuroectoderm neuaral ectoderm neurectoderm neuroectoderm presumptive central nervous system Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue. NLM:neuroectoderm Wikipedia:Neuroectoderm ZFA thoracic vertebra EMAPA:18011 FMA:9139 GAID:244 In humans, the 12 thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. They are intermediate in size between those of the cervical and lumbar regions; they increase in size as one proceeds down the spine, the upper vertebrae being much smaller than those in the lower part of the region. They are distinguished by the presence of facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs, and facets on the transverse processes of all, except the eleventh and twelfth, for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000314 MESH:A.02.835.232.834.892 OpenCyc:Mx4rvdZIBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181821009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002347 UBERON:FMA_9139-MA_0000314 dorsal vertebra http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Gray90.png/200px-Gray90.png ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Vertebra thorax vertebra vertebra of thorax vertebra thoracica OBOL:automatic thorax vertebra In humans, the 12 thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. They are intermediate in size between those of the cervical and lumbar regions; they increase in size as one proceeds down the spine, the upper vertebrae being much smaller than those in the lower part of the region. They are distinguished by the presence of facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs, and facets on the transverse processes of all, except the eleventh and twelfth, for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thoracic_vertebra OBOL:automatic vertebra of thorax epicardium AAO:0010409 EHDAA2:0002202 FMA:9461 OG:0000119 Region of visceral serous pericardium which has as its part, the mesothelium, subepicardial layer of epicardium and the fibroelastic connective tissue that is attached to the myocardium and is continuous with the parietal serous pericardium[FMA]. External layer of the heart[ZFA]. TAO:0005057 TODO - check links with UBERON:0002425 visceral serous pericardium. develops from proepicardium. WP:Epicardium -- When considered as a part of the pericardium, it is the inner layer, or visceral pericardium, continuous with the serous layer. UBERON:0002348 UBERON:FMA_9461-XAO_0000316-ZFA_0005057 XAO:0000316 ZFA:0005057 galen:Epicardium heart epicardium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray968.png/200px-Gray968.png ncithesaurus:Epicardium visceral serous pericardium of heart visceral serous pericardium proper Region of visceral serous pericardium which has as its part, the mesothelium, subepicardial layer of epicardium and the fibroelastic connective tissue that is attached to the myocardium and is continuous with the parietal serous pericardium[FMA]. External layer of the heart[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Epicardium ZFIN:curator FMA:9461 visceral serous pericardium proper myocardium AAO:0010410 BTO:0000901 EFO:0000819 EHDAA2:0001220 EHDAA2:0004150 EV:0100022 FMA:9462 GAID:173 MA:0000164 MAT:0000453 MESH:A.02.633.580 OG:0000083 OpenCyc:Mx4ro36AFrCvEduAAAAOpmP6tw SCTID:362012001 TAO:0001319 TODO - check 'Myocardum proper' in FMA. We superclass the more generic class for now. FMA has is_a muscle layer - should we add this? ZFA and BTO both have is_a 'cardiac muscle' (tissue?). But in U we also follow FMA and have cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium (there is also Fibrocollagenous connective tissue of myocardium), which would be identical (see issue-10). Note that GO also treats left/right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue synonymous with ventricular myocardium UBERON:0002349 UBERON:FMA_9462-MA_0000164-XAO_0000065-ZFA_0001319 XAO:0000065 ZFA:0001319 cardiac muscle galen:Myocardium heart muscle heart muscle heart myocardium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Glanzstreifen.jpg/200px-Glanzstreifen.jpg middle muscular layer of the heart wall[M-W]. Muscle layer of organ which has as its parts the myocardium proper and the conducting system of the heart[FMA]. muscle of heart ncithesaurus:Myocardium FMA:9462 heart muscle Wikipedia:Myocardium middle muscular layer of the heart wall[M-W]. Muscle layer of organ which has as its parts the myocardium proper and the conducting system of the heart[FMA]. FMA:9462 muscle of heart ZFA:0001319 heart muscle ZFA:0001319 cardiac muscle conducting system of heart Conducting tissue of heart which consists of specialized cardiac myocyte in the myocardium.[FMA] EFO:0003909 EV:0100025 FMA:9476 MA:0000094 MESH:A.07.541.409 OG:0001271 SCTID:281489000 TAO:0005063 UBERON:0002350 UBERON:FMA_9476-ZFA_0005063 ZFA:0005063 cardiac conduction system cardionector central conduction system impulse conducting system FMA Conducting tissue of heart which consists of specialized cardiac myocyte in the myocardium.[FMA] FMA:9476 FMA MA:0000094 impulse conducting system FMA FMA FMA sinoatrial node BTO:0004358 EHDAA2:0004184 FMA:9477 GAID:561 Koch's node MA:0000097 MESH:A.07.541.409.819 OpenCyc:Mx4rOhejDGMcEd2AAABQjYGu0g SA nodal muscle tissue SA node SCTID:277687007 TAO:0005069 UBERON:0002351 UBERON:FMA_9477-MA_0000097-ZFA_0005069 WP states: The SA node is found in all amniotes but not in more primitive vertebrates. In these animals, the muscles of the heart are relatively continuous and the sinus venosus coordinates the beat which passes in a wave through the remaining chambers. Indeed, since the sinus venosus is incorporated into the right atrium in amniotes, it is likely homologous with the SA node. In teleosts, with their vestigial sinus venosus, the main centre of coordination is, instead, in the atrium. ZFA:0005069 cardiac pacemaker http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sinoatrial_node_low_mag.jpg/200px-Sinoatrial_node_low_mag.jpg ncithesaurus:Sinoatrial_Node node of Keith-Flack nodus sinuatrialis part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node[GO]. Subdivision of conducting system of heart at the junction of the right atrium and the superior vena cava, around the sinoatrial nodal branch of right coronary artery and is continuous with the internodal tract[FMA]. sinoatrial node sinu-atrial node sinuatrial nodal muscle tissue sinuatrial node sinus node sinus node of Keith and Flack FMA:9477 sinu-atrial node FMA:9477 sinoatrial node FMA:9477 node of Keith-Flack FMA:9477 sinuatrial node FMA:9477 sinus node of Keith and Flack FMA:9477 sinuatrial nodal muscle tissue FMA:9477 FMA:TA nodus sinuatrialis FMA:9477 sinus node FMA:9477 cardiac pacemaker ZFA GO:0003163 Wikipedia:Sinoatrial_node part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node[GO]. Subdivision of conducting system of heart at the junction of the right atrium and the superior vena cava, around the sinoatrial nodal branch of right coronary artery and is continuous with the internodal tract[FMA]. FMA:9477 SA nodal muscle tissue FMA:9477 SA node FMA:9477 Koch's node atrioventricular node EFO:0000276 EHDAA2:0004183 FMA:9478 GAID:558 MA:0000095 MAT:0000498 MESH:A.07.541.409.147 OG:0001474 OpenCyc:Mx4rMfD91mMcEd2AAABQjYGu0g SCTID:277688002 Subdivision of conducting system of heart which is located in the muscular part of the interatrial septum that is continuous with the atrioventricular bundle.[FMA] TAO:0005070 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002352 UBERON:FMA_9478-MA_0000095-ZFA_0005070 ZFA:0005070 aschoff-tawara node atrioventricular nodal muscle tissue av nodal muscle tissue av node http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gray501.png/200px-Gray501.png ncithesaurus:Atrioventricular_Node node of tawara FMA:FMA Subdivision of conducting system of heart which is located in the muscular part of the interatrial septum that is continuous with the atrioventricular bundle.[FMA] Wikipedia:Atrioventricular_node atrioventricular bundle FMA:9484 GAID:559 His bundle MA:0002576 MESH:A.07.541.409.273 OpenCyc:Mx4rUv1WcGPJEd2AAABQjYGu0g SCTID:362022007 Subdivision of conducting system of heart which consists of the atrial part and the ventricular part of the atrioventricular bundle and is the direct continuation of the atrioventricular node.[FMA] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002353 UBERON:FMA_9484-MA_0002576 atrioventricular bundle muscle tissue atrioventricular fasciculus bundle of His galen:BundleOfHis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ECG_Principle_fast.gif/200px-ECG_Principle_fast.gif ncithesaurus:Atrioventricular_Bundle FMA GO FMA:FMA Subdivision of conducting system of heart which consists of the atrial part and the ventricular part of the atrioventricular bundle and is the direct continuation of the atrioventricular node.[FMA] Wikipedia:Bundle_of_His purkinje fiber Conducting tissue of heart which consists of Purkinje myocytes.[FMA] FMA:9492 GAID:560 MA:0000096 MESH:A.07.541.409.683 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002354 UBERON:FMA_9492-MA_0000096 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray498.png/200px-Gray498.png myofibra conducens cardiacus ncithesaurus:Purkinje_Fiber FMA Conducting tissue of heart which consists of Purkinje myocytes.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Purkinje_fiber pelvis BTO:0001006 EFO:0002805 EV:0100012 FMA:9578 GAID:87 MA:0000030 MESH:A.01.673 Note that MA and FMA differ in what they consider to be parts of the pelvis. MA includes ureter, urethra, urinary bladder, reproductive organs OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjiTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:229765004 Subdivision of abdomen, which is demarcated from the abdomen proper by the plane of the superior pelvic aperture, and from the perineum by the inferior surface of the pelvic diaphragm; together with the abdomen proper, it constitutes the abdomen[FMA]. UBERON:0002355 UBERON:FMA_9578-MA_0000030 galen:Pelvis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gray242.png/200px-Gray242.png lesser pelvis ncithesaurus:Pelvis true pelvis FMA:9578 Subdivision of abdomen, which is demarcated from the abdomen proper by the plane of the superior pelvic aperture, and from the perineum by the inferior surface of the pelvic diaphragm; together with the abdomen proper, it constitutes the abdomen[FMA]. Wikipedia:Pelvis FMA:9578 lesser pelvis FMA:9578 true pelvis perineum EHDAA2:0004015 EV:0100013 FMA:9579 GAID:90 MA:0002466 MESH:A.01.719 OpenCyc:Mx4rvcHSh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:243990009 Subdivision of trunk, which is demarcated from the pelvis by the inferior surface of the pelvic diaphragm and from the lower limbs by the perineofemoral lines; together with the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, it constitutes the trunk[FMA]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002356 UBERON:FMA_9579-MA_0002466 galen:Perineum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gray406.png/200px-Gray406.png ncithesaurus:Perineum perineal region regio perinealis FMA:9579 FMA:TA regio perinealis FMA:9579 Subdivision of trunk, which is demarcated from the pelvis by the inferior surface of the pelvic diaphragm and from the lower limbs by the perineofemoral lines; together with the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, it constitutes the trunk[FMA]. Wikipedia:Perineum serous pericardium FMA:9582 MA:0002739 SCTID:243954002 Serous membrane which has as its parts the epicardium and parietal serous pericardium that surrounds pericardial cavity. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002357 UBERON:FMA_9582-MA_0002739 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray968.png/200px-Gray968.png serous portion of pericardium Serous membrane which has as its parts the epicardium and parietal serous pericardium that surrounds pericardial cavity. Wikipedia:Serous_pericardium peritoneum A serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom — it covers most of the intra-abdominal (or coelomic) organs — in higher vertebrates and some invertebrates (annelids, for instance). It is composed of a layer of mesothelium supported by a thin layer of connective tissue. The peritoneum both supports the abdominal organs and serves as a conduit for their blood and lymph vessels and nerves[WP]. The smooth transparent serous membrane that lines the cavity of the abdomen of a mammal and is folded inward over the abdominal and pelvic viscera[BTO]. The endothelial lining of the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. The parietal peritoneum covers the inside of the ABDOMINAL WALL and the visceral peritoneum covers the bowel, the MESENTERY, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall[GAID]. AAO:0010814 BTO:0001472 EV:0100087 FMA:9584 GAID:18 MESH:A.01.047.025.600 OG:0001257 OpenCyc:Mx4rvjJ72ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0005120 TODO - in ZFA is_a epithelium UBERON:0002358 UBERON:FMA_9584-XAO_0000139-ZFA_0005120 XAO:0000139 ZFA:0005120 galen:Peritoneum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray1040.png/200px-Gray1040.png ncithesaurus:Peritoneum A serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom — it covers most of the intra-abdominal (or coelomic) organs — in higher vertebrates and some invertebrates (annelids, for instance). It is composed of a layer of mesothelium supported by a thin layer of connective tissue. The peritoneum both supports the abdominal organs and serves as a conduit for their blood and lymph vessels and nerves[WP]. The smooth transparent serous membrane that lines the cavity of the abdomen of a mammal and is folded inward over the abdominal and pelvic viscera[BTO]. The endothelial lining of the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. The parietal peritoneum covers the inside of the ABDOMINAL WALL and the visceral peritoneum covers the bowel, the MESENTERY, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall[GAID]. Wikipedia:Peritoneum ZFIN:curator fibrous pericardium EMAPA:19029 FMA:9586 MA:0002738 Membrane organ which is attached to the pericardial sac proper and the central tendon of diaphragm and is continuous with the pretracheal fascia.[FMA] SCTID:243953008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002359 UBERON:FMA_9586-MA_0002738 fibrous portion of pericardium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray968.png/200px-Gray968.png FMA:FMA Membrane organ which is attached to the pericardial sac proper and the central tendon of diaphragm and is continuous with the pretracheal fascia.[FMA] Wikipedia:Fibrous_pericardium meninx BTO:0000144 EFO:0000584 EFO:0000867 EV:0100312 FMA:9589 GAID:687 MA:0001113 MAT:0000113 MESH:A.08.186.566 Membrane organ that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord // Wikipedia: system of membranes which envelops the central nervous system. Whereas cyclostomes and fishes only have a single envelope called the primitive meninx, amphibians have two layers, consisting of an outer dura mater which is extremely dense and protective, and a pia-arachnoid or secondary meninx which is more delicate and vascular. Mammals have three meninges: pia mater (which follows all the convolutions of the brain and is the most interior), the arachnoid layer (which is delicate and sends strands to the pia mater), and the dura mater (the outer, more protective meninx). The area between the dura mater and the arachnoid layer is called the subdural space; the area between the arachnoid layer is called the subarachnoid space. An additional layer of tissue lies between the two hemispheres of the cerebrum and is called the falx cerebri. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090204 OG:0001295 OpenCyc:Mx4rwDOl8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362879001 UBERON:0002360 UBERON:FMA_9589-MA_0001113 ZFA:0001355 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Illu_meninges.jpg/200px-Illu_meninges.jpg meninges ncithesaurus:Meninges Membrane organ that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord // Wikipedia: system of membranes which envelops the central nervous system. Whereas cyclostomes and fishes only have a single envelope called the primitive meninx, amphibians have two layers, consisting of an outer dura mater which is extremely dense and protective, and a pia-arachnoid or secondary meninx which is more delicate and vascular. Mammals have three meninges: pia mater (which follows all the convolutions of the brain and is the most interior), the arachnoid layer (which is delicate and sends strands to the pia mater), and the dura mater (the outer, more protective meninx). The area between the dura mater and the arachnoid layer is called the subdural space; the area between the arachnoid layer is called the subarachnoid space. An additional layer of tissue lies between the two hemispheres of the cerebrum and is called the falx cerebri. Wikipedia:Meninx http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/Chap15.html meninges pia mater BTO:0001635 EHDAA2:0001464 EHDAA:1367 EHDAA:1961 EHDAA:2001 EHDAA:2099 EHDAA:2685 EHDAA:2833 EHDAA:2867 EHDAA:3692 EHDAA:3710 EHDAA:6566 EHDAA:6583 EV:0100315 FMA:9590 GAID:693 MA:0001116 MESH:A.08.186.566.731 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090209 OpenCyc:Mx4rvtesBZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362305004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002361 UBERON:FMA_9590-MA_0001116 delicate innermost layer of the meninges—the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The thin, mesh-like pia mater closely envelops the entire surface of the brain, running down into the fissures of the cortex. It joins with the ependyma which lines the ventricles to form choroid plexuses that produce cerebrospinal fluid. In the spinal cord, the pia mater attaches to the dura mater by the denticular ligaments through the arachnoid membrane. The pia mater is a neural crest derivative. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray770.png/200px-Gray770.png ncithesaurus:Pia_Mater pia mater of neuraxis pial membrane NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090209 pial membrane Wikipedia:Pia_mater delicate innermost layer of the meninges—the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The thin, mesh-like pia mater closely envelops the entire surface of the brain, running down into the fissures of the cortex. It joins with the ependyma which lines the ventricles to form choroid plexuses that produce cerebrospinal fluid. In the spinal cord, the pia mater attaches to the dura mater by the denticular ligaments through the arachnoid membrane. The pia mater is a neural crest derivative. arachnoid mater BTO:0001636 EV:0100314 FMA:9591 GAID:688 MA:0001114 MESH:A.08.186.566.166 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090208 One of the three meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. It is interposed between the two other meninges, the more superficial dura mater and the deeper pia mater, and is separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid space. OpenCyc:Mx4rve5HlJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362304000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002362 UBERON:FMA_9591-MA_0001114 arachnoid arachnoid mater of neuraxis arachnoid membrane arachnoidea mater http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gray767.png/200px-Gray767.png ncithesaurus:Arachnoiditis BTO:0001636 arachnoidea mater NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090208 arachnoid membrane One of the three meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. It is interposed between the two other meninges, the more superficial dura mater and the deeper pia mater, and is separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid space. Wikipedia:Arachnoid_mater dura mater BTO:0001637 EMAPA:17776 EV:0100313 FMA:9592 GAID:691 MA:0001115 MESH:A.08.186.566.395 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090206 OpenCyc:Mx4rvvmzqZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362301008 UBERON:0002363 UBERON:FMA_9592-MA_0001115 dura dura mater of neuraxis ncithesaurus:Dura_Mater pachymeninges the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for keeping in the cerebrospinal fluid. Wikipedia:Dura_mater the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for keeping in the cerebrospinal fluid. BTO:0001637 dura NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090206 pachymeninges tympanic membrane EV:0100358 FMA:9595 GAID:870 MA:0000257 MESH:A.09.246.397.873 OG:0001146 Rivinus' membrane SCTID:181180005 The tympanic membrane (also tympanum, myrinx or eardrum), is a thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear. Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles. Rupture or perforation of the eardrum can lead to conductive hearing loss. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002364 UBERON:FMA_9595-MA_0000257 XAO:0000212 ear drum eardrum lateral wall of tympanic cavity membranous wall of tympanic cavity ncithesaurus:Tympanic_Membrane paries membranaceus cavi tympani tympanum The tympanic membrane (also tympanum, myrinx or eardrum), is a thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear. Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles. Rupture or perforation of the eardrum can lead to conductive hearing loss. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tympanic_membrane FMA:9595 FMA:TA paries membranaceus cavi tympani Wikipedia:Tympanic_membrane tympanum exocrine gland A gland that secretes products (excluding hormones and other chemical messengers) into ducts (duct glands) which lead directly into the external environment[WP]. Typical exocrine glands include sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas AEO:0000097 BTO:0000765 EHDAA2:0003097 FMA:9596 GAID:34 MA:0002564 MESH:A.10.336 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002365 UBERON:FMA_9596-MA_0002564 ducted gland exocrine gland glandula exocrina ncithesaurus:Exocrine_Gland A gland that secretes products (excluding hormones and other chemical messengers) into ducts (duct glands) which lead directly into the external environment[WP]. Typical exocrine glands include sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas Wikipedia:Exocrine_gland bulbo-urethral gland BTO:0001698 Cowper's gland Cowper's glands EMAPA:19286 FMA:9599 GAID:387 Lobular organ the parenchyma of which consists of glandular acini which communicate the bulbar part of the urethra. Examples: There only two instances, right and left bulbo-urethral glands.[FMA] MA:0000401 MESH:A.05.360.444.123 SCTID:278918009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002366 UBERON:FMA_9599-MA_0000401 bulbourethral gland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Male_anatomy.png/200px-Male_anatomy.png FMA:FMA Lobular organ the parenchyma of which consists of glandular acini which communicate the bulbar part of the urethra. Examples: There only two instances, right and left bulbo-urethral glands.[FMA] Wikipedia:Bulbo-urethral_gland prostate gland BTO:0001129 EFO:0000858 EMAPA:19287 EV:0100104 FMA:9600 GAID:392 MA:0000404 MAT:0000078 MESH:A.05.360.444.575 MIAA:0000078 OG:0001261 OpenCyc:Mx4rv6trqZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181422007 TODO - FMA treats the gland as part of the prostate - see also FMA:74119. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid. UBERON:0002367 UBERON:FMA_9600-MA_0000404-MIAA_0000078 galen:ProstateGland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Prostatelead.jpg/200px-Prostatelead.jpg ncithesaurus:Prostate_Gland prostate GO:0030850 The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid. Wikipedia:Prostate Wikipedia endocrine gland AEO:0000098 BTO:0001488 EHDAA2:0003098 Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct. The main endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, and adrenal glands. The hypothalamus is a neuroendocrine organ. Other organs which are not so well known for their endocrine activity include the stomach, which produces such hormones as ghrelin[WP]. FMA:9602 GAID:335 MA:0002563 MESH:A.06.407 OpenCyc:Mx4rvbkiRZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:40818001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002368 UBERON:FMA_9602-MA_0002563 ductless gland glandula endocrina ncithesaurus:Endocrine_Gland Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct. The main endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, and adrenal glands. The hypothalamus is a neuroendocrine organ. Other organs which are not so well known for their endocrine activity include the stomach, which produces such hormones as ghrelin[WP]. Wikipedia:Endocrine_gland adrenal gland AAO:0010551 BTO:0000047 EFO:0000238 EMAPA:18426 EV:0100135 Either of a pair of complex endocrine organs near the anterior medial border of the kidney consisting of a mesodermal cortex that produces glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgenic hormones and an ectodermal medulla that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine[BTO]. FMA:9604 GAID:446 MA:0000116 MAT:0000071 MESH:A.06.407.071 MIAA:0000071 OpenCyc:Mx4rvXYiz5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181127006 The origin of the adrenal gland is still controversial. It is thought to share the same origin as the kidney and gonads, derived from coelomic epithelium of the urogenital ridge and/or the underlying mesenchyme (Keegan and Hammer, 2002; Morohashi, 1997) UBERON:0002369 UBERON:FMA_9604-MA_0000116-MIAA_0000071-XAO_0000164 XAO:0000164 adrenal adrenal capsule adrenal medulla cell atrabiliary capsule epinephros galen:AdrenalGland glandula suprarenalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Illu_endocrine_system.jpg/200px-Illu_endocrine_system.jpg interrenal gland ncithesaurus:Adrenal_Gland suprarenal capsule suprarenal gland Wikipedia BTO:0000047 glandula suprarenalis BTO:0000047 Either of a pair of complex endocrine organs near the anterior medial border of the kidney consisting of a mesodermal cortex that produces glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgenic hormones and an ectodermal medulla that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine[BTO]. Wikipedia:Adrenal_gland GO:0030325 interrenal gland BTO:0000047 atrabiliary capsule BTO:0000047 adrenal capsule BTO:0000047 adrenal BTO:0000047 epinephros BTO:0000047 suprarenal capsule Wikipedia thymus AAO:0010548 Anatomical structure of largely lymphoid tissue that functions in cell-mediated immunity by being the site where T cells develop. BTO:0001374 EFO:0000860 EHDAA2:0002017 EHDAA:9119 EMAPA:18768 EV:0100138 FMA:9607 GAID:464 MA:0000142 MAT:0000080 MESH:A.06.407.850 MIAA:0000080 OG:0000253 OpenCyc:Mx4rvpIympwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:118507000 TAO:0001078 UBERON:0002370 UBERON:FMA_9607-MA_0000142-MIAA_0000080-XAO_0000163-ZFA_0001078 XAO:0000163 ZFA:0001078 check - a subtype of gland? not in GO. NCIT has thymus and thymus gland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Illu_thymus.jpg/200px-Illu_thymus.jpg ncithesaurus:Thymus_Gland thymus gland Anatomical structure of largely lymphoid tissue that functions in cell-mediated immunity by being the site where T cells develop. NLM:thymus Wikipedia:Thymus FMA EHDAA2 ZFA XAO ZFA XAO bone marrow AAO:0011007 BTO:0000141 BTO:0000829 EFO:0000868 EV:0100046 FMA:9608 GAID:1287 MA:0000134 MAT:0000084 MESH:A.15.382.216 MIAA:0000084 OG:0001218 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVm-FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:421320006 TODO - create superclass for bone marrow / head kidney. both are portions of tissue in the hematopoetic system. also consider adding as subclass of zone of bone organ for consistency with FMA UBERON:0002371 UBERON:FMA_9608-MA_0000134-MIAA_0000084-XAO_0000123-ZFA_0000669 XAO:0000123 anterior kidney flexible tissue found in the hollow interior of bones. In adults, marrow in large bones produces new blood cells[WP]. galen:BoneMarrow head kidney kidney marrow medulla of bone medulla ossea medulla ossium ncithesaurus:Bone_Marrow BTO:0000141 medulla ossium BTO:0000141 medulla of bone Wikipedia:Bone_marrow flexible tissue found in the hollow interior of bones. In adults, marrow in large bones produces new blood cells[WP]. tonsil BTO:0001387 EFO:0001401 EV:0100052 FMA:9609 GAID:341 MA:0000143 MESH:A.03.867.603.925 Mandel Most commonly, the term "tonsils" refers to the palatine tonsils that can be seen in the back of the throat. OG:0001139 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVivrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Portion of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. UBERON:0002372 UBERON:FMA_9609-MA_0000143 ncithesaurus:Tonsil Portion of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. Wikipedia:Tonsil BTO:0001387 Mandel palatine tonsil BTO:0004714 EFO:0001977 EV:0100393 FMA:9610 MA:0000775 MAT:0000291 MIAA:0000291 OG:0001140 SCTID:265787001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002373 UBERON:FMA_9610-MA_0000775-MIAA_0000291 faucial tonsil http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Illu_mouth.jpg/200px-Illu_mouth.jpg ncithesaurus:Palatine_Tonsil tonsils on the left and right sides at the back of the throat. one of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT), located at the entrance to the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts to protect the body from the entry of exogenous material through mucosal sites[WP]. Wikipedia Wikipedia:Palatine_tonsil tonsils on the left and right sides at the back of the throat. one of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT), located at the entrance to the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts to protect the body from the entry of exogenous material through mucosal sites[WP]. metacarpal bone EFO:0003886 FMA:9612 MA:0000302 OpenCyc:Mx4rv1Bk45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181977005 The metacarpus is the intermediate part of the hand skeleton that is located between the phalanges (bones of the fingers) distally and the carpus which forms the connection to the forearm. The metacarpus consists of metacarpal bones. The metacarpals form a transverse arch to which the rigid row of distal carpal bones are fixed. The peripheral metacarpals (those of the thumb and little finger) form the sides of the cup of the palmar gutter and as they are brought together they deepen this concavity. The index metacarpal is the most firmly fixed, while the thumb metacarpal articulates with the trapezium and acts independently from the others. The middle metacarpals are tightly united to the carpus by intrinsic interlocking bone elements at their bases. The ring metacarpal forms a transitional element of the semi-independent last metacarpal. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002374 UBERON:FMA_9612-MA_0000302 galen:Metacarpal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Metacarpals_numbered-en.svg/200px-Metacarpals_numbered-en.svg.png metacarpal ncithesaurus:Metacarpal_Bone The metacarpus is the intermediate part of the hand skeleton that is located between the phalanges (bones of the fingers) distally and the carpus which forms the connection to the forearm. The metacarpus consists of metacarpal bones. The metacarpals form a transverse arch to which the rigid row of distal carpal bones are fixed. The peripheral metacarpals (those of the thumb and little finger) form the sides of the cup of the palmar gutter and as they are brought together they deepen this concavity. The index metacarpal is the most firmly fixed, while the thumb metacarpal articulates with the trapezium and acts independently from the others. The middle metacarpals are tightly united to the carpus by intrinsic interlocking bone elements at their bases. The ring metacarpal forms a transitional element of the semi-independent last metacarpal. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Metacarpal_bone cricoid cartilage AAO:0000675 EHDAA2:0000326 EHDAA:9393 EMAPA:18696 FMA:9615 GAID:110 MA:0001762 MESH:A.02.165.507.211 OG:0001308 SCTID:263484006 The cricoid cartilage, or simply cricoid (from the Greek krikoeides meaning 'ring-shaped'), is the only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002375 UBERON:FMA_9615-MA_0001762 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gray1194.png/200px-Gray1194.png ncithesaurus:Cricoid_Cartilage Wikipedia MA Wikipedia Wikipedia The cricoid cartilage, or simply cricoid (from the Greek krikoeides meaning 'ring-shaped'), is the only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cricoid_cartilage muscle of head AAO:0000107 BTO:0000021 EFO:0003524 EMAPA:18171 FMA:9616 MA:0000578 Muscle organ which is a part of the head. Examples: masseter, orbicularis oculi.[FMA] TAO:0000328 TODO - check ZFA UBERON:0002376 UBERON:FMA_9616-MA_0000578-ZFA_0000328 WBbt:0006761 ZFA:0000328 ZFA:0001652 adult head muscle organ cephalic muscle cephalic musculature cranial muscle head muscle head muscle organ head muscles muscle organ of adult head muscle organ of head musculus caput OBOL:automatic muscle organ of adult head ZFA:0001652 cephalic muscle ZFA:0001652 cranial muscle OBOL:automatic adult head muscle organ FMA:9616 Muscle organ which is a part of the head. Examples: masseter, orbicularis oculi.[FMA] OBOL:automatic head muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of head muscle of neck FMA:9617 GAID:149 MA:0000587 MESH:A.02.633.567.650 Muscle organ which is a part of the neck. Examples: platysma, sternocleidomastoid, cricothyroid muscle.[FMA] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002377 UBERON:FMA_9617-MA_0000587 muscle organ of neck muscle organ of neck (volume) ncithesaurus:Neck_Muscle neck (volume) muscle organ neck muscle neck muscle organ FMA:9617 Muscle organ which is a part of the neck. Examples: platysma, sternocleidomastoid, cricothyroid muscle.[FMA] OBOL:automatic muscle organ of neck OBOL:automatic neck muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck (volume) muscle organ muscle of abdomen BTO:0001261 FMA:9620 GAID:89 MA:0000520 MESH:A.02.633.567.050 Muscle (organ) which is a part of the abdomen. Examples: external oblique, rectus abdominis. OpenCyc:Mx4rvlygNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361352008 UBERON:0002378 UBERON:FMA_9620-MA_0000520 abdomen muscle abdomen muscle organ abdominal muscle abdominal wall muscle muscle organ of abdomen ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Muscle OBOL:automatic abdomen muscle organ Muscle (organ) which is a part of the abdomen. Examples: external oblique, rectus abdominis. Wikipedia:Abdominal_muscle OBOL:automatic muscle organ of abdomen perineal muscle A muscle organ that is part of a perineum [Obol]. EMAPA:18923 FMA:9623 MA:0000538 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002379 UBERON:FMA_9623-MA_0000538 muscle of perineum muscle organ of perineal region muscle organ of perineum ncithesaurus:Perineal_Muscle perineal region muscle organ perineum muscle organ OBOL:automatic perineum muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of perineal region OBOL:automatic muscle organ of perineum A muscle organ that is part of a perineum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic perineal region muscle organ trapezius EMAPA:18183 FMA:9626 In human anatomy, the trapezius is a large superficial muscle that extends longitudinally from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the spine of the scapula (shoulder blade). Its functions are to move the scapulae and support the arm. The trapezius has three functional regions: the superior region (descending part), which supports the weight of the arm; the intermediate region (transverse part), which retracts the scapulae; and the inferior region (ascending part), which medially rotates and depresses the scapulae. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002398 OG:0000834 SCTID:181740005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002380 UBERON:FMA_9626-MA_0002398 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Trapezius.png/200px-Trapezius.png ncithesaurus:Trapezius_Muscle trapezius muscle In human anatomy, the trapezius is a large superficial muscle that extends longitudinally from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the spine of the scapula (shoulder blade). Its functions are to move the scapulae and support the arm. The trapezius has three functional regions: the superior region (descending part), which supports the weight of the arm; the intermediate region (transverse part), which retracts the scapulae; and the inferior region (ascending part), which medially rotates and depresses the scapulae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Trapezius pectoralis major EHDAA2:0001424 EHDAA:8311 EMAPA:18179 FMA:9627 MA:0002354 OG:0000895 SCTID:60005003 The pectoralis major is a thick, fan-shaped muscle, situated at the upper front of the chest wall. It makes up the bulk of the chest muscles in the male and lies under the breast in the female. Underneath the pectoralis major is the pectoralis minor, a thin, triangular muscle. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002381 UBERON:FMA_9627-MA_0002354 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pectoralis_major.png/200px-Pectoralis_major.png ncithesaurus:Pectoralis_Major pectoralis major muscle pectoralis major muscle structure The pectoralis major is a thick, fan-shaped muscle, situated at the upper front of the chest wall. It makes up the bulk of the chest muscles in the male and lies under the breast in the female. Underneath the pectoralis major is the pectoralis minor, a thin, triangular muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pectoralis_major SCTID:60005003 pectoralis major muscle structure rectus abdominis EHDAA2:0001595 EHDAA:8252 EMAPA:18164 FMA:9628 GAID:142 MA:0002364 MESH:A.02.633.567.050.800 OG:0000863 The rectus abdominis muscle is a paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the human abdomen (and in some other animals). There are two parallel muscles, separated by a midline band of connective tissue called the linea alba (white line). It extends from the pubic symphysis/pubic crest inferiorly to the xiphisternum/xiphoid process and lower costal cartilages (5–7) superiorly. It is contained in the Rectus sheath. The rectus is usually crossed by three fibrous bands licked by the tendinous inscriptions. While the 'sixpack' is by far the most common configuration of the muscle bellies of the rectus, there exist rare anatomic variations which result in the appearance of eight ('eightpack'), ten, or—even rarer—asymmetrically arranged segments. All these variations are functionally equivalent. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002382 UBERON:FMA_9628-MA_0002364 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rectus_abdominis.png/200px-Rectus_abdominis.png ncithesaurus:Rectus_Abdominis The rectus abdominis muscle is a paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the human abdomen (and in some other animals). There are two parallel muscles, separated by a midline band of connective tissue called the linea alba (white line). It extends from the pubic symphysis/pubic crest inferiorly to the xiphisternum/xiphoid process and lower costal cartilages (5–7) superiorly. It is contained in the Rectus sheath. The rectus is usually crossed by three fibrous bands licked by the tendinous inscriptions. While the 'sixpack' is by far the most common configuration of the muscle bellies of the rectus, there exist rare anatomic variations which result in the appearance of eight ('eightpack'), ten, or—even rarer—asymmetrically arranged segments. All these variations are functionally equivalent. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Rectus_abdominis supraspinatus EHDAA2:0001967 EHDAA:8319 EMAPA:18182 FMA:9629 MA:0002389 OG:0000848 SCTID:181626001 The supraspinatus is a relatively small muscle of the upper limb that takes its name from its origin from the supraspinous fossa superior to the spine of the scapula. It is one of the four rotator cuff muscles and also abducts the arm at the shoulder. The spine of the scapula separates the supraspinatus muscle from the infraspinatus muscle, which originates below the spine. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002383 UBERON:FMA_9629-MA_0002389 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Arm_muscles_back_numbers.png/200px-Arm_muscles_back_numbers.png ncithesaurus:Supraspinatus The supraspinatus is a relatively small muscle of the upper limb that takes its name from its origin from the supraspinous fossa superior to the spine of the scapula. It is one of the four rotator cuff muscles and also abducts the arm at the shoulder. The spine of the scapula separates the supraspinatus muscle from the infraspinatus muscle, which originates below the spine. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Supraspinatus connective tissue AAO:0000098 BTO:0000421 Bindegewebe EFO:0000952 EV:0100150 FMA:9640 GAID:100 MA:0000011 MAT:0000301 MESH:A.02.340 MIAA:0000301 OpenCyc:Mx4rv-aBgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361919005 Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibres and ground substance. UBERON:0002384 UBERON:FMA_9640-FMA_9721-MA_0000011-MA_0000115-MIAA_0000301-XAO_0000173-XAO_0001017 VAO:0000017 XAO:0001017 ZFA:0001632 fascia galen:ConnectiveTissue ncithesaurus:Connective_Tissue portion of connective tissue textus connectivus FMA:9640 portion of connective tissue Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibres and ground substance. VAO:0000017 BTO:0000421 Bindegewebe muscle tissue AAO:0000306 AEO:0000122 EHDAA2:0003122 FMA:9641 MA:0002437 MESH:A.02.633 Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers[GO]. SCTID:91727004 UBERON:0002385 UBERON:FMA_9641-MA_0002437 Vertebrate muscle is categorized into three major muscle types defined by their structural and functional properties: skeletal, cardiac and smooth. In Dmel the counterparts are somatic, heart/cardiac and visceral. Here we take a cell type based approach. galen:MuscleTissue muscle tissue ncithesaurus:Muscle_Tissue portion of muscle tissue textus muscularis muscle tissue GO:0060537 Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers[GO]. Wikipedia:Muscle_tissue https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=2801266&group_id=36855&atid=440764 FMA:9641 portion of muscle tissue forelimb zeugopod BTO:0001447 EFO:0003053 EHDAA2:0000553 EHDAA:4172 EHDAA:6218 EMAPA:17417 FMA:9663 GAID:55 MA:0000034 MESH:A.01.378.800.585 OG:0000341 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjnmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362741001 UBERON:0002386 UBERON:FMA_9663-MA_0000034 antebrachial region antebrachium arm middle limb segment arm zeugopod brachial region middle limb segment brachial region zeugopod distal region of the upper limb, between the elbow and the wrist. forearm forelimb zeugopodium galen:Forearm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Forearm_labeled.png/200px-Forearm_labeled.png intermediate segment of free upper limb lower arm lower segment of arm middle limb segment of arm middle limb segment of brachial region middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb ncithesaurus:Forearm proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod regio antebrachialis zeugopod of arm zeugopod of brachial region zeugopod of forelimb zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm FMA:9663 FMA:TA regio antebrachialis OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment Wikipedia:Forearm antebrachium OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region Wikipedia:Forearm distal region of the upper limb, between the elbow and the wrist. OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod foot BTO:0000476 EFO:0003065 EHDAA2:0000546 EMAPA:17459 FMA:9664 GAID:40 MA:0000044 MESH:A.01.378.610.250 OG:0000350 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi-k5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302545001 The foot is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates. It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows locomotion. In many animals with feet, the foot is a separate organ at the terminal part of the leg made up of one or more segments or bones, generally including claws or nails. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002387 UBERON:FMA_9664-MA_0000044 autopod of hind limb autopod of hindlimb autopod of inferior member autopod of lower extremity distal free limb segment of hind limb distal free limb segment of hindlimb distal free limb segment of inferior member distal free limb segment of lower extremity galen:Foot hind limb autopod hind limb distal free limb segment hind paw hind-paw hindlimb autopod hindlimb autopodium hindlimb distal free limb segment http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Male_Right_Foot_1.jpg/200px-Male_Right_Foot_1.jpg inferior member autopod inferior member distal free limb segment lower extremity autopod lower extremity distal free limb segment ncithesaurus:Foot pes terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity EMAPA:17428 hind-paw The foot is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates. It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows locomotion. In many animals with feet, the foot is a separate organ at the terminal part of the leg made up of one or more segments or bones, generally including claws or nails. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Foot OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopodium OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment UBERON:cjm pes EMAPA:17428 OBOL:automatic hind paw OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity ankle EFO:0001409 FMA:9665 GAID:41 In human anatomy, the ankle joint is formed where the foot and the leg meet. The ankle, or talocrural joint, is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus bone in the foot. The articulation between the tibia and the talus bears more weight than between the smaller fibula and the talus. The term 'ankle' is used to describe structures in the region of the ankle joint proper. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000043 MESH:A.01.378.610.250.149 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi-R5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002388 UBERON:FMA_9665-MA_0000043 galen:Ankle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ankle_en.svg/200px-Ankle_en.svg.png In human anatomy, the ankle joint is formed where the foot and the leg meet. The ankle, or talocrural joint, is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus bone in the foot. The articulation between the tibia and the talus bears more weight than between the smaller fibula and the talus. The term 'ankle' is used to describe structures in the region of the ankle joint proper. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ankle hand digit AAO:0000857 BTO:0004669 EHDAA2:0000404 FMA:9666 GAID:57 MA:0000041 MESH:A.01.378.800.667.430 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090602 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi_f5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:283992002 Subdivision of the hand demarcated from the hand proper by the skin crease in line with the distal edge of finger webs. Examples: thumb, right middle finger, left little finger [FMA]. A digit found on the hands of humans and other primates used for manipulation and sensation [Wikipedia]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000028 UBERON:0002389 UBERON:FMA_9666-MA_0000041 XAO:0003036 digit of hand digitus manus finger fore digit forelimb digit galen:Finger ncithesaurus:Finger Subdivision of the hand demarcated from the hand proper by the skin crease in line with the distal edge of finger webs. Examples: thumb, right middle finger, left little finger [FMA]. A digit found on the hands of humans and other primates used for manipulation and sensation [Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Finger FMA:9666 finger AAO:0000857 XAO:0003036 fore digit hematopoietic system AAO:0011002 BTO:0000570 Blutbildungssystem EFO:0000798 EV:0100045 FMA:9667 GAID:1008 MA:0002434 MAT:0000022 MESH:A.15.378 MIAA:0000022 OG:0001624 SCTID:362587009 TAO:0005023 The tissues concerned in production of the blood, including the bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus[BTO]. Anatomical system that consists of the blood and blood forming tissues. The bodily system of organs and tissues, primarily the bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes, involved in the production of blood[FD]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002390 UBERON:FMA_9667-MA_0002434-MIAA_0000022-XAO_0000122-ZFA_0005023 XAO:0000122 ZFA:0005023 haematological system haematopoietic system haemopoietic system hematological system hematolymphoid system hemopoietic system ncithesaurus:Hematopoietic_System organa haemopoietica BTO:0000570 Blutbildungssystem BTO:0000570 OMD:haematological The tissues concerned in production of the blood, including the bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus[BTO]. Anatomical system that consists of the blood and blood forming tissues. The bodily system of organs and tissues, primarily the bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes, involved in the production of blood[FD]. Wikipedia:Hematopoietic_system http://www.thefreedictionary.com/hematopoietic+system lymph BTO:0000855 EFO:0000871 ENVO:02000041 EV:0100049 FMA:9671 GAID:1186 MA:0002520 MAT:0000055 MESH:A.12.207.630 MIAA:0000055 OpenCyc:Mx4rvpDOU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Transudate contained in the lumen of lymphatic vessel[FMA]. Lymph is the fluid that is formed when interstitial fluid enters the conduits of the lymphatic system[WP]. UBERON:0002391 UBERON:FMA_9671-MA_0002520-MIAA_0000055 galen:Lymph ncithesaurus:Lymph FMA:9671 Transudate contained in the lumen of lymphatic vessel[FMA]. Lymph is the fluid that is formed when interstitial fluid enters the conduits of the lymphatic system[WP]. Wikipedia:Lymph nasolacrimal duct AAO:0000643 EHDAA2:0001237 EHDAA:7849 EHDAA:9094 EMAPA:17853 FMA:9703 GAID:902 MA:0001299 MESH:A.09.371.463.640 OpenCyc:Mx4rv6PJy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280643009 The nasolacrimal duct (sometimes called tear duct) carries tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity. Excess tears flow through nasolacrimal duct which opens in the nose. This is the reason the nose starts to run when a person is crying or has watery eyes from an allergy, and why one can sometimes taste eye drops. Like the lacrimal sac, the duct is lined by stratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells, and is surrounded by connective tissue. Obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct leads to the excess overflow of tears called epiphora. A congenital obstruction can cause cystic expansion of the duct and is called a dacrocystocele or Timo cyst. Persons with dry eye conditions can be fitted with punctal plugs that seal the ducts to limit the amount of fluid drainage and retain moisture. The canal containing the nasolacrimal duct is called the nasolacrimal canal. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002392 UBERON:FMA_9703-MA_0001299 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gray896.png/200px-Gray896.png ncithesaurus:Nasolacrimal_Duct The nasolacrimal duct (sometimes called tear duct) carries tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity. Excess tears flow through nasolacrimal duct which opens in the nose. This is the reason the nose starts to run when a person is crying or has watery eyes from an allergy, and why one can sometimes taste eye drops. Like the lacrimal sac, the duct is lined by stratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells, and is surrounded by connective tissue. Obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct leads to the excess overflow of tears called epiphora. A congenital obstruction can cause cystic expansion of the duct and is called a dacrocystocele or Timo cyst. Persons with dry eye conditions can be fitted with punctal plugs that seal the ducts to limit the amount of fluid drainage and retain moisture. The canal containing the nasolacrimal duct is called the nasolacrimal canal. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nasolacrimal_duct pharyngotympanic tube AAO:0000146 EMAPA:17601 EV:0100359 FMA:9705 GAID:869 MA:0000255 OG:0001145 Organ with organ cavity which connects the cavity of the middle ear to the cavity of the pharynx. Examples: There are only two pharyngotympanic tubes, the right and the left pharyngotympanic tubes.[FMA] UBERON:0002393 UBERON:FMA_9705-MA_0000255-XAO_0000213 XAO:0000213 auditory tube eustachian tube internal auditory tube ncithesaurus:Eustachian_Tube todo - AAO unvetted tuba auditiva tuba auditoria FMA:FMA Organ with organ cavity which connects the cavity of the middle ear to the cavity of the pharynx. Examples: There are only two pharyngotympanic tubes, the right and the left pharyngotympanic tubes.[FMA] Wikipedia:Pharyngotympanic_tube FMA:9705 FMA:TA tuba auditoria FMA:9705 FMA:TA tuba auditiva bile duct AAO:0011019 BTO:0000122 Duct that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine. EHDAA2:0000741 EV:0100091 FMA:9706 GAID:280 MA:0000354 MESH:A.03.159.183 OG:0000212 OpenCyc:Mx4rvdCds5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:276157007 The path is as follows: Bile canaliculi → Canals of Hering → interlobular bile ducts → intrahepatic bile ducts → left and right hepatic ducts merge to form → common hepatic duct exits liver and joins → cystic duct (from gall bladder) forming → common bile duct → joins with pancreatic duct → forming ampulla of Vater → enters duodenum [WP] UBERON:0002394 UBERON:FMA_9706-MA_0000354-XAO_0000134 XAO:0000134 gall duct hepatic duct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png/200px-Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png ncithesaurus:Bile_Duct XAO BTO:0000122 gall duct MA Duct that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine. Wikipedia:Bile_duct ZFA:0001100 talus BTO:0002354 EMAPA:18503 EMAPA:19135 FMA:9708 GAID:196 MA:0001351 MESH:A.02.835.232.300.710.780 SCTID:182098005 The talus bone or astragalus is a bone in the tarsus of the foot that forms the lower part of the ankle joint through its articulations with the lateral and medial malleoli of the two bones of the lower leg, the tibia and fibula. Within the tarsus, it articulates with the calcaneus below and navicular in front. Through these articulations, it transmits the entire weight of the body to the foot. The second largest of the tarsal bones, it is also one of the bones in the human body with the highest percentage of its surface area covered by articular cartilage. Additionally, it is also unique in that it has a retrograde blood supply, i.e. arterial blood enters the bone at the distal end. UBERON:0002395 UBERON:FMA_9708-MA_0001351 astragaloid bone astragalus astragalus bone galen:Talus ncithesaurus:Talus os tarsi tibiale The talus bone or astragalus is a bone in the tarsus of the foot that forms the lower part of the ankle joint through its articulations with the lateral and medial malleoli of the two bones of the lower leg, the tibia and fibula. Within the tarsus, it articulates with the calcaneus below and navicular in front. Through these articulations, it transmits the entire weight of the body to the foot. The second largest of the tarsal bones, it is also one of the bones in the human body with the highest percentage of its surface area covered by articular cartilage. Additionally, it is also unique in that it has a retrograde blood supply, i.e. arterial blood enters the bone at the distal end. Wikipedia:Talus_bone BTO:0002354 os tarsi tibiale MA:000135 Wikipedia:Talus_bone astragalus Wikipedia:Talus_bone astragalus bone BTO:0002354 astragaloid bone vomer AAO:0000633 FMA:9710 MA:0001496 OpenCyc:Mx4rv6jKWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:272678009 The vomer is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002396 UBERON:FMA_9710-MA_0001496 ZFA:0000308 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg/200px-Illu_facial_bones.jpg ncithesaurus:Vomer vomer bone FMA The vomer is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vomer maxilla AAO:0000285 Bone of upper jaw[Obol]. Paired, intramembranous bone located on the lateral sides of the skull, posterior to the premaxillae[AAO]. The dermal maxilla forms part of the upper jaw. It is first visible as a small dorsoventrally oriented rod of bone in the lateral region of the upper jaw. Through anterior ossification it becomes S-shaped, with its anteriormost tip directed medially (4.8 mm NL). The posteroventral end of the maxilla is connected to the dentary by a ligament. Maxillary teeth are absent in cypriniforms, but are present in other ostariophysans. . Two barbels are present on the maxilla. The presence of two pairs of maxillary barbels is considered by Cavender and Coburn (1992) to be the primitive condition for the Cyprinidae. EHDAA2:0001068 EHDAA:8043 EMAPA:17639 EMAPA:17928 FMA:9711 GAID:220 MA:0001491 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.324.502.645 OG:0001021 SCTID:181813003 TAO:0000270 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002397 UBERON:FMA_9711-MA_0001491-ZFA_0000270 ZFA:0000270 galen:Maxilla http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gray189.png/200px-Gray189.png maxillae ncithesaurus:Maxilla upper jaw bone Wikipedia FMA Bone of upper jaw[Obol]. Paired, intramembranous bone located on the lateral sides of the skull, posterior to the premaxillae[AAO]. The dermal maxilla forms part of the upper jaw. It is first visible as a small dorsoventrally oriented rod of bone in the lateral region of the upper jaw. Through anterior ossification it becomes S-shaped, with its anteriormost tip directed medially (4.8 mm NL). The posteroventral end of the maxilla is connected to the dentary by a ligament. Maxillary teeth are absent in cypriniforms, but are present in other ostariophysans. . Two barbels are present on the maxilla. The presence of two pairs of maxillary barbels is considered by Cavender and Coburn (1992) to be the primitive condition for the Cyprinidae. Wikipedia:Maxilla ZFIN:curator hand AAO:0010803 BTO:0004668 EHDAA2:0000728 EMAPA:17428 FMA:9712 GAID:56 MA:0000037 MESH:A.01.378.800.667 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090603 OG:0000344 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViGVZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302539009 The hands are the two intricate, prehensile, multi-fingered body parts normally located at the end of each arm of a primate. They are the chief organs for physically manipulating the environment, used for both gross motor skills (such as grasping a large object) and fine motor skills (such as picking up a small pebble). The fingertips contain some of the densest areas of nerve endings on the body, are the richest source of tactile feedback, and have the greatest positioning capability of the body; thus the sense of touch is intimately associated with hands. Like other paired organs (eyes, ears, legs), each hand is dominantly controlled by the opposing brain hemisphere, and thus handedness, or preferred hand choice for single-handed activities such as writing with a pen, reflects a significant individual trait. Some evolutionary anatomists use hand to refer more generally to the appendage of digits on the forelimb, for example, in the context of whether the three digits of the bird hand involved the same homologous loss of two digits as in the dinosaur hand. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002398 UBERON:FMA_9712-MA_0000037 arm autopod arm distal free limb segment autopod of arm autopod of brachial region autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb brachial region autopod brachial region distal free limb segment distal free limb segment of arm distal free limb segment of brachial region distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb fore paw fore-paw forelimb autopod forelimb autopodium galen:Hand manus ncithesaurus:Hand proximal segment of free upper limb autopod proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic arm distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic forelimb autopodium EMAPA:17428 OBOL:automatic fore paw OBOL:automatic forelimb autopod OBOL:automatic autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb EMAPA:17428 fore-paw OBOL:automatic brachial region distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic autopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb The hands are the two intricate, prehensile, multi-fingered body parts normally located at the end of each arm of a primate. They are the chief organs for physically manipulating the environment, used for both gross motor skills (such as grasping a large object) and fine motor skills (such as picking up a small pebble). The fingertips contain some of the densest areas of nerve endings on the body, are the richest source of tactile feedback, and have the greatest positioning capability of the body; thus the sense of touch is intimately associated with hands. Like other paired organs (eyes, ears, legs), each hand is dominantly controlled by the opposing brain hemisphere, and thus handedness, or preferred hand choice for single-handed activities such as writing with a pen, reflects a significant individual trait. Some evolutionary anatomists use hand to refer more generally to the appendage of digits on the forelimb, for example, in the context of whether the three digits of the bird hand involved the same homologous loss of two digits as in the dinosaur hand. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hand OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic arm autopod UBERON:cjm manus OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic brachial region autopod OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb autopod OBOL:automatic autopod of arm lesser omentum EHDAA2:0000991 EHDAA:4858 EMAPA:17890 EMAPA:18909 EV:0100086 FMA:9715 MA:0001623 OG:0000357 SCTID:362712005 The lesser omentum (small omentum; gastrohepatic omentum) is the double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the start of the duodenum. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002399 UBERON:FMA_9715-MA_0001623 editor note: exact part of and develops from relationships need to be established http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gray984.png/200px-Gray984.png ncithesaurus:Lesser_Omentum Wikipedia The lesser omentum (small omentum; gastrohepatic omentum) is the double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the start of the duodenum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lesser_omentum FMA MA parietal pleura FMA:9733 MA:0002488 OG:0001495 OpenCyc:Mx4rvv2Uq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Parietal serous membrane which is continuous with the visceral pleura and is attached to the dome of the diaphragm.[FMA] SCTID:361998003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002400 UBERON:FMA_9733-MA_0002488 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray968.png/200px-Gray968.png ncithesaurus:Parietal_Pleura FMA:FMA Parietal serous membrane which is continuous with the visceral pleura and is attached to the dome of the diaphragm.[FMA] Wikipedia:Parietal_pleura visceral pleura FMA:9734 MA:0002489 OpenCyc:Mx4rwNFqppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361997008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002401 UBERON:FMA_9734-MA_0002489 Visceral serous membrane which is continuous with the parietal pleura and is attached to the parenchyma of lobe of lung.[FMA] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray968.png/200px-Gray968.png ncithesaurus:Visceral_Pleura pleura pulmonalis pleura visceralis (pulmonalis) pulmonary pleura FMA:9734 FMA:TA pleura pulmonalis FMA:FMA Visceral serous membrane which is continuous with the parietal pleura and is attached to the parenchyma of lobe of lung.[FMA] Wikipedia:Visceral_pleura pleural cavity BTO:0004422 Cavity of serous sac surropunded by the pleura.[FMA] EHDAA2:0001475 EMAPA:18462 FMA:9740 GAID:95 MA:0000055 MESH:A.01.911.800.650 OG:0000581 OpenCyc:Mx4rwCKAppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361999006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002402 UBERON:FMA_9740-MA_0000055 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Gray965.png/200px-Gray965.png ncithesaurus:Pleural_Cavity Wikipedia FMA Cavity of serous sac surropunded by the pleura.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Pleural_cavity internal intercostal muscle EHDAA2:0000875 FMA:9757 Intercostal muscles are several groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. There are three principal layers; the external intercostal muscles, which aid in quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-12. The external intercostals are responsible for the elevation of the ribs, and expanding the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. Located around the ribs the internal intercostal muscles, which aid in forced expiration (quiet expiration is a passive process). They originate on ribs 2-12 and have their insertions on ribs 1-11. The internal intercostals are responsible for the depression of the ribs decreasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. the innermost intercostal muscle, the deep layers of the internal intercostal muscles which are separated from them by the neurovascular bundle. Both the external and internal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves, and are provided by the intercostal arteries and intercostal veins. Their fibers run in opposite directions. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002326 OG:0000905 OpenCyc:Mx4rvlj6HZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244890001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002403 UBERON:FMA_9757-MA_0002326 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gray411.png/200px-Gray411.png intercostal muscle internal layer intercostales internus ncithesaurus:Internal_Intercostal_Muscle Intercostal muscles are several groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. There are three principal layers; the external intercostal muscles, which aid in quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-12. The external intercostals are responsible for the elevation of the ribs, and expanding the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. Located around the ribs the internal intercostal muscles, which aid in forced expiration (quiet expiration is a passive process). They originate on ribs 2-12 and have their insertions on ribs 1-11. The internal intercostals are responsible for the depression of the ribs decreasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. the innermost intercostal muscle, the deep layers of the internal intercostal muscles which are separated from them by the neurovascular bundle. Both the external and internal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves, and are provided by the intercostal arteries and intercostal veins. Their fibers run in opposite directions. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_intercostal_muscle transversus thoracis EMAPA:19267 FMA:9760 MA:0002397 SCTID:244933000 The tranversus thoracis lies internal to the thoracic cage, anteriorly. It is a thin plane of muscular and tendinous fibers, situated upon the inner surface of the front wall of the chest. It is in the same layer as the subcostal muscles. It arises on either side from the lower third of the posterior surface of the body of the sternum, from the posterior surface of the xiphoid process, and from the sternal ends of the costal cartilages of the lower three or four true ribs. Its fibers diverge upward and lateralward, to be inserted by slips into the lower borders and inner surfaces of the costal cartilages of the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs. The lowest fibers of this muscle are horizontal in their direction, and are continuous with those of the Transversus abdominis; the intermediate fibers are oblique, while the highest are almost vertical. This muscle varies in its attachments, not only in different subjects, but on opposite sides of the same subject. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002404 UBERON:FMA_9760-MA_0002397 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Transversus_thoracis.png/200px-Transversus_thoracis.png ncithesaurus:Transversus_Thoracis The tranversus thoracis lies internal to the thoracic cage, anteriorly. It is a thin plane of muscular and tendinous fibers, situated upon the inner surface of the front wall of the chest. It is in the same layer as the subcostal muscles. It arises on either side from the lower third of the posterior surface of the body of the sternum, from the posterior surface of the xiphoid process, and from the sternal ends of the costal cartilages of the lower three or four true ribs. Its fibers diverge upward and lateralward, to be inserted by slips into the lower borders and inner surfaces of the costal cartilages of the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs. The lowest fibers of this muscle are horizontal in their direction, and are continuous with those of the Transversus abdominis; the intermediate fibers are oblique, while the highest are almost vertical. This muscle varies in its attachments, not only in different subjects, but on opposite sides of the same subject. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Transversus_thoracis immune system AAO:0011003 Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies. BILA:0000104 FMA:9825 GAID:328 MA:0002711 MESH:A.15.382 OG:0001247 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWNkm5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362590003 TAO:0001159 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002405 UBERON:FMA_9825-MA_0002711-XAO_0003152-ZFA_0001159 XAO:0003152 ZFA:0001159 ncithesaurus:Immune_System Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies. NLM:immune+system Wikipedia:Immune_system pericardial sac EHDAA2:0001443 FMA:9868 SCTID:361326002 Serous sac, which has as parts the serous pericardium and the pericardial cavity [FMA]. TAO:0000054 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002406 UBERON:FMA_9868-ZFA_0000054 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Gray489.png/200px-Gray489.png pericardium FMA:9868 Serous sac, which has as parts the serous pericardium and the pericardial cavity [FMA]. Wikipedia:Pericardial_sac pericardium AAO:0010817 BTO:0000717 EFO:0000820 EHDAA2:0001443 EHDAA:5376 EMAPA:17174 EV:0100023 FMA:9869 GAID:569 MA:0000099 MAT:0000454 MESH:A.07.541.795 OG:0001280 OpenCyc:Mx4rvoCLgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181295003 The outer membrane/wall of the developing heart, surrounding the myocardium. Peritoneum that surrounds the heart.[AAO] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002407 UBERON:FMA_9869-MA_0000099 XAO:0004182 ZFA:0000054 galen:Pericardium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Gray489.png/200px-Gray489.png ncithesaurus:Pericardium AAO:0010817 The outer membrane/wall of the developing heart, surrounding the myocardium. Peritoneum that surrounds the heart.[AAO] Wikipedia:Pericardium XAO GO parietal serous pericardium EHDAA:3422 EHDAA:5378 EMAPA:17175 EMAPA:19031 FMA:9870 MA:0000483 OG:0000537 Parietal serous membrane which is continuous with the visceral serous pericardium and is attached to the central tendon of diaphragm.[FMA] SCTID:243956000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002408 UBERON:FMA_9870-MA_0000483 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Gray489.png/200px-Gray489.png lamina parietalis (pericardii serosum) lamina parietalis pericardii parietal layer of serous pericardium parietal pericardium FMA:FMA Parietal serous membrane which is continuous with the visceral serous pericardium and is attached to the central tendon of diaphragm.[FMA] Wikipedia:Parietal_pericardium FMA:9870 FMA:TA lamina parietalis pericardii pericardial fluid BTO:0001016 FMA:9887 MA:0002530 Transudate contained in the pericardial cavity.[FMA] UBERON:0002409 UBERON:FMA_9887-MA_0002530 FMA:9887 Transudate contained in the pericardial cavity.[FMA] Wikipedia:Pericardial_fluid autonomic nervous system AAO:0000033 ANS BTO:0002507 EHDA:10095 EHDAA:3767 EMAPA:16984 FMA:9905 GAID:706 MA:0000219 MESH:A.08.800.050 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1123 OG:0000396 SCTID:362481007 TAO:0001574 The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands[GO]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002410 UBERON:FMA_9905-MA_0000219-ZFA_0001574 ZFA:0001574 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gray839.png/200px-Gray839.png ncithesaurus:Autonomic_Nervous_System visceral nervous system The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands[GO]. Wikipedia:Autonomic_nervous_system clitoris BTO:0002020 EHDAA2:0000255 EHDAA:9360 EMAPA:30819 FMA:9909 GAID:385 MA:0000382 MESH:A.05.360.319.887.436 OG:0000700 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjr6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181442003 The clitoris is a sexual organ that is present only in female mammals. In humans, the visible button-like portion is located near the anterior junction of the labia minora, above the opening of the urethra and vagina. Unlike the penis, which is homologous to the clitoris, the clitoris does not contain the distal portion of the urethra. The only known exception to this is in the Spotted Hyena. In this species, the urogenital system is unique in that the female urinates, mates and gives birth via an enlarged, erectile clitoris, known as a pseudo-penis. In humans, the clitoris is the most sensitive erogenous zone of a woman, the stimulation of which may produce sexual excitement and clitoral erection; its continuing stimulation may produce sexual pleasure in the woman and orgasm. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002411 UBERON:FMA_9909-MA_0000382 galen:Clitoris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Clitoris_anatomy_labeled-en.svg/200px-Clitoris_anatomy_labeled-en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Clitoris Wikipedia The clitoris is a sexual organ that is present only in female mammals. In humans, the visible button-like portion is located near the anterior junction of the labia minora, above the opening of the urethra and vagina. Unlike the penis, which is homologous to the clitoris, the clitoris does not contain the distal portion of the urethra. The only known exception to this is in the Spotted Hyena. In this species, the urogenital system is unique in that the female urinates, mates and gives birth via an enlarged, erectile clitoris, known as a pseudo-penis. In humans, the clitoris is the most sensitive erogenous zone of a woman, the stimulation of which may produce sexual excitement and clitoral erection; its continuing stimulation may produce sexual pleasure in the woman and orgasm. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Clitoris Wikipedia Wikipedia MA vertebra AAO:0000691 EFO:0001371 FMA:9914 Irregular bone that articulates with other vertebrae, or with one other vertebra and the skull or the sacrum[FMA]. All serially repeated ossified, cartilaginous, and ligamentous elements around the notochord (Schultze and Arratia, 1988)[ZFA]. MA:0000309 OG:0001143 OpenCyc:Mx4rvt2Dh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181817002 TAO:0001189 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002412 UBERON:FMA_9914-MA_0000309-ZFA_0001189 XAO:0004019 ZFA:0001189 galen:Vertebra ncithesaurus:Vertebra FMA FMA:9914 Irregular bone that articulates with other vertebrae, or with one other vertebra and the skull or the sacrum[FMA]. All serially repeated ossified, cartilaginous, and ligamentous elements around the notochord (Schultze and Arratia, 1988)[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Vertebra ZFIN:curator cervical vertebra A vertebra immediately inferior to the skull[WP]. EMAPA:17674 FMA:9915 GAID:235 In some species, some parts of the skull may be composed of vertebra-like elements, e.g. the occipital bone in humans is composed of four vertebra-like segments. In many vertebrate species, cervical vertebrae are variable in number; however, almost all mammals have seven (including those with very short necks relative to body size, such as elephants or whales, and those with very long necks, such as giraffes). The few exceptions include the manatee and the sloths, of which the two-toed sloth has six cervical vertebrae and the three-toed sloth has up to nine cervical vertebrae. In many species, though not in mammals, the cervical vertebrae bear ribs. In many other groups, such as lizards and saurischian dinosaurs, the cervical ribs are large; in birds they are small and completely fused to the vertebrae. The transverse processes of mammals are homologous to the cervical ribs of other amniotes. Thoracic vertebrae in all species are defined as those vertebrae which also carry a pair of ribs, and lie caudal to the cervical vertebrae. n humans, cervical vertebrae are the smallest of the true vertebrae, and can be readily distinguished from those of the thoracic or lumbar regions by the presence of a foramen (hole) in each transverse process, through which passes the vertebral artery. MA:0000311 MESH:A.02.835.232.834.151 SCTID:181820005 UBERON:0002413 UBERON:FMA_9915-MA_0000311-XAO_0003076 XAO:0003076 cervical vertebrae galen:CervicalVertebra http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Illu_vertebral_column.jpg/200px-Illu_vertebral_column.jpg ncithesaurus:Cervical_Vertebra cervical vertebrae A vertebra immediately inferior to the skull[WP]. Wikipedia:Cervical_vertebra lumbar vertebra EMAPA:18007 FMA:9921 GAID:240 Large vertebra of the movable part of the vertebral column, characterized by the absence of the foramen transversarium within the transverse process, and by the absence of facets on the sides of the body. MA:0000312 MESH:A.02.835.232.834.519 OpenCyc:Mx4rvaOek5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181822002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002414 UBERON:FMA_9921-MA_0000312 galen:LumbarVertebra http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gray93.png/200px-Gray93.png ncithesaurus:Lumbar_Vertebra Large vertebra of the movable part of the vertebral column, characterized by the absence of the foramen transversarium within the transverse process, and by the absence of facets on the sides of the body. Wikipedia:Lumbar_vertebra tail AAO:0010338 AEO:0000109 BTO:0001348 EFO:0000963 EHDAA:9198 GAID:1245 MAT:0000094 MESH:A.13.895 MIAA:0000094 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjiC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0002415 UBERON:MA_0000008-MIAA_0000094-WBbt_0005741-XAO_0003026-ZFA_0001117 WBbt:0005741 caudal subdivision currently defined very generally, inclusive of caudal fin ncithesaurus:Tail post-vent region section at the rear end of an animal's body; in general, the term refers to a distinct, flexible appendage to the torso[WP]. UBERON:cjm caudal subdivision ISBN:0471209627 OMD:tail Wikipedia:Tail ZFIN:curator section at the rear end of an animal's body; in general, the term refers to a distinct, flexible appendage to the torso[WP]. ZFA:0001117 post-vent region integumental system EFO:0000807 EHDAA2:0000836 EHDAA:6520 EMAPA:17524 EV:0100151 FBbt:00004969 FMA:72979 HAO:0000421 MA:0000014 MAT:0000033 MESH:A.17 OG:0000403 SCTID:361692004 TADS:0000108 UBERON:0002416 UBERON:MA_0000014-FMA_72979 XAO:0000176 in FMA, integumentary system = integument + certain glands. Note that here we use integumental system in a general sense integumentary system ncithesaurus:Integumentary_System organ system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, and nails). The integumentary system has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof, cushion and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, regulate temperature and is the location of receptors for pain, sensation, pressure and temperature. In humans the integumentary system additionally provides vitamin D synthesis[WP]. Wikipedia:Integumentary_system organ system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, and nails). The integumentary system has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof, cushion and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, regulate temperature and is the location of receptors for pain, sensation, pressure and temperature. In humans the integumentary system additionally provides vitamin D synthesis[WP]. FMA:72979 integumentary system abdominal segment of trunk FMA:259211 MA:0000021 UBERON:0002417 UBERON:MA_0000021-FMA_259211 abdomen/pelvis/perineum lower body lumbar region the abdominal segment of the torso. MA:0000021 abdomen/pelvis/perineum FMA UBERON:cjm lumbar region Wikipedia:Lumbar the abdominal segment of the torso. MA:0000021 lower body cartilage tissue A portion of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate[GO]. Regular connective tissue, which consists of chondrocytes and related cells, the intercellular matrix of which is chondrified. Examples: hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage[FMA]. an avascular supporting and articular skeletal tissue. It also functions as the primary endoskeletal support in vertebrate embryos. Cartilage is deposited by and is composed of chondroblasts and chondrocytes separated by an extracellular matrix, which may or may not mineralize depending on cartilage type, age, or taxon[Hall and Witten]. AAO:0000060 AEO:0000087 BTO:0000206 EFO:0000949 EHDAA2:0003087 EV:0100141 FMA:37377 GAID:99 MA:0000104 MAT:0000189 MESH:A.02.165 MIAA:0000189 OG:0001207 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjeOZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:309312004 TAO:0001501 UBERON:0002418 UBERON:MA_0000104-MIAA_0000189-XAO_0000170 VAO:0000040 XAO:0000170 ZFA:0001501 cartilage tissue cartilaginous tissue galen:Cartilage ncithesaurus:Cartilage see also FMA:71500 Set of cartilages, FMA:55107 Cartilage organ, FMA:12264 Articular cartilage. // elements made from cartilage, cartilage-like, or chondroid tissues evolved in invertebrates[H&W] FMA:37377 cartilage tissue A portion of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate[GO]. Regular connective tissue, which consists of chondrocytes and related cells, the intercellular matrix of which is chondrified. Examples: hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage[FMA]. an avascular supporting and articular skeletal tissue. It also functions as the primary endoskeletal support in vertebrate embryos. Cartilage is deposited by and is composed of chondroblasts and chondrocytes separated by an extracellular matrix, which may or may not mineralize depending on cartilage type, age, or taxon[Hall and Witten]. FMA:37377 GO:0051216 Wikipedia:Cartilage http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=2257941&aid=3396584&group_id=76834 skin gland A gland that is part of a skin of body [Obol]. FMA:71878 MA:0000146 UBERON:0002419 UBERON:MA_0000146-FMA_71878 check FMA, use plural for now as general class not there glandulae cutis skin glands skin glands set A gland that is part of a skin of body [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skin glands set skin glands FMA:71878 FMA:TA glandulae cutis basal ganglion BTO:0000235 EFO:0000904 FMA:62514 GAID:617 MA:0000184 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_826 Note that some AOs say this is a subclass of ganglion, but this is not correct. FMA has this as a 'nuclear complex of neuraxis', which is not in Uberon, we use 'neural nucleus' SCTID:244434001 UBERON:0002420 basal ganglia basal ganglion of telencephalon basal nucleus basasl nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Basal_Ganglia_and_Related_Structures.svg/200px-Basal_Ganglia_and_Related_Structures.svg.png ncithesaurus:Basal_Ganglia one of a group of nuclei in the brains of vertebrates, situated at the base of the forebrain and strongly connected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and other areas.ganglion in the head. The main components of the basal ganglia are the striatum, pallidum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus[WP]. Subcortical masses of gray matter in the forebrain and midbrain that are richly interconnected and so viewed as a functional system. The nuclei usually included are the caudate nucleus (caudoputamen in rodents), putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) and the subthalamic nucleus. Some also include the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum[NIF]. basal ganglia Wikipedia:Basal_ganglia one of a group of nuclei in the brains of vertebrates, situated at the base of the forebrain and strongly connected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and other areas.ganglion in the head. The main components of the basal ganglia are the striatum, pallidum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus[WP]. Subcortical masses of gray matter in the forebrain and midbrain that are richly interconnected and so viewed as a functional system. The nuclei usually included are the caudate nucleus (caudoputamen in rodents), putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) and the subthalamic nucleus. Some also include the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum[NIF]. NIF hippocampal formation ABA:HPF BM:Tel-HF BTO:0000601 FMA:74038 Hippocampus (proper) plus dentate gyrus and subiculum[definition derived from NIF comments and ontology alignment]. MA:0000189 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_715 SCTID:422867004 The term hippocampus is often used synonymously with hippocampal formation which consists of the hippocampus proper or Cornu Ammonis, the dentate gyrus and the subiculum[NIF]. BTO:0000601 is placed here since it includes the DG. GO also includes dentate gyrus development as part of hippocampus development, so we assume when GO says "hippocampus" it means "hippocampal formation". In ABA HPF = (.. subiculum) + HIP, HIP = DG + AH. UBERON:0002421 UBERON:MA_0000189-FMA_74038 archipallium hippocampus hippocampus (crosby) major hippocampus primal cortex BTO:0000601 GO:0021766 hippocampus Wikipedia:Hippocampus MA Hippocampus (proper) plus dentate gyrus and subiculum[definition derived from NIF comments and ontology alignment]. UBERON:cjm MA:0000189 primal cortex MA:0000189 archipallium ABA ABA GO BTO:0000601 major hippocampus fourth ventricle 4th ventricle AAO:0011043 BM:Pons-4V BTO:0003426 EHDAA2:0000100 EHDAA:896 EMAPA:16479 EMAPA:16917 EV:0100310 FMA:78469 GAID:610 MA:0000196 MESH:A.08.186.211.276.500 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1256 OG:0000006 OpenCyc:Mx4rv-7Q6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180932000 The fourth ventricle is an irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space[GO]. UBERON:0002422 UBERON:MA_0000196-FMA_78469 XAO:0003099 ZFA:0000110 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray734.png/200px-Gray734.png ncithesaurus:Fourth_Ventricle_of_the_Brain rhombencephalic vesicle ventricle IV ventricle of hindbrain ventricle of rhombencephalon ventriculus quartus ZFA:0000110 ventricle IV BTO:0003426 ventricle of hindbrain ZFA:0000110 rhombencephalic vesicle 4th ventricle MA:0000196 The fourth ventricle is an irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space[GO]. Wikipedia:Fourth_ventricle BTO:0003426 ventriculus quartus BTO:0003426 ventricle of rhombencephalon hepatobiliary system AAO:0011056 EFO:0000800 EHDAA2:0000998 EHDAA:2189 EMAPA:16840 EV:0100088 MA:0000324 MAT:0000024 MIAA:0000024 OG:0000294 TAO:0000036 The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins. The parts are: liver, bile duct, gall bladder and hepatic duct UBERON:0002423 UBERON:MA_0000324-MIAA_0000024-XAO_0000132-ZFA_0000036 XAO:0000132 ZFA:0000036 hepaticobiliary system liver and biliary system liver/biliary system ncithesaurus:Hepatobiliary_System GO:0061008 The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins. The parts are: liver, bile duct, gall bladder and hepatic duct Wikipedia:Hepatobiliary_system GO:0061008 hepaticobiliary system oral epithelium AAO:0010357 BTO:0001775 EHDAA2:0001325 EHDAA:2187 EMAPA:16839 EMAPA:26942 MA:0000344 OG:0000187 UBERON:0002424 UBERON:MA_0000344-ZFA_0000816 XAO:0003201 ZFA:0000816 visceral serous pericardium AAO:0010409 EHDAA2:0002202 EMAPA:17176 EMAPA:19032 FMA:84882 MA:0000484 OG:0000538 SCTID:243955001 UBERON:0002425 UBERON:MA_0000484-FMA_84882 Visceral serous membrane which is continuous with the parietal serous pericardium and is attached to the myocardium[FMA]. epicardium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray968.png/200px-Gray968.png visceral lamina of serous pericardium visceral layer of serous pericardium visceral pericardium Visceral serous membrane which is continuous with the parietal serous pericardium and is attached to the myocardium[FMA]. Wikipedia:Visceral_pericardium MA:0000484 epicardium chest muscle A muscle organ that is part of a chest [Obol]. BTO:0000508 FMA:9619 MA:0000548 UBERON:0002426 UBERON:MA_0000548-FMA_9619 anterior thoracic region muscle organ anterolateral part of thorax muscle organ chest muscle organ front of thorax muscle organ muscle of thorax muscle organ of anterior thoracic region muscle organ of anterolateral part of thorax muscle organ of chest muscle organ of front of thorax musculus thoracicus thoracic muscle A muscle organ that is part of a chest [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:9619 muscle of thorax OBOL:automatic muscle organ of anterior thoracic region OBOL:automatic front of thorax muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of chest OBOL:automatic chest muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of front of thorax OBOL:automatic muscle organ of anterolateral part of thorax OBOL:automatic anterior thoracic region muscle organ OBOL:automatic anterolateral part of thorax muscle organ arm skin A zone of skin that is part of an arm [Obol]. EMAPA:18062 FMA:37721 MA:0000596 UBERON:0002427 UBERON:MA_0000596-FMA_37721 brachial region skin ncithesaurus:Arm_Skin proximal segment of free upper limb skin skin of arm skin of brachial region skin of proximal segment of free upper limb A zone of skin that is part of an arm [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skin of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic skin of arm OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb skin OBOL:automatic skin of brachial region OBOL:automatic brachial region skin limb bone A bone that is part of a limb [Obol]. EFO:0000880 EFO:0000945 EHDAA2:0002221 MA:0000688 MAT:0000151 MIAA:0000151 Note that the formal definition is very inclusive, and includes sesamoids UBERON:0002428 UBERON:MA_0000688-MIAA_0000151 bone of limb bone organ of limb limb bone organ limb skeleton OBOL:automatic bone organ of limb OBOL:automatic bone of limb A bone that is part of a limb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic limb bone organ cervical lymph node Cervical lymph nodes are lymph nodes found in the neck. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:61213 MA:0000736 SCTID:181757009 UBERON:0002429 UBERON:MA_0000736-FMA_61213 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Lymph_node_regions.jpg/200px-Lymph_node_regions.jpg lymph node of neck ncithesaurus:Cervical_Lymph_Node Cervical lymph nodes are lymph nodes found in the neck. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cervical_lymph_node lateral hypothalamic area ABA:LHA BM:Die-Hy-HLA FMA:62030 GAID:640 MA:0000834 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.357.300 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4037 The lateral hypothalamus or lateral hypothalamic area is a part of the hypothalamus. It is concerned with hunger. Damage to this area can cause reduced food intake. Stimulating the lateral hypothalamus causes a desire to eat, while stimulating the ventromedial hypothalamus causes a desire to stop eating. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002430 UBERON:MA_0000834-FMA_62030 area hypothalamica lateralis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG lateral division of hypothalamus lateral group of hypothalamic nuclei lateral hypothalamic group lateral hypothalamic nucleus lateral hypothalamic region lateral hypothalamic zone (crosby) ABA ABA ABA The lateral hypothalamus or lateral hypothalamic area is a part of the hypothalamus. It is concerned with hunger. Damage to this area can cause reduced food intake. Stimulating the lateral hypothalamus causes a desire to eat, while stimulating the ventromedial hypothalamus causes a desire to stop eating. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_hypothalamic_area FMA:62030 lateral hypothalamic region MA:0000834 lateral hypothalamic nucleus ABA FMA:62030 FMA:TA area hypothalamica lateralis pars anterior UBERON:0002431 UBERON:0006965 UBERON:MA_0000854-ZFA_0001195 true pars intermedia of adenohypophysis BTO:0001788 EHDAA2:0001417 EHDAA:8765 EMAPA:17516 FMA:74632 MA:0000855 OG:0001178 The intermediate part of adenohypophysis: an ill-defined region between the two lobes of the hypophysis; some systems of nomenclature consider it part of the neurohypophysis. In humans a defined structure develops during embryogenesis, but only scattered cells are retained when the gland matures[BTO]. UBERON:0002432 UBERON:MA_0000855-ZFA_0001197 ZFA:0001197 boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary. It contains three types of cells: basophils, chromophobes, and colloid-filled cysts. The cysts are the remainder of Rathke's pouch. In human fetal life, this area produces melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH which causes the release of melanin pigment in skin melanocytes (pigment cells). However, the pars intermedia is normally either very small or entirely absent in adulthood. In lower vertebrates (fish, amphibians) MSH from the pars intermedia is responsible for darkening of the skin, often in response to changes in background color. This color change is due to MSH stimulating the dispersion of melanin pigment in dermal (skin) melanophore cells. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gray1181.png/200px-Gray1181.png intermediate lobe pars intermedia pars intermedia (glandula pituitaria) pars intermedia adenohypophyseos pars intermedia adenohypophysis pars intermedia lobi anterior hypophyseos BTO:0001788 intermediate lobe BTO:0001788 pars intermedia lobi anterior hypophyseos FMA:74632 FMA:TA pars intermedia (glandula pituitaria) MA:0000855 pars intermedia FMA:74632 FMA:TA pars intermedia adenohypophysis Wikipedia:Pars_intermedia boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary. It contains three types of cells: basophils, chromophobes, and colloid-filled cysts. The cysts are the remainder of Rathke's pouch. In human fetal life, this area produces melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH which causes the release of melanin pigment in skin melanocytes (pigment cells). However, the pars intermedia is normally either very small or entirely absent in adulthood. In lower vertebrates (fish, amphibians) MSH from the pars intermedia is responsible for darkening of the skin, often in response to changes in background color. This color change is due to MSH stimulating the dispersion of melanin pigment in dermal (skin) melanophore cells. BTO:0001788 pars intermedia adenohypophyseos pars tuberalis of adenohypophysis BTO:0001739 EHDAA2:0001419 EHDAA:8767 EMAPA:17517 FMA:74631 MA:0000856 OG:0001114 The pars tuberalis is part of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and wraps the pituitary stalk in a highly vascularized sheath. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002433 UBERON:MA_0000856-ZFA_0001196 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG/200px-Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG pars tuberalis pars tuberalis (glandula pituitaria) pars tuberalis adenohypophysis ZFA:0001196 FMA:74631 FMA:TA pars tuberalis (glandula pituitaria) ZFA:0001196 functional MA:0000856 pars tuberalis FMA:74631 FMA:TA pars tuberalis adenohypophysis The pars tuberalis is part of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and wraps the pituitary stalk in a highly vascularized sheath. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pars_tuberalis pituitary stalk BTO:0000768 EHDAA2:0000828 EHDAA:7538 EMAPA:17520 FMA:74635 MA:0000858 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_912 OG:0000245 SCTID:245529009 The pituitary stalk (also known as the infundibular stalk or simply the infundibulum) is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary. It carries axons from the magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus down to the posterior pituitary where they release their hormones into the blood. This connection is called the hypothalamohypophyseal tract, and is responsible for the release of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone[WP]. UBERON:0002434 UBERON:0003014 UBERON:MA_0000858-ZFA_0001199 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_912-FMA_74635 XAO:0004210 ZFA:0001199 hypophyseal stalk hypophysial stalk infundibular stem infundibular stem of neurohypophysis infundibulum infundibulum (lobus posterior) (glandula pituitaria) infundibulum hypophysis infundibulum of hypothalamus infundibulum of neurohypophysis infundibulum of pituitary gland infundibulum of posterior lobe of pituitary gland ncithesaurus:Pituitary_Stalk neurohypophysis infundibulum tuberal part of hypophysis ZFA:0001199 infundibulum of hypothalamus FMA:74635 tuberal part of hypophysis FMA:74635 neurohypophysis infundibulum ZFA:0001199 hypophysial stalk FMA:74635 FMA:TA infundibulum hypophysis FMA:74635 FMA:TA infundibulum (lobus posterior) (glandula pituitaria) MA:0000858 ZFA:0001199 infundibulum The pituitary stalk (also known as the infundibular stalk or simply the infundibulum) is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary. It carries axons from the magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus down to the posterior pituitary where they release their hormones into the blood. This connection is called the hypothalamohypophyseal tract, and is responsible for the release of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone[WP]. Wikipedia:Pituitary_stalk FMA:74635 infundibular stem of neurohypophysis FMA:74635 infundibulum of pituitary gland FMA:74635 infundibulum of neurohypophysis FMA:74635 infundibulum of posterior lobe of pituitary gland MP:0009463 hypophyseal stalk MP:0009463 infundibular stem ZFA:0001199 infundibulum striatum A region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati.[GO]. ABA:STR BM:N BTO:0000418 EFO:0000109 EMAPA:17549 FMA:77618 MA:0000891 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.105.487.550 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1672 TODO - check striatum vs corpus striatum see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striatum#History. Check caudoputamen UBERON:0002435 UBERON:MA_0000891-FMA_77618 corpus striatum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BrainCaudatePutamen.svg/200px-BrainCaudatePutamen.svg.png ncithesaurus:Striatum neostriatum striate nucleus GO:0021756 Wikipedia:Striatum neostriatum ABA GO MA:0000891 corpus striatum GO:0021756 Wikipedia:Striatum striate nucleus A region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati.[GO]. GOC:jl Wikipedia:Striatum primary visual cortex BA17 BM:Tel-Cx-V1 BTO:0004703 Brodmann area 17 FMA:236871 MA:0000914 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1748 The term visual cortex refers to the primary visual cortex (also known as striate cortex or V1) and extrastriate visual cortical areas such as V2, V3, V4, and V5. The primary visual cortex is anatomically equivalent to Brodmann area 17, or BA17. The extrastriate cortical areas consist of Brodmann area 18 and Brodmann area 19. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002436 UBERON:MA_0000914-FMA_236871 area 17 of brodmann-1909 area striata b09-17 brodmann (1909) area 17 brodmann area 17, striate http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Brodmann_areas_17_18_19.png/200px-Brodmann_areas_17_18_19.png striate cortex v1 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1748 brodmann area 17, striate FMA:236871 striate cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1748 area 17 of brodmann-1909 Brodmann area 17 Wikipedia:Visual_cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1748 b09-17 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1748 brodmann (1909) area 17 BA17 Wikipedia:Visual_cortex The term visual cortex refers to the primary visual cortex (also known as striate cortex or V1) and extrastriate visual cortical areas such as V2, V3, V4, and V5. The primary visual cortex is anatomically equivalent to Brodmann area 17, or BA17. The extrastriate cortical areas consist of Brodmann area 18 and Brodmann area 19. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Primary_visual_cortex cerebral white matter BTO:0000236 FMA:241998 MA:0000945 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_711 SCTID:361691006 UBERON:0002437 UBERON:MA_0000945-FMA_241998 White matter is one of the two main solid components of the central nervous system. It is composed of myelinated nerve cell processes, or axons, which connect various grey matter areas (the locations of nerve cell bodies) of the brain to each other and carry nerve impulses between neurons. Cerebral and spinal white matter do not contain dendrites, which can only be found in grey matter along with neural cell bodies and shorter axons (Christine Fennema-Notestine). ncithesaurus:Cerebral_White_Matter NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_711 White matter is one of the two main solid components of the central nervous system. It is composed of myelinated nerve cell processes, or axons, which connect various grey matter areas (the locations of nerve cell bodies) of the brain to each other and carry nerve impulses between neurons. Cerebral and spinal white matter do not contain dendrites, which can only be found in grey matter along with neural cell bodies and shorter axons (Christine Fennema-Notestine). ventral tegmental nucleus ABA:VTN FMA:72435 MA:0001031 MA:0001055 anterior tegmental nucleus is a sibling to MA:0001031 ventral tegmental nucleus, but synonyms in FMA. Part of pons in MA, inconsistent with ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1421 UBERON:0002438 UBERON:MA_0001031-FMA_72435 ZFA:0000275 anterior tegmental nuclei anterior tegmental nucleus deep tegmental nucleus of gudden nucleus of gudden nucleus tegmentales anteriores nucleus tegmentalis anterior ventral raphe tegmental nucleus ventral tegmental nuclei ventral tegmental nucleus (gudden) ventral tegmental nucleus of gudden ABA MA:0001031 nucleus of gudden FMA:72435 FMA:TA nucleus tegmentales anteriores ABA NIF ABA ABA ABA ABA FMA:72435 FMA:TA nucleus tegmentalis anterior ABA ABA ABA ABA myenteric nerve plexus Auerbach's plexus BTO:0002436 FMA:63252 GAID:798 MA:0001148 MESH:A.08.800.050.050.500 Meissner's plexus NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100306 Part of the enteric nervous system, Auerbach's plexus (or myenteric plexus) exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract and provides motor innervation to both layers and secretomotor innervation to the mucosa, having both parasympathetic and sympathetic input, whereas Meissner's plexus has only parasympathetic fibers. It arises from cells in the Nucleus ala cinerea, the parasympathetic nucleus of origin for the tenth cranial nerve, located in the medulla oblongata. The fibers are carried by both the anterior and posterior vagal nerves. It is found in the muscles of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine. The myenteric plexus is the major nerve supply to the gastrointestinal tract and control GI tract motility[WP]. Remak's plexus SCTID:267716001 UBERON:0002439 UBERON:MA_0001148-FMA_63252 auberbach plexus auberbach's plexus auberbachs plexus check myenteric vs submucosal myenteric plexus ncithesaurus:Myenteric_Nerve_Plexus plexus myentericus plexus nervosus submucosus plexus submucosus submucous plexus Part of the enteric nervous system, Auerbach's plexus (or myenteric plexus) exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract and provides motor innervation to both layers and secretomotor innervation to the mucosa, having both parasympathetic and sympathetic input, whereas Meissner's plexus has only parasympathetic fibers. It arises from cells in the Nucleus ala cinerea, the parasympathetic nucleus of origin for the tenth cranial nerve, located in the medulla oblongata. The fibers are carried by both the anterior and posterior vagal nerves. It is found in the muscles of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine. The myenteric plexus is the major nerve supply to the gastrointestinal tract and control GI tract motility[WP]. Wikipedia:Auerbach's_plexus NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100306 auberbachs plexus BTO:0002436 plexus myentericus FMA:63252 Remak's plexus Auerbach's plexus FMA:63252 FMA:63252 FMA:TA plexus nervosus submucosus FMA:63252 Meissner's plexus NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100306 auberbach's plexus NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100306 auberbach plexus FMA:63252 FMA:TA plexus submucosus inferior cervical ganglion BTO:0000240 EHDAA2:0000815 EHDAA:8939 EMAPA:18439 FMA:6961 MA:0001154 SCTID:279280008 The inferior cervical ganglion is situated between the base of the transverse process of the last cervical vertebra and the neck of the first rib, on the medial side of the costocervical artery. Its form is irregular; it is larger in size than the middle cervical ganglion, and is frequently fused with the first thoracic ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002440 UBERON:MA_0001154-FMA_6961 ganglion cervicale inferioris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gray844.png/200px-Gray844.png stellate ganglion variant cervical ganglion BTO:0000240 ganglion cervicale inferioris MA:0001154 stellate ganglion The inferior cervical ganglion is situated between the base of the transverse process of the last cervical vertebra and the neck of the first rib, on the medial side of the costocervical artery. Its form is irregular; it is larger in size than the middle cervical ganglion, and is frequently fused with the first thoracic ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_cervical_ganglion cervicothoracic ganglion BTO:0001815 EMAPA:18226 FMA:6469 GAID:711 MA:0001157 MESH:A.08.340.315.350.800 SCTID:181101006 The stellate ganglion (or cervicothoracic ganglion) is a sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion and the first thoracic ganglion. Stellate ganglion is located at the level of C7, anterior to the transverse process of C7, posterior to the neck of the first rib, and just below the subclavian artery. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002441 UBERON:MA_0001157-FMA_6469 cervicothoracic sympathetic ganglion ganglion stellatum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gray845.png/200px-Gray845.png stellate ganglion FMA:6469 FMA:TA ganglion stellatum The stellate ganglion (or cervicothoracic ganglion) is a sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion and the first thoracic ganglion. Stellate ganglion is located at the level of C7, anterior to the transverse process of C7, posterior to the neck of the first rib, and just below the subclavian artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cervicothoracic_ganglion axillary nerve trunk FMA:65265 MA:0001175 UBERON:0002442 UBERON:MA_0001175-FMA_65265 circumflex nerve trunk right axillary neural trunk trunk of right axillary nerve FMA:65265 trunk of right axillary nerve MA:0001175 circumflex nerve trunk choroidal blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a choroid [Obol]. EMAPA:17828 FMA:76550 MA:0001237 UBERON:0002443 UBERON:MA_0001237-FMA_76550 blood vessel of choroid blood vessel of choroid coat blood vessel of choroidea blood vessel of posterior uvea cannot find singular in FMA, using Set class choroid blood vessel choroid blood vessels choroid blood vessels set choroid coat blood vessel choroidea blood vessel posterior uvea blood vessel vasa sanguinea choroideae FMA:76550 FMA:TA vasa sanguinea choroideae OBOL:automatic blood vessel of choroid coat OBOL:automatic choroid coat blood vessel OBOL:automatic choroid blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of choroidea A blood vessel that is part of a choroid [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of posterior uvea OBOL:automatic blood vessel of choroid OBOL:automatic posterior uvea blood vessel OBOL:automatic choroidea blood vessel lens fiber BTO:0000724 EHDAA2:0000979 EHDAA:4745 EHDAA:9065 EMAPA:17841 FMA:76827 MA:0001304 OG:0000444 TODO - check plural vs singular. in FMA lens fiber is a cell - FMA:70950 Lens cell. Other ontologies don't appear to commit one way or another. The lens fibers form the bulk of the lens. They are long, thin, transparent cells, with diameters typically between 4-7 micrometres and lengths of up to 12 mm long. UBERON:0002444 UBERON:MA_0001304-FMA_76827 XAO:0004096 fibrae lentis lens fibers lens fibers set lens fibres ncithesaurus:Lens_Fiber FMA:76827 FMA:TA fibrae lentis The lens fibers form the bulk of the lens. They are long, thin, transparent cells, with diameters typically between 4-7 micrometres and lengths of up to 12 mm long. Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy)#Lens_fibers triquetral AAO: ulnare: One of two element that constitute the basal row of carpals. It articulates with the ulna, radius, radiale, centrale (element Y), and carpal 5(4). This element originates from one condensation center or the fusion of two elements (ulnare and intermedium). Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 5(4), the radiale, or other elements. AAO:0000845 FMA:23715 MA:0001347 SCTID:181965000 The triquetral bone (also called triquetrum bone, pyramidal bone, three-cornered bone, and triangular bone) is located in the wrist on the medial side of the proximal row of the carpus between the lunate and pisiform bones. It is on the ulnar side of the hand, but does not articulate with the ulna. It connects with the pisiform, hamate, and lunate bones. It is the 3rd most commonly fractured carpal bone. The triangular bone may be distinguished by its pyramidal shape, and by an oval isolated facet for articulation with the pisiform bone. It is situated at the upper and ulnar side of the carpus. To facilitate its palpation in an exam, the hand must be radially deviated so that the triquetrium moves out from under the ulnar styloid process. The triquetrum may be difficult to find, since it also lies under the pisiform. The etymology derives from the Latin triquetrus which means 'three-cornered'. In reptiles and amphibians, the bone is instead referred to as the ulnare, since (at least in the most primitive fossils) it articulates with the ulna. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002445 UBERON:MA_0001347-FMA_23715 cuneiform bone of hand cuneiform of hand galen:Triquetral http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carpus.png/200px-Carpus.png ncithesaurus:Triangular_Bone os triquetrum os ulnare triangular triangular bone triquetral bone triquetrum ulnar carpal bone ulnare FMA:23715 FMA:TA os triquetrum UBERON:cjm os ulnare The triquetral bone (also called triquetrum bone, pyramidal bone, three-cornered bone, and triangular bone) is located in the wrist on the medial side of the proximal row of the carpus between the lunate and pisiform bones. It is on the ulnar side of the hand, but does not articulate with the ulna. It connects with the pisiform, hamate, and lunate bones. It is the 3rd most commonly fractured carpal bone. The triangular bone may be distinguished by its pyramidal shape, and by an oval isolated facet for articulation with the pisiform bone. It is situated at the upper and ulnar side of the carpus. To facilitate its palpation in an exam, the hand must be radially deviated so that the triquetrium moves out from under the ulnar styloid process. The triquetrum may be difficult to find, since it also lies under the pisiform. The etymology derives from the Latin triquetrus which means 'three-cornered'. In reptiles and amphibians, the bone is instead referred to as the ulnare, since (at least in the most primitive fossils) it articulates with the ulna. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Triquetral MA:0001347 cuneiform of hand MA:0001347 ulnar carpal bone MA:0001347 triangular MA:0001347 triquetrum AAO:0000845 ulnare patella FMA:24485 GAID:203 MA:0000666 MA:0001374 MESH:A.02.835.232.500.624 SCTID:182083008 TODO: CHECK THIS ONE. exact syns in FMA, distinct in MA The patella, also known as the knee cap or kneepan, is a thick, circular-triangular bone which articulates with the femur and covers and protects the knee joint. It is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body. It is attached to the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle, which contracts to extend/straighten the knee. The vastus intermedialis muscle is attached to the base of patella. The vastus lateralis and vastus medialis are attached to lateral and medial borders of patella respectively. The patella is stabilized by the insertion of vastus medialis and the prominence of the anterior femoral condyles, which prevent lateral dislocation during flexion. The retinacular fibres of the patella also stabilize it during exercise. The primary functional role of the patella is knee extension. The patella increases the leverage that the tendon can exert on the femur by increasing the angle at which it acts. The patella ossifies between the ages 2-6 years. In some people it may be absent congenitally or hypoplastic. In 2% of the population there is a bipartite patella, which is usually asymptomatic. Direct trauma, however, may produce symptoms that mimic those of a fracture. The patella has convergently evolved in placental mammals and birds; marsupials have only rudimentary, non-ossified patellae. In more primitive tetrapods, including living amphibians and reptiles, the muscle tendons from the upper leg are attached directly to the tibia, and the patella is not present. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002446 UBERON:MA_0001374-FMA_24485 galen:Patella http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Knee_diagram.svg/200px-Knee_diagram.svg.png knee bone ncithesaurus:Patella FMA:24485 knee bone The patella, also known as the knee cap or kneepan, is a thick, circular-triangular bone which articulates with the femur and covers and protects the knee joint. It is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body. It is attached to the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle, which contracts to extend/straighten the knee. The vastus intermedialis muscle is attached to the base of patella. The vastus lateralis and vastus medialis are attached to lateral and medial borders of patella respectively. The patella is stabilized by the insertion of vastus medialis and the prominence of the anterior femoral condyles, which prevent lateral dislocation during flexion. The retinacular fibres of the patella also stabilize it during exercise. The primary functional role of the patella is knee extension. The patella increases the leverage that the tendon can exert on the femur by increasing the angle at which it acts. The patella ossifies between the ages 2-6 years. In some people it may be absent congenitally or hypoplastic. In 2% of the population there is a bipartite patella, which is usually asymptomatic. Direct trauma, however, may produce symptoms that mimic those of a fracture. The patella has convergently evolved in placental mammals and birds; marsupials have only rudimentary, non-ossified patellae. In more primitive tetrapods, including living amphibians and reptiles, the muscle tendons from the upper leg are attached directly to the tibia, and the patella is not present. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Patella palatine gland FMA:59795 MA:0001584 SCTID:13604002 The palatine glands form a continuous layer on its posterior surface and around the uvula. They are primarily mucous secreting glands, as opposed to serous or mixed secreting glands. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002447 UBERON:MA_0001584-FMA_71616 ncithesaurus:Palatine_Salivary_Gland palatine glands set palatine salivary gland salivary palatine gland The palatine glands form a continuous layer on its posterior surface and around the uvula. They are primarily mucous secreting glands, as opposed to serous or mixed secreting glands. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Palatine_gland fungiform papilla EMAPA:18657 FMA:54821 MA:0001595 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4106 SCTID:80673002 The fungiform papillae are mushroom shaped e (projections) on the tongue. They are located on the top (dorsal) surface of the tongue, scattered throughout the filiform papilla but mainly at the tip and lateral margins of the tongue. They have taste buds on their superior (upper) surface which can distinguish the five tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami. They have a core of connective tissue. They are innervated by the seventh cranial nerve, more specifically via the submandibular ganglion, chorda tympani, and geniculate ganglion ascending to the solitary nucleus (the sensory component of the Vagus nerve in the brainstem). [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002448 UBERON:MA_0001595-FMA_71448 fungiform papilla of tongue fungiform papillae fungiform papillae set http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gray1014.png/200px-Gray1014.png ncithesaurus:Fungiform_Papilla FMA:54821 fungiform papilla of tongue MA fungiform papillae set The fungiform papillae are mushroom shaped e (projections) on the tongue. They are located on the top (dorsal) surface of the tongue, scattered throughout the filiform papilla but mainly at the tip and lateral margins of the tongue. They have taste buds on their superior (upper) surface which can distinguish the five tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami. They have a core of connective tissue. They are innervated by the seventh cranial nerve, more specifically via the submandibular ganglion, chorda tympani, and geniculate ganglion ascending to the solitary nucleus (the sensory component of the Vagus nerve in the brainstem). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Fungiform_papilla fungiform papillae decidua BTO:0001360 EMAPA:29917 FMA:85538 GAID:378 MA:0001722 MAT:0000290 MESH:A.05.360.319.679.490.373 MIAA:0000290 SCTID:362842004 UBERON:0002450 UBERON:MA_0001722-MIAA_0000290 Uterine lining (endometrium) during a pregnancy, which forms the maternal part of the placenta. It is formed under the influence of progesterone and forms highly-characteristic cells. decidous membrane decidua basalis endometrium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray33.png/200px-Gray33.png maternal decidual layer ncithesaurus:Decidua todo - check mp syn uterine decidua Uterine lining (endometrium) during a pregnancy, which forms the maternal part of the placenta. It is formed under the influence of progesterone and forms highly-characteristic cells. Wikipedia:Decidua FMA FMA:85538 decidous membrane MP:0004256 maternal decidual layer MA BTO:0001360 uterine decidua uterine gland BTO:0003433 BTO:0004518 EMAPA:29919 FMA:71647 FMA:86488 MA:0001726 SCTID:361377009 UBERON:0002451 UBERON:MA_0001726-FMA_71647 glandulae uterinae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gray1169.png/200px-Gray1169.png ncithesaurus:Uterine_Gland todo - check FMA tube like gland lined by ciliated columnar epithelium[WP]. The mucous secreting gland associated with the epithelium lining the uterus. These glands develop and secrete each menstrual cycle and are thought to provide initial blastocyst nutrition prior to implantation[BTO] uterine glands uterine glands set FMA:71647 FMA:TA glandulae uterinae Wikipedia:Uterine_glands tube like gland lined by ciliated columnar epithelium[WP]. The mucous secreting gland associated with the epithelium lining the uterus. These glands develop and secrete each menstrual cycle and are thought to provide initial blastocyst nutrition prior to implantation[BTO] Wikipedia ethmoid sinus FMA:84115 GAID:356 MA:0001792 MESH:A.04.531.621.267 SCTID:181206009 The ethmoid sinus, one of the paranasal sinuses, is the collective name for the ethmoidal air cells. Each ethmoid sinus is an air-space enclosed within the ethmoid bone. The ethmoidal air cells consist of numerous thin-walled cavities situated in the ethmoidal labyrinth and completed by the frontal, maxilla, lacrimal, sphenoidal, and palatine bones. They lie between the upper parts of the nasal cavities and the orbits, and are separated from these cavities by thin bony laminæ. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002453 UBERON:MA_0001792-FMA_84115 ethmoidal sinus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nnh_front.svg/200px-Nnh_front.svg.png ncithesaurus:Ethmoid_Sinus FMA:84115 ethmoidal sinus The ethmoid sinus, one of the paranasal sinuses, is the collective name for the ethmoidal air cells. Each ethmoid sinus is an air-space enclosed within the ethmoid bone. The ethmoidal air cells consist of numerous thin-walled cavities situated in the ethmoidal labyrinth and completed by the frontal, maxilla, lacrimal, sphenoidal, and palatine bones. They lie between the upper parts of the nasal cavities and the orbits, and are separated from these cavities by thin bony laminæ. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ethmoid_sinus dorsal metacarpal artery Aanastomosis of dorsal carpal branch of the radial artery and the dorsal carpal branch of the ulnar artery near the back of the wrist. It is made up of the dorsal carpal branches of both the ulnar and radial arteries. It also anastomoses with the anterior interosseous artery and the posterior interosseous artery. The arch gives off three dorsal metacarpal arteries. FMA:70800 MA:0001944 SCTID:244320002 UBERON:0002454 UBERON:MA_0001944-FMA_70800 arteriae metacarpales dorsales check FMA, singular. specific subtypes e.g. FMA:22761 first dorsal metacarpal artery dorsal metacarpal arteries dorsal metacarpal arteries set http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray529.png/200px-Gray529.png ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Metacarpal_Artery FMA:70800 FMA:TA arteriae metacarpales dorsales Aanastomosis of dorsal carpal branch of the radial artery and the dorsal carpal branch of the ulnar artery near the back of the wrist. It is made up of the dorsal carpal branches of both the ulnar and radial arteries. It also anastomoses with the anterior interosseous artery and the posterior interosseous artery. The arch gives off three dorsal metacarpal arteries. Wikipedia:Dorsal_metacarpal_artery common plantar digital arteries . FMA:70821 MA:0001966 UBERON:0002455 UBERON:MA_0001966-FMA_70821 arteriae digitales plantares communes common plantar digital arteries common plantar digital arteries set http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray555.png/200px-Gray555.png . Wikipedia:Common_plantar_digital_arteries FMA:70821 FMA:TA arteriae digitales plantares communes FMA:70821 common plantar digital arteries set internal thoracic artery EHDAA2:0000880 EHDAA:8585 EMAPA:18617 FMA:3960 In human anatomy, the internal thoracic artery (ITA), previously known as the internal mammary artery (a name still common among surgeons), is an artery that supplies the anterior chest wall and the breasts. It is a paired artery, with one running along each side of the sternum, to continue after its bifurcation as the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001982 MA:0001984 OpenCyc:Mx4rMe0MIao8EduQrwACs5b6Bw SCTID:244239009 UBERON:0002456 UBERON:MA_0001984-FMA_3960 internal mammary artery internal thoracic mammary artery ncithesaurus:Internal_Mammary_Artery note MA has both mammary and thoracic In human anatomy, the internal thoracic artery (ITA), previously known as the internal mammary artery (a name still common among surgeons), is an artery that supplies the anterior chest wall and the breasts. It is a paired artery, with one running along each side of the sternum, to continue after its bifurcation as the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_thoracic_artery MA:0001982 internal mammary artery intersegmental artery EHDAA2:0000882 EHDAA:4340 EMAPA:17616 MA:0001985 OG:0000225 UBERON:0002457 UBERON:MA_0001985-ZFA_0001061 ZFA:0001061 spinal artery . EHDAA2:0001890 EHDAA:4355 EMAPA:18241 MA:0002043 SCTID:244228006 UBERON:0002458 UBERON:MA_0002043-ZFA_0000682 ZFA:0000682 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Artery spinal arteries ZFA:0000682 spinal arteries . Wikipedia:Spinal_artery inferior palpebral vein FMA:70847 MA:0002147 SCTID:422559003 UBERON:0002459 UBERON:MA_0002147-FMA_70847 check FMA, singular. inferior palpebral veins inferior palpebral veins set lower palpebral vein ncithesaurus:Inferior_Palpebral_Vein venae palpebrales inferiores FMA:70847 FMA:TA venae palpebrales inferiores MA:0002147 lower palpebral vein vesical vein FMA:70911 MA:0002263 SCTID:12683000 The vesical veins are tributaries of the internal iliac veins. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002460 UBERON:MA_0002263-FMA_70911 check FMA, singular. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray585.png/200px-Gray585.png venae vesicales vesical veins vesical veins set The vesical veins are tributaries of the internal iliac veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vesical_vein FMA:70911 FMA:TA venae vesicales anterior abdominal wall muscle EHDAA2:0000125 FMA:20278 MA:0002268 UBERON:0002461 UBERON:MA_0002268-FMA_20278 muscle of anterior abdominal wall ncithesaurus:Anterior_Abdominal_Wall_Muscle FMA:20278 muscle of anterior abdominal wall Obol FMA erector spinae BTO:0001652 EHDAA2:0000454 EHDAA:9456 EMAPA:18168 FMA:71302 MA:0002289 OG:0000984 OpenCyc:Mx4rwC7lnJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The Erector spinæ is a muscle of the back in humans and other animals. It is also known as sacrospinalis in older texts. A more modern term is extensor spinae, though this is not in widespread use. The name of the muscle is pronounced e-rec-tor speen-aye, or e-rec-tor spinae-ee. It is really not just one muscle, but a bundle of muscles and tendons. It is paired and runs more or less vertically. It extends throughout the lumbar, thoracic and cervical regions, and lies in the groove to the side of the vertebral column. Erector spinae is covered in the lumbar and thoracic regions by the lumbodorsal fascia, and in the cervical region by the nuchal ligament. This large muscular and tendinous mass varies in size and structure at different parts of the vertebral column. In the sacral region it is narrow and pointed, and at its origin chiefly tendinous in structure. In the lumbar region it is larger, and forms a thick fleshy mass which, on being followed upward, is subdivided into three columns; these gradually diminish in size as they ascend to be inserted into the vertebræ and ribs. The erector spinae arises from the anterior surface of a broad and thick tendon, which is attached to the medial crest of the sacrum, to the spinous processes of the lumbar and the eleventh and twelfth thoracic vertebræ, and the supraspinal ligament, to the back part of the inner lip of the iliac crests and to the lateral crests of the sacrum, where it blends with the sacrotuberous and posterior sacroiliac ligaments. Some of its fibers are continuous with the fibers of origin of the Glutæus maximus. The muscular fibers form a large fleshy mass which splits, in the upper lumbar region into three columns, viz. , a lateral, the Iliocostalis, an intermediate, the Longissimus, and a medial, the Spinalis. Each of these consists from below upward, of three parts, as follows: [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002462 UBERON:MA_0002289-FMA_71302 erector spinae muscle group extensor spinae ncithesaurus:Erector_Spinae Wikipedia:Erector_spinae extensor spinae The Erector spinæ is a muscle of the back in humans and other animals. It is also known as sacrospinalis in older texts. A more modern term is extensor spinae, though this is not in widespread use. The name of the muscle is pronounced e-rec-tor speen-aye, or e-rec-tor spinae-ee. It is really not just one muscle, but a bundle of muscles and tendons. It is paired and runs more or less vertically. It extends throughout the lumbar, thoracic and cervical regions, and lies in the groove to the side of the vertebral column. Erector spinae is covered in the lumbar and thoracic regions by the lumbodorsal fascia, and in the cervical region by the nuchal ligament. This large muscular and tendinous mass varies in size and structure at different parts of the vertebral column. In the sacral region it is narrow and pointed, and at its origin chiefly tendinous in structure. In the lumbar region it is larger, and forms a thick fleshy mass which, on being followed upward, is subdivided into three columns; these gradually diminish in size as they ascend to be inserted into the vertebræ and ribs. The erector spinae arises from the anterior surface of a broad and thick tendon, which is attached to the medial crest of the sacrum, to the spinous processes of the lumbar and the eleventh and twelfth thoracic vertebræ, and the supraspinal ligament, to the back part of the inner lip of the iliac crests and to the lateral crests of the sacrum, where it blends with the sacrotuberous and posterior sacroiliac ligaments. Some of its fibers are continuous with the fibers of origin of the Glutæus maximus. The muscular fibers form a large fleshy mass which splits, in the upper lumbar region into three columns, viz. , a lateral, the Iliocostalis, an intermediate, the Longissimus, and a medial, the Spinalis. Each of these consists from below upward, of three parts, as follows: [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Erector_spinae FMA:71302 erector spinae muscle group hamstring muscle BTO:0003179 EHDAA2:0000727 EHDAA:8295 EMAPA:19072 EMAPA:19145 FMA:81022 In human anatomy, the hamstring refers to one of the three posterior thigh muscles, or to the tendons that make up the borders of the space behind the knee. In modern anatomical contexts, however, they usually refer to the posterior thigh muscles, or the tendons of the semitendinosus, the semimembranosus and the biceps femoris. In quadrupeds, it refers to the single large tendon found behind the knee or comparable area. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002312 OG:0000844 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjdtJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0002463 UBERON:MA_0002312-FMA_81022 check FMA, singular. hamstring muscles hamstring muscles set hamstrings http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Biceps_femoris_muscle_long_head.PNG/200px-Biceps_femoris_muscle_long_head.PNG ncithesaurus:Hamstring In human anatomy, the hamstring refers to one of the three posterior thigh muscles, or to the tendons that make up the borders of the space behind the knee. In modern anatomical contexts, however, they usually refer to the posterior thigh muscles, or the tendons of the semitendinosus, the semimembranosus and the biceps femoris. In quadrupeds, it refers to the single large tendon found behind the knee or comparable area. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hamstring nerve trunk BTO:0000927 EHDAA:4675 EMAPA:16986 FMA:5913 MA:0002408 UBERON:0002464 UBERON:MA_0002408-FMA_5913 trunk of nerve lymphoid system AAO:0010522 EFO:0000870 EHDAA2:0001043 EHDAA:8677 EMAPA:18248 FMA:74594 GAID:931 MA:0002435 MAT:0000197 MIAA:0000197 OG:0000842 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQAKT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362589007 The lymphatic system in vertebrates is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called lymph. It also includes the lymphoid tissue through which the lymph travels. Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs, particularly the lymph nodes, and in the lymphoid follicles associated with the digestive system such as the tonsils. The system also includes all the structures dedicated to the circulation and production of lymphocytes, which includes the spleen, thymus, bone marrow and the lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive system (Wikipedia). UBERON:0002096 UBERON:0002465 UBERON:MA_0002435-FMA_74594 We follow FMA and MA in distinguishing between lymphatic system and lymphoid system, with lymhoid tissue part of the non-lymphatic component, although these terms are often used interchangeably. We assume the ZFA term lymphatic tissue actually corresponds to the broader class (e.g. ZFA lymph node in the ZFA lymphatic system). See tracker for more comments. XAO:0003199 ZFA:0000385 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Illu_capillary_microcirculation.jpg/200px-Illu_capillary_microcirculation.jpg lymphatic system ncithesaurus:Lymphatic_System ZFA:0000385 lymphatic system The lymphatic system in vertebrates is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called lymph. It also includes the lymphoid tissue through which the lymph travels. Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs, particularly the lymph nodes, and in the lymphoid follicles associated with the digestive system such as the tonsils. The system also includes all the structures dedicated to the circulation and production of lymphocytes, which includes the spleen, thymus, bone marrow and the lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive system (Wikipedia). Wikipedia:Lymphoid_system https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3153468&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 intestine secretion BTO:0000644 Clear to pale yellow watery secretions from the glands lining the small intestine walls. Secretion is stimulated by the mechanical pressure of partly digested food in the intestine. FMA:62974 GAID:1162 MA:0002515 MESH:A.12.200.390 UBERON:0002466 UBERON:MA_0002515-FMA_62974 intestinal secretion ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Secretion succus entericus FMA:62974 intestinal secretion Clear to pale yellow watery secretions from the glands lining the small intestine walls. Secretion is stimulated by the mechanical pressure of partly digested food in the intestine. Wikipedia:Succus_entericus filiform papilla EMAPA:18655 EMAPA:18873 FMA:54820 MA:0002678 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4104 SCTID:58743008 The filiform papillae are thin, long 'V'-shaped cones that don't contain taste buds but are the most numerous. These papillae are mechanical and not involved in gustation covering most of the dorsum (upper surface). They are small and arranged in lines parallel to the V-shaped row of circumvallate papillae, except at the tip of the tongue where they are aligned transversely. Projecting from their apices are numerous filamentous processes, or secondary papillae. These are of a whitish tint, owing to the thickness and density of the epithelium of which they are composed. This epithelium has undergone a peculiar modification as the cells have become cornified and elongated into dense, imbricated, brush-like processes. They contain also a number of elastic fibers, which render them firmer and more elastic than the papillae of mucous membrane generally. The larger and longer papillae of this group are sometimes termed papillae conicae. Fungiform papillae are found dispersed throughout the filiform papillae. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002467 UBERON:MA_0002678-FMA_71447 filiform papilla of tongue filiform papillae filiform papillae set http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1016.png/200px-Gray1016.png ncithesaurus:Filiform_Papilla The filiform papillae are thin, long 'V'-shaped cones that don't contain taste buds but are the most numerous. These papillae are mechanical and not involved in gustation covering most of the dorsum (upper surface). They are small and arranged in lines parallel to the V-shaped row of circumvallate papillae, except at the tip of the tongue where they are aligned transversely. Projecting from their apices are numerous filamentous processes, or secondary papillae. These are of a whitish tint, owing to the thickness and density of the epithelium of which they are composed. This epithelium has undergone a peculiar modification as the cells have become cornified and elongated into dense, imbricated, brush-like processes. They contain also a number of elastic fibers, which render them firmer and more elastic than the papillae of mucous membrane generally. The larger and longer papillae of this group are sometimes termed papillae conicae. Fungiform papillae are found dispersed throughout the filiform papillae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Filiform_papilla FMA:54820 filiform papilla of tongue foliate papilla FMA:54823 MA:0002679 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4105 SCTID:362098003 Taste-buds, the end-organs of the gustatory sense, are scattered over the mucous membrane of the mouth and tongue at irregular intervals. They occur especially in the sides of the vallate papillae. There is a localized area at the side of the base of the tongue, the foliate papillae, in which they are especially abundant. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002468 UBERON:MA_0002679-FMA_71450 foliate papilla of tongue foliate papillae foliate papillae set http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gray1021.png/200px-Gray1021.png ncithesaurus:Foliate_Papilla FMA:54823 foliate papilla of tongue Taste-buds, the end-organs of the gustatory sense, are scattered over the mucous membrane of the mouth and tongue at irregular intervals. They occur especially in the sides of the vallate papillae. There is a localized area at the side of the base of the tongue, the foliate papillae, in which they are especially abundant. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Foliate_papilla esophagus mucosa A mucosa that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. BTO:0002859 EMAPA:26981 EMAPA:26991 FMA:62996 MA:0002680 SCTID:362127004 UBERON:0002469 UBERON:0003345 UBERON:MA_0002680-FMA_62996 esophageal mucosa esophagus mucosa esophagus mucosa of organ esophagus mucous membrane esophagus organ mucosa gullet mucosa gullet mucosa of organ gullet mucous membrane gullet organ mucosa lamina muscularis mucosae oesophageae mucosa of esophagus mucosa of gullet mucosa of oesophagus mucosa of organ of esophagus mucosa of organ of gullet mucosa of organ of oesophagus mucous membrane of esophagus mucous membrane of gullet mucous membrane of oesophagus muscularis mucosae of oesophagus ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Mucosa oesophageal mucosa oesophagus mucosa oesophagus mucosa of organ oesophagus mucous membrane oesophagus organ mucosa organ mucosa of esophagus organ mucosa of gullet organ mucosa of oesophagus tunica mucosa oesophageae tunica mucosa oesophagi OBOL:automatic esophagus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of gullet A mucosa that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of esophagus OBOL:automatic oesophagus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of gullet FMA:62996 FMA:TA tunica mucosa oesophageae OBOL:automatic gullet organ mucosa FMA:62996 mucous membrane of oesophagus FMA:62996 muscularis mucosae of oesophagus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of esophagus OBOL:automatic gullet mucosa FMA:62996 oesophageal mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of oesophagus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of gullet FMA:62996 FMA:TA lamina muscularis mucosae oesophageae OBOL:automatic mucosa of esophagus OBOL:automatic oesophagus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic gullet mucous membrane OBOL:automatic gullet mucosa of organ BTO:0002859 tunica mucosa oesophagi FMA:62996 esophagus mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oesophagus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of gullet OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oesophagus OBOL:automatic oesophagus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic esophagus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic esophagus mucous membrane autopod BTO:0004359 EFO:0000877 FMA:83015 MA:0002714 MAT:0000091 MIAA:0000091 SCTID:95936004 Terminal segment of free upper limb. The generic name for hand, paw, foot etc This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002470 UBERON:MA_0002714-MIAA_0000091 autopodium distal free limb segment distal segment of free limb ncithesaurus:Paw paw pod FMA:83015 distal free limb segment FMA:83015 distal segment of free limb Terminal segment of free upper limb. The generic name for hand, paw, foot etc UBERON:cjm zeugopod EFO:0000878 FMA:83016 MA:0002716 MAT:0000092 MIAA:0000092 The middle part of the limb (e.g. between the elbow and wrist) This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002471 UBERON:MA_0002716-MIAA_0000092 middle free limb segment middle limb segment middle part of limb zeugopodium FMA:83016 middle free limb segment stylopod EFO:0000879 FMA:83014 Limb segment that is the proximal part of the limb (e.g. between shoulder and elbow). MA:0002717 MAT:0000093 MIAA:0000093 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002472 UBERON:MA_0002717-MIAA_0000093 proximal free limb segment proximal part of limb stylopodium FMA:83014 proximal free limb segment intercerebral commissure Class of unpaired telencephalic white matter structures consisting of fiber pathways which project across the midsagittal plane and which serve to interconnect telencephalic structures lying within the contralateral cerebral hemisphere[FMA]. FMA:67930 MA:0002721 UBERON:0002473 UBERON:MA_0002721-FMA_67930 brain commissure interhemispheric commissure MA:0002721 interhemispheric commissure Class of unpaired telencephalic white matter structures consisting of fiber pathways which project across the midsagittal plane and which serve to interconnect telencephalic structures lying within the contralateral cerebral hemisphere[FMA]. FMA:67930 cerebellar peduncular complex A composite structure of the brain stem, which in NeuroNames is subdivided into the superior cerebellar peduncle of pons, the decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle and the superior cerebellar peduncle of midbrain (MM)[NIF]. FMA:77791 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_970 UBERON:0002474 UBERON:MA_0002742-FMA_77791 cerebellar peduncles cerebellar peduncles and decussations cerebellar peduncles set pedunculi cerebellares todo - this requires work for making consistent with ABA, which strictly separates cerebellum from brainstem. in MA, cerebellar peduncle is part of both brainstem and cerebellar white matter. FMA:77791 FMA:TA pedunculi cerebellares A composite structure of the brain stem, which in NeuroNames is subdivided into the superior cerebellar peduncle of pons, the decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle and the superior cerebellar peduncle of midbrain (MM)[NIF]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_970 Wikipedia:Cerebellar_peduncle NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_970 cerebellar peduncles and decussations NIF saphenous nerve FMA:45262 MA:0002761 OpenCyc:Mx4rvY0kgpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181079005 The saphenous nerve (long or internal saphenous nerve) is the largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002475 UBERON:MA_0002761-FMA_45262 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gray827.png/200px-Gray827.png The saphenous nerve (long or internal saphenous nerve) is the largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Saphenous_nerve lateral globus pallidus ABA:GPe BTO:0002247 FMA:61839 MA:0002767 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1610 SCTID:361560008 The lateral globus pallidus (or external, GPe) receives a strong glutamatergic projection from the subthalamic nucleus. The two form a particular system: a coupled pacemaker. The axons of the external globus pallidum go essentially to the subthalamic nucleus. They go also to other elements of the basal ganglia system, the striatum, the substantia nigra pars reticulata, and the internal globus pallidus, where they release the neurotransmitter GABA. GPe is particular in comparison to the other elements of the set by the fact that it does not work as an output base of the basal ganglia (not sending axons to the thalamus) but as the main regulator of the basal ganglia system. It is sometimes used as a target for deep brain stimulation as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002476 UBERON:MA_0002767-FMA_61839 external globus pallidus external pallidum external part of globus pallidus globus pallidus external segment globus pallidus externus globus pallidus lateral segment globus pallidus lateralis globus pallidus, lateral segment http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Brain_structure.gif/200px-Brain_structure.gif lateral pallidal segment lateral pallidum lateral part of globus pallidus lateral segment of globus pallidus pallidum I pallidus II pars lateralis globi pallidi medialis BTO:0002247 globus pallidus lateralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1610 lateral pallidum FMA:61839 FMA:TA pars lateralis globi pallidi medialis BTO:0002247 pallidum I NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1610 external pallidum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1610 external part of globus pallidus ABA FMA:61839 MA:0002767 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1610 globus pallidus external segment MA:0002767 globus pallidus lateral segment FMA:61839 pallidus II NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1610 lateral segment of globus pallidus The lateral globus pallidus (or external, GPe) receives a strong glutamatergic projection from the subthalamic nucleus. The two form a particular system: a coupled pacemaker. The axons of the external globus pallidum go essentially to the subthalamic nucleus. They go also to other elements of the basal ganglia system, the striatum, the substantia nigra pars reticulata, and the internal globus pallidus, where they release the neurotransmitter GABA. GPe is particular in comparison to the other elements of the set by the fact that it does not work as an output base of the basal ganglia (not sending axons to the thalamus) but as the main regulator of the basal ganglia system. It is sometimes used as a target for deep brain stimulation as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_globus_pallidus medial globus pallidus ABA:GPi BTO:0002248 FMA:61840 MA:0002768 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1555 SCTID:361562000 The medial globus pallidus (or internal, GPi) is one of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia. The GABA-containing neurons send their axons to specific nuclei of the dorsal thalamus (VA and VL), to the centromedian complex and to the pedunculopontine complex. The efferent bundle is constituted first of the ansa and fasciculus lenticularis, then crosses the internal capsule as the Edinger's comb system then arrives at the laterosuperior corner of the subthalamic nucleus and constitutes the Forel's field H2, then H, and suddenly changes its direction to form H1 that goes to the inferior part of the thalamus. The distribution of axonal islands is widespread in the lateral region of the thalamus. The innervation of the central region is done by collaterals. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002477 UBERON:MA_0002768-FMA_61840 entopeduncular nucleus entopeduncular nucleus (monakow) globus pallidus inernal segment globus pallidus internal segment globus pallidus internus globus pallidus medial segment globus pallidus medialis globus pallidus, medial segment http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Brain_structure.gif/200px-Brain_structure.gif internal globus pallidus internal pallidum internal part of globus pallidus medial pallidal segment medial part of globus pallidus medial segment of globus pallidus mesial pallidum pallidum II pallidus i pars medialis globi pallidi MA:0002768 entopeduncular nucleus MA:0002768 globus pallidus inernal segment MA:0002768 globus pallidus medial segment BTO:0002248 globus pallidus medialis The medial globus pallidus (or internal, GPi) is one of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia. The GABA-containing neurons send their axons to specific nuclei of the dorsal thalamus (VA and VL), to the centromedian complex and to the pedunculopontine complex. The efferent bundle is constituted first of the ansa and fasciculus lenticularis, then crosses the internal capsule as the Edinger's comb system then arrives at the laterosuperior corner of the subthalamic nucleus and constitutes the Forel's field H2, then H, and suddenly changes its direction to form H1 that goes to the inferior part of the thalamus. The distribution of axonal islands is widespread in the lateral region of the thalamus. The innervation of the central region is done by collaterals. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_globus_pallidus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1555 internal part of globus pallidus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1555 internal pallidum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1555 medial segment of globus pallidus ABA FMA:61840 FMA:TA pars medialis globi pallidi BTO:0002248 pallidum II lesser wing of sphenoid bone AAO:0000345 EMAPA:18719 FMA:52869 MA:0002773 OG:0001153 One of two thin triangular plates, which arise from the upper and anterior parts of the body, and, projecting lateralward, end in sharp points. SCTID:361737003 UBERON:0002478 UBERON:MA_0002773-ZFA_0000253 ZFA:0000253 ala minor (os sphenoidale) ingrassia's process lesser wing of sphenoid lesser wing of sphenoid bone lesser wing of sphenoidal bone orbitosphenoid MA:0002773 lesser wing of sphenoid bone FMA:52869 lesser wing of sphenoid MA:0002773 orbitosphenoid One of two thin triangular plates, which arise from the upper and anterior parts of the body, and, projecting lateralward, end in sharp points. Wikipedia:Lesser_wing_of_sphenoid_bone FMA:52869 lesser wing of sphenoidal bone FMA:52869 ala minor (os sphenoidale) FMA:52869 ingrassia's process dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus ABA:LGd BM:GLd FMA:62214 MA:0002775 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1595 UBERON:0002479 UBERON:MA_0002775-FMA_62214 dorsal nucleus of lateral geniculate body lateral geniculate complex, dorsal part nucleus dorsalis corporis geniculati lateralis nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars dorsalis ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1595 nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars dorsalis MA:0002775 dorsal nucleus of lateral geniculate body FMA:62214 FMA:TA nucleus dorsalis corporis geniculati lateralis ventral lateral geniculate nucleus ABA:LGv BM:LGv FMA:62215 MA:0002776 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 UBERON:0002480 UBERON:MA_0002776-FMA_62215 corpus geniculatum externum, nucleus accessorius corpus geniculatum laterale, pars oralis dorsal_nucleus_of_lateral_geniculate_body griseum praegeniculatum lateral geniculate complex, ventral part lateral geniculate complex, ventral part (kolliker) lateral geniculate nucleus, ventral part nucleus corporis geniculati lateralis, pars ventralis nucleus praegeniculatus nucleus pregeniculatum nucleus pregeniculatus nucleus ventralis corporis geniculati lateralis praegeniculatum pregeniculate nucleus ventral nucleus of lateral geniculate body ventral part of the lateral geniculate complex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 corpus geniculatum externum, nucleus accessorius NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 praegeniculatum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 corpus geniculatum laterale, pars oralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 nucleus corporis geniculati lateralis, pars ventralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 ventral part of the lateral geniculate complex FMA:62215 FMA:TA nucleus ventralis corporis geniculati lateralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 nucleus praegeniculatus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 nucleus pregeniculatum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 griseum praegeniculatum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 lateral geniculate nucleus, ventral part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 lateral geniculate complex, ventral part (kolliker) MA:0002776 ventral nucleus of lateral geniculate body NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 dorsal_nucleus_of_lateral_geniculate_body FMA:62215 FMA:TA nucleus pregeniculatus bone tissue FMA:224804 MA:0002780 MESH:A.02.835.232 Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts[VAO]. UBERON:0002481 UBERON:MA_0002780-FMA_224804 VAO:0000047 calcium tissue galen:BoneTissue ncithesaurus:Bone_Tissue osseous tissue Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts[VAO]. VAO:0000047 Wikipedia:Bone_tissue lamellar bone Bone tissue that has a regular parallel alignment of collagen into sheets (lamellae) and is mechanically strong. FMA:224806 MA:0002781 UBERON:0002482 UBERON:MA_0002781-FMA_224806 galen:LamellarBone histological classification, lamellar vs woven. Note that only FMA has woven Bone tissue that has a regular parallel alignment of collagen into sheets (lamellae) and is mechanically strong. Wikipedia:Bone#Woven_or_lamellar trabecular bone tissue BTO:0001700 Cancellous bone, synonymous with trabecular bone or spongy bone, is one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Compared to compact bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue, it has a higher surface area but is less dense, softer, weaker, and less stiff. It typically occupies the interior region of bones. Cancellous bone is highly vascular and frequently contains red bone marrow where hematopoiesis, which is the production of blood cells, occurs. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cancellous bone is the trabecula. Its Latin name is substantia spongiosa or substantia spongiosa ossium. The words cancellous and trabecular refer to the tiny, lattice-shaped that form the tissue. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:24019 MA:0002782 UBERON:0002483 UBERON:MA_0002782-FMA_24019 cancellated bone cancellous bone cancellous bone tissue http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Illu_compact_spongy_bone.jpg/200px-Illu_compact_spongy_bone.jpg one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Compared to compact bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue, it has a higher surface area but is less dense, softer, weaker, and less stiff. It typically occurs at the ends of long bones, proximal to joints and within the interior of vertebrae. Cancellous bone is highly vascular and frequently contains red bone marrow where hematopoiesis, which is the production of blood cells, occurs. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cancellous bone is the trabecula. spongy bone spongy bone tissue substantia spongiosa substantia spongiosa ossium substantia trabecularis ossium trabecular bone trabecular substance Wikipedia:Trabecular_bone substantia spongiosa FMA:24019 MA:0002782 cancellous bone Wikipedia:Trabecular_bone substantia spongiosa ossium Cancellous bone, synonymous with trabecular bone or spongy bone, is one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Compared to compact bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue, it has a higher surface area but is less dense, softer, weaker, and less stiff. It typically occupies the interior region of bones. Cancellous bone is highly vascular and frequently contains red bone marrow where hematopoiesis, which is the production of blood cells, occurs. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cancellous bone is the trabecula. Its Latin name is substantia spongiosa or substantia spongiosa ossium. The words cancellous and trabecular refer to the tiny, lattice-shaped that form the tissue. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Trabecular_bone BTO:0001700 trabecular substance BTO:0001700 substantia trabecularis ossium BTO:0001700 cancellated bone bone marrow cavity FMA:75147 MA:0002783 UBERON:0002484 UBERON:MA_0002783-FMA_75147 cavity of cancellous bone the medullary cavities of the bones. MP:0000065 the medullary cavities of the bones. prostate duct FMA:19580 MA:0002785 SCTID:362276000 UBERON:0002485 UBERON:MA_0002785-FMA_19580 duct of prostate duct of prostate gland ncithesaurus:Prostatic_Duct prostate duct prostate gland duct prostatic duct the minute canals that pass the prostatic secretions to the urethra. MP:0009734 the minute canals that pass the prostatic secretions to the urethra. glottis AAO:0010610 BTO:0001627 FMA:55414 GAID:343 MA:0002788 MESH:A.04.329.364 SCTID:264482000 The glottis is defined as the combination of the vocal folds and the space in between the folds. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002486 UBERON:MA_0002788-FMA_55414 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arytenoid_cartilage.png/200px-Arytenoid_cartilage.png ncithesaurus:Glottis The glottis is defined as the combination of the vocal folds and the space in between the folds. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Glottis tooth cavity . FMA:55660 MA:0002792 MESH:A.14.254.900.265 SCTID:362105008 UBERON:0002487 UBERON:MA_0002792-FMA_55660 cavitas dentis cavitas pulparis cavity of tooth pulp cavity pulp cavity of tooth tooth pulp cavity MA:0002792 tooth pulp cavity FMA:55660 FMA:TA cavitas pulparis MA:0002792 cavity of tooth . Wikipedia:Tooth_cavity helix . FMA:60992 MA:0002793 OpenCyc:Mx4rwRDEk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279607004 UBERON:0002488 UBERON:MA_0002793-FMA_60992 helical part of pinna helix (auricula) helix of auricle of ear helix of ear helix of pinna ncithesaurus:Helix . Wikipedia:Helix coronal suture EMAPA:19225 FMA:52928 MA:0002795 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2eGHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244510008 The coronal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint that separates the frontal and parietal bones of the skull. At birth, the bones of the skull do not meet. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002489 UBERON:MA_0002795-FMA_52928 coronal suture of skull http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gray188-Coronal_suture.png/200px-Gray188-Coronal_suture.png The coronal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint that separates the frontal and parietal bones of the skull. At birth, the bones of the skull do not meet. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Coronal_suture GO frontal suture EMAPA:19226 FMA:52989 MA:0002796 SCTID:136854008 The frontal suture is a dense connective tissue structure that divides the two halves of the frontal bone of the skull in infants and children. It usually disappears by the age of six, with the two halves of the frontal bone being fused together. If it does not disappear it may be called a 'metopic suture' or 'sutura frontalis persistens. ' If the suture is not present at birth (craniosynostosis) it will cause a keel-shaped deformity of the skull called 'trigonocephaly. ' It is present in a fetal skull so that the skull can bend and is very elastic at the time of birth. The baby's head literally bends when coming out of the mother's womb. The space is filled as the child grows older. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002490 UBERON:MA_0002796-FMA_52989 frontal suture of skull http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gray134.png/200px-Gray134.png metopic suture sutura frontalis sutura metopica The frontal suture is a dense connective tissue structure that divides the two halves of the frontal bone of the skull in infants and children. It usually disappears by the age of six, with the two halves of the frontal bone being fused together. If it does not disappear it may be called a 'metopic suture' or 'sutura frontalis persistens. ' If the suture is not present at birth (craniosynostosis) it will cause a keel-shaped deformity of the skull called 'trigonocephaly. ' It is present in a fetal skull so that the skull can bend and is very elastic at the time of birth. The baby's head literally bends when coming out of the mother's womb. The space is filled as the child grows older. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Frontal_suture MA:0002796 metopic suture FMA:52989 FMA:TA sutura metopica Wikipedia:Frontal_suture sutura frontalis lambdoid suture EMAPA:19227 FMA:52933 MA:0002797 SCTID:361830007 The lambdoid suture (or lambdoidal suture) is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint on the posterior aspect of the skull that connects the parietal and temporal bones with the occipital bone. Its name comes from its lambda-like shape. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002491 UBERON:MA_0002797-FMA_52933 lambdoid suture of skull lambdoidal suture The lambdoid suture (or lambdoidal suture) is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint on the posterior aspect of the skull that connects the parietal and temporal bones with the occipital bone. Its name comes from its lambda-like shape. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lambdoid_suture GO MA:0002797 lambdoidal suture sagittal suture EMAPA:19224 FMA:52929 MA:0002798 SCTID:244511007 The sagittal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull. At birth, the bones of the skull do not meet. If certain bones of the skull grow too fast then 'premature closure' of the sutures may occur. This can result in skull deformities. If the sagittal suture closes early the skull becomes long, narrow, and wedge-shaped, a condition called 'scaphocephaly. ' Two anatomical landmarks are found on the sagittal suture: the bregma and the vertex of the skull. The bregma is formed by the intersection of the sagittal and coronal sutures, and the vertex is the highest point on the skull and is many times near the midpoint of the sagittal suture. The sagittal suture is also known as the 'interparietal suture' and the 'sutura interparietalis. ' The term is derived from the Latin word Sagitta, meaning 'arrow'. The derivation of this term may be demonstrated by observing how the sagittal suture is notched posteriorly, like an arrow, by the lambdoid suture. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002492 UBERON:MA_0002798-FMA_52929 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kort-lang-skalle.gif/200px-Kort-lang-skalle.gif sagittal suture of skull The sagittal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull. At birth, the bones of the skull do not meet. If certain bones of the skull grow too fast then 'premature closure' of the sutures may occur. This can result in skull deformities. If the sagittal suture closes early the skull becomes long, narrow, and wedge-shaped, a condition called 'scaphocephaly. ' Two anatomical landmarks are found on the sagittal suture: the bregma and the vertex of the skull. The bregma is formed by the intersection of the sagittal and coronal sutures, and the vertex is the highest point on the skull and is many times near the midpoint of the sagittal suture. The sagittal suture is also known as the 'interparietal suture' and the 'sutura interparietalis. ' The term is derived from the Latin word Sagitta, meaning 'arrow'. The derivation of this term may be demonstrated by observing how the sagittal suture is notched posteriorly, like an arrow, by the lambdoid suture. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sagittal_suture uterine artery FMA:18829 MA:0002799 SCTID:244300003 The uterine artery is an artery in females that supplies blood to the uterus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002493 UBERON:MA_0002799-FMA_18829 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gray1170.png/200px-Gray1170.png The uterine artery is an artery in females that supplies blood to the uterus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Uterine_artery papillary muscle EHDAA2:0001398 EHDAA:8655 FMA:12154 GAID:175 In anatomy, the papillary muscles of the heart serve to limit the movements of the mitral and tricuspid valves. These muscles contract to tighten the chordae tendineae, which in turn prevent inversion. This occurs in response to pressure gradients. Instead they brace the valves against the high pressure, preventing regurgitation of ventricular blood back into the atrial cavities. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002800 MESH:A.02.633.580.680 OG:0001392 OpenCyc:Mx4rDid0jLYYEduAAAACs2IKfQ SCTID:279329009 UBERON:0002494 UBERON:MA_0002800-FMA_12154 galen:PapillaryMuscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Papillary_muscles.png/200px-Papillary_muscles.png ncithesaurus:Papillary_Muscle papillary muscle of ventricle ventricular papillary muscle MA:0002800 ventricular papillary muscle MA:0002800 papillary muscle of ventricle In anatomy, the papillary muscles of the heart serve to limit the movements of the mitral and tricuspid valves. These muscles contract to tighten the chordae tendineae, which in turn prevent inversion. This occurs in response to pressure gradients. Instead they brace the valves against the high pressure, preventing regurgitation of ventricular blood back into the atrial cavities. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Papillary_muscle long bone BTO:0004256 FMA:7474 MA:0002802 OpenCyc:Mx4rv6axr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:332709000 UBERON:0002495 UBERON:MA_0002802-FMA_7474 galen:LongBone ncithesaurus:Long_Bone those that are longer than they are wide, and grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis, with an epiphysis at the ends of the growing bone. The ends of epiphyses are covered with a hyaline cartilage ('articular cartilage'). The longitudinal growth of long bones is a result of endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate. Bone growth in length is stimulated by the production of growth hormone (GH), a secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The long bones include the femurs, tibias, and fibulas of the legs, the humeri, radii, and ulnas of the arms, metacarpals and metatarsals of the hands and feet, and the phalanges of the fingers and toes. The long bones of the human leg comprise nearly half of adult height. The other primary skeletal component of height is the spine and skull. The outside of the bone consists of a layer of connective tissue called the periosteum. Additionally, the outer shell of the long bone is compact bone, then a deeper layer of cancellous bone (spongy bone) which contains red bone marrow. The interior part of the long bone is the medullary cavity with the inner core of the bone cavity being composed of (in adults) of yellow marrow. There are five general classifications of bones: (1) Long bones, (2) Short bones, (3) Flat bones, (4) Irregular bones, and (5) Sesamoid bones[WP]. Wikipedia:Long_bone those that are longer than they are wide, and grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis, with an epiphysis at the ends of the growing bone. The ends of epiphyses are covered with a hyaline cartilage ('articular cartilage'). The longitudinal growth of long bones is a result of endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate. Bone growth in length is stimulated by the production of growth hormone (GH), a secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The long bones include the femurs, tibias, and fibulas of the legs, the humeri, radii, and ulnas of the arms, metacarpals and metatarsals of the hands and feet, and the phalanges of the fingers and toes. The long bones of the human leg comprise nearly half of adult height. The other primary skeletal component of height is the spine and skull. The outside of the bone consists of a layer of connective tissue called the periosteum. Additionally, the outer shell of the long bone is compact bone, then a deeper layer of cancellous bone (spongy bone) which contains red bone marrow. The interior part of the long bone is the medullary cavity with the inner core of the bone cavity being composed of (in adults) of yellow marrow. There are five general classifications of bones: (1) Long bones, (2) Short bones, (3) Flat bones, (4) Irregular bones, and (5) Sesamoid bones[WP]. stapes base EHDAA:5143 EHDAA:6096 FMA:52769 MA:0002804 SCTID:279685009 UBERON:0002496 UBERON:MA_0002804-FMA_52769 base of stapes footplate stapes footplate MA:0002804 base of stapes MA:0002804 stapes footplate acromion AAO:0000826 EMAPA:25119 FMA:23260 GAID:187 MA:0002805 MESH:A.02.835.232.087.783.261 OpenCyc:Mx4rvmrF8pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181911000 The acromion process, or simply the acromion, is an anatomical feature on the shoulder blade, together with the coracoid process extending laterally over the shoulder joint. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002497 UBERON:MA_0002805-FMA_23260 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gray206.png/200px-Gray206.png ncithesaurus:Acromion The acromion process, or simply the acromion, is an anatomical feature on the shoulder blade, together with the coracoid process extending laterally over the shoulder joint. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Acromion deltoid tuberosity EMAPA:25052 FMA:23418 MA:0002808 The deltoid tuberosity is the region on the shaft of the humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002498 UBERON:MA_0002808-FMA_23418 deltoid tuberosity of humerus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/HumerusFront.png/200px-HumerusFront.png tuberositas deltoidea tuberositas deltoidea (corpus humeri) The deltoid tuberosity is the region on the shaft of the humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Deltoid_tuberosity FMA:23418 deltoid tuberosity of humerus FMA:23418 FMA:TA tuberositas deltoidea cochlear labyrinth BTO:0004686 FMA:61259 For more uses of the word labyrinth, see Labyrinth (disambiguation) The labyrinth is a system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system, which provides the sense of balance. It is named by analogy with the mythical maze that imprisoned the Minotaur, because of its appearance. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The bony labyrinth is lined with the membranous labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea (the hearing organ). The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving. Joint and muscle receptors also are important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from these systems that control our balance. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002809 UBERON:0002499 UBERON:MA_0002809-FMA_61259 WP - The labyrinth can be divided by layer or by region. Bony vs. membranous / Vestibular vs. cochlear http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gray923.png/200px-Gray923.png ncithesaurus:Cochlear_Labyrinth For more uses of the word labyrinth, see Labyrinth (disambiguation) The labyrinth is a system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system, which provides the sense of balance. It is named by analogy with the mythical maze that imprisoned the Minotaur, because of its appearance. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The bony labyrinth is lined with the membranous labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea (the hearing organ). The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving. Joint and muscle receptors also are important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from these systems that control our balance. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cochlear_labyrinth zygomatic arch FMA:53120 MA:0002810 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.324.995 OpenCyc:Mx4rvih1YZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:272682006 The zygomatic arch or cheek bone is formed by the zygomatic process of temporal bone (a bone extending forward from the side of the skull, over the opening of the ear) and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone (the side of the cheekbone), the two being united by an oblique suture; the tendon of the Temporalis passes medial to the arch to gain insertion into the coronoid process of the mandible. The term zygomatic derives from the Latin zyosislymore meaning malar bone or cheekbone. The zygomatic arch is occasionally referred to as the zygoma, but this term usually refers to the zygomatic bone or occasionally the zygomatic process. The zygomatic process of the temporal arises by two roots: an anterior, directed inward in front of the mandibular fossa, where it expands to form the articular tubercle. a posterior, which runs backward above the external acoustic meatus and is continuous with the supramastoid crest. The upper border of the arch gives attachment to the temporal fascia; the lower border and medial surface give origin to the Masseter. The zygomatic arch is significant in evolutionary biology, as it is part of the structures derived from the ancestral single temporal fenestra of the synapsid ancestor of mammals. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002500 UBERON:MA_0002810-FMA_53120 galen:Zygoma http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gray188-Sphenozygomatic_suture.png/200px-Gray188-Sphenozygomatic_suture.png ncithesaurus:Zygomatic_Arch zygoma The zygomatic arch or cheek bone is formed by the zygomatic process of temporal bone (a bone extending forward from the side of the skull, over the opening of the ear) and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone (the side of the cheekbone), the two being united by an oblique suture; the tendon of the Temporalis passes medial to the arch to gain insertion into the coronoid process of the mandible. The term zygomatic derives from the Latin zyosislymore meaning malar bone or cheekbone. The zygomatic arch is occasionally referred to as the zygoma, but this term usually refers to the zygomatic bone or occasionally the zygomatic process. The zygomatic process of the temporal arises by two roots: an anterior, directed inward in front of the mandibular fossa, where it expands to form the articular tubercle. a posterior, which runs backward above the external acoustic meatus and is continuous with the supramastoid crest. The upper border of the arch gives attachment to the temporal fascia; the lower border and medial surface give origin to the Masseter. The zygomatic arch is significant in evolutionary biology, as it is part of the structures derived from the ancestral single temporal fenestra of the synapsid ancestor of mammals. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Zygomatic_arch oval window FMA:56913 GAID:882 MA:0002813 MESH:A.09.246.631.909.551 The oval window (or vestibular window) is a membrane-covered opening which leads from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear. Vibrations that come into contact with the tympanic membrane travel through the three ossicles and into the inner ear. The oval window is the intersection of the middle ear with the inner ear, and is directly contacted by the stapes; by the time vibrations reach the oval window, they have been amplified over twenty times from what they were when they contacted the tympanic membrane, a testament to the amplifying power of the middle ear. It is a reniform (kidney-shaped) opening leading from the tympanic cavity into the vestibule of the internal ear; its long diameter is horizontal, and its convex border is upward. In the recent state it is occupied by the base of the stapes, the circumference of which is fixed by the annular ligament to the margin of the foramen. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002501 UBERON:MA_0002813-FMA_56913 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gray911.png/200px-Gray911.png oval window of petrous part of temporal bone vestibular window MA:0002813 vestibular window The oval window (or vestibular window) is a membrane-covered opening which leads from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear. Vibrations that come into contact with the tympanic membrane travel through the three ossicles and into the inner ear. The oval window is the intersection of the middle ear with the inner ear, and is directly contacted by the stapes; by the time vibrations reach the oval window, they have been amplified over twenty times from what they were when they contacted the tympanic membrane, a testament to the amplifying power of the middle ear. It is a reniform (kidney-shaped) opening leading from the tympanic cavity into the vestibule of the internal ear; its long diameter is horizontal, and its convex border is upward. In the recent state it is occupied by the base of the stapes, the circumference of which is fixed by the annular ligament to the margin of the foramen. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Oval_window round window FMA:56932 GAID:878 MA:0002814 MESH:A.09.246.631.246.814 The round window is one of the two openings into the cochlea of the inner ear. It is closed off from the middle ear by the round window membrane, which vibrates with opposite phase to vibrations entering the cochlea through the oval window. It allows fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn ensures that hair cells of the basilar membrane will be stimulated and that audition will occur. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002502 UBERON:MA_0002814-FMA_56932 cochlear window http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gray911.png/200px-Gray911.png round window of petrous part of temporal bone The round window is one of the two openings into the cochlea of the inner ear. It is closed off from the middle ear by the round window membrane, which vibrates with opposite phase to vibrations entering the cochlea through the oval window. It allows fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn ensures that hair cells of the basilar membrane will be stimulated and that audition will occur. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Round_window MA:0002814 cochlear window greater trochanter FMA:32852 MA:0002822 SCTID:182050001 The greater trochanter (great trochanter) of the femur is a large, irregular, quadrilateral eminence and a part of the skeletal system. It is directed a little lateralward and backward, and, in the adult, is about 1 cm lower than the head. Because the pelvic outlet in the female is larger than in the male, there is a greater distance between the greater trochanters in the female. It has two surfaces and four borders. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002503 UBERON:MA_0002822-FMA_32852 galen:GreaterTrochanter greater trochanter of femur http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray243.png/200px-Gray243.png The greater trochanter (great trochanter) of the femur is a large, irregular, quadrilateral eminence and a part of the skeletal system. It is directed a little lateralward and backward, and, in the adult, is about 1 cm lower than the head. Because the pelvic outlet in the female is larger than in the male, there is a greater distance between the greater trochanters in the female. It has two surfaces and four borders. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Greater_trochanter FMA lesser trochanter FMA:32853 MA:0002823 SCTID:182051002 The lesser trochanter (small trochanter) of the femur is a conical eminence, which varies in size in different subjects [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002504 UBERON:MA_0002823-FMA_32853 galen:LesserTrochanter http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gray341.png/200px-Gray341.png lesser trochanter of femur ncithesaurus:Lesser_Trochanter The lesser trochanter (small trochanter) of the femur is a conical eminence, which varies in size in different subjects [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lesser_trochanter FMA spiral modiolar artery FMA:52312 MA:0002824 SCTID:149380004 UBERON:0002505 UBERON:MA_0002824-FMA_52312 the artery which parallels the spiral ganglion in the root of the spiral lamina of the modiolus, serving the ganglion and the cochlear duct and its contents. MP:0004629 the artery which parallels the spiral ganglion in the root of the spiral lamina of the modiolus, serving the ganglion and the cochlear duct and its contents. iris epithelium An epithelium that is part of a iris [Obol]. FMA:58517 MA:0002826 UBERON:0002506 UBERON:MA_0002826-FMA_58517 epithelial tissue of iris epithelium of iris epithelium pigmentosum (iris) epithelium pigmentosum iridis iris epithelial tissue iris epithelium iris pigmented epithelium pigmented epithelium of iris OBOL:automatic epithelium of iris MP FMA FMA:58517 pigmented epithelium of iris OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of iris An epithelium that is part of a iris [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:58517 FMA:TA epithelium pigmentosum iridis MA FMA:58517 epithelium pigmentosum (iris) OBOL:automatic iris epithelial tissue MA:0002826 iris pigmented epithelium FMA:58517 iris epithelium abdominal lymph node A lymph node that is part of an abdomen [Obol]. FMA:12787 MA:0002827 SCTID:245342005 UBERON:0002507 UBERON:MA_0002827-FMA_12787 abdomen lymph node lymph node of abdomen A lymph node that is part of an abdomen [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic abdomen lymph node celiac lymph node FMA:12792 MA:0002828 SCTID:245343000 The visceral glands are associated with the branches of the celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. Those related to the branches of the celiac artery (the celiac lymph nodes) form three sets, gastric, hepatic, and pancreaticolienal. gastric lymph nodes hepatic lymph nodes splenic lymph nodes [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002508 UBERON:MA_0002828-FMA_12792 celiac node coeliac node http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gray613.png/200px-Gray613.png ncithesaurus:Celiac_Lymph_Node nodus lymphaticus coeliacus terminal ventral aortic node The visceral glands are associated with the branches of the celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. Those related to the branches of the celiac artery (the celiac lymph nodes) form three sets, gastric, hepatic, and pancreaticolienal. gastric lymph nodes hepatic lymph nodes splenic lymph nodes [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Celiac_lymph_node mesenteric lymph node BTO:0000767 FMA:12795 MA:0002829 UBERON:0002509 UBERON:MA_0002829-FMA_12795 mesenteric node ncithesaurus:Mesenteric_Lymph_Node nodi lymphoidei mesenterici the lymph nodes located in the mesentery, of which there are 3 classes: ileocolic, juxtaintestinal mesenteric, and central superior group. MP:0005232 the lymph nodes located in the mesentery, of which there are 3 classes: ileocolic, juxtaintestinal mesenteric, and central superior group. BTO:0000767 nodi lymphoidei mesenterici anterior fontanel EMAPA:19199 FMA:75439 MA:0002830 The anterior fontanelle (bregmatic fontanelle, frontal fontanelle) is the largest, and is placed at the junction of the sagittal suture, coronal suture, and frontal suture; it is lozenge-shaped, and measures about 4 cm in its antero-posterior and 2.5 cm in its transverse diameter. The fontanelle allows the skull to deform during birth to ease its passage through the birth canal and for expansion of the brain after birth. While the posterior and lateral fontanelles are obliterated by about six months after birth, the anterior is not completely closed until about the middle of the second year. Full ossification starts in the late twenties and finishes before the age of 50 . [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002510 UBERON:MA_0002830-FMA_75439 anterior fontanelle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gray197.png/200px-Gray197.png FMA:75439 anterior fontanelle The anterior fontanelle (bregmatic fontanelle, frontal fontanelle) is the largest, and is placed at the junction of the sagittal suture, coronal suture, and frontal suture; it is lozenge-shaped, and measures about 4 cm in its antero-posterior and 2.5 cm in its transverse diameter. The fontanelle allows the skull to deform during birth to ease its passage through the birth canal and for expansion of the brain after birth. While the posterior and lateral fontanelles are obliterated by about six months after birth, the anterior is not completely closed until about the middle of the second year. Full ossification starts in the late twenties and finishes before the age of 50 . [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_fontanelle trabecula carnea EMAPA:18626 FMA:7269 MA:0002831 Note that WP states they are ventricular, but MP has classes for atrial ventricular carnea. The trabeculae carneae (columnae carneae, or fleshy beams), are rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricles of the heart.[1] They should not be confused with the pectinate muscles, which are present in the right[1] and left atria only. They are of three kinds: * some are attached along their entire length on one side and merely form prominent ridges,* others are fixed at their extremities but free in the middle, * while a third set, the papillary muscles are continuous by their bases with the wall of the ventricle, while their apices give origin to the chordæ tendineæ which pass to be attached to the segments of both the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve. The purpose of the trabeculae carneae is most likely to prevent suction that would occur with a flat surfaced membrane and thus impair the heart's ability to pump efficiently. The trabeculae carneae also serve a similar function to papillary muscles in that their contraction pulls on the chordae tendineae, preventing inversion of the mitral (bicuspid) and tricuspid valves, that is, their bulging towards the atrial chambers, which would lead to subsequent leakage of the blood into the atria. So by the action of papillary muscles on the atrioventricular valves, backflow of the blood from the ventricles into the atria is prevented[WP]. UBERON:0002511 UBERON:MA_0002831-FMA_7269 cardiac trabecula heart trabecula trabecula of heart ventricle trabecula carnea ventricular trabecula GO:0060347 cardiac trabecula The trabeculae carneae (columnae carneae, or fleshy beams), are rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricles of the heart.[1] They should not be confused with the pectinate muscles, which are present in the right[1] and left atria only. They are of three kinds: * some are attached along their entire length on one side and merely form prominent ridges,* others are fixed at their extremities but free in the middle, * while a third set, the papillary muscles are continuous by their bases with the wall of the ventricle, while their apices give origin to the chordæ tendineæ which pass to be attached to the segments of both the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve. The purpose of the trabeculae carneae is most likely to prevent suction that would occur with a flat surfaced membrane and thus impair the heart's ability to pump efficiently. The trabeculae carneae also serve a similar function to papillary muscles in that their contraction pulls on the chordae tendineae, preventing inversion of the mitral (bicuspid) and tricuspid valves, that is, their bulging towards the atrial chambers, which would lead to subsequent leakage of the blood into the atria. So by the action of papillary muscles on the atrioventricular valves, backflow of the blood from the ventricles into the atria is prevented[WP]. Wikipedia:Trabeculae_carneae MA:0002831 ventricle trabecula carnea MA:0002831 ventricular trabecula GO:0060347 heart trabecula corpus luteum BTO:0000292 EMAPA:29886 FMA:18619 GAID:369 MA:0002834 MESH:A.05.360.319.114.630.278 SCTID:257943001 The corpus luteum (Latin for 'yellow body') (plural corpora lutea) is a temporary endocrine structure in mammals, involved in production of progestogen, which is needed to maintain the endometrium. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002512 UBERON:MA_0002834-FMA_18619 corpus luteum of ovary http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Folliclesinovary.jpg/200px-Folliclesinovary.jpg luteal gland ncithesaurus:Corpus_Luteum Wikipedia The corpus luteum (Latin for 'yellow body') (plural corpora lutea) is a temporary endocrine structure in mammals, involved in production of progestogen, which is needed to maintain the endometrium. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Corpus_luteum BTO:0000292 luteal gland endochondral bone AAO:0010776 AEO:0000083 BTO:0002157 EHDAA2:0003083 Replacement bone that forms within cartilage[TAO]. Endochondral ossification is the formation of bone by the replacement of cartilage tissue with mineralized bone[GO]. cartilage is present during endochondral ossification. It is also an essential process during the rudimentary formation of long bones, the growth of the length of long bones, and the natural healing of bone fractures[WP]. UBERON:0002513 UBERON:MA_0002836-ZFA_0001591 VAO:0000145 XAO:0004018 ZFA:0001591 cartilaginous bone note that some structures, e.g. in ZFA are both intramembrane and endochondral BTO:0002157 cartilaginous bone GO:0001958 Replacement bone that forms within cartilage[TAO]. Endochondral ossification is the formation of bone by the replacement of cartilage tissue with mineralized bone[GO]. cartilage is present during endochondral ossification. It is also an essential process during the rudimentary formation of long bones, the growth of the length of long bones, and the natural healing of bone fractures[WP]. Wikipedia:Endochondral_bone intramembranous bone AEO:0000085 Bone tissue forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. EHDAA2:0003085 UBERON:0002514 UBERON:MA_0002837-ZFA_0001635 ZFA:0001635 membrane bone AEO:0000085 membrane bone Bone tissue forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. GO:0001957 Wikipedia:Intramembranous_ossification periosteum BTO:0001022 FMA:24041 GAID:925 MA:0002838 MESH:A.10.165.265.746 Periosteum is a membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones. Endosteum lines the inner surface of all bones. Periosteum consists of dense irregular connective tissue. Periosteum is divided into an outer 'fibrous layer' and inner 'cambium layer' (or 'osteogenic layer'). The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, while the cambium layer contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts. These osteoblasts are responsible for increasing the width of a long bone and the overall size of the other bone types. After a bone fracture the progenitor cells develop into osteoblasts and chondroblasts, which are essential to the healing process. As opposed to osseous tissue, periosteum has nociceptors nerve endings, making it very sensitive to manipulation. It also provides nourishment by providing the blood supply. Periosteum is attached to bone by strong collagenous fibers called Sharpey's fibres, which extend to the outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae. It also provides an attachment for muscles and tendons. Periosteum that covers the outer surface of the bones of the skull is known as 'pericranium'. [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:33840008 UBERON:0002515 UBERON:MA_0002838-FMA_24041 galen:PeriOsteum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bone_growth.png/200px-Bone_growth.png ncithesaurus:Periosteum Periosteum is a membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones. Endosteum lines the inner surface of all bones. Periosteum consists of dense irregular connective tissue. Periosteum is divided into an outer 'fibrous layer' and inner 'cambium layer' (or 'osteogenic layer'). The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, while the cambium layer contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts. These osteoblasts are responsible for increasing the width of a long bone and the overall size of the other bone types. After a bone fracture the progenitor cells develop into osteoblasts and chondroblasts, which are essential to the healing process. As opposed to osseous tissue, periosteum has nociceptors nerve endings, making it very sensitive to manipulation. It also provides nourishment by providing the blood supply. Periosteum is attached to bone by strong collagenous fibers called Sharpey's fibres, which extend to the outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae. It also provides an attachment for muscles and tendons. Periosteum that covers the outer surface of the bones of the skull is known as 'pericranium'. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Periosteum epiphyseal plate BTO:0000412 EMAPA:25059 EMAPA:25062 EMAPA:25065 EMAPA:25068 EMAPA:25071 FMA:75427 GAID:191 MA:0002839 MESH:A.02.835.232.251.352 SCTID:84349008 UBERON:0002516 UBERON:MA_0002839-FMA_75427 a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. The plate is found in children and adolescents; in adults, who have stopped growing, the plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line. cartilago epiphysialis editor note: consider splitting this class into the epiphyseal plates of long bones and vertebrae epiphyseal cartilage epiphyseal disk epiphyseal growth disk epiphyseal growth plate epiphyseal growth plate cartilage epiphysial plate growth plate long bone epiphyseal plate physis MA:0002839 growth plate MA:0002839 long bone epiphyseal plate BTO:0000412 physis BTO:0000412 epiphyseal disk BTO:0000412 cartilago epiphysialis FMA:75427 epiphysial plate Wikipedia:Epiphyseal_plate a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. The plate is found in children and adolescents; in adults, who have stopped growing, the plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line. BTO:0000412 epiphyseal growth disk basicranium FMA:52801 MA:0002840 MESH:A.01.456.830 SCTID:181890004 The base of skull is the most inferior area of the skull, composed of the endocranium and lower parts of the skull roof. UBERON:0002517 UBERON:MA_0002840-FMA_52801 base of skull basis cranii cranial base http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray193.png/200px-Gray193.png ncithesaurus:Base_of_the_Skull The base of skull is the most inferior area of the skull, composed of the endocranium and lower parts of the skull roof. Wikipedia:Base_of_skull FMA:52801 FMA:TA basis cranii MA:0002840 cranial base otolith organ EFO:0003539 GAID:883 MA:0002841 UBERON:0002518 UBERON:MA_0002841-ZFA_0000559 ZFA:0000559 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bigotolith.jpg/200px-Bigotolith.jpg otolith organs saccule or utricle. Wikipedia:Otolith_organ saccule or utricle. ZFA:0000559 otolith organs otolithic membrane FMA:75573 GAID:884 MA:0002842 MESH:A.09.246.631.909.625.125.680 SCTID:362571006 UBERON:0002519 UBERON:MA_0002842-FMA_75573 a gelatinous membrane located in the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear, and plays an essential role in the brain's interpretation of equilibrium. Both the saccular macula and utricular macula are covered by an otolithic membrane. The membrane is composed of crystalline particles of calcium carbonate called otoliths. When the head is moved the otoliths shift, causing cilia in the nearby saccule and utricle to distort. This produces nerve signals which are sent to the brain, which then uses them to establish its sense of balance. The embedded crystals are very and dense and make the density of the otolithic membrane higher than that of the endolymph surrounding it. When the head accelerates along a line or tilts to change its orientation to gravity, the otolithic membrane shifts relative to the bone supporting the maculae. This shift bends the hair cells whose processes are embedded in the otolithic membrane.[WP]. membrana statoconiorum otolith layer of statoconial membrane Wikipedia:Otolithic_membrane a gelatinous membrane located in the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear, and plays an essential role in the brain's interpretation of equilibrium. Both the saccular macula and utricular macula are covered by an otolithic membrane. The membrane is composed of crystalline particles of calcium carbonate called otoliths. When the head is moved the otoliths shift, causing cilia in the nearby saccule and utricle to distort. This produces nerve signals which are sent to the brain, which then uses them to establish its sense of balance. The embedded crystals are very and dense and make the density of the otolithic membrane higher than that of the endolymph surrounding it. When the head accelerates along a line or tilts to change its orientation to gravity, the otolithic membrane shifts relative to the bone supporting the maculae. This shift bends the hair cells whose processes are embedded in the otolithic membrane.[WP]. FMA:75573 otolith layer of statoconial membrane FMA:75573 FMA:TA membrana statoconiorum submandibular lymph node BTO:0000769 FMA:61224 MA:0002843 SCTID:245319003 The submandibular lymph nodes (submaxillary glands in older texts), three to six in number, are placed beneath the body of the mandible in the submaxillary triangle, and rest on the superficial surface of the submaxillary salivary gland. One gland, the middle gland of Stahr, which lies on the external maxillary artery as it turns over the mandible, is the most constant of the series; small lymph glands are sometimes found on the deep surface of the submaxillary salivary glands. The afferents of the submaxillary glands drain the medial palpebral commissure, the cheek, the side of the nose, the upper lip, the lateral part of the lower lip, the gums, and the anterior part of the margin of the tongue. Efferent vessels from the facial and submental glands also enter the submaxillary glands. Their efferent vessels pass to the superior deep cervical glands. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002520 UBERON:MA_0002843-FMA_61224 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Illu_quiz_hn_03.jpg/200px-Illu_quiz_hn_03.jpg level ib neck node ncithesaurus:Submandibular_Lymph_Node nodi lymphoidei submandibulares submandibular node BTO:0000769 nodi lymphoidei submandibulares The submandibular lymph nodes (submaxillary glands in older texts), three to six in number, are placed beneath the body of the mandible in the submaxillary triangle, and rest on the superficial surface of the submaxillary salivary gland. One gland, the middle gland of Stahr, which lies on the external maxillary artery as it turns over the mandible, is the most constant of the series; small lymph glands are sometimes found on the deep surface of the submaxillary salivary glands. The afferents of the submaxillary glands drain the medial palpebral commissure, the cheek, the side of the nose, the upper lip, the lateral part of the lower lip, the gums, and the anterior part of the margin of the tongue. Efferent vessels from the facial and submental glands also enter the submaxillary glands. Their efferent vessels pass to the superior deep cervical glands. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Submandibular_lymph_node elastic tissue Elastic fibers (or yellow fibers) are bundles of proteins found in extracellular matrix of connective tissue and produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in arteries. These fibers can stretch up to 1.5 times their length, and snap back to their original length when relaxed. Elastic fibers include elastin, elaunin and oxytalan. Elastic tissue is classified as 'connective tissue proper'. The elastic fiber is formed from the elastic microfibril and amorphous elastin. The microfibril scaffolds and organizes the deposition of amorphous elastin. Amorphous elastin forms from monomers of soluble tropoelastin which is insolubilized and crosslinked into amorphous elastin by lysyl oxidase. Lysyl oxidase reacts with specific lysine residues and by oxidative deamination generates reactive aldehydes and allysine. These reactive aldehydes and allysines can react with lysine and other allysine residues to crosslink and form desmosine, isodesmosine, and a number of other polyfunctional crosslinks that join surrounding elastin molecules to build an elastin matrix and elastic fiber. These unique crosslinks are responsible for elastin's elasticity. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:20113 GAID:926 MA:0002853 MESH:A.10.165.400 SCTID:27197004 UBERON:0002521 UBERON:MA_0002853-FMA_20113 elastic connective tissue textus connectivus elasticus Elastic fibers (or yellow fibers) are bundles of proteins found in extracellular matrix of connective tissue and produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in arteries. These fibers can stretch up to 1.5 times their length, and snap back to their original length when relaxed. Elastic fibers include elastin, elaunin and oxytalan. Elastic tissue is classified as 'connective tissue proper'. The elastic fiber is formed from the elastic microfibril and amorphous elastin. The microfibril scaffolds and organizes the deposition of amorphous elastin. Amorphous elastin forms from monomers of soluble tropoelastin which is insolubilized and crosslinked into amorphous elastin by lysyl oxidase. Lysyl oxidase reacts with specific lysine residues and by oxidative deamination generates reactive aldehydes and allysine. These reactive aldehydes and allysines can react with lysine and other allysine residues to crosslink and form desmosine, isodesmosine, and a number of other polyfunctional crosslinks that join surrounding elastin molecules to build an elastin matrix and elastic fiber. These unique crosslinks are responsible for elastin's elasticity. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Elastic_tissue tunica media BTO:0002011 FMA:55590 GAID:170 MA:0002855 MESH:A.02.633.570.491.800 SCTID:61695000 The tunica media (or just media) (middle coat) is the middle layer of an artery or vein. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002522 UBERON:MA_0002855-FMA_55590 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Illu_artery.jpg/200px-Illu_artery.jpg ncithesaurus:Tunica_Media todo - check BTO tunica media vasorum BTO:0002011 tunica media vasorum The tunica media (or just media) (middle coat) is the middle layer of an artery or vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tunica_media tunica intima BTO:0002012 FMA:55589 GAID:523 MA:0002861 MESH:A.07.231.330.800 SCTID:8361002 The tunica intima (or just intima) is the innermost layer of an artery or vein. It is made up of one layer of endothelial cells and is supported by an internal elastic lamina. The endothelial cells are in direct contact with the blood flow. The inner coat (tunica intima) can be separated from the middle by a little maceration, or it may be stripped off in small pieces; but, on account of its friability, it cannot be separated as a complete membrane. It is a fine, transparent, colorless structure which is highly elastic, and, after death, is commonly corrugated into longitudinal wrinkles. The inner coat consists of: A layer of pavement endothelium, the cells of which are polygonal, oval, or fusiform, and have very distinct round or oval nuclei. This endothelium is brought into view most distinctly by staining with silver nitrate. A subendothelial layer, consisting of delicate connective tissue with branched cells lying in the interspaces of the tissue; in arteries of less than 2 mm. in diameter the subendothelial layer consists of a single stratum of stellate cells, and the connective tissue is only largely developed in vessels of a considerable size. An elastic or fenestrated layer, which consists of a membrane containing a net-work of elastic fibers, having principally a longitudinal direction, and in which, under the microscope, small elongated apertures or perforations may be seen, giving it a fenestrated appearance. It was therefore called by Henle the fenestrated membrane. This membrane forms the chief thickness of the inner coat, and can be separated into several layers, some of which present the appearance of a network of longitudinal elastic fibers, and others a more membranous character, marked by pale lines having a longitudinal direction. In minute arteries the fenestrated membrane is a very thin layer; but in the larger arteries, and especially in the aorta, it has a very considerable thickness. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002523 UBERON:MA_0002861-FMA_55589 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Illu_artery.jpg/200px-Illu_artery.jpg ncithesaurus:Tunica_Intima todo - check BTO tunica intima vasorum The tunica intima (or just intima) is the innermost layer of an artery or vein. It is made up of one layer of endothelial cells and is supported by an internal elastic lamina. The endothelial cells are in direct contact with the blood flow. The inner coat (tunica intima) can be separated from the middle by a little maceration, or it may be stripped off in small pieces; but, on account of its friability, it cannot be separated as a complete membrane. It is a fine, transparent, colorless structure which is highly elastic, and, after death, is commonly corrugated into longitudinal wrinkles. The inner coat consists of: A layer of pavement endothelium, the cells of which are polygonal, oval, or fusiform, and have very distinct round or oval nuclei. This endothelium is brought into view most distinctly by staining with silver nitrate. A subendothelial layer, consisting of delicate connective tissue with branched cells lying in the interspaces of the tissue; in arteries of less than 2 mm. in diameter the subendothelial layer consists of a single stratum of stellate cells, and the connective tissue is only largely developed in vessels of a considerable size. An elastic or fenestrated layer, which consists of a membrane containing a net-work of elastic fibers, having principally a longitudinal direction, and in which, under the microscope, small elongated apertures or perforations may be seen, giving it a fenestrated appearance. It was therefore called by Henle the fenestrated membrane. This membrane forms the chief thickness of the inner coat, and can be separated into several layers, some of which present the appearance of a network of longitudinal elastic fibers, and others a more membranous character, marked by pale lines having a longitudinal direction. In minute arteries the fenestrated membrane is a very thin layer; but in the larger arteries, and especially in the aorta, it has a very considerable thickness. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tunica_intima BTO:0002012 tunica intima vasorum mediastinal lymph node A lymph node that is part of a mediastinum. Each consists of several lymph node groups, especially along the trachea (5 groups), along the esophagus and between the lung and the diaphragm. In the mediastinal lymph nodes arises lymphatic ducts, which draines the lymph to the left subclavian vein (to the venous angle in the confluence of the subclavian and deep jugular veins). The mediastinal lymph nodes along the esophagus are in tight connection with the abdominal lymph nodes along the esophagus and the stomach. That fact facilitates spreading of tumors cells through these lymphatics in cases of cancers of the stomach and particularly of the esophagus. Through the mediastinum, the main lymphatic drainage from the abdominal organs goes via the thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus), which drains majority of the lymph from the abdomen to the above mentioned left venous angle. EFO:0001670 FMA:12774 MA:0002877 SCTID:181760002 UBERON:0002524 UBERON:MA_0002877-FMA_12774 mediastinal node ncithesaurus:Mediastinal_Lymph_Node FMA A lymph node that is part of a mediastinum. Each consists of several lymph node groups, especially along the trachea (5 groups), along the esophagus and between the lung and the diaphragm. In the mediastinal lymph nodes arises lymphatic ducts, which draines the lymph to the left subclavian vein (to the venous angle in the confluence of the subclavian and deep jugular veins). The mediastinal lymph nodes along the esophagus are in tight connection with the abdominal lymph nodes along the esophagus and the stomach. That fact facilitates spreading of tumors cells through these lymphatics in cases of cancers of the stomach and particularly of the esophagus. Through the mediastinum, the main lymphatic drainage from the abdominal organs goes via the thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus), which drains majority of the lymph from the abdomen to the above mentioned left venous angle. Obol:automatic Wikipedia:Lymph_node#Lymph_nodes_of_the_thorax brachial lymph node FMA:44314 MA:0002878 UBERON:0002525 UBERON:MA_0002878-FMA_44314 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gray607.png/200px-Gray607.png the lymph nodes located along the brachial vein that receive drainage from most of the free upper limb and send efferent vessels to the central axillary lymph nodes. MP:0005231 Wikipedia:Brachial_lymph_nodes the lymph nodes located along the brachial vein that receive drainage from most of the free upper limb and send efferent vessels to the central axillary lymph nodes. lumbar lymph node FMA:84599 MA:0002879 SCTID:281412000 UBERON:0002526 UBERON:MA_0002879-FMA_84599 pancreatic lymph node A lymph node that is part of a pancreas [Obol]. FMA:16626 MA:0002881 SCTID:276170003 UBERON:0002527 UBERON:MA_0002881-FMA_16626 lymph node of pancreas ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Lymph_Node pancreas lymph node pancreatic node pyloric lymph node A lymph node that is part of a pancreas [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pancreas lymph node MA:0002881 pyloric lymph node OBOL:automatic lymph node of pancreas sacral lymph node FMA:16655 MA:0002883 SCTID:279797001 UBERON:0002528 UBERON:MA_0002883-FMA_16655 ncithesaurus:Sacral_Lymph_Node sacral node limb segment A major subdivision of a limb. Examples: autopod, zeugopod, stylopod. Excludes the limb girdles. FMA:241863 MA:0002889 UBERON:0002529 UBERON:MA_0002889-FMA_9661 free limb segment limb region note FMA has both limb segment and free limb segment, the former includes the girdles. Note that MA uses the term more generally and includes A,S,Z,S+Z(arm/leg), whereas FMA is just A,S,Z region of limb segment of limb subdivision of limb FMA:241863 free limb segment A major subdivision of a limb. Examples: autopod, zeugopod, stylopod. Excludes the limb girdles. UBERON:cjm gland A gland is an organ in an animal's body that synthesizes a substance for release such as hormones or breast milk, often into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland). A gland is an organ specialised for secretion[GO]. AAO:0000212 AEO:0000096 BTO:0000522 Druese EFO:0000797 EHDAA2:0003096 EHDAA:2161 EHDAA:2181 EHDAA:2967 EHDAA:4475 EHDAA:6522 EMAPA:18425 FMA:86294 HAO:0000375 MAT:0000021 MIAA:0000021 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP3vyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:134358001 UBERON:0002530 UBERON:MIAA_0000021 galen:Gland glandula ncithesaurus:Gland none of the major model vertebrate ontologies have a class called gland. Is this class superfluous? Also GO says secretion by tissue. A gland is an organ in an animal's body that synthesizes a substance for release such as hormones or breast milk, often into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland). A gland is an organ specialised for secretion[GO]. Wikipedia:Gland BTO:0000522 Druese BTO:0000522 glandula fin bud EFO:0003468 MAT:0000062 MIAA:0000062 TAO:0001383 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002531 UBERON:MIAA_0000062-ZFA_0001383 ZFA:0001383 epiblast BTO:0004593 In amniote animal embryology, the epiblast is a tissue type derived either from the inner cell mass in mammals or the blastodisc in birds and reptiles. It lies above the hypoblast. In mammalian embryogenesis, the columnar cells of the epiblast are adjacent to the trophoblast, while the cuboidal cells of the hypoblast are closer to the blastocoele. The epiblast, whilst referred to as the primary ectoderm, differentiates to form all three layers of the trilaminar germ disc in a process called gastrulation[WP]. The outer of the two layers of the blastoderm that form during gastrulation, corresponding to primitive ectoderm during gastrulation and to the definitive ectoderm after gastrulation[ZFA] MAT:0000067 MIAA:0000067 MP says - tissue that gives rise to the ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm of the embryo proper. In HOG, epiblast is part of primitive streak/blastpore, which is inconsistent with the MP definition of primitive streak as a ridge of the epiblast. Note that these terms, epiblast and hypoblast, are also used to describe layers of the avian embryonic blastoderm, but the layers so-named seem to be altogether different in these two kinds of vertebrate embryos(CVS). Consider obsoleting this as a grouping class OG:0000243 UBERON:0002532 UBERON:MIAA_0000067-ZFA_0000018 blastocyst ectoblast primitive ectoderm OG:0000243 primitive ectoderm MP:0003886 ectoblast In amniote animal embryology, the epiblast is a tissue type derived either from the inner cell mass in mammals or the blastodisc in birds and reptiles. It lies above the hypoblast. In mammalian embryogenesis, the columnar cells of the epiblast are adjacent to the trophoblast, while the cuboidal cells of the hypoblast are closer to the blastocoele. The epiblast, whilst referred to as the primary ectoderm, differentiates to form all three layers of the trilaminar germ disc in a process called gastrulation[WP]. The outer of the two layers of the blastoderm that form during gastrulation, corresponding to primitive ectoderm during gastrulation and to the definitive ectoderm after gastrulation[ZFA] Wikipedia:Epiblast ZFIN:curator tail bud AAO:0011104 BTO:0001445 EFO:0002748 EHDAA2:0001976 EHDAA:1595 EMAPA:16580 MAT:0000070 MIAA:0000070 OG:0000201 TAO:0000077 The rapidly proliferating mass of cells at the caudal extremity of the embryo; remnant of the primitive node. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002533 UBERON:MIAA_0000070-XAO_0000107-ZFA_0000077 XAO:0000107 ZFA:0000077 end bud tail bud mesenchyme tailbud BTO:0001445 end bud BTO:0001445 The rapidly proliferating mass of cells at the caudal extremity of the embryo; remnant of the primitive node. ZFA:0000077 tail bud mesenchyme pectoral/pelvic fin UBERON:0002534 UBERON:MIAA_0000087-XAO_0000002-ZFA_0000108 gill AAO:0010171 Anatomical surface structure found in many aquatic organisms. It is a respiration organ whose function is the extraction of oxygen from water and the excretion of carbon dioxide. The microscopic structure of a gill is such that it presents a very large surface area to the external environment. Gills usually consist of thin filaments of tissue, branches, or slender tufted processes which have a highly folded surface to increase surface area. A high surface area is crucial to the gas exchange of aquatic organisms as water contains only 1/20 parts dissolved Oxygen compared to air. With the exception of some aquatic insects, the filaments and lamellae (folds) contain blood or coelomic fluid, from which gases are exchanged through the thin walls. Oxygen is carried by the blood to other parts of the body. Carbon dioxide passes from the blood through the thin gill tissue into the water. Gills or gill-like organs, located in different parts of the body, are found in various groups of aquatic animals, including mollusks, crustaceans, insects, fish, and amphibians. BTO:0000518 EFO:0000933 GAID:1218 MAT:0000134 MESH:A.13.421 MIAA:0000134 OG:0001214 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi9dZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000354 UBERON:0002535 UBERON:MIAA_0000134-XAO_0000120-ZFA_0000354 XAO:0000120 ZFA:0000354 branchia gills this term potentially applicable across multiple metazoa, in the future we may create more specific classes BTO:0000518 branchia Anatomical surface structure found in many aquatic organisms. It is a respiration organ whose function is the extraction of oxygen from water and the excretion of carbon dioxide. The microscopic structure of a gill is such that it presents a very large surface area to the external environment. Gills usually consist of thin filaments of tissue, branches, or slender tufted processes which have a highly folded surface to increase surface area. A high surface area is crucial to the gas exchange of aquatic organisms as water contains only 1/20 parts dissolved Oxygen compared to air. With the exception of some aquatic insects, the filaments and lamellae (folds) contain blood or coelomic fluid, from which gases are exchanged through the thin walls. Oxygen is carried by the blood to other parts of the body. Carbon dioxide passes from the blood through the thin gill tissue into the water. Gills or gill-like organs, located in different parts of the body, are found in various groups of aquatic animals, including mollusks, crustaceans, insects, fish, and amphibians. Wikipedia:Gill XAO arthropod sensillum BTO:0001237 EFO:0000939 FBbt:00007152 HAO:0000933 MAT:0000163 MIAA:0000163 Sense organ embedded in the integument and consisting of one or a cluster of sensory neurons and associated sensory structures, support cells and glial cells forming a single organised unit with a largely bona-fide boundary.[FBbt] TGMA:0000540 UBERON:0002536 UBERON:MIAA_0000163-WBbt_0006929 sensillum FBbt:00007152 HAO:0000933 sensillum FBbt:00007152 Sense organ embedded in the integument and consisting of one or a cluster of sensory neurons and associated sensory structures, support cells and glial cells forming a single organised unit with a largely bona-fide boundary.[FBbt] Wikipedia:Sensillum hermaphrodite gonad BTO:0000981 EFO:0000971 MAT:0000165 MIAA:0000165 UBERON:0002537 UBERON:MIAA_0000165-WBbt_0005178 WBbt:0005178 hermaphrodite genitalia organ in hermaphrodite animal that produces both ova and sperm. ovotestis BTO:0000981 ovotestis GO:0040035 hermaphrodite genitalia WB:rynl organ in hermaphrodite animal that produces both ova and sperm. hatching gland AAO:0011050 BTO:0000558 EFO:0000863 MAT:0000180 MIAA:0000180 OG:0000078 TAO:0000026 The cells of the hatching gland contain enzymes responsible for solubilization of the egg chorion, facilitating the hatching process[GO]. A transversely oriented set of cells located deep to the EVL on the pericardial membrane, especially prominent during pharyngula period because of the brightly refractile cytoplasmic granules (containing hatching enzymes) of the principal cells of the gland. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002538 UBERON:MIAA_0000180-XAO_0000034-ZFA_0000026 XAO:0000034 ZFA:0000026 frontal gland hgg The cells of the hatching gland contain enzymes responsible for solubilization of the egg chorion, facilitating the hatching process[GO]. A transversely oriented set of cells located deep to the EVL on the pericardial membrane, especially prominent during pharyngula period because of the brightly refractile cytoplasmic granules (containing hatching enzymes) of the principal cells of the gland. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> ZFIN:curator GO pharyngeal arch AAO:0010359 BTO:0001785 EFO:0000959 EHDAA:571 EMAPA:16117 GAID:1292 MAT:0000242 MESH:A.16.254.160 MIAA:0000242 Numbered cranial to caudal. different in mammals. branchial arch = ZFA:0001613 pharyngeal arch 3-7. generally gill arch 1 = pharyngeal arch 3. terminology varies as to whether branchial arch follows gill or pharyngeal numbering OG:0000155 One of a series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches SCTID:308766004 TAO:0001306 UBERON:0002539 UBERON:MIAA_0000242-XAO_0000096-ZFA_0001306 VAO:0000149 XAO:0000096 ZFA:0001306 branchial arch http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gray41.png/200px-Gray41.png ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Arch pharyngeal arches visceral arch BTO:0001785 MP:0002884 branchial arch PMID:16313389 http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 pharyngeal arches PMID:16313389 NLM:branchial+arch One of a series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches PMID:16313389 Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_arch lateral line system AAO:0000269 AAO:0000975 EFO:0000941 MAT:0000249 MIAA:0000249 OG:0001243 TAO:0000034 UBERON:0002540 UBERON:MIAA_0000249-XAO_0000095-ZFA_0000034 XAO:0000095 ZFA:0000034 a line of neuroblasts along the sides of fish and amphibia that detect vibrations and pressure changes. lateral line stitches lateral-line organs ll ISBN:0471209627 ISBN:0815318960 Wikipedia:Lateral_line_system a line of neuroblasts along the sides of fish and amphibia that detect vibrations and pressure changes. germ ring AAO:0000211 EFO:0003427 MAT:0000255 MIAA:0000255 TAO:0000111 The thickend rim of the blastoderm evident during late blastula and gastrula stages[FishBase]. Embryonic structure which is a uniform thickened annulus at the blastoderm margin, consisting of two layers in addition to the EVL, the epiblast and the hypoblast. The germ ring is formed by the involution of the blastoderm back upon itself[ZFA] UBERON:0002541 UBERON:MIAA_0000255-ZFA_0000111 ZFA:0000111 todo - check timing of appearance and disappearance - check relationship with primitive streak. he blastopore lips in amphibians appear to have the equivalent function of the germ ring in zebrafish (ES) The thickend rim of the blastoderm evident during late blastula and gastrula stages[FishBase]. Embryonic structure which is a uniform thickened annulus at the blastoderm margin, consisting of two layers in addition to the EVL, the epiblast and the hypoblast. The germ ring is formed by the involution of the blastoderm back upon itself[ZFA] http://www.fishbase.org/glossary/Glossary.php?q=germ%20ring scale A small rigid plate that grows out of an animal's skin to provide protection. In lepidopteran (butterfly and moth) species, scales are plates on the surface of the insect wing, and provide coloration. Scales are quite common and have evolved multiple times with varying structure and function. BTO:0005055 EFO:0000960 HAO:0000907 MAT:0000257 MIAA:0000257 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi9M5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000277 UBERON:0002542 UBERON:MIAA_0000257-ZFA_0000277 VAO:0000048 ZFA:0000277 ncithesaurus:Scale scales A small rigid plate that grows out of an animal's skin to provide protection. In lepidopteran (butterfly and moth) species, scales are plates on the surface of the insect wing, and provide coloration. Scales are quite common and have evolved multiple times with varying structure and function. Wikipedia:Scale_(zoology) median fin skeleton EFO:0000950 MAT:0000277 MIAA:0000277 Postcranial axial skeleton that is unpaired and located on the sagittal plane of the organism. TAO:0001123 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002543 UBERON:MIAA_0000277-ZFA_0001123 ZFA:0001123 axial fin skeleton unpaired fin skeleton Postcranial axial skeleton that is unpaired and located on the sagittal plane of the organism. TAO:wd TAO:0001123 axial fin skeleton ZFA-modified ZFA:0001123 unpaired fin skeleton digit EFO:0000881 FMA:85518 MA:0000690 MAT:0000285 MIAA:0000285 OG:0000944 OpenCyc:Mx4rvzLD_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361367007 UBERON:0002544 UBERON:MIAA_0000285-XAO_0003035-XAO_0003036 XAO:0003032 galen:Digit limb digit ncithesaurus:Digit one of several most distal parts of a limb, such as fingers or toes, present in many vertebrates[WP]. todo homology ZFA:0001588-pectoral fin distal radial. Note: This term is a GAT in FMA. Note: we elect to place a strict taxon constraint on this class - this is controversial, and may be weakened later on - see [Wikipedia:Digit_(anatomy)#Evolution]. MA:0000690 limb digit Wikipedia:Digit_(anatomy) one of several most distal parts of a limb, such as fingers or toes, present in many vertebrates[WP]. body ganglion EFO:0000901 MAT:0000344 MIAA:0000344 UBERON:0002545 UBERON:MIAA_0000344-WBbt_0005332 WBbt:0005332 true trunk ganglion cranial placode A localized ectodermal thickening that develops by apicobasal elongation of cuboidal cells in the inner layer of the ectodem in the head of vertebrate embryos. They are involved in formation of sense organs (eye, nose, ear) and cranial sensory ganglia. AAO:0010466 EFO:0003460 MAT:0000369 MIAA:0000369 TODO - add subtypes. Consider more generic superclass, see also FBbt:00005495 primordium. ZFA structure does not refer to the equivalent structure. UBERON:0002546 UBERON:MIAA_0000369-XAO_0000305 XAO:0000305 ZFA:0001309 cranial placodes neurogenic placode placode A localized ectodermal thickening that develops by apicobasal elongation of cuboidal cells in the inner layer of the ectodem in the head of vertebrate embryos. They are involved in formation of sense organs (eye, nose, ear) and cranial sensory ganglia. Wikipedia:Placode http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53175/ Wikipedia:Placode placode tadpole BTO:0001347 MAT:0000370 MIAA:0000370 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002547 UBERON:MIAA_0000370-MIAA_0000400-XAO_1000008 XAO:1000008 tadpole stage wholly aquatic larval stage in the life cycle of an amphibian, particularly of a frog or toad[WP]. XAO: The stages from feeding to the end of metamorphosis. Encompasses Weisz's first-form tadpole (equivalent to NF stages 45 to 49), second-form tadpole (NF 49 to 56) and third-form tadpole (NF 56 to 60-plus) stages. ISBN:0471209627 ISSN:0003-276X Wikipedia:Tadpole wholly aquatic larval stage in the life cycle of an amphibian, particularly of a frog or toad[WP]. XAO: The stages from feeding to the end of metamorphosis. Encompasses Weisz's first-form tadpole (equivalent to NF stages 45 to 49), second-form tadpole (NF 49 to 56) and third-form tadpole (NF 56 to 60-plus) stages. larva AEO:0000126 BTO:0000707 FBbt:00001727 HAO:0000459 MIAA:0000400 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQCBvZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies. TODO: discriminate between stages and organisms UBERON:0002548 UBERON:MIAA_0000400-FBbt_00001727 a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. ammocoete bipinnaria caterpillar glochidium grub leptocephalus maggot naiad naupilus nymph planula tadpole trochophore veliger wriggler zoea Wikipedia:Larva naiad Wikipedia:Larva grub Wikipedia:Larva maggot Wikipedia:Larva wriggler Wikipedia:Larva trochophore Wikipedia:Larva zoea Wikipedia:Larva tadpole Wikipedia:Larva ammocoete Wikipedia:Larva veliger Wikipedia:Larva naupilus Wikipedia:Larva a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. Wikipedia:Larva bipinnaria Wikipedia:Larva glochidium Wikipedia:Larva caterpillar Wikipedia:Larva nymph Wikipedia:Larva planula Wikipedia:Larva leptocephalus ventral trigeminal tract FMA:72506 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1001 The ventral trigeminothalamic tract serves as pain, temperature, and light touch pathway from the face, head and neck. It receives input from trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve. It receives discriminative tactile and pressure input from the contralateral principal sensory nucleus of CN V, which terminates in the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus. It then ascends to the contralateral sensory cortex via three neurons . [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002549 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1001-FMA_72506 anterior trigeminothalamic tract tractus trigeminothalamicus anterior trigeminal lemniscus-2 ventral crossed tract ventral secondary ascending tract of v ventral trigeminal pathway ventral trigeminothalamic tract FMA:72506 ventral trigeminothalamic tract FMA:72506 ventral trigeminal pathway FMA:72506 anterior trigeminothalamic tract The ventral trigeminothalamic tract serves as pain, temperature, and light touch pathway from the face, head and neck. It receives input from trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve. It receives discriminative tactile and pressure input from the contralateral principal sensory nucleus of CN V, which terminates in the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus. It then ascends to the contralateral sensory cortex via three neurons . [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_trigeminal_tract FMA:72506 ventral crossed tract FMA:72506 trigeminal lemniscus-2 FMA:72506 FMA:TA tractus trigeminothalamicus anterior anterior hypothalamic region FMA:62027 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1005 UBERON:0002550 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1005-FMA_62027 chiasmal zone FMA:62027 chiasmal zone interstitial nucleus of cajal ABA:INC BM:MB-ICA FMA:72432 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1008 UBERON:0002551 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1008-FMA_72432 interstitial nucleus interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus (crosby) nucleus interstitialis FMA:72432 interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus FMA:72432 interstitial nucleus ABA FMA:72432 FMA:TA nucleus interstitialis vestibulocerebellar tract FMA:72508 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1009 The vestibulocerebellar tract is a tract in the pontine tegmentum which connects the vestibular nerve and the cerebellar cortex. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002552 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1009-FMA_72508 vestibulocerebellar fibers FMA:72508 vestibulocerebellar fibers The vestibulocerebellar tract is a tract in the pontine tegmentum which connects the vestibular nerve and the cerebellar cortex. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vestibulocerebellar_tract anatomical cavity Anatomical space which contains portions of one or more body substances and is bounded by the internal surface of one maximally connected anatomical structure. Examples: cranial cavity, pharyngeal recess space, nasal cavity, tooth socket, cavity of serous sac, lumen of stomach, lumen of artery, fornix of vagina. EHDAA:2329 EHDAA:2337 EHDAA:2347 EHDAA:293 EHDAA:4741 EHDAA:48 EHDAA:638 EHDAA:644 EMAPA:16054 FMA:67552 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1011 UBERON:0002553 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1011-FMA_67552 cavity galen:Cavity Anatomical space which contains portions of one or more body substances and is bounded by the internal surface of one maximally connected anatomical structure. Examples: cranial cavity, pharyngeal recess space, nasal cavity, tooth socket, cavity of serous sac, lumen of stomach, lumen of artery, fornix of vagina. FMA:67552 regional part of superior colliculus FMA:85592 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1014 UBERON:0002554 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1014-FMA_85592 intermediate hypothalamic region FMA:62028 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1015 UBERON:0002555 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1015-FMA_62028 area hypothalamica intermedia intermediate hypothalamic area FMA:62028 intermediate hypothalamic area FMA:62028 FMA:TA area hypothalamica intermedia corticotectal tract BM:CTT FMA:72419 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1016 UBERON:0002556 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1016-FMA_72419 corticotectal fibers corticotectal fibres fibrae corticotectales FMA:72419 corticotectal fibers FMA:72419 corticotectal fibres FMA:72419 FMA:TA fibrae corticotectales linear nucleus FMA:72436 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1018 UBERON:0002557 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1018-FMA_72436 organ cavity FMA:12237 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1019 SCTID:362606005 UBERON:0002558 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1019-FMA_12237 cavity of organ FMA:12237 cavity of organ medullary reticular formation ABA:MDRN BM:Me-MeRF FMA:72241 GAID:588 MA:0001049 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1020 SCTID:369059009 TAO:0000421 The reticular formation is a series of brain nuclei located in the medulla oblongata UBERON:0002559 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1020-FMA_72241 ZFA:0000421 bulb reticular formation bulbar reticular formation medulla oblongata reticular formation medulla oblonmgata reticular formation medullary reticular nucleus metepencephalon reticular formation note that ZFA:0000421 is part of the the medulla oblongata, so it is placed here, rather than with the generic term reticular formation reticular formation of bulb reticular formation of medulla reticular formation of medulla oblongata reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata reticular formation of metepencephalon rhombencephalic reticular formation OBOL:automatic reticular formation of metepencephalon ABA FMA:72241 bulbar reticular formation OBOL:automatic metepencephalon reticular formation FMA:72241 reticular formation of medulla GO:0021723 rhombencephalic reticular formation OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic reticular formation of bulb ABA ABA ABA OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata reticular formation ABA ABA GO:0021723 The reticular formation is a series of brain nuclei located in the medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic bulb reticular formation FMA FMA ABA OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata reticular formation ZFA:0000421 reticular formation ABA OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata MA:0001049 medullary reticular nucleus temporal operculum FMA:74891 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1025 SCTID:369222001 UBERON:0002560 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1025-FMA_74891 facies supratemporalis FMA:74891 facies supratemporalis neuraxis cavity FMA:75007 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1029 UBERON:0002561 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1029-FMA_75007 cavity of neuraxis cavity of ventricular system of neuraxis neuraxis cavity FMA:75007 neuraxis cavity FMA:75007 cavity of neuraxis FMA:75007 cavity of ventricular system of neuraxis superior frontal sulcus FMA:83755 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1030 SCTID:279342009 The superior frontal sulcus is a sulcus between the superior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002562 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1030-FMA_83755 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gray726_Superior_frontal_sulcus.svg/200px-Gray726_Superior_frontal_sulcus.svg.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Frontal_Sulcus sulcus f1 sulcus frontalis primus sulcus frontalis superior superior frontal fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1030 sulcus frontalis superior FMA:83755 superior frontal fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1030 sulcus frontalis primus FMA:83755 sulcus f1 The superior frontal sulcus is a sulcus between the superior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_frontal_sulcus central nucleus of inferior colliculus ABA:ICc BM:MB-Tec-ICC FMA:72413 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1035 UBERON:0002563 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1035-FMA_72413 chief nucleus of inferior colliculus inferior colliculus, central nucleus nucleus of inferior colliculus (crosby) FMA:72413 inferior colliculus, central nucleus FMA:72413 chief nucleus of inferior colliculus ABA lateral orbital gyrus FMA:62418 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1036 SCTID:279195001 UBERON:0002564 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1036-FMA_62418 olivary pretectal nucleus ABA:OP BM:MB-Tec-OPT FMA:72405 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1037 The pretectum, also known as the pretectal area, is a region of neurons found between the thalamus and midbrain. It receives binocular sensory input from retinal ganglion cells of the eyes, and is the region responsible for maintaining the pupillary light reflex. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002565 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1037-FMA_72405 anterior pretectal nucleus nucleus pretectalis anterior olivary nucleus of superior colliculus pretectal olivary nucleus The pretectum, also known as the pretectal area, is a region of neurons found between the thalamus and midbrain. It receives binocular sensory input from retinal ganglion cells of the eyes, and is the region responsible for maintaining the pupillary light reflex. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Olivary_pretectal_nucleus ABA FMA:72405 anterior pretectal nucleus FMA:72405 FMA:TA nucleus pretectalis anterior ABA FMA:72405 olivary nucleus of superior colliculus FMA:72405 pretectal olivary nucleus ABA superior precentral sulcus FMA:83763 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1038 UBERON:0002566 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1038-FMA_83763 precentral dimple sulcus praecentralis superior sulcus precentralis superior superior part of precentral fissure FMA:83763 superior part of precentral fissure FMA:83763 precentral dimple NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1038 sulcus precentralis superior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1038 sulcus praecentralis superior basal part of pons FMA:72244 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1043 UBERON:0002567 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1043-FMA_72244 basal portion of pons base of pons basilar part of pons pars basilaris pontis pons proper ventral portion of pons FMA:72244 ventral portion of pons FMA:72244 pons proper FMA:72244 base of pons FMA:72244 FMA:TA pars basilaris pontis FMA:72244 basilar part of pons FMA:72244 basal portion of pons amiculum of dentate nucleus FMA:72546 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1044 UBERON:0002568 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1044-FMA_72546 dentate nuclear amiculum FMA:72546 dentate nuclear amiculum transverse temporal sulcus FMA:83782 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1045 UBERON:0002569 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1045-FMA_83782 medial orbital gyrus FMA:62419 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1046 SCTID:279194002 UBERON:0002570 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1046-FMA_62419 external nucleus of inferior colliculus ABA:ICe BM:MB-Tec-ICX FMA:72412 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1047 UBERON:0002571 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1047-FMA_72412 ABA principal pretectal nucleus FMA:72402 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1048 UBERON:0002572 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1048-FMA_72402 pontine reticular formation ABA:PRNr BM:Pons-PRF FMA:68876 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1050 SCTID:362403007 The reticular formation is a part of the brain that is involved in actions such as awaking/sleeping cycle, and filtering incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli. It is essential for governing some of the basic functions of higher organisms, and is one of the phylogenetically oldest portions of the brain. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002573 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1050-FMA_68876 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gray701.png/200px-Gray701.png pons of varolius reticular formation pons reticular formation pontine reticular nucleus reticular formation of pons reticular formation of pons of varolius OBOL:automatic reticular formation of pons of varolius ABA:PRNr pontine reticular nucleus FMA:68876 reticular formation of pons The reticular formation is a part of the brain that is involved in actions such as awaking/sleeping cycle, and filtering incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli. It is essential for governing some of the basic functions of higher organisms, and is one of the phylogenetically oldest portions of the brain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pontine_reticular_formation OBOL:automatic pons reticular formation FMA FMA OBOL:automatic pons of varolius reticular formation regional part of inferior olivary complex A regional part of brain that is part of a inferior olivary complex [Obol]. FMA:71259 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1052 UBERON:0002574 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1052-FMA_71259 anatomical structure of brain of inferior olivary complex anatomical structure of brain of inferior olivary nuclear complex anatomical structure of brain of inferior olivary nucleus anatomical structure of brain of inferior olive biological structure of brain of inferior olivary complex biological structure of brain of inferior olivary nuclear complex biological structure of brain of inferior olivary nucleus biological structure of brain of inferior olive brain anatomical structure of inferior olivary complex brain anatomical structure of inferior olivary nuclear complex brain anatomical structure of inferior olivary nucleus brain anatomical structure of inferior olive brain biological structure of inferior olivary complex brain biological structure of inferior olivary nuclear complex brain biological structure of inferior olivary nucleus brain biological structure of inferior olive inferior olivary complex anatomical structure of brain inferior olivary complex biological structure of brain inferior olivary complex brain anatomical structure inferior olivary complex brain biological structure inferior olivary complex neuraxis segment inferior olivary complex regional part of brain inferior olivary complex segment inferior olivary complex segment of brain inferior olivary nuclear complex anatomical structure of brain inferior olivary nuclear complex biological structure of brain inferior olivary nuclear complex brain anatomical structure inferior olivary nuclear complex brain biological structure inferior olivary nuclear complex neuraxis segment inferior olivary nuclear complex regional part of brain inferior olivary nuclear complex segment of brain inferior olivary nucleus anatomical structure of brain inferior olivary nucleus biological structure of brain inferior olivary nucleus brain anatomical structure inferior olivary nucleus brain biological structure inferior olivary nucleus neuraxis segment inferior olivary nucleus regional part of brain inferior olivary nucleus segment of brain inferior olive anatomical structure of brain inferior olive biological structure of brain inferior olive brain anatomical structure inferior olive brain biological structure inferior olive neuraxis segment inferior olive regional part of brain inferior olive segment of brain neuraxis segment of inferior olivary complex neuraxis segment of inferior olivary nuclear complex neuraxis segment of inferior olivary nucleus neuraxis segment of inferior olive regional part of brain of inferior olivary complex regional part of brain of inferior olivary nuclear complex regional part of brain of inferior olivary nucleus regional part of brain of inferior olive segment of brain of inferior olivary complex segment of brain of inferior olivary nuclear complex segment of brain of inferior olivary nucleus segment of brain of inferior olive segment of inferior olivary complex FMA:71259 inferior olivary complex segment OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of inferior olivary nuclear complex OBOL:automatic inferior olive biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of inferior olivary complex OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of inferior olive OBOL:automatic inferior olivary nuclear complex neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of inferior olive NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1052 segment of inferior olivary complex OBOL:automatic inferior olivary complex segment of brain OBOL:automatic inferior olivary nuclear complex regional part of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of inferior olivary nuclear complex OBOL:automatic inferior olivary complex brain biological structure A regional part of brain that is part of a inferior olivary complex [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic inferior olivary complex biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic inferior olivary nucleus anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic inferior olivary nuclear complex anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic inferior olivary nucleus brain biological structure OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of inferior olivary nuclear complex OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of inferior olivary nuclear complex OBOL:automatic segment of brain of inferior olivary complex OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of inferior olivary complex OBOL:automatic inferior olivary nuclear complex brain biological structure OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of inferior olivary nuclear complex OBOL:automatic inferior olive brain biological structure OBOL:automatic inferior olivary nucleus brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of inferior olivary nucleus OBOL:automatic inferior olive neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic segment of brain of inferior olivary nucleus OBOL:automatic inferior olive regional part of brain OBOL:automatic inferior olivary nucleus segment of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of inferior olivary complex OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of inferior olivary nucleus OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of inferior olivary nucleus OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of inferior olivary nuclear complex OBOL:automatic inferior olivary nuclear complex biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic inferior olive brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of inferior olivary nucleus OBOL:automatic inferior olivary nuclear complex brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of inferior olivary complex OBOL:automatic segment of brain of inferior olivary nuclear complex OBOL:automatic inferior olivary nuclear complex segment of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of inferior olivary complex OBOL:automatic inferior olivary complex anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of inferior olivary nucleus OBOL:automatic inferior olivary complex neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic inferior olivary nucleus regional part of brain OBOL:automatic inferior olivary complex brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic inferior olivary nucleus neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic segment of brain of inferior olive OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of inferior olive OBOL:automatic inferior olivary complex regional part of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of inferior olive OBOL:automatic inferior olive anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of inferior olive OBOL:automatic inferior olive segment of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of inferior olivary nucleus OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of inferior olive OBOL:automatic inferior olivary nucleus biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of inferior olivary complex posterior orbital gyrus FMA:80184 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1054 SCTID:279197009 UBERON:0002575 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1054-FMA_80184 temporal pole FMA:74890 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1055 SCTID:314155002 The anterior end of the hemisphere is named the frontal pole. The posterior end is named the occipital pole. The anterior end of the temporal lobe, the temporal pole. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002576 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1055-FMA_74890 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Human_brain_lateral_view_description.JPG/200px-Human_brain_lateral_view_description.JPG The anterior end of the hemisphere is named the frontal pole. The posterior end is named the occipital pole. The anterior end of the temporal lobe, the temporal pole. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Temporal_pole pericentral nucleus of inferior colliculus BM:MB-Tec-ICP FMA:72411 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1056 UBERON:0002577 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1056-FMA_72411 cortex of inferior colliculus FMA:72411 cortex of inferior colliculus sublentiform nucleus FMA:72404 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1057 UBERON:0002578 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1057-FMA_72404 regional part of medullary reticular formation A regional part of brain that is part of a medullary reticular formation [Obol]. FMA:73730 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1060 UBERON:0002579 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1060-FMA_73730 anatomical structure of brain of bulb reticular formation anatomical structure of brain of bulbar reticular formation anatomical structure of brain of medulla oblongata reticular formation anatomical structure of brain of medulla oblonmgata reticular formation anatomical structure of brain of medullary reticular formation anatomical structure of brain of medullary reticular nucleus anatomical structure of brain of metepencephalon reticular formation anatomical structure of brain of reticular formation of bulb anatomical structure of brain of reticular formation of medulla anatomical structure of brain of reticular formation of medulla oblongata anatomical structure of brain of reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata anatomical structure of brain of reticular formation of metepencephalon anatomical structure of brain of rhombencephalic reticular formation biological structure of brain of bulb reticular formation biological structure of brain of bulbar reticular formation biological structure of brain of medulla oblongata reticular formation biological structure of brain of medulla oblonmgata reticular formation biological structure of brain of medullary reticular formation biological structure of brain of medullary reticular nucleus biological structure of brain of metepencephalon reticular formation biological structure of brain of reticular formation of bulb biological structure of brain of reticular formation of medulla biological structure of brain of reticular formation of medulla oblongata biological structure of brain of reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata biological structure of brain of reticular formation of metepencephalon biological structure of brain of rhombencephalic reticular formation brain anatomical structure of bulb reticular formation brain anatomical structure of bulbar reticular formation brain anatomical structure of medulla oblongata reticular formation brain anatomical structure of medulla oblonmgata reticular formation brain anatomical structure of medullary reticular formation brain anatomical structure of medullary reticular nucleus brain anatomical structure of metepencephalon reticular formation brain anatomical structure of reticular formation of bulb brain anatomical structure of reticular formation of medulla brain anatomical structure of reticular formation of medulla oblongata brain anatomical structure of reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata brain anatomical structure of reticular formation of metepencephalon brain anatomical structure of rhombencephalic reticular formation brain biological structure of bulb reticular formation brain biological structure of bulbar reticular formation brain biological structure of medulla oblongata reticular formation brain biological structure of medulla oblonmgata reticular formation brain biological structure of medullary reticular formation brain biological structure of medullary reticular nucleus brain biological structure of metepencephalon reticular formation brain biological structure of reticular formation of bulb brain biological structure of reticular formation of medulla brain biological structure of reticular formation of medulla oblongata brain biological structure of reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata brain biological structure of reticular formation of metepencephalon brain biological structure of rhombencephalic reticular formation bulb reticular formation anatomical structure of brain bulb reticular formation biological structure of brain bulb reticular formation brain anatomical structure bulb reticular formation brain biological structure bulb reticular formation neuraxis segment bulb reticular formation regional part of brain bulb reticular formation segment of brain bulbar reticular formation anatomical structure of brain bulbar reticular formation biological structure of brain bulbar reticular formation brain anatomical structure bulbar reticular formation brain biological structure bulbar reticular formation neuraxis segment bulbar reticular formation regional part of brain bulbar reticular formation segment of brain medulla oblongata reticular formation anatomical structure of brain medulla oblongata reticular formation biological structure of brain medulla oblongata reticular formation brain anatomical structure medulla oblongata reticular formation brain biological structure medulla oblongata reticular formation neuraxis segment medulla oblongata reticular formation regional part of brain medulla oblongata reticular formation segment of brain medulla oblonmgata reticular formation anatomical structure of brain medulla oblonmgata reticular formation biological structure of brain medulla oblonmgata reticular formation brain anatomical structure medulla oblonmgata reticular formation brain biological structure medulla oblonmgata reticular formation neuraxis segment medulla oblonmgata reticular formation regional part of brain medulla oblonmgata reticular formation segment of brain medullary reticular formation anatomical structure of brain medullary reticular formation biological structure of brain medullary reticular formation brain anatomical structure medullary reticular formation brain biological structure medullary reticular formation neuraxis segment medullary reticular formation regional part of brain medullary reticular formation segment medullary reticular formation segment of brain medullary reticular nucleus anatomical structure of brain medullary reticular nucleus biological structure of brain medullary reticular nucleus brain anatomical structure medullary reticular nucleus brain biological structure medullary reticular nucleus neuraxis segment medullary reticular nucleus regional part of brain medullary reticular nucleus segment of brain metepencephalon reticular formation anatomical structure of brain metepencephalon reticular formation biological structure of brain metepencephalon reticular formation brain anatomical structure metepencephalon reticular formation brain biological structure metepencephalon reticular formation neuraxis segment metepencephalon reticular formation regional part of brain metepencephalon reticular formation segment of brain neuraxis segment of bulb reticular formation neuraxis segment of bulbar reticular formation neuraxis segment of medulla oblongata reticular formation neuraxis segment of medulla oblonmgata reticular formation neuraxis segment of medullary reticular formation neuraxis segment of medullary reticular nucleus neuraxis segment of metepencephalon reticular formation neuraxis segment of reticular formation of bulb neuraxis segment of reticular formation of medulla neuraxis segment of reticular formation of medulla oblongata neuraxis segment of reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata neuraxis segment of reticular formation of metepencephalon neuraxis segment of rhombencephalic reticular formation regional part of brain of bulb reticular formation regional part of brain of bulbar reticular formation regional part of brain of medulla oblongata reticular formation regional part of brain of medulla oblonmgata reticular formation regional part of brain of medullary reticular formation regional part of brain of medullary reticular nucleus regional part of brain of metepencephalon reticular formation regional part of brain of reticular formation of bulb regional part of brain of reticular formation of medulla regional part of brain of reticular formation of medulla oblongata regional part of brain of reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata regional part of brain of reticular formation of metepencephalon regional part of brain of rhombencephalic reticular formation reticular formation of bulb anatomical structure of brain reticular formation of bulb biological structure of brain reticular formation of bulb brain anatomical structure reticular formation of bulb brain biological structure reticular formation of bulb neuraxis segment reticular formation of bulb regional part of brain reticular formation of bulb segment of brain reticular formation of medulla anatomical structure of brain reticular formation of medulla biological structure of brain reticular formation of medulla brain anatomical structure reticular formation of medulla brain biological structure reticular formation of medulla neuraxis segment reticular formation of medulla oblongata anatomical structure of brain reticular formation of medulla oblongata biological structure of brain reticular formation of medulla oblongata brain anatomical structure reticular formation of medulla oblongata brain biological structure reticular formation of medulla oblongata neuraxis segment reticular formation of medulla oblongata regional part of brain reticular formation of medulla oblongata segment of brain reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata anatomical structure of brain reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata biological structure of brain reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata brain anatomical structure reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata brain biological structure reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata neuraxis segment reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata regional part of brain reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata segment of brain reticular formation of medulla regional part of brain reticular formation of medulla segment of brain reticular formation of metepencephalon anatomical structure of brain reticular formation of metepencephalon biological structure of brain reticular formation of metepencephalon brain anatomical structure reticular formation of metepencephalon brain biological structure reticular formation of metepencephalon neuraxis segment reticular formation of metepencephalon regional part of brain reticular formation of metepencephalon segment of brain rhombencephalic reticular formation anatomical structure of brain rhombencephalic reticular formation biological structure of brain rhombencephalic reticular formation brain anatomical structure rhombencephalic reticular formation brain biological structure rhombencephalic reticular formation neuraxis segment rhombencephalic reticular formation regional part of brain rhombencephalic reticular formation segment of brain segment of brain of bulb reticular formation segment of brain of bulbar reticular formation segment of brain of medulla oblongata reticular formation segment of brain of medulla oblonmgata reticular formation segment of brain of medullary reticular formation segment of brain of medullary reticular nucleus segment of brain of metepencephalon reticular formation segment of brain of reticular formation of bulb segment of brain of reticular formation of medulla segment of brain of reticular formation of medulla oblongata segment of brain of reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata segment of brain of reticular formation of metepencephalon segment of brain of rhombencephalic reticular formation segment of medullary reticular formation OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata reticular formation brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic reticular formation of metepencephalon segment of brain OBOL:automatic segment of brain of reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of medulla oblongata reticular formation OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata reticular formation brain biological structure OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata reticular formation neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of bulbar reticular formation OBOL:automatic reticular formation of bulb biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of medullary reticular nucleus OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of reticular formation of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata reticular formation biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of medullary reticular nucleus OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla oblongata brain biological structure OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic bulbar reticular formation biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic segment of brain of reticular formation of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata reticular formation segment of brain OBOL:automatic metepencephalon reticular formation brain anatomical structure A regional part of brain that is part of a medullary reticular formation [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of reticular formation of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of medullary reticular formation OBOL:automatic reticular formation of metepencephalon brain biological structure OBOL:automatic reticular formation of metepencephalon brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic bulb reticular formation regional part of brain OBOL:automatic reticular formation of metepencephalon biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of medulla oblongata reticular formation OBOL:automatic metepencephalon reticular formation biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic medullary reticular formation brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of medullary reticular formation OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of reticular formation of bulb OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of bulbar reticular formation OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla regional part of brain OBOL:automatic reticular formation of bulb segment of brain OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla oblongata regional part of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of medullary reticular nucleus OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of reticular formation of bulb OBOL:automatic medullary reticular nucleus anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic segment of brain of medullary reticular nucleus OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of bulbar reticular formation OBOL:automatic bulbar reticular formation brain biological structure OBOL:automatic reticular formation of bulb regional part of brain OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata reticular formation segment of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of reticular formation of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of bulb reticular formation FMA:73730 medullary reticular formation segment OBOL:automatic medullary reticular formation anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of reticular formation of medulla OBOL:automatic bulb reticular formation segment of brain OBOL:automatic metepencephalon reticular formation brain biological structure OBOL:automatic metepencephalon reticular formation regional part of brain OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata reticular formation anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic rhombencephalic reticular formation brain biological structure OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of bulb reticular formation OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla oblongata brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of reticular formation of bulb OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of reticular formation of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic rhombencephalic reticular formation neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of metepencephalon reticular formation OBOL:automatic bulbar reticular formation brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of medulla oblonmgata reticular formation OBOL:automatic medullary reticular nucleus neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata reticular formation anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of medulla oblonmgata reticular formation OBOL:automatic bulb reticular formation brain biological structure OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of reticular formation of medulla OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of medulla oblongata reticular formation OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of metepencephalon reticular formation OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of medullary reticular formation OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of medullary reticular nucleus OBOL:automatic reticular formation of metepencephalon regional part of brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of medulla oblonmgata reticular formation OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of medulla oblongata reticular formation OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata reticular formation biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata reticular formation regional part of brain OBOL:automatic metepencephalon reticular formation segment of brain OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata reticular formation neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic medullary reticular formation biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic medullary reticular formation neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic bulb reticular formation biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of rhombencephalic reticular formation OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of rhombencephalic reticular formation OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of medulla oblongata reticular formation OBOL:automatic bulb reticular formation brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of reticular formation of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata segment of brain OBOL:automatic medullary reticular formation brain biological structure OBOL:automatic reticular formation of metepencephalon neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic medullary reticular formation regional part of brain OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of metepencephalon reticular formation NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1060 segment of medullary reticular formation OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of medulla oblongata reticular formation OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of medulla oblonmgata reticular formation OBOL:automatic rhombencephalic reticular formation regional part of brain OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata reticular formation regional part of brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of reticular formation of bulb OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of medulla oblonmgata reticular formation OBOL:automatic segment of brain of rhombencephalic reticular formation OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic rhombencephalic reticular formation segment of brain OBOL:automatic segment of brain of reticular formation of medulla OBOL:automatic segment of brain of medulla oblongata reticular formation OBOL:automatic medullary reticular nucleus segment of brain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of medullary reticular formation OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of medullary reticular formation OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of metepencephalon reticular formation OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of reticular formation of bulb OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of bulb reticular formation OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla oblongata segment of brain OBOL:automatic medullary reticular nucleus biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic medullary reticular nucleus brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of reticular formation of medulla OBOL:automatic medullary reticular nucleus regional part of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of medullary reticular formation OBOL:automatic segment of brain of bulb reticular formation OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla oblongata neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of bulbar reticular formation OBOL:automatic segment of brain of bulbar reticular formation OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of bulb reticular formation OBOL:automatic reticular formation of bulb brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of rhombencephalic reticular formation OBOL:automatic rhombencephalic reticular formation biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of reticular formation of medulla OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of reticular formation of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic segment of brain of medulla oblonmgata reticular formation OBOL:automatic rhombencephalic reticular formation brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of reticular formation of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of medulla oblonmgata reticular formation OBOL:automatic reticular formation of bulb anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of reticular formation of medulla OBOL:automatic bulbar reticular formation regional part of brain OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata brain biological structure OBOL:automatic segment of brain of reticular formation of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic segment of brain of metepencephalon reticular formation OBOL:automatic reticular formation of bulb brain biological structure OBOL:automatic bulb reticular formation anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of reticular formation of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata reticular formation brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of reticular formation of medulla OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of reticular formation of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of metepencephalon reticular formation OBOL:automatic bulbar reticular formation anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of reticular formation of bulb OBOL:automatic segment of brain of medullary reticular formation OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla brain biological structure OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of reticular formation of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata reticular formation brain biological structure OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla oblongata anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of rhombencephalic reticular formation OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of bulbar reticular formation OBOL:automatic bulbar reticular formation neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic medullary reticular nucleus brain biological structure OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata regional part of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of reticular formation of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of bulbar reticular formation OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of metepencephalon reticular formation OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla segment of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of medullary reticular nucleus OBOL:automatic reticular formation of metepencephalon anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of rhombencephalic reticular formation OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of reticular formation of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic reticular formation of bulb neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of rhombencephalic reticular formation OBOL:automatic medullary reticular formation segment of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of medullary reticular nucleus OBOL:automatic bulbar reticular formation segment of brain OBOL:automatic segment of brain of reticular formation of bulb OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla oblongata biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic metepencephalon reticular formation anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic rhombencephalic reticular formation anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of bulb reticular formation OBOL:automatic bulb reticular formation neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic metepencephalon reticular formation neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of bulb reticular formation brachium of superior colliculus BM:MB-BSC FMA:72417 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1065 The brachium of superior colliculus (or superior brachium) extends lateralward from the superior colliculus, and, passing between the pulvinar and medial geniculate body, is partly continued into an eminence called the lateral geniculate body, and partly into the optic tract. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002580 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1065-FMA_72417 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Human_brainstem-thalamus_posterior_view_description.JPG/200px-Human_brainstem-thalamus_posterior_view_description.JPG superior brachium superior collicular brachium superior colliculus brachium superior quadrigeminal brachium FMA:72417 superior colliculus brachium FMA:72417 superior quadrigeminal brachium FMA:72417 superior brachium The brachium of superior colliculus (or superior brachium) extends lateralward from the superior colliculus, and, passing between the pulvinar and medial geniculate body, is partly continued into an eminence called the lateral geniculate body, and partly into the optic tract. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brachium_of_superior_colliculus FMA:72417 superior collicular brachium postcentral gyrus BTO:0004354 EFO:0001383 FMA:61896 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1070 SCTID:279167001 The lateral postcentral gyrus is a prominent structure in the parietal lobe of the human brain and an important landmark. It was initially defined from surface stimulation studies of Penfield, and parallel surface potential studies of Bard, Woolsey, and Marshall. Although initially defined to be roughly the same as Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2, more recent work by Kaas has suggested that for homogeny with other sensory fields only area 3 should be referred to as 'primary somatosensory cortex', as it received the bulk of the thalamocortical projection from the sensory input fields. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002581 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1070-FMA_61896 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Postcentral_gyrus.png/200px-Postcentral_gyrus.png ncithesaurus:Postcentral_Gyrus postcentral convolution posterior central gyrus postrolandic gyrus FMA:61896 postrolandic gyrus FMA:61896 postcentral convolution The lateral postcentral gyrus is a prominent structure in the parietal lobe of the human brain and an important landmark. It was initially defined from surface stimulation studies of Penfield, and parallel surface potential studies of Bard, Woolsey, and Marshall. Although initially defined to be roughly the same as Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2, more recent work by Kaas has suggested that for homogeny with other sensory fields only area 3 should be referred to as 'primary somatosensory cortex', as it received the bulk of the thalamocortical projection from the sensory input fields. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Postcentral_gyrus FMA:61896 posterior central gyrus anterior calcarine sulcus FMA:83750 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1072 UBERON:0002582 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1072-FMA_83750 anterior calcarine fissure sulcus calcarinus anterior FMA:83750 anterior calcarine fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1072 sulcus calcarinus anterior commissure of superior colliculus A commissure that is part of a superior colliculus [Obol]. BM:MB-Tec-SC-SCX FMA:72418 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1073 SCTID:369258008 UBERON:0002583 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1073-FMA_72418 ZFA:0000684 anterior colliculus commissure anterior corpus quadrigeminum commissure commissure of anterior colliculus commissure of anterior corpus quadrigeminum commissure of cranial colliculus commissure of optic tectum commissure of superior colliculi cranial colliculus commissure intertectal commissure optic tectum commissure superior colliculus commissure ZFA:0000684 intertectal commissure OBOL:automatic commissure of cranial colliculus FMA:72418 commissure of superior colliculi A commissure that is part of a superior colliculus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic commissure of optic tectum OBOL:automatic anterior colliculus commissure OBOL:automatic optic tectum commissure OBOL:automatic commissure of anterior corpus quadrigeminum OBOL:automatic anterior corpus quadrigeminum commissure FMA:72418 superior colliculus commissure OBOL:automatic commissure of anterior colliculus OBOL:automatic cranial colliculus commissure regional part of vestibular nuclear complex A regional part of brain that is part of a vestibular nuclear complex [Obol]. FMA:71267 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1080 UBERON:0002584 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1080-FMA_71267 anatomical structure of brain of vestibular nuclear complex anatomical structure of brain of vestibular nuclei anatomical structure of brain of vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata anatomical structure of brain of vestibular nucleus biological structure of brain of vestibular nuclear complex biological structure of brain of vestibular nuclei biological structure of brain of vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata biological structure of brain of vestibular nucleus brain anatomical structure of vestibular nuclear complex brain anatomical structure of vestibular nuclei brain anatomical structure of vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata brain anatomical structure of vestibular nucleus brain biological structure of vestibular nuclear complex brain biological structure of vestibular nuclei brain biological structure of vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata brain biological structure of vestibular nucleus neuraxis segment of vestibular nuclear complex neuraxis segment of vestibular nuclei neuraxis segment of vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata neuraxis segment of vestibular nucleus regional part of brain of vestibular nuclear complex regional part of brain of vestibular nuclei regional part of brain of vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata regional part of brain of vestibular nucleus segment of brain of vestibular nuclear complex segment of brain of vestibular nuclei segment of brain of vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata segment of brain of vestibular nucleus segment of vestibular nuclear complex vestibular nuclear complex anatomical structure of brain vestibular nuclear complex biological structure of brain vestibular nuclear complex brain anatomical structure vestibular nuclear complex brain biological structure vestibular nuclear complex neuraxis segment vestibular nuclear complex regional part of brain vestibular nuclear complex segment vestibular nuclear complex segment of brain vestibular nuclei anatomical structure of brain vestibular nuclei biological structure of brain vestibular nuclei brain anatomical structure vestibular nuclei brain biological structure vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata anatomical structure of brain vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata biological structure of brain vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata brain anatomical structure vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata brain biological structure vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata neuraxis segment vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata regional part of brain vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata segment of brain vestibular nuclei neuraxis segment vestibular nuclei regional part of brain vestibular nuclei segment of brain vestibular nucleus anatomical structure of brain vestibular nucleus biological structure of brain vestibular nucleus brain anatomical structure vestibular nucleus brain biological structure vestibular nucleus neuraxis segment vestibular nucleus regional part of brain vestibular nucleus segment of brain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of vestibular nucleus OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of vestibular nuclear complex OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of vestibular nucleus OBOL:automatic segment of brain of vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclei neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclei segment of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of vestibular nuclear complex OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic vestibular nucleus brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclear complex brain biological structure OBOL:automatic segment of brain of vestibular nucleus OBOL:automatic vestibular nucleus neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of vestibular nuclei OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclear complex anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic segment of brain of vestibular nuclei OBOL:automatic vestibular nucleus anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclei regional part of brain OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclei brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclear complex regional part of brain OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata segment of brain OBOL:automatic vestibular nucleus biological structure of brain A regional part of brain that is part of a vestibular nuclear complex [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of vestibular nuclei OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata brain biological structure OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of vestibular nucleus OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of vestibular nucleus OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclei biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of vestibular nuclei OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of vestibular nuclear complex OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclei brain biological structure OBOL:automatic vestibular nucleus regional part of brain OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclear complex biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of vestibular nuclei OBOL:automatic vestibular nucleus segment of brain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic segment of brain of vestibular nuclear complex OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of vestibular nuclei OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of vestibular nuclei OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata regional part of brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of vestibular nucleus OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclei anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclear complex neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of vestibular nucleus OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclear complex segment of brain OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclear complex brain anatomical structure FMA:71267 vestibular nuclear complex segment OBOL:automatic vestibular nucleus brain biological structure OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of vestibular nuclear complex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1080 segment of vestibular nuclear complex OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of vestibular nuclear complex OBOL:automatic vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of vestibular nuclear complex central tegmental tract of midbrain FMA:72456 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1081 SCTID:369243000 UBERON:0002585 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1081-FMA_72456 calcarine sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-CAS FMA:83749 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1086 SCTID:279355005 The calcarine fissure is an anatomical landmark located at the caudal end of the medial surface of the brain. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002586 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1086-FMA_83749 calcarine fissure ncithesaurus:Calcarine_Sulcus sulcus calcarinus FMA:83749 calcarine fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1086 sulcus calcarinus The calcarine fissure is an anatomical landmark located at the caudal end of the medial surface of the brain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Calcarine_sulcus nucleus subceruleus ABA:SLC FMA:72479 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1088 UBERON:0002587 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1088-FMA_72479 nucleus subcaeruleus subcaerulean nucleus FMA:72479 subcaerulean nucleus ABA ABA ABA FMA:72479 FMA:TA nucleus subcaeruleus ABA decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle BM:BCX FMA:72455 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1089 Regional part of superior cerebellar peduncle located in the caudal midbrain, at the level of the inferior colliculus, consisting of a large bundle of fibers crossing the midline. It contains fibers projecting from the deep cerebellar nucleus to the midbrain and thalamus through the superior cerebellar peduncle (MM). The decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle is the portion of the superior cerebellar peduncle which crosses into the midbrain. [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:369252009 UBERON:0002588 UBERON:0003032 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1089-FMA_72455 Wernekink's decussation decussatio pedunculorum cerebellarium superiorum decussation of brachium conjunctivum decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gray711.png/200px-Gray711.png superior cerebellar peduncle decussation NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1089 Regional part of superior cerebellar peduncle located in the caudal midbrain, at the level of the inferior colliculus, consisting of a large bundle of fibers crossing the midline. It contains fibers projecting from the deep cerebellar nucleus to the midbrain and thalamus through the superior cerebellar peduncle (MM). The decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle is the portion of the superior cerebellar peduncle which crosses into the midbrain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Decussation_of_superior_cerebellar_peduncle FMA:72455 FMA:TA decussatio pedunculorum cerebellarium superiorum FMA FMA:72455 decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles FMA:72455 decussation of brachium conjunctivum FMA:72455 superior cerebellar peduncle decussation FMA:72455 Wernekink's decussation lateral corticospinal tract FMA:72635 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1095 SCTID:369091005 The lateral corticospinal tract (also called the crossed pyramidal tract or lateral cerebrospinal fasciculus) is the largest part of the corticospinal tract. It extends throughout the entire length of the medulla spinalis, and on transverse section appears as an oval area in front of the posterior column and medial to the posterior spinocerebellar tract. Its fibres arise from cells in the motor area of the cerebral hemisphere of the opposite side. They pass downward in company with those of the anterior corticospinal tract through the same side of the brain as that from which they originate, but they cross to the opposite side in the medulla oblongata and descend in the lateral funiculus of the medulla spinalis. The lateral corticospinal tract controls movement of contralateral limbs. Control of more central axial and girdle muscles comes from the anterior corticospinal tract. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002589 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1095-FMA_72635 lateral pyramidal tract The lateral corticospinal tract (also called the crossed pyramidal tract or lateral cerebrospinal fasciculus) is the largest part of the corticospinal tract. It extends throughout the entire length of the medulla spinalis, and on transverse section appears as an oval area in front of the posterior column and medial to the posterior spinocerebellar tract. Its fibres arise from cells in the motor area of the cerebral hemisphere of the opposite side. They pass downward in company with those of the anterior corticospinal tract through the same side of the brain as that from which they originate, but they cross to the opposite side in the medulla oblongata and descend in the lateral funiculus of the medulla spinalis. The lateral corticospinal tract controls movement of contralateral limbs. Control of more central axial and girdle muscles comes from the anterior corticospinal tract. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_corticospinal_tract FMA:72635 lateral pyramidal tract prepyriform area (pre-)piriform cortex ABA:PIR BM:Tel-PRP FMA:62484 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1097 SCTID:369104008 UBERON:0002590 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1097-FMA_62484 gyrus olfactorius lateralis lateral olfactory gyrus piriform cortex (price) piriform olfactory cortex prepiriform cortex prepyriform cortex pyriform area ABA FMA:62484 prepyriform cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1097 pyriform area ABA FMA:62484 FMA:TA gyrus olfactorius lateralis FMA:62484 lateral olfactory gyrus (pre-)piriform cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1097 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1097 piriform olfactory cortex ABA FMA:62484 prepiriform cortex oral part of spinal trigeminal nucleus ABA:SPVO FMA:235322 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1100 UBERON:0002591 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1100-FMA_235322 ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA juxtarestiform body FMA:72613 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1101 SCTID:110687007 The juxtarestiform body is a subdivision of the inferior cerebellar peduncle, which comprises both the juxtarestiform and restiform bodies. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002592 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1101-FMA_72613 The juxtarestiform body is a subdivision of the inferior cerebellar peduncle, which comprises both the juxtarestiform and restiform bodies. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Juxtarestiform_body orbital operculum FMA:74887 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1102 UBERON:0002593 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1102-FMA_74887 dentatothalamic tract FMA:72462 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1104 The dentatothalamic tract (or dentatorubrothalamic tract) is a tract which connects the dentate nucleus and the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002594 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1104-FMA_72462 dentatothalamic fibers FMA:72462 dentatothalamic fibers The dentatothalamic tract (or dentatorubrothalamic tract) is a tract which connects the dentate nucleus and the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dentatothalamic_tract orbital sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-ORS FMA:83770 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1112 SCTID:314143008 UBERON:0002595 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1112-FMA_83770 cruciate sulcus of campbell ncithesaurus:Orbital_Sulcus orbital sulci sulcus orbitalis FMA:83770 orbital sulci NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1112 sulcus orbitalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1112 cruciate sulcus of campbell ventral posterior nucleus BM:Die-Th-VPI BTO:0004373 BTO:0004374 EV:0100209 FMA:62187 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1116 SCTID:279147005 The ventral posterior nucleus is the somato-sensory relay nucleus in thalamus of the brain. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002596 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1116-FMA_62187 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png nucleus ventrales posteriores nucleus ventralis posterior ventral posterior thalamic nucleus ventrobasal complex ventrobasal nucleus FMA FMA:62187 ventral posterior thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1116 nucleus ventralis posterior FMA:62187 ventrobasal nucleus FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1116 nucleus ventrales posteriores The ventral posterior nucleus is the somato-sensory relay nucleus in thalamus of the brain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_posterior_nucleus FMA:62187 ventrobasal complex principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve ABA:PSV BM:VP EV:0100274 FMA:54533 GO has pontine nucleus as a child of trigeminal sensory nucleus, WP says this is a synonym, but we have a separate class for this - UBERON:0002151 MA:0002740 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1120 SCTID:369031008 The principal sensory nucleus (or chief sensory nucleus of V) is a group of second order neurons which have cell bodies in the dorsal Pons. It receives information about discriminative sensation and light touch of the face as well as conscious proprioception of the jaw via first order neurons of CN V. Most of the sensory information crosses the midline and travels to the contralateral ventral posteriomedial (VPM) of the thalamus via the Ventral Trigeminothalamic Tract, but information of the oral cavity travels to the ipsilateral Ventral Posteriomedial (VPM) of the thalamus via the Dorsal Trigeminothalamic Tract. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002597 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1120-FMA_54533 chief sensory nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray696.png/200px-Gray696.png main sensory nucleus main sensory nucleus of cranial nerve v ncithesaurus:Principal_Sensory_Nucleus_of_the_Trigeminal_Nerve pontine nucleus principal sensory nucleus principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve principal sensory trigeminal nucleus principal trigeminal nucleus superior trigeminal nucleus superior trigeminal sensory nucleus trigeminal V chief sensory nucleus trigeminal V principal sensory nucleus trigeminal nerve superior sensory nucleus FMA:54533 superior trigeminal sensory nucleus ABA FMA:54533 principal sensory trigeminal nucleus FMA:54533 superior trigeminal nucleus Wikipedia MA GO:0021740 Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nuclei pontine nucleus FMA:54533 principal trigeminal nucleus GO:0021730 The principal sensory nucleus (or chief sensory nucleus of V) is a group of second order neurons which have cell bodies in the dorsal Pons. It receives information about discriminative sensation and light touch of the face as well as conscious proprioception of the jaw via first order neurons of CN V. Most of the sensory information crosses the midline and travels to the contralateral ventral posteriomedial (VPM) of the thalamus via the Ventral Trigeminothalamic Tract, but information of the oral cavity travels to the ipsilateral Ventral Posteriomedial (VPM) of the thalamus via the Dorsal Trigeminothalamic Tract. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Chief_sensory_nucleus NIF MA:0002740 trigeminal V principal sensory nucleus FMA:54533 chief sensory nucleus FMA:54533 trigeminal nerve superior sensory nucleus ABA FMA:54533 main sensory nucleus FMA:54533 principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve ABA MA:0002740 trigeminal V chief sensory nucleus paracentral sulcus FMA:83762 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1121 SCTID:369228002 UBERON:0002598 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1121-FMA_83762 sulcus subcentralis medialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1121 sulcus subcentralis medialis medial olfactory gyrus FMA:74509 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1127 SCTID:369103002 UBERON:0002599 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1127-FMA_74509 limbic lobe FMA:72719 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1128 SCTID:279215006 The limbic lobe (also known as the Cingulate) is a portion of the brain associated with functions such as olfaction and emotion. It contains parts of other lobes, including the frontal, parietal, and temporal. Its main components are the fornicate gyrus, the hippocampus, and the amygdala It is related to the term limbic system, but unlike that term, 'limbic lobe' is a part of the Terminologia Anatomica, and there is less disagreement over what is included in the 'limbic lobe' than there is over what is included in the 'limbic system'. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002600 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1128-FMA_72719 fornicate gyrus grande lobe limbique of broca http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Human_brain_inferior-medial_view_description.JPG/200px-Human_brain_inferior-medial_view_description.JPG limbic lobe (carpenter) The limbic lobe (also known as the Cingulate) is a portion of the brain associated with functions such as olfaction and emotion. It contains parts of other lobes, including the frontal, parietal, and temporal. Its main components are the fornicate gyrus, the hippocampus, and the amygdala It is related to the term limbic system, but unlike that term, 'limbic lobe' is a part of the Terminologia Anatomica, and there is less disagreement over what is included in the 'limbic lobe' than there is over what is included in the 'limbic system'. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Limbic_lobe FMA:72719 fornicate gyrus fasciolar gyrus ABA:FC BTO:0002497 FMA:61921 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1129 SCTID:279210001 TODO - existing definitions, synonyms and relationships in existing AOs seem contradictory; to be resolved. We take the dentate gyrus relationship from BTO, and it is also implied by the FMA synonym. However, FMA says archiortex (embryonic archicortex corresponds to the cortex of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus) and NIF says limbic lobe (which is more general than hippocampus). ABA xref made on basis of BTO related synonym UBERON:0002601 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1129-FMA_61921 a small paired band that passes around the splenium of the corpus callosum from the lateral longitudinal stria to the dentate gyrus[Biology-Online]. A posterior and upward extension of the dentate gyrus, forming a transitional area between the dentate gyrus and the indusium griseum[BTO]. fasciola cinerea gyrus fasciolaris retrosplenial gyrus of hippocampus BTO:0002497 fasciola cinerea ABA BTO:0002497 a small paired band that passes around the splenium of the corpus callosum from the lateral longitudinal stria to the dentate gyrus[Biology-Online]. A posterior and upward extension of the dentate gyrus, forming a transitional area between the dentate gyrus and the indusium griseum[BTO]. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Fasciolar_gyrus ABA FMA:61921 retrosplenial gyrus of hippocampus BTO:0002497 gyrus fasciolaris emboliform nucleus FMA:72538 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1135 The emboliform nucleus lies immediately to the medial side of the nucleus dentatus, and partly covering its hilus. It is one among the four pairs of cerebellar nuclei, which are from lateral to medial: the dentate, interposed (emboliform and globose), and fastigial nuclei. These nuclei can be seen using the Weigert method staining. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002602 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1135-FMA_72538 anterior interposed nucleus anterior interpositus nucleus nucleus interpositus anterior FMA:72538 FMA:TA nucleus interpositus anterior FMA:72538 anterior interpositus nucleus FMA:72538 anterior interposed nucleus The emboliform nucleus lies immediately to the medial side of the nucleus dentatus, and partly covering its hilus. It is one among the four pairs of cerebellar nuclei, which are from lateral to medial: the dentate, interposed (emboliform and globose), and fastigial nuclei. These nuclei can be seen using the Weigert method staining. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Emboliform_nucleus paraterminal gyrus FMA:61919 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1138 The paraterminal gyrus (subcallosal gyrus, peduncle of the corpus callosum) is a narrow lamina on the medial surface of the hemisphere in front of the lamina terminalis, behind the parolfactory area, and below the rostrum of the corpus callosum. It is continuous around the genu of the corpus callosum with the supracallosal gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002603 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1138-FMA_61919 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray732.png/200px-Gray732.png precommissural hippocampus subcallosal gyrus FMA:61919 subcallosal gyrus FMA:61919 precommissural hippocampus The paraterminal gyrus (subcallosal gyrus, peduncle of the corpus callosum) is a narrow lamina on the medial surface of the hemisphere in front of the lamina terminalis, behind the parolfactory area, and below the rostrum of the corpus callosum. It is continuous around the genu of the corpus callosum with the supracallosal gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Paraterminal_gyrus ventral nucleus of lateral lemniscus ABA:NLLv BM:LLV FMA:72484 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1140 The lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain. Three distinct, primarily inhibitory, cellular groups are located interspersed within these fibers, and are thus named the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002604 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1140-FMA_72484 anterior nucleus of lateral lemniscus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lateral_lemniscus.PNG/200px-Lateral_lemniscus.PNG nucleus anterior lemnisci lateralis nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, ventral part ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus FMA NIF FMA:72484 anterior nucleus of lateral lemniscus FMA:72484 ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus FMA:72484 FMA:TA nucleus anterior lemnisci lateralis ABA:NLLv nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, ventral part The lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain. Three distinct, primarily inhibitory, cellular groups are located interspersed within these fibers, and are thus named the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_nucleus_of_the_lateral_lemniscus precentral operculum FMA:74888 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1141 UBERON:0002605 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1141-FMA_74888 neuropil A dense intricate feltwork of interwoven fine glial processes, fibrils, synaptic terminals, axons, and dendrites interspersed among the nerve cells of the central nervous system (MSH)[NIF]. FBbt:00005139 FMA:261269 GAID:740 MESH:A.08.637.500 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1142 NIF_Subcellular:sao205380252 SCTID:67146008 UBERON:0002606 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1142-FMA_261269 check re portion of neural tissue. ncithesaurus:Neuropil A dense intricate feltwork of interwoven fine glial processes, fibrils, synaptic terminals, axons, and dendrites interspersed among the nerve cells of the central nervous system (MSH)[NIF]. NIF_Subcellular:sao205380252 Wikipedia:Neuropil superior rostral sulcus FMA:83766 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1143 UBERON:0002607 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1143-FMA_83766 sulcus rostralis superior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1143 sulcus rostralis superior caudal part of ventral lateral nucleus FMA:62194 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1144 UBERON:0002608 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1144-FMA_62194 dorsal part of ventral lateral posterior nucleus (jones) nucleus dorsooralis (van buren) nucleus lateralis intermedius mediodorsalis situs dorsalis nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars caudalis ventral lateral nucleus, caudal part ventral lateral thalamic nucleus, caudal part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1144 nucleus lateralis intermedius mediodorsalis situs dorsalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1144 nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars caudalis FMA:62194 ventral lateral thalamic nucleus, caudal part FMA:62194 ventral lateral nucleus, caudal part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1144 nucleus dorsooralis (van buren) spinothalamic tract of midbrain FMA:72463 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1150 SCTID:369090006 UBERON:0002609 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1150-FMA_72463 FMA cochlear nuclear complex ABA:CN BM:Me-Co EV:0100260 FMA:72240 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1151 The cochlear nuclei consist of: (a) the dorsal cochlear nucleus, corresponding to the tuberculum acusticum on the dorso-lateral surface of the inferior peduncle; and (b) the ventral or accessory cochlear nucleus, placed between the two divisions of the nerve, on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002610 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1151-FMA_72240 cochlear nuclei http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray691.png/200px-Gray691.png ncithesaurus:Cochlear_Nuclei ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA The cochlear nuclei consist of: (a) the dorsal cochlear nucleus, corresponding to the tuberculum acusticum on the dorso-lateral surface of the inferior peduncle; and (b) the ventral or accessory cochlear nucleus, placed between the two divisions of the nerve, on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cochlear_nuclei ABA ABA FMA:72240 cochlear nuclei node of ranvier . FMA:67368 GAID:748 GO:0033268 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1152 UBERON:0002611 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1152-FMA_67368 in GO ncithesaurus:Node_of_Ranvier ranvier node ranvier's node true FMA:67368 ranvier node . Wikipedia:Node_of_ranvier FMA:67368 ranvier's node transverse orbital sulcus FMA:83771 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1155 UBERON:0002612 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1155-FMA_83771 sulcus orbitalis transversus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1155 sulcus orbitalis transversus globose nucleus FMA:72536 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1158 The globose nucleus is one of the deep cerebellar nuclei. It is located medial to the emboliform nucleus and lateral to the fastigial nucleus. This nucleus contains primarily large and small multipolar neurons. The globose nucleus and emboliform nucleus are occasionally referred to collectively as the interposed nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002613 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1158-FMA_72536 nucleus interpositus posterior posterior interposed nucleus posterior interpositus nucleus FMA:72536 FMA:TA nucleus interpositus posterior FMA:72536 posterior interposed nucleus The globose nucleus is one of the deep cerebellar nuclei. It is located medial to the emboliform nucleus and lateral to the fastigial nucleus. This nucleus contains primarily large and small multipolar neurons. The globose nucleus and emboliform nucleus are occasionally referred to collectively as the interposed nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Globose_nucleus FMA:72536 posterior interpositus nucleus medial part of ventral lateral nucleus ABA:VM BM:Die-Th-VM FMA:62195 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1159 UBERON:0002614 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1159-FMA_62195 nucleus ventralis lateralis thalami, pars medialis nucleus ventrooralis medialis (hassler) ventral lateral nucleus, medial part ventral medial nucleus ventral medial nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1159 nucleus ventralis lateralis thalami, pars medialis FMA:62195 ventral lateral nucleus, medial part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1159 ventral medial nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1159 nucleus ventrooralis medialis (hassler) FMA:62195 ventral medial nucleus ventral tegmental decussation FMA:72452 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1163 SCTID:369249001 UBERON:0002615 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1163-FMA_72452 anterior tegmental decussation decussatio tegmentalis anterior decussation of forel ventral tegmental decussation of forel FMA:72452 FMA:TA decussatio tegmentalis anterior FMA:72452 anterior tegmental decussation regional part of brain An anatomical structure that is part of a brain [Obol]. FMA:55676 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1167 SCTID:384763002 UBERON:0002616 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1167-FMA_55676 anatomical structure of brain biological structure of brain brain anatomical structure brain biological structure neuraxis segment segment of brain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1167 segment of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure An anatomical structure that is part of a brain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:55676 neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain pars postrema of ventral lateral nucleus FMA:62196 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1170 UBERON:0002617 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1170-FMA_62196 nucleus dorsointermedius externus magnocellularis (hassler) nucleus lateralis intermedius mediodorsalis situs postremus nucleus ventralis lateralis thalami, pars postrema posterodorsal part of ventral lateral posterior nucleus (jones) ventral lateral nucleus (pars postrema) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1170 nucleus lateralis intermedius mediodorsalis situs postremus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1170 nucleus ventralis lateralis thalami, pars postrema FMA:62196 ventral lateral nucleus (pars postrema) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1170 nucleus dorsointermedius externus magnocellularis (hassler) trochlear nerve fibers FMA:71116 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1172 UBERON:0002618 UBERON:0002674 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1172-FMA_71116 central part of trochlear nerve trochlear nerve fibers trochlear nerve root trochlear nerve tract FMA:71116 trochlear nerve tract FMA:71116 trochlear nerve fibers FMA:71116 trochlear nerve root FMA:71116 central part of trochlear nerve regional part of cerebral cortex A regional part of brain that is part of a cerebral cortex [Obol]. FMA:242193 MA:0000187 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1173 SCTID:119408004 UBERON:0002619 UBERON:0003208 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1173-FMA_68603 cerebral cortex part region of cerebral cortex segment of cerebral cortex todo - check MA term A regional part of brain that is part of a cerebral cortex [Obol]. OBOL:automatic NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1173 segment of cerebral cortex FMA:242193 region of cerebral cortex tuber cinereum FMA:62327 GAID:649 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.357.352.870 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1189 SCTID:362381006 The tuber cinereum is a hollow eminence of gray matter situated between the mammilary bodies and the optic chiasm. The tuber cinereum is part of the hypothalamus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002620 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1189-FMA_62327 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray724.png/200px-Gray724.png ncithesaurus:Tuber_Cinereum The tuber cinereum is a hollow eminence of gray matter situated between the mammilary bodies and the optic chiasm. The tuber cinereum is part of the hypothalamus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tuber_cinereum regional part of cochlear nuclear complex A regional part of brain that is part of a cochlear nuclear complex [Obol]. FMA:83952 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1195 UBERON:0002621 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1195-FMA_83952 anatomical structure of brain of cochlear nuclear complex anatomical structure of brain of cochlear nuclei biological structure of brain of cochlear nuclear complex biological structure of brain of cochlear nuclei brain anatomical structure of cochlear nuclear complex brain anatomical structure of cochlear nuclei brain biological structure of cochlear nuclear complex brain biological structure of cochlear nuclei cochlear nuclear complex anatomical structure of brain cochlear nuclear complex biological structure of brain cochlear nuclear complex brain anatomical structure cochlear nuclear complex brain biological structure cochlear nuclear complex neuraxis segment cochlear nuclear complex regional part of brain cochlear nuclear complex segment cochlear nuclear complex segment of brain cochlear nuclei anatomical structure of brain cochlear nuclei biological structure of brain cochlear nuclei brain anatomical structure cochlear nuclei brain biological structure cochlear nuclei neuraxis segment cochlear nuclei regional part of brain cochlear nuclei segment of brain neuraxis segment of cochlear nuclear complex neuraxis segment of cochlear nuclei regional part of brain of cochlear nuclear complex regional part of brain of cochlear nuclei segment of brain of cochlear nuclear complex segment of brain of cochlear nuclei segment of cochlear nuclear complex OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of cochlear nuclei OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of cochlear nuclear complex OBOL:automatic cochlear nuclear complex brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic cochlear nuclear complex neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic cochlear nuclei segment of brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of cochlear nuclear complex OBOL:automatic cochlear nuclei brain biological structure OBOL:automatic cochlear nuclei anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of cochlear nuclear complex OBOL:automatic segment of brain of cochlear nuclei OBOL:automatic cochlear nuclear complex segment of brain OBOL:automatic segment of brain of cochlear nuclear complex OBOL:automatic cochlear nuclear complex regional part of brain A regional part of brain that is part of a cochlear nuclear complex [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cochlear nuclei brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic cochlear nuclear complex brain biological structure OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of cochlear nuclear complex OBOL:automatic cochlear nuclear complex biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of cochlear nuclear complex OBOL:automatic cochlear nuclei neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic cochlear nuclear complex anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of cochlear nuclei OBOL:automatic cochlear nuclei biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of cochlear nuclei OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of cochlear nuclear complex FMA:83952 cochlear nuclear complex segment OBOL:automatic cochlear nuclei regional part of brain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of cochlear nuclei NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1195 segment of cochlear nuclear complex OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of cochlear nuclei OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of cochlear nuclei preoptic periventricular nucleus FMA:62324 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1201 SCTID:369127000 The preoptic periventricular nucleus is located along the midline and is medial to the medial preoptic nucleus.[WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002622 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1201-FMA_62324 nucleus preopticus periventricularis periventricular preoptic nucleus preoptic periventricular hypothalamic nucleus The preoptic periventricular nucleus is located along the midline and is medial to the medial preoptic nucleus.[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Preoptic_area#Preoptic_periventricular_nucleus FMA:62324 periventricular preoptic nucleus FMA:62324 FMA:TA nucleus preopticus periventricularis FMA:62324 preoptic periventricular hypothalamic nucleus cerebral peduncle BM:CP BTO:0004676 EFO:0001987 FMA:62394 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1202 SCTID:362391000 The cerebral peduncle, by most classifications, is everything in the mesencephalon except the tectum. The region includes the midbrain tegmentum, crus cerebri, substantia nigra and pretectum. By this definition, the cerebral peduncles are also known as the basis pedunculi, while the large ventral bundle of efferent fibers is referred to as the crus cerebri or the pes pedunculi There are numerous nerve tracts located within this section of the brainstem. Of note, in the cerebral peduncular loop fibers from motor areas of the brain project to the cerebral peduncle and then project to various thalamic nuclei. In as much as the peduncles are an anatomic landmark, for details regarding the function of this area interested readers are referred to the individual referenced articles. On a broad scale, though, this area contains many nerve tracts conveying motor information to and from the brain to the rest of the body. Important fibers running through the cerebral peduncles include the corticospinal tract and the corticobulbar tract, among others. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002623 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1202-FMA_62394 cerebral peduncle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray689.png/200px-Gray689.png ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Peduncle peduncle of midbrain pedunculus cerebri The cerebral peduncle, by most classifications, is everything in the mesencephalon except the tectum. The region includes the midbrain tegmentum, crus cerebri, substantia nigra and pretectum. By this definition, the cerebral peduncles are also known as the basis pedunculi, while the large ventral bundle of efferent fibers is referred to as the crus cerebri or the pes pedunculi There are numerous nerve tracts located within this section of the brainstem. Of note, in the cerebral peduncular loop fibers from motor areas of the brain project to the cerebral peduncle and then project to various thalamic nuclei. In as much as the peduncles are an anatomic landmark, for details regarding the function of this area interested readers are referred to the individual referenced articles. On a broad scale, though, this area contains many nerve tracts conveying motor information to and from the brain to the rest of the body. Important fibers running through the cerebral peduncles include the corticospinal tract and the corticobulbar tract, among others. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cerebral_peduncle FMA:62394 peduncle of midbrain FMA:62394 FMA:TA pedunculus cerebri FMA FMA:62394 cerebral peduncle orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus FMA:61982 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1207 UBERON:0002624 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1207-FMA_61982 inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part ncithesaurus:Orbital_Part_of_the_Inferior_Frontal_Gyrus pars orbitalis gyri frontalis inferioris NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1207 pars orbitalis gyri frontalis inferioris FMA:61982 inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part median preoptic nucleus ABA:MEPO BM:MPO FMA:62323 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1208 The median preoptic nucleus is located along the midline in a position significantly dorsal to the other 3 preoptic nuclei, at least in the macaca fascicularis brain. It wraps around the top (dorsal), front, and bottom (ventral) surfaces of the anterior commissure. The median preoptic nucleus generates thirst. Drinking decreases noradrenaline release in the median preoptic nucleus. UBERON:0002625 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1208-FMA_62323 ABA ABA ABA Wikipedia Wikipedia ABA The median preoptic nucleus is located along the midline in a position significantly dorsal to the other 3 preoptic nuclei, at least in the macaca fascicularis brain. It wraps around the top (dorsal), front, and bottom (ventral) surfaces of the anterior commissure. The median preoptic nucleus generates thirst. Drinking decreases noradrenaline release in the median preoptic nucleus. Wikipedia:Preoptic_area#Median_preoptic_nucleus ABA ABA head of caudate nucleus EMAPA:18547 FMA:61852 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1212 SCTID:279298007 UBERON:0002626 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1212-FMA_61852 caput (caudatus) caudate nuclear head FMA:61852 caudate nuclear head FMA:61852 caput (caudatus) capsule of medial geniculate body FMA:62049 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1214 UBERON:0002627 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1214-FMA_62049 capsula corporis geniculati medialis medial geniculate body capsule NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1214 capsula corporis geniculati medialis FMA:62049 medial geniculate body capsule tail of caudate nucleus EMAPA:18548 FMA:61854 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1215 SCTID:279299004 UBERON:0002628 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1215-FMA_61854 caudate nuclear tail FMA:61854 caudate nuclear tail triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus FMA:61980 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1216 UBERON:0002629 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1216-FMA_61980 ncithesaurus:Triangular_Part_of_the_Inferior_Frontal_Gyrus pars triangularis gyri frontalis inferioris NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1216 pars triangularis gyri frontalis inferioris body of caudate nucleus FMA:61853 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1217 SCTID:314175006 UBERON:0002630 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1217-FMA_61853 caudate nuclear body corpus (caudatus) FMA:61853 corpus (caudatus) FMA:61853 caudate nuclear body cerebral crus BTO:0004677 EV:0100243 FMA:72464 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1218 The cerebral crus is the anterior portion of the cerebral peduncle which contains the motor tracts, the plural of which is cerebral crura. In some older texts, it is used as a synonym for the entire cerebral peduncle, not just the anterior portion of it. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002631 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1218-FMA_72464 base of cerebral peduncle cerebral peduncle (clinical definition) crus cerebri crus cerebri http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cn3nucleus.png/200px-Cn3nucleus.png ncithesaurus:Crus_Cerebri The cerebral crus is the anterior portion of the cerebral peduncle which contains the motor tracts, the plural of which is cerebral crura. In some older texts, it is used as a synonym for the entire cerebral peduncle, not just the anterior portion of it. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cerebral_crus FMA:72464 cerebral peduncle (clinical definition) BTO:0004677 crus cerebri EV:0100243 crus cerebri BTO BTO:0004677 base of cerebral peduncle medial part of medial mammillary nucleus ABA:Mmme FMA:62345 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1220 UBERON:0002632 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1220-FMA_62345 medial mammillary nucleus (carpenter) medial mammillary nucleus, medial part medial mammillary nucleus, median part medial subdivision of medial mammillary nucleus FMA:62345 medial mammillary nucleus, median part FMA:62345 medial mammillary nucleus, medial part FMA:62345 medial subdivision of medial mammillary nucleus motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve ABA:V BM:Vm BTO:0001075 EV:0100273 FMA:54562 MA:0001029 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1222 OG:0001355 SCTID:38390003 The trigeminal motor nucleus contains motor neurons that innervate muscles of the first branchial arch, namely the muscles of mastication, the tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, mylohyoid, and anterior belly of the digastric. UBERON:0002633 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1222-FMA_54562 ZFA:0001365 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray696.png/200px-Gray696.png motor nucleus V motor nucleus of cranial nerve v motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve motor trigeminal nucleus nV ncithesaurus:Motor_Nucleus_of_the_Trigeminal_Nerve note this in ZFA this is part of the medulla; pons is a dubious structure for zebrafish nucleus motorius nervi trigemini trigeminal V motor nucleus trigeminal motor nucleus ABA MA BTO:0001075 motor trigeminal nucleus ABA ZFA:0001365 trigeminal motor nucleus NIF ABA MA:0001029 trigeminal V motor nucleus ABA ABA FMA:54562 FMA:TA nucleus motorius nervi trigemini ABA The trigeminal motor nucleus contains motor neurons that innervate muscles of the first branchial arch, namely the muscles of mastication, the tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, mylohyoid, and anterior belly of the digastric. Wikipedia:Trigeminal_motor_nucleus ZFA:0001365 nV ABA ZFA:0001365 motor nucleus V FMA:54562 motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve ABA ABA FMA ABA anterior nucleus of hypothalamus ABA:AHN BM:Die-Hy-HAA BTO:0002450 EV:0100231 FMA:62319 GAID:642 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.357.342.063 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1226 SCTID:369133009 The Anterior hypothalamic nucleus is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. Its function is thermoregulation (the maintenance of body temperature between certain parameters) of the body. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002634 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1226-FMA_62319 anterior hypothalamic area anterior hypothalamic nucleus area hypothalamica rostralis fundamental gray substance http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG nucleus anterior hypothalami parvocellular nucleus of hypothalamus FMA:62319 anterior hypothalamic area BTO:0002450 nucleus anterior hypothalami The Anterior hypothalamic nucleus is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. Its function is thermoregulation (the maintenance of body temperature between certain parameters) of the body. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_hypothalamic_nucleus FMA:62319 parvocellular nucleus of hypothalamus ABA ABA FMA:62319 anterior hypothalamic nucleus FMA:62319 FMA:TA area hypothalamica rostralis ABA FMA:62319 fundamental gray substance ABA regional part of midbrain tegmentum FMA:62399 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1227 UBERON:0002635 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1227-FMA_62399 midbrain tegmentum segment segment of midbrain tegmentum FMA:62399 midbrain tegmentum segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1227 segment of midbrain tegmentum lateral pulvinar nucleus BM:Die-Th-Pl-Pll FMA:62181 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1228 UBERON:0002636 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1228-FMA_62181 lateral pulvinar nucleus of thalamus nucleus pulvinaris lateralis nucleus pulvinaris lateralis (hassler) nucleus pulvinaris lateralis thalami nucleus pulvinaris thalami, pars lateralis FMA:62181 lateral pulvinar nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1228 nucleus pulvinaris lateralis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1228 nucleus pulvinaris lateralis (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1228 nucleus pulvinaris lateralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1228 nucleus pulvinaris thalami, pars lateralis ventral anterior nucleus BM:Die-Th-VA BTO:0002468 EV:0100199 FMA:62184 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1232 SCTID:279131008 The ventral anterior nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002637 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1232-FMA_62184 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png nucleus lateropolaris nucleus ventralis anterior nucleus ventralis anterior thalami nucleus ventralis thalami anterior ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus ventral anterior thalamic nucleus ventroanterior thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1232 ventroanterior thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1232 nucleus ventralis anterior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1232 nucleus lateropolaris FMA:62184 ventral anterior thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1232 nucleus ventralis thalami anterior FMA:62184 ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus The ventral anterior nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_anterior_nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1232 nucleus ventralis anterior thalami medial pulvinar nucleus BM:Die-Th-Pl-Plm FMA:62182 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1233 UBERON:0002638 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1233-FMA_62182 nucleus pulvinaris medialis nucleus pulvinaris medialis thalami nucleus pulvinaris thalami, pars medialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1233 nucleus pulvinaris thalami, pars medialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1233 nucleus pulvinaris medialis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1233 nucleus pulvinaris medialis midbrain reticular formation BM:MB-MBRF FMA:62406 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1235 SCTID:369234009 UBERON:0002639 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1235-FMA_62406 reticular formation of midbrain tegmental reticular formation FMA:62406 reticular formation of midbrain FMA:62406 tegmental reticular formation cuneocerebellar tract FMA:72637 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1238 The posterior external arcuate fibers (dorsal external arcuate fibers) take origin in the gracile and cuneate nuclei; they pass to the inferior peduncle of the same side. It is uncertain whether fibers are continued directly from the gracile and cuneate fasciculi into the inferior peduncle. The term 'cuneocerebellar tract' is sometimes used to collectively refer to the posterior external arcuate fibers. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002640 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1238-FMA_72637 cuneocerebellar fibers http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gray699.png/200px-Gray699.png The posterior external arcuate fibers (dorsal external arcuate fibers) take origin in the gracile and cuneate nuclei; they pass to the inferior peduncle of the same side. It is uncertain whether fibers are continued directly from the gracile and cuneate fasciculi into the inferior peduncle. The term 'cuneocerebellar tract' is sometimes used to collectively refer to the posterior external arcuate fibers. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cuneocerebellar_tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1238 cuneocerebellar fibers oral pulvinar nucleus BM:Die-Th-Pl-Pla FMA:62180 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1239 UBERON:0002641 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1239-FMA_62180 anterior pulvinar nucleus nucleus pulvinaris anterior nucleus pulvinaris oralis nucleus pulvinaris oralis thalami oral nuclear group of pulvinar oral part of pulvinar oral portion of pulvinar FMA:62180 anterior pulvinar nucleus FMA:62180 oral portion of pulvinar FMA:62180 oral nuclear group of pulvinar FMA:62180 FMA:TA nucleus pulvinaris anterior FMA:62180 oral part of pulvinar NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1239 nucleus pulvinaris oralis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1239 nucleus pulvinaris oralis cuneate fasciculus of medulla FMA:72623 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1242 TODO - change definition to be the *whole* of the CF in the MO. isa parentage to fasciculus of brain should be inferred UBERON:0002642 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1242-FMA_72623 decussation of medial lemniscus BM:Me-LMX FMA:72622 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1245 The sensory decussation or decussation of the lemniscus is a decussation or cross over of axons from the gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus. The fibres of this decussation are called the internal arcuate fibres and are found at the superior aspect of the closed medulla superior to the motor decussation. It is part of the second neuron in the Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002643 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1245-FMA_72622 decussation of lemnisci decussation of lemniscus decussation of medial lemnisci http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray759.png/200px-Gray759.png medial lemniscus decussation medullary sensory decussation sensory decussation FMA:72622 medullary sensory decussation FMA:72622 medial lemniscus decussation FMA:72622 decussation of lemnisci FMA:72622 sensory decussation FMA:72622 decussation of lemniscus The sensory decussation or decussation of the lemniscus is a decussation or cross over of axons from the gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus. The fibres of this decussation are called the internal arcuate fibres and are found at the superior aspect of the closed medulla superior to the motor decussation. It is part of the second neuron in the Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sensory_decussation FMA:72622 decussation of medial lemnisci intermediate orbital gyrus FMA:80183 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1247 UBERON:0002644 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1247-FMA_80183 densocellular part of medial dorsal nucleus FMA:62163 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1255 UBERON:0002645 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1255-FMA_62163 nucleus medialis dorsalis paralamellaris (hassler) nucleus medialis dorsalis, pars densocellularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1255 nucleus medialis dorsalis paralamellaris (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1255 nucleus medialis dorsalis, pars densocellularis dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of medulla A dorsal longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a medulla [Obol]. FMA:72617 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1257 UBERON:0002646 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1257-FMA_72617 bundle of Schutz of medulla fasciculus of Schutz of medulla medulla bundle of Schutz medulla dorsal longitudinal fasciculus medulla fasciculus of Schutz medulla posterior longitudinal fasciculus posterior longitudinal fasciculus of medulla OBOL:automatic medulla dorsal longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic bundle of Schutz of medulla OBOL:automatic medulla posterior longitudinal fasciculus A dorsal longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a medulla [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic medulla bundle of Schutz OBOL:automatic fasciculus of Schutz of medulla OBOL:automatic posterior longitudinal fasciculus of medulla OBOL:automatic medulla fasciculus of Schutz magnocellular part of medial dorsal nucleus FMA:62161 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1262 UBERON:0002647 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1262-FMA_62161 dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part magnocellular mediodorsal nucleus magnocellular nucleus of medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus magnocellular part of dorsomedial nucleus magnocellular part of mediodorsal nucleus nucleus medialis dorsalis, pars magnocellularis nucleus medialis fibrosus nucleus medialis fibrosus (hassler) pars magnocellularis nuclei mediodorsalis thalami FMA:62161 magnocellular part of dorsomedial nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1262 magnocellular part of mediodorsal nucleus FMA:62161 magnocellular nucleus of medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1262 nucleus medialis fibrosus (hassler) FMA:62161 magnocellular mediodorsal nucleus FMA:62161 FMA:TA pars magnocellularis nuclei mediodorsalis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1262 nucleus medialis fibrosus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1262 nucleus medialis dorsalis, pars magnocellularis FMA:62161 dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part anterior median eminence FMA:74870 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1264 UBERON:0002648 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1264-FMA_74870 dorsolateral fasciculus of medulla . FMA:72616 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1267 SCTID:369287009 UBERON:0002649 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1267-FMA_72616 dorsolateral tract lissauer's tract ncithesaurus:Tract_of_Lissauer posterolateral fasciculus posterolateral tract tract of lissauer tractus posterolateralis zone of lissauer . Wikipedia:Lissauer's_tract FMA:72616 posterolateral tract FMA:72616 lissauer's tract FMA:72616 posterolateral fasciculus FMA:72616 dorsolateral tract FMA:72616 FMA:TA tractus posterolateralis paralaminar part of medial dorsal nucleus FMA:62160 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1276 UBERON:0002650 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1276-FMA_62160 dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, paralaminar part mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, paralaminar part nucleus medialis dorsalis caudalis (hassler) nucleus medialis dorsalis thalami, pars multiformis nucleus medialis dorsalis, pars multiformis nucleus medialis dorsalis, pars paralaminaris paralaminar part of dorsomedial nucleus paralaminar part of medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus pars paralaminaris nuclei mediodorsalis thalami pars paralaminaris of medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus ventral mediodorsal nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1276 mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, paralaminar part FMA:62160 paralaminar part of dorsomedial nucleus FMA:62160 dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, paralaminar part FMA:62160 paralaminar part of medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus FMA:62160 FMA:TA pars paralaminaris nuclei mediodorsalis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1276 nucleus medialis dorsalis, pars paralaminaris FMA:62160 ventral mediodorsal nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1276 nucleus medialis dorsalis caudalis (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1276 nucleus medialis dorsalis, pars multiformis FMA:62160 pars paralaminaris of medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1276 nucleus medialis dorsalis thalami, pars multiformis anterior horn of lateral ventricle FMA:74520 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1279 SCTID:279247001 The anterior cornu (frontal horn, anterior horn; precornu) of the lateral ventricle passes forward and lateralward, with a slight inclination downward, from the interventricular foramen into the frontal lobe, curving around the anterior end of the caudate nucleus. Its floor is formed by the upper surface of the reflected portion of the corpus callosum, the rostrum. It is bounded medially by the anterior portion of the septum pellucidum, and laterally by the head of the caudate nucleus. Its apex reaches the posterior surface of the genu of the corpus callosum. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002651 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1279-FMA_74520 anterior horn of lateral ventricle cornu anterius ventriculi lateralis frontal horn of lateral ventricle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gray735.png/200px-Gray735.png ncithesaurus:Frontal_Horn_of_the_Lateral_Ventricle FMA:74520 anterior horn of lateral ventricle FMA:74520 FMA:TA cornu anterius ventriculi lateralis The anterior cornu (frontal horn, anterior horn; precornu) of the lateral ventricle passes forward and lateralward, with a slight inclination downward, from the interventricular foramen into the frontal lobe, curving around the anterior end of the caudate nucleus. Its floor is formed by the upper surface of the reflected portion of the corpus callosum, the rostrum. It is bounded medially by the anterior portion of the septum pellucidum, and laterally by the head of the caudate nucleus. Its apex reaches the posterior surface of the genu of the corpus callosum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_lateral_ventricle FMA:74520 frontal horn of lateral ventricle posterior median eminence FMA:74875 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1280 UBERON:0002652 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1280-FMA_74875 gracile fasciculus of medulla FMA:72624 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1282 UBERON:0002653 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1282-FMA_72624 column of goll fasciculus of goll goll's tract gracile fascicle (gall) gracile fascicle of medulla medulla segment of fasciculus gracilis medulla segment of gracile fasciculus tract of gall NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1282 gracile fascicle (gall) FMA:72624 goll's tract FMA:72624 gracile fascicle of medulla FMA:72624 medulla segment of gracile fasciculus FMA:72624 medulla segment of fasciculus gracilis parvicellular part of medial dorsal nucleus FMA:62162 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1283 UBERON:0002654 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1283-FMA_62162 dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, parvicellular part lateral mediodorsal nucleus lateral nucleus of medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, pars fasciculosa nucleus medialis dorsalis fasciculosis (hassler) nucleus medialis dorsalis nucleus fasciculosis (hassler) nucleus medialis dorsalis, pars parvicellularis pars parvocellularis lateralis nuclei mediodorsalis thalami pars principalis nuclei ventralis anterior thalami parvicellular part of dorsomedial nucleus parvocellular nucleus of medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus principal division of ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus FMA:62162 lateral mediodorsal nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1283 nucleus medialis dorsalis, pars parvicellularis FMA:62162 parvocellular nucleus of medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus FMA:62162 dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, parvicellular part FMA:62162 FMA:TA pars parvocellularis lateralis nuclei mediodorsalis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1283 mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, pars fasciculosa NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1283 nucleus medialis dorsalis nucleus fasciculosis (hassler) FMA:62162 parvicellular part of dorsomedial nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1283 nucleus medialis dorsalis fasciculosis (hassler) FMA:62162 principal division of ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus FMA:62162 FMA:TA pars principalis nuclei ventralis anterior thalami FMA:62162 lateral nucleus of medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus body of lateral ventricle FMA:83703 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1287 SCTID:279246005 The body of lateral ventricle (cella) extends from the interventricular foramen to the splenium of the corpus callosum. It is an irregularly curved cavity, triangular on transverse section, with a roof, a floor, and a medial wall. The roof is formed by the under surface of the corpus callosum; the floor by the following parts, enumerated in their order of position, from before backward: the caudate nucleus of the corpus striatum, the stria terminalis and the terminal vein, the lateral portion of the upper surface of the thalamus, the choroid plexus, and the lateral part of the fornix; the medial wall is the posterior part of the septum pellucidum, which separates it from the opposite ventricle. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002655 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1287-FMA_83703 central part of lateral ventricle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gray735.png/200px-Gray735.png lateral ventricular body ncithesaurus:Body_of_the_Lateral_Ventricle pars centralis ventriculi lateralis FMA:83703 FMA:TA pars centralis ventriculi lateralis FMA:83703 lateral ventricular body The body of lateral ventricle (cella) extends from the interventricular foramen to the splenium of the corpus callosum. It is an irregularly curved cavity, triangular on transverse section, with a roof, a floor, and a medial wall. The roof is formed by the under surface of the corpus callosum; the floor by the following parts, enumerated in their order of position, from before backward: the caudate nucleus of the corpus striatum, the stria terminalis and the terminal vein, the lateral portion of the upper surface of the thalamus, the choroid plexus, and the lateral part of the fornix; the medial wall is the posterior part of the septum pellucidum, which separates it from the opposite ventricle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Body_of_lateral_ventricle FMA:83703 central part of lateral ventricle periamygdaloid area BM:Tel-Cx-PAM FMA:62485 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1291 UBERON:0002656 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1291-FMA_62485 para-amygdaloid cortex periamygdaloid cortex periamygdaloid region semilunar gyrus ventral cortical nucleus of amygdala FMA:62485 para-amygdaloid cortex FMA:62485 periamygdaloid cortex FMA:62485 periamygdaloid region FMA:62485 semilunar gyrus FMA:62485 ventral cortical nucleus of amygdala posterior parahippocampal gyrus FMA:67966 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1295 UBERON:0002657 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1295-FMA_67966 parahippocampal gyrus (amaral) parahippocampal gyrus (insausti) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1295 parahippocampal gyrus (insausti) medial lemniscus of midbrain A medial lemniscus that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. FMA:72461 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1296 UBERON:0002658 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1296-FMA_72461 midbrain medial lemniscus A medial lemniscus that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic midbrain medial lemniscus superior medullary velum FMA:74508 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1300 SCTID:369269006 The superior medullary velum (anterior medullary velum, valve of Vieussens) is a thin, transparent of white substance, which stretches between the superior cerebellar peduncles; on the dorsal surface of its lower half the folia and lingula are prolonged. It forms, together with the superior cerebellar peduncle, the roof of the upper part of the fourth ventricle; it is narrow above, where it passes beneath the inferior colliculi, and broader below, where it is continuous with the white substance of the superior vermis. A slightly elevated ridge, the fraenulum veli, descends upon its upper part from between the inferior colliculi, and on either side of this the trochlear nerve emerges. Blood is supplied by branches from the superior cerebellar artery. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002659 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1300-FMA_74508 anterior medullary velum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gray701.png/200px-Gray701.png FMA:74508 anterior medullary velum The superior medullary velum (anterior medullary velum, valve of Vieussens) is a thin, transparent of white substance, which stretches between the superior cerebellar peduncles; on the dorsal surface of its lower half the folia and lingula are prolonged. It forms, together with the superior cerebellar peduncle, the roof of the upper part of the fourth ventricle; it is narrow above, where it passes beneath the inferior colliculi, and broader below, where it is continuous with the white substance of the superior vermis. A slightly elevated ridge, the fraenulum veli, descends upon its upper part from between the inferior colliculi, and on either side of this the trochlear nerve emerges. Blood is supplied by branches from the superior cerebellar artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_medullary_velum medial longitudinal fasciculus of midbrain A medial longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. FMA:72454 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1302 UBERON:0002660 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1302-FMA_72454 midbrain medial longitudinal fasciculus A medial longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic midbrain medial longitudinal fasciculus superior frontal gyrus BTO:0004836 EFO:0001991 FMA:61857 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1303 SCTID:279166005 The superior frontal gyrus makes up about one-third of the frontal lobe of the human brain. It is bounded laterally by the superior frontal sulcus. The superior frontal gyrus, like the inferior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus, is more of a region than a true gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002661 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1303-FMA_61857 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Superior_frontal_gyrus.png/200px-Superior_frontal_gyrus.png marginal gyrus ncithesaurus:Superior_Frontal_Convolution superior frontal convolution The superior frontal gyrus makes up about one-third of the frontal lobe of the human brain. It is bounded laterally by the superior frontal sulcus. The superior frontal gyrus, like the inferior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus, is more of a region than a true gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_frontal_gyrus FMA:61857 marginal gyrus FMA:61857 superior frontal convolution medial pes lemniscus FMA:72460 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1310 UBERON:0002662 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1310-FMA_72460 superficial pes lemniscus FMA:72460 superficial pes lemniscus septal nuclear complex FMA:61845 GAID:637 MA:0002978 MESH:A.08.186.211.577.750.800 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1313 TODO - nucleus vs nuclear complex The septal nuclei are structures in the middle anteroventral cerebrum that are composed of medium-size neurons grouped into medial, lateral, and posterior groups. The septal nuclei receive reciprocal connections from the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, midbrain, habenula, cingulate gyrus, and thalamus. The septal nuclei play a role in reward and reinforcement along with the nucleus accumbens. In the 1950s, Olds &amp; Milner showed that rats with electrodes implanted in this area will self-stimulate repeatedly in order to experience a euphoric feeling (i.e. press a bar to receive electrical current that will stimulate the neurons). [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002663 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1313-FMA_61845 parolfactory nuclei septal nuclei septal nucleus MA:0002978 septal nucleus FMA:61845 parolfactory nuclei FMA:61845 septal nuclei The septal nuclei are structures in the middle anteroventral cerebrum that are composed of medium-size neurons grouped into medial, lateral, and posterior groups. The septal nuclei receive reciprocal connections from the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, midbrain, habenula, cingulate gyrus, and thalamus. The septal nuclei play a role in reward and reinforcement along with the nucleus accumbens. In the 1950s, Olds &amp; Milner showed that rats with electrodes implanted in this area will self-stimulate repeatedly in order to experience a euphoric feeling (i.e. press a bar to receive electrical current that will stimulate the neurons). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Septal_nuclei lateral part of medial mammillary nucleus FMA:62346 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1314 UBERON:0002664 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1314-FMA_62346 intercalated mammillary nucleus intermediate mammillary nucleus lateral mammillary nucleus (gagel) lateral subdivision of medial mammillary nucleus medial mammillary nucleus, lateral part FMA:62346 medial mammillary nucleus, lateral part FMA:62346 lateral subdivision of medial mammillary nucleus FMA:62346 intermediate mammillary nucleus FMA:62346 intercalated mammillary nucleus supracallosal gyrus BTO:0003738 FMA:61920 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1316 SCTID:369231001 The supracallosal gyrus (indusium griseum; gyrus epicallosus) consists of a thin layer of grey matter in contact with the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum and continuous laterally with the grey matter of the cingulate gyrus. It contains two longitudinally directed strands of fibers termed respectively the medial and lateral longitudinal striae. The supracallosal gyrus is prolonged around the splenium of the corpus callosum as a delicate lamina, the fasciola cinerea, which is continuous below with the fascia dentata hippocampi. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002665 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1316-FMA_61920 supracommissural hippocampal rudiment supracommissural hippocampus FMA:61920 supracommissural hippocampus The supracallosal gyrus (indusium griseum; gyrus epicallosus) consists of a thin layer of grey matter in contact with the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum and continuous laterally with the grey matter of the cingulate gyrus. It contains two longitudinally directed strands of fibers termed respectively the medial and lateral longitudinal striae. The supracallosal gyrus is prolonged around the splenium of the corpus callosum as a delicate lamina, the fasciola cinerea, which is continuous below with the fascia dentata hippocampi. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Supracallosal_gyrus FMA:61920 supracommissural hippocampal rudiment mesencephalic tract of trigeminal nerve FMA:72489 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1318 SCTID:369263007 UBERON:0002666 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1318-FMA_72489 mesencephalic root of v mesencephalic trigeminal tract FMA:72489 mesencephalic trigeminal tract lateral septal nucleus ABA:LS BM:Tel-Spt-SLN FMA:61878 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1321 UBERON:0002667 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1321-FMA_61878 lateral parolfactory nucleus lateral septal nucleus (cajal) lateral septum lateral septum nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1321 lateral septum nucleus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1321 lateral septal nucleus (cajal) FMA:61878 lateral parolfactory nucleus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1321 lateral septum oculomotor nerve fibers FMA:72457 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1323 UBERON:0002668 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1323-FMA_72457 central part of oculomotor nerve oculomotor nerve fibers root of oculomotor nerve todo - make subclass of root of cranial nerve FMA:72457 root of oculomotor nerve FMA:72457 oculomotor nerve fibers FMA:72457 central part of oculomotor nerve anterior horizontal limb of lateral sulcus FMA:83760 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1327 UBERON:0002669 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1327-FMA_83760 anterior branch of lateral sulcus anterior horizontal limb of lateral fissure anterior horizontal ramus of lateral fissure anterior ramus of lateral cerebral sulcus horizontal limb of lateral fissure horizontal ramus of sylvian fissure ramus anterior sulci lateralis cerebri FMA:83760 FMA:TA ramus anterior sulci lateralis cerebri FMA:83760 anterior branch of lateral sulcus FMA:83760 horizontal limb of lateral fissure FMA:83760 anterior horizontal ramus of lateral fissure FMA:83760 anterior ramus of lateral cerebral sulcus FMA:83760 anterior horizontal limb of lateral fissure anterior ascending limb of lateral sulcus FMA:83759 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1330 UBERON:0002670 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1330-FMA_83759 anterior ascending limb of lateral fissure anterior ascending ramus of lateral sulcus ascending branch of lateral sulcus ascending ramus of lateral cerebral sulcus ascending ramus of sylvian fissure middle ramus of lateral fissure ramus ascendens sulci lateralis cerebri superior branch of lateral fissure FMA:83759 ascending branch of lateral sulcus FMA:83759 anterior ascending ramus of lateral sulcus FMA:83759 ascending ramus of lateral cerebral sulcus FMA:83759 anterior ascending limb of lateral fissure FMA:83759 FMA:TA ramus ascendens sulci lateralis cerebri FMA:83759 superior branch of lateral fissure FMA:83759 middle ramus of lateral fissure pallidotegmental fasciculus FMA:72458 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1331 UBERON:0002671 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1331-FMA_72458 pallidotegmental tract FMA:72458 pallidotegmental tract anterior subcentral sulcus FMA:83765 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1332 UBERON:0002672 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1332-FMA_83765 vestibular nuclear complex ABA:VNC BM:Me-VS BTO:0004368 EV:0100254 FMA:72239 GAID:602 In TA they are grouped in both the pons and medulla; WP says the SVN is in the pons, and GO includes VNC development under pons development, but this is not supported by ABA. Todo - check with NIF MESH:A.08.186.211.132.810.428.600.800 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1337 The vestibular nuclei are the cranial nuclei for the vestibular nerve. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002673 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1337-FMA_72239 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray691.png/200px-Gray691.png nuclei vestibulares in medulla oblongata vestibular nuclei vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata vestibular nucleus FMA:72239 FMA:TA nuclei vestibulares in medulla oblongata The vestibular nuclei are the cranial nuclei for the vestibular nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vestibular_nuclei ABA ABA GO:0021750 vestibular nucleus ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA FMA:72239 vestibular nuclei FMA:72239 vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata Wikipedia:Vestibular_nuclei diagonal sulcus FMA:83758 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1344 UBERON:0002675 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1344-FMA_83758 ventral supraoptic decussation FMA:62052 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1347 The ventral supraoptic decussation is the crossover point for signals from the left and right eye, en route respectively to the right and left sides of the visual cortex. Occupying the posterior part of the commissure of the optic chiasma is a strand of fibers, the Ventral supraoptic decussation (commissure of Gudden, Gudden's inferior commissure), which is not derived from the optic nerves; it forms a connecting link between the medial geniculate bodies. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002676 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1347-FMA_62052 commissura supraoptica ventralis commissure of gudden gudden commissure gudden's commissure http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gray722.png/200px-Gray722.png supraoptic commissures, ventral ventral supra-optic commissure ventral supraoptic commissure (of meynert) ventral supraoptic decussation of gudden von Gudden's commissure FMA:62052 von Gudden's commissure FMA:62052 gudden's commissure FMA:62052 supraoptic commissures, ventral FMA:62052 FMA:TA commissura supraoptica ventralis FMA:62052 ventral supra-optic commissure The ventral supraoptic decussation is the crossover point for signals from the left and right eye, en route respectively to the right and left sides of the visual cortex. Occupying the posterior part of the commissure of the optic chiasma is a strand of fibers, the Ventral supraoptic decussation (commissure of Gudden, Gudden's inferior commissure), which is not derived from the optic nerves; it forms a connecting link between the medial geniculate bodies. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_supraoptic_decussation FMA:62052 gudden commissure regional part of medullary raphe nuclear complex A regional part of brain that is part of a medullary raphe nuclear complex [Obol]. FMA:83951 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1349 UBERON:0002677 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1349-FMA_83951 anatomical structure of brain of medullary raphe nuclear complex anatomical structure of brain of raphe nuclei of medulla anatomical structure of brain of raphe of medulla oblongata biological structure of brain of medullary raphe nuclear complex biological structure of brain of raphe nuclei of medulla biological structure of brain of raphe of medulla oblongata brain anatomical structure of medullary raphe nuclear complex brain anatomical structure of raphe nuclei of medulla brain anatomical structure of raphe of medulla oblongata brain biological structure of medullary raphe nuclear complex brain biological structure of raphe nuclei of medulla brain biological structure of raphe of medulla oblongata medullary raphe nuclear complex anatomical structure of brain medullary raphe nuclear complex biological structure of brain medullary raphe nuclear complex brain anatomical structure medullary raphe nuclear complex brain biological structure medullary raphe nuclear complex neuraxis segment medullary raphe nuclear complex regional part of brain medullary raphe nuclear complex segment medullary raphe nuclear complex segment of brain neuraxis segment of medullary raphe nuclear complex neuraxis segment of raphe nuclei of medulla neuraxis segment of raphe of medulla oblongata raphe nuclei of medulla anatomical structure of brain raphe nuclei of medulla biological structure of brain raphe nuclei of medulla brain anatomical structure raphe nuclei of medulla brain biological structure raphe nuclei of medulla neuraxis segment raphe nuclei of medulla regional part of brain raphe nuclei of medulla segment of brain raphe of medulla oblongata anatomical structure of brain raphe of medulla oblongata biological structure of brain raphe of medulla oblongata brain anatomical structure raphe of medulla oblongata brain biological structure raphe of medulla oblongata neuraxis segment raphe of medulla oblongata regional part of brain raphe of medulla oblongata segment of brain regional part of brain of medullary raphe nuclear complex regional part of brain of raphe nuclei of medulla regional part of brain of raphe of medulla oblongata segment of brain of medullary raphe nuclear complex segment of brain of raphe nuclei of medulla segment of brain of raphe of medulla oblongata segment of medullary raphe nuclear complex OBOL:automatic raphe of medulla oblongata anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of raphe nuclei of medulla OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of raphe of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of raphe nuclei of medulla OBOL:automatic medullary raphe nuclear complex brain biological structure OBOL:automatic medullary raphe nuclear complex segment of brain OBOL:automatic medullary raphe nuclear complex neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of raphe nuclei of medulla OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of medullary raphe nuclear complex OBOL:automatic raphe of medulla oblongata regional part of brain OBOL:automatic raphe of medulla oblongata brain biological structure OBOL:automatic medullary raphe nuclear complex regional part of brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of raphe of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of medullary raphe nuclear complex OBOL:automatic segment of brain of medullary raphe nuclear complex OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of medullary raphe nuclear complex OBOL:automatic raphe nuclei of medulla biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of medullary raphe nuclear complex OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of raphe nuclei of medulla OBOL:automatic segment of brain of raphe of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of raphe of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic raphe nuclei of medulla brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic raphe of medulla oblongata segment of brain OBOL:automatic raphe nuclei of medulla regional part of brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of raphe nuclei of medulla OBOL:automatic segment of brain of raphe nuclei of medulla OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of medullary raphe nuclear complex OBOL:automatic raphe nuclei of medulla anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of raphe of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic raphe nuclei of medulla neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic medullary raphe nuclear complex biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of raphe nuclei of medulla OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of medullary raphe nuclear complex OBOL:automatic medullary raphe nuclear complex anatomical structure of brain NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1349 segment of medullary raphe nuclear complex OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of raphe of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic raphe of medulla oblongata brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic medullary raphe nuclear complex brain anatomical structure FMA:83951 medullary raphe nuclear complex segment OBOL:automatic raphe nuclei of medulla brain biological structure OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of raphe of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic raphe of medulla oblongata biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic raphe of medulla oblongata neuraxis segment A regional part of brain that is part of a medullary raphe nuclear complex [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic raphe nuclei of medulla segment of brain regional part of medulla oblongata A regional part of brain that is part of a medulla oblongata [Obol]. FMA:71011 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1355 UBERON:0002678 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1355-FMA_71011 anatomical structure of brain of bulb anatomical structure of brain of medulla oblongata anatomical structure of brain of medulla oblonmgata anatomical structure of brain of metepencephalon biological structure of brain of bulb biological structure of brain of medulla oblongata biological structure of brain of medulla oblonmgata biological structure of brain of metepencephalon brain anatomical structure of bulb brain anatomical structure of medulla oblongata brain anatomical structure of medulla oblonmgata brain anatomical structure of metepencephalon brain biological structure of bulb brain biological structure of medulla oblongata brain biological structure of medulla oblonmgata brain biological structure of metepencephalon bulb anatomical structure of brain bulb biological structure of brain bulb brain anatomical structure bulb brain biological structure bulb neuraxis segment bulb regional part of brain bulb segment of brain medulla oblongata anatomical structure of brain medulla oblongata biological structure of brain medulla oblongata brain anatomical structure medulla oblongata brain biological structure medulla oblongata neuraxis segment medulla oblongata regional part of brain medulla oblongata segment of brain medulla oblonmgata anatomical structure of brain medulla oblonmgata biological structure of brain medulla oblonmgata brain anatomical structure medulla oblonmgata brain biological structure medulla oblonmgata neuraxis segment medulla oblonmgata regional part of brain medulla oblonmgata segment of brain medullary oblongata segment metepencephalon anatomical structure of brain metepencephalon biological structure of brain metepencephalon brain anatomical structure metepencephalon brain biological structure metepencephalon neuraxis segment metepencephalon regional part of brain metepencephalon segment of brain neuraxis segment of bulb neuraxis segment of medulla oblongata neuraxis segment of medulla oblonmgata neuraxis segment of metepencephalon regional part of brain of bulb regional part of brain of medulla oblongata regional part of brain of medulla oblonmgata regional part of brain of metepencephalon segment of brain of bulb segment of brain of medulla oblongata segment of brain of medulla oblonmgata segment of brain of metepencephalon segment of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata regional part of brain OBOL:automatic bulb biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of bulb OBOL:automatic bulb anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of bulb OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of bulb OBOL:automatic metepencephalon segment of brain OBOL:automatic segment of brain of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of bulb OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic bulb brain biological structure OBOL:automatic metepencephalon neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata regional part of brain OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata segment of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic metepencephalon regional part of brain OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of bulb OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic metepencephalon brain biological structure OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic segment of brain of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata segment of brain OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic bulb segment of brain FMA:71011 medullary oblongata segment OBOL:automatic segment of brain of bulb OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic metepencephalon brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic metepencephalon biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic metepencephalon anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of medulla oblongata NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1355 segment of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata brain biological structure OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic segment of brain of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic bulb neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of bulb OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata brain biological structure A regional part of brain that is part of a medulla oblongata [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic bulb regional part of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic bulb brain anatomical structure anterodorsal nucleus ABA:AD BM:Die-Th-AD FMA:62141 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1358 SCTID:279127002 UBERON:0002679 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1358-FMA_62141 anterodorsal nucleus of thalamus anterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus anterodorsal thalamic nucleus nucleus anterior dorsalis nucleus anterior dorsalis thalami nucleus anterior thalami dorsalis nucleus anterodorsalis nucleus anterodorsalis (hassler) nucleus anterodorsalis thalami nucleus anterosuperior nucleus thalamicus anterodorsalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1358 nucleus anterodorsalis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1358 nucleus anterodorsalis (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1358 nucleus anterior thalami dorsalis FMA:62141 anterodorsal nucleus of thalamus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1358 anterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1358 nucleus anterodorsalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1358 nucleus anterosuperior FMA:62141 anterodorsal thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1358 nucleus anterior dorsalis ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1358 nucleus thalamicus anterodorsalis ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1358 nucleus anterior dorsalis thalami regional part of metencephalon A regional part of brain that is part of a metencephalon [Obol]. FMA:67942 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1361 UBERON:0002680 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1361-FMA_67942 anatomical structure of brain of epencephalon-2 anatomical structure of brain of metencephalon biological structure of brain of epencephalon-2 biological structure of brain of metencephalon brain anatomical structure of epencephalon-2 brain anatomical structure of metencephalon brain biological structure of epencephalon-2 brain biological structure of metencephalon epencephalon-2 anatomical structure of brain epencephalon-2 biological structure of brain epencephalon-2 brain anatomical structure epencephalon-2 brain biological structure epencephalon-2 neuraxis segment epencephalon-2 regional part of brain epencephalon-2 segment of brain metencephalon anatomical structure of brain metencephalon biological structure of brain metencephalon brain anatomical structure metencephalon brain biological structure metencephalon neuraxis segment metencephalon regional part of brain metencephalon segment of brain metencephalon subdivision neuraxis segment of epencephalon-2 neuraxis segment of metencephalon regional part of brain of epencephalon-2 regional part of brain of metencephalon segment of brain of epencephalon-2 segment of brain of metencephalon segment of metencephalon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1361 segment of metencephalon OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of metencephalon OBOL:automatic segment of brain of epencephalon-2 OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of metencephalon OBOL:automatic metencephalon regional part of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of epencephalon-2 FMA:67942 metencephalon subdivision OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of metencephalon OBOL:automatic epencephalon-2 anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of epencephalon-2 OBOL:automatic metencephalon segment of brain A regional part of brain that is part of a metencephalon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epencephalon-2 brain biological structure OBOL:automatic epencephalon-2 biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of metencephalon OBOL:automatic epencephalon-2 regional part of brain OBOL:automatic epencephalon-2 segment of brain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of epencephalon-2 OBOL:automatic metencephalon neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic metencephalon anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of metencephalon OBOL:automatic epencephalon-2 neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic metencephalon brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic metencephalon brain biological structure OBOL:automatic epencephalon-2 brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of epencephalon-2 OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of metencephalon OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of epencephalon-2 OBOL:automatic segment of brain of metencephalon OBOL:automatic metencephalon biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of epencephalon-2 anteromedial nucleus ABA:AM BM:Die-AM FMA:62142 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1365 SCTID:279128007 UBERON:0002681 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1365-FMA_62142 anteromedial nucleus of thalamus anteromedial nucleus of the thalamus anteromedial thalamic nucleus nucleus anterior medialis nucleus anterior medialis thalami nucleus anterior thalami medialis nucleus anteromedialis nucleus anteromedialis (hassler) nucleus anteromedialis thalami nucleus thalamicus anteromedialis ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1365 nucleus anterior thalami medialis ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1365 nucleus anteromedialis thalami FMA:62142 anteromedial thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1365 nucleus anteromedialis (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1365 anteromedial nucleus of the thalamus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1365 nucleus anterior medialis thalami FMA:62142 anteromedial nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1365 nucleus anteromedialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1365 nucleus anterior medialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1365 nucleus thalamicus anteromedialis abducens nucleus ABA:VI BM:Pons-VI EV:0100266 FMA:54504 MA:0001010 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1366 SCTID:280165008 The abducens nucleus is the originating nucleus from which the abducens nerve emerges - a cranial nerve nucleus. This nucleus is located beneath the fourth ventricle in the caudal portion of the pons, medial to the sulcus limitans. The abducens nucleus along with the internal genu of the facial nerve make up the facial colliculus, a hump at the caudal end of the medial eminence on the dorsal aspect of the pons. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002682 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1366-FMA_54504 ZFA:0000713 abducens VI nucleus abducens motor nucleus abducens nerve nucleus abducent nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray696.png/200px-Gray696.png motor nucleus VI nVI ncithesaurus:Abducens_Nucleus nucleus nervi abducentis nucleus of abducens nerve nucleus of abducens nerve (VI) part of medulla oblongata in ABA and ZFA; part of pons in MA and pontine tegmentum in NIF; note that pons/medulla are spatially disjoint in ABA. sixth cranial nerve nucleus FMA:54504 sixth cranial nerve nucleus ABA ABA ZFA:0000713 nVI FMA:54504 nucleus of abducens nerve (VI) ABA ABA ABA MA:0001010 abducens VI nucleus FMA ABA FMA:54504 abducens nerve nucleus ZFA:0000713 motor nucleus VI ZFA:0000713 abducens motor nucleus The abducens nucleus is the originating nucleus from which the abducens nerve emerges - a cranial nerve nucleus. This nucleus is located beneath the fourth ventricle in the caudal portion of the pons, medial to the sulcus limitans. The abducens nucleus along with the internal genu of the facial nerve make up the facial colliculus, a hump at the caudal end of the medial eminence on the dorsal aspect of the pons. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Abducens_nucleus FMA:54504 abducent nucleus ABA FMA:54504 FMA:TA nucleus nervi abducentis ABA GO MA NIF ZFA FMA:54504 nucleus of abducens nerve rhinal sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-RS FMA:83746 In the human brain, the rhinencephalon appears as a longitudinal elevation, with a corresponding internal furrow, on the under surface of the hemisphere close to the lamina terminalis; it is separated from the lateral surface of the hemisphere by a furrow, the external rhinal fissure (or rhinal sulcus), and is continuous behind with that part of the hemisphere, which will ultimately form the anterior end of the temporal lobe. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1368 SCTID:279357002 UBERON:0002683 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1368-FMA_83746 fissura rhinalis rhinal fissuer (turner, rezius) rhinal fissure sulcus rhinalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1368 sulcus rhinalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1368 rhinal fissuer (turner, rezius) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1368 fissura rhinalis FMA:83746 rhinal fissure In the human brain, the rhinencephalon appears as a longitudinal elevation, with a corresponding internal furrow, on the under surface of the hemisphere close to the lamina terminalis; it is separated from the lateral surface of the hemisphere by a furrow, the external rhinal fissure (or rhinal sulcus), and is continuous behind with that part of the hemisphere, which will ultimately form the anterior end of the temporal lobe. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Rhinal_sulcus nucleus raphe obscurus ABA:RO FMA:72585 MA:0002981 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1369 The raphe obscurus projects to the cerebellar lobes VI and VII and to crus II along with the nucleus raphe pontis . This so called obscure nucleus has also been implicated in the modulation of the hypoglossal nerve. It has been observed that the ablation of this nucleus causes a change in the firing pattern in the XII nerve . In addition, the raphe obscurus mediates expiration via the inhibitory effect of serotonin and depresses periodic synaptic potentials . It has also been shown that this nucleus stimulates gastrointestinal motor function; microinjections of 5-HT into the n.r. obscurus increase gastric movement . [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002684 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1369-FMA_72585 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gray694.png/200px-Gray694.png nucleus raphes obscurus obscurus raphe nucleus raphe obscurus nucleus ABA The raphe obscurus projects to the cerebellar lobes VI and VII and to crus II along with the nucleus raphe pontis . This so called obscure nucleus has also been implicated in the modulation of the hypoglossal nerve. It has been observed that the ablation of this nucleus causes a change in the firing pattern in the XII nerve . In addition, the raphe obscurus mediates expiration via the inhibitory effect of serotonin and depresses periodic synaptic potentials . It has also been shown that this nucleus stimulates gastrointestinal motor function; microinjections of 5-HT into the n.r. obscurus increase gastric movement . [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nucleus_raphe_obscurus ABA FMA:72585 raphe obscurus nucleus FMA FMA:72585 obscurus raphe nucleus FMA:72585 FMA:TA nucleus raphes obscurus anteroventral nucleus ABA:AV BM:Die-AV EV:0100199 FMA:62143 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1372 SCTID:279130009 UBERON:0002685 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1372-FMA_62143 anterior ventral nucleus of thalamus anteroprincipal thalamic nucleus anteroventral nucleus of thalamus anteroventral nucleus of the thalamus anteroventral thalamic nucleus nucleus anterior thalami ventralis nucleus anterior ventralis nucleus anteroinferior nucleus anteroventralis nucleus anteroventralis thalami nucleus thalamicus anteroprincipalis nucleus thalamicus anteroventralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1372 nucleus anteroinferior FMA:62143 anteroprincipal thalamic nucleus FMA:62143 anteroventral thalamic nucleus FMA:62143 anterior ventral nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1372 nucleus thalamicus anteroprincipalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1372 nucleus anterior ventralis ABA ABA FMA:62143 anteroventral nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1372 nucleus anteroventralis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1372 nucleus anteroventralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1372 anteroventral nucleus of the thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1372 nucleus thalamicus anteroventralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1372 nucleus anterior thalami ventralis ABA angular gyrus FMA:61898 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1376 SCTID:279186009 The angular gyrus is a region of the brain in the parietal lobe, that lies near the superior edge of the temporal lobe, and immediately posterior to the supramarginal gyrus; it is involved in a number of processes related to language, mathematics and cognition. It is Brodmann area 39 of the human brain. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002686 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1376-FMA_61898 middle part of inferior parietal lobule ncithesaurus:Angular_Gyrus preoccipital gyrus FMA:61898 preoccipital gyrus The angular gyrus is a region of the brain in the parietal lobe, that lies near the superior edge of the temporal lobe, and immediately posterior to the supramarginal gyrus; it is involved in a number of processes related to language, mathematics and cognition. It is Brodmann area 39 of the human brain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Angular_gyrus FMA:61898 middle part of inferior parietal lobule area x FMA:62198 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1379 UBERON:0002687 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1379-FMA_62198 anteromedial part of ventral lateral posterior nucleus (jones) area x of olszewski nucleus lateralis intermedius mediodorsalis situs ventralis medialis nucleus ventralis oralis, pars posterior (dewulf) nucleus ventrooralis internus (hassler) nucleus ventrooralis internus, superior part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1379 area x of olszewski NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1379 nucleus ventrooralis internus (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1379 nucleus ventrooralis internus, superior part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1379 nucleus lateralis intermedius mediodorsalis situs ventralis medialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1379 nucleus ventralis oralis, pars posterior (dewulf) supramarginal gyrus Brodmann area 40 Brodmann area 40, or BA40, is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain. The inferior part of BA40 is in the area of the supramarginal gyrus, which lies at the posterior end of the lateral fissure, in the inferior lateral part of the parietal lobe. It is bounded approximately by the intraparietal sulcus, the inferior postcentral sulcus, the posterior subcentral sulcus and the lateral sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded caudally by the angular area 39 (H), rostrally and dorsally by the caudal postcentral area 2, and ventrally by the subcentral area 43 and the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909). Cytoarchitectonically defined subregions of rostral BA40/the supramarginal gyrus are PF, PFcm, PFm, PFop, and PFt. Area PF is the homologue to macaque area PF, part of the mirror neuron system, and active in humans during imitation. The supramarginal gyrus part of Brodmann area 40 is the region in the inferior parietal lobe that is involved in reading both in regards to meaning and phonology. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:61897 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1381 SCTID:279185008 UBERON:0002688 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1381-FMA_61897 anterior part of inferior parietal lobule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gehirn%2C_lateral_-_Hauptgyri_beschriftet.svg/200px-Gehirn%2C_lateral_-_Hauptgyri_beschriftet.svg.png inferior parietal lobule (krieg) ncithesaurus:Supramarginal_Gyrus FMA:61897 anterior part of inferior parietal lobule Brodmann area 40, or BA40, is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain. The inferior part of BA40 is in the area of the supramarginal gyrus, which lies at the posterior end of the lateral fissure, in the inferior lateral part of the parietal lobe. It is bounded approximately by the intraparietal sulcus, the inferior postcentral sulcus, the posterior subcentral sulcus and the lateral sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded caudally by the angular area 39 (H), rostrally and dorsally by the caudal postcentral area 2, and ventrally by the subcentral area 43 and the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909). Cytoarchitectonically defined subregions of rostral BA40/the supramarginal gyrus are PF, PFcm, PFm, PFop, and PFt. Area PF is the homologue to macaque area PF, part of the mirror neuron system, and active in humans during imitation. The supramarginal gyrus part of Brodmann area 40 is the region in the inferior parietal lobe that is involved in reading both in regards to meaning and phonology. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Supramarginal_gyrus Brodmann area 40 Wikipedia:Supramarginal_gyrus supraoptic crest ABA:OV FMA:62315 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1400 UBERON:0002689 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1400-FMA_62315 organum vasculosum laminae terminalis prechiasmatic gland vascular organ of lamina terminalis ABA ABA FMA:62315 vascular organ of lamina terminalis ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1400 prechiasmatic gland FMA:62315 FMA:TA organum vasculosum laminae terminalis ABA ABA anteroventral periventricular nucleus ABA:AVPV FMA:62314 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1401 UBERON:0002690 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1401-FMA_62314 ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ventral tegmental area ABA:VTA BM:MB-VTA EFO:0001935 FMA:72438 GAID:587 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.659.822.820 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1415 The ventral tegmentum (tegmentum is Latin for covering), better known as the ventral tegmental area (VTA), is a group of neurons located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain. The VTA, the origin of dopaminergic cell bodies that comprise the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, is widely implicated in the drug and natural reward circuitry of the brain, cognition, motivation, drug addiction, and several psychiatric disorders. The VTA contains neurons that project to numerous areas of the brain, from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to the caudal brainstem and everywhere in between. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002691 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1415-FMA_72438 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gray712.png/200px-Gray712.png ventral tegmental area of tsai ventral tegmental nucleus (tsai) ventral tegmental nucleus of tsai ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA The ventral tegmentum (tegmentum is Latin for covering), better known as the ventral tegmental area (VTA), is a group of neurons located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain. The VTA, the origin of dopaminergic cell bodies that comprise the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, is widely implicated in the drug and natural reward circuitry of the brain, cognition, motivation, drug addiction, and several psychiatric disorders. The VTA contains neurons that project to numerous areas of the brain, from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to the caudal brainstem and everywhere in between. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_tegmental_area ABA ABA ABA ABA medullary raphe nuclear complex FMA:68874 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1420 SCTID:362420006 UBERON:0002692 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1420-FMA_68874 raphe medullae oblongatae raphe nuclei of medulla raphe of medulla oblongata Wikipedia FMA:68874 raphe nuclei of medulla FMA:68874 FMA:TA raphe medullae oblongatae FMA:68874 raphe of medulla oblongata FMA occipitotemporal sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-OTS FMA:74518 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1422 SCTID:369220009 UBERON:0002693 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1422-FMA_74518 inferior temporal fissure inferior temporal fissure (crosby) inferior temporal sulcus (roberts) inferior temporal sulcus (szikla) inferior temporal sulcus-2 lateral occipitotemporal sulcus occipito-temporal sulcus third temporal sulcus FMA:74518 third temporal sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1422 lateral occipitotemporal sulcus FMA:74518 inferior temporal sulcus-2 FMA:74518 occipito-temporal sulcus FMA:74518 inferior temporal fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1422 inferior temporal fissure (crosby) anterior hypothalamic commissure FMA:62053 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1424 UBERON:0002694 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1424-FMA_62053 anterior hypothalamic commissure (ganser) anterior hypothalamic decussation of ganser parieto-occipital sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-POS FMA:83754 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1428 Only a small part of the Parietooccipital Fissure (or parieto-occipital sulcus) is seen on the lateral surface of the hemisphere, its chief part being on the medial surface. The lateral part of the parietooccipital fissure (Fig. 726) is situated about 5 cm. in front of the occipital pole of the hemisphere, and measures about 1.25 cm. in length. The medial part of the parietooccipital fissure (Fig. 727) runs downward and forward as a deep cleft on the medial surface of the hemisphere, and joins the calcarine fissure below and behind the posterior end of the corpus callosum. In most cases it contains a submerged gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. OpenCyc:Mx4rv7l_DJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279354009 UBERON:0002695 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1428-FMA_83754 fissura parieto-occipitalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Gray726_parieto-occipital_sulcus.png/200px-Gray726_parieto-occipital_sulcus.png ncithesaurus:Parieto-occipital_Fissure parieto-occipital fissure parieto-occipital incisure parietooccipital sulcus sulcus parieto-occipitalis sulcus parieto-occipitalis medialis sulcus parietoccipitalis sulcus parietooccipitalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1428 sulcus parietooccipitalis FMA:83754 parietooccipital sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1428 sulcus parieto-occipitalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1428 sulcus parietoccipitalis FMA:83754 parieto-occipital incisure Only a small part of the Parietooccipital Fissure (or parieto-occipital sulcus) is seen on the lateral surface of the hemisphere, its chief part being on the medial surface. The lateral part of the parietooccipital fissure (Fig. 726) is situated about 5 cm. in front of the occipital pole of the hemisphere, and measures about 1.25 cm. in length. The medial part of the parietooccipital fissure (Fig. 727) runs downward and forward as a deep cleft on the medial surface of the hemisphere, and joins the calcarine fissure below and behind the posterior end of the corpus callosum. In most cases it contains a submerged gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Parieto-occipital_sulcus FMA:83754 parieto-occipital fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1428 fissura parieto-occipitalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1428 sulcus parieto-occipitalis medialis cuneiform nucleus ABA:CUN BM:MB-CNF FMA:72427 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1430 UBERON:0002696 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1430-FMA_72427 parabigeminal area (mai) ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA dorsal supraoptic decussation FMA:62051 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1433 UBERON:0002697 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1433-FMA_62051 commissura supraoptica dorsalis commissure of meynert dorsal supra-optic commissure dorsal supraoptic commissure dorsal supraoptic commissure (of ganser) dorsal supraoptic decussation (of ganser) dorsal supraoptic decussation (of meynert) dorsal supraoptic decussation of meynert ganser's commissure meynert's commissure supraoptic commissure of meynert supraoptic commissures, dorsal FMA:62051 dorsal supra-optic commissure FMA:62051 FMA:TA commissura supraoptica dorsalis FMA:62051 meynert's commissure FMA:62051 dorsal supraoptic commissure FMA:62051 supraoptic commissures, dorsal FMA:62051 ganser's commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1433 dorsal supraoptic decussation (of meynert) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1433 dorsal supraoptic decussation (of ganser) preoccipital notch FMA:83739 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1436 SCTID:369229005 UBERON:0002698 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1436-FMA_83739 incisura parieto-occipitalis incisura praeoccipitalis incisura preoccipitalis occipital notch preoccipital incisura preoccipital incisure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1436 incisura parieto-occipitalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1436 incisura preoccipitalis FMA:83739 preoccipital incisure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1436 incisura praeoccipitalis FMA:83739 occipital notch FMA:83739 preoccipital incisura supraopticohypophysial tract FMA:62054 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1440 UBERON:0002699 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1440-FMA_62054 supra-opticohypophysial tract supraopticohypophyseal tract tractus supraopticohypophysialis FMA:62054 supra-opticohypophysial tract FMA:62054 supraopticohypophyseal tract FMA:62054 FMA:TA tractus supraopticohypophysialis subcuneiform nucleus FMA:72428 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1441 UBERON:0002700 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1441-FMA_72428 subcuneiform area of midbrain FMA:72428 subcuneiform area of midbrain anterior median oculomotor nucleus FMA:72423 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1445 UBERON:0002701 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1445-FMA_72423 anterior median nucleus of oculomotor nerve FMA:72423 anterior median nucleus of oculomotor nerve middle frontal gyrus BTO:0004834 FMA:61859 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1451 SCTID:362332009 The middle frontal gyrus makes up about one-third of the frontal lobe of the human brain. (A gyrus is one of the prominent 'bumps' or 'ridges' on the surface of the human brain. ) The middle frontal gyrus, like the inferior frontal gyrus and the superior frontal gyrus, is more of a region than a true gyrus. The borders of the middle frontal gyrus are the inferior frontal sulcus below; the superior frontal sulcus above; and the precentral sulcus behind. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002702 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1451-FMA_61859 gyrus frontalis medialis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Middle_frontal_gyrus.png/200px-Middle_frontal_gyrus.png intermediate frontal gyrus medial frontal gyrus ncithesaurus:Middle_Frontal_Gyrus The middle frontal gyrus makes up about one-third of the frontal lobe of the human brain. (A gyrus is one of the prominent 'bumps' or 'ridges' on the surface of the human brain. ) The middle frontal gyrus, like the inferior frontal gyrus and the superior frontal gyrus, is more of a region than a true gyrus. The borders of the middle frontal gyrus are the inferior frontal sulcus below; the superior frontal sulcus above; and the precentral sulcus behind. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Middle_frontal_gyrus FMA:61859 intermediate frontal gyrus FMA:61859 medial frontal gyrus FMA:61859 FMA:TA gyrus frontalis medialis precentral gyrus EFO:0001373 FMA:61894 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1455 The primary motor cortex (or M1) is a brain region that in humans is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe. It works in association with pre-motor areas to plan and execute movements. M1 contains large neurons known as Betz cells which send long axons down the spinal cord to synapse onto alpha motor neurons which connect to the muscles. Pre-motor areas are involved in planning actions (in concert with the basal ganglia) and refining movements based upon sensory input (this requires the cerebellum). [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002703 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1455-FMA_61894 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ba4.png/200px-Ba4.png ncithesaurus:Precentral_Gyrus precentral convolution prerolandic gyrus The primary motor cortex (or M1) is a brain region that in humans is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe. It works in association with pre-motor areas to plan and execute movements. M1 contains large neurons known as Betz cells which send long axons down the spinal cord to synapse onto alpha motor neurons which connect to the muscles. Pre-motor areas are involved in planning actions (in concert with the basal ganglia) and refining movements based upon sensory input (this requires the cerebellum). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Precentral_gyrus FMA:61894 precentral convolution FMA:61894 prerolandic gyrus metathalamus ABA:GENd EV:0100217 FMA:62023 MA:0000868 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1461 SCTID:361550004 The metathalamus is a composite structure of the thalamus, consisting of the medial geniculate nucleus and the lateral geniculate nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002704 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1461-FMA_62023 geniculate group of the dorsal thalamus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png note we follow FMA in making this a subtype of nucleus, but in fact it is a group containing two nuclei nuclei metathalami ABA ABA FMA:62023 geniculate group of the dorsal thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1461 nuclei metathalami The metathalamus is a composite structure of the thalamus, consisting of the medial geniculate nucleus and the lateral geniculate nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Metathalamus MA midline nuclear group BTO:0002454 FMA:62020 MA:0000864 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1462 SCTID:279163002 The midline nuclear group (or midline thalamic nuclei) a region of the thalamus consisting of the following nuclei: paraventricular nucleus of thalamus (nucleus paraventricularis thalami) - not to be confused with paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus paratenial nucleus (nucleus parataenialis) reuniens nucleus (nucleus reuniens) rhomboidal nucleus (nucleus commissuralis rhomboidalis) subfascicular nucleus (nucleus subfascicularis) [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002705 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1462-FMA_62020 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png median nuclei of thalamus midline nuclear group midline nuclear group of thalamus midline nuclei of thalamus midline thalamic group nuclei mediani (thalami) nuclei mediani thalami periventricular nuclei of thalamus MA FMA:62020 midline nuclear group FMA:62020 FMA:TA nuclei mediani thalami FMA:62020 midline nuclei of thalamus The midline nuclear group (or midline thalamic nuclei) a region of the thalamus consisting of the following nuclei: paraventricular nucleus of thalamus (nucleus paraventricularis thalami) - not to be confused with paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus paratenial nucleus (nucleus parataenialis) reuniens nucleus (nucleus reuniens) rhomboidal nucleus (nucleus commissuralis rhomboidalis) subfascicular nucleus (nucleus subfascicularis) [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Midline_nuclear_group FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1462 nuclei mediani (thalami) FMA:62020 median nuclei of thalamus FMA:62020 midline nuclear group of thalamus MA:0000864 midline thalamic group FMA:62020 periventricular nuclei of thalamus posterior nucleus of hypothalamus ABA:PH BM:Die-Hy-HPA BTO:0002461 EV:0100235 FMA:62350 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1463 SCTID:362385002 UBERON:0002706 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1463-FMA_62350 area hypothalamica posterior nucleus posterior hypothalami posterior hypothalamic area posterior hypothalamic nucleus FMA:62350 FMA:TA area hypothalamica posterior ABA BTO:0002461 nucleus posterior hypothalami ABA ABA FMA:62350 posterior hypothalamic area ABA FMA:62350 posterior hypothalamic nucleus pyramidal tract BM:Me-PyT FMA:72634 GAID:702 MESH:A.08.186.854.633 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1464 SCTID:362325000 The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord. The corticospinal tract mostly contains motor axons. It actually consists of two separate tracts in the spinal cord: the lateral corticospinal tract and the medial corticospinal tract. An understanding of these tracts leads to an understanding of why for the most part, one side of the body is controlled by the opposite side of the brain. Also the corticobulbar tract is considered to be a pyramidal tract. The corticobulbar tract carries signals that control motor neurons located in cranial nerve brain nuclei rather than motor neurons located in the spinal cord. The neurons of the pyramidal tracts are pyramidal neurons, but that is not how the pyramidal tract got its name, as most of the pyramidal neurons send their axons elsewhere. Instead, it got its name from the shape of the corticospinal axon tracts: when the pyramidal tract passes the medulla, it forms a dense bundle of nerve fibres that is shaped somewhat like a pyramid. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002707 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1464-FMA_72634 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray684.png/200px-Gray684.png The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord. The corticospinal tract mostly contains motor axons. It actually consists of two separate tracts in the spinal cord: the lateral corticospinal tract and the medial corticospinal tract. An understanding of these tracts leads to an understanding of why for the most part, one side of the body is controlled by the opposite side of the brain. Also the corticobulbar tract is considered to be a pyramidal tract. The corticobulbar tract carries signals that control motor neurons located in cranial nerve brain nuclei rather than motor neurons located in the spinal cord. The neurons of the pyramidal tracts are pyramidal neurons, but that is not how the pyramidal tract got its name, as most of the pyramidal neurons send their axons elsewhere. Instead, it got its name from the shape of the corticospinal axon tracts: when the pyramidal tract passes the medulla, it forms a dense bundle of nerve fibres that is shaped somewhat like a pyramid. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pyramidal_tract posterior periventricular nucleus BTO:0002479 FMA:62349 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1466 UBERON:0002708 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1466-FMA_62349 nucleus periventricularis posterior periventricular nucleus, posterior subdivision posterior periventricular hypothalamic nucleus posterior periventricular nucleus posterior periventricular nucleus of hypothalamus FMA:62349 posterior periventricular nucleus FMA:62349 periventricular nucleus, posterior subdivision FMA:62349 posterior periventricular nucleus of hypothalamus BTO:0002479 nucleus periventricularis posterior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1466 posterior periventricular hypothalamic nucleus posterior nuclear complex ABA:PO BTO:0002462 FMA:62024 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1467 SCTID:424395006 UBERON:0002709 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1467-FMA_62024 ZFA:0000325 nuclei posteriores thalami posterior complex of thalamus posterior nuclear complex posterior nuclear complex of thalamus posterior nuclear group of thalamus posterior thalamic nuclear group posterior thalamic nucleus FMA:62024 posterior thalamic nuclear group BTO:0002462 posterior thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1467 nuclei posteriores thalami FMA:62024 posterior nuclear complex FMA:62024 posterior nuclear group of thalamus FMA:62024 posterior complex of thalamus FMA:62024 posterior nuclear complex of thalamus ABA ABA cingulate sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-CGS FMA:83748 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1468 SCTID:279350000 The cingulate sulcus is a sulcus (brain fold) on the medial wall of the cerebral cortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are separated by the cingulate sulcus from the cingulate gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002710 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1468-FMA_83748 calloso-marginal sulcus callosomarginal fissure callosomarginal sulcus cingulate fissure http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gray727_cingulate_sulcus.svg/200px-Gray727_cingulate_sulcus.svg.png sulcus callosomarginalis sulcus cingulatus sulcus cinguli FMA:83748 calloso-marginal sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1468 sulcus cinguli FMA:83748 callosomarginal fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1468 sulcus cingulatus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1468 sulcus callosomarginalis The cingulate sulcus is a sulcus (brain fold) on the medial wall of the cerebral cortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are separated by the cingulate sulcus from the cingulate gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cingulate_sulcus FMA:83748 cingulate fissure FMA:83748 callosomarginal sulcus nucleus of posterior commissure ABA:NPC BM:NPC FMA:68463 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1470 UBERON:0002711 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1470-FMA_68463 posterior commissure nucleus ABA ABA ABA FMA:68463 posterior commissure nucleus premammillary nucleus FMA:62348 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1473 UBERON:0002712 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1473-FMA_62348 premammillary nuclei FMA:62348 premammillary nuclei FMA FMA circular sulcus of insula A marginal sulcus that is part of a insula [Obol]. FMA:83753 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1475 UBERON:0002713 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1475-FMA_83753 central lobe marginal branch of cingulate sulcus central lobe marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus central lobe marginal sulcus circular fissure circular sulcus (of reil) circuminsular sulcus ciruclar insular sulcus cortex of island marginal branch of cingulate sulcus cortex of island marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus cortex of island marginal sulcus insula lobule marginal branch of cingulate sulcus insula lobule marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus insula lobule marginal sulcus insula marginal branch of cingulate sulcus insula marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus insula marginal sulcus insular cortex marginal branch of cingulate sulcus insular cortex marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus insular cortex marginal sulcus insular lobe marginal branch of cingulate sulcus insular lobe marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus insular lobe marginal sulcus insular region marginal branch of cingulate sulcus insular region marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus insular region marginal sulcus island of reil marginal branch of cingulate sulcus island of reil marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus island of reil marginal sulcus limiting fissure marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of central lobe marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of cortex of island marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of insula marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of insula lobule marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of insular cortex marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of insular lobe marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of insular region marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of island of reil marginal insular sulcus marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of central lobe marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of cortex of island marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of insula marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of insula lobule marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of insular cortex marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of insular lobe marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of insular region marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of island of reil marginal sulcus of central lobe marginal sulcus of cortex of island marginal sulcus of insula marginal sulcus of insula lobule marginal sulcus of insular cortex marginal sulcus of insular lobe marginal sulcus of insular region marginal sulcus of island of reil sulcus circularis insulae sulcus marginalis insulae FMA:83753 limiting fissure FMA:83753 circular fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1475 sulcus circularis insulae OBOL:automatic insular cortex marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic central lobe marginal sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of insula OBOL:automatic marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of insular cortex OBOL:automatic marginal sulcus of cortex of island OBOL:automatic marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of central lobe OBOL:automatic insular region marginal branch of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic insular lobe marginal sulcus OBOL:automatic central lobe marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of cortex of island OBOL:automatic insula lobule marginal sulcus OBOL:automatic insular cortex marginal sulcus OBOL:automatic insula marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic cortex of island marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1475 marginal insular sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of island of reil NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1475 ciruclar insular sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of insular cortex OBOL:automatic marginal sulcus of insular lobe OBOL:automatic central lobe marginal branch of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of central lobe NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1475 sulcus marginalis insulae OBOL:automatic cortex of island marginal sulcus OBOL:automatic insular lobe marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus FMA:83753 marginal sulcus of insula OBOL:automatic island of reil marginal branch of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic cortex of island marginal branch of cingulate sulcus A marginal sulcus that is part of a insula [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic insular cortex marginal branch of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic insula lobule marginal branch of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic insular region marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of insula lobule OBOL:automatic insular region marginal sulcus FMA:83753 circuminsular sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal sulcus of insular cortex OBOL:automatic marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of insula OBOL:automatic marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of insular lobe OBOL:automatic insula marginal branch of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of insular region OBOL:automatic marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of insular lobe OBOL:automatic insula marginal sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of insula lobule OBOL:automatic marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of cortex of island OBOL:automatic marginal sulcus of island of reil OBOL:automatic insula lobule marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal sulcus of insula lobule OBOL:automatic marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of island of reil OBOL:automatic insular lobe marginal branch of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal sulcus of central lobe OBOL:automatic marginal sulcus of insular region OBOL:automatic island of reil marginal sulcus OBOL:automatic island of reil marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of insular region rubrospinal tract FMA:72640 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1476 SCTID:369264001 UBERON:0002714 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1476-FMA_72640 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg.png long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the red nucleus of the midbrain towards target cells in the spinal cord[GO]. monakow's tract rubrospinal tract (monakow) FMA:72640 monakow's tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1476 rubrospinal tract (monakow) Wikipedia:Rubrospinal_tract long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the red nucleus of the midbrain towards target cells in the spinal cord[GO]. spinal trigeminal tract of medulla FMA:72625 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1477 UBERON:0002715 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1477-FMA_72625 collateral sulcus FMA:83751 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1480 SCTID:279356006 The collateral fissure (or sulcus) is on the tentorial surface of the hemisphere and extends from near the occipital pole to within a short distance of the temporal pole. Behind, it lies below and lateral to the calcarine fissure, from which it is separated by the lingual gyrus; in front, it is situated between the hippocampal gyrus and the anterior part of the fusiform gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002716 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1480-FMA_83751 collateral fissure http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gray738.png/200px-Gray738.png ncithesaurus:Collateral_Fissure sulcus collateralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1480 sulcus collateralis FMA:83751 collateral fissure The collateral fissure (or sulcus) is on the tentorial surface of the hemisphere and extends from near the occipital pole to within a short distance of the temporal pole. Behind, it lies below and lateral to the calcarine fissure, from which it is separated by the lingual gyrus; in front, it is situated between the hippocampal gyrus and the anterior part of the fusiform gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Collateral_fissure rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus FMA:72433 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1481 The rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF) is a portion of the medial longitudinal fasciculus which controls vertical gaze. They project to the vestibular nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002717 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1481-FMA_72433 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gray710.png/200px-Gray710.png rostral interstitial nucleus of mlf The rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF) is a portion of the medial longitudinal fasciculus which controls vertical gaze. They project to the vestibular nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Rostral_interstitial_nucleus_of_medial_longitudinal_fasciculus solitary tract BM:Me-ST FMA:72619 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1483 The solitary tract is a compact fiber bundle that extends longitudinally through the posterolateral region of the medulla. The solitary tract is surrounded by the nucleus of the solitary tract, and descends to the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002718 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1483-FMA_72619 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gray695.png/200px-Gray695.png respiratory bundle of Gierke The solitary tract is a compact fiber bundle that extends longitudinally through the posterolateral region of the medulla. The solitary tract is surrounded by the nucleus of the solitary tract, and descends to the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Solitary_tract spino-olivary tract FMA:72643 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1484 SCTID:362607001 The spino-olivary tract is located in the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord. This tract carries proprioception information from muscles and tendons as well as cutaneous impulses to the olivary nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002719 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1484-FMA_72643 helweg's tract Wikipedia FMA:72643 helweg's tract The spino-olivary tract is located in the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord. This tract carries proprioception information from muscles and tendons as well as cutaneous impulses to the olivary nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Spino-olivary_tract mammillary peduncle FMA:62061 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1486 SCTID:369146004 UBERON:0002720 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1486-FMA_62061 peduncle of mammillary body FMA:62061 peduncle of mammillary body lateral sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-LS FMA:77801 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1487 The lateral sulcus (also called Sylvian fissure or lateral fissure) is one of the most prominent structures of the human brain. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002721 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1487-FMA_77801 fissura lateralis fissura lateralis cerebri fissura lateralis cerebri (sylvii) fissura transversa cerebri fissure of sylvius lateral cerebral fissure lateral cerebral sulcus lateral fissure lateral fissure of sylvius ncithesaurus:Fissure_of_Sylvius sulcus lateralis sulcus lateralis cerebri sylvian fissure transverse cerebral fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1487 sylvian fissure FMA:77801 lateral cerebral sulcus FMA:77801 FMA:TA sulcus lateralis cerebri FMA:77801 transverse cerebral fissure FMA:77801 lateral fissure The lateral sulcus (also called Sylvian fissure or lateral fissure) is one of the most prominent structures of the human brain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_sulcus FMA:77801 FMA:TA fissura transversa cerebri NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1487 fissura lateralis cerebri (sylvii) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1487 sulcus lateralis FMA:77801 lateral cerebral fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1487 fissura lateralis cerebri NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1487 fissura lateralis trochlear nucleus ABA:IV BM:MB-IV EV:0100251 FMA:54518 MA:0001075 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1488 SCTID:280163001 The nucleus of the trochlear nerve is located in the midbrain, at the level of the inferior colliculus. It is a motor nucleus, so located near the midline. Oddly, fibers from the trochlear nucleus cross over in the midbrain at the superior medullary velum and exit posteriorly, (this is the only cranial nerve to do so). The nerve then goes around the midbrain, and is visible coming out the sides. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002722 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1488-FMA_54518 ZFA:0000450 fourth cranial nerve nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Drn.png/200px-Drn.png motor nucleus IV nIV nucleus nervi trochlearis nucleus of trochlear nerve trochlear IV nucleus trochlear motor nucleus ZFA:0000450 nIV ABA ABA FMA:54518 FMA:TA nucleus nervi trochlearis ABA MA:0001075 trochlear IV nucleus ABA FMA:54518 fourth cranial nerve nucleus ZFA:0000450 motor nucleus IV FMA:54518 nucleus of trochlear nerve ZFA:0000450 trochlear motor nucleus ABA ABA ABA The nucleus of the trochlear nerve is located in the midbrain, at the level of the inferior colliculus. It is a motor nucleus, so located near the midline. Oddly, fibers from the trochlear nucleus cross over in the midbrain at the superior medullary velum and exit posteriorly, (this is the only cranial nerve to do so). The nerve then goes around the midbrain, and is visible coming out the sides. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Trochlear_nucleus ABA ABA ABA mammillary princeps fasciculus FMA:62057 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1492 UBERON:0002723 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1492-FMA_62057 principal mammillary fasciculus principal mammillary tract principle mamillary fasciculus FMA:62057 principal mammillary fasciculus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1492 principal mammillary tract FMA:62057 principle mamillary fasciculus limen of insula FMA:75266 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1493 SCTID:369215009 UBERON:0002724 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1493-FMA_75266 angulus gyri olfactorii lateralis gyrus ambiens (noback) insula limen limen insulae FMA:75266 insula limen NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1493 limen insulae FMA:75266 angulus gyri olfactorii lateralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1493 gyrus ambiens (noback) mammillotegmental fasciculus FMA:62058 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1497 SCTID:369140005 UBERON:0002725 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1497-FMA_62058 gudden tract mammillotegmental tract mammillotegmental tract of hypothalamus von Gudden's tract FMA:62058 mammillotegmental tract FMA:62058 gudden tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1497 mammillotegmental tract of hypothalamus FMA:62058 von Gudden's tract cervical spinal cord FMA:71166 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1499 SCTID:180960003 UBERON:0002726 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1499-FMA_71166 cervical segment of spinal cord cervical segments of spinal cord [1-8] cervical spinal cord ncithesaurus:Cervical_Spinal_Cord segmenta cervicalia medullae spinalis [1-8 FMA:71166 cervical spinal cord FMA:71166 cervical segment of spinal cord FMA:71166 cervical segments of spinal cord [1-8] FMA:71166 FMA:TA segmenta cervicalia medullae spinalis [1-8 medial medullary lamina BTO:0002251 FMA:62470 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1501 SCTID:369205003 UBERON:0002727 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1501-FMA_62470 inner medullary lamina internal medullary lamina of corpus striatum internal medullary lamina of globus pallidus internal medullary lamina of lentiform nucleus lamina medullaris interna corporis striati lamina medullaris medialis corporis striati medial medullary lamina medial medullary lamina of corpus striatum medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus medial medullary lamina of pallidum medial medullary stria FMA:62470 internal medullary lamina of corpus striatum FMA:62470 medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus FMA:62470 medial medullary lamina FMA:62470 FMA:TA lamina medullaris interna corporis striati FMA:62470 internal medullary lamina of lentiform nucleus FMA:62470 medial medullary lamina of pallidum FMA:62470 medial medullary stria FMA:62470 inner medullary lamina FMA:62470 FMA:TA lamina medullaris medialis corporis striati FMA:62470 medial medullary lamina of corpus striatum FMA:62470 internal medullary lamina of globus pallidus entorhinal area ABA:ENT BM:Tel-Cx-ENT BTO:0002650 BTO:0004345 Brodmann's area 28 Component of the temporal lobe on the mesial surface. The rostral and caudal boundaries of the entorhinal cortex are the rostral end of the collateral sulcus and the caudal end of the amygdala respectively. The medial boundary is the medial aspect of the temporal lobe and the lateral boundary is the collateral sulcus. (DK). EFO:0001920 FMA:72356 GAID:636 MESH:A.08.186.211.577.710.225 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1508 SCTID:369099007 UBERON:0002728 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1508-FMA_72356 entorhinal cortex todo - check area vs complex. ABA:ENT this is part of the hippocampal formation via retrohippocampal region ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1508 entorhinal cortex Component of the temporal lobe on the mesial surface. The rostral and caudal boundaries of the entorhinal cortex are the rostral end of the collateral sulcus and the caudal end of the amygdala respectively. The medial boundary is the medial aspect of the temporal lobe and the lateral boundary is the collateral sulcus. (DK). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1508 Wikipedia:Entorhinal_cortex ABA ABA FMA BTO BTO BTO:0002650 Brodmann's area 28 claustral amygdaloid area FMA:61869 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1515 UBERON:0002729 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1515-FMA_61869 claustrum diffusa claustrum parvum ventral claustrum ventral portion of claustrum FMA:61869 claustrum parvum FMA:61869 ventral claustrum FMA:61869 ventral portion of claustrum FMA:61869 claustrum diffusa regional part of thalamus A regional part of brain that is part of a thalamus [Obol]. FMA:67705 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1517 UBERON:0002730 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1517-FMA_67705 anatomical structure of brain of dorsal thalamus anatomical structure of brain of dorsal thalamus (anthoney) anatomical structure of brain of thalamus biological structure of brain of dorsal thalamus biological structure of brain of dorsal thalamus (anthoney) biological structure of brain of thalamus brain anatomical structure of dorsal thalamus brain anatomical structure of dorsal thalamus (anthoney) brain anatomical structure of thalamus brain biological structure of dorsal thalamus brain biological structure of dorsal thalamus (anthoney) brain biological structure of thalamus dorsal thalamus (anthoney) anatomical structure of brain dorsal thalamus (anthoney) biological structure of brain dorsal thalamus (anthoney) brain anatomical structure dorsal thalamus (anthoney) brain biological structure dorsal thalamus (anthoney) neuraxis segment dorsal thalamus (anthoney) regional part of brain dorsal thalamus (anthoney) segment of brain dorsal thalamus anatomical structure of brain dorsal thalamus biological structure of brain dorsal thalamus brain anatomical structure dorsal thalamus brain biological structure dorsal thalamus neuraxis segment dorsal thalamus regional part of brain dorsal thalamus segment of brain neuraxis segment of dorsal thalamus neuraxis segment of dorsal thalamus (anthoney) neuraxis segment of thalamus regional part of brain of dorsal thalamus regional part of brain of dorsal thalamus (anthoney) regional part of brain of thalamus segment of brain of dorsal thalamus segment of brain of dorsal thalamus (anthoney) segment of brain of thalamus segment of thalamus thalamus anatomical structure of brain thalamus biological structure of brain thalamus brain anatomical structure thalamus brain biological structure thalamus neuraxis segment thalamus regional part of brain thalamus segment thalamus segment of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of thalamus OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of dorsal thalamus OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of dorsal thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1517 segment of thalamus OBOL:automatic segment of brain of dorsal thalamus OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of dorsal thalamus (anthoney) OBOL:automatic dorsal thalamus (anthoney) biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic dorsal thalamus biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of thalamus OBOL:automatic dorsal thalamus brain biological structure OBOL:automatic dorsal thalamus neuraxis segment FMA:67705 thalamus segment OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of dorsal thalamus (anthoney) OBOL:automatic segment of brain of thalamus OBOL:automatic thalamus segment of brain OBOL:automatic dorsal thalamus brain anatomical structure A regional part of brain that is part of a thalamus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic thalamus neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic thalamus biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of thalamus OBOL:automatic dorsal thalamus anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of thalamus OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of dorsal thalamus OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of dorsal thalamus OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of dorsal thalamus OBOL:automatic thalamus regional part of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of thalamus OBOL:automatic dorsal thalamus (anthoney) regional part of brain OBOL:automatic dorsal thalamus (anthoney) brain biological structure OBOL:automatic segment of brain of dorsal thalamus (anthoney) OBOL:automatic thalamus brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of dorsal thalamus (anthoney) OBOL:automatic dorsal thalamus (anthoney) brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic thalamus brain biological structure OBOL:automatic thalamus anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of dorsal thalamus (anthoney) OBOL:automatic dorsal thalamus (anthoney) neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic dorsal thalamus (anthoney) anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic dorsal thalamus regional part of brain OBOL:automatic dorsal thalamus segment of brain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of thalamus OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of dorsal thalamus (anthoney) OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of dorsal thalamus OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of dorsal thalamus (anthoney) OBOL:automatic dorsal thalamus (anthoney) segment of brain vestibulocochlear nerve root FMA:72499 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1519 UBERON:0002731 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1519-FMA_72499 central part of vestibulocochlear nerve statoacoustic nerve fibers vestibulocochlear nerve fibers vestibulocochlear nerve roots vestibulocochlear nerve tract FMA:72499 statoacoustic nerve fibers FMA:72499 vestibulocochlear nerve fibers FMA:72499 vestibulocochlear nerve roots FMA:72499 vestibulocochlear nerve tract FMA:72499 central part of vestibulocochlear nerve longitudinal pontine fibers FMA:72513 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1523 SCTID:361544009 UBERON:0002732 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1523-FMA_72513 fibrae pontis longitudinales longitudinal fasciculus of the pons longitudinal pontine fibers longitudinal pontine fibres longitudinal pontine tract FMA:72513 longitudinal pontine fibers FMA:72513 FMA:TA fibrae pontis longitudinales FMA:72513 longitudinal pontine tract FMA:72513 longitudinal pontine fibres FMA:72513 longitudinal fasciculus of the pons intralaminar nuclear group ABA:ILM FMA:62021 GAID:660 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.826.701.460 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1530 SCTID:279159009 The intralaminar nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus that contains the following nuclei: central lateral centromedian (or 'central medial') paracentral parafascicular. Some sources also include a 'central dorsal' nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002733 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1530-FMA_62021 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Thalmus.png/200px-Thalmus.png intralaminar nuclear group intralaminar nuclear group of thalamus intralaminar nuclei of thalamus intralaminar thalamic nuclei nonspecific thalamic system nuclei intralaminares (thalami) nuclei intralaminares thalami ABA FMA:62021 intralaminar thalamic nuclei FMA:62021 FMA:TA nuclei intralaminares thalami FMA:62021 intralaminar nuclear group NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1530 nuclei intralaminares (thalami) ABA FMA:62021 nonspecific thalamic system ABA FMA:62021 intralaminar nuclei of thalamus The intralaminar nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus that contains the following nuclei: central lateral centromedian (or 'central medial') paracentral parafascicular. Some sources also include a 'central dorsal' nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Intralaminar_thalamic_nuclei FMA:62021 intralaminar nuclear group of thalamus superior temporal sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-STS FMA:83783 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1534 SCTID:279344005 UBERON:0002734 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1534-FMA_83783 ncithesaurus:Superior_Temporal_Sulcus parallel sulcus sulcus t1 superior temporal fissure FMA:83783 superior temporal fissure FMA:83783 sulcus t1 FMA:83783 parallel sulcus transverse pontine fibers FMA:72514 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1535 SCTID:79836003 UBERON:0002735 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1535-FMA_72514 fibrae pontis transversae superficial transverse fibers of pons transverse fibers of pons transverse pontine fibers transverse pontine fibres transverse pontine tract FMA:72514 transverse pontine fibers FMA:72514 transverse fibers of pons FMA:72514 transverse pontine tract FMA:72514 FMA:TA fibrae pontis transversae FMA:72514 superficial transverse fibers of pons FMA:72514 transverse pontine fibres lateral nuclear group ABA:LAT EV:0100210 FMA:62174 GAID:661 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.826.701.485 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1537 SCTID:279126006 The lateral nuclear group is a collection of nuclei on the lateral side of the thalamus. According to MeSH, it consists of the following: lateral dorsal nucleus lateral posterior nucleus pulvinar [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002736 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1537-FMA_62174 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png lateral group of the dorsal thalamus lateral nuclear group lateral nuclear group of thalamus lateral nucleus of thalamus lateral thalamic nuclei lateral thalamic nucleus nuclei laterales thalami nucleus lateralis thalami ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1537 nuclei laterales thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1537 lateral group of the dorsal thalamus FMA:62174 lateral nuclear group The lateral nuclear group is a collection of nuclei on the lateral side of the thalamus. According to MeSH, it consists of the following: lateral dorsal nucleus lateral posterior nucleus pulvinar [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_nuclear_group FMA:62174 lateral thalamic nuclei FMA:62174 lateral nucleus of thalamus FMA:62174 lateral nuclear group of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1537 lateral thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1537 nucleus lateralis thalami ABA ABA lateral inferior limiting sulcus FMA:74523 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1540 UBERON:0002737 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1540-FMA_74523 isthmus of cingulate gyrus FMA:62502 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1541 UBERON:0002738 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1541-FMA_62502 cingulate gyrus isthmus isthmus of fornicate gyrus isthmus of limbic lobe FMA:62502 isthmus of limbic lobe FMA:62502 cingulate gyrus isthmus FMA:62502 isthmus of fornicate gyrus medial dorsal nucleus ABA:MD BM:Die-Th-MD BTO:0002453 EV:0100200 FMA:62156 GAID:663 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.826.701.490 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1543 SCTID:279149008 The medial dorsal nucleus (or dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus) is a large nucleus in the thalamus. It receives inputs from the Pre-Frontal Cortex and the Limbic System and in turn relays them to the Pre-Frontal Association Cortex. As a result, it plays a crucial role in attention, planning, organization, abstract thinking, multi-tasking and active memory. The connections of the medial dorsal nucleus have even been used to delineate the prefrontal cortex of the Göttingen minipig brain. By stereology the number of brain cells in the region has been estimated to around 6.43 million neurons in the adult human brain and 36.3 million glial cells, and with the newborn having quite different numbers: around 11.2 million neurons and 10.6 million glial cells. Lesions of the medial dorsal nucleus have been associated with Wernicke's encephalopathy [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002739 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1543-FMA_62156 dorsal medial nucleus of thalamus dorsomedial nuclear group dorsomedial nucleus dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png medial dorsal nucleus medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus medial dorsal thalamic nucleus medial nuclear group medial nuclear group of thalamus medial thalamic nuclei medial thalamic nucleus mediodorsal nucleus mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus mediodorsal thalamic nucleus ncithesaurus:Dorsomedial_Nucleus_of_the_Thalamus nucleus dorsomedialis thalami nucleus medialis dorsalis nucleus mediodorsalis thalami FMA:62156 dorsomedial nucleus FMA:62156 dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus FMA:62156 medial nuclear group of thalamus Wikipedia DHB:MD mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus FMA:62156 medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus The medial dorsal nucleus (or dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus) is a large nucleus in the thalamus. It receives inputs from the Pre-Frontal Cortex and the Limbic System and in turn relays them to the Pre-Frontal Association Cortex. As a result, it plays a crucial role in attention, planning, organization, abstract thinking, multi-tasking and active memory. The connections of the medial dorsal nucleus have even been used to delineate the prefrontal cortex of the Göttingen minipig brain. By stereology the number of brain cells in the region has been estimated to around 6.43 million neurons in the adult human brain and 36.3 million glial cells, and with the newborn having quite different numbers: around 11.2 million neurons and 10.6 million glial cells. Lesions of the medial dorsal nucleus have been associated with Wernicke's encephalopathy [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_dorsal_nucleus FMA:62156 medial dorsal nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1543 nucleus dorsomedialis thalami FMA:62156 dorsal medial nucleus of thalamus FMA:62156 mediodorsal thalamic nucleus BTO:0002453 nucleus mediodorsalis thalami FMA:62156 medial nuclear group FMA:62156 medial thalamic nucleus ABA FMA:62156 medial thalamic nuclei NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1543 nucleus medialis dorsalis FMA:62156 mediodorsal nucleus FMA:62156 dorsomedial nuclear group NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1543 medial dorsal thalamic nucleus posterior cingulate gyrus FMA:61924 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1546 The posterior cingulate cortex is the backmost part of the cingulate cortex, lying behind the anterior cingulate cortex. This is the upper part of the 'limbic lobe'. The cingulate cortex is made up of an area around the midline of the brain. Surrounding areas include the retrosplenial cortex and the precuneus. Cytoarchitectonically posterior cingulate cortex is associated with Brodmann areas 23 and 31. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002740 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1546-FMA_61924 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gray727.svg/200px-Gray727.svg.png The posterior cingulate cortex is the backmost part of the cingulate cortex, lying behind the anterior cingulate cortex. This is the upper part of the 'limbic lobe'. The cingulate cortex is made up of an area around the midline of the brain. Surrounding areas include the retrosplenial cortex and the precuneus. Cytoarchitectonically posterior cingulate cortex is associated with Brodmann areas 23 and 31. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Posterior_cingulate_gyrus diagonal band BTO:0002445 FMA:61973 GAID:684 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.380 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1551 The diagonal band of Broca consists of fibers that are said to arise in the parolfactory area, the gyrus subcallosus and the anterior perforated substance, and course backward in the longitudinal striae to the dentate gyrus and the hippocampal region. This is a cholinergic bundle of nerve fibers posterior to the anterior perforated substance. It interconnects the paraterminal gyrus in the septal area with the hippocampus and lateral olfactory area. Along with the Septum Pellucidum the Diagonal Band of Broca is believed to be involved in the generation of theta waves in the hippocampus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002741 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1551-FMA_61973 band of Broca bandaletta diagonalis (Broca) broca's diagonal band broca's diagonal gyrus diagonal band of broca diagonal gyrus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray724.png/200px-Gray724.png olfactory fasciculus olfactory radiations of zuckerkandl stria diagonalis stria diagonalis (Broca) FMA:61973 broca's diagonal gyrus The diagonal band of Broca consists of fibers that are said to arise in the parolfactory area, the gyrus subcallosus and the anterior perforated substance, and course backward in the longitudinal striae to the dentate gyrus and the hippocampal region. This is a cholinergic bundle of nerve fibers posterior to the anterior perforated substance. It interconnects the paraterminal gyrus in the septal area with the hippocampus and lateral olfactory area. Along with the Septum Pellucidum the Diagonal Band of Broca is believed to be involved in the generation of theta waves in the hippocampus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Diagonal_band_of_Broca FMA:61973 diagonal gyrus BTO:0002445 band of Broca FMA:61973 olfactory fasciculus BTO:0002445 bandaletta diagonalis (Broca) BTO:0002445 stria diagonalis (Broca) BTO:0002445 stria diagonalis FMA:61973 broca's diagonal band lamina of septum pellucidum FMA:62472 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1554 SCTID:12164006 UBERON:0002742 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1554-FMA_62472 septum pellucidum lamina FMA:62472 septum pellucidum lamina basal forebrain BM:Tel-BF BTO:0002444 FMA:77700 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1560 The basal forebrain is a collection of structures located ventrally to the striatum. It is considered to be the major cholinergic output of the CNS. It includes a group of structures that lie near the bottom of the front of the brain, including the nucleus basalis, diagonal band of Broca, and medial septal nuclei. These structures are important in the production of acetylcholine, which is then distributed widely throughout the brain. Acetylcholine affects the ability of brain cells to transmit information to one another, and also encourages plasticity, or learning. Thus, damage to the basal forebrain can reduce the amount of acetylcholine in the brain and impair learning. This may be one reason why basal forebrain damage can result in memory impairments such as amnesia and confabulation. One common cause of basal forebrain damage is aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery. Research, conducted by investigators from Children's Hospital Boston and the University of Helsinki, ties together previous observations about sleep and finds that nitric oxide production in the basal forebrain is both necessary and sufficient to produce sleep. This structure is defined, in part, as the place where adenosine acts on A1 receptors of cholinergic neurons. This results in hyperpolarization of cholinergic neurons, which inhibits the release of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is known to promote wakefulness in the basal forebrain. Inhibition of acetylcholine release in the basal forebrain by adenosine causes slow wave sleep. The basal forebrain and adjacent areas are a focus for sleep research. Stimulating the basal forebrain gives rise to EEG sychrony and sleep. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002743 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1560-FMA_77700 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Basal_Forebrain_Monakhos_2007.png/200px-Basal_Forebrain_Monakhos_2007.png The basal forebrain is a collection of structures located ventrally to the striatum. It is considered to be the major cholinergic output of the CNS. It includes a group of structures that lie near the bottom of the front of the brain, including the nucleus basalis, diagonal band of Broca, and medial septal nuclei. These structures are important in the production of acetylcholine, which is then distributed widely throughout the brain. Acetylcholine affects the ability of brain cells to transmit information to one another, and also encourages plasticity, or learning. Thus, damage to the basal forebrain can reduce the amount of acetylcholine in the brain and impair learning. This may be one reason why basal forebrain damage can result in memory impairments such as amnesia and confabulation. One common cause of basal forebrain damage is aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery. Research, conducted by investigators from Children's Hospital Boston and the University of Helsinki, ties together previous observations about sleep and finds that nitric oxide production in the basal forebrain is both necessary and sufficient to produce sleep. This structure is defined, in part, as the place where adenosine acts on A1 receptors of cholinergic neurons. This results in hyperpolarization of cholinergic neurons, which inhibits the release of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is known to promote wakefulness in the basal forebrain. Inhibition of acetylcholine release in the basal forebrain by adenosine causes slow wave sleep. The basal forebrain and adjacent areas are a focus for sleep research. Stimulating the basal forebrain gives rise to EEG sychrony and sleep. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Basal_forebrain hilum of dentate nucleus FMA:72548 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1561 SCTID:369055003 UBERON:0002744 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1561-FMA_72548 dentate nuclear hilum FMA:72548 dentate nuclear hilum ventral amygdalofugal projection FMA:61977 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1563 UBERON:0002745 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1563-FMA_61977 ventral amygdalofugal pathway NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1563 ventral amygdalofugal pathway intermediate periventricular nucleus FMA:62328 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1564 UBERON:0002746 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1564-FMA_62328 intermediate periventricular nucleus of hypothalamus periventricular nucleus at the tuberal level FMA:62328 intermediate periventricular nucleus of hypothalamus FMA:62328 periventricular nucleus at the tuberal level neodentate part of dentate nucleus FMA:72539 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1567 UBERON:0002747 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1567-FMA_72539 neodentate portion of dentate nucleus FMA:72539 neodentate portion of dentate nucleus medial lemniscus of medulla A medial lemniscus that is part of a medulla [Obol]. FMA:72621 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1570 UBERON:0002748 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1570-FMA_72621 medulla medial lemniscus A medial lemniscus that is part of a medulla [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic medulla medial lemniscus regional part of cerebellar cortex A regional part of brain that is part of a cerebellar cortex [Obol]. FMA:76924 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1571 UBERON:0002749 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1571-FMA_76924 anatomical structure of brain of cerebellar cortex biological structure of brain of cerebellar cortex brain anatomical structure of cerebellar cortex brain biological structure of cerebellar cortex cerebellar cortex anatomical structure of brain cerebellar cortex biological structure of brain cerebellar cortex brain anatomical structure cerebellar cortex brain biological structure cerebellar cortex neuraxis segment cerebellar cortex regional part of brain cerebellar cortex segment of brain cerebellar cortical segment neuraxis segment of cerebellar cortex regional part of brain of cerebellar cortex segment of brain of cerebellar cortex segment of cerebellar cortex OBOL:automatic cerebellar cortex anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic cerebellar cortex regional part of brain OBOL:automatic cerebellar cortex segment of brain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of cerebellar cortex OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of cerebellar cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1571 segment of cerebellar cortex OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of cerebellar cortex FMA:76924 cerebellar cortical segment OBOL:automatic cerebellar cortex neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic cerebellar cortex biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of cerebellar cortex OBOL:automatic cerebellar cortex brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic segment of brain of cerebellar cortex OBOL:automatic cerebellar cortex brain biological structure OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of cerebellar cortex OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of cerebellar cortex A regional part of brain that is part of a cerebellar cortex [Obol]. OBOL:automatic medial longitudinal fasciculus of medulla A medial longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a medulla [Obol]. FMA:72618 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1574 UBERON:0002750 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1574-FMA_72618 medulla medial longitudinal fasciculus A medial longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a medulla [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic medulla medial longitudinal fasciculus inferior temporal gyrus BM:Tel-ITG FMA:61907 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1577 SCTID:279191005 The inferior temporal gyrus is placed below the middle temporal sulcus, and is connected behind with the inferior occipital gyrus; it also extends around the infero-lateral border on to the inferior surface of the temporal lobe, where it is limited by the inferior sulcus. This region is one of the higher levels of the ventral stream of visual processing, associated with the representation of complex object features, such as global shape. It may also be involved in face perception. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002751 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1577-FMA_61907 gyrus temporalis inferior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gray726.png/200px-Gray726.png lateral occipitotemporal gyrus (heimer-83) ncithesaurus:Inferior_Temporal_Gyrus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1577 gyrus temporalis inferior The inferior temporal gyrus is placed below the middle temporal sulcus, and is connected behind with the inferior occipital gyrus; it also extends around the infero-lateral border on to the inferior surface of the temporal lobe, where it is limited by the inferior sulcus. This region is one of the higher levels of the ventral stream of visual processing, associated with the representation of complex object features, such as global shape. It may also be involved in face perception. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_temporal_gyrus Wikipedia olivocerebellar tract FMA:72638 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1579 The olivocerebellar tract (olivocerebellar fibers) leaves the olivary nucleus and pass out through the hilum and decussate with those from the opposite olive in the raphé, then as internal arcuate fibers they pass partly through and partly around the opposite olive and enter the inferior peduncle to be distributed to the cerebellar hemisphere of the opposite side from which they arise. They terminate directly on Purkinje cells as the climbing fiber input system. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002752 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1579-FMA_72638 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gray695.png/200px-Gray695.png The olivocerebellar tract (olivocerebellar fibers) leaves the olivary nucleus and pass out through the hilum and decussate with those from the opposite olive in the raphé, then as internal arcuate fibers they pass partly through and partly around the opposite olive and enter the inferior peduncle to be distributed to the cerebellar hemisphere of the opposite side from which they arise. They terminate directly on Purkinje cells as the climbing fiber input system. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Olivocerebellar_tract posterior spinocerebellar tract BM:DSCT FMA:72641 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1585 SCTID:369284002 The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (posterior spinocerebellar tract, Flechsig's fasciculus, Flechsig's tract) conveys proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum. It is part of the somatosensory system and runs in parallel with the ventral spinocerebellar tract. Proprioceptive information is taken to the via central processes of dorsal root ganglia (first order neurons). These central processes travel through the dorsal horn where they synapse with second order neurons of Clarke's nucleus. Axon fibers from Clarke's Nucleus convey this proprioceptive information in the spinal cord in the peripheral region of the posteriolateral funiculus ipsilaterally until it reaches the cerebellum, where unconscious proprioceptive information is processed. This tract involves two neurons and ends up on the same side of the body. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002753 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1585-FMA_72641 dorsal spinocerebellar tract flechsig's tract http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg.png FMA:72641 flechsig's tract Wikipedia FMA:72641 dorsal spinocerebellar tract The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (posterior spinocerebellar tract, Flechsig's fasciculus, Flechsig's tract) conveys proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum. It is part of the somatosensory system and runs in parallel with the ventral spinocerebellar tract. Proprioceptive information is taken to the via central processes of dorsal root ganglia (first order neurons). These central processes travel through the dorsal horn where they synapse with second order neurons of Clarke's nucleus. Axon fibers from Clarke's Nucleus convey this proprioceptive information in the spinal cord in the peripheral region of the posteriolateral funiculus ipsilaterally until it reaches the cerebellum, where unconscious proprioceptive information is processed. This tract involves two neurons and ends up on the same side of the body. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Posterior_spinocerebellar_tract predorsal bundle FMA:72614 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1590 UBERON:0002754 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1590-FMA_72614 predorsal bundle of edinger predorsal fasciculus tectospinal fibers FMA:72614 tectospinal fibers FMA:72614 predorsal fasciculus pyramidal decussation BM:Me-PyX FMA:72633 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1594 SCTID:369058001 UBERON:0002755 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1594-FMA_72633 When these pyramidal fibers are traced downward, it is found that some three-fifths or more of them leave the pyramids in successive bundles, and decussate in the anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata, forming what is termed the pyramidal decussation or motor decussation. Having crossed the middle line, they pass down in the posterior part of the lateral funiculus as the lateral cerebrospinal fasciculus. [WP,unvetted]. corticospinal decussation decussatio pyramidum decussatio pyramidum medullae oblongatae decussation of corticospinal tract decussation of pyramidal tract fibers decussation of pyramids decussation of pyramids of medulla decussation of the pyramidal tract http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray684.png/200px-Gray684.png motor decussation motor decussation of medulla pyramidal decussation (pourfour du petit) FMA:72633 FMA:TA decussatio pyramidum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1594 pyramidal decussation (pourfour du petit) FMA:72633 FMA:TA decussatio pyramidum medullae oblongatae FMA:72633 decussation of corticospinal tract FMA:72633 decussation of pyramids NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1594 decussation of the pyramidal tract When these pyramidal fibers are traced downward, it is found that some three-fifths or more of them leave the pyramids in successive bundles, and decussate in the anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata, forming what is termed the pyramidal decussation or motor decussation. Having crossed the middle line, they pass down in the posterior part of the lateral funiculus as the lateral cerebrospinal fasciculus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pyramidal_decussation FMA:72633 corticospinal decussation FMA:72633 decussation of pyramids of medulla FMA:72633 decussation of pyramidal tract fibers FMA:72633 motor decussation FMA:72633 motor decussation of medulla anterior cingulate gyrus FMA:61916 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1603 The Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex, that resembles a 'collar' form around the corpus callosum, the fibrous bundle that relays neural signals between the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain. It includes both the ventral and dorsal areas of the cingulate cortex, and appears to play a role in a wide variety of autonomic functions, such as regulating blood pressure and heart rate, as well as rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision-making, empathy and emotion. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002756 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1603-FMA_61916 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray727_anterior_cingulate_cortex.png/200px-Gray727_anterior_cingulate_cortex.png The Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex, that resembles a 'collar' form around the corpus callosum, the fibrous bundle that relays neural signals between the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain. It includes both the ventral and dorsal areas of the cingulate cortex, and appears to play a role in a wide variety of autonomic functions, such as regulating blood pressure and heart rate, as well as rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision-making, empathy and emotion. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_cingulate_gyrus Wikipedia regional part of epithalamus A regional part of brain that is part of a epithalamus [Obol]. FMA:62013 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1607 UBERON:0002757 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1607-FMA_62013 anatomical structure of brain of epithalamus biological structure of brain of epithalamus brain anatomical structure of epithalamus brain biological structure of epithalamus epithalamus anatomical structure of brain epithalamus biological structure of brain epithalamus brain anatomical structure epithalamus brain biological structure epithalamus neuraxis segment epithalamus regional part of brain epithalamus segment epithalamus segment of brain neuraxis segment of epithalamus regional part of brain of epithalamus segment of brain of epithalamus segment of epithalamus A regional part of brain that is part of a epithalamus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithalamus anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic epithalamus brain biological structure OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of epithalamus OBOL:automatic epithalamus biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic epithalamus neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of epithalamus OBOL:automatic epithalamus brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of epithalamus OBOL:automatic epithalamus segment of brain FMA:62013 epithalamus segment OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of epithalamus OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of epithalamus OBOL:automatic segment of brain of epithalamus OBOL:automatic epithalamus regional part of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of epithalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1607 segment of epithalamus dorsal nucleus of medial geniculate body ABA:MGd BTO:0002673 FMA:62216 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1608 UBERON:0002758 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1608-FMA_62216 dorsal nucleus of medial geniculate complex medial geniculate complex, dorsal part medial geniculate nucleus, dorsal part nucleus corporis geniculati medialis, pars dorsalis nucleus dorsalis coporis geniculati medialis nucleus geniculatus medialis fibrosus (hassler) nucleus geniculatus medialis pars dorsalis ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1608 nucleus corporis geniculati medialis, pars dorsalis BTO:0002673 nucleus dorsalis coporis geniculati medialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1608 medial geniculate nucleus, dorsal part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1608 nucleus geniculatus medialis fibrosus (hassler) ABA FMA:62216 dorsal nucleus of medial geniculate complex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1608 nucleus geniculatus medialis pars dorsalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1608 medial geniculate complex, dorsal part magnocellular nucleus of medial geniculate body ABA:MGm BTO:0002672 FMA:62218 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1612 UBERON:0002759 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1612-FMA_62218 corpus geniculatus mediale, pars magnocelluaris magnocelluar nucleus of medial geniculate complex medial division of medial geniculate body medial geniculate complex, medial part medial geniculate nucleus, medial part medial magnocellular nucleus of medial geniculate body medial nucleus of medial geniculate body nucleus corporis geniculati medialis, pars magnocelluaris nucleus geniculatus medialis magnocelluaris (hassler) nucleus geniculatus medialis, pars magnocelluaris nucleus medialis magnocellularis corporis geniculati medialis FMA:62218 medial division of medial geniculate body NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1612 nucleus geniculatus medialis, pars magnocelluaris FMA:62218 medial geniculate nucleus, medial part FMA:62218 medial geniculate complex, medial part FMA:62218 medial magnocellular nucleus of medial geniculate body ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1612 magnocelluar nucleus of medial geniculate complex ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1612 corpus geniculatus mediale, pars magnocelluaris FMA:62218 medial nucleus of medial geniculate body NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1612 nucleus geniculatus medialis magnocelluaris (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1612 nucleus corporis geniculati medialis, pars magnocelluaris BTO:0002672 nucleus medialis magnocellularis corporis geniculati medialis ventral corticospinal tract FMA:72636 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1618 SCTID:369092003 The anterior corticospinal tract (also called the ventral corticospinal tract, medial corticospinal tract, direct pyramidal tract, or anterior cerebrospinal fasciculus) is a small bundle of descending fibers that connect the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. It is usually small, varying inversely in size with the lateral corticospinal tract, which is the main part of the corticospinal tract. It lies close to the anterior median fissure, and is present only in the upper part of the medulla spinalis; gradually diminishing in size as it descends, it ends about the middle of the thoracic region. It consists of descending fibers which arise from cells in the motor area of the cerebral hemisphere of the same side, and which, as they run downward in the medulla spinalis, cross in succession through the anterior white commissure to the opposite side, where they end, either directly or indirectly, by arborizing around the motor neurons in the anterior column. A few of its fibers are said to pass to the lateral column of the same side and to the gray matter at the base of the posterior column. They conduct voluntary motor impulses from the precentral gyrus to the motor centers of the cord. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002760 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1618-FMA_72636 anterior corticospinal tract anterior pyramidal tract anterior tract of turck bundle of turck column of turck http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg.png FMA:72636 anterior pyramidal tract The anterior corticospinal tract (also called the ventral corticospinal tract, medial corticospinal tract, direct pyramidal tract, or anterior cerebrospinal fasciculus) is a small bundle of descending fibers that connect the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. It is usually small, varying inversely in size with the lateral corticospinal tract, which is the main part of the corticospinal tract. It lies close to the anterior median fissure, and is present only in the upper part of the medulla spinalis; gradually diminishing in size as it descends, it ends about the middle of the thoracic region. It consists of descending fibers which arise from cells in the motor area of the cerebral hemisphere of the same side, and which, as they run downward in the medulla spinalis, cross in succession through the anterior white commissure to the opposite side, where they end, either directly or indirectly, by arborizing around the motor neurons in the anterior column. A few of its fibers are said to pass to the lateral column of the same side and to the gray matter at the base of the posterior column. They conduct voluntary motor impulses from the precentral gyrus to the motor centers of the cord. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_corticospinal_tract FMA:72636 anterior corticospinal tract inferior frontal sulcus FMA:83757 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1619 SCTID:279343004 The inferior frontal sulcus is a sulcus between the middle frontal gyrus and the inferior frontal gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002761 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1619-FMA_83757 inferior frontal fissure ncithesaurus:Inferior_Frontal_Sulcus sulcus f2 FMA:83757 inferior frontal fissure FMA:83757 sulcus f2 The inferior frontal sulcus is a sulcus between the middle frontal gyrus and the inferior frontal gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_frontal_sulcus internal medullary lamina of thalamus FMA:62079 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1621 SCTID:369161003 UBERON:0002762 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1621-FMA_62079 internal medullary lamina internal medullary lamina of thalamus lamina medullaris medialis thalami FMA:62079 FMA:TA lamina medullaris medialis thalami FMA:62079 internal medullary lamina FMA:62079 internal medullary lamina of thalamus accessory medullary lamina FMA:62471 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1626 UBERON:0002763 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1626-FMA_62471 accessory medullar lamina of pallidum accessory medullary lamina accessory medullary lamina of corpus striatum accessory medullary lamina of globus pallidus incomplete medullary lamina of globus pallidus lamina medullaris accessoria corporis striati NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1626 accessory medullar lamina of pallidum FMA:62471 accessory medullary lamina of globus pallidus FMA:62471 incomplete medullary lamina of globus pallidus FMA:62471 FMA:TA lamina medullaris accessoria corporis striati FMA:62471 accessory medullary lamina FMA:62471 accessory medullary lamina of corpus striatum inferior precentral sulcus FMA:83764 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1627 UBERON:0002764 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1627-FMA_83764 inferior part of precentral fissure sulcus praecentralis inferior sulcus precentralis inferior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1627 sulcus praecentralis inferior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1627 sulcus precentralis inferior FMA:83764 inferior part of precentral fissure lateral medullary lamina FMA:62469 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1634 SCTID:369204004 UBERON:0002765 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1634-FMA_62469 external medulary lamina of globus pallidus external medulary lamina of lentiform nucleus external medullary lamina of corpus striatum external medullary lamina of globus pallidus external medullary lamina of lentiform nucleus lamina medullaris externa corporis striati lamina medullaris lateralis corporis striati lateral medulary lamina of globus pallidus lateral medulary stria lateral medullary lamina lateral medullary lamina of corpus striatum lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus lateral medullary lamina of pallidum lateral medullary stria medulary lamina of pallidum outer medulary lamina outer medullary lamina NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1634 medulary lamina of pallidum FMA:62469 lateral medullary lamina NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1634 outer medulary lamina FMA:62469 lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus FMA:62469 lateral medullary stria NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1634 external medulary lamina of lentiform nucleus FMA:62469 external medullary lamina of globus pallidus FMA:62469 FMA:TA lamina medullaris externa corporis striati FMA:62469 lateral medullary lamina of corpus striatum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1634 lateral medulary stria NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1634 external medulary lamina of globus pallidus FMA:62469 lateral medullary lamina of pallidum FMA:62469 external medullary lamina of lentiform nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1634 lateral medulary lamina of globus pallidus FMA:62469 outer medullary lamina FMA:62469 FMA:TA lamina medullaris lateralis corporis striati FMA:62469 external medullary lamina of corpus striatum fusiform gyrus FMA:61908 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1641 SCTID:110678003 The fusiform gyrus is part of the temporal lobe. It is also known as the (discontinuous) occipitotemporal gyrus. Other sources have the fusiform gyrus above the occipitotemporal gyrus and underneath the parahippocampal gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002766 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1641-FMA_61908 gyrus occipitotemporalis lateralis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gray727.svg/200px-Gray727.svg.png lateral occipitotemporal gyrus medial occipitotemporal gyrus-1 (heimer) occipitotemporal gyrus FMA:61908 occipitotemporal gyrus FMA:61908 lateral occipitotemporal gyrus FMA:61908 FMA:TA gyrus occipitotemporalis lateralis The fusiform gyrus is part of the temporal lobe. It is also known as the (discontinuous) occipitotemporal gyrus. Other sources have the fusiform gyrus above the occipitotemporal gyrus and underneath the parahippocampal gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Fusiform_gyrus inferior rostral sulcus FMA:83767 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1642 UBERON:0002767 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1642-FMA_83767 sulcus rostralis inferior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1642 sulcus rostralis inferior vestibulospinal tract FMA:72646 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1643 SCTID:369289007 UBERON:0002768 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1643-FMA_72646 ZFA:0000709 a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the vestibular nucleus of the pons towards target cells in the spinal cord[GO]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg.png vestibulo-spinal tract Wikipedia:Vestibulospinal_tract a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the vestibular nucleus of the pons towards target cells in the spinal cord[GO]. ZFA:0000709 vestibulo-spinal tract superior temporal gyrus A gyrus (plural gyri) is a bump or ridge on the surface of the brain. The superior temporal gyrus is one of three (sometimes two) gyri in the temporal lobe of the human brain. The superior temporal gyrus is bounded by: the lateral sulcus above; the superior temporal sulcus (not always present or visible) below; an imaginary line drawn from the preoccipital notch to the lateral sulcus posteriorly. The superior temporal gyrus contains several important structures of the brain, including: Brodmann areas 41 and 42, marking the location of the primary auditory cortex, the cortical region responsible for the sensation of sound; Wernicke's area, Brodmann 22p, an important region for the processing of speech so that it can be understood as language. [WP,unvetted]. BM:Tel-STG EFO:0001944 FMA:61905 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1648 SCTID:362345008 UBERON:0002769 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1648-FMA_61905 gyrus temporalis superior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Superior_temporal_gyrus.png/200px-Superior_temporal_gyrus.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Temporal_Gyrus A gyrus (plural gyri) is a bump or ridge on the surface of the brain. The superior temporal gyrus is one of three (sometimes two) gyri in the temporal lobe of the human brain. The superior temporal gyrus is bounded by: the lateral sulcus above; the superior temporal sulcus (not always present or visible) below; an imaginary line drawn from the preoccipital notch to the lateral sulcus posteriorly. The superior temporal gyrus contains several important structures of the brain, including: Brodmann areas 41 and 42, marking the location of the primary auditory cortex, the cortical region responsible for the sensation of sound; Wernicke's area, Brodmann 22p, an important region for the processing of speech so that it can be understood as language. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_temporal_gyrus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1648 gyrus temporalis superior posterior hypothalamic region FMA:62029 GAID:651 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.357.362 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1651 UBERON:0002770 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1651-FMA_62029 mammillary level of hypothalamus mammillary region posterior hypothalamus FMA:62029 mammillary level of hypothalamus FMA:62029 posterior hypothalamus FMA:62029 mammillary region middle temporal gyrus EFO:0002466 FMA:61906 Middle temporal gyrus is a gyrus in the brain on the Temporal lobe. It is located between the superior temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus. Its exact function is unknown, but it has been connected with processes as different as contemplating distance, recognition of known faces, and accessing word meaning while reading. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1653 SCTID:279190006 UBERON:0002771 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1653-FMA_61906 gyrus temporalis medius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/WOROI_60_loc.png/200px-WOROI_60_loc.png intermediate temporal gyrus medial temporal gyrus ncithesaurus:Middle_Temporal_Gyrus Wikipedia:Middle_temporal_gyrus medial temporal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus is a gyrus in the brain on the Temporal lobe. It is located between the superior temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus. Its exact function is unknown, but it has been connected with processes as different as contemplating distance, recognition of known faces, and accessing word meaning while reading. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Middle_temporal_gyrus FMA:61906 intermediate temporal gyrus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1653 gyrus temporalis medius olfactory sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-OFS FMA:83769 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1655 SCTID:279358007 The medial orbital gyrus presents a well-marked antero-posterior sulcus, the olfactory sulcus, for the olfactory tract. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002772 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1655-FMA_83769 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gray729_olfactory_sulcus.png/200px-Gray729_olfactory_sulcus.png ncithesaurus:Olfactory_Sulcus olfactory groove sulcus olfactorius NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1655 sulcus olfactorius NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1655 olfactory groove The medial orbital gyrus presents a well-marked antero-posterior sulcus, the olfactory sulcus, for the olfactory tract. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Olfactory_sulcus anterior transverse temporal gyrus FMA:61909 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1657 SCTID:279192003 UBERON:0002773 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1657-FMA_61909 anterior transverse convolution of heschl anterior transverse temporal convolution of heschl first transverse gyrus of heschl great transverse gyrus of heschl NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1657 anterior transverse convolution of heschl posterior transverse temporal gyrus FMA:61910 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1661 SCTID:279193008 UBERON:0002774 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1661-FMA_61910 posterior transverse convolution of heschl posterior transverse temporal convolution of heschl NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1661 posterior transverse convolution of heschl olivocochlear bundle FMA:72485 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1666 SCTID:369030009 UBERON:0002775 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1666-FMA_72485 bundle of rasmussen efferent cochlear bundle olivocochlear bundle of rasmussen olivocochlear tract tractus olivocochlearis FMA:72485 olivocochlear tract FMA:72485 FMA:TA tractus olivocochlearis FMA:72485 efferent cochlear bundle ventral nuclear group ABA:VENT BTO:0002467 EV:0100206 FMA:62022 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1669 SCTID:279125005 The ventral nuclear group is a collection of nuclei on the ventral side of the thalamus. According to MeSH, it consists of the following: ventral anterior nucleus ventral lateral nucleus ventral posterior nucleus [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002776 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1669-FMA_62022 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png nuclei ventrales thalami ventral group of dorsal thalamus ventral nuclear group ventral nuclear group of thalamus ventral nuclear mass ventral nuclei of thalamus ventral tier thalamic nuclei ABA The ventral nuclear group is a collection of nuclei on the ventral side of the thalamus. According to MeSH, it consists of the following: ventral anterior nucleus ventral lateral nucleus ventral posterior nucleus [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_nuclear_group FMA:62022 ventral nuclear mass NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1669 nuclei ventrales thalami FMA:62022 ventral nuclear group ABA FMA:62022 ventral nuclei of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1669 ventral group of dorsal thalamus FMA:62022 ventral nuclear group of thalamus FMA:62022 ventral tier thalamic nuclei neostriatum BTO:0000418 FMA:77617 GAID:669 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1672 UBERON:0002777 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1672-FMA_77617 true ventral pallidum BM:Tel-VPa BTO:0004375 FMA:77613 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1674 UBERON:0002778 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1674-FMA_77613 ventral globus pallidus BTO:0004375 ventral globus pallidus lateral superior olivary nucleus BM:Pons-SOL FMA:72472 In anatomy, the olivary bodies or simply olives (Latin oliva and olivae, singular and plural, respectively) are a pair of prominent oval structures in the medulla oblongata, the lower portion of the brainstem. They contain the olivary nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1675 SCTID:360477003 UBERON:0002779 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1675-FMA_72472 accessory olivary nucleus accessory superior olivary nucleus accessory superior olive http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gray679.png/200px-Gray679.png lateral superior olive superior olivary nucleus, lateral part FMA:72472 accessory olivary nucleus FMA:72472 accessory superior olive In anatomy, the olivary bodies or simply olives (Latin oliva and olivae, singular and plural, respectively) are a pair of prominent oval structures in the medulla oblongata, the lower portion of the brainstem. They contain the olivary nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Accessory_olivary_nucleus FMA:72472 accessory superior olivary nucleus FMA:72472 superior olivary nucleus, lateral part FMA:72472 lateral superior olive regional part of forebrain A regional part of brain that is part of a forebrain [Obol]. FMA:61996 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1677 UBERON:0002780 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1677-FMA_61996 anatomical structure of brain of forebrain biological structure of brain of forebrain brain anatomical structure of forebrain brain biological structure of forebrain forebrain anatomical structure of brain forebrain biological structure of brain forebrain brain anatomical structure forebrain brain biological structure forebrain neuraxis segment forebrain regional part of brain forebrain segment forebrain segment of brain neuraxis segment of forebrain regional part of brain of forebrain segment of brain of forebrain segment of forebrain A regional part of brain that is part of a forebrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic forebrain brain biological structure OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of forebrain OBOL:automatic forebrain anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of forebrain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of forebrain NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1677 segment of forebrain OBOL:automatic forebrain regional part of brain OBOL:automatic forebrain segment of brain OBOL:automatic forebrain neuraxis segment FMA:61996 forebrain segment OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of forebrain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of forebrain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of forebrain OBOL:automatic forebrain brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic forebrain biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic segment of brain of forebrain caudal part of ventral posterolateral nucleus FMA:62206 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1681 UBERON:0002781 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1681-FMA_62206 ventral posterior lateral nucleus (ilinsky) ventral posterolateral nucleus, caudal part ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus, caudal part FMA:62206 ventral posterolateral nucleus, caudal part FMA:62206 ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus, caudal part medial superior olivary nucleus BM:Pons-SOM FMA:72473 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1682 The superior olivary complex (or SOC or superior olive) is a small mass of gray substance situated on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body. Small in humans, but well developed in certain animals, it exhibits similar structure as the inferior olivary nucleus, and is situated immediately above it. Some of the fibers of the trapezoid body end by arborizing around the cells of this nucleus, while others arise from these cells. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002782 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1682-FMA_72473 chief nucleus of superior olive chief superior olivary nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gray713.png/200px-Gray713.png main superior olivary nucleus medial superior olive nucleus laminaris principal superior olivary nucleus superior olivary nucleus, medial part FMA:72473 principal superior olivary nucleus FMA:72473 chief superior olivary nucleus FMA:72473 main superior olivary nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1682 nucleus laminaris The superior olivary complex (or SOC or superior olive) is a small mass of gray substance situated on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body. Small in humans, but well developed in certain animals, it exhibits similar structure as the inferior olivary nucleus, and is situated immediately above it. Some of the fibers of the trapezoid body end by arborizing around the cells of this nucleus, while others arise from these cells. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_superior_olive FMA:72473 chief nucleus of superior olive FMA:72473 medial superior olive FMA:72473 superior olivary nucleus, medial part central tegmental tract of pons FMA:72494 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1683 UBERON:0002783 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1683-FMA_72494 regional part of diencephalon A regional part of brain that is part of a diencephalon [Obol]. FMA:62005 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1685 UBERON:0002784 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1685-FMA_62005 anatomical structure of brain of between brain anatomical structure of brain of diencephalon anatomical structure of brain of interbrain anatomical structure of brain of mature diencephalon between brain anatomical structure of brain between brain biological structure of brain between brain brain anatomical structure between brain brain biological structure between brain neuraxis segment between brain regional part of brain between brain segment of brain biological structure of brain of between brain biological structure of brain of diencephalon biological structure of brain of interbrain biological structure of brain of mature diencephalon brain anatomical structure of between brain brain anatomical structure of diencephalon brain anatomical structure of interbrain brain anatomical structure of mature diencephalon brain biological structure of between brain brain biological structure of diencephalon brain biological structure of interbrain brain biological structure of mature diencephalon diencephalon anatomical structure of brain diencephalon biological structure of brain diencephalon brain anatomical structure diencephalon brain biological structure diencephalon neuraxis segment diencephalon regional part of brain diencephalon segment diencephalon segment of brain interbrain anatomical structure of brain interbrain biological structure of brain interbrain brain anatomical structure interbrain brain biological structure interbrain neuraxis segment interbrain regional part of brain interbrain segment of brain mature diencephalon anatomical structure of brain mature diencephalon biological structure of brain mature diencephalon brain anatomical structure mature diencephalon brain biological structure mature diencephalon neuraxis segment mature diencephalon regional part of brain mature diencephalon segment of brain neuraxis segment of between brain neuraxis segment of diencephalon neuraxis segment of interbrain neuraxis segment of mature diencephalon regional part of brain of between brain regional part of brain of diencephalon regional part of brain of interbrain regional part of brain of mature diencephalon segment of brain of between brain segment of brain of diencephalon segment of brain of interbrain segment of brain of mature diencephalon segment of diencephalon OBOL:automatic diencephalon anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of mature diencephalon A regional part of brain that is part of a diencephalon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic diencephalon neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic between brain anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of interbrain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of diencephalon OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon regional part of brain OBOL:automatic between brain regional part of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of between brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of between brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of diencephalon OBOL:automatic segment of brain of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon segment of brain OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon brain biological structure OBOL:automatic interbrain anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of interbrain OBOL:automatic interbrain regional part of brain OBOL:automatic between brain neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of mature diencephalon FMA:62005 diencephalon segment OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of interbrain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of between brain OBOL:automatic diencephalon segment of brain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic segment of brain of interbrain OBOL:automatic between brain brain biological structure OBOL:automatic diencephalon brain biological structure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1685 segment of diencephalon OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of diencephalon OBOL:automatic interbrain segment of brain OBOL:automatic between brain segment of brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of interbrain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of between brain OBOL:automatic diencephalon regional part of brain OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of interbrain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of diencephalon OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic interbrain biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic segment of brain of diencephalon OBOL:automatic segment of brain of between brain OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic interbrain brain biological structure OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of diencephalon OBOL:automatic interbrain brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of between brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of between brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of interbrain OBOL:automatic diencephalon brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of diencephalon OBOL:automatic diencephalon biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic between brain brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic between brain biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic interbrain neuraxis segment regional part of lateral hypothalamic region FMA:62312 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1687 UBERON:0002785 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1687-FMA_62312 lateral hypothalamic region segment segment of lateral hypothalamic region FMA:62312 lateral hypothalamic region segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1687 segment of lateral hypothalamic region abducens nerve fibers FMA:72491 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1689 UBERON:0002786 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1689-FMA_72491 abducens nerve fibers abducens nerve tract central part of abducens nerve root of abducens nerve todo - make subclass of root of cranial nerve FMA:72491 abducens nerve fibers FMA:72491 abducens nerve tract FMA:72491 central part of abducens nerve FMA:72491 root of abducens nerve decussation of trochlear nerve FMA:72488 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1690 UBERON:0002787 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1690-FMA_72488 decussation of trochlear nerve (IV) trochlear neural decussation FMA:72488 decussation of trochlear nerve (IV) FMA:72488 trochlear neural decussation anterior nuclear group EV:0100196 FMA:62019 GAID:658 MA:0000861 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.826.701.080 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1692 SCTID:279124009 The anterior nuclei of thalamus (or anterior nuclear group) are collection of nuclei at the rostral end of the dorsal thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002788 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1692-FMA_62019 ZFA:0000427 anterior nuclear group anterior nuclear group of thalamus anterior nuclei of thalamus anterior nucleus of thalamus anterior thalamic group anterior thalamic nuclei anterior thalamus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png nuclei anterior thalami nuclei anteriores (thalami) nuclei anteriores thalami nuclei thalamicus anterior MA:0000861 anterior thalamic group NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1692 anterior thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1692 nuclei thalamicus anterior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1692 nuclei anteriores (thalami) The anterior nuclei of thalamus (or anterior nuclear group) are collection of nuclei at the rostral end of the dorsal thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_nuclear_group FMA:62019 anterior nuclear group of thalamus FMA:62019 anterior thalamic nuclei NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1692 nuclei anterior thalami MA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1692 nuclei anteriores thalami FMA:62019 anterior nucleus of thalamus FMA:62019 anterior nuclear group FMA:62019 anterior nuclei of thalamus regional part of posterior hypothalamic region A regional part of brain that is part of a posterior hypothalamic region [Obol]. FMA:62311 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1697 UBERON:0002789 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1697-FMA_62311 anatomical structure of brain of mammillary level of hypothalamus anatomical structure of brain of mammillary region anatomical structure of brain of posterior hypothalamic region anatomical structure of brain of posterior hypothalamus biological structure of brain of mammillary level of hypothalamus biological structure of brain of mammillary region biological structure of brain of posterior hypothalamic region biological structure of brain of posterior hypothalamus brain anatomical structure of mammillary level of hypothalamus brain anatomical structure of mammillary region brain anatomical structure of posterior hypothalamic region brain anatomical structure of posterior hypothalamus brain biological structure of mammillary level of hypothalamus brain biological structure of mammillary region brain biological structure of posterior hypothalamic region brain biological structure of posterior hypothalamus mammillary level of hypothalamus anatomical structure of brain mammillary level of hypothalamus biological structure of brain mammillary level of hypothalamus brain anatomical structure mammillary level of hypothalamus brain biological structure mammillary level of hypothalamus neuraxis segment mammillary level of hypothalamus regional part of brain mammillary level of hypothalamus segment of brain mammillary region anatomical structure of brain mammillary region biological structure of brain mammillary region brain anatomical structure mammillary region brain biological structure mammillary region neuraxis segment mammillary region regional part of brain mammillary region segment of brain neuraxis segment of mammillary level of hypothalamus neuraxis segment of mammillary region neuraxis segment of posterior hypothalamic region neuraxis segment of posterior hypothalamus posterior hypothalamic region anatomical structure of brain posterior hypothalamic region biological structure of brain posterior hypothalamic region brain anatomical structure posterior hypothalamic region brain biological structure posterior hypothalamic region neuraxis segment posterior hypothalamic region regional part of brain posterior hypothalamic region segment posterior hypothalamic region segment of brain posterior hypothalamus anatomical structure of brain posterior hypothalamus biological structure of brain posterior hypothalamus brain anatomical structure posterior hypothalamus brain biological structure posterior hypothalamus neuraxis segment posterior hypothalamus regional part of brain posterior hypothalamus segment of brain regional part of brain of mammillary level of hypothalamus regional part of brain of mammillary region regional part of brain of posterior hypothalamic region regional part of brain of posterior hypothalamus segment of brain of mammillary level of hypothalamus segment of brain of mammillary region segment of brain of posterior hypothalamic region segment of brain of posterior hypothalamus segment of posterior hypothalamic region A regional part of brain that is part of a posterior hypothalamic region [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic posterior hypothalamic region brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic posterior hypothalamus brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic posterior hypothalamic region anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of mammillary level of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic mammillary level of hypothalamus brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic mammillary region brain biological structure OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of posterior hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of posterior hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic segment of brain of posterior hypothalamus OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of posterior hypothalamus OBOL:automatic posterior hypothalamic region neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic mammillary level of hypothalamus anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic mammillary level of hypothalamus neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of posterior hypothalamus OBOL:automatic posterior hypothalamus neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic posterior hypothalamus brain biological structure OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of posterior hypothalamus OBOL:automatic segment of brain of mammillary level of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic mammillary region brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of mammillary level of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic posterior hypothalamic region regional part of brain OBOL:automatic posterior hypothalamus biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of mammillary region OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of posterior hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic segment of brain of posterior hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of posterior hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic posterior hypothalamus anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of posterior hypothalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1697 segment of posterior hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of mammillary region OBOL:automatic posterior hypothalamus segment of brain OBOL:automatic mammillary region anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic mammillary region neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic posterior hypothalamus regional part of brain OBOL:automatic mammillary level of hypothalamus biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic mammillary level of hypothalamus brain biological structure OBOL:automatic mammillary level of hypothalamus segment of brain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of mammillary level of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic mammillary level of hypothalamus regional part of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of mammillary level of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of mammillary level of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic posterior hypothalamic region segment of brain OBOL:automatic posterior hypothalamic region brain biological structure OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of posterior hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of mammillary level of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of posterior hypothalamus OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of mammillary region OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of mammillary region OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of mammillary region OBOL:automatic mammillary region segment of brain OBOL:automatic segment of brain of mammillary region OBOL:automatic mammillary region biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of posterior hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic posterior hypothalamic region biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic mammillary region regional part of brain FMA:62311 posterior hypothalamic region segment OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of mammillary region OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of posterior hypothalamus dorsal acoustic stria FMA:72496 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1698 UBERON:0002790 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1698-FMA_72496 posterior acoustic stria stria cochlearis posterior FMA:72496 FMA:TA stria cochlearis posterior FMA:72496 posterior acoustic stria regional part of telencephalon A regional part of brain that is part of a telencephalon [Obol]. FMA:62374 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1700 UBERON:0002791 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1700-FMA_62374 anatomical structure of brain of telencephalon biological structure of brain of telencephalon brain anatomical structure of telencephalon brain biological structure of telencephalon neuraxis segment of telencephalon regional part of brain of telencephalon segment of brain of telencephalon segment of telencephalon telencephalon anatomical structure of brain telencephalon biological structure of brain telencephalon brain anatomical structure telencephalon brain biological structure telencephalon neuraxis segment telencephalon regional part of brain telencephalon segment telencephalon segment of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of telencephalon OBOL:automatic telencephalon regional part of brain OBOL:automatic telencephalon anatomical structure of brain A regional part of brain that is part of a telencephalon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of telencephalon OBOL:automatic segment of brain of telencephalon OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of telencephalon OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of telencephalon OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of telencephalon OBOL:automatic telencephalon biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of telencephalon FMA:62374 telencephalon segment OBOL:automatic telencephalon neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic telencephalon segment of brain NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1700 segment of telencephalon OBOL:automatic telencephalon brain biological structure OBOL:automatic telencephalon brain anatomical structure lumbar spinal cord . FMA:71168 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1704 SCTID:180962006 UBERON:0002792 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1704-FMA_71168 lumbar segment of spinal cord lumbar segments of spinal cord [1-5] lumbar spinal cord ncithesaurus:Lumbar_Spinal_Cord segmenta lumbalia medullae spinalis [1-5] . Wikipedia:Lumbar_spinal_cord FMA:71168 lumbar segment of spinal cord FMA:71168 lumbar spinal cord FMA:71168 lumbar segments of spinal cord [1-5] FMA:71168 FMA:TA segmenta lumbalia medullae spinalis [1-5] dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of pons A dorsal longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a pons [Obol]. FMA:72492 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1707 UBERON:0002793 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1707-FMA_72492 bundle of Schutz of pons bundle of Schutz of pons of varolius dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of pons of varolius fasciculus of Schutz of pons fasciculus of Schutz of pons of varolius pons bundle of Schutz pons dorsal longitudinal fasciculus pons fasciculus of Schutz pons of varolius bundle of Schutz pons of varolius dorsal longitudinal fasciculus pons of varolius fasciculus of Schutz pons of varolius posterior longitudinal fasciculus pons posterior longitudinal fasciculus posterior longitudinal fasciculus of pons posterior longitudinal fasciculus of pons of varolius OBOL:automatic pons bundle of Schutz OBOL:automatic pons fasciculus of Schutz OBOL:automatic pons of varolius fasciculus of Schutz OBOL:automatic fasciculus of Schutz of pons of varolius OBOL:automatic pons of varolius posterior longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic pons posterior longitudinal fasciculus A dorsal longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a pons [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic fasciculus of Schutz of pons OBOL:automatic bundle of Schutz of pons of varolius OBOL:automatic pons of varolius dorsal longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic posterior longitudinal fasciculus of pons of varolius OBOL:automatic dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of pons of varolius OBOL:automatic posterior longitudinal fasciculus of pons OBOL:automatic pons dorsal longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic bundle of Schutz of pons OBOL:automatic pons of varolius bundle of Schutz medial longitudinal fasciculus of pons A medial longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a pons [Obol]. FMA:72493 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1708 UBERON:0002794 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1708-FMA_72493 medial longitudinal fasciculus of pons of varolius pons medial longitudinal fasciculus pons of varolius medial longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic pons medial longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic medial longitudinal fasciculus of pons of varolius OBOL:automatic pons of varolius medial longitudinal fasciculus A medial longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a pons [Obol]. OBOL:automatic frontal pole FMA:74885 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1716 SCTID:314144002 The anterior end of the hemisphere is named the frontal pole. The posterior end is named the occipital pole. The anterior end of the temporal lobe, the temporal pole. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002795 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1716-FMA_74885 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Human_brain_lateral_view_description.JPG/200px-Human_brain_lateral_view_description.JPG The anterior end of the hemisphere is named the frontal pole. The posterior end is named the occipital pole. The anterior end of the temporal lobe, the temporal pole. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Frontal_pole motor root of trigeminal nerve FMA:52612 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1717 SCTID:280189001 UBERON:0002796 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1717-FMA_52612 motor branch of trigeminal nerve motor root of nervus v radix motoria (Nervus trigeminus [V]) FMA:52612 motor branch of trigeminal nerve FMA:52612 radix motoria (Nervus trigeminus [V]) dorsal trigeminal tract FMA:72500 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1718 The dorsal trigeminal tract (dorsal trigeminothalamic tract, or lemniscus) is a tract which receives signals from Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles. this tract arises from Principal trigeminal nucleus and terminates in the VPM nucleus of the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002797 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1718-FMA_72500 dorsal ascending trigeminal tract dorsal division of trigeminal lemniscus dorsal secondary ascending tract of v dorsal secondary tract of v dorsal trigeminal lemniscus dorsal trigeminal pathway dorsal trigeminothalamic tract posterior trigeminothalamic tract reticulothalamic tract tractus trigeminothalamicus posterior uncrossed dorsal trigeminothalamic tract FMA:72500 dorsal trigeminal pathway FMA:72500 dorsal trigeminothalamic tract FMA:72500 dorsal division of trigeminal lemniscus FMA:72500 dorsal ascending trigeminal tract FMA:72500 uncrossed dorsal trigeminothalamic tract The dorsal trigeminal tract (dorsal trigeminothalamic tract, or lemniscus) is a tract which receives signals from Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles. this tract arises from Principal trigeminal nucleus and terminates in the VPM nucleus of the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_trigeminal_tract FMA:72500 reticulothalamic tract FMA:72500 FMA:TA tractus trigeminothalamicus posterior FMA:72500 dorsal trigeminal lemniscus FMA:72500 posterior trigeminothalamic tract spinothalamic tract of pons FMA:72504 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1719 Part of spinothalamic tract that is in the pontine tegmentum SCTID:369026006 UBERON:0002798 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1719-FMA_72504 pons of varolius spinothalamic tract pons of varolius spinothalamic tract of medulla pons spinothalamic tract pons spinothalamic tract of medulla spinothalamic tract of medulla of pons spinothalamic tract of medulla of pons of varolius spinothalamic tract of pons of varolius OBOL:automatic pons spinothalamic tract of medulla FMA OBOL:automatic spinothalamic tract of pons of varolius OBOL:automatic pons of varolius spinothalamic tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1719 Part of spinothalamic tract that is in the pontine tegmentum OBOL:automatic spinothalamic tract of medulla of pons of varolius OBOL:automatic pons of varolius spinothalamic tract of medulla OBOL:automatic spinothalamic tract of medulla of pons FMA OBOL:automatic pons spinothalamic tract fronto-orbital sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-OFS FMA:83768 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1724 UBERON:0002799 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1724-FMA_83768 fronto-orbital dimple orbito-frontal sulcus orbitofrontal sulcus FMA BM:Tel-Cx-OFS orbitofrontal sulcus FMA:83768 fronto-orbital dimple FMA:83768 orbito-frontal sulcus spinal trigeminal tract of pons FMA:72507 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1725 SCTID:369027002 UBERON:0002800 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1725-FMA_72507 stratum zonale of thalamus FMA:83905 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1727 UBERON:0002801 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1727-FMA_83905 neuraxis stratum stratum zonale thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1727 stratum zonale thalami FMA:83905 neuraxis stratum left parietal lobe FMA:72974 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1728 SCTID:314147009 UBERON:0002802 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1728-FMA_72974 right parietal lobe FMA:72973 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1729 SCTID:314146000 UBERON:0002803 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1729-FMA_72973 left limbic lobe FMA:72981 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1780 UBERON:0002804 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1780-FMA_72981 right limbic lobe FMA:72980 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1781 UBERON:0002805 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1781-FMA_72980 left occipital lobe FMA:72976 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1782 SCTID:314150007 UBERON:0002806 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1782-FMA_72976 right occipital lobe FMA:72975 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1783 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rv9OFy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:314149007 UBERON:0002807 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1783-FMA_72975 left temporal lobe FMA:72972 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1784 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rwQLi-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:314158000 UBERON:0002808 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1784-FMA_72972 right temporal lobe FMA:72971 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1785 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rwQLi-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:314157005 UBERON:0002809 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1785-FMA_72971 right frontal lobe FMA:72969 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1786 SCTID:314141005 UBERON:0002810 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1786-FMA_72969 left frontal lobe FMA:72970 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1787 SCTID:314142003 UBERON:0002811 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1787-FMA_72970 left cerebral hemisphere FMA:61819 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1795 SCTID:362323007 UBERON:0002812 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1795-FMA_61819 left hemisphere ncithesaurus:Left_Cerebral_Hemisphere NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1795 left hemisphere right cerebral hemisphere FMA:67292 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1797 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvigx5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362322002 UBERON:0002813 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_1797-FMA_67292 ncithesaurus:Right_Cerebral_Hemisphere right hemisphere NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1797 right hemisphere posterior superior fissure FMA:83733 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_20081254 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081254 SCTID:314170001 UBERON:0002814 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_20081254-FMA_83733 fissura post clivalis post-clival fissure postclival fissure posterior superior fissure of cerebellum postlunate fissure FMA:83733 postlunate fissure FMA:83733 post-clival fissure FMA:83733 posterior superior fissure of cerebellum FMA:83733 postclival fissure FMA:83733 FMA:TA fissura post clivalis horizontal fissure FMA:14697 FMA:75135 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_20081255 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081255 SCTID:314173004 The largest and deepest fissure in the cerebellum is named the horizontal sulcus (or horizontal fissure). It commences in front of the pons, and passes horizontally around the free margin of the hemisphere to the middle line behind, and divides the cerebellum into an upper and a lower portion. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002815 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_20081255-FMA_14697 fissura intercruralis cerebelli great horizontal fissure horizontal fissure of cerebellum horizontal fissure of right lung(line) horizontal sulcus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gray702.png/200px-Gray702.png intercrural fissure of cerebellum The largest and deepest fissure in the cerebellum is named the horizontal sulcus (or horizontal fissure). It commences in front of the pons, and passes horizontally around the free margin of the hemisphere to the middle line behind, and divides the cerebellum into an upper and a lower portion. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Horizontal_fissure_of_cerebellum FMA:14697 horizontal fissure of right lung(line) FMA:75135 intercrural fissure of cerebellum FMA:75135 great horizontal fissure FMA:75135 FMA:TA fissura intercruralis cerebelli prepyramidal fissure FMA:75138 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_20081257 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081257 SCTID:314171002 UBERON:0002816 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_20081257-FMA_75138 fissura prebiventralis cerebelli prebiventral fissure of cerebellum prepyramidal fissure of cerebellum prepyramidal sulcus FMA:75138 prebiventral fissure of cerebellum FMA:75138 FMA:TA fissura prebiventralis cerebelli FMA:75138 prepyramidal sulcus FMA:75138 prepyramidal fissure of cerebellum secondary fissure FMA:84043 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_20081258 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081258 SCTID:314169002 UBERON:0002817 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_20081258-FMA_84043 fissura postpyramidalis cerebelli post-pyramidal fissure of cerebellum postpyramidal fissure secondary fissure secondary fissure of cerebellum FMA:84043 secondary fissure FMA:84043 secondary fissure of cerebellum FMA:84043 FMA:TA fissura postpyramidalis cerebelli FMA:84043 postpyramidal fissure FMA:84043 post-pyramidal fissure of cerebellum posterolateral fissure FMA:83730 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_20081259 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081259 SCTID:314172009 UBERON:0002818 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_20081259-FMA_83730 dorsolateral fissure of cerebellum posterolateral fissure of cerebellum prenodular fissure prenodular sulcus uvulonodular fissure FMA:83730 uvulonodular fissure FMA:83730 dorsolateral fissure of cerebellum FMA:83730 posterolateral fissure of cerebellum FMA:83730 prenodular fissure FMA:83730 prenodular sulcus apex of cochlea FMA:75641 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2523 The cupula is a structure in the vestibular system, sensing proprioception. The cupula is located within the ampullae of each of the three semicircular canals. As fluid rushes by the cupula, hair cells within it sense rotational acceleration, and transmit the corresponding signal to the brain through the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) In their natural orientation within the head, the cupulae are located on the medial aspect of the semicircular canals. In this orientation, the kinocilia rest on the posterior aspect of the cupula. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002819 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2523-FMA_75641 cochlea apex cupula of cochlea FMA:75641 cupula of cochlea Wikipedia FMA:75641 cochlea apex The cupula is a structure in the vestibular system, sensing proprioception. The cupula is located within the ampullae of each of the three semicircular canals. As fluid rushes by the cupula, hair cells within it sense rotational acceleration, and transmit the corresponding signal to the brain through the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) In their natural orientation within the head, the cupulae are located on the medial aspect of the semicircular canals. In this orientation, the kinocilia rest on the posterior aspect of the cupula. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Apex_of_cochlea zona arcuata of basilar membrane of cochlea FMA:75709 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2528 UBERON:0002820 UBERON:0002821 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2528-FMA_75709 macula lutea proper FMA:58671 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2542 UBERON:0002822 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2542-FMA_58671 clivus of fovea centralis FMA:58674 NIF differs from FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2544 UBERON:0002823 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2544-FMA_58674 clivus of macula lutea fovea centralis clivus FMA:58674 fovea centralis clivus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2544 clivus of macula lutea vestibular ganglion EHDAA2:0002199 EMAPA:17573 FMA:53435 MA:0001086 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2549 OG:0000682 SCTID:244450009 Scarpa's ganglion The vestibular nerve ganglion (also called Scarpa's ganglion) is the ganglion of the vestibular nerve. It contains the cell bodies of the bipolar primary afferent neurons whose peripheral processes form synaptic contact with hair cells of the vestibular sensory end organs[WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002824 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2549-FMA_53435 ncithesaurus:Vestibular_Ganglion vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion vestibular component vestibulocochlear component FMA:53435 Scarpa's ganglion The vestibular nerve ganglion (also called Scarpa's ganglion) is the ganglion of the vestibular nerve. It contains the cell bodies of the bipolar primary afferent neurons whose peripheral processes form synaptic contact with hair cells of the vestibular sensory end organs[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vestibular_ganglion MA:0001086 vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion vestibular component superior part of vestibular ganglion FMA:77531 MA:0002778 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2551 UBERON:0002825 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2551-FMA_77531 pars superior vestibularis vestibular ganglion superior part MA:0002778 pars superior vestibularis MA:0002778 vestibular ganglion superior part inferior part of vestibular ganglion FMA:77532 MA:0002779 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2552 UBERON:0002826 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2552-FMA_77532 vestibular ganglion inferior part MA:0002779 vestibular ganglion inferior part auditory ganglion EFO:0003543 EHDAA2:0002196 EHDAA:5569 EHDAA:6653 EMAPA:17571 MA:0001084 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2564 OG:0000696 The cell bodies of the cochlear nerve lie within the central aspect of the cochlea and are collectively known as the spiral ganglion. This name reflects the fact that the cell bodies, considered as a unit, have a spiral (or perhaps more accurately, a helical) shape, reflecting the shape of the cochlea. The terms "cochlear nerve fiber" and "spiral ganglion cell" are used, to some degree, interchangeably, although the former may be used to more specifically refer to the central axons of the cochlear nerve. These central axons exit the cochlea at its base, where it forms a nerve trunk. In humans, this aspect of the nerve is roughly one inch in length. It projects centrally to the brainstem, where its fibers synapse with the cell bodies of the cochlear nucleus[Wikipedia:Cochlear_nerve] UBERON:0002827 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2564-ZFA_0000588 XAO:0004142 ZFA:0000588 auditory ganglion gVIII sag statoacoustic (VIII) ganglion statoacoustic ganglia vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion ZFA:0000588 sag ZFA:0000588 statoacoustic (VIII) ganglion MA:0001084 vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion ZFA:0000588 gVIII ZFA:0000588 statoacoustic ganglia NBK53175 ZFA:0000588 auditory ganglion ventral cochlear nucleus ABA:VCO BM:CV FMA:54621 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2567 SCTID:280178008 The ventral cochlear nucleus (or anterior, or accessory), placed between the two divisions of the cochlear nerve, is on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. Composed of several regions of distinct cell types, this nucleus serves primarily as a relay station for ascending auditory information. Bushy cells in the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), which receive end bulbs of held from auditory nerve fibers, project to the superior olivary complex through the trapezoid body and intermediate acoustic stria. Other cell types project to the lateral lemniscus and the inferior colliculus directly. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002828 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2567-FMA_54621 anterior cochlear nucleus c1281209 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gray760.png/200px-Gray760.png ventral cochlear nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2567 c1281209 FMA:54621 ventral cochlear nucleus The ventral cochlear nucleus (or anterior, or accessory), placed between the two divisions of the cochlear nerve, is on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. Composed of several regions of distinct cell types, this nucleus serves primarily as a relay station for ascending auditory information. Bushy cells in the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), which receive end bulbs of held from auditory nerve fibers, project to the superior olivary complex through the trapezoid body and intermediate acoustic stria. Other cell types project to the lateral lemniscus and the inferior colliculus directly. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_cochlear_nucleus FMA:54621 anterior cochlear nucleus dorsal cochlear nucleus ABA:DCO BM:Me-CD FMA:54624 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2569 SCTID:280179000 The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN, also known as the 'tuberculum acousticum'), is a cortex-like structure on the dorso-lateral surface of the brainstem. Along with the ventral cochlear nucleus, it forms the cochlear nucleus, where all auditory nerve fibers from the cochlea form their first synapses. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002829 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2569-FMA_54624 dorsal cochlear nucleus dorsal division of cochlear nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gray760.png/200px-Gray760.png ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Cochlear_Nucleus posterior cochlear nucleus FMA:54624 posterior cochlear nucleus The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN, also known as the 'tuberculum acousticum'), is a cortex-like structure on the dorso-lateral surface of the brainstem. Along with the ventral cochlear nucleus, it forms the cochlear nucleus, where all auditory nerve fibers from the cochlea form their first synapses. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_cochlear_nucleus FMA:54624 dorsal division of cochlear nucleus FMA:54624 dorsal cochlear nucleus anteroventral cochlear nucleus FMA:72571 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2572 UBERON:0002830 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2572-FMA_72571 anterior part of anterior cochlear nucleus anteroventral auditory nucleus nucleus magnocellularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2572 nucleus magnocellularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2572 anterior part of anterior cochlear nucleus FMA:72571 anteroventral auditory nucleus posteroventral cochlear nucleus FMA:72572 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2573 UBERON:0002831 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2573-FMA_72572 posterior part of anterior cochlear nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2573 posterior part of anterior cochlear nucleus ventral nucleus of trapezoid body FMA:72477 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2576 SCTID:369020000 UBERON:0002832 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2576-FMA_72477 anterior nucleus of trapezoid body nucleus anterior corporis trapezoidei FMA:72477 FMA:TA nucleus anterior corporis trapezoidei FMA:72477 anterior nucleus of trapezoid body medial nucleus of trapezoid body FMA:75732 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2595 UBERON:0002833 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2595-FMA_75732 cervical dorsal root ganglion FMA:6005 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2599 SCTID:278325008 UBERON:0002834 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2599-FMA_6005 cervical dorsal root ganglion cervical spinal ganglion FMA:6005 cervical dorsal root ganglion FMA:6005 cervical spinal ganglion thoracic dorsal root ganglion A dorsal root ganglion that is part of a thorax [Obol]. FMA:6006 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2600 SCTID:278326009 UBERON:0002835 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2600-FMA_6006 dorsal root ganglion of thorax ganglion of dorsal root of thorax ganglion spinalis of thorax thoracic dorsal root ganglion thoracic spinal ganglion thorax dorsal root ganglion thorax ganglion of dorsal root thorax ganglion spinalis FMA:6006 thoracic dorsal root ganglion FMA:6006 thoracic spinal ganglion OBOL:automatic ganglion of dorsal root of thorax OBOL:automatic ganglion spinalis of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax ganglion of dorsal root OBOL:automatic dorsal root ganglion of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax ganglion spinalis A dorsal root ganglion that is part of a thorax [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic thorax dorsal root ganglion lumbar dorsal root ganglion FMA:6007 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2601 SCTID:278327000 UBERON:0002836 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2601-FMA_6007 lumbar dorsal root ganglion lumbar spinal ganglion the group of nerve cell bodies located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column at the level of the lumbar vertebrae. MP:0006404 the group of nerve cell bodies located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column at the level of the lumbar vertebrae. FMA:6007 lumbar spinal ganglion FMA:6007 lumbar dorsal root ganglion sacral dorsal root ganglion FMA:6008 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2602 SCTID:278328005 UBERON:0002837 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2602-FMA_6008 sacral dorsal root ganglion sacral spinal ganglion FMA:6008 sacral dorsal root ganglion FMA:6008 sacral spinal ganglion first cervical dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25144 FMA:6010 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2603 UBERON:0002838 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2603-FMA_6010 first cervical dorsal root ganglion first cervical spinal ganglion FMA:6010 first cervical spinal ganglion FMA:6010 first cervical dorsal root ganglion second cervical dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25155 FMA:6315 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2604 UBERON:0002839 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2604-FMA_6315 second cervical dorsal root ganglion second cervical spinal ganglion FMA:6315 second cervical spinal ganglion FMA:6315 second cervical dorsal root ganglion third cervical dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25156 FMA:6316 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2605 UBERON:0002840 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2605-FMA_6316 third cervical dorsal root ganglion third cervical spinal ganglion FMA:6316 third cervical spinal ganglion FMA:6316 third cervical dorsal root ganglion fourth cervical dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25157 FMA:6317 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2606 UBERON:0002841 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2606-FMA_6317 fourth cervical dorsal root ganglion fourth cervical spinal ganglion FMA:6317 fourth cervical dorsal root ganglion FMA:6317 fourth cervical spinal ganglion fifth cervical dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25158 FMA:6318 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2607 UBERON:0002842 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2607-FMA_6318 fifth cervical dorsal root ganglion fifth cervical spinal ganglion FMA:6318 fifth cervical spinal ganglion FMA:6318 fifth cervical dorsal root ganglion seventh cervical dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25160 FMA:6360 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2609 UBERON:0002843 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2609-FMA_6360 seventh cervical dorsal root ganglion seventh cervical spinal ganglion FMA:6360 seventh cervical dorsal root ganglion FMA:6360 seventh cervical spinal ganglion eighth cervical dorsal root ganglion FMA:6361 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2610 UBERON:0002844 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2610-FMA_6361 eighth cervical dorsal root ganglion eighth cervical spinal ganglion FMA:6361 eighth cervical spinal ganglion FMA:6361 eighth cervical dorsal root ganglion first thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25174 FMA:6321 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2611 UBERON:0002845 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2611-FMA_6321 first thoracic dorsal root ganglion first thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6321 first thoracic dorsal root ganglion FMA:6321 first thoracic spinal ganglion second thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25175 FMA:6322 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2612 UBERON:0002846 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2612-FMA_6322 second thoracic dorsal root ganglion second thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6322 second thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6322 second thoracic dorsal root ganglion third thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25176 FMA:6323 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2613 UBERON:0002847 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2613-FMA_6323 third thoracic dorsal root ganglion third thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6323 third thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6323 third thoracic dorsal root ganglion fifth thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25179 FMA:6325 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2615 UBERON:0002848 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2615-FMA_6325 fifth thoracic dorsal root ganglion fifth thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6325 fifth thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6325 fifth thoracic dorsal root ganglion sixth thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25178 FMA:6326 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2616 UBERON:0002849 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2616-FMA_6326 sixth thoracic dorsal root ganglion sixth thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6326 sixth thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6326 sixth thoracic dorsal root ganglion seventh thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25180 FMA:6327 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2617 UBERON:0002850 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2617-FMA_6327 seventh thoracic dorsal root ganglion seventh thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6327 seventh thoracic dorsal root ganglion FMA:6327 seventh thoracic spinal ganglion eighth thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25181 FMA:6328 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2618 UBERON:0002851 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2618-FMA_6328 eighth thoracic dorsal root ganglion eighth thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6328 eighth thoracic dorsal root ganglion FMA:6328 eighth thoracic spinal ganglion ninth thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25182 FMA:6329 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2619 UBERON:0002852 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2619-FMA_6329 ninth thoracic dorsal root ganglion ninth thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6329 ninth thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6329 ninth thoracic dorsal root ganglion tenth thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25183 FMA:6330 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2620 UBERON:0002853 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2620-FMA_6330 tenth thoracic dorsal root ganglion tenth thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6330 tenth thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6330 tenth thoracic dorsal root ganglion eleventh thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25184 FMA:6331 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2621 UBERON:0002854 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2621-FMA_6331 eleventh thoracic dorsal root ganglion eleventh thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6331 eleventh thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6331 eleventh thoracic dorsal root ganglion twelfth thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25185 FMA:6332 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2622 UBERON:0002855 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2622-FMA_6332 twelfth thoracic dorsal root ganglion twelfth thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6332 twelfth thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6332 twelfth thoracic dorsal root ganglion second lumbar dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25165 FMA:6336 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2623 UBERON:0002856 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2623-FMA_6336 second lumbar dorsal root ganglion second lumbar spinal ganglion FMA:6336 second lumbar spinal ganglion FMA:6336 second lumbar dorsal root ganglion first lumbar dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25164 FMA:6335 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2624 UBERON:0002857 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2624-FMA_6335 first lumbar dorsal root ganglion first lumbar spinal ganglion FMA:6335 first lumbar spinal ganglion FMA:6335 first lumbar dorsal root ganglion third lumbar dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25166 FMA:6337 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2625 UBERON:0002858 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2625-FMA_6337 third lumbar dorsal root ganglion third lumbar spinal ganglion FMA:6337 third lumbar dorsal root ganglion FMA:6337 third lumbar spinal ganglion fifth lumbar dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25168 FMA:6339 L5 dorsal root ganglion NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2627 UBERON:0002859 UBERON:0003944 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2627-FMA_6339 fifth lumbar dorsal root ganglion fifth lumbar spinal ganglion the group of nerve cell bodies located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra MP:0001022 the group of nerve cell bodies located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra FMA:6339 fifth lumbar dorsal root ganglion L5 dorsal root ganglion MP:0001022 FMA:6339 fifth lumbar spinal ganglion first sacral dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25170 FMA:6342 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2628 UBERON:0002860 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2628-FMA_6342 first sacral dorsal root ganglion first sacral spinal ganglion FMA:6342 first sacral spinal ganglion FMA:6342 first sacral dorsal root ganglion second sacral dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25171 FMA:6343 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2629 UBERON:0002861 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2629-FMA_6343 second sacral dorsal root ganglion second sacral spinal ganglion FMA:6343 second sacral spinal ganglion FMA:6343 second sacral dorsal root ganglion third sacral dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25172 FMA:6344 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2630 UBERON:0002862 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2630-FMA_6344 third sacral dorsal root ganglion third sacral spinal ganglion FMA:6344 third sacral dorsal root ganglion FMA:6344 third sacral spinal ganglion fifth sacral dorsal root ganglion FMA:6346 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2632 UBERON:0002863 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2632-FMA_6346 fifth sacral dorsal root ganglion fifth sacral spinal ganglion FMA:6346 fifth sacral spinal ganglion FMA:6346 fifth sacral dorsal root ganglion accessory cuneate nucleus ABA:ECU BM:Me-CX EV:0100285 FMA:72603 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2634 SCTID:15575006 The accessory cuneate nucleus is located lateral to the cuneate nucleus in the medulla oblongata at the level of the sensory decussation. It receives input from cervical spinal nerves and transmits that information to the cerebellum. These fibers are called cuneocerebellar (cuneate nucleus &gt; cerebellum) fibers. In this function, the accessory cuneate nucleus is comparable to the upper extremity portion of the posterior spinocerebellar tract. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002864 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2634-FMA_72603 external cuneate nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gray694.png/200px-Gray694.png lateral cuneate nucleus nucleus of corpus restiforme FMA:72603 nucleus of corpus restiforme ABA ABA ABA FMA:72603 lateral cuneate nucleus ABA The accessory cuneate nucleus is located lateral to the cuneate nucleus in the medulla oblongata at the level of the sensory decussation. It receives input from cervical spinal nerves and transmits that information to the cerebellum. These fibers are called cuneocerebellar (cuneate nucleus &gt; cerebellum) fibers. In this function, the accessory cuneate nucleus is comparable to the upper extremity portion of the posterior spinocerebellar tract. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Accessory_cuneate_nucleus ABA ABA FMA:72603 external cuneate nucleus ABA arcuate nucleus of medulla An arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus that is part of a medulla [Obol]. FMA:72609 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2635 UBERON:0002865 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2635-FMA_72609 arcuate hypothalamic nucleus of medulla arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus of medulla arcuate nucleus-1 arcuate nucleus-2 of medulla arcuate periventricular nucleus of medulla infundibular hypothalamic nucleus of medulla infundibular nucleus of medulla infundibular periventricular nucleus of medulla medial arcuate nucleus medulla arcuate hypothalamic nucleus medulla arcuate nucleus medulla arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus medulla arcuate nucleus-2 medulla arcuate periventricular nucleus medulla infundibular hypothalamic nucleus medulla infundibular nucleus medulla infundibular periventricular nucleus nucleus arciformis pyramidalis OBOL:automatic medulla arcuate nucleus-2 OBOL:automatic arcuate nucleus-2 of medulla OBOL:automatic infundibular hypothalamic nucleus of medulla OBOL:automatic infundibular periventricular nucleus of medulla OBOL:automatic arcuate periventricular nucleus of medulla OBOL:automatic infundibular nucleus of medulla FMA:72609 arcuate nucleus-1 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2635 nucleus arciformis pyramidalis FMA:72609 medial arcuate nucleus An arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus that is part of a medulla [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic medulla arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic medulla infundibular periventricular nucleus OBOL:automatic medulla arcuate periventricular nucleus OBOL:automatic arcuate hypothalamic nucleus of medulla OBOL:automatic medulla arcuate hypothalamic nucleus OBOL:automatic medulla infundibular nucleus OBOL:automatic arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus of medulla OBOL:automatic medulla arcuate nucleus OBOL:automatic medulla infundibular hypothalamic nucleus caudal part of spinal trigeminal nucleus ABA:SPVC EV:0100235 FMA:72606 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.931.920.927 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2637 UBERON:0002866 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2637-FMA_72606 caudal nucleus caudal nucleus (kandell) spinal trigeminal nucleus, caudal part ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2637 caudal nucleus ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA FMA:72606 spinal trigeminal nucleus, caudal part central gray substance of medulla FMA:72595 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2638 UBERON:0002867 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2638-FMA_72595 central gray matter medullary central gray substance FMA:72595 medullary central gray substance NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2638 central gray matter commissural nucleus of vagus nerve FMA:54597 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2639 UBERON:0002868 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2639-FMA_54597 commissural nucleus-1 nucleus of inferior commissure nucleus of inferior commisure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2639 nucleus of inferior commisure FMA:54597 commissural nucleus-1 FMA:54597 nucleus of inferior commissure diffuse reticular nucleus FMA:72598 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2641 UBERON:0002869 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2641-FMA_72598 kolloker-fuse nucleus nucleus of kolliker-fuse NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2641 kolloker-fuse nucleus dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve ABA:DMX BM:DX EV:0100287 FMA:54592 MA:0001036 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2642 SCTID:52884007 The dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve (or posterior motor nucleus of vagus) is a cranial nerve nucleus for the vagus nerve that arises from the floor of the fourth ventricle. It mostly serves parasympathetic vagal functions in the heart, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and other thoracic and abdominal vagal innervations. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002870 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2642-FMA_54592 dorsal efferent nucleus of vagus dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve dorsal motor nucleus of vagus X nerve dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve dorsal motor vagal nucleus dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve dorsal vagal nucleus dorsal vagal nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gray697.png/200px-Gray697.png ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Nucleus_of_the_Vagus_Nerve nucleus alaris posterior nucleus of vagus nerve vagus nucleus Wikipedia:Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve Wikipedia:Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve Wikipedia:Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus ABA The dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve (or posterior motor nucleus of vagus) is a cranial nerve nucleus for the vagus nerve that arises from the floor of the fourth ventricle. It mostly serves parasympathetic vagal functions in the heart, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and other thoracic and abdominal vagal innervations. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_motor_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2642 dorsal vagal nucleus ABA MA NIF ABA Wikipedia:Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve ABA MA:0001036 dorsal motor nucleus of vagus X nerve NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2642 nucleus alaris FMA:54592 dorsal efferent nucleus of vagus Wikipedia:Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve posterior nucleus of vagus nerve ABA Wikipedia:Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve vagus nucleus Wikipedia:Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve dorsal vagal nucleus ABA ABA ABA Wikipedia:Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve dorsal motor vagal nucleus hypoglossal nucleus ABA:XII BM:XII EV:0100286 FMA:54505 MA:0001039 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2644 OG:0001358 SCTID:47361005 The hypoglossal nucleus is a cranial nerve nucleus, and it extends the length of the medulla, and being a motor nucleus, is close to the midline. In the open medulla, it is visible as what is known as the hypoglossal trigone, a raised area (medial to the vagal trigone) protruding slightly into the fourth ventricle. In the closed medulla, the gracile and cuneate nuclei lie posteriorly, which means the nucleus is not as close to the back of the medulla as in the open medulla. It is, however, still close to the midline. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002871 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2644-FMA_54505 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gray694.png/200px-Gray694.png hypoglossal XII nucleus hypoglossal nerve nucleus hypoglossal nucleus ncithesaurus:Hypoglossal_Nucleus ncithesaurus:Nucleus_of_the_Hypoglossal_Nerve nucleus nervi hypoglossi nucleus of hypoglossal nerve twelfth cranial nerve nucleus FMA:54505 hypoglossal nucleus ABA FMA:54505 twelfth cranial nerve nucleus ABA FMA:54505 FMA:TA nucleus nervi hypoglossi The hypoglossal nucleus is a cranial nerve nucleus, and it extends the length of the medulla, and being a motor nucleus, is close to the midline. In the open medulla, it is visible as what is known as the hypoglossal trigone, a raised area (medial to the vagal trigone) protruding slightly into the fourth ventricle. In the closed medulla, the gracile and cuneate nuclei lie posteriorly, which means the nucleus is not as close to the back of the medulla as in the open medulla. It is, however, still close to the midline. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hypoglossal_nucleus MA:0001039 hypoglossal XII nucleus FMA:54505 nucleus of hypoglossal nerve ABA ABA ABA ABA FMA:54505 hypoglossal nerve nucleus ABA ABA ABA inferior salivatory nucleus ABA:ISN FMA:72601 In the brain, the inferior salivatory nucleus is a cluster of neurons controlling the parasympathetic input to the parotid gland. It is one of the components of the glossopharyngeal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2645 UBERON:0002872 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2645-FMA_72601 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gray843.png/200px-Gray843.png inferior salivary nucleus inferior salivatary nucleus ABA ABA In the brain, the inferior salivatory nucleus is a cluster of neurons controlling the parasympathetic input to the parotid gland. It is one of the components of the glossopharyngeal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_salivatory_nucleus ABA GO:0021752 inferior salivary nucleus ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA interpolar part of spinal trigeminal nucleus ABA:SPVI FMA:235324 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2646 UBERON:0002873 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2646-FMA_235324 ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA lateral pericuneate nucleus FMA:72604 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2647 UBERON:0002874 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2647-FMA_72604 medial pericuneate nucleus FMA:72605 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2648 UBERON:0002875 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2648-FMA_72605 nucleus intercalatus EV:0100291 FMA:72597 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2651 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2654 SCTID:369077004 UBERON:0002876 UBERON:0002878 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2651-FMA_72597 intercalated nucleus of medulla nucleus intercalatus of medulla nucleus of staderini nucleus staderini two NIF classes with the same name NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2651 nucleus staderini FMA:72597 nucleus intercalatus of medulla NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2654 nucleus staderini FMA:72597 intercalated nucleus of medulla parasolitary nucleus ABA:PAS FMA:77091 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2653 UBERON:0002877 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2653-FMA_77091 nucleus fasciculus solitarius nucleus juxtasolitarius ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2653 nucleus fasciculus solitarius ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2653 nucleus juxtasolitarius ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA peritrigeminal nucleus FMA:72600 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2655 UBERON:0002879 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2655-FMA_72600 pontobulbar nucleus FMA:72608 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2656 UBERON:0002880 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2656-FMA_72608 nucleus of circumolivary bundle pontobulbar body FMA:72608 nucleus of circumolivary bundle FMA:72608 pontobulbar body sublingual nucleus ABA:NR FMA:68574 In the substance of the formatio reticularis are two small nuclei of gray matter. The one near the dorsal aspect of the hilus of the inferior olivary nucleus is called the Sublingual nucleus (inferior central nucleus, nucleus of Roller.) [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2657 UBERON:0002881 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2657-FMA_68574 inferior central nucleus nucleus of roller nucleus of roller FMA:68574 nucleus of roller ABA In the substance of the formatio reticularis are two small nuclei of gray matter. The one near the dorsal aspect of the hilus of the inferior olivary nucleus is called the Sublingual nucleus (inferior central nucleus, nucleus of Roller.) [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sublingual_nucleus Wikipedia:Sublingual_nucleus inferior central nucleus Wikipedia:Sublingual_nucleus nucleus of roller supraspinal nucleus BM:SSp EV:0100282 FMA:74507 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2658 UBERON:0002882 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2658-FMA_74507 central amygdaloid nucleus BM:Tel-Am-ACE BTO:0002686 EV:0100191 FMA:74047 MA:0002923 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2682 UBERON:0002883 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2682-FMA_74047 amygdala central nucleus central nucleus of amygda central nucleus of amygdala nucleus amygdalae centralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2682 central nucleus of amygda BTO:0002686 nucleus amygdalae centralis BTO:0002686 amygdala central nucleus FMA:74047 central nucleus of amygdala intercalated amygdaloid nuclei FMA:61868 MA:0002925 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2683 UBERON:0002884 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2683-FMA_61868 intercalated amygdaloid nuclei intercalated amygdaloid nucleus intercalated masses of nucleus amygdaloideus intercalated nuclei of amygdala intercalated nucleus of the amygdala massa intercalata massa intercalata of amygdala FMA:61868 intercalated nuclei of amygdala FMA:61868 intercalated amygdaloid nuclei NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2683 massa intercalata NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2683 intercalated nucleus of the amygdala FMA:61868 intercalated amygdaloid nucleus FMA:61868 intercalated masses of nucleus amygdaloideus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2683 massa intercalata of amygdala accessory basal amygdaloid nucleus FMA:61867 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2686 UBERON:0002885 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2686-FMA_61867 accessory basal nucleus of amygdala basal amygdaloid nucleus, medial part basomedial nucleus (de olmos) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2686 basal amygdaloid nucleus, medial part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2686 basomedial nucleus (de olmos) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2686 accessory basal nucleus of amygdala lateral amygdaloid nucleus ABA:LA BM:Tel-Am-ALA BTO:0002704 FMA:61866 MA:0002926 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2687 UBERON:0002886 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2687-FMA_61866 lateral nucleus of amygdala lateral principal nucleus of amygdala nucleus amygdalae lateralis FMA:61866 lateral nucleus of amygdala FMA:61866 lateral principal nucleus of amygdala BTO:0002704 nucleus amygdalae lateralis basal amygdaloid nucleus ABA:BLA FMA:68855 MA:0002921 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2692 UBERON:0002887 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2692-FMA_68855 basolateral amygaloid nucleus basolateral amygdalar nucleus basolateral amygdaloid nucleus basolateral nucleus (de olmos) intermediate principal nucleus nucleus amygdalae basalis lateralis FMA:68855 FMA:TA nucleus amygdalae basalis lateralis FMA:68855 basolateral amygdaloid nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2692 basolateral amygaloid nucleus FMA:68855 intermediate principal nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2692 basolateral amygdalar nucleus ABA lateral part of basal amygdaloid nucleus FMA:68857 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2695 UBERON:0002888 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2695-FMA_68857 lateral basal nucleus of amygdala lateral basal nucleus of the amygdala lateral division of basal nucleus lateral division of the basal nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2695 lateral division of basal nucleus FMA:68857 lateral basal nucleus of the amygdala FMA:68857 lateral division of the basal nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2695 lateral basal nucleus of amygdala medial part of basal amygdaloid nucleus ABA:BMA FMA:68858 MA:0002922 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2696 UBERON:0002889 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2696-FMA_68858 basomedial amygdalar nucleus basomedial amygdaloid nucleus medial basal nucleus of amygdala medial division of basal nucleus nucleus amygdalae basalis medialis FMA:68858 FMA:TA nucleus amygdalae basalis medialis ABA:BMA basomedial amygdalar nucleus FMA:68858 MA:0002922 basomedial amygdaloid nucleus FMA:68858 medial division of basal nucleus FMA:68858 medial basal nucleus of amygdala anterior amygdaloid area ABA:AAA BM:Tel-Am-AAA FMA:61861 MA:0002919 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2698 UBERON:0002890 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2698-FMA_61861 anterior amygaloid area anterior amygdalar area NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2698 anterior amygdalar area NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2698 anterior amygaloid area cortical amygdaloid nucleus BTO:0002703 EV:0100193 FMA:61862 MA:0002924 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2700 UBERON:0002891 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2700-FMA_61862 nucleus amygdalae corticalis posterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus posterior cortical nucleus of amygdala BTO:0002703 nucleus amygdalae corticalis FMA:61862 posterior cortical nucleus of amygdala NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2700 posterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus medial amygdaloid nucleus BM:Tel-Am-AME BTO:0002702 EV:0100192 FMA:74046 MA:0002927 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2701 UBERON:0002892 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2701-FMA_74046 medial amygalar nucleus medial nucleus of amygdala nucleus amygdalae medialis BTO:0002702 nucleus amygdalae medialis FMA:74046 medial nucleus of amygdala NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2701 medial amygalar nucleus nucleus of lateral olfactory tract ABA:NLOT BM:Tel-NLOT FMA:61865 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2702 UBERON:0002893 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2702-FMA_61865 lateral olfactory tract nucleus nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (ganser) ABA FMA:61865 lateral olfactory tract nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2702 nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (ganser) ABA ABA olfactory cortex BTO:0001446 EHDAA2:0001289 EHDAA:5482 EMAPA:17779 Editor note - consider relationship: receives_input_from UBERON:0002264 MA:0000193 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2707 OG:0000325 The olfactory cortex is involved in the perception of smell. It receives input from the olfactory bulb and is responsible for the identification of odors[GO]. UBERON:0002894 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2707-MA_0000193 archaeocortex archeocortex ncithesaurus:Olfactory_Lobe olfactory lobe BTO:0001446 archaeocortex Editor note - consider relationship: receives_input_from UBERON:0002264 GO MA:0000193 olfactory lobe BTO:0001446 archeocortex The olfactory cortex is involved in the perception of smell. It receives input from the olfactory bulb and is responsible for the identification of odors[GO]. Wikipedia:Olfactory_cortex secondary olfactory cortex BTO:0002650 BTO:0004345 Brodmann area 28 Brodmann's area 28; major gateway for neocortical input to the hippocampus; origin of the perforant pathway; a component of the medial temporal lobe memory system. (CSP) * The cytoarchitecturally well-defined area of multilaminate cerebral cortex on the medial aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus, immediately caudal to the olfactory cortex of the uncus. The entorhinal cortex is the origin of the major neural fiber system afferent to the hippocampus, the so-called PERFORANT PATHWAY. (Stedman, 25th ed). EV:0100179 FMA considers this a syn of entorhinal cortex. See also brodman definition FMA:68625 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2709 UBERON:0002895 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_2709-FMA_72356 area 28 of Brodmann area 28 of Brodmann (crosby) entorhinal cortex secondary olfactory areas secondary olfactory cortex secondary olfactory cortical area (carpenter) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2709 secondary olfactory areas FMA:72356 entorhinal cortex FMA:72356 secondary olfactory cortex Brodmann's area 28; major gateway for neocortical input to the hippocampus; origin of the perforant pathway; a component of the medial temporal lobe memory system. (CSP) * The cytoarchitecturally well-defined area of multilaminate cerebral cortex on the medial aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus, immediately caudal to the olfactory cortex of the uncus. The entorhinal cortex is the origin of the major neural fiber system afferent to the hippocampus, the so-called PERFORANT PATHWAY. (Stedman, 25th ed). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2709 telodiencephalic fissure FMA:83726 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4001 UBERON:0002896 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4001-FMA_83726 telo-diencephalic fissure FMA:83726 telo-diencephalic fissure cistern of lamina terminalis FMA:74516 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4002 SCTID:12692002 UBERON:0002897 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4002-FMA_74516 cisterna lamina terminalis lamina terminalis cistern ncithesaurus:Lamina_Terminalis_Cistern FMA:74516 lamina terminalis cistern NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4002 cisterna lamina terminalis chiasmatic cistern EMAPA:19057 EMAPA:19150 EMAPA:25081 FMA:74515 In front, the cisterna interpeduncularis extends forward across the optic chiasma, forming the cistern of chiasma or chiasmatic cistern, and on to the upper surface of the corpus callosum, for the arachnoid stretches across from one cerebral hemisphere to the other immediately beneath the free border of the falx cerebri, and thus leaves a space in which the anterior cerebral arteries are contained. The 'leaf' or extension of the chiasmatic cistern above the chiasma, which is separated from the optic recess of the third ventricle by the thin lamina terminalis, has been called the suprachiasmatic cistern. As spaces filled with freely circulating cerebrospinal fluid, cisterns receive little direct study, but are mentioned in pathological conditions. Cysts and tumors of the lamina terminalis extend into the suprachiasmatic cistern, as can pituitary tumors, or the cistern can be partially or completely effaced by injury and hematoma or by blockage of the cerebral aqueduct. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4003 SCTID:47947006 UBERON:0002898 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4003-FMA_74515 cisterna chiasmatica cisterna chiasmatis ncithesaurus:Chiasmatic_Cistern In front, the cisterna interpeduncularis extends forward across the optic chiasma, forming the cistern of chiasma or chiasmatic cistern, and on to the upper surface of the corpus callosum, for the arachnoid stretches across from one cerebral hemisphere to the other immediately beneath the free border of the falx cerebri, and thus leaves a space in which the anterior cerebral arteries are contained. The 'leaf' or extension of the chiasmatic cistern above the chiasma, which is separated from the optic recess of the third ventricle by the thin lamina terminalis, has been called the suprachiasmatic cistern. As spaces filled with freely circulating cerebrospinal fluid, cisterns receive little direct study, but are mentioned in pathological conditions. Cysts and tumors of the lamina terminalis extend into the suprachiasmatic cistern, as can pituitary tumors, or the cistern can be partially or completely effaced by injury and hematoma or by blockage of the cerebral aqueduct. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Chiasmatic_cistern NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4003 cisterna chiasmatica NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4003 cisterna chiasmatis hippocampal sulcus FMA:83747 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4004 SCTID:369101000 The hippocampal sulcus, also known as the hippocampal fissure, is a sulcus that separates the dentate gyrus from the subiculum and the CA1 field in the hippocampus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002899 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4004-FMA_83747 dentate fissure hippocampal fissure http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg/200px-Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg ncithesaurus:Hippocampal_Fissure sulcus hippocampi NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4004 sulcus hippocampi The hippocampal sulcus, also known as the hippocampal fissure, is a sulcus that separates the dentate gyrus from the subiculum and the CA1 field in the hippocampus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hippocampal_sulcus FMA:83747 dentate fissure FMA:83747 hippocampal fissure transverse occipital sulcus BTO:0003786 FMA:83786 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4013 UBERON:0002900 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4013-FMA_83786 sulcus occipitalis transversus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4013 sulcus occipitalis transversus posterior calcarine sulcus FMA:83787 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4015 UBERON:0002901 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4015-FMA_83787 postcalcarine sulcus posterior calcarine fissure posterior part of calcarine sulcus sulcus calcarinus posterior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4015 sulcus calcarinus posterior FMA:83787 posterior part of calcarine sulcus FMA:83787 postcalcarine sulcus FMA:83787 posterior calcarine fissure occipital pole BTO:0001868 FMA:74892 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4016 SCTID:314160003 The anterior end of the hemisphere is named the frontal pole. The posterior end is named the occipital pole. The anterior end of the temporal lobe, the temporal pole. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002902 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4016-FMA_74892 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Human_brain_lateral_view_description.JPG/200px-Human_brain_lateral_view_description.JPG polus occipitalis polus occipitalis cerebri BTO:0001868 polus occipitalis cerebri The anterior end of the hemisphere is named the frontal pole. The posterior end is named the occipital pole. The anterior end of the temporal lobe, the temporal pole. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Occipital_pole NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4016 polus occipitalis lunate sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-LUS FMA:83788 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4017 UBERON:0002903 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4017-FMA_83788 lunate fissure ncithesaurus:Lunate_Sulcus sulcus lunatus sulcus simialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4017 sulcus simialis FMA:83788 lunate fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4017 sulcus lunatus lateral occipital sulcus FMA:83785 In the occipital lobe, the lateral occipital sulcus extends from behind forward, and divides the lateral surface of the occipital lobe into a superior and an inferior gyrus, which are continuous in front with the parietal and temporal lobes. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4018 SCTID:369219003 UBERON:0002904 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4018-FMA_83785 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gray727_lateral-occipital_sulcus.svg/200px-Gray727_lateral-occipital_sulcus.svg.png ncithesaurus:Lateral-occipital_Sulcus sulcus occipitalis lateralis In the occipital lobe, the lateral occipital sulcus extends from behind forward, and divides the lateral surface of the occipital lobe into a superior and an inferior gyrus, which are continuous in front with the parietal and temporal lobes. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_occipital_sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4018 sulcus occipitalis lateralis intralingual sulcus FMA:83789 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4019 UBERON:0002905 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4019-FMA_83789 sulcus intralingualis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4019 sulcus intralingualis anterior occipital sulcus FMA:75758 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4023 UBERON:0002906 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4023-FMA_75758 ascending limb of the inferior temporal sulcus posterior inferior temporal sulcus sulci occipitales superiores sulcus annectans sulcus occipitalis anterior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4023 sulci occipitales superiores NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4023 ascending limb of the inferior temporal sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4023 sulcus annectans NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4023 sulcus occipitalis anterior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4023 posterior inferior temporal sulcus superior postcentral sulcus FMA:83775 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4025 UBERON:0002907 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4025-FMA_83775 postcentral dimple sulcus postcentralis superior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4025 sulcus postcentralis superior FMA:83775 postcentral dimple subparietal sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-SPS FMA:83777 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4026 SCTID:279352008 UBERON:0002908 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4026-FMA_83777 splenial sulcus sulcus subparietalis suprasplenial sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4026 sulcus subparietalis FMA:83777 suprasplenial sulcus FMA:83777 splenial sulcus posterior subcentral sulcus FMA:83778 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4027 UBERON:0002909 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4027-FMA_83778 sulcus subcentralis posterior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4027 sulcus subcentralis posterior posterior ascending limb of lateral sulcus FMA:83761 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4028 UBERON:0002910 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4028-FMA_83761 ascending terminal ramus of sylvian fissure posterior ascending limb of lateral fissure posterior ramus of lateral cerebral sulcus ramus posterior ascendens fissurae lateralis ramus posterior sulci lateralis cerebri NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4028 ramus posterior ascendens fissurae lateralis FMA:83761 FMA:TA ramus posterior sulci lateralis cerebri FMA:83761 posterior ascending limb of lateral fissure FMA:83761 posterior ramus of lateral cerebral sulcus parietal operculum FMA:74889 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4029 SCTID:362353000 The parietal operculum, forming the superior bank of the sylvian fissure, as studied in the cat, contains the secondary somatosensory representation, 'S-II', and a second somatotopic representation (parietal ventral, or PV). Anatomically, primate S-II receives inputs from area 3 and area 1, and projects to PV and area 7. PV has projections to area 5 and premotor areas. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002911 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4029-FMA_74889 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Operculum.png/200px-Operculum.png operculum parietale NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4029 operculum parietale The parietal operculum, forming the superior bank of the sylvian fissure, as studied in the cat, contains the secondary somatosensory representation, 'S-II', and a second somatotopic representation (parietal ventral, or PV). Anatomically, primate S-II receives inputs from area 3 and area 1, and projects to PV and area 7. PV has projections to area 5 and premotor areas. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Parietal_operculum marginal sulcus FMA:83773 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4030 SCTID:279351001 The marginal sulcus is the portion of the cingulate sulcus adjacent to the paracentral lobule and the precuneus. It is sometimes known as the 'marginal part of the cingulate sulcus'. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002912 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4030-FMA_83773 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gray727_marginal_sulcus.svg/200px-Gray727_marginal_sulcus.svg.png marginal branch of cingulate sulcus marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus ramus marginalis sulci cingulati ramus marginalis sulci cinguli FMA:83773 marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus FMA:83773 FMA:TA ramus marginalis sulci cinguli FMA:83773 marginal branch of cingulate sulcus The marginal sulcus is the portion of the cingulate sulcus adjacent to the paracentral lobule and the precuneus. It is sometimes known as the 'marginal part of the cingulate sulcus'. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Marginal_sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4030 ramus marginalis sulci cingulati intraparietal sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-IPS BTO:0003787 FMA:83772 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4031 SCTID:279338006 The intraparietal sulcus (IPS) is located on the lateral surface of the parietal lobe, and consists of an oblique and a horizontal portion. The IPS contains a series of functionally distinct subregions that have been intensively investigated using both single cell neurophysiology in primates and human functional neuroimaging. Its principal functions are related to perceptual-motor coordination (for directing eye movements and reaching) and visual attention. The IPS is also thought to play a role in other functions, including processing symbolic numerical information, visuospatial working memory and interpreting the intent of others. [WP,unvetted]. Turner sulcus UBERON:0002913 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4031-FMA_83772 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gray726_intraparietal_sulcus.svg/200px-Gray726_intraparietal_sulcus.svg.png interparietal fissure intraparietal fissure intraparietal sulcus of Turner ncithesaurus:Intraparietal_Sulcus sulcus interparietalis sulcus intraparietalis BTO:0003787 sulcus intraparietalis FMA:83772 intraparietal fissure FMA:83772 interparietal fissure BTO:0003787 Turner sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4031 sulcus interparietalis BTO:0003787 intraparietal sulcus of Turner The intraparietal sulcus (IPS) is located on the lateral surface of the parietal lobe, and consists of an oblique and a horizontal portion. The IPS contains a series of functionally distinct subregions that have been intensively investigated using both single cell neurophysiology in primates and human functional neuroimaging. Its principal functions are related to perceptual-motor coordination (for directing eye movements and reaching) and visual attention. The IPS is also thought to play a role in other functions, including processing symbolic numerical information, visuospatial working memory and interpreting the intent of others. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Intraparietal_sulcus inferior postcentral sulcus FMA:83776 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4032 UBERON:0002914 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4032-FMA_83776 sulcus postcentralis inferior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4032 sulcus postcentralis inferior postcentral sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-PoCS FMA:83774 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4033 SCTID:279339003 The postcentral sulcus of the parietal lobe lies parallel to, and behind, the central sulcus in the human brain. (A sulcus is one of the prominent grooves on the surface of the brain. ) The postcentral sulcus divides the postcentral gyrus from the remainder of the parietal lobe. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002915 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4033-FMA_83774 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Postcentral_sulcus.png/200px-Postcentral_sulcus.png ncithesaurus:Postcentral_Sulcus postcentral fissure of cerebral hemisphere postcentral fissure-1 structure of postcentral sulcus sulcus postcentralis FMA:83774 postcentral fissure of cerebral hemisphere The postcentral sulcus of the parietal lobe lies parallel to, and behind, the central sulcus in the human brain. (A sulcus is one of the prominent grooves on the surface of the brain. ) The postcentral sulcus divides the postcentral gyrus from the remainder of the parietal lobe. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Postcentral_sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4033 sulcus postcentralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4033 structure of postcentral sulcus FMA:83774 postcentral fissure-1 central sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-CS FMA:83752 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4035 OpenCyc:Mx4rvjMKxpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279340001 The central sulcus is a fold in the cerebral cortex of brains in vertebrates. Also called the central fissure, it was originally called the fissure of Rolando or the Rolandic fissure, after Luigi Rolando. The central sulcus is a prominent landmark of the brain, separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002916 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4035-FMA_83752 central cerebral sulcus central fissure central sulcus of rolando fissure of rolando http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Central_sulcus.png/200px-Central_sulcus.png ncithesaurus:Central_Sulcus_of_Rolando rolandic fissure sulcus centralis sulcus centralis (rolandi) sulcus centralis cerebri sulcus of rolando FMA:83752 central cerebral sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4035 sulcus centralis (rolandi) FMA:83752 central fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4035 sulcus centralis cerebri NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4035 sulcus centralis The central sulcus is a fold in the cerebral cortex of brains in vertebrates. Also called the central fissure, it was originally called the fissure of Rolando or the Rolandic fissure, after Luigi Rolando. The central sulcus is a prominent landmark of the brain, separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Central_sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4035 rolandic fissure regional part of inferior colliculus A regional part of brain that is part of a inferior colliculus [Obol]. FMA:77871 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4036 UBERON:0002917 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4036-FMA_77871 anatomical structure of brain of caudal colliculus anatomical structure of brain of inferior colliculus anatomical structure of brain of posterior colliculus anatomical structure of brain of posterior corpus quadrigeminum biological structure of brain of caudal colliculus biological structure of brain of inferior colliculus biological structure of brain of posterior colliculus biological structure of brain of posterior corpus quadrigeminum brain anatomical structure of caudal colliculus brain anatomical structure of inferior colliculus brain anatomical structure of posterior colliculus brain anatomical structure of posterior corpus quadrigeminum brain biological structure of caudal colliculus brain biological structure of inferior colliculus brain biological structure of posterior colliculus brain biological structure of posterior corpus quadrigeminum caudal colliculus anatomical structure of brain caudal colliculus biological structure of brain caudal colliculus brain anatomical structure caudal colliculus brain biological structure caudal colliculus neuraxis segment caudal colliculus regional part of brain caudal colliculus segment of brain inferior colliculus anatomical structure of brain inferior colliculus biological structure of brain inferior colliculus brain anatomical structure inferior colliculus brain biological structure inferior colliculus neuraxis segment inferior colliculus regional part of brain inferior colliculus segment inferior colliculus segment of brain neuraxis segment of caudal colliculus neuraxis segment of inferior colliculus neuraxis segment of posterior colliculus neuraxis segment of posterior corpus quadrigeminum posterior colliculus anatomical structure of brain posterior colliculus biological structure of brain posterior colliculus brain anatomical structure posterior colliculus brain biological structure posterior colliculus neuraxis segment posterior colliculus regional part of brain posterior colliculus segment of brain posterior corpus quadrigeminum anatomical structure of brain posterior corpus quadrigeminum biological structure of brain posterior corpus quadrigeminum brain anatomical structure posterior corpus quadrigeminum brain biological structure posterior corpus quadrigeminum neuraxis segment posterior corpus quadrigeminum regional part of brain posterior corpus quadrigeminum segment of brain regional part of brain of caudal colliculus regional part of brain of inferior colliculus regional part of brain of posterior colliculus regional part of brain of posterior corpus quadrigeminum segment of brain of caudal colliculus segment of brain of inferior colliculus segment of brain of posterior colliculus segment of brain of posterior corpus quadrigeminum segment of inferior colliculus OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of inferior colliculus OBOL:automatic posterior colliculus biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of posterior corpus quadrigeminum OBOL:automatic caudal colliculus brain biological structure OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of posterior colliculus OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of inferior colliculus OBOL:automatic caudal colliculus biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic inferior colliculus biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of posterior corpus quadrigeminum OBOL:automatic posterior colliculus brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic inferior colliculus neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic caudal colliculus brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic posterior corpus quadrigeminum brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of inferior colliculus OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of inferior colliculus OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of caudal colliculus OBOL:automatic posterior colliculus segment of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of posterior corpus quadrigeminum OBOL:automatic segment of brain of caudal colliculus OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of posterior colliculus OBOL:automatic caudal colliculus neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of inferior colliculus OBOL:automatic caudal colliculus regional part of brain OBOL:automatic posterior corpus quadrigeminum segment of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of inferior colliculus OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of posterior corpus quadrigeminum OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of caudal colliculus OBOL:automatic caudal colliculus segment of brain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of posterior colliculus OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of posterior corpus quadrigeminum OBOL:automatic inferior colliculus brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic posterior colliculus brain biological structure OBOL:automatic segment of brain of posterior corpus quadrigeminum OBOL:automatic inferior colliculus brain biological structure OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of caudal colliculus OBOL:automatic inferior colliculus regional part of brain OBOL:automatic segment of brain of posterior colliculus FMA:77871 inferior colliculus segment OBOL:automatic posterior colliculus anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic segment of brain of inferior colliculus OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of posterior colliculus A regional part of brain that is part of a inferior colliculus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of posterior colliculus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4036 segment of inferior colliculus OBOL:automatic posterior corpus quadrigeminum neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of caudal colliculus OBOL:automatic posterior colliculus regional part of brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of caudal colliculus OBOL:automatic posterior colliculus neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic inferior colliculus anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic posterior corpus quadrigeminum brain biological structure OBOL:automatic caudal colliculus anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic posterior corpus quadrigeminum biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of posterior colliculus OBOL:automatic inferior colliculus segment of brain OBOL:automatic posterior corpus quadrigeminum regional part of brain OBOL:automatic posterior corpus quadrigeminum anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of caudal colliculus OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of posterior corpus quadrigeminum medial parabrachial nucleus FMA:72480 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4038 The Medial parabrachial nucleus is a nucleus of the pons which constitutes part of the pneumotaxic center. It gets its name from its location relative to the superior cerebellar peduncles, which is also known as the 'brachia conjunctiva'. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002918 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4038-FMA_72480 The Medial parabrachial nucleus is a nucleus of the pons which constitutes part of the pneumotaxic center. It gets its name from its location relative to the superior cerebellar peduncles, which is also known as the 'brachia conjunctiva'. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_parabrachial_nucleus anterior parolfactory sulcus FMA:83744 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4039 UBERON:0002919 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4039-FMA_83744 paraolfactory sulci paraolfactory sulcus sulcus parolfactorius anterior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4039 paraolfactory sulci NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4039 sulcus parolfactorius anterior FMA:83744 paraolfactory sulcus callosal sulcus FMA:83743 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4040 SCTID:279349000 The callosal sulcus is a sulcus in the brain between the cingulate gyrus and corpus callosum, below the longitudinal cerebral fissure. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002920 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4040-FMA_83743 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Gray727_sulcus_of_the_corpus_callosum.svg/200px-Gray727_sulcus_of_the_corpus_callosum.svg.png sulcus corporis callosi sulcus of corpus callosum The callosal sulcus is a sulcus in the brain between the cingulate gyrus and corpus callosum, below the longitudinal cerebral fissure. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Callosal_sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4040 sulcus corporis callosi FMA:83743 sulcus of corpus callosum longitudinal fissure FMA:83727 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4041 OpenCyc:Mx4rwJlWu5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:369225004 The great longitudinal fissure (or longitudinal cerebral fissure, or longitudinal fissure, or interhemispheric fissure) is the deep groove which separates the two hemispheres of the vertebrate brain. The falx cerebri, a dural brain covering, lies within the medial longitudinal fissure. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002921 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4041-FMA_83727 fissura interhemispherica fissura longitudinalis cerebrales fissura longitudinalis cerebri fissura longitudinalis magna hemispheric sulcus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hemispheres.png/200px-Hemispheres.png interhemispheric fissure longitudinal cerebral fissure longitudinal fissure of hemisphere longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum longitudinal sulcus medial longitudinal fissure ncithesaurus:Longitudinal_Fissure sagittal fissure FMA:83727 medial longitudinal fissure FMA:83727 hemispheric sulcus FMA:83727 longitudinal sulcus FMA:83727 interhemispheric fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4041 longitudinal fissure of hemisphere NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4041 fissura interhemispherica NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4041 longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4041 fissura longitudinalis cerebrales NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4041 fissura longitudinalis cerebri NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4041 fissura longitudinalis magna The great longitudinal fissure (or longitudinal cerebral fissure, or longitudinal fissure, or interhemispheric fissure) is the deep groove which separates the two hemispheres of the vertebrate brain. The falx cerebri, a dural brain covering, lies within the medial longitudinal fissure. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Longitudinal_fissure FMA:83727 longitudinal cerebral fissure FMA:83727 sagittal fissure olfactory trigone FMA:74883 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4042 SCTID:369102007 The olfactory trigone is a small triangular area in front of the anterior perforated substance. Its apex, directed forward, occupies the posterior part of the olfactory sulcus, and is brought into view by throwing back the olfactory tract. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002922 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4042-FMA_74883 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray732.png/200px-Gray732.png ncithesaurus:Trigonum_Olfactorium trigonum olfactorium NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4042 trigonum olfactorium The olfactory trigone is a small triangular area in front of the anterior perforated substance. Its apex, directed forward, occupies the posterior part of the olfactory sulcus, and is brought into view by throwing back the olfactory tract. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Olfactory_trigone posterior parolfactory sulcus FMA:83745 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4043 UBERON:0002923 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4043-FMA_83745 terminal nerve EFO:0003678 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4044 PMID:2286018 state: 'The presence of an additional cranial nerve (the nervus terminalis or cranial nerve zero) is well documented in many non-human vertebrate species. However, its existence in the adult human has been disputed. The present study focused on the structure and incidence of this nerve in the adult human brain. The nerve was examined post-mortem in 10 adult brains using dissection microscopy, light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. In all specimens, the nervus terminalis was identified bilaterally as a microscopic plexus of unmyelinated peripheral nerve fascicles in the subarachnoid space covering the gyrus rectus of the orbital surface of the frontal lobes. The plexus appeared in the region of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid and coursed posteriorly to the vicinity of the olfactory trigone, medial olfactory gyrus, and lamina terminalis. We conclude that the terminal nerve is a common finding in the adult human brain, confirming early light microscopic reports.' The terminal nerve, located anterior to cranial nerve I, is comprised of a group of cells with somata adjacent to the olfactory bulb and processes that extend anteriorly to the olfactory epithelium and posteriorly to the telencephalon. In teleost fish an additional group of axons extends along the optic tract and delivers putative neuromodulators to the retina. It is thought to develop from cranial neural crest. UBERON:0002924 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4044-ZFA_0001356 ZFA:0001356 cranial nerve 0 cranial nerve zero nervus terminalis Wikipedia:Terminal_nerve cranial nerve zero ZFA PMID:15821344 The terminal nerve, located anterior to cranial nerve I, is comprised of a group of cells with somata adjacent to the olfactory bulb and processes that extend anteriorly to the olfactory epithelium and posteriorly to the telencephalon. In teleost fish an additional group of axons extends along the optic tract and delivers putative neuromodulators to the retina. It is thought to develop from cranial neural crest. Wikipedia:Terminal_nerve ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-041202-1 Wikipedia:Terminal_nerve cranial nerve 0 ZFA:0001356 nervus terminalis trigeminal nucleus BM:V BTO:0001074 EV:0100271 FMA:71247 GAID:604 MA:0001028 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.931 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nifext_11 OG:0001353 SCTID:280164007 UBERON:0002925 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4096-FMA_71248 ncithesaurus:Trigeminal_Nucleus note massive inconsistencies between GO, MA, wikipedia. Part of pons in MA, but this leads to inconsistencies with ABA. See https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3291162&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini nucleus mesencephalicus trigeminalis nucleus tractus mesencephali nervi trigeminalis trigeminal V nucleus trigeminal nuclear complex nucleus trigeminal nucleus FMA:71247 trigeminal nuclear complex nucleus MA:0001028 trigeminal V nucleus BTO:0001074 nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini FMA:71248 trigeminal nucleus FMA BTO:0001074 nucleus mesencephalicus trigeminalis BTO:0001074 nucleus tractus mesencephali nervi trigeminalis gustatory epithelium FMA:62412 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4099 UBERON:0002926 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4099-FMA_62412 editor note - see also epithelium of tongue and subclasses FMA circumvallate papilla EMAPA:18271 EMAPA:18654 EMAPA:18871 MA:0001594 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4106_2 The circumvallate papillae (or vallate papillae) are of large size (dome-shaped structures), and vary from eight to twelve in number. They are situated on the dorsum of the tongue immediately in front of the foramen cecum and sulcus terminalis, forming a row on either side; the two rows run backward and medially, and meet in the midline, like the limbs of the letter V inverted. Each consists of a projection of mucous membrane from 1 to 2 mm. wide, attached to the bottom of a circular depression of the mucous membrane (some text referred to as moats); the margin of the depression is elevated to form a wall (vallum), and between this and the papilla is a circular sulcus termed the fossa. The papilla is shaped like a truncated cone, the smaller end being directed downward and attached to the tongue, the broader part or base projecting a little above the surface of the tongue and being studded with numerous small secondary papillæ and covered by stratified squamous epithelium. Ducts of lingual salivary glands, referred to as Von Ebner's glands empty serous secretion into the base of the circular depression (moats). The function of the secretion is presumed to flush materials from the base of circular depression to ensure that taste buds can respond to changing stimuli rapidly. The circumvallate papillae get SVA innervation from cranial nerve IX, the glossopharyngeal nerve, even though they are anterior to the sulcus terminalis. The rest of the anterior 2/3s of the tongue gets SVA innervation from the chorda tympani of cranial nerve VII, distributed with the lingual nerve of cranial nerve V. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002927 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4106_2-MA_0001594 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gray1015.png/200px-Gray1015.png ncithesaurus:Circumvallate_Papilla The circumvallate papillae (or vallate papillae) are of large size (dome-shaped structures), and vary from eight to twelve in number. They are situated on the dorsum of the tongue immediately in front of the foramen cecum and sulcus terminalis, forming a row on either side; the two rows run backward and medially, and meet in the midline, like the limbs of the letter V inverted. Each consists of a projection of mucous membrane from 1 to 2 mm. wide, attached to the bottom of a circular depression of the mucous membrane (some text referred to as moats); the margin of the depression is elevated to form a wall (vallum), and between this and the papilla is a circular sulcus termed the fossa. The papilla is shaped like a truncated cone, the smaller end being directed downward and attached to the tongue, the broader part or base projecting a little above the surface of the tongue and being studded with numerous small secondary papillæ and covered by stratified squamous epithelium. Ducts of lingual salivary glands, referred to as Von Ebner's glands empty serous secretion into the base of the circular depression (moats). The function of the secretion is presumed to flush materials from the base of circular depression to ensure that taste buds can respond to changing stimuli rapidly. The circumvallate papillae get SVA innervation from cranial nerve IX, the glossopharyngeal nerve, even though they are anterior to the sulcus terminalis. The rest of the anterior 2/3s of the tongue gets SVA innervation from the chorda tympani of cranial nerve VII, distributed with the lingual nerve of cranial nerve V. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Circumvallate_papilla dentate gyrus polymorphic layer MA:0002864 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4128 UBERON:0002928 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4128-MA_0002864 dentate gyrus pyramidal layer MA:0000948 UBERON:0002929 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_4129-MA_0000948 tectopontine tract FMA:72505 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_701 SCTID:3301002 UBERON:0002930 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_701-FMA_72505 fibrae tectopontinae tectopontine fibers tectopontine fibres FMA:72505 FMA:TA fibrae tectopontinae FMA:72505 tectopontine fibers FMA:72505 tectopontine fibres dorsal septal nucleus FMA:61877 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_704 UBERON:0002931 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_704-FMA_61877 trapezoid body BM:TB FMA:72487 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_707 SCTID:369019006 The trapezoid body is part of the acoustic pathway. It is a bundle of fibers and cells in the pontine tegmentum. It consists of fibers arising from the ventral cochlear nucleus. A collection of nerve cells inside forms a trapezoid nucleus. The superior olivary nucleus is situated on the dorsal surface of the trapezoid body. Most nerve fibers pass directly from the superior olivary nuclei to the inferior colliculus. Axons leaving the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) form a broad pathway that crosses under the brain stem in the trapezoid body. A thin pathway, the intermediate acoustic stria, also leaves the VCN, merging with the trapezoid body close to the superior olivary complex, where many of its axons synapse. Axons leaving the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) form the dorsal acoustic stria, which reaches primarily the contralateral dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002932 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_707-FMA_72487 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gray760.png/200px-Gray760.png The trapezoid body is part of the acoustic pathway. It is a bundle of fibers and cells in the pontine tegmentum. It consists of fibers arising from the ventral cochlear nucleus. A collection of nerve cells inside forms a trapezoid nucleus. The superior olivary nucleus is situated on the dorsal surface of the trapezoid body. Most nerve fibers pass directly from the superior olivary nuclei to the inferior colliculus. Axons leaving the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) form a broad pathway that crosses under the brain stem in the trapezoid body. A thin pathway, the intermediate acoustic stria, also leaves the VCN, merging with the trapezoid body close to the superior olivary complex, where many of its axons synapse. Axons leaving the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) form the dorsal acoustic stria, which reaches primarily the contralateral dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Trapezoid_body nucleus of anterior commissure ABA:BAC BM:Tel-ACN FMA:61883 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_712 UBERON:0002933 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_712-FMA_61883 anterior commissure nucleus bed nucleus of anterior commissure nucleus of commissura anterior FMA:61883 bed nucleus of anterior commissure FMA:61883 anterior commissure nucleus FMA:61883 nucleus of commissura anterior ventral oculomotor nucleus FMA:72422 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_713 UBERON:0002934 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_713-FMA_72422 ventral oculomotor cell column FMA:72422 ventral oculomotor cell column magnocellular part of ventral anterior nucleus BM:Die-Th-VA-VAmc FMA:62192 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_716 UBERON:0002935 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_716-FMA_62192 magnocellular division of ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus magnocellular ventral anterior nucleus nucleus lateropolaris (magnocellularis) nucleus lateropolaris magnocellularis (hassler) nucleus rostralis lateralis situs perifascicularis nucleus thalamicus ventral anterior, pars magnocellularis nucleus ventralis anterior, pars magnocellularis pars magnocellularis nuclei ventralis anterior thalami ventral anterior nucleus, magnocellular part ventral anterior nucleus, pars magnocellularis ventral anterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part ventroanterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part FMA:62192 magnocellular division of ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_716 nucleus lateropolaris magnocellularis (hassler) FMA:62192 ventral anterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_716 nucleus ventralis anterior, pars magnocellularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_716 magnocellular ventral anterior nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_716 ventroanterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_716 nucleus thalamicus ventral anterior, pars magnocellularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_716 nucleus rostralis lateralis situs perifascicularis FMA:62192 ventral anterior nucleus, pars magnocellularis FMA:62192 FMA:TA pars magnocellularis nuclei ventralis anterior thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_716 nucleus lateropolaris (magnocellularis) FMA:62192 ventral anterior nucleus, magnocellular part magnocellular part of red nucleus FMA:72431 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_720 UBERON:0002936 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_720-FMA_72431 paleoruber red nucleus, magnocellular part FMA:72431 paleoruber FMA:72431 red nucleus, magnocellular part parvicellular part of ventral anterior nucleus FMA:62191 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_722 UBERON:0002937 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_722-FMA_62191 nucleus ventralis anterior (dewulf) nucleus ventralis anterior, pars parvicellularis ventral anterior nucleus, pars parvicellularis ventral anterior thalamic nucleus, parvicellular part ventralis anterior (jones) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_722 nucleus ventralis anterior, pars parvicellularis FMA:62191 ventral anterior thalamic nucleus, parvicellular part FMA:62191 ventral anterior nucleus, pars parvicellularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_722 nucleus ventralis anterior (dewulf) parvocellular part of red nucleus FMA:72430 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_725 UBERON:0002938 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_725-FMA_72430 neoruber red nucleus, parvocellular part FMA:72430 red nucleus, parvocellular part FMA:72430 neoruber ventral posteroinferior nucleus BM:Die-Th-VPI BTO:0002464 BTO:0004373 BTO:0004374 EV:0100209 FMA:62199 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_728 SCTID:369173003 UBERON:0002939 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_728-FMA_62199 nucleus ventralis posterior inferior thalami ventral posterior inferior nucleus ventral posterior inferior nucleus of thalamus ventral posterior inferior thalamic nucleus FMA:62199 ventral posterior inferior nucleus of thalamus FMA:62199 FMA:TA nucleus ventralis posterior inferior thalami FMA:62199 ventral posterior inferior nucleus FMA:62199 ventral posterior inferior thalamic nucleus anterior column of fornix FMA:61966 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_731 UBERON:0002940 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_731-FMA_61966 anterior crus of fornix anterior pillar of fornix FMA:61966 anterior pillar of fornix FMA:61966 anterior crus of fornix capsule of red nucleus FMA:72450 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_732 SCTID:369245007 UBERON:0002941 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_732-FMA_72450 red nuclear capsule FMA:72450 red nuclear capsule ventral posterolateral nucleus ABA:VPL FMA:62200 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_737 SCTID:369171001 The ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) is a nucleus of the thalamus. Together with the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) it constitutes the ventral posterior nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002942 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_737-FMA_62200 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis thalami nucleus ventralis posterolateralis nucleus ventralis posterolateralis thalami nucleus ventralis thalami posterior lateralis posterolateral ventral nucleus of thalamus posterolateral ventral nucleus of the thalamus ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_737 posterolateral ventral nucleus of the thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_737 ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus The ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) is a nucleus of the thalamus. Together with the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) it constitutes the ventral posterior nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_posterolateral_nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_737 nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis thalami ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_737 nucleus ventralis posterolateralis FMA:62200 posterolateral ventral nucleus of thalamus FMA:62200 ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_737 nucleus ventralis thalami posterior lateralis FMA:62200 ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_737 nucleus ventralis posterolateralis thalami lingual gyrus FMA:61904 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_740 SCTID:279203007 The lingual gyrus of the occipital lobe lies between the calcarine sulcus and the posterior part of the collateral sulcus; behind, it reaches the occipital pole; in front, it is continued on to the tentorial surface of the temporal lobe, and joins the hippocampal gyrus. The lingual gyrus is so-named because it resembles the tongue in shape. This region is believed to play an important role in dreaming and vision, especially in recognizing words, regardless of size, font, etc. Shunt [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002943 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_740-FMA_61904 gyrus occipitotemporalis medialis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gray727_lingual_gyrus.png/200px-Gray727_lingual_gyrus.png lingula of cerebral hemisphere medial occipitotemporal gyrus medial occipitotemporal gyrus-2 The lingual gyrus of the occipital lobe lies between the calcarine sulcus and the posterior part of the collateral sulcus; behind, it reaches the occipital pole; in front, it is continued on to the tentorial surface of the temporal lobe, and joins the hippocampal gyrus. The lingual gyrus is so-named because it resembles the tongue in shape. This region is believed to play an important role in dreaming and vision, especially in recognizing words, regardless of size, font, etc. Shunt [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lingual_gyrus FMA:61904 medial occipitotemporal gyrus-2 FMA:61904 FMA:TA gyrus occipitotemporalis medialis FMA:61904 lingula of cerebral hemisphere FMA:61904 medial occipitotemporal gyrus spinothalamic tract of medulla FMA:72644 GAID:703 MESH:A.08.186.854.761 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_741 Part of spinothalamic tract that is in the medulla SCTID:360570003 UBERON:0002944 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_741-FMA_72644 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg.png spinothalamic tract FMA GO FMA FMA:72644 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_741 spinothalamic tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_741 Part of spinothalamic tract that is in the medulla ventral posteromedial nucleus ABA:VPM BM:Die-Th-VPM FMA:62202 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 SCTID:369172008 The ventral posteromedial nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002945 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_743-FMA_62202 arcuate nucleus of thalamus arcuate nucleus of the thalamus arcuate nucleus-3 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png nucleus arcuatus thalami nucleus semilunaris thalami nucleus ventralis posterior medialis thalami nucleus ventralis posteromedialis nucleus ventralis posteromedialis thalami nucleus ventrocaudalis anterior internus (hassler) posteromedial ventral nucleus of thalamus posteromedial ventral nucleus of the thalamus semilunar nucleus thalamic gustatory nucleus ventral posterior medial nucleus ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus FMA:62202 ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus The ventral posteromedial nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_posteromedial_nucleus FMA FMA:62202 thalamic gustatory nucleus FMA:62202 semilunar nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus FMA:62202 arcuate nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 nucleus ventralis posteromedialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 posteromedial ventral nucleus of the thalamus FMA:62202 ventral posterior medial nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 nucleus ventralis posterior medialis thalami FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 nucleus semilunaris thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 nucleus arcuatus thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 nucleus ventrocaudalis anterior internus (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 nucleus ventralis posteromedialis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 arcuate nucleus of the thalamus FMA:62202 arcuate nucleus-3 FMA:62202 posteromedial ventral nucleus of thalamus regional part of cerebellum A regional part of brain that is part of a cerebellum [Obol]. FMA:256150 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_748 UBERON:0002946 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_748-FMA_256150 anatomical structure of brain of cerebellum anatomical structure of brain of epencephalon-1 biological structure of brain of cerebellum biological structure of brain of epencephalon-1 brain anatomical structure of cerebellum brain anatomical structure of epencephalon-1 brain biological structure of cerebellum brain biological structure of epencephalon-1 cerebellum anatomical structure of brain cerebellum biological structure of brain cerebellum brain anatomical structure cerebellum brain biological structure cerebellum neuraxis segment cerebellum regional part of brain cerebellum segment of brain epencephalon-1 anatomical structure of brain epencephalon-1 biological structure of brain epencephalon-1 brain anatomical structure epencephalon-1 brain biological structure epencephalon-1 neuraxis segment epencephalon-1 regional part of brain epencephalon-1 segment of brain neuraxis segment of cerebellum neuraxis segment of epencephalon-1 regional part of brain of cerebellum regional part of brain of epencephalon-1 segment of brain of cerebellum segment of brain of epencephalon-1 segment of cerebellum OBOL:automatic epencephalon-1 regional part of brain OBOL:automatic epencephalon-1 brain biological structure OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of epencephalon-1 OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of epencephalon-1 OBOL:automatic cerebellum regional part of brain OBOL:automatic epencephalon-1 biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic cerebellum anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic cerebellum brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic epencephalon-1 neuraxis segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_748 segment of cerebellum OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of epencephalon-1 OBOL:automatic segment of brain of cerebellum OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of cerebellum OBOL:automatic epencephalon-1 brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic epencephalon-1 anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of epencephalon-1 OBOL:automatic epencephalon-1 segment of brain A regional part of brain that is part of a cerebellum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of cerebellum OBOL:automatic cerebellum neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic cerebellum biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic cerebellum segment of brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of cerebellum OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of cerebellum OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of epencephalon-1 OBOL:automatic segment of brain of epencephalon-1 OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of cerebellum OBOL:automatic cerebellum brain biological structure OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of cerebellum OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of epencephalon-1 frontal operculum FMA:74886 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_751 SCTID:362352005 UBERON:0002947 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_751-FMA_74886 superior occipital gyrus FMA:61901 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_758 SCTID:279182006 UBERON:0002948 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_758-FMA_61901 gyrus occipitalis primus FMA:61901 gyrus occipitalis primus tectospinal tract BM:TSp FMA:72620 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_759 UBERON:0002949 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_759-FMA_72620 a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the superior colliculus of the midbrain towards target cells in the ventral spinal cord[GO]. held's bundle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gray670.png/200px-Gray670.png tectospinal pathway FMA:72620 tectospinal pathway Wikipedia:Tectospinal_tract a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the superior colliculus of the midbrain towards target cells in the ventral spinal cord[GO]. FMA:72620 held's bundle regional part of midbrain A regional part of brain that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. FMA:61997 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_763 UBERON:0002950 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_763-FMA_61997 anatomical structure of brain of midbrain biological structure of brain of midbrain brain anatomical structure of midbrain brain biological structure of midbrain midbrain anatomical structure of brain midbrain biological structure of brain midbrain brain anatomical structure midbrain brain biological structure midbrain neuraxis segment midbrain regional part of brain midbrain segment midbrain segment of brain neuraxis segment of midbrain regional part of brain of midbrain segment of brain of midbrain segment of midbrain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of midbrain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of midbrain OBOL:automatic midbrain neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic midbrain anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic segment of brain of midbrain OBOL:automatic midbrain segment of brain OBOL:automatic midbrain brain biological structure A regional part of brain that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of midbrain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of midbrain OBOL:automatic midbrain brain anatomical structure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_763 segment of midbrain OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of midbrain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of midbrain OBOL:automatic midbrain regional part of brain FMA:61997 midbrain segment OBOL:automatic midbrain biological structure of brain regional part of intermediate hypothalamic region A regional part of brain that is part of a intermediate hypothalamic region [Obol]. FMA:62310 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_767 UBERON:0002951 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_767-FMA_62310 anatomical structure of brain of intermediate hypothalamic area anatomical structure of brain of intermediate hypothalamic region biological structure of brain of intermediate hypothalamic area biological structure of brain of intermediate hypothalamic region brain anatomical structure of intermediate hypothalamic area brain anatomical structure of intermediate hypothalamic region brain biological structure of intermediate hypothalamic area brain biological structure of intermediate hypothalamic region intermediate hypothalamic area anatomical structure of brain intermediate hypothalamic area biological structure of brain intermediate hypothalamic area brain anatomical structure intermediate hypothalamic area brain biological structure intermediate hypothalamic area neuraxis segment intermediate hypothalamic area regional part of brain intermediate hypothalamic area segment of brain intermediate hypothalamic region anatomical structure of brain intermediate hypothalamic region biological structure of brain intermediate hypothalamic region brain anatomical structure intermediate hypothalamic region brain biological structure intermediate hypothalamic region neuraxis segment intermediate hypothalamic region regional part of brain intermediate hypothalamic region segment intermediate hypothalamic region segment of brain neuraxis segment of intermediate hypothalamic area neuraxis segment of intermediate hypothalamic region regional part of brain of intermediate hypothalamic area regional part of brain of intermediate hypothalamic region segment of brain of intermediate hypothalamic area segment of brain of intermediate hypothalamic region segment of intermediate hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic intermediate hypothalamic region segment of brain OBOL:automatic intermediate hypothalamic region regional part of brain OBOL:automatic intermediate hypothalamic area neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic intermediate hypothalamic area segment of brain OBOL:automatic segment of brain of intermediate hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of intermediate hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of intermediate hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of intermediate hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of intermediate hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of intermediate hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of intermediate hypothalamic area FMA:62310 intermediate hypothalamic region segment OBOL:automatic segment of brain of intermediate hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of intermediate hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic intermediate hypothalamic area brain biological structure OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of intermediate hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of intermediate hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic intermediate hypothalamic area regional part of brain OBOL:automatic intermediate hypothalamic region brain biological structure A regional part of brain that is part of a intermediate hypothalamic region [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic intermediate hypothalamic region anatomical structure of brain NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_767 segment of intermediate hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic intermediate hypothalamic region neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic intermediate hypothalamic area anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of intermediate hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic intermediate hypothalamic area biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of intermediate hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic intermediate hypothalamic region brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic intermediate hypothalamic area brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of intermediate hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic intermediate hypothalamic region biological structure of brain intermediate acoustic stria FMA:72497 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_768 UBERON:0002952 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_768-FMA_72497 commissure of held intermediate acoustic stria (held) intermediate acoustic stria of held NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_768 intermediate acoustic stria (held) lateral lemniscus BM:Pons-LL FMA:72502 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_976 SCTID:362399003 The lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain. Three distinct, primarily inhibitory, cellular groups are located interspersed within these fibers, and are thus named the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002953 UBERON:0003042 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_774-FMA_72502 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_976-FMA_72502 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lateral_lemniscus.PNG/200px-Lateral_lemniscus.PNG lateral fillet FMA:72502 lateral fillet The lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain. Three distinct, primarily inhibitory, cellular groups are located interspersed within these fibers, and are thus named the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_lemniscus dorsal hypothalamic area BM:Die-Hy-HDA FMA:62339 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_777 UBERON:0002954 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_777-FMA_62339 rhomboidal nucleus ABA:RH BTO:0002458 FMA:62154 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_778 UBERON:0002955 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_778-FMA_62154 nucleus commissuralis rhomboidalis nucleus rhomboidalis rhomboid nucleus rhomboid thalamic nucleus FMA:62154 rhomboid thalamic nucleus BTO:0002458 nucleus commissuralis rhomboidalis ABA ABA ABA ABA FMA:62154 rhomboid nucleus BTO:0002458 nucleus rhomboidalis granular layer of cerebellar cortex ABA:CBXgr BTO:0004425 FMA:83140 MA:0000993 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_779 The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer. UBERON:0002956 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_779-FMA_83140 cerebellar granular layer cerebellar granule cell layer cerebellar granule layer cerebellum granule cell layer cerebellum granule layer granule cell layer of cerebellar cortex ABA GO:0021681 The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer. MA:0000993 cerebellum granule cell layer NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_779 granule cell layer of cerebellar cortex GO:0021681 cerebellar granular layer caudal central oculomotor nucleus FMA:72426 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_780 SCTID:369239004 UBERON:0002957 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_780-FMA_72426 caudal central nucleus caudal central nucleus of oculomotor nerve FMA:72426 caudal central nucleus FMA:72426 caudal central nucleus of oculomotor nerve medial lemniscus of pons A medial lemniscus that is part of a pons [Obol]. FMA:72503 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_781 UBERON:0002958 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_781-FMA_72503 medial lemniscus of pons of varolius pons medial lemniscus pons of varolius medial lemniscus OBOL:automatic medial lemniscus of pons of varolius A medial lemniscus that is part of a pons [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pons of varolius medial lemniscus OBOL:automatic pons medial lemniscus subfascicular nucleus FMA:62155 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_783 UBERON:0002959 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_783-FMA_62155 central oculomotor nucleus FMA:72425 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_786 UBERON:0002960 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_786-FMA_72425 central nucleus of perlia nucleus of perlia spitzka's nucleus FMA:72425 spitzka's nucleus archicortex A portion of the cerebral cortex that, with the paleocortex, develops in association with the olfactory system, and which is phylogenetically older than the neocortex and lacks its layered structure. The embryonic archicortex corresponds to the cortex of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus in mature mammals. Being part of the limbic system, it has functions related to emotions and formation of memory. Signals being sent from the limbic lobe to the hippocampal formations can go via the archicortex as an intermediate. FMA:62424 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_787 SCTID:423918008 UBERON:0002961 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_787-FMA_62424 archipallium A portion of the cerebral cortex that, with the paleocortex, develops in association with the olfactory system, and which is phylogenetically older than the neocortex and lacks its layered structure. The embryonic archicortex corresponds to the cortex of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus in mature mammals. Being part of the limbic system, it has functions related to emotions and formation of memory. Signals being sent from the limbic lobe to the hippocampal formations can go via the archicortex as an intermediate. Wikipedia:Archicortex FMA:62424 archipallium adductor pollicis FMA:37380 In human anatomy, the adductor pollicis muscle is a muscle in the hand that functions to adduct the thumb. It has two heads: transverse and oblique. It is a fleshy, flat, triangular, and fan-shaped muscle deep in the thenar compartment beneath the long flexor tendons and the lumbrical muscles at the center of the palm. It overlies the metacarpal bones and the interosseous muscles[WP]. SCTID:181649004 UBERON:0002962 adductor pollicis muscle In human anatomy, the adductor pollicis muscle is a muscle in the hand that functions to adduct the thumb. It has two heads: transverse and oblique. It is a fleshy, flat, triangular, and fan-shaped muscle deep in the thenar compartment beneath the long flexor tendons and the lumbrical muscles at the center of the palm. It overlies the metacarpal bones and the interosseous muscles[WP]. Wikipedia:Adductor_pollicis_muscle Obol Wikipedia:Adductor_pollicis_muscle adductor pollicis muscle caudal pontine reticular nucleus ABA:PRNc FMA:72469 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_792 The caudal pontine reticular nucleus is composed of gigantocellular neurons. In rabbits and cats it is exclusively giant cells, however in humans there are normally sized cells as well. The pontis caudalis is rostral to the gigantocellular nucleus and is located in the caudal pons, as the name would indicate. The pontis caudalis has been known to mediate head movement, in concert with the nucleus gigantocellularis and the superior colliculus. The neurons in the dorsal half of this nuclei fire rhythmically during mastication, and in an anesthetized animal it is possible to induce mastication via electrical stimulation of the PC or adjacent areas of the gigantocellular nucleus. The pontis caudalis is also thought to play a role in the grinding of teeth during sleep. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002963 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_792-FMA_72469 pontine reticular nucleus, caudal part The caudal pontine reticular nucleus is composed of gigantocellular neurons. In rabbits and cats it is exclusively giant cells, however in humans there are normally sized cells as well. The pontis caudalis is rostral to the gigantocellular nucleus and is located in the caudal pons, as the name would indicate. The pontis caudalis has been known to mediate head movement, in concert with the nucleus gigantocellularis and the superior colliculus. The neurons in the dorsal half of this nuclei fire rhythmically during mastication, and in an anesthetized animal it is possible to induce mastication via electrical stimulation of the PC or adjacent areas of the gigantocellular nucleus. The pontis caudalis is also thought to play a role in the grinding of teeth during sleep. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Caudal_pontine_reticular_nucleus ABA ABA ABA ABA FMA FMA:72469 pontine reticular nucleus, caudal part ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA dorsal oculomotor nucleus FMA:62442 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_793 UBERON:0002964 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_793-FMA_62442 dorsal oculomotor cell column FMA:62442 dorsal oculomotor cell column rostral intralaminar nuclei FMA:62164 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_794 UBERON:0002965 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_794-FMA_62164 nuclei intralaminares rostrales rostral intralaminar nuclear group rostral intralaminar nuclei FMA:62164 rostral intralaminar nuclear group FMA:62164 rostral intralaminar nuclei NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_794 nuclei intralaminares rostrales regional part of midbrain tectum A regional part of brain that is part of a midbrain tectum [Obol]. FMA:62398 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_795 UBERON:0002966 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_795-FMA_62398 anatomical structure of brain of midbrain tectum anatomical structure of brain of neuraxis tectum anatomical structure of brain of tectum biological structure of brain of midbrain tectum biological structure of brain of neuraxis tectum biological structure of brain of tectum brain anatomical structure of midbrain tectum brain anatomical structure of neuraxis tectum brain anatomical structure of tectum brain biological structure of midbrain tectum brain biological structure of neuraxis tectum brain biological structure of tectum midbrain tectum anatomical structure of brain midbrain tectum biological structure of brain midbrain tectum brain anatomical structure midbrain tectum brain biological structure midbrain tectum neuraxis segment midbrain tectum regional part of brain midbrain tectum segment midbrain tectum segment of brain neuraxis segment of midbrain tectum neuraxis segment of neuraxis tectum neuraxis segment of tectum neuraxis tectum anatomical structure of brain neuraxis tectum biological structure of brain neuraxis tectum brain anatomical structure neuraxis tectum brain biological structure neuraxis tectum neuraxis segment neuraxis tectum regional part of brain neuraxis tectum segment of brain regional part of brain of midbrain tectum regional part of brain of neuraxis tectum regional part of brain of tectum segment of brain of midbrain tectum segment of brain of neuraxis tectum segment of brain of tectum segment of midbrain tectum tectum anatomical structure of brain tectum biological structure of brain tectum brain anatomical structure tectum brain biological structure tectum neuraxis segment tectum regional part of brain tectum segment of brain OBOL:automatic segment of brain of tectum OBOL:automatic neuraxis tectum brain biological structure OBOL:automatic neuraxis tectum regional part of brain OBOL:automatic midbrain tectum brain biological structure OBOL:automatic tectum segment of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of tectum OBOL:automatic segment of brain of midbrain tectum OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of midbrain tectum OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of tectum OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of midbrain tectum OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of tectum OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of neuraxis tectum OBOL:automatic tectum regional part of brain OBOL:automatic tectum neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of neuraxis tectum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_795 segment of midbrain tectum OBOL:automatic midbrain tectum neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of midbrain tectum OBOL:automatic midbrain tectum anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic tectum brain biological structure OBOL:automatic midbrain tectum regional part of brain OBOL:automatic midbrain tectum biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic midbrain tectum segment of brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of tectum OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of neuraxis tectum FMA:62398 midbrain tectum segment OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of midbrain tectum OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of neuraxis tectum OBOL:automatic neuraxis tectum segment of brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis tectum biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic midbrain tectum brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic tectum brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic tectum biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic tectum anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis tectum neuraxis segment A regional part of brain that is part of a midbrain tectum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic neuraxis tectum brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic segment of brain of neuraxis tectum OBOL:automatic neuraxis tectum anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of midbrain tectum OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of neuraxis tectum OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of tectum OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of neuraxis tectum OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of tectum OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of midbrain tectum cingulate gyrus A gyrus in the medial part of the brain. It partially wraps around the corpus callosum and is limited above by the cingulate sulcus. The cortical part of the cingulate gyrus is referred to as cingulate cortex.[Wikipedia]. The cingulate gyrus receives inputs from the anterior nucleus of the thalamus and the neocortex, as well as from somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex. It projects to the entorhinal cortex via the cingulum. It functions as an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory. Also, executive control needed to suppress inappropriate unconscious priming is known to involve the anterior cingulate gyrus. It is also involved in respiratory control. BM:Tel-CG BTO:0003976 FMA:62434 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_798 SCTID:279208003 UBERON:0002967 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_798-FMA_62434 cingulate area cingulate region falciform lobe http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gray727_cingulate_gyrus.png/200px-Gray727_cingulate_gyrus.png upper limbic gyrus A gyrus in the medial part of the brain. It partially wraps around the corpus callosum and is limited above by the cingulate sulcus. The cortical part of the cingulate gyrus is referred to as cingulate cortex.[Wikipedia]. The cingulate gyrus receives inputs from the anterior nucleus of the thalamus and the neocortex, as well as from somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex. It projects to the entorhinal cortex via the cingulum. It functions as an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory. Also, executive control needed to suppress inappropriate unconscious priming is known to involve the anterior cingulate gyrus. It is also involved in respiratory control. Wikipedia:Cingulate_gyrus FMA:62434 cingulate area FMA:62434 cingulate region FMA:62434 upper limbic gyrus FMA:62434 falciform lobe central gray substance of pons ABA:PCG FMA:72470 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_799 UBERON:0002968 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_799-FMA_72470 central gray of pons pontine central gray FMA:72470 pontine central gray ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA FMA:72470 central gray of pons ABA ABA ABA ABA inferior temporal sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-ITS FMA:83784 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_800 SCTID:279346007 UBERON:0002969 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_800-FMA_83784 inferior temporal sulcus-1 middle temporal sulcus (szikla) ncithesaurus:Inferior_Temporal_Sulcus second temporal sulcus sulcus t2 FMA:83784 second temporal sulcus FMA:83784 sulcus t2 FMA:83784 inferior temporal sulcus-1 intermediate oculomotor nucleus FMA:72420 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_803 UBERON:0002970 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_803-FMA_72420 intermediate oculomotor cell column FMA:72420 intermediate oculomotor cell column periolivary nucleus FMA:72475 MA:0002757 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_804 UBERON:0002971 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_804-MA_0002757 dorsal periolivary nucleus nuclei periolivares pperi-olivary nuclei FMA:72475 FMA:TA nuclei periolivares FMA:72475 dorsal periolivary nucleus FMA:72475 pperi-olivary nuclei centromedian nucleus EV:0100215 FMA:62165 In the anatomy of the brain, the centromedian nucleus, also known as the centrum medianum, (CM or Cm-Pf) is a part of the intralaminar nucleus (ILN) of the thalamus. There are two centromedian nuclei arranged bilaterally. It contains about 2000 neurons per cubic millimetre and has a volume of about 310 cubic millimetres with 664,000 neurons in total. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_805 SCTID:279162007 UBERON:0002972 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_805-FMA_62165 central magnocellular nucleus of thalamus central nucleus-1 centre median nucleus centromedian nucleus of thalamus centromedian thalamic nucleus centrum medianum centrum medianum thalami ncithesaurus:Centromedian_Nucleus_of_the_Thalamus noyau centre median of luys nucleus centralis centralis nucleus centralis thalami (hassler) nucleus centri mediani thalami nucleus centromedianus nucleus centromedianus thalami nucleus centrum medianum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_805 centrum medianum FMA:62165 centromedian nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_805 nucleus centralis centralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_805 nucleus centromedianus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_805 nucleus centralis thalami (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_805 nucleus centrum medianum FMA:62165 centromedian thalamic nucleus FMA:62165 central magnocellular nucleus of thalamus FMA:62165 central nucleus-1 FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_805 nucleus centri mediani thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_805 centrum medianum thalami FMA:62165 centre median nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_805 nucleus centromedianus thalami In the anatomy of the brain, the centromedian nucleus, also known as the centrum medianum, (CM or Cm-Pf) is a part of the intralaminar nucleus (ILN) of the thalamus. There are two centromedian nuclei arranged bilaterally. It contains about 2000 neurons per cubic millimetre and has a volume of about 310 cubic millimetres with 664,000 neurons in total. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Centromedian_nucleus parahippocampal gyrus BTO:0004380 EV:0100181 FMA:61918 GAID:634 MESH:A.08.186.211.577.710 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_807 SCTID:279205000 UBERON:0002973 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_807-FMA_61918 a grey matter cortical region of the brain that surrounds the hippocampus. This region plays an important role in memory encoding and retrieval. The anterior part of the gyrus includes the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices. The term parahippocampal cortex is used to refer to an area that encompasses both the posterior portion of the parahippocampal gyrus and the medial portion of the fusiform gyrus.[Wikipedia]. hippocampal gyrus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Human_brainstem_anterior_view_2_description.JPG/200px-Human_brainstem_anterior_view_2_description.JPG ncithesaurus:Parahippocampal_Gyrus FMA:61918 hippocampal gyrus Wikipedia:Parahippocampal_gyrus a grey matter cortical region of the brain that surrounds the hippocampus. This region plays an important role in memory encoding and retrieval. The anterior part of the gyrus includes the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices. The term parahippocampal cortex is used to refer to an area that encompasses both the posterior portion of the parahippocampal gyrus and the medial portion of the fusiform gyrus.[Wikipedia]. Wikipedia Wikipedia molecular layer of cerebellar cortex FMA:83897 MA:0000996 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_810 SCTID:369045002 The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells UBERON:0002974 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_810-FMA_83897 cerebellar molecular layer cerebellum molecular cell layer cerebellum molecular layer ncithesaurus:Molecular_Layer_of_the_Cerebellum GO:0021679 cerebellar molecular layer GO:0021679 The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells medial oculomotor nucleus FMA:72421 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_813 UBERON:0002975 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_813-FMA_72421 medial oculomotor cell column FMA:72421 medial oculomotor cell column preolivary nucleus FMA:72474 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_814 UBERON:0002976 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_814-FMA_72474 preolivary nuclei FMA:72474 preolivary nuclei triangular septal nucleus ABA:TRS BM:Tel-Spt-STN FMA:61880 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_816 UBERON:0002977 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_816-FMA_61880 nucleus triangularis septi triangular nucleus of septum triangular nucleus septum (cajal) ABA FMA:61880 FMA:TA nucleus triangularis septi FMA:61880 triangular nucleus of septum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_816 triangular nucleus septum (cajal) oral part of ventral lateral nucleus FMA:62193 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_817 UBERON:0002978 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_817-FMA_62193 nucleus lateralis oralis situs principalis nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars oralis nucleus ventrooralis externus, anterior part (van buren) subnucleus rostralis ventral anterior nucleus, pars densicellularis ventral lateral anterior nucleus ventral lateral nucleus, oral part ventral lateral thalamic nucleus, oral part FMA:62193 ventral lateral anterior nucleus FMA:62193 ventral lateral thalamic nucleus, oral part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_817 nucleus lateralis oralis situs principalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_817 subnucleus rostralis FMA:62193 ventral anterior nucleus, pars densicellularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_817 nucleus ventrooralis externus, anterior part (van buren) FMA:62193 ventral lateral nucleus, oral part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_817 nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars oralis Purkinje cell layer of cerebellar cortex ABA:CBXpu BTO:0004909 FMA:83896 MA:0000997 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_818 Purkinje cell layer The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells. UBERON:0002979 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_818-FMA_83896 cerebellar Purkinje cell layer cerebellum Purkinje cell layer cerebellum Purkinje layer ncithesaurus:Purkinje_Cell_Layer_of_the_Cerebellum FMA:83896 GO:0021694 cerebellar Purkinje cell layer ABA GO:0021680 The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells. FMA:83896 Purkinje cell layer opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus FMA:61981 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_823 UBERON:0002980 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_823-FMA_61981 opercular portion of inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis gyri frontalis inferioris posterior part of inferior frontal gyrus FMA:61981 posterior part of inferior frontal gyrus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_823 pars opercularis gyri frontalis inferioris FMA:61981 opercular portion of inferior frontal gyrus pulvinar nucleus BM:Die-Th-Pl BTO:0004352 EV:0100213 FMA:62178 GAID:662 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.385.826.701.485.600 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_824 SCTID:279157006 The pulvinar is the caudal-most nucleus of the thalamus. The pulvinar is usually grouped as one of the lateral thalamic nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002981 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_824-FMA_62178 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gray719.png/200px-Gray719.png nuclei pulvinares pulvinar pulvinar nuclei pulvinar thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_824 pulvinar thalami FMA:62178 pulvinar nuclei The pulvinar is the caudal-most nucleus of the thalamus. The pulvinar is usually grouped as one of the lateral thalamic nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pulvinar FMA:62178 pulvinar FMA:62178 FMA:TA nuclei pulvinares inferior pulvinar nucleus BM:Die-Th-Pl-Pli FMA:62183 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_830 UBERON:0002982 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_830-FMA_62183 nucleus pulvinaris inferior nucleus pulvinaris inferior thalami nucleus pulvinaris thalami, pars inferior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_830 nucleus pulvinaris inferior thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_830 nucleus pulvinaris thalami, pars inferior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_830 nucleus pulvinaris inferior lateral posterior nucleus ABA:LP BM:Die-Th-LP BTO:0004351 EV:0100212 FMA:62177 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_835 SCTID:279155003 UBERON:0002983 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_835-FMA_62177 lateral posterior nucleus of thalamus lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus lateral posterior thalamic nucleus laterodorsal nucleus, caudal part ncithesaurus:Lateral_Posterior_Nucleus_of_the_Thalamus nucleus dorso-caudalis nucleus dorsocaudalis (hassler) nucleus lateralis posterior nucleus lateralis posterior thalami nucleus lateralis thalami posterior posterior lateral nucleus of thalamus ABA FMA:62177 posterior lateral nucleus of thalamus FMA:62177 lateral posterior thalamic nucleus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_835 nucleus lateralis posterior thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_835 lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_835 nucleus lateralis posterior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_835 nucleus lateralis thalami posterior FMA:62177 lateral posterior nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_835 nucleus dorso-caudalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_835 nucleus dorsocaudalis (hassler) FMA:62177 laterodorsal nucleus, caudal part lateral dorsal nucleus ABA:LD BM:Die-Th-LD BTO:0004349 BTO:0004350 EV:0100211 FMA:62176 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_838 SCTID:279154004 UBERON:0002984 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_838-FMA_62176 lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus laterodorsal nucleus nucleus of thalamus laterodorsal nucleus thalamic nucleus laterodorsal nucleus, superficial part laterodorsal thalamic nucleus nucleus dorsalis lateralis thalami nucleus dorsalis superficialis (hassler) nucleus dorsolateralis thalami nucleus lateralis dorsalis nucleus lateralis dorsalis of thalamus nucleus lateralis dorsalis thalami nucleus lateralis thalami dorsalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_838 nucleus lateralis dorsalis FMA:62176 FMA:TA nucleus dorsalis lateralis thalami ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_838 laterodorsal nucleus thalamic nucleus FMA:62176 lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_838 nucleus lateralis dorsalis of thalamus ABA FMA:62176 laterodorsal thalamic nucleus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_838 nucleus lateralis thalami dorsalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_838 nucleus dorsolateralis thalami FMA:62176 lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus FMA:62176 laterodorsal nucleus, superficial part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_838 laterodorsal nucleus nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_838 nucleus lateralis dorsalis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_838 nucleus dorsalis superficialis (hassler) ventral nucleus of medial geniculate body ABA:MGv BM:Die-Th-MG-MGv BTO:0002671 FMA:62217 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_845 UBERON:0002985 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_845-FMA_62217 medial geniculate complex, ventral part medial geniculate nucleus, ventral part medial nucleus of medial geniculate complex nucleus corporis geniculati medialis, pars ventralis nucleus geniculatus medialis fasciculosus (hassler) nucleus geniculatus medialis pars ventralis nucleus ventralis corporis geniculati medialis ventral nucleus of medial geniculate complex ventral principal nucleus of medial geniculate body FMA:62217 ventral principal nucleus of medial geniculate body FMA:62217 medial geniculate nucleus, ventral part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_845 nucleus geniculatus medialis fasciculosus (hassler) FMA:62217 medial geniculate complex, ventral part FMA:62217 FMA:TA nucleus ventralis corporis geniculati medialis ABA ABA FMA:62217 ventral nucleus of medial geniculate complex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_845 nucleus geniculatus medialis pars ventralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_845 nucleus corporis geniculati medialis, pars ventralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_845 medial nucleus of medial geniculate complex neurofilament . FMA:63859 GO:0005883 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_846 NIF_Subcellular:sao1316272517 UBERON:0002986 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_846-FMA_63859 ncithesaurus:Neurofilament neuronal intermediate filament FMA:63859 neuronal intermediate filament . Wikipedia:Neurofilament anterior spinocerebellar tract FMA:72642 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_848 SCTID:369285001 The ventral spinocerebellar tract conveys proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum. It is part of the somatosensory system and runs in parallel with the dorsal spinocerebellar tract. Both these tracts involve two neurons and end up on the same side of the body. The ventral tract (under L2/L3) gets its proprioceptive/fine touch/vibration information from a first order neuron, with its cell body in a dorsal ganglion. The axon runs via the fila radicularia to the dorsal horn of the grey matter. There it makes a synapse with the dendrites of two neurons: they send their axons bilaterally to the ventral border of the lateral funiculi. The ventral spinocerebellar tract then enters the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle. This is in contrast with the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C8 - L2/L3), which only has 1 unilateral axon that has its cell body in the Clarke's nuclei (only at the level of C8 - L2/L3). The fibers of the ventral spinocerebellar tract then eventually enter the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle. This is one of the few afferent tracts through the superior cerebellar peduncle. Originates from ventral horn at lumbosacral spinal levels. Axons first cross midline in the spinal cord and run in the ventral border of the lateral funiculi. These axons ascend up to the pons where they join the superior cerebellar peduncle to enter the cerebellum. Once in the deep white matter of the cerebellum, the axons recross the midline, give off collaterals to the globose and emboliform nuclei, and terminate in the cortex of the anterior lobe and vermis of the posterior lobe. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002987 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_848-FMA_72642 gower's tract gowers' tract http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg.png ventral spinocerebellar tract FMA:72642 ventral spinocerebellar tract The ventral spinocerebellar tract conveys proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum. It is part of the somatosensory system and runs in parallel with the dorsal spinocerebellar tract. Both these tracts involve two neurons and end up on the same side of the body. The ventral tract (under L2/L3) gets its proprioceptive/fine touch/vibration information from a first order neuron, with its cell body in a dorsal ganglion. The axon runs via the fila radicularia to the dorsal horn of the grey matter. There it makes a synapse with the dendrites of two neurons: they send their axons bilaterally to the ventral border of the lateral funiculi. The ventral spinocerebellar tract then enters the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle. This is in contrast with the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C8 - L2/L3), which only has 1 unilateral axon that has its cell body in the Clarke's nuclei (only at the level of C8 - L2/L3). The fibers of the ventral spinocerebellar tract then eventually enter the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle. This is one of the few afferent tracts through the superior cerebellar peduncle. Originates from ventral horn at lumbosacral spinal levels. Axons first cross midline in the spinal cord and run in the ventral border of the lateral funiculi. These axons ascend up to the pons where they join the superior cerebellar peduncle to enter the cerebellum. Once in the deep white matter of the cerebellum, the axons recross the midline, give off collaterals to the globose and emboliform nuclei, and terminate in the cortex of the anterior lobe and vermis of the posterior lobe. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_spinocerebellar_tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_848 gower's tract FMA:72642 gowers' tract Wikipedia first dorsal interosseous of hand FMA:37424 SCTID:245003002 UBERON:0002988 abductor indicis FMA FMA:37424 abductor indicis anconeus FMA:37704 SCTID:244993003 Some consider anconeus to be a continuation of the triceps brachii muscle. Some sources consider it to be part of the posterior compartment of the arm, while others consider it part of the posterior compartment of the forearm. UBERON:0002989 anconeus muscle small muscle on the posterior aspect of the elbow joint. Wikipedia:Anconeus_muscle small muscle on the posterior aspect of the elbow joint. Wikipedia:Anconeus_muscle anconeus muscle FMA mammillothalamic tract of hypothalamus FMA:62059 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_855 SCTID:369139008 UBERON:0002990 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_855-FMA_62059 supramammillary commissure FMA:62056 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_859 SCTID:369148003 UBERON:0002991 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_859-FMA_62056 commissure of forel commissure y postmammillary decussation supramammillary decussation FMA:62056 postmammillary decussation FMA:62056 commissure y FMA:62056 supramammillary decussation paratenial nucleus ABA:PT BTO:0002457 FMA:62151 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_860 One of the median nuclei of the thalamus, situated ventral and medial to the stria medullaris. SCTID:422800004 UBERON:0002992 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_860-FMA_62151 nucleus parataenialis nucleus parataenialis thalami parataenial nucleus paratenial nucleus of thalamus paratenial thalamic nucleus ABA BTO:0002457 One of the median nuclei of the thalamus, situated ventral and medial to the stria medullaris. BTO:0002457 nucleus parataenialis thalami BTO:0002457 paratenial nucleus of thalamus FMA:62151 paratenial thalamic nucleus FMA:62151 parataenial nucleus BTO:0002457 nucleus parataenialis ABA FMA NIF FMA:62151 FMA:TA nucleus parataenialis inferior central nucleus FMA:72466 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_861 UBERON:0002993 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_861-FMA_72466 inferior central nucleus (of roller) inferior central nucleus of raphe inferior central tegmental nucleus todo - compare with UBERON:0002881 FMA:72466 inferior central nucleus (of roller) FMA:72466 inferior central tegmental nucleus FMA FMA FMA:72466 inferior central nucleus of raphe nucleus of pretectal area FMA:72401 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_864 UBERON:0002994 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_864-FMA_72401 pretectal area nucleus FMA:72401 pretectal area nucleus substantia nigra pars lateralis ABA:SNI FMA:76844 MA:0001065 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_866 Regional part of substantia nigra consisting of loosely packed cells, generally located ventral and lateral to the pars compacta. Many cells in this region use GABA as a neurotransmitter (MM). Substantia nigra, lateral part UBERON:0002995 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_866-MA_0001065 disjointness violation - relationship: part_of UBERON:0001966 lateral part of substantia nigra pars lateralis FMA:76844 lateral part of substantia nigra NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_866 Regional part of substantia nigra consisting of loosely packed cells, generally located ventral and lateral to the pars compacta. Many cells in this region use GABA as a neurotransmitter (MM). ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_866 pars lateralis ABA ABA ABA ABA:SNI Substantia nigra, lateral part ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA NIF disjointness violation - relationship: part_of UBERON:0001966 MA ABA nucleus of optic tract ABA:NOT FMA:72403 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_868 UBERON:0002996 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_868-FMA_72403 large-celled nucleus of optic tract lentiform nucleus of pretectal area nucleus of the optic tract optic tract nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_868 nucleus of the optic tract ABA FMA:72403 large-celled nucleus of optic tract ABA FMA:72403 lentiform nucleus of pretectal area FMA:72403 optic tract nucleus ABA nucleus of medial eminence FMA:72467 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_870 UBERON:0002997 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_870-FMA_72467 medial eminence nucleus nucleus of eminentia teres FMA:72467 medial eminence nucleus FMA:72467 nucleus of eminentia teres inferior frontal gyrus BTO:0004835 FMA:61860 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_873 SCTID:362333004 The inferior frontal gyrus is a gyrus of the frontal lobe of the human brain. Its superior border is the inferior frontal sulcus, its inferior border the lateral fissure, and its posterior border is the inferior precentral sulcus. Above it is the middle frontal gyrus, behind it the precentral gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002998 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_873-FMA_61860 inferior frontal convolution ncithesaurus:Inferior_Frontal_Convolution The inferior frontal gyrus is a gyrus of the frontal lobe of the human brain. Its superior border is the inferior frontal sulcus, its inferior border the lateral fissure, and its posterior border is the inferior precentral sulcus. Above it is the middle frontal gyrus, behind it the precentral gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_frontal_gyrus FMA:61860 inferior frontal convolution oral pontine reticular nucleus ABA:PRNv FMA:72468 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_875 The oral pontine reticular nucleus is delineated from its caudal brother, with which it shares its first three names. This nucleus tapers into the lower mesencephalic reticular formation and contains sporadic giant cells. Different populations of the pontis oralis have displayed discharge patterns which coordinate with phasic movements to and from paradoxical sleep. From this information it has been implied that the n.r. pontis oralis is involved in the mediation of changing to and from REM sleep. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002999 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_875-FMA_72468 pontine reticular nucleus, rostral part FMA FMA:72468 pontine reticular nucleus, rostral part FMA The oral pontine reticular nucleus is delineated from its caudal brother, with which it shares its first three names. This nucleus tapers into the lower mesencephalic reticular formation and contains sporadic giant cells. Different populations of the pontis oralis have displayed discharge patterns which coordinate with phasic movements to and from paradoxical sleep. From this information it has been implied that the n.r. pontis oralis is involved in the mediation of changing to and from REM sleep. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Oral_pontine_reticular_nucleus intermediate filament . FMA:63851 GAID:1079 GO:0005882 MESH:A.11.284.195.190.750.410 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_879 NIF_Subcellular:sao952483289 UBERON:0003000 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_879-FMA_63851 ncithesaurus:Intermediate_Filament . Wikipedia:Intermediate_filament lemniscus A bundle or band of sensory nerve fibers. ribbon, from Greek lemniskos. FMA:76742 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_881 UBERON:0003001 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_881-FMA_76742 A bundle or band of sensory nerve fibers. ribbon, from Greek lemniskos. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_881 Wikipedia:Lemniscus_(anatomy) medial lemniscus BM:LM FMA:83675 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_887 SCTID:362398006 The medial lemniscus, also known as Reil's band or Reil's ribbon, is a pathway in the brainstem that carries sensory information from the gracile and cuneate nuclei to the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003002 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_887-FMA_83675 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray759.png/200px-Gray759.png The medial lemniscus, also known as Reil's band or Reil's ribbon, is a pathway in the brainstem that carries sensory information from the gracile and cuneate nuclei to the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_lemniscus microfilament . FMA:63850 GAID:1080 GO:0005884 MESH:A.11.284.195.190.750.510 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_888 NIF_Subcellular:sao2006047981 UBERON:0003003 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_888-FMA_63850 actin filament microfilament microfilamentum ncithesaurus:Actin_Filament FMA:63850 actin filament FMA:63850 microfilamentum . Wikipedia:Microfilament FMA:63850 microfilament median raphe nucleus ABA:CS BM:MR FMA:72465 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_889 The median raphe nucleus (or superior central nucleus) is composed of polygonal, fusiform and pyriform neurons and exists rostral to the nucleus raphe pontis. One trait of the NCS is its inhibition by lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocin, two serotonin antagonist hallucinogens. The inactivation of the nucleus centralis superior via LSD produces a dose dependent inactivation in the NCS, but not in the raphe pallidus. The free-moving cats, in which this was discovered, exhibited dose dependent behavioral changes when researched by Dr. Michael Trulson of the neurology department at Texas A&amp;M University Medical School. . [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003004 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_889-FMA_72465 cell group b8 median nucleus of the raphe nucleus raphes medianus superior central nucleus superior central nucleus raphe superior central tegmental nucleus FMA:72465 superior central nucleus FMA:72465 median nucleus of the raphe ABA The median raphe nucleus (or superior central nucleus) is composed of polygonal, fusiform and pyriform neurons and exists rostral to the nucleus raphe pontis. One trait of the NCS is its inhibition by lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocin, two serotonin antagonist hallucinogens. The inactivation of the nucleus centralis superior via LSD produces a dose dependent inactivation in the NCS, but not in the raphe pallidus. The free-moving cats, in which this was discovered, exhibited dose dependent behavioral changes when researched by Dr. Michael Trulson of the neurology department at Texas A&amp;M University Medical School. . [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Median_raphe_nucleus FMA:72465 FMA:TA nucleus raphes medianus FMA:72465 superior central nucleus raphe Wikipedia ABA Wikipedia ABA FMA:72465 superior central tegmental nucleus ABA dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of midbrain A dorsal longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. FMA:72453 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_893 UBERON:0003005 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_893-FMA_72453 bundle of Schutz of midbrain fasciculus of Schutz of midbrain midbrain bundle of Schutz midbrain dorsal longitudinal fasciculus midbrain fasciculus of Schutz midbrain posterior longitudinal fasciculus posterior longitudinal fasciculus of midbrain A dorsal longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic fasciculus of Schutz of midbrain OBOL:automatic midbrain fasciculus of Schutz OBOL:automatic midbrain posterior longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic midbrain dorsal longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic bundle of Schutz of midbrain OBOL:automatic posterior longitudinal fasciculus of midbrain OBOL:automatic midbrain bundle of Schutz dorsal nucleus of lateral lemniscus ABA:NLLd BM:LLD FMA:72483 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_894 UBERON:0003006 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_894-FMA_72483 dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, dorsal part nucleus posterior lemnisci lateralis posterior nucleus of lateral lemniscus ABA:NLLd nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, dorsal part FMA:72483 FMA:TA nucleus posterior lemnisci lateralis FMA:72483 posterior nucleus of lateral lemniscus FMA:72483 dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus lateral parabrachial nucleus FMA:72481 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_897 The lateral parabrachial nucleus induces thirst by stimulating the median preoptic nucleus. It gets its name from its location relative to the superior cerebellar peduncles, which is also known as the 'brachia conjunctiva'. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003007 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_897-FMA_72481 The lateral parabrachial nucleus induces thirst by stimulating the median preoptic nucleus. It gets its name from its location relative to the superior cerebellar peduncles, which is also known as the 'brachia conjunctiva'. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_parabrachial_nucleus dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of hypothalamus A dorsal longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a hypothalamus [Obol]. FMA:62063 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_898 UBERON:0003008 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_898-FMA_62063 bundle of Schutz of hypothalamus bundle of Schutz of preoptico-hypothalamic area bundle of Schutz of preoptico-hypothalamic region dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of preoptico-hypothalamic area dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of preoptico-hypothalamic region fasciculus of Schutz of hypothalamus fasciculus of Schutz of preoptico-hypothalamic area fasciculus of Schutz of preoptico-hypothalamic region hypothalamus bundle of Schutz hypothalamus dorsal longitudinal fasciculus hypothalamus fasciculus of Schutz hypothalamus posterior longitudinal fasciculus posterior longitudinal fasciculus of hypothalamus posterior longitudinal fasciculus of preoptico-hypothalamic area posterior longitudinal fasciculus of preoptico-hypothalamic region preoptico-hypothalamic area bundle of Schutz preoptico-hypothalamic area dorsal longitudinal fasciculus preoptico-hypothalamic area fasciculus of Schutz preoptico-hypothalamic area posterior longitudinal fasciculus preoptico-hypothalamic region bundle of Schutz preoptico-hypothalamic region dorsal longitudinal fasciculus preoptico-hypothalamic region fasciculus of Schutz preoptico-hypothalamic region posterior longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of preoptico-hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic hypothalamus dorsal longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic hypothalamus fasciculus of Schutz OBOL:automatic fasciculus of Schutz of preoptico-hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic fasciculus of Schutz of preoptico-hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic area fasciculus of Schutz OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic region bundle of Schutz OBOL:automatic bundle of Schutz of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic region posterior longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic posterior longitudinal fasciculus of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic area dorsal longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of preoptico-hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic posterior longitudinal fasciculus of preoptico-hypothalamic region A dorsal longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a hypothalamus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic posterior longitudinal fasciculus of preoptico-hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic bundle of Schutz of preoptico-hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic region fasciculus of Schutz OBOL:automatic bundle of Schutz of preoptico-hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic fasciculus of Schutz of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic area bundle of Schutz OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic region dorsal longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic hypothalamus bundle of Schutz OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic area posterior longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic hypothalamus posterior longitudinal fasciculus dorsal tegmental decussation FMA:72451 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_901 SCTID:369248009 UBERON:0003009 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_901-FMA_72451 decussatio tegmentalis posterior dorsal fountain decussation fountain decussation of meynert meynert's decussation posterior tegmental decussation FMA:72451 dorsal fountain decussation FMA:72451 meynert's decussation FMA:72451 posterior tegmental decussation FMA:72451 FMA:TA decussatio tegmentalis posterior lateral pes lemniscus FMA:72459 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_902 UBERON:0003010 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_902-FMA_72459 deep pes lemniscus lateral pontine bundle laterale haubenfussschleife laterale pontine buendel FMA:72459 deep pes lemniscus FMA:72459 lateral pontine bundle facial motor nucleus ABA:VII FMA:54582 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_903 The facial motor nucleus is a collection of neurons in the brainstem that belong to the facial nerve. These lower motor neurons innervate the muscles of facial expression and the stapedius. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003011 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_903-FMA_54582 ZFA:0000206 branchiomotor nucleus of facial nerve facial motor nucleus facial nerve motor nucleus facial nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gray788.png/200px-Gray788.png motor nucleus VII motor nucleus of VII motor nucleus of facial nerve nVII nucleus motorius nervi facialis see comments for facial nucleus. also check ZFA/pons ABA ABA FMA:54582 motor nucleus of VII FMA:54582 branchiomotor nucleus of facial nerve ZFA:0000206 nVII ABA ZFA:0000206 nucleus motorius nervi facialis ABA ABA Wikipedia:Facial_nucleus facial nucleus ABA ABA ZFA:0000206 facial nerve motor nucleus FMA:54582 motor nucleus of facial nerve FMA:54582 facial motor nucleus The facial motor nucleus is a collection of neurons in the brainstem that belong to the facial nerve. These lower motor neurons innervate the muscles of facial expression and the stapedius. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Facial_motor_nucleus ABA ABA ZFA:0000206 motor nucleus VII flocculonodular lobe EV:0100297 FMA:72253 MA:0002965 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_904 SCTID:279361008 The flocculonodular lobe is a lobe of the cerebellum consisting of the nodule and the flocculus. It is closely associated with the vestibulocerebellum. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003012 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_904-FMA_72253 cerebellum flocculonodular lobe flocculonodular lobe flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CerebellumDiv.png/200px-CerebellumDiv.png lobus flocculonodularis posterior lobe-2 of cerebellum FMA:72253 flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum FMA:72253 flocculonodular lobe The flocculonodular lobe is a lobe of the cerebellum consisting of the nodule and the flocculus. It is closely associated with the vestibulocerebellum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Flocculonodular_lobe FMA:72253 FMA:TA lobus flocculonodularis FMA:72253 posterior lobe-2 of cerebellum MA:0002965 cerebellum flocculonodular lobe alar central lobule FMA:72517 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_907 The lobulus centralis is a small square lobule, situated in the anterior cerebellar notch. It overlaps the lingula, from which it is separated by the precentral fissure; laterally, it extends along the upper and anterior part of each hemisphere, where it forms a wing-like prolongation, the alar central lobule. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003013 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_907-FMA_72517 alae of central lobule lobules II, III of vermis The lobulus centralis is a small square lobule, situated in the anterior cerebellar notch. It overlaps the lingula, from which it is separated by the precentral fissure; laterally, it extends along the upper and anterior part of each hemisphere, where it forms a wing-like prolongation, the alar central lobule. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Alar_central_lobule FMA:72517 alae of central lobule FMA:72517 lobules II, III of vermis anterior quadrangular lobule FMA:72516 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_913 SCTID:369041006 UBERON:0003015 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_913-FMA_72516 anterior crescentic lobule of cerebellum anterior quadrangular lobule of cerebellum anterior quadrangular lobule of cerebellum [H IV et V] anterior semilunar lobule lobulus quadrangularis anterior cerebelli [h iv et v] semilunar lobule-1 (anterior) FMA:72516 FMA:TA lobulus quadrangularis anterior cerebelli [h iv et v] FMA:72516 anterior semilunar lobule FMA:72516 anterior quadrangular lobule of cerebellum [H IV et V] FMA:72516 semilunar lobule-1 (anterior) FMA:72516 anterior crescentic lobule of cerebellum FMA:72516 anterior quadrangular lobule of cerebellum postcommissural fornix FMA:62062 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_914 UBERON:0003016 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_914-FMA_62062 substantia innominata ABA:SI BM:Tel-SI BTO:0002447 FMA:61885 GAID:638 MESH:A.08.186.211.577.820 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_915 The substantia innominata (literally 'unnamed substance') of Meynert is a stratum consisting partly of gray and partly of white substance, which lies below the anterior part of the thalamus and lentiform nucleus. The gross anatomical structure is called anterior perforated substance because to the naked eye looks perforated by many holes. Holes are due to many blood vessels that pass through this area. It is part of the basal forebrain. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003017 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_915-FMA_61885 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Substantia_innominata_MRI.PNG/200px-Substantia_innominata_MRI.PNG innominate substance nucleus of substantia innominata substantia innominata of Reichert substantia innominata of Reil ABA BTO:0002447 substantia innominata of Reil FMA:61885 innominate substance BTO:0002447 substantia innominata of Reichert The substantia innominata (literally 'unnamed substance') of Meynert is a stratum consisting partly of gray and partly of white substance, which lies below the anterior part of the thalamus and lentiform nucleus. The gross anatomical structure is called anterior perforated substance because to the naked eye looks perforated by many holes. Holes are due to many blood vessels that pass through this area. It is part of the basal forebrain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Substantia_innominata FMA:61885 nucleus of substantia innominata parvicellular part of ventral posteromedial nucleus ABA:VPMpc FMA:62207 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_917 UBERON:0003018 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_917-FMA_62207 gustatory nucleus (thalamus) gustatory thalamic nucleus nucleus ventralis posterior medialis thalami, pars parvicellularis pars parvicellularis nuclei ventralis posteromedialis thalami parvicellular part of ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus, parvicellular part ventral posteromedial nucleus, parvocellular part ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus, parvicellular part ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus, parvicellular part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_917 nucleus ventralis posterior medialis thalami, pars parvicellularis FMA:62207 gustatory thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_917 ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus, parvicellular part FMA:62207 ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus, parvicellular part FMA:62207 FMA:TA pars parvicellularis nuclei ventralis posteromedialis thalami FMA:62207 parvicellular part of ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus FMA:62207 ventral posteromedial nucleus, parvocellular part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_917 gustatory nucleus (thalamus) FMA:62207 ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus, parvicellular part oral part of ventral posterolateral nucleus FMA:62205 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_918 UBERON:0003019 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_918-FMA_62205 nucleus lateralis intermedius lateralis nucleus posteroventralis oralis nucleus ventralis intermedius (dewulf) nucleus ventralis intermedius (walker) nucleus ventralis intermedius thalami nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis, pars oralis nucleus ventrointermedius ventral part of ventral lateral posterior nucleus (jones) ventral posterolateral nucleus, oral part ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus, oral part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_918 nucleus ventrointermedius NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_918 nucleus lateralis intermedius lateralis FMA:62205 ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus, oral part FMA:62205 ventral posterolateral nucleus, oral part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_918 nucleus ventralis intermedius (dewulf) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_918 nucleus posteroventralis oralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_918 nucleus ventralis intermedius thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_918 nucleus ventralis intermedius (walker) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_918 nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis, pars oralis subcallosal area FMA:61890 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_919 SCTID:362357004 The subcallosal area (parolfactory area of Broca, area parolfactoria) is a small triangular field on the medial surface of the hemisphere in front of the subcallosal gyrus, from which it is separated by the posterior parolfactory sulcus; it is continuous below with the olfactory trigone, and above and in front with the cingulate gyrus; it is limited anteriorly by the anterior parolfactory sulcus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003020 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_919-FMA_61890 adolfactory area area paraolfactoria http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray732.png/200px-Gray732.png paraolfactory area parolfactory area FMA:61890 FMA:TA area paraolfactoria The subcallosal area (parolfactory area of Broca, area parolfactoria) is a small triangular field on the medial surface of the hemisphere in front of the subcallosal gyrus, from which it is separated by the posterior parolfactory sulcus; it is continuous below with the olfactory trigone, and above and in front with the cingulate gyrus; it is limited anteriorly by the anterior parolfactory sulcus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subcallosal_area FMA:61890 paraolfactory area FMA:61890 adolfactory area FMA:61890 parolfactory area central lobule ABA:CENT FMA:72519 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_920 SCTID:279383007 The central lobule is a small square lobule, situated in the anterior cerebellar notch. It overlaps the lingula, from which it is separated by the precentral fissure; laterally, it extends along the upper and anterior part of each hemisphere, where it forms a wing-like prolongation, the ala lobuli centralis. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003021 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_920-FMA_72519 central lobule of cerebellum central lobule of cerebellum [II and III] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gray703.png/200px-Gray703.png lobulus centralis cerebelli [ii et iii] FMA:72519 FMA:TA lobulus centralis cerebelli [ii et iii] The central lobule is a small square lobule, situated in the anterior cerebellar notch. It overlaps the lingula, from which it is separated by the precentral fissure; laterally, it extends along the upper and anterior part of each hemisphere, where it forms a wing-like prolongation, the ala lobuli centralis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Central_lobule FMA:72519 central lobule of cerebellum [II and III] ABA FMA:72519 central lobule of cerebellum lobe parts of cerebral cortex FMA:68603 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_922 UBERON:0003022 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_922-FMA_68603 cerebral cortical segment check w.r.t regional part of cerebreal cortex regional organ part of cerebral cortex segment of cerebral cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_922 segment of cerebral cortex FMA:68603 cerebral cortical segment FMA:68603 regional organ part of cerebral cortex pontine tegmentum FMA:71108 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_923 SCTID:362401009 The pontine tegmentum is a part of the pons of the brain involved in the initiation of REM sleep. It includes the pedunculopontine nucleus and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, among others, and is located near the raphe nucleus and the locus ceruleus. The trapezoid body is part of the pontine tegmentum. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003023 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_923-FMA_71108 dorsal portion of pons http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Brainstem_Abducens.png/200px-Brainstem_Abducens.png tegmental portion of pons tegmentum of pons tegmentum pontis The pontine tegmentum is a part of the pons of the brain involved in the initiation of REM sleep. It includes the pedunculopontine nucleus and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, among others, and is located near the raphe nucleus and the locus ceruleus. The trapezoid body is part of the pontine tegmentum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pontine_tegmentum FMA:71108 tegmentum of pons FMA:71108 tegmental portion of pons FMA:71108 FMA:TA tegmentum pontis FMA:71108 dorsal portion of pons principal part of ventral posteromedial nucleus FMA:62208 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_927 UBERON:0003024 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_927-FMA_62208 nucleus ventralis posteromedialis, pars prinicipalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_927 nucleus ventralis posteromedialis, pars prinicipalis brachium of inferior colliculus BM:MB-BSC FMA:71114 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_929 The Brachium of inferior colliculus (or inferior brachium) carries auditory afferent fibers from the inferior colliculus of the mesencephalon to the medial geniculate nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003025 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_929-FMA_71114 brachium of medial geniculate http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Human_brainstem-thalamus_posterior_view_description.JPG/200px-Human_brainstem-thalamus_posterior_view_description.JPG inferior brachium inferior collicular brachium inferior colliculus brachium inferior quadrigeminal brachium peduncle of inferior colliculus The Brachium of inferior colliculus (or inferior brachium) carries auditory afferent fibers from the inferior colliculus of the mesencephalon to the medial geniculate nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brachium_of_inferior_colliculus FMA:71114 inferior brachium FMA:71114 inferior collicular brachium FMA:71114 inferior colliculus brachium FMA:71114 brachium of medial geniculate FMA:71114 peduncle of inferior colliculus FMA:71114 inferior quadrigeminal brachium limitans nucleus BM:Die-Th-L FMA:62220 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_931 SCTID:369181002 UBERON:0003026 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_931-FMA_62220 limitans thalamic nucleus nucleus limitans nucleus limitans opticus (hassler) nucleus limitans thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_931 nucleus limitans thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_931 limitans thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_931 nucleus limitans NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_931 nucleus limitans opticus (hassler) cingulate cortex BM:Tel-Cx-Cg BTO:0003975 EFO:0000343 MA:0000904 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_934 The cingulate cortex is a part of the brain situated in the medial aspect of the cortex. It is extended from the corpus callosum below to the cingulate sulcus above, at least anteriorly. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003027 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_934-MA_0000904 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gray727_cingulate_gyrus.png/200px-Gray727_cingulate_gyrus.png ncithesaurus:Cingulate_Cortex The cingulate cortex is a part of the brain situated in the medial aspect of the cortex. It is extended from the corpus callosum below to the cingulate sulcus above, at least anteriorly. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cingulate_cortex commissure of inferior colliculus A commissure that is part of a inferior colliculus [Obol]. FMA:71115 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_935 SCTID:369260005 UBERON:0003028 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_935-FMA_71115 caudal colliculus commissure commissure of caudal colliculus commissure of inferior colliculi commissure of posterior colliculus commissure of posterior corpus quadrigeminum inferior collicular commissure inferior colliculus commissure posterior colliculus commissure posterior corpus quadrigeminum commissure OBOL:automatic posterior colliculus commissure A commissure that is part of a inferior colliculus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71115 inferior collicular commissure OBOL:automatic commissure of posterior corpus quadrigeminum OBOL:automatic posterior corpus quadrigeminum commissure OBOL:automatic caudal colliculus commissure FMA:71115 inferior colliculus commissure OBOL:automatic commissure of posterior colliculus FMA:71115 commissure of inferior colliculi OBOL:automatic commissure of caudal colliculus stria terminalis BM:ST BM:STr BTO:0004616 FMA:61974 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_937 The stria terminalis (terminal stria) is a structure in the brain consisting of a band of fibers running along the lateral margin of the ventricular surface of the thalamus. Serving as a major output pathway of the amygdala, the stria terminalis runs from its corticomedial division to the ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003029 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_937-FMA_61974 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gray683.png/200px-Gray683.png semicircular stria terminal stria FMA:61974 semicircular stria The stria terminalis (terminal stria) is a structure in the brain consisting of a band of fibers running along the lateral margin of the ventricular surface of the thalamus. Serving as a major output pathway of the amygdala, the stria terminalis runs from its corticomedial division to the ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Stria_terminalis Wikipedia:Terminal_stria terminal stria posterior nucleus of thalamus BM:Die-Th-Po FMA:62221 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_939 SCTID:424901000 UBERON:0003030 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_939-FMA_62221 ZFA:0000325 ncithesaurus:Posterior_Nucleus_of_the_Thalamus nucleus posterior thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_939 nucleus posterior thalami submedial nucleus ABA:SMT EV:0100203 FMA:62223 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_946 SCTID:279151007 UBERON:0003031 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_946-FMA_62223 gelatinosus thalamic nucleus nucleus submedialis thalami nucleus submedius thalami submedial nucleus of thalamus submedial nucleus thalamus submedial thalamic nucleus FMA:62223 submedial nucleus of thalamus ABA FMA:62223 FMA:TA nucleus submedialis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_946 submedial thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_946 submedial nucleus thalamus FMA:62223 gelatinosus thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_946 nucleus submedius thalami suprageniculate nucleus ABA:SGN BM:Die-Th-SG FMA:62222 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_953 SCTID:369180001 UBERON:0003033 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_953-FMA_62222 nucleus suprageniculatus suprageniculate thalamic nucleus FMA:62222 suprageniculate thalamic nucleus ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_953 nucleus suprageniculatus central dorsal nucleus ABA:NC FMA:62169 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_956 UBERON:0003034 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_956-FMA_62169 nucleus centralis dorsalis thalami nucleus centralis superior lateralis nucleus centralis superior lateralis thalami nucleus circularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_956 nucleus centralis superior lateralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_956 nucleus circularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_956 nucleus centralis superior lateralis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_956 nucleus centralis dorsalis thalami regional part of cerebellar white matter FMA:72547 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_959 UBERON:0003035 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_959-FMA_72547 segment of cerebellar white matter NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_959 segment of cerebellar white matter central lateral nucleus ABA:CL BM:Die-CL EV:0100205 FMA:62170 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_961 SCTID:279153005 UBERON:0003036 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_961-FMA_62170 central lateral nucleus of thalamus central lateral thalamic nucleus centrolateral thalamic nucleus nucleus centralis lateralis of thalamus nucleus centralis lateralis thalami ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_961 nucleus centralis lateralis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_961 nucleus centralis lateralis of thalamus ABA FMA:62170 central lateral nucleus of thalamus ABA FMA:62170 centrolateral thalamic nucleus FMA:62170 central lateral thalamic nucleus septum BM:Tel-Spt FMA:86461 OpenCyc:Mx4rrqot_on_EdaAAAACs0uFOQ UBERON:0003037 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_963-FMA_86461 a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones[WP]. general anatomical term in FMA septa septa Wikipedia:Septum a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones[WP]. thoracic spinal cord FMA:71167 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_966 SCTID:278750009 The thoracic nerves are the spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003038 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_966-FMA_71167 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gray820.png/200px-Gray820.png ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Spinal_Cord segmenta thoracica medullae spinalis [1-12] thoracic region of spinal cord thoracic segment of spinal cord thoracic segments of spinal cord [1-12] thoracic spinal cord FMA:71167 thoracic region of spinal cord The thoracic nerves are the spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thoracic_spinal_cord FMA:71167 FMA:TA segmenta thoracica medullae spinalis [1-12] FMA:71167 thoracic segment of spinal cord FMA:71167 thoracic spinal cord FMA:71167 thoracic segments of spinal cord [1-12] anterior commissure anterior part FMA:61963 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_969 UBERON:0003039 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_969-FMA_61963 anterior commissure pars anterior anterior commissure, anterior part anterior part of anterior commissure olfactory limb of anterior commissure olfactory part of anterior commissure pars anterior pars anterior commissurae anterioris the horseshoe-shaped tract that connects the two olfactory bulbs. FMA:61963 olfactory part of anterior commissure MP:0008230 anterior part of anterior commissure FMA:61963 anterior commissure, anterior part MP:0010859 the horseshoe-shaped tract that connects the two olfactory bulbs. MP:0008230 pars anterior MP:0008230 pars anterior commissurae anterioris FMA:61963 anterior part of anterior commissure MP:0010859 anterior commissure pars anterior FMA:61963 olfactory limb of anterior commissure central gray substance of midbrain ABA:PAG BM:MB-PAG BTO:0002701 EFO:0002470 EV:0100249 FMA:74510 GAID:585 MA:0000209 MA:0002895 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.659.822.595 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_973 Periaqueductal gray (PAG; also called the 'central gray') is the gray matter located around the cerebral aqueduct within the midbrain. It plays a role in the descending modulation of pain and in defensive behaviour. The ascending pain and temperature fibers of the spinothalamic tract also send information to the PAG via the spinomesencephalic tract. The spinomesencephalic tract is so-named because the fibers originate in the spine and terminate in the mesencephalon, another name for the midbrain, the part of the brain in which the PAG resides. [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:369233003 TODO - resolve MA - see tracker UBERON:0003040 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_973-FMA_74510 ZFA:0000518 anulus of cerebral aqueduct central (periaqueductal) gray griseum centrale http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cn3nucleus.png/200px-Cn3nucleus.png periaquectuctal grey periaqueductal gray periaqueductal gray matter periaqueductal gray of tegmentum periaqueductal grey matter periaqueductal grey substance substantia grisea centralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_973 substantia grisea centralis ABA MA:0002895 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3209233&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 periaquectuctal grey FMA:74510 periaqueductal gray of tegmentum FMA:74510 anulus of cerebral aqueduct FMA:74510 periaqueductal gray matter ABA FMA:74510 central (periaqueductal) gray ABA ABA ABA ABA EV:0100249 periaqueductal grey matter NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_973 griseum centrale Periaqueductal gray (PAG; also called the 'central gray') is the gray matter located around the cerebral aqueduct within the midbrain. It plays a role in the descending modulation of pain and in defensive behaviour. The ascending pain and temperature fibers of the spinothalamic tract also send information to the PAG via the spinomesencephalic tract. The spinomesencephalic tract is so-named because the fibers originate in the spine and terminate in the mesencephalon, another name for the midbrain, the part of the brain in which the PAG resides. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Periaqueductal_gray https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3209233&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 ABA FMA:74510 periaqueductal grey substance ABA ABA FMA:74510 periaqueductal gray ABA trigeminal nerve fibers FMA:72501 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_974 UBERON:0003041 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_974-FMA_72501 central part of trigeminal nerve trigeminal nerve fibers trigeminal nerve tract FMA:72501 trigeminal nerve fibers FMA:72501 trigeminal nerve tract FMA:72501 central part of trigeminal nerve posterior part of anterior commissure FMA:61964 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_977 UBERON:0003043 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_977-FMA_61964 anterior commissure pars posterior anterior commissure temporal limb anterior commissure, posterior part pars posterior temporal limb of anterior commissure the major forebrain commissure that connects the two temporal lobes of the cortex. FMA:61964 anterior commissure, posterior part FMA:61964 temporal limb of anterior commissure MP:0010860 anterior commissure pars posterior MP:0008230 anterior commissure temporal limb MP:0008229 pars posterior MP:0010860 the major forebrain commissure that connects the two temporal lobes of the cortex. uncinate fasciculus FMA:77636 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_983 SCTID:369083001 The uncinate fasciculus is a white matter tract in the human brain that connects parts of the limbic system such as the hippocampus and amygdala in the temporal lobe with frontal ones such as the orbitofrontal cortex. Its function is unknown though it is affected in several psychiatric conditions. It is the last white matter tract to mature in the human brain. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003044 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_983-FMA_77636 cerebral uncinate fasciculus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gray751.png/200px-Gray751.png The uncinate fasciculus is a white matter tract in the human brain that connects parts of the limbic system such as the hippocampus and amygdala in the temporal lobe with frontal ones such as the orbitofrontal cortex. Its function is unknown though it is affected in several psychiatric conditions. It is the last white matter tract to mature in the human brain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Uncinate_fasciculus FMA:77636 cerebral uncinate fasciculus dorsal longitudinal fasciculus DLF FMA:83845 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_986 SCTID:369082006 The dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF) (not to be confused with the medial longitudinal fasciculus) is a white matter fiber tract located within the brain stem, specifically in the dorsal brainstem tegmentum. The DLF travels through the periaqueductal gray matter. The tract is comprised of a diffuse brainstem pathway located in the periventricular gray matter comprising ascending visceral sensory axons and descending hypothalamic axons. As with all white matter tracts, the DLF consists of myelinated axons carrying information between neurons. The DLF, carries both ascending and descending fibers, conveys visceral motor and sensory signals. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003045 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_986-FMA_83845 ZFA:0005266 bundle of Schutz fasciculus longitudinalis posterior fasciculus of Schutz posterior longitudinal fasciculus FMA:83845 fasciculus of Schutz FMA:83845 bundle of Schutz FMA:83845 posterior longitudinal fasciculus FMA:83845 FMA:TA fasciculus longitudinalis posterior The dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF) (not to be confused with the medial longitudinal fasciculus) is a white matter fiber tract located within the brain stem, specifically in the dorsal brainstem tegmentum. The DLF travels through the periaqueductal gray matter. The tract is comprised of a diffuse brainstem pathway located in the periventricular gray matter comprising ascending visceral sensory axons and descending hypothalamic axons. As with all white matter tracts, the DLF consists of myelinated axons carrying information between neurons. The DLF, carries both ascending and descending fibers, conveys visceral motor and sensory signals. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_longitudinal_fasciculus DLF ZFA:0005266 ventral acoustic stria FMA:72498 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_991 UBERON:0003046 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_991-FMA_72498 anterior acoustic stria stria cochlearis anterior FMA:72498 FMA:TA stria cochlearis anterior FMA:72498 anterior acoustic stria regional part of pretectal region A regional part of brain that is part of a pretectal region [Obol]. FMA:74519 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_993 UBERON:0003047 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_993-FMA_74519 anatomical structure of brain of pretectal area anatomical structure of brain of pretectal nuclei anatomical structure of brain of pretectal region anatomical structure of brain of pretectum biological structure of brain of pretectal area biological structure of brain of pretectal nuclei biological structure of brain of pretectal region biological structure of brain of pretectum brain anatomical structure of pretectal area brain anatomical structure of pretectal nuclei brain anatomical structure of pretectal region brain anatomical structure of pretectum brain biological structure of pretectal area brain biological structure of pretectal nuclei brain biological structure of pretectal region brain biological structure of pretectum neuraxis segment of pretectal area neuraxis segment of pretectal nuclei neuraxis segment of pretectal region neuraxis segment of pretectum pretectal area anatomical structure of brain pretectal area biological structure of brain pretectal area brain anatomical structure pretectal area brain biological structure pretectal area neuraxis segment pretectal area regional part of brain pretectal area segment of brain pretectal nuclei anatomical structure of brain pretectal nuclei biological structure of brain pretectal nuclei brain anatomical structure pretectal nuclei brain biological structure pretectal nuclei neuraxis segment pretectal nuclei regional part of brain pretectal nuclei segment of brain pretectal region anatomical structure of brain pretectal region biological structure of brain pretectal region brain anatomical structure pretectal region brain biological structure pretectal region neuraxis segment pretectal region regional part of brain pretectal region segment pretectal region segment of brain pretectum anatomical structure of brain pretectum biological structure of brain pretectum brain anatomical structure pretectum brain biological structure pretectum neuraxis segment pretectum regional part of brain pretectum segment of brain regional part of brain of pretectal area regional part of brain of pretectal nuclei regional part of brain of pretectal region regional part of brain of pretectum segment of brain of pretectal area segment of brain of pretectal nuclei segment of brain of pretectal region segment of brain of pretectum segment of pretectal region OBOL:automatic pretectal region anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of pretectum OBOL:automatic segment of brain of pretectum FMA:74519 pretectal region segment OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of pretectal region OBOL:automatic pretectal nuclei brain biological structure OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of pretectal area OBOL:automatic pretectal area segment of brain OBOL:automatic pretectal area anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic pretectal area biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic pretectal region neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic pretectal nuclei regional part of brain OBOL:automatic pretectal nuclei neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic pretectum regional part of brain OBOL:automatic pretectal nuclei segment of brain OBOL:automatic pretectal nuclei brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic segment of brain of pretectal nuclei OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of pretectal region OBOL:automatic pretectal region regional part of brain OBOL:automatic segment of brain of pretectal region OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of pretectal nuclei OBOL:automatic pretectum brain biological structure OBOL:automatic pretectal nuclei biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic pretectal area brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of pretectal area OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of pretectal region NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_993 segment of pretectal region OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of pretectal nuclei OBOL:automatic segment of brain of pretectal area OBOL:automatic pretectal region biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of pretectal nuclei OBOL:automatic pretectum biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of pretectal nuclei OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of pretectal area OBOL:automatic pretectal area brain biological structure OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of pretectal region OBOL:automatic pretectum anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of pretectum OBOL:automatic pretectum brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic pretectum segment of brain OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of pretectal area OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of pretectal nuclei OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of pretectal region OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of pretectum OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of pretectum OBOL:automatic pretectal region brain biological structure OBOL:automatic pretectal area neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of pretectal nuclei A regional part of brain that is part of a pretectal region [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pretectal nuclei anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of pretectal region OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of pretectum OBOL:automatic pretectum neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of pretectum OBOL:automatic pretectal area regional part of brain OBOL:automatic pretectal region brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of pretectal area OBOL:automatic pretectal region segment of brain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of pretectal area regional part of hypothalamus A regional part of brain that is part of a hypothalamus [Obol]. FMA:67706 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_995 SCTID:360454003 UBERON:0003048 UBERON:NIF_GrossAnatomy_birnlex_995-FMA_67706 anatomical structure of brain of hypothalamus anatomical structure of brain of preoptico-hypothalamic area anatomical structure of brain of preoptico-hypothalamic region biological structure of brain of hypothalamus biological structure of brain of preoptico-hypothalamic area biological structure of brain of preoptico-hypothalamic region brain anatomical structure of hypothalamus brain anatomical structure of preoptico-hypothalamic area brain anatomical structure of preoptico-hypothalamic region brain biological structure of hypothalamus brain biological structure of preoptico-hypothalamic area brain biological structure of preoptico-hypothalamic region hypothalamus anatomical structure of brain hypothalamus biological structure of brain hypothalamus brain anatomical structure hypothalamus brain biological structure hypothalamus neuraxis segment hypothalamus regional part of brain hypothalamus segment hypothalamus segment of brain neuraxis segment of hypothalamus neuraxis segment of preoptico-hypothalamic area neuraxis segment of preoptico-hypothalamic region preoptico-hypothalamic area anatomical structure of brain preoptico-hypothalamic area biological structure of brain preoptico-hypothalamic area brain anatomical structure preoptico-hypothalamic area brain biological structure preoptico-hypothalamic area neuraxis segment preoptico-hypothalamic area regional part of brain preoptico-hypothalamic area segment of brain preoptico-hypothalamic region anatomical structure of brain preoptico-hypothalamic region biological structure of brain preoptico-hypothalamic region brain anatomical structure preoptico-hypothalamic region brain biological structure preoptico-hypothalamic region neuraxis segment preoptico-hypothalamic region regional part of brain preoptico-hypothalamic region segment of brain regional part of brain of hypothalamus regional part of brain of preoptico-hypothalamic area regional part of brain of preoptico-hypothalamic region segment of brain of hypothalamus segment of brain of preoptico-hypothalamic area segment of brain of preoptico-hypothalamic region segment of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic region regional part of brain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of preoptico-hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic region brain biological structure OBOL:automatic segment of brain of preoptico-hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of preoptico-hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic hypothalamus brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of preoptico-hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic region biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of preoptico-hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic area neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of preoptico-hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic hypothalamus neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic segment of brain of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic hypothalamus segment of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of preoptico-hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic hypothalamus biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of preoptico-hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic region segment of brain OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic region brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure of hypothalamus A regional part of brain that is part of a hypothalamus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of preoptico-hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic region anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of preoptico-hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic region neuraxis segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_995 segment of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic regional part of brain of preoptico-hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic hypothalamus anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic hypothalamus brain biological structure OBOL:automatic hypothalamus regional part of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain of preoptico-hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic area biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic area segment of brain OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic area regional part of brain OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain of preoptico-hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic segment of brain of preoptico-hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic area anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic area brain anatomical structure FMA:67706 hypothalamus segment OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic area brain biological structure collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle A rigid external coating which is secreted by the hypodermis, seam and some transitional epithelial cells which covers the outer body, the major openings into the body cavity from the exterior, and two large sensory bristles, the male spicules. The cuticle of the spicules, the hook, and of some portions of the spicule channels is especially rigid and is probably sclerotized. Similar sclerotic features are occasionally noted in the ventral surface of the male tail fan[WBbt]. The main structural components of the nematode cuticle are proteins, highly cross-linked collagens and specialised insoluble proteins known as cuticlins, together with glycoproteins and lipids[WP]. Note that GO has a superclass protein-based cuticle development // taxonomic restriction may be too strict UBERON:0003049 UBERON:WBbt_0005755 WBbt:0005755 nematode cuticle A rigid external coating which is secreted by the hypodermis, seam and some transitional epithelial cells which covers the outer body, the major openings into the body cavity from the exterior, and two large sensory bristles, the male spicules. The cuticle of the spicules, the hook, and of some portions of the spicule channels is especially rigid and is probably sclerotized. Similar sclerotic features are occasionally noted in the ventral surface of the male tail fan[WBbt]. The main structural components of the nematode cuticle are proteins, highly cross-linked collagens and specialised insoluble proteins known as cuticlins, together with glycoproteins and lipids[WP]. UBERON:cjm WA:dh olfactory placode A thick plate of cells derived from the neural ectoderm in the head region of the embryo that develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. AAO:0011076 EFO:0003420 EHDAA2:0001232 EHDAA:1504 EMAPA:16543 OG:0000186 Olfactory placodes are the only ectodermal placodes to produce glia, a cell type typically derived from neural crest. TAO:0000048 UBERON:0003050 UBERON:XAO_0000005-ZFA_0000048 XAO:0000005 ZFA:0000048 nasal placode olfactory placodes GO olfactory placodes A thick plate of cells derived from the neural ectoderm in the head region of the embryo that develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. Wikipedia:Olfactory_placode XAO:0000005 ZFA ear vesicle AAO:0011080 BTO:0002661 EHDAA2:0001342 EMAPA:16669 OG:0001148 OV SCTID:308792006 The saccular invagination of ectoderm from which the vertebrate inner ear develops[BTO]. Epithelial sac present beside the fifth rhombomere; forms the semicircular canals dorsally and the otolith organs ventrally, and houses the acoustico-vestibular sensory epithelia (maculae) of hair cells[ZFA]. epithelial sac of invaginated ectoderm formed from the otic placode that gives rise to the structures of the inner ear[MP] UBERON:0003051 UBERON:0004373 UBERON:XAO_0000006-ZFA_0000051 XAO:0000006 ZFA:0000051 auditory vesicle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gray40.png/200px-Gray40.png ncithesaurus:Otic_Vesicle otic vesicle otocyst BTO:0002661 auditory vesicle BTO:0002661 MP:0009806 The saccular invagination of ectoderm from which the vertebrate inner ear develops[BTO]. Epithelial sac present beside the fifth rhombomere; forms the semicircular canals dorsally and the otolith organs ventrally, and houses the acoustico-vestibular sensory epithelia (maculae) of hair cells[ZFA]. epithelial sac of invaginated ectoderm formed from the otic placode that gives rise to the structures of the inner ear[MP] Wikipedia:Auditory_vesicle ZFIN:curator NBK53175 midbrain-hindbrain boundary AAO:0011064 EHDAA2:0000757 EHDAA:5789 MHB OG:0000649 TAO:0000042 The part of the brain that is the morphological boundary between the midbrain and hindbrain and that is the location of an organizing center which patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. UBERON:0003052 UBERON:XAO_0000016-ZFA_0000042 XAO:0000016 ZFA:0000042 editor note: consider adding class for organizer. isthmus midbrain hindbrain boundary ZFA ZFA GO:0021555 The part of the brain that is the morphological boundary between the midbrain and hindbrain and that is the location of an organizing center which patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. ZFA ventricular zone AAO:0011112 BTO:0003654 EFO:0003624 MA:0000819 OG:0001224 TAO:0001083 There are two primary regions that are thought to give rise to neurons that make up the cerebellum. The first region is the ventricular zone (the roof of the fourth ventricle). This area produces Purkinje cells and deep cerebellar nuclear neurons. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003053 UBERON:XAO_0000021-ZFA_0001083 VZ XAO:0000021 ZFA:0001083 brain ventricular zone ventricular zone of brain MA:0000819 brain ventricular zone BTO:0003654 There are two primary regions that are thought to give rise to neurons that make up the cerebellum. The first region is the ventricular zone (the roof of the fourth ventricle). This area produces Purkinje cells and deep cerebellar nuclear neurons. roof plate a single row of glia at the dorsal midline of the developing neural tube. This region provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types and of the specification of neural crest cells. The cells comprising the roof plate are the precursors to radial glial cells. AAO:0011097 TODO - Note that although this is classically defined as being located on the neural tube, in many AOs the roof plate continues post-embryonically after the neural tube has ceased to exist. Consider 'roof plate of neural tube'. TODO - alar plate vs roof plate UBERON:0003054 UBERON:XAO_0000022-ZFA_0007058 ZFA:0007058 alar plate roofplate a single row of glia at the dorsal midline of the developing neural tube. This region provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types and of the specification of neural crest cells. The cells comprising the roof plate are the precursors to radial glial cells. GO:0021509 PMID:15378040 Wikipedia:Roof_plate alar plate periderm A temporary epithelium that derives from the outer layer of the ectdoerm and is shed once the inner layer differentiates to form a true epidermis. EHDAA2:0001846 EHDAA:6538 EVL OG:0001680 Originally the epidermis is one layer thick, in most vertebrates it soon becomes a two-layered structure. The outer layer gives rise to the periderm. The periderm goes through distinct developmental phases and is ultimately sloughed into the amniotic fluid when differentiation of the underlying epidermal layers is complete. The function of the periderm is not known, but is thought to be related to transport/exchange between the fetus and the amniotic fluid (http://courses.washington.edu/hubio567/devbio/periderm.html) UBERON:0003055 UBERON:XAO_0000029-ZFA_0001185 XAO:0000029 ZFA:0001185 epidermis epithelial layer epidermis outer layer ncithesaurus:Periderm periderm A temporary epithelium that derives from the outer layer of the ectdoerm and is shed once the inner layer differentiates to form a true epidermis. ISBN:9780878932504 EVL ZFA:0001185 pre-chordal neural plate AAO:0011084 OG:0001200 The portion of neural plate anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003056 UBERON:XAO_0000045-ZFA_0007016 XAO:0000045 ZFA:0007016 anterior neural plate The portion of neural plate anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. XB:curator chordal neural plate OG:0001201 The portion of neural plate posterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003057 UBERON:XAO_0000046-ZFA_0007017 XAO:0000046 ZFA:0007017 posterior neural plate The portion of neural plate posterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. XB:curator hypochord AAO:0000733 EFO:0003475 OG:0000081 TAO:0000031 The hypochord is a transient rod-like structure in the embryos of fish, lampreys and amphibians that is located immediately ventral to the notochord. The hypochord may play a role in positioning the dorsal aorta[GO]. near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle[AAO] UBERON:0003058 UBERON:XAO_0000056-ZFA_0000031 Unlike in frogs and axolotl, the hypochord does not appear to be endodermally derived[ZFA] XAO:0000056 ZFA:0000031 subnotochordal rod AAO:0000733 GO:0055016 ISBN:0815318960 PMID:10648245 The hypochord is a transient rod-like structure in the embryos of fish, lampreys and amphibians that is located immediately ventral to the notochord. The hypochord may play a role in positioning the dorsal aorta[GO]. near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle[AAO] XAO GO:0055016 PMID:10648245 subnotochordal rod presomitic mesoderm AAO:0011086 EFO:0001982 OG:0000559 PSM TAO:0000279 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003059 UBERON:XAO_0000057-ZFA_0000279 Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> XAO:0000057 ZFA:0000279 segmental plate somitogenic mesoderm Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> ZFIN:curator pronephric duct AAO:0011088 In mammals, the pronephric duct is the predecessor of the Wolffian duct[WP]. OG:0000082 SCTID:361406002 TAO:0000150 UBERON:0003060 UBERON:XAO_0000063-ZFA_0000150 XAO:0000063 ZFA:0000150 archinephric duct ncithesaurus:Pronephric_Duct Wikipedia GO OG:0000082 archinephric duct In mammals, the pronephric duct is the predecessor of the Wolffian duct[WP]. Wikipedia:Pronephric_duct XAO blood island AAO:0011006 Blood islands are structures in the developing embryo which lead to many different parts of the circulatory system. They primarily derive from plexuses formed from angioblasts. Within them, vacuoles appear through liquefaction of the central part of the syncytium into plasma. The lumen of the blood vessels thus formed is probably intracellular. The flattened cells at the periphery form the endothelium. The nucleated red blood corpuscles develop either from small masses of the original angioblast left attached to the inner wall of the lumen or directly from the flat endothelial cells. In either case the syncytial mass thus formed projects from and is attached to the wall of the vessel. Such a mass is known as a blood island and hemoglobin gradually accumulates within it. Later the cells on the surface round up, giving the mass a mulberry-like appearance. Then the red blood cells break loose and are carried away in the plasma. Such free blood cells continue to divide. Blood islands have been seen in the area vasculosa in the omphalomesenteric vein and arteries, and in the dorsal aorta[WP]. Region located on the ventral surface of the developing embryo that is a site of hematopoiesis and that is analogous to the yolk sac blood islands of higher vertebrates[XAO]. Nests of developing blood cells arising late in the segmentation period from the intermediate mass, and located in the anterior-ventral tail, just posterior to the yolk extension[ZFA]. EFO:0003489 EHDAA2:0000177 EHDAA2:0000178 OG:0000085 TAO:0000094 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003061 UBERON:XAO_0000067-ZFA_0000094 VBI XAO:0000067 ZFA:0000094 blood islands caudal hematopoietic tissue ncithesaurus:Blood_Island posterior ICM posterior blood island ventral blood island ventral lateral plate mesoderm yolk sac blood island ISBN10:0073040584 Blood islands are structures in the developing embryo which lead to many different parts of the circulatory system. They primarily derive from plexuses formed from angioblasts. Within them, vacuoles appear through liquefaction of the central part of the syncytium into plasma. The lumen of the blood vessels thus formed is probably intracellular. The flattened cells at the periphery form the endothelium. The nucleated red blood corpuscles develop either from small masses of the original angioblast left attached to the inner wall of the lumen or directly from the flat endothelial cells. In either case the syncytial mass thus formed projects from and is attached to the wall of the vessel. Such a mass is known as a blood island and hemoglobin gradually accumulates within it. Later the cells on the surface round up, giving the mass a mulberry-like appearance. Then the red blood cells break loose and are carried away in the plasma. Such free blood cells continue to divide. Blood islands have been seen in the area vasculosa in the omphalomesenteric vein and arteries, and in the dorsal aorta[WP]. Region located on the ventral surface of the developing embryo that is a site of hematopoiesis and that is analogous to the yolk sac blood islands of higher vertebrates[XAO]. Nests of developing blood cells arising late in the segmentation period from the intermediate mass, and located in the anterior-ventral tail, just posterior to the yolk extension[ZFA]. PMID:9618755 Wikipedia:Blood_island XAO:0000067 ZFIN:curator ISBN10:0073040584 blood islands EHDAA2:0000177 yolk sac blood island primitive knot AAO:0000346 BILA:0000053 BTO:0003395 DMZ EHDAA2:0001272 EHDAA:549 EMAPA:16075 GAID:1312 Hensen node Hensen's node MESH:A.16.254.650 OG:0000598 SCTID:361464001 Spemann Mangold organizer Spemann's organizer TAO:0000071 TODO check XAO UBERON:0003062 UBERON:0004018 UBERON:XAO_0000072-ZFA_0000071 XAO:0000072 ZFA:0000071 dorsal marginal zone embryo organizer embryonic organizer embryonic shield ncithesaurus:Primitive_Node node organizer organizer for gastrulation in vertebrates. The primitive knot starts as a regional knot of cells that forms on the blastodisc immediately anterior to where the outer layer of cells will begin to migrate inwards - an area known as the primitive streak. Posterior to the node is the primitive pit, where the cells of the epiblast (the upper layer of embryonic cells) initially begin to invaginate. This invagination expands posteriorly into the primitive groove as the cells layers continue to move into the space between the embryonic cells and the yolk. This differentiates the embryo into the germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. The primitive knot migrates posteriorly as gastrulation proceeds, eventually being absorbed into the tail bud.[WP]. the regional thickening of cells at the rostral tip of the vertebrate primitive streak through which gastrulating cells migrate anteriorally to form tissues in the future head and neck; this region organizes the formation of the three embryonic layers and establishes the longitudinal axis and the polarity of the embryo[MP]. primitive node shield Wikipedia:Primitive_knot primitive node GAID:1312 Hensen's node Wikipedia:Primitive_knot EMAPA:16075 node embryonic shield http://zfin.org/zf_info/zfbook/stages/gast.html Spemann Mangold organizer ZFA:0000071 MP:0004066 Wikipedia:Primitive_knot Wikipedia:Regional_specification#Dorsal.2Fventral_axis_.26_organizer organizer for gastrulation in vertebrates. The primitive knot starts as a regional knot of cells that forms on the blastodisc immediately anterior to where the outer layer of cells will begin to migrate inwards - an area known as the primitive streak. Posterior to the node is the primitive pit, where the cells of the epiblast (the upper layer of embryonic cells) initially begin to invaginate. This invagination expands posteriorly into the primitive groove as the cells layers continue to move into the space between the embryonic cells and the yolk. This differentiates the embryo into the germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. The primitive knot migrates posteriorly as gastrulation proceeds, eventually being absorbed into the tail bud.[WP]. the regional thickening of cells at the rostral tip of the vertebrate primitive streak through which gastrulating cells migrate anteriorally to form tissues in the future head and neck; this region organizes the formation of the three embryonic layers and establishes the longitudinal axis and the polarity of the embryo[MP]. EHDAA GAID:1312 embryo organizer XAO:0000072 dorsal marginal zone DMZ OG:0000598 ZFA:0000071 shield GAID:1312 embryonic organizer Spemann's organizer ZFA:0000071 ZFA:0000071 organizer GAID:1312 Hensen node Wikipedia:Primitive_knot ZFA prechordal plate AAO:0011085 EHDAA2:0001493 EHDAA:181 OG:0000086 TAO:0000060 UBERON:0003063 UBERON:XAO_0000079-ZFA_0000060 XAO:0000079 ZFA:0000060 a thickening of the endoderm at the cranial end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells. The prechordal plate and the notochord induce the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells[GO]. Axial hypoblast located anterior to the chorda mesoderm; the polster is its most anterior region[ZFA]. Uniquely thickened portion of the endoderm that is in contact with ectoderm immediately rostral to the cephalic tip of the notochord[WP]. head mesenchyme head mesoderm todo - check Wikipedia:Prechordal_plate ZFIN:curator a thickening of the endoderm at the cranial end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells. The prechordal plate and the notochord induce the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells[GO]. Axial hypoblast located anterior to the chorda mesoderm; the polster is its most anterior region[ZFA]. Uniquely thickened portion of the endoderm that is in contact with ectoderm immediately rostral to the cephalic tip of the notochord[WP]. XAO:0000079 head mesenchyme XAO:0000079 head mesoderm intermediate mesoderm AAO:0010575 EMAPA:16178 IM OG:0000087 SCTID:361476001 TAO:0001206 The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads. UBERON:0003064 UBERON:XAO_0000085-ZFA_0001206 XAO:0000085 ZFA:0001206 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png/200px-Gray19_with_color.png intermediate plate mesoderm ncithesaurus:Intermediate_Mesoderm note that all AOs differ in the relationship between this structure and the mesoderm; in ZFA it is a subclass (and this is implied by the GO definition and GO relationships), in AAO it is part of, and in EHDAA2 it develops from the mesoderm (but in EHDAA2 the naming convention is to use 'paraxial mesenchyme', rather than 'paraxial mesoderm'). XAO GOC:curators The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads. Wikipedia:Intermediate_mesoderm UBERON:cjm intermediate plate mesoderm AAO EMAPA ciliary marginal zone AAO:0010342 CMZ EFO:0003668 OG:0000088 Region at the periphery of the retina where retinal stem cells are located. After 60 hpf, the CMZ is the source of most retinal growth. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-050427-5'>Wehman et al, 2005.</a> TAO:0001289 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003065 UBERON:XAO_0000086-ZFA_0001289 XAO:0000086 ZFA:0001289 circumferential germinal zone peripheral growth zone ZFA:0001289 peripheral growth zone Region at the periphery of the retina where retinal stem cells are located. After 60 hpf, the CMZ is the source of most retinal growth. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-050427-5'>Wehman et al, 2005.</a> ZFIN:curator hyoid arch 2nd arch 2nd pharyngeal arch AAO:0010363 EHDAA2:0000050 EHDAA:611 EMAPA:16272 In XAO, develops from visceral pouch 2 OG:0000297 SCTID:308768003 UBERON:0003066 UBERON:XAO_0000098-ZFA_0001276 XAO:0000098 ZFA:0001611 assists in forming the side and front of the neck. branchial arch 2 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gray41.png/200px-Gray41.png hyoid bars ncithesaurus:Second_Pharyngeal_Arch pharyngeal arch 2 second branchial arch second pharyngeal arch second visceral arch visceral arch 2 2nd arch EHDAA2:0000050 second branchial arch branchial arch 2 Wikipedia:Second_branchial_arch assists in forming the side and front of the neck. visceral arch 2 second visceral arch dorsolateral placode Lateral neurogenic placodes positioned dorsal of the epibranchial placodes. OG:0000103 TAO:0001310 UBERON:0003067 UBERON:XAO_0000187-ZFA_0001310 XAO:0000187 ZFA:0001310 dorsolateral placodes ZFA:0001310 dorsolateral placodes Lateral neurogenic placodes positioned dorsal of the epibranchial placodes. ZFIN:curator NBK53175 axial mesoderm AAO:0011017 EFO:0003647 OG:0000107 TAO:0001204 The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003068 UBERON:XAO_0000205-ZFA_0001204 XAO:0000205 ZFA:0001204 chordamesoderm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png/200px-Gray19_with_color.png GO:0048318 The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord. Wikipedia:Chordamesoderm Wikipedia:Chordamesoderm chordamesoderm otic placode A cranial placode which, once specified, invaginates to form an otic cup, which eventually separates from the surface ectoderm to form the otic vesicle or otocyst, a rounded structure without appar- ent polarity. As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII AAO:0011079 EFO:0003429 EHDAA2:0001339 EHDAA:506 EMAPA:16195 OG:0000235 TAO:0000138 UBERON:0003069 UBERON:XAO_0000223-ZFA_0000138 With the exception of the pigment cells of the stria vascularis and the secretory epithelium of the cochlea, which are of neural crest origin, all compo- nents of the inner ear derive from the otic placode. In most species the thickening of the ectoderm into a placode occurs in a region adjacent to rhombomere 5 (reviewed in Ohyama et al., 2007), while in amphibians the otic placode is centered onto rhombomere 4 (Ruiz i Altaba and Jessell, 1991).[NBK53175] XAO:0000223 ZFA:0000138 auditory placode ncithesaurus:Otic_Placodes A cranial placode which, once specified, invaginates to form an otic cup, which eventually separates from the surface ectoderm to form the otic vesicle or otocyst, a rounded structure without appar- ent polarity. As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII NBK:NBK53175 GO trigeminal placode EFO:0003433 OG:0000109 TAO:0000162 The ectodermal rudiment of the trigeminal ganglion. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003070 UBERON:XAO_0000225-ZFA_0000162 XAO:0000225 ZFA:0000162 OG:0000109 The ectodermal rudiment of the trigeminal ganglion. eye primordium AAO:0011038 EFO:0003541 Portion of tissue that is part of the anterior neural keel and will form the optic vesicle[ZFA]. A paired ectodermal placode that becomes invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles. TAO:0000570 TODO - check that GO's optic placode is the same as ZFA's eye primordium; we may want to have separate term for ocular primordium precursor. UBERON:0003071 UBERON:0005060 UBERON:XAO_0000227-ZFA_0000570 XAO:0000227 ZFA:0000570 eye anlage eye field eye placode occular primordium ocular primordium optic field optic placode optic primordium GO:0046619 Portion of tissue that is part of the anterior neural keel and will form the optic vesicle[ZFA]. A paired ectodermal placode that becomes invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles. ZFA:0000570 OBOL:automatic eye placode GO:0046619 optic placode optic cup EHDAA2:0001303 EHDAA:2912 EMAPA:16674 Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of neural and non-neural epithelial layers which will form the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium of the mature eye[ZFA]. double walled structured formed by expansion and invagination of the distal end of the optic vesicle that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina while the mouth of the optic cup eventually forms the pupil of the eye[MP]. OG:0000167 SCTID:308789007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003072 UBERON:XAO_0000228-ZFA_0001202 ZFA:0001202 eye cup ncithesaurus:Optic_Cup MP:0004269 Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of neural and non-neural epithelial layers which will form the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium of the mature eye[ZFA]. double walled structured formed by expansion and invagination of the distal end of the optic vesicle that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina while the mouth of the optic cup eventually forms the pupil of the eye[MP]. ZFA:0001202 lens placode A thickened portion of ectoderm which serves as the precursor to the lens. SOX2 and Pou2f1 are involved in its development[WP]. AAO:0011055 Classical transplantation experiments using amphibian embryos suggested that the optic vesicle is the source of lens-inducing signals sufficient to generate lens tissues in competent ectoderm (reviewed in Grainger et al., 1996). More recent findings suggest a multistep model for lens induction. There is now good evidence that lens specification occurs at the neurula stage, before the optic vesicle contact the surface ectoderm, and that neural crest cell migration in the frontonasal region is required to restrict the position of the lens placode (Bailey et al., 2006)[NBK53175] EFO:0003494 EHDAA2:0000982 EHDAA:2908 EMAPA:16672 OG:0000166 TAO:0000122 UBERON:0003073 UBERON:XAO_0000240-ZFA_0000122 XAO:0000240 ZFA:0000122 ncithesaurus:Lens_Placodes A thickened portion of ectoderm which serves as the precursor to the lens. SOX2 and Pou2f1 are involved in its development[WP]. Wikipedia:Lens_placode ZFIN:curator NBK53175 mesonephric duct AAO:0000637 EHDAA2:0001243 EHDAA:1590 EMAPA:16577 GAID:1315 Leydig's duct MESH:A.16.254.940 OG:0000082 Paired organ that connects the primitive kidney Wolffian body (or mesonephros) to the cloaca and serves as the anlage for certain male reproductive organs. the Wolffian duct is what remains of the pronephric duct after the atrophy of the pronephros[WP]. In Zebrafish: Duct of the adult kidney (mesonephros), present bilaterally ventral to the somites and leading to the cloacal chamber[ZFA]. SCTID:308800003 TAO:0000546 TODO - mesonephric portion of the nephric duct UBERON:0003074 UBERON:XAO_0000242-ZFA_0000546 Wolffian duct XAO:0000242 ZFA:0000546 archinephric duct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gray1109.png/200px-Gray1109.png ncithesaurus:Mesonephric_Duct renal duct Paired organ that connects the primitive kidney Wolffian body (or mesonephros) to the cloaca and serves as the anlage for certain male reproductive organs. the Wolffian duct is what remains of the pronephric duct after the atrophy of the pronephros[WP]. In Zebrafish: Duct of the adult kidney (mesonephros), present bilaterally ventral to the somites and leading to the cloacal chamber[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Mesonephric_duct ZFIN:curator GOC:yaf Wikipedia:Wolffian_duct Wolffian duct ZFA:0000546 Leydig's duct Wikipedia:Wolffian_duct OG:0000082 Wikipedia:Wolffian_duct archinephric duct GO neural plate A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube[XAO]. The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium[ZFA] AAO:0011072 BTO:0001765 EHDAA2:0001252 EHDAA:346 EHDAA:902 EMAPA:16095 EMAPA:16527 EMAPA:16756 OG:0000068 TAO:0000132 UBERON:0003075 UBERON:XAO_0000249-ZFA_0000132 XAO:0000249 ZFA:0000132 ncithesaurus:Neural_Plate presumptive central nervous system GOTAX:0000352 ZFA A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube[XAO]. The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium[ZFA] ISBN:0815318960 OMD:neural+plate Wikipedia:Neural_plate ZFIN:curator XAO GO posterior neural tube AAO:0011082 OG:0001383 TAO:0007037 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003076 UBERON:XAO_0000250-ZFA_0007037 XAO:0000250 ZFA:0007037 paraxial mesoderm AAO:0010568 EFO:0003515 EMAPA:16183 EMAPA:16751 OG:0000114 SCTID:361475002 TAO:0000255 The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube[GO] UBERON:0003077 UBERON:XAO_0000259-ZFA_0000255 XAO:0000259 ZFA:0000255 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png/200px-Gray19_with_color.png ncithesaurus:Paraxial_Mesoderm note that all AOs differ in the relationship between this structure and the mesoderm; in ZFA it is a subclass (and this is implied by the GO definition and GO relationships), in AAO it is part of, and in EHDAA2 it develops from the mesoderm (but in EHDAA2 the naming convention is to use 'paraxial mesenchyme', rather than 'paraxial mesoderm'). paraxial mesenchyme somitic mesoderm GO:0048339 The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube[GO] Wikipedia:Paraxial_mesoderm ZFA XAO ZFA ISBN:9780878932504 somitic mesoderm epibranchial placode AAO:0011036 EFO:0003455 Epibranchial placodes-derived neu- rons innervate internal organs to transmit information such as heart rate, blood pressure, and visceral distension from the periphery to the central nervous system (Baker and Bronner-Fraser, 2001). From rostral to caudal the epibranchial placodes comprise the geniculate, petrosal, and nodose placodes, each associated in sequence with the first, second and third branchial clefts. Each placode contributes sensory neurons to cranial nerves VII (facial nerve), IX (glossopharyngeal nerve), and X (vagal nerve), respectively[NBK53175] Neurogenic placodes that generate neurons of the distal facial, glossopharyngeal and vagal ganglia, which convey sensation from the viscera, including pharyngeal endoderm structures, to the CNS. The epibranchial placodes are positioned ventrally to the ear/otic placode and dorsally to the posterior pharyngeal pouches/clefts OG:0000117 TAO:0001294 UBERON:0003078 UBERON:XAO_0000284-ZFA_0001294 XAO:0000284 ZFA:0001294 epibranchial placodes NBK53175 Neurogenic placodes that generate neurons of the distal facial, glossopharyngeal and vagal ganglia, which convey sensation from the viscera, including pharyngeal endoderm structures, to the CNS. The epibranchial placodes are positioned ventrally to the ear/otic placode and dorsally to the posterior pharyngeal pouches/clefts ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-050804-2 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-070122-31 ZFA:0001294 epibranchial placodes floor plate A ventral region of glial cells in the neural tube that provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types. The floor plate is evident at the ventral midline by the neural fold stage[GO]. A structure integral to the developing nervous system of vertebrate organisms. Located on the ventral midline of the embryonic neural tube, the floor plate is a specialized glial structure that spans the anteroposterior axis from the midbrain to the tail regions. It has been shown that the floor plate is conserved among vertebrates with homologous structures in invertebrates such as the fruit fly Drosophila and the nematode C. elegans. Functionally, the structure serves as an organizer to ventralize tissues in the embryo as well as to guide neuronal positioning and differentiation along the dorsoventral axis of the neural tube[WP]. AAO:0011041 BTO:0001720 EFO:0003473 EHDAA2:0000545 Note that although this is classically defined as being located on the neural tube, in many AOs the floor plate continues post-embryonically after the neural tube has ceased to exist. Consider 'floor plate of neural tube'. TAO:0000022 UBERON:0003079 UBERON:XAO_0000306-ZFA_0000022 ZFA:0000022 bodenplatte flexural organ floorplate http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Gray642.png/200px-Gray642.png ventral plate A ventral region of glial cells in the neural tube that provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types. The floor plate is evident at the ventral midline by the neural fold stage[GO]. A structure integral to the developing nervous system of vertebrate organisms. Located on the ventral midline of the embryonic neural tube, the floor plate is a specialized glial structure that spans the anteroposterior axis from the midbrain to the tail regions. It has been shown that the floor plate is conserved among vertebrates with homologous structures in invertebrates such as the fruit fly Drosophila and the nematode C. elegans. Functionally, the structure serves as an organizer to ventralize tissues in the embryo as well as to guide neuronal positioning and differentiation along the dorsoventral axis of the neural tube[WP]. GO:0021508 PMID:15738958 Wikipedia:Floor_plate Wikipedia BTO:0001720 ventral plate BTO:0001720 bodenplatte ZFA anterior neural tube AAO:0011012 OG:0001384 TAO:0007038 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003080 UBERON:XAO_0000307-ZFA_0007038 XAO:0000307 ZFA:0007038 lateral plate mesoderm AAO:0010574 OG:0000118 Portion of the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo that resides on the periphery of the embryo, is continuous with the extra-embryonic mesoderm, splits into two layers enclosing the intra-embryonic coelom, and gives rise to body wall structures[MP]. SCTID:361477005 TAO:0000121 TAO:0001065 UBERON:0003081 UBERON:XAO_0000311-ZFA_0000121 XAO:0000311 ZFA:0000121 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png/200px-Gray19_with_color.png lateral mesoderm lateral plate ncithesaurus:Lateral_Mesoderm GO:0048368 lateral mesoderm MP:0010117 Portion of the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo that resides on the periphery of the embryo, is continuous with the extra-embryonic mesoderm, splits into two layers enclosing the intra-embryonic coelom, and gives rise to body wall structures[MP]. Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm myotome A group of tissues formed from somites that develop into the body wall muscle[WP]. Somitic compartment that is a precursor of muscle. mesoderm that is derived from the somite that is fated to become the musculature[MP]. Portion of the somites giving rise to body wall muscle masses[ZFA] AAO:0011067 BTO:0000742 EHDAA2:0003431 EHDAA:1721 EHDAA:1727 EHDAA:1733 EHDAA:1739 OG:0001244 SCTID:344535001 TAO:0001056 The term "myotome" is also used to describe the muscles served by a single nerve root UBERON:0003082 UBERON:XAO_0000315-ZFA_0001056 XAO:0000315 ZFA:0001056 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray65.png/200px-Gray65.png myomeres myotomes A group of tissues formed from somites that develop into the body wall muscle[WP]. Somitic compartment that is a precursor of muscle. mesoderm that is derived from the somite that is fated to become the musculature[MP]. Portion of the somites giving rise to body wall muscle masses[ZFA] MP:0003939 PMID:17313522 Wikipedia:Myotome ZFIN:curator EHDAA2 ZFA trunk neural crest AAO:0010582 EFO:0003605 OG:0000062 TAO:0001024 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Trunk portion of the neural crest. The trunk neural crest lies between the vagal and sacral neural crest and gives rise to two groups of cells. One group migrates dorsolateral and populates the skin, forming pigment cells and the other migrates ventrolateral through the anterior sclerotome to become the epinephrine-producing cells of the adrenal gland and the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. Some cells remain in the sclerotome to form the dorsal root ganglia [Wikipedia]. UBERON:0003083 UBERON:XAO_0000319-ZFA_0001024 XAO:0000319 ZFA:0001024 trunk crest ISBN:0815318960 Trunk portion of the neural crest. The trunk neural crest lies between the vagal and sacral neural crest and gives rise to two groups of cells. One group migrates dorsolateral and populates the skin, forming pigment cells and the other migrates ventrolateral through the anterior sclerotome to become the epinephrine-producing cells of the adrenal gland and the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. Some cells remain in the sclerotome to form the dorsal root ganglia [Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Trunk_neural_crest ZFA heart primordium AAO:0011044 BTO:0001887 Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline to form the heart rudiment or cone. UBERON:0003084 UBERON:XAO_0000336-ZFA_0000028 XAO:0000336 ZFA:0000028 fused heart primordium ncithesaurus:Primordium_of_the_Heart todo - check Obol ZFA ZFA XAO Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline to form the heart rudiment or cone. ZFIN:curator ventral aorta AAO:0010412 BTO:0004674 OG:0000121 TAO:0000604 The ventral aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the gills. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once[GO]. The artery in vertebrate embryos that carries blood from the ventricle of the heart to the aortic arches. In adult fish it branches into afferent branchial arteries supplying the gills. In adult tetrapods it is represented by the ascending part of the aorta[BTO]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003085 UBERON:XAO_0000338-ZFA_0000604 XAO:0000338 ZFA:0000604 PMID:2297080 Wikipedia BTO:0004674 GO:0035908 The ventral aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the gills. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once[GO]. The artery in vertebrate embryos that carries blood from the ventricle of the heart to the aortic arches. In adult fish it branches into afferent branchial arteries supplying the gills. In adult tetrapods it is represented by the ascending part of the aorta[BTO]. caudal artery AAO:0011023 CA EFO:0003472 Extension of the dorsal aorta in the tail. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> OG:0000123 TAO:0000011 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003086 UBERON:XAO_0000364-ZFA_0000011 XAO:0000364 ZFA:0000011 Extension of the dorsal aorta in the tail. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> Wikipedia:Caudal_artery ZFIN:curator anterior cardinal vein AAO:0011011 ACV BTO:0004387 EHDAA:1312 EMAPA:16355 OG:0000113 SCTID:308780006 TAO:0000423 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003087 UBERON:XAO_0000383-ZFA_0000423 XAO:0000383 ZFA:0000423 ncithesaurus:Anterior_Cardinal_Vein rostral cardinal vein rostral cardinal veins the two paired veins draining the cephalic part of the body. ZFA:0000423 rostral cardinal vein MP:0004784 the two paired veins draining the cephalic part of the body. caudal vein AAO:0011025 CV EFO:0003616 OG:0000126 TAO:0000180 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003088 UBERON:XAO_0000390-ZFA_0000180 Vein in the tail returning blood from the trunk and tail to the heart, leads directly into the posterial cardinal vein in the posterior trunk. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> XAO:0000390 ZFA:0000180 Vein in the tail returning blood from the trunk and tail to the heart, leads directly into the posterial cardinal vein in the posterior trunk. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> ZFIN:curator sclerotome AAO:0010571 EHDAA2:0003439 OG:0000680 TAO:0001080 UBERON:0003089 UBERON:XAO_0000397-ZFA_0001080 Ventral somitic compartment that is a precursor of the axial skeleton[XAO]. Sclerotomes eventually differentiate into the vertebrae and most of the skull. The caudal (posterior) half of one sclerotome fuses with the rostral (anterior) half of the adjacent one to form each vertebra. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side to form the vertebral body. From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord, forming the vertebral arch[WP]. XAO:0000397 ZFA:0001080 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray65.png/200px-Gray65.png ncithesaurus:Sclerotome XAO Ventral somitic compartment that is a precursor of the axial skeleton[XAO]. Sclerotomes eventually differentiate into the vertebrae and most of the skull. The caudal (posterior) half of one sclerotome fuses with the rostral (anterior) half of the adjacent one to form each vertebra. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side to form the vertebral body. From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord, forming the vertebral arch[WP]. Wikipedia:Sclerotome XB:curator ZFA ZFA supraorbital lateral line AAO:0011103 OG:0000128 One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) TAO:0000443 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003090 UBERON:XAO_0000442-ZFA_0000443 XAO:0000442 ZFA:0000443 supraorbital line One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) ZFIN:curator ZFA:0000443 supraorbital line thyroid primordium AAO:0011106 BTO:0004709 EHDAA2:0002033 EHDAA:952 EMAPA:16361 EMAPA:16558 In all vertebrates the thyroid arises from the ventral aspect of the second pouch[PMID:16313389]. Note that we follow EHDAA2 in dividing this into endoderm and mesenchyme. In this ontology we place the broad developmental relationship at this level, and include specific relationships to the pharyngeal endoderm at the level of the endoderm TAO:0001081 The initial thyroid precursor, the thyroid primordium, starts as a simple midline thickening and develops to form the thyroid diverticulum. This structure is initially hollow, although it later solidifies and becomes bilobed. The 2 lobes are located on either side of the midline and are connected via an isthmus. UBERON:0003091 UBERON:XAO_0000444-ZFA_0001081 XAO:0000444 ZFA:0001081 ncithesaurus:Thyroid_Primordium PMID:16313389 The initial thyroid precursor, the thyroid primordium, starts as a simple midline thickening and develops to form the thyroid diverticulum. This structure is initially hollow, although it later solidifies and becomes bilobed. The 2 lobes are located on either side of the midline and are connected via an isthmus. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/845125-overview ZFA ZFA ultimobranchial body AAO:0010547 Developmental origins vary across species. PMID:16313389 says: the most posterior pouch generates the ultimobranchial bodies in most vertebrate classes, but mammals do not contain this structure // The neural crest is the source of ultimobranchial cells[Kardong] EHDAA2:0002103 EHDAA:2987 EHDAA:9139 GAID:1246 MESH:A.13.939 OG:0001185 Pharyngeal pouch derivative, usually paired cell masses located in the neck region[Kardong]. The ultimobranchial body or gland is a small organ found in the neck region of many animals. In humans, the ultimobranchial body is an embryological structure that gives rise to the calcitonin-producing cells&mdash;also called parafollicular cells or clear cells&mdash;of the thyroid gland. In humans, this body is a derivative of the ventral recess of the fourth pharyngeal pouch (or fifth) [WP,unvetted]. The ultimobranchial bodies of lower vertebrates contain large amounts of calcitonin. In mammals the bodies fuse with the thyroid gland and are thought to develop into the parafollicular cells. (Stedman, 25th ed) TAO:0001448 UBERON:0003092 UBERON:XAO_0000452-ZFA_0001448 XAO:0000452 ZFA:0001448 postbranchial body ultimobranchial ultimobranchial bodies ultimobranchial gland ultimopharyngeal gland Wikipedia:Ultimobranchial_body ultimobranchial bodies Wikipedia Wikipedia:Ultimobranchial_body ultimobranchial Wikipedia ISBN10:0073040584 MESH:A.13.939 Pharyngeal pouch derivative, usually paired cell masses located in the neck region[Kardong]. The ultimobranchial body or gland is a small organ found in the neck region of many animals. In humans, the ultimobranchial body is an embryological structure that gives rise to the calcitonin-producing cells&mdash;also called parafollicular cells or clear cells&mdash;of the thyroid gland. In humans, this body is a derivative of the ventral recess of the fourth pharyngeal pouch (or fifth) [WP,unvetted]. The ultimobranchial bodies of lower vertebrates contain large amounts of calcitonin. In mammals the bodies fuse with the thyroid gland and are thought to develop into the parafollicular cells. (Stedman, 25th ed) Wikipedia:Ultimobranchial_body Wikipedia:Ultimobranchial_body ultimobranchial gland XAO Wikipedia:Ultimobranchial_body postbranchial body Wikipedia:Ultimobranchial_body ultimopharyngeal gland Wikipedia Wikipedia occipital lateral line AAO:0011075 OG:0000131 One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) TAO:0000400 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003093 UBERON:XAO_0000458-ZFA_0000400 XAO:0000458 ZFA:0000400 supratemporal lateral line One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) ZFIN:curator infraorbital lateral line AAO:0011053 OG:0000132 One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) TAO:0000524 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003094 UBERON:XAO_0000459-ZFA_0000524 XAO:0000459 ZFA:0000524 infraorbital line ZFA:0000524 infraorbital line One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) ZFIN:curator dorsal lateral line AAO:0011030 One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) TAO:0005112 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003095 UBERON:XAO_0000462-ZFA_0005112 XAO:0000462 ZFA:0005112 One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) ZFIN:curator middle lateral line OG:0000133 One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) TAO:0000344 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003096 UBERON:XAO_0000463-ZFA_0000344 XAO:0000463 ZFA:0000344 One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) ZFIN:curator dorsal fin . AAO:0010378 BTO:0004650 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjbzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0001173 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003097 UBERON:XAO_0000469-ZFA_0001173 XAO:0000469 ZFA:0001173 . Wikipedia:Dorsal_fin optic stalk AAO:0011077 EHDAA2:0001318 EHDAA:3816 EMAPA:16678 OG:0000223 SCTID:308788004 TAO:0000137 The optic vesicles project toward the sides of the head, and the peripheral part of each expands to form a hollow bulb, while the proximal part remains narrow and constitutes the optic stalk. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003098 UBERON:XAO_0000475-ZFA_0000137 XAO:0000475 ZFA:0000137 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gray864.png/200px-Gray864.png ncithesaurus:Optic_Stalk The optic vesicles project toward the sides of the head, and the peripheral part of each expands to form a hollow bulb, while the proximal part remains narrow and constitutes the optic stalk. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Optic_stalk cranial neural crest AAO:0010580 EFO:0003645 EMAPA:16091 OG:0000063 TAO:0001194 The cranial neural crest arises in the anterior and populates the face and the pharyngeal arches giving rise to bones, cartilage, nerves and connective tissue [Wikipedia]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003099 UBERON:XAO_0001001-ZFA_0001194 XAO:0001001 ZFA:0001194 cephalic neural crest head crest head neural crest The cranial neural crest arises in the anterior and populates the face and the pharyngeal arches giving rise to bones, cartilage, nerves and connective tissue [Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Cranial_neural_crest ZFA:0001194 ZFIN:curator EMAPA:16091 cephalic neural crest female organism AAO:0010030 BILA:0000028 CARO:0000028 FBbt:00007011 FMA:67812 Gonochoristic organism that can produce female gametes. HAO:0000028 TAO:0000303 TGMA:0001839 UBERON:0003100 UBERON:XAO_0003005-ZFA_0000303 XAO:0003005 ZFA:0000303 female female human body TAO:0000303 female CARO:0000028 Gonochoristic organism that can produce female gametes. FMA:67812 female human body male organism AAO:0010033 BILA:0000027 CARO:0000027 FBbt:00007004 FMA:67811 Gonochoristic organism that can produce male gametes. HAO:0000027 TAO:0000242 TGMA:0001838 UBERON:0003101 UBERON:XAO_0003006-ZFA_0000242 WBbt:0007850 XAO:0003006 ZFA:0000242 male male human body CARO:0000027 Gonochoristic organism that can produce male gametes. TAO:0000242 male FMA:67811 male human body surface structure AAO:0010337 AEO:0000010 EHDAA2:0003010 Organism subdivision that is the collection of anatomical structures on the body surface[ZFA]. TAO:0000292 UBERON:0003102 UBERON:XAO_0003028-ZFA_0000292 VAO:0000001 XAO:0003028 ZFA:0000292 anatomical surface feature Organism subdivision that is the collection of anatomical structures on the body surface[ZFA]. VAO:0000001 Wikipedia:Surface_structure ZFA:0000292 https://github.com/cmungall/uberon/issues/24 EHDAA2:0003010 anatomical surface feature compound organ AAO:0010015 AEO:0000024 Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more multi-tissue structures of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona fide boundaries from other distinct anatomical structures of different types. BILA:0000024 CARO:0000024 EHDAA2:0003024 HAO:0000024 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4 TAO:0000496 TGMA:0001837 UBERON:0003103 UBERON:XAO_0003041-ZFA_0000496 XAO:0003041 ZFA:0000496 organ Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more multi-tissue structures of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona fide boundaries from other distinct anatomical structures of different types. CARO:0000024 mesenchyme AAO:0010427 AEO:0000145 BTO:0001393 EHDAA2:0003145 EV:0100007 OG:0000170 Portion of tissue consisting of loosely organized undifferentiated mesodermal cells that give rise to such structures as connective tissues, blood, lymphatics, bone, and cartilage[XAO]. A mesh-like cell arrangement, less compact than an epithelium[ZFA]. The part of the embryonic mesoderm, consisting of loosely packed, unspecialized cells set in a gelatinous ground substance, from which connective tissue, bone, cartilage, and the circulatory and lymphatic systems develop[BTO]. TAO:0000393 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003104 UBERON:XAO_0003046-ZFA_0000393 XAO:0003046 ZFA:0000393 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mesenchymal_Stem_Cell.jpg/200px-Mesenchymal_Stem_Cell.jpg mesenchymal tissue mesenchyme tissue ncithesaurus:Mesenchyme portion of mesenchymal tissue portion of mesenchyme tissue BTO:0001393 Portion of tissue consisting of loosely organized undifferentiated mesodermal cells that give rise to such structures as connective tissues, blood, lymphatics, bone, and cartilage[XAO]. A mesh-like cell arrangement, less compact than an epithelium[ZFA]. The part of the embryonic mesoderm, consisting of loosely packed, unspecialized cells set in a gelatinous ground substance, from which connective tissue, bone, cartilage, and the circulatory and lymphatic systems develop[BTO]. Wikipedia:Mesenchyme ZFIN:curator dorsal lateral plate region AAO:0011008 AGM AGM region DA roof DA-PCV joint DLP DP joint EFO:0003699 Region located near the pronephros and pronephric ducts that is a site of hematopoiesis in the embryo. // Region where blood progenitor markers are expressed. Probable site of definitive hematopoiesis between 36hpf and 4dpf. TAO:0005028 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003105 UBERON:XAO_0003051-ZFA_0005028 XAO:0003051 ZFA:0005028 aorta gonad mesonephros region aorta-gonads-mesonephros region dorsal aorta - posterior cardinal vein joint ventral wall of dorsal aorta PMID:9618755 Region located near the pronephros and pronephric ducts that is a site of hematopoiesis in the embryo. // Region where blood progenitor markers are expressed. Probable site of definitive hematopoiesis between 36hpf and 4dpf. ZFIN:curator DA-PCV joint ZFA:0005028 DA roof ZFA:0005028 DP joint ZFA:0005028 ZFA:0005028 dorsal aorta - posterior cardinal vein joint urostyle AAO:0000732 TAO:0000158 This centrum may be formed via the fusion of the terminal centrum and half-centrum. It is sometimes termed the 'ultimate' vertebra. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-011008-1'>Mabee and Bird, 2001.</a> This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003106 UBERON:XAO_0003080-ZFA_0000158 XAO:0003080 ZFA:0000158 compound centrum last vertebra ultimate vertebra This centrum may be formed via the fusion of the terminal centrum and half-centrum. It is sometimes termed the 'ultimate' vertebra. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-011008-1'>Mabee and Bird, 2001.</a> ZFIN:curator Meckel's cartilage AAO:0000289 EHDAA2:0001072 EHDAA:7997 EMAPA:17635 EMAPA:17907 MA:0001580 Meckel's cartilage is the bilaterally paired, rod-like, cartilaginous ventral component of the lower jar, or ventral mandibular arch. It is typically resorbed in adults. Meckels cartilage OG:0000249 SCTID:308773009 TAO:0001205 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003107 UBERON:XAO_0003085-ZFA_0001205 XAO:0003085 ZFA:0001205 ventral mandibular cartilage ZFA:0001205 ventral mandibular cartilage Meckel's cartilage is the bilaterally paired, rod-like, cartilaginous ventral component of the lower jar, or ventral mandibular arch. It is typically resorbed in adults. PMID:3693112 Wikipedia:Meckel's_cartilage suspensorium AAO:0000596 TAO:0000444 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003108 UBERON:XAO_0003086-ZFA_0000444 XAO:0003086 ZFA:0000444 hyopalatine suspensoria parapophysis AAO:0000698 AAO:0000708 Endochondral bone that forms from a lateral outgrowth of the basiventral arcualia and connects the rib with the vertebral centrum[TAO]. A lateral or ventrolateral projections of vertebrae to which ribs are attached in Danio rerio. ZFA: They can arise through replacement ossification of a basiventral or form directly in bone. They are separated from the centrum in basal teleosts, e.g., Leptolepis coryphaenoides, Megalops and Elops. TAO:0001362 TODO - check UBERON:0003109 UBERON:XAO_0003102-ZFA_0001362 XAO:0003102 ZFA:0001362 lateral process of basiventral Endochondral bone that forms from a lateral outgrowth of the basiventral arcualia and connects the rib with the vertebral centrum[TAO]. A lateral or ventrolateral projections of vertebrae to which ribs are attached in Danio rerio. ZFA: They can arise through replacement ossification of a basiventral or form directly in bone. They are separated from the centrum in basal teleosts, e.g., Leptolepis coryphaenoides, Megalops and Elops. ZFIN:curator otic region AAO:0010208 UBERON:0003110 UBERON:ZFA_0000189-XAO_0003175 XAO:0003175 ZFA:0000189 cranial vault ZFA:0000189 cranial vault sphenoid region AAO:0010207 UBERON:0003111 UBERON:ZFA_0000290-XAO_0003174 XAO:0003174 ZFA:0000290 olfactory region AAO:0010206 Anatomical cluster that is located in the anterior region of the cranium and provides structural support for the olfactory organ. EFO:0003525 TAO:0000351 UBERON:0003112 UBERON:ZFA_0000351-XAO_0003172 XAO:0003172 ZFA:0000351 ethmoid region ZFA:0000351 ethmoid region Anatomical cluster that is located in the anterior region of the cranium and provides structural support for the olfactory organ. TAO:0000351 dermatocranium AAO:0010154 Bony parts of the skull derived from ossifications in the dermis of the skin[FD]. UBERON:0003113 UBERON:ZFA_0000863-XAO_0003169 XAO:0003169 ZFA:0000863 dermal bone cranium Bony parts of the skull derived from ossifications in the dermis of the skin[FD]. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/dermatocranium ZFA:0000863 dermal bone cranium ZFA pharyngeal arch 3 3rd arch 3rd pharyngeal arch AAO:0010365 EHDAA2:0000069 EHDAA:1080 EMAPA:16399 OG:0000298 SCTID:308769006 The third branchial arch contributes to the development of the hyoid bone, stylopharyngeus muscle, inferior parathyroid gland, and thymus. UBERON:0003114 XAO:0000447 ZFA:0001606 branchial arch 1 first branchial arch first gill arch gill arch 1 in XAO, called branchial arch 1 and df VP3 third branchial arch third pharyngeal arch third visceral arch visceral arch 3 ZFA:0001606 first gill arch ZFA:0001606 gill arch 1 MP:0006339 The third branchial arch contributes to the development of the hyoid bone, stylopharyngeus muscle, inferior parathyroid gland, and thymus. AAO:0010365 ZFA:0001606 branchial arch 1 3rd arch EHDAA2:0000069 third branchial arch ZFA:0001606 first branchial arch pharyngeal arch 4 4th arch 4th branchial arch 4th pharyngeal arch 4th visceral arch AAO:0010366 EHDAA2:0000086 EHDAA:1663 EMAPA:16760 OG:0000299 SCTID:308770007 UBERON:0003115 XAO:0000449 ZFA:0001607 branchial arch 2 contributes to development of the cartilage of the larynx, laryngeal, pharyngeal, and soft palate muscles, superior parathyroid gland, and C-cells of the thymus fourth branchial arch fourth pharyngeal arch gill arch 2 in XAO, called branchial arch 2 and df VP4 second branchial arch second gill arch visceral arch 4 4th branchial arch fourth branchial arch MP:0006340 contributes to development of the cartilage of the larynx, laryngeal, pharyngeal, and soft palate muscles, superior parathyroid gland, and C-cells of the thymus 4th arch EHDAA2:0000086 ZFA:0001607 second branchial arch ZFA:0001607 gill arch 2 ZFA:0001607 second gill arch AAO:0010366 ZFA:0001607 branchial arch 2 pharyngeal arch 5 5th branchial arch A fifth arch never establishes itself in amniotes AAO:0010367 OG:0001204 SCTID:308771006 UBERON:0003116 XAO:0000451 ZFA:0001608 branchial arch 3 fifth branchial arch fifth visceral arch gill arch 3 third branchial arch visceral arch 5 XAO:0000451 fifth visceral arch AAO:0010367 XAO:0000451 branchial arch 3 SCTID:308771006 fifth branchial arch XAO:0000451 third branchial arch 5th branchial arch UBERON:cjm ZFA:0001608 gill arch 3 ZFA:0001608 visceral arch 5 ZFA:0001608 branchial arch 3 pharyngeal arch 6 6th branchial arch AAO:0010368 OG:0001205 SCTID:308772004 The 6th pharyngeal arch. contributes to the development of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles UBERON:0003117 UBERON:0004349 UBERON:ZFA_0001609-XAO_0000453 XAO:0000453 ZFA:0001609 branchial arch 4 branchial arch 6 fourth branchial arch gill arch 4 sixth branchial arch sixth visceral arch visceral arch 6 ZFA:0001609 gill arch 4 ZFA:0001609 visceral arch 6 AAO:0010368 ZFA:0001609 branchial arch 4 MP:0006347 The 6th pharyngeal arch. contributes to the development of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles fourth branchial arch XAO:0000453 sixth visceral arch aortic arch 1 1st arch artery AA1 AAO:0010415 EHDAA2:0000007 EMAPA:16685 OG:0000149 SCTID:308774003 TAO:0005004 UBERON:0003118 UBERON:0004371 UBERON:ZFA_0005005-XAO_0000342 XAO:0000342 ZFA:0005005 first aortic arch first branchial arch artery mandibular aortic arch the vessels formed within the first pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis XAO:0000342 first aortic arch ZFA:0005005 mandibular aortic arch 1st arch artery EMAPA:16685 AA1 ZFA:0005005 MP:0006356 the vessels formed within the first pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis aortic arch 2 2nd arch artery AA2 AAO:0010418 EHDAA2:0000051 EMAPA:16686 OG:0000148 SCTID:308775002 The first and second arches disappear early, but the dorsal end of the second gives origin to the stapedial artery, a vessel which atrophies in humans but persists in some mammals. It passes through the ring of the stapes and divides into supraorbital, infraorbital, and mandibular branches which follow the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The infraorbital and mandibular arise from a common stem, the terminal part of which anastomoses with the external carotid. On the obliteration of the stapedial artery this anastomosis enlarges and forms the internal maxillary artery, and the branches of the stapedial artery are now branches of this vessel. The common stem of the infraorbital and mandibular branches passes between the two roots of the auriculotemporal nerve and becomes the middle meningeal artery; the original supraorbital branch of the stapedial is represented by the orbital twigs of the middle meningeal[WP]. UBERON:0003119 UBERON:0004372 UBERON:ZFA_0005006-XAO_0000343 XAO:0000343 ZFA:0005006 hyoid aortic arch second aortic arch second branchial arch artery ZFA:0005006 hyoid aortic arch The first and second arches disappear early, but the dorsal end of the second gives origin to the stapedial artery, a vessel which atrophies in humans but persists in some mammals. It passes through the ring of the stapes and divides into supraorbital, infraorbital, and mandibular branches which follow the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The infraorbital and mandibular arise from a common stem, the terminal part of which anastomoses with the external carotid. On the obliteration of the stapedial artery this anastomosis enlarges and forms the internal maxillary artery, and the branches of the stapedial artery are now branches of this vessel. The common stem of the infraorbital and mandibular branches passes between the two roots of the auriculotemporal nerve and becomes the middle meningeal artery; the original supraorbital branch of the stapedial is represented by the orbital twigs of the middle meningeal[WP]. Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arches_1_and_2 XAO:0000343 second aortic arch AA2 ZFA:0005006 2nd arch artery EHDAA2:0000051 aortic arch 3 3rd arch artery AA3 AAO:0010419 EHDAA2:0000070 EMAPA:16687 OG:0000147 SCTID:308776001 The third aortic arch constitutes the commencement of the internal carotid artery, and is therefore named the carotid arch[WP]. UBERON:0003120 UBERON:0004352 UBERON:ZFA_0005007-XAO_0000344 XAO:0000344 ZFA:0005007 carotid arch third aortic arch third branchial arch artery XAO:0000344 third aortic arch Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_3 carotid arch 3rd arch artery EHDAA2:0000070 The third aortic arch constitutes the commencement of the internal carotid artery, and is therefore named the carotid arch[WP]. Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_3 AA3 ZFA:0005007 aortic arch 4 4th arch artery AA4 AAO:0010420 EHDAA2:0000087 EMAPA:17004 OG:0000146 SCTID:308777005 The fourth right arch forms the right subclavian as far as the origin of its internal mammary branch; while the fourth left arch constitutes the arch of the aorta between the origin of the left carotid artery and the termination of the ductus arteriosus[WP]. UBERON:0003121 UBERON:0004350 UBERON:ZFA_0005008-XAO_0000355 XAO:0000355 ZFA:0005008 fourth aortic arch fourth branchial arch artery XAO:0000355 fourth aortic arch 4th arch artery EHDAA2:0000087 AA4 ZFA:0005008 The fourth right arch forms the right subclavian as far as the origin of its internal mammary branch; while the fourth left arch constitutes the arch of the aorta between the origin of the left carotid artery and the termination of the ductus arteriosus[WP]. Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_4 aortic arch 5 AA5 AAO:0010421 OG:0000145 SCTID:308778000 The fifth arch disappears on both sides[WP]. UBERON:0003122 UBERON:ZFA_0005009-XAO_0000352 XAO:0000352 ZFA:0005009 fifth aortic arch XAO:0000352 fifth aortic arch The fifth arch disappears on both sides[WP]. Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_5 AA5 ZFA:0005009 aortic arch 6 6th arch artery AA6 AAO:0010422 EHDAA2:0000102 EMAPA:17005 OG:0000144 SCTID:308779008 The sixth right arch disappears; the sixth left arch gives off the pulmonary arteries and forms the ductus arteriosus; this duct remains pervious during the whole of fetal life, but then closes within the first few days after birth due to increased O2 concentration. Oxygen concentration causes the production of bradykinin which causes the ductus to constrict occluding all flow. Within 1-3 months, the ductus is obliterated and becomes the ligamentum arteriosus. His showed that in the early embryo the right and left arches each gives a branch to the lungs, but that later both pulmonary arteries take origin from the left arch[WP]. UBERON:0003123 UBERON:0004351 UBERON:ZFA_0005016-XAO_0000353 XAO:0000353 ZFA:0005016 sixth aortic arch sixth branchial arch artery The sixth right arch disappears; the sixth left arch gives off the pulmonary arteries and forms the ductus arteriosus; this duct remains pervious during the whole of fetal life, but then closes within the first few days after birth due to increased O2 concentration. Oxygen concentration causes the production of bradykinin which causes the ductus to constrict occluding all flow. Within 1-3 months, the ductus is obliterated and becomes the ligamentum arteriosus. His showed that in the early embryo the right and left arches each gives a branch to the lungs, but that later both pulmonary arteries take origin from the left arch[WP]. Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_6 AA6 ZFA:0005016 6th arch artery EMAPA:17005 XAO:0000353 sixth aortic arch chorion BTO:0000252 EFO:0002780 EHDAA2:0000245 EHDAA:150 EMAPA:16112 EV:0100121 FMA:80224 GAID:1299 MESH:A.16.254.403.473 OG:0000200 The chorion of placentals is bilaminar as in reptiles and birds, but forms from the trophoblast and includes the ajdacent mesodermal layer [ISBN10:0073040584 "Vertebrates, Kardong"]. The outer membrane of the two membranes enclosing the embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals. In placental mammals it contributes to the development of the placenta[BTO]. Wikipedia: The chorion is one of the membranes that exists during pregnancy between the developing fetus and mother. It is formed by extraembryonic mesoderm and the two layers of trophoblast and surrounds the embryo and other membranes. The chorionic villi emerge from the chorion, invade the endometrium, and allow transfer of nutrients from maternal blood to fetal blood. UBERON:0003124 chorion (vertebrates) ncithesaurus:Chorion The outer membrane of the two membranes enclosing the embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals. In placental mammals it contributes to the development of the placenta[BTO]. Wikipedia: The chorion is one of the membranes that exists during pregnancy between the developing fetus and mother. It is formed by extraembryonic mesoderm and the two layers of trophoblast and surrounds the embryo and other membranes. The chorionic villi emerge from the chorion, invade the endometrium, and allow transfer of nutrients from maternal blood to fetal blood. Wikipedia:Chorion vitelline membrane AAO:0010332 BTO:0001450 EHDAA2:0002220 FBbt:00000042 GAID:1318 MESH:A.16.631.886 TODO - consider GO CC request. GO:0030704-vitelline membrane formation considered a subclass of CC organization UBERON:0003125 XAO:0000030 a structure directly adjacent to the outer surface of the plasma membrane of an ovum. It is composed mostly of protein fibers, with protein receptors needed for sperm binding, binding to sperm plasma membrane receptors. The species-specificity between these receptors contributes to prevention of breeding between different species [Wikipedia]. A protective layer around the egg[FBbt]. yolk sac membrane zona pellucida Wikipedia:Vitelline_membrane a structure directly adjacent to the outer surface of the plasma membrane of an ovum. It is composed mostly of protein fibers, with protein receptors needed for sperm binding, binding to sperm plasma membrane receptors. The species-specificity between these receptors contributes to prevention of breeding between different species [Wikipedia]. A protective layer around the egg[FBbt]. BTO:0001450 yolk sac membrane trachea A trachea held open by up to 20 C-shaped rings of cartilage [Wikipedia]. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches [GO:dph]. AAO:0010140 BTO:0001388 EFO:0000935 EHDAA2:0002066 EHDAA:3078 EMAPA:16853 EV:0100040 FMA:7394 GAID:361 In birds, the trachea runs from the pharynx to the syrinx, from which the primary bronchi diverge. Swans have an unusually elongated trachea, part of which is coiled beneath the sternum; this may act as a resonator to amplify sound. In some birds, the cartilagenous rings are complete, and may even be ossified. In amphibians, the trachea is normally extremely short, and leads directly into the lungs, without clear primary bronchi. A longer trachea is, however found in some long-necked salamanders, and in caecilians. While there are irregular cartilagenous nodules on the amphibian trachea, these do not form the rings found in amniotes. The only vertebrate to have lungs, but no trachea, is Polypterus, in which the lungs arise directly from the pharynx. MA:0000441 MAT:0000137 MESH:A.04.889 MIAA:0000137 OG:0000371 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViOX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181213009 UBERON:0003126 XAO:0000118 cartilaginous trachea http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Illu_conducting_passages.jpg/200px-Illu_conducting_passages.jpg ncithesaurus:Trachea tracheal tubule vertebrate trachea windpipe BTO:0001388 tracheal tubule EHDAA2 vertebrate trachea A trachea held open by up to 20 C-shaped rings of cartilage [Wikipedia]. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches [GO:dph]. GO:0060438 Wikipedia:Vertebrate_trachea open tracheal system trachea A trachea composed of composed of spiracles, tracheae, and tracheoles [Wikipedia]. An open tracheal system is a respiratory system, a branched network of epithelial tubes that supplies oxygen to target tissues via spiracles. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. FBbt:00005043 SPD:0000434 TADS:0000315 TODO check if is_a epithelium UBERON:0003127 invertebrate trachea trachea FBbt:00005043 trachea A trachea composed of composed of spiracles, tracheae, and tracheoles [Wikipedia]. An open tracheal system is a respiratory system, a branched network of epithelial tubes that supplies oxygen to target tissues via spiracles. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0007424 Wikipedia:Invertebrate_trachea cranium BILA:0000115 BTO:0001295 EFO:0000831 EHDAA2:0000325 EHDAA:6029 EMAPA:17680 FMA:71325 MA:0000316 MAT:0000340 MIAA:0000340 OG:0000334 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVlEyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181889008 TAO:0000737 The term cranium can be ambiguous, in that it can refer to the neurocranium, or the neurocranium and the Facial skeleton[WP]. UBERON:0003128 Upper portion of the skull that excludes the mandible (when present in the organism). XAO:0003075 ZFA:0000737 bones of cranium cranial skeleton epicranial plate ossa cranii skeletal system of head FMA:71325 bones of cranium Upper portion of the skull that excludes the mandible (when present in the organism). Wikipedia:Cranium_(anatomy) FMA:71325 FMA:TA ossa cranii skull AAO:0000109 Anatomical structure that is part of the head consisting entirely of cranium and mandible. FMA:46565 GAID:82 In FMA the skull is divided into orbit, neurocranium (8 parts), viscerocranium (26 parts). Here we have a separate overlapping division into cranium and mandible. // A skull that is missing a mandible is only a cranium; this is the source of a very commonly made error in terminology. Those animals having skulls are called craniates[WP]. MESH:A.02.835.232.781 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjOsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0003129 cranial skeleton galen:Skull ncithesaurus:Skull skeletal system of head Anatomical structure that is part of the head consisting entirely of cranium and mandible. Wikipedia:Skull http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=2962656&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 arthropod sternum EHDAA2:0001914 FBbt:00004557 HAO:0000956 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003130 UBERON:FBbt_00004557-FMA_7485-MA_0001331 sternum ventral portion of a segment of an arthropod thorax or abdomen. In insects, the sterna are usually single, large sclerites, and external. However, they can sometimes be divided in two or more, in which case the subunits are called sternites, and may also be modified on the terminal abdominal segments so as to form part of the functional genitalia, in which case they are frequently reduced in size and development, and may become internalized and/or membranous. Wikipedia:Sternum_(arthropod) ventral portion of a segment of an arthropod thorax or abdomen. In insects, the sterna are usually single, large sclerites, and external. However, they can sometimes be divided in two or more, in which case the subunits are called sternites, and may also be modified on the terminal abdominal segments so as to form part of the functional genitalia, in which case they are frequently reduced in size and development, and may become internalized and/or membranous. arthropod tibia A section of the arthropod leg. FBbt:00004642 HAO:0001017 Homologies of leg segments between groups are difficult to prove and are the source of much argument. Some authors posit up to eleven segments per leg for the most recent common ancestor of extant arthropods [1], but modern arthropods have eight or fewer. It has been argued [2][3] that the ancestral leg need not have been so complex, and that other events, such as the successive loss of function of a Hox-gene could result in parallel gains of leg segments. TADS:0000281 UBERON:0003131 A section of the arthropod leg. Wikipedia:Arthropod_leg arthropod hypopharynx A median tonguelike structure arising from the mouth. FBbt:00005751 HAO:0000409 TGMA:0000090 UBERON:0003132 A median tonguelike structure arising from the mouth. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/279974/hypopharynx reproductive organ An organ involved in reproduction EMAPA:17381 GO uses genitalia for the singular organ MA:0001752 MESH:A.05.360 OpenCyc:Mx4rwO39aJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:128181006 TGMA:0000591 UBERON:0003133 WBbt:0008422 genital organ genitalia ncithesaurus:Genitalia reproductive system organ sex organ An organ involved in reproduction UBERON:xp genitalia female reproductive organ A female organ involved in reproduction EMAPA:17959 MA:0000544 UBERON:0003134 female organism reproductive organ female organism reproductive structure female organism reproductive system organ female organism sex organ female reproductive system organ female sex organ reproductive organ of female organism reproductive structure of female organism reproductive system organ of female organism sex organ of female organism OBOL:automatic reproductive structure of female organism OBOL:automatic reproductive system organ of female organism OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive organ A female organ involved in reproduction UBERON:xp OBOL:automatic reproductive organ of female organism OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive structure OBOL:automatic sex organ of female organism OBOL:automatic female organism sex organ OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive system organ male reproductive organ A male organ involved in reproduction EMAPA:17968 MA:0000545 UBERON:0003135 male organism reproductive organ male organism reproductive structure male organism reproductive system organ male organism sex organ male reproductive system organ male sex organ reproductive organ of male organism reproductive structure of male organism reproductive system organ of male organism sex organ of male organism OBOL:automatic male organism sex organ OBOL:automatic male organism reproductive organ A male organ involved in reproduction UBERON:xp OBOL:automatic male organism reproductive structure OBOL:automatic sex organ of male organism OBOL:automatic reproductive structure of male organism OBOL:automatic reproductive system organ of male organism OBOL:automatic male organism reproductive system organ OBOL:automatic reproductive organ of male organism tagma FBbt:00000002 HAO:0000988 UBERON:0003136 UBERON:FBbt_00000002-HAO_0000988 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true antennal segment FBbt:00000009 HAO:0000104 UBERON:0003137 UBERON:FBbt_00000009-HAO_0000104 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true thoracic segment FBbt:00000016 HAO:0001013 UBERON:0003138 UBERON:FBbt_00000016-HAO_0001013 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true larval tagma FBbt:00001728 HAO:0000462 UBERON:0003139 UBERON:FBbt_00001728-HAO_0000462 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true larval thorax FBbt:00001741 HAO:0000463 UBERON:0003140 UBERON:FBbt_00001741-HAO_0000463 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true larval abdomen FBbt:00001746 HAO:0000460 UBERON:0003141 UBERON:FBbt_00001746-HAO_0000460 true prepupa BTO:0001110 FBbt:00002952 HAO:0000812 PP UBERON:0003142 UBERON:FBbt_00002952-HAO_0000812 FBbt:00002952 PP pupa BTO:0001143 EFO:0002684 FBbt:00002953 HAO:0000886 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQCBr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organism at the pupal stage. The pupal stage is a life stage of some insects undergoing transformation. The pupal stage is found only in holometabolous insects, those that undergo a complete metamorphosis, going through four life stages; embryo, larva, pupa and imago. UBERON:0003143 UBERON:FBbt_00002953-HAO_0000886 Organism at the pupal stage. The pupal stage is a life stage of some insects undergoing transformation. The pupal stage is found only in holometabolous insects, those that undergo a complete metamorphosis, going through four life stages; embryo, larva, pupa and imago. Wikipedia:Pupa adult tagma FBbt:00003005 HAO:0000089 UBERON:0003144 UBERON:FBbt_00003005-HAO_0000089 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true adult arthropod thorax FBbt:00003018 HAO:0000090 UBERON:0003145 UBERON:FBbt_00003018-HAO_0000090 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true adult arthropod abdomen FBbt:00003023 HAO:0000088 UBERON:0003146 UBERON:FBbt_00003023-HAO_0000088 true peritreme FBbt:00003121 HAO:0000712 That part of the integument of an insect which surrounds the spiracles. UBERON:0003147 UBERON:FBbt_00003121-HAO_0000712 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology. term also used for edge of the aperture of a univalve shell rim true FBbt:00003121 rim That part of the integument of an insect which surrounds the spiracles. http://www.answers.com/topic/peritreme sclerite FBbt:00004475 HAO:0000909 UBERON:0003148 UBERON:FBbt_00004475-HAO_0000909 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology hardened portions of arthropod exoskeletons. plate true Wikipedia:Sclerite hardened portions of arthropod exoskeletons. FBbt:00004475 plate tergite FBbt:00004476 HAO:0001005 UBERON:0003149 UBERON:FBbt_00004476-HAO_0001005 abdominal tergite arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true FBbt:00004476 abdominal tergite sternite FBbt:00004477 HAO:0000955 UBERON:0003150 UBERON:FBbt_00004477-HAO_0000955 abdominal sternite arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true FBbt:00004477 abdominal sternite foramen FBbt:00004478 HAO:0000345 UBERON:0003151 UBERON:FBbt_00004478-HAO_0000345 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true phragma FBbt:00004480 HAO:0000716 The lamella that serves as the site of attachment of the longitudinal flight muscle [HAO]. UBERON:0003152 UBERON:FBbt_00004480-HAO_0000716 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true HAO:0000716 The lamella that serves as the site of attachment of the longitudinal flight muscle [HAO]. head capsule BTO:0004711 EFO:0001927 FBbt:00004482 HAO:0000398 UBERON:0003153 UBERON:FBbt_00004482-HAO_0000398 gena FBbt:00004491 HAO:0000371 UBERON:0003154 UBERON:FBbt_00004491-HAO_0000371 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology cheek true FBbt:00004491 cheek arthropod occiput FBbt:00004492 HAO:0000658 TGMA:0000041 UBERON:0003155 UBERON:FBbt_00004492-HAO_0000658 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology, but this is retained for disambiguation purposes occiput FBbt:00004492 occiput postocciput FBbt:00004494 HAO:0000790 UBERON:0003156 UBERON:FBbt_00004494-HAO_0000790 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true postgena FBbt:00004496 HAO:0000776 UBERON:0003157 UBERON:FBbt_00004496-HAO_0000776 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true tentorial pit FBbt:00004501 HAO:0000999 UBERON:0003158 UBERON:FBbt_00004501-HAO_0000999 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true anterior tentorial pit FBbt:00004502 HAO:0000126 UBERON:0003159 UBERON:FBbt_00004502-HAO_0000126 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true posterior tentorial pit FBbt:00004503 HAO:0000768 UBERON:0003160 UBERON:FBbt_00004503-HAO_0000768 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true dorsal ocellus A simple visual organ of insects[GO]. Two ocelli appear on the vertical and one on the frontal plate[FBbt]. The multi-tissue structure that is located on the top of the head, composed of the corneal lens, pigment cell, rhabdoms and synaptic plexus[HAO]. Two evolutionary distinct ocellus types exist [2]: dorsal ocelli (or simply 'ocelli'), found in most insects, and lateral ocelli (or stemmata), which are found in the larvae of some insect orders. They are structurally and functionally very different. Simple eyes of other animals, e.g. cnidarians may also be referred to as 'ocelli', but again the structure and anatomy of these eyes is quite distinct from those of the dorsal ocelli of insects[Wikipedia]. BTO:0001758 FBbt:00004505 HAO:0000661 UBERON:0003161 UBERON:FBbt_00004505-HAO_0000661 dorsal ocelli ocelli ocellus A simple visual organ of insects[GO]. Two ocelli appear on the vertical and one on the frontal plate[FBbt]. The multi-tissue structure that is located on the top of the head, composed of the corneal lens, pigment cell, rhabdoms and synaptic plexus[HAO]. Two evolutionary distinct ocellus types exist [2]: dorsal ocelli (or simply 'ocelli'), found in most insects, and lateral ocelli (or stemmata), which are found in the larvae of some insect orders. They are structurally and functionally very different. Simple eyes of other animals, e.g. cnidarians may also be referred to as 'ocelli', but again the structure and anatomy of these eyes is quite distinct from those of the dorsal ocelli of insects[Wikipedia]. FBbt:00004505 GO:0008056 HAO:0000661 Wikipedia:Ocellus#Ocelli dorsal ocelli ocelli lateral ocellus FBbt:00004506 HAO:0000481 The ocellus that is paired[HAO]. The number, form, and function of the dorsal ocelli varies markedly throughout insect orders. They tend to be larger and more strongly expressed in flying insects (particularly bees, wasps, dragonflies and locusts), where they are typically found as a triplet. Two lateral ocelli are directed to the left and right of the head respectively, while a central (median) ocellus is directed frontally. In some terrestrial insects (e.g. some ants and cockroaches), only two lateral ocelli are present: the median ocellus is absent. Note that the unfortunately labelled 'lateral ocelli' here refers to the sideways facing position of the ocelli, which are of the dorsal type. They should not be confused with the lateral ocelli of some insect larvae (see stemmata)[Wikipedia]. UBERON:0003162 UBERON:FBbt_00004506-HAO_0000481 HAO:0000481 The ocellus that is paired[HAO]. The number, form, and function of the dorsal ocelli varies markedly throughout insect orders. They tend to be larger and more strongly expressed in flying insects (particularly bees, wasps, dragonflies and locusts), where they are typically found as a triplet. Two lateral ocelli are directed to the left and right of the head respectively, while a central (median) ocellus is directed frontally. In some terrestrial insects (e.g. some ants and cockroaches), only two lateral ocelli are present: the median ocellus is absent. Note that the unfortunately labelled 'lateral ocelli' here refers to the sideways facing position of the ocelli, which are of the dorsal type. They should not be confused with the lateral ocelli of some insect larvae (see stemmata)[Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Ocellus#Ocelli mouthpart FBbt:00004520 HAO:0000639 TODO UBERON:0003163 UBERON:FBbt_00004520-HAO_0000639 true clypeus FBbt:00004521 HAO:0000212 UBERON:0003164 UBERON:FBbt_00004521-HAO_0000212 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true cibarium FBbt:00004526 HAO:0000201 UBERON:0003165 UBERON:FBbt_00004526-HAO_0000201 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology atrium true FBbt:00004526 atrium prementum FBbt:00004534 HAO:0000804 UBERON:0003166 UBERON:FBbt_00004534-HAO_0000804 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology theca true FBbt:00004534 theca lacinia FBbt:00004536 HAO:0000457 UBERON:0003167 UBERON:FBbt_00004536-HAO_0000457 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true mentum FBbt:00004544 HAO:0000534 UBERON:0003168 UBERON:FBbt_00004544-HAO_0000534 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true cervical sclerite FBbt:00004548 HAO:0000195 UBERON:0003169 UBERON:FBbt_00004548-HAO_0000195 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true tergum FBbt:00004552 HAO:0001006 UBERON:0003170 UBERON:FBbt_00004552-HAO_0001006 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true episternum FBbt:00004554 HAO:0000303 UBERON:0003171 UBERON:FBbt_00004554-HAO_0000303 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true epimeron FBbt:00004556 HAO:0000299 UBERON:0003172 UBERON:FBbt_00004556-HAO_0000299 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true pronotum FBbt:00004561 HAO:0000853 UBERON:0003173 UBERON:FBbt_00004561-HAO_0000853 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true furcasternum FBbt:00004570 HAO:0000367 UBERON:0003174 UBERON:FBbt_00004570-HAO_0000367 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true prescutum FBbt:00004582 HAO:0000815 UBERON:0003175 UBERON:FBbt_00004582-HAO_0000815 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true anterior notal wing process FBbt:00004585 HAO:0000120 UBERON:0003176 UBERON:FBbt_00004585-HAO_0000120 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true posterior notal wing process FBbt:00004586 HAO:0000758 UBERON:0003177 UBERON:FBbt_00004586-HAO_0000758 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true postnotum FBbt:00004588 HAO:0000786 UBERON:0003178 UBERON:FBbt_00004588-HAO_0000786 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology postscutellum true FBbt:00004588 postscutellum pleural wing process FBbt:00004595 HAO:0000726 UBERON:0003179 UBERON:FBbt_00004595-HAO_0000726 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true anepisternum FBbt:00004597 HAO:0000094 UBERON:0003180 UBERON:FBbt_00004597-HAO_0000094 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology mesopleurite true FBbt:00004597 mesopleurite scutoscutellar suture FBbt:00004601 HAO:0000920 UBERON:0003181 UBERON:FBbt_00004601-HAO_0000920 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true pleural suture FBbt:00004603 HAO:0000725 UBERON:0003182 UBERON:FBbt_00004603-HAO_0000725 true notopleural suture FBbt:00004604 HAO:0000649 UBERON:0003183 UBERON:FBbt_00004604-HAO_0000649 true mesofurca FBbt:00004619 HAO:0000547 UBERON:0003184 UBERON:FBbt_00004619-HAO_0000547 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology mesothoracic sternal apophysis true FBbt:00004619 mesothoracic sternal apophysis metafurca FBbt:00004638 HAO:0000592 UBERON:0003185 UBERON:FBbt_00004638-HAO_0000592 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology metathoracic sternal apophysis true FBbt:00004638 metathoracic sternal apophysis coxa FBbt:00004641 HAO:0000228 UBERON:0003186 UBERON:FBbt_00004641-HAO_0000228 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true pretarsus FBbt:00004653 HAO:0000820 UBERON:0003187 UBERON:FBbt_00004653-HAO_0000820 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true auxilia FBbt:00004654 HAO:0000153 UBERON:0003188 UBERON:FBbt_00004654-HAO_0000153 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true unguitractor plate FBbt:00004658 HAO:0001043 UBERON:0003189 UBERON:FBbt_00004658-HAO_0001043 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true empodium FBbt:00004659 HAO:0000288 UBERON:0003190 UBERON:FBbt_00004659-HAO_0000288 true tegula FBbt:00004730 HAO:0000993 UBERON:0003191 UBERON:FBbt_00004730-HAO_0000993 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true axillary sclerite FBbt:00004737 HAO:0000159 UBERON:0003192 UBERON:FBbt_00004737-HAO_0000159 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true axillary cord FBbt:00004744 HAO:0000157 UBERON:0003193 UBERON:FBbt_00004744-HAO_0000157 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true imaginal disc-derived wing vein FBbt:00004751 HAO:0001095 UBERON:0003194 UBERON:FBbt_00004751-HAO_0001095 crossvein FBbt:00004765 HAO:0000236 UBERON:0003195 UBERON:FBbt_00004765-HAO_0000236 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true wing cell FBbt:00004769 HAO:0001091 UBERON:0003196 UBERON:FBbt_00004769-HAO_0001091 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology intervein true FBbt:00004769 intervein costal cell FBbt:00004770 HAO:0000226 UBERON:0003197 UBERON:FBbt_00004770-HAO_0000226 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true aedeagus FBbt:00004850 HAO:0000091 UBERON:0003198 UBERON:FBbt_00004850-HAO_0000091 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true egg chamber FBbt:00004894 HAO:0000287 UBERON:0003199 UBERON:FBbt_00004894-HAO_0000287 follicle germarium derived egg chamber ncithesaurus:Follicle FBbt:00004894 germarium derived egg chamber FBbt:00004894 follicle pedicel FBbt:00004920 HAO:0000706 UBERON:0003200 UBERON:FBbt_00004920-HAO_0000706 true exocuticle BTO:0001602 FBbt:00004973 HAO:0000311 The outer layer of the procuticle of certain crustaceans and arthropods, which contains cuticulin, chitin, and phenolic substances that are oxidized to produce the dark pigment of the cuticle;nThe hard and usually darkened layer of the cuticle lying between the endocuticle and epicuticle. UBERON:0003201 UBERON:FBbt_00004973-HAO_0000311 BTO:0001602 The outer layer of the procuticle of certain crustaceans and arthropods, which contains cuticulin, chitin, and phenolic substances that are oxidized to produce the dark pigment of the cuticle;nThe hard and usually darkened layer of the cuticle lying between the endocuticle and epicuticle. endocuticle BTO:0001603 FBbt:00004974 HAO:0000290 The inner layer of the procuticle in certain crustaceans and arthropods, which is almost entirely composed of protein and chitin. UBERON:0003202 UBERON:FBbt_00004974-HAO_0000290 BTO:0001603 The inner layer of the procuticle in certain crustaceans and arthropods, which is almost entirely composed of protein and chitin. apodeme FBbt:00005091 HAO:0000142 UBERON:0003203 UBERON:FBbt_00005091-HAO_0000142 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true epipharynx FBbt:00005750 HAO:0000301 UBERON:0003204 UBERON:FBbt_00005750-HAO_0000301 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true articulation FBbt:00005811 HAO:0000151 UBERON:0003205 UBERON:FBbt_00005811-HAO_0000151 incorrect grouping ncithesaurus:Articulation true apophysis FBbt:00005813 FMA:75428 HAO:0000143 UBERON:0003206 UBERON:FBbt_00005813-HAO_0000143 incorrect grouping true appendage segment FBbt:00007018 HAO:0000145 UBERON:0003207 UBERON:FBbt_00007018-HAO_0000145 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true blood nerve barrier UBERON:0003209 barrier between the perineurium of peripheral nerves and the vascular endothelium of endoneurial capillaries. The perineurium acts as a diffusion barrier, but ion permeability at the blood-nerve barrier is still higher than at the blood-brain barrier[GO]. blood-nerve barrier GO:0008065 Wikipedia:Blood-nerve_barrier barrier between the perineurium of peripheral nerves and the vascular endothelium of endoneurial capillaries. The perineurium acts as a diffusion barrier, but ion permeability at the blood-nerve barrier is still higher than at the blood-brain barrier[GO]. blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier UBERON:0003210 barrier in the choroid plexus located in the lateral, third, and fourth brain ventricles that controls the entrance of substances into the cerebrospinal fluid from the blood[MP]. MP:0006088 barrier in the choroid plexus located in the lateral, third, and fourth brain ventricles that controls the entrance of substances into the cerebrospinal fluid from the blood[MP]. median ocellus FBbt:00004507 HAO:0000526 The ocellus that is is located medially on the cranium[HAO]. The number, form, and function of the dorsal ocelli varies markedly throughout insect orders. They tend to be larger and more strongly expressed in flying insects (particularly bees, wasps, dragonflies and locusts), where they are typically found as a triplet. Two lateral ocelli are directed to the left and right of the head respectively, while a central (median) ocellus is directed frontally. In some terrestrial insects (e.g. some ants and cockroaches), only two lateral ocelli are present: the median ocellus is absent. Note that the unfortunately labelled 'lateral ocelli' here refers to the sideways facing position of the ocelli, which are of the dorsal type. They should not be confused with the lateral ocelli of some insect larvae (see stemmata)[Wikipedia]. UBERON:0003211 HAO:0000526 The ocellus that is is located medially on the cranium[HAO]. The number, form, and function of the dorsal ocelli varies markedly throughout insect orders. They tend to be larger and more strongly expressed in flying insects (particularly bees, wasps, dragonflies and locusts), where they are typically found as a triplet. Two lateral ocelli are directed to the left and right of the head respectively, while a central (median) ocellus is directed frontally. In some terrestrial insects (e.g. some ants and cockroaches), only two lateral ocelli are present: the median ocellus is absent. Note that the unfortunately labelled 'lateral ocelli' here refers to the sideways facing position of the ocelli, which are of the dorsal type. They should not be confused with the lateral ocelli of some insect larvae (see stemmata)[Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Ocellus#Ocelli gustatory organ Any sense organ that functions in (some) detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste (GO:0050912). FBbt:00005159 FMA:77853 UBERON:0003212 gustatory organ system organ gustatory system organ organ of gustatory organ system organ of gustatory system organ of taste system taste organ taste system organ OBOL:automatic organ of taste system OBOL:automatic gustatory system organ OBOL:automatic gustatory organ system organ OBOL:automatic organ of gustatory system OBOL:automatic taste system organ OBOL:automatic organ of gustatory organ system Any sense organ that functions in (some) detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste (GO:0050912). FBC:auto_generated_definition cranial ganglion BTO:0000106 EFO:0000902 EMAPA:16659 Ganglion which is located in the head. MA:0000214 MAT:0000200 MIAA:0000200 OG:0000076 TAO:0000013 UBERON:0003213 UBERON:MA_0000184-MA_0000214-MIAA_0000200-WBbt_0005135-ZFA_0000013 XAO:0000027 ZFA:0000013 consider merging with cranial nerve ganglion. MA has distinct terms cranial ganglia cranial ganglion head ganglion presumptive cranial ganglia Ganglion which is located in the head. ZFIN:curator ZFA:0000013 presumptive cranial ganglia mammary gland alveolus FMA:73285 MA:0002760 UBERON:0003214 a sac-like structure that is found in the mature gland[GO]. alveolus of lactiferous gland alveolus of lobe of breast alveolus of lobe of mammary gland alveolus of mammary gland lactiferous alveolus lactiferous gland alveolus lobe of breast alveolus lobe of mammary gland alveolus mammary alveolus OBOL:automatic alveolus of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic alveolus of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic alveolus of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lobe of breast alveolus OBOL:automatic alveolus of lactiferous gland GO:0060749 a sac-like structure that is found in the mature gland[GO]. OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland alveolus alveolus EFO:0002513 EV:0100043 FMA:82493 OpenCyc:Mx4rwN8NFZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0003215 ncithesaurus:Alveolus organ part that has the form of a hollow cavity[WP]. Wikipedia:Alveolus organ part that has the form of a hollow cavity[WP]. hard palate EMAPA:18952 FMA:55023 GAID:221 MA:0002477 MAT:0000161 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.324.502.660 MIAA:0000161 SCTID:245778002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003216 UBERON:FMA_54549-FMA_55023-MA_0002476-MA_0002477-MIAA_0000161 anterior portion of the palate consisting of bone and mucous membranes[GO]. hard palate ncithesaurus:Hard_Palate GO:0060022 Wikipedia:Hard_palate anterior portion of the palate consisting of bone and mucous membranes[GO]. neural lobe of neurohypophysis BTO:0000561 EHDAA2:0001418 EHDAA:7542 FMA:74636 MA:0000860 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_941 OG:0001180 SCTID:424523008 TODO - compare with UBERON:0002198 The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. Despite its name, the posterior pituitary gland is not a gland, per se; rather, it is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary gland. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003217 UBERON:FMA_74636-ZFA_0001271 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG/200px-Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG pars nervosa (neurohypophysis) pars nervosa neurohypophysis pars nervosa of hypophysis pars nervosa of neurohypophysis pars nervosa of posterior lobe of pituitary gland pars nervosa pituitary gland pars posterior posterior lobe posterior lobe of neurohypophysis posterior lobe-3 The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. Despite its name, the posterior pituitary gland is not a gland, per se; rather, it is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary gland. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Neurohypophysis#cite_note-1 FMA:74636 posterior lobe of neurohypophysis FMA:74636 FMA:TA pars nervosa neurohypophysis MA:0000860 pars posterior BTO:0000561 posterior lobe FMA:74636 FMA:TA pars nervosa (neurohypophysis) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_941 pars nervosa pituitary gland ovary septum Septum that divides the ovary, the basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels, that encloses the ovule(s)[GO]. UBERON:0003218 GO:0080126 Septum that divides the ovary, the basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels, that encloses the ovule(s)[GO]. shell septum Septum that divides the internal chambers (camerae) of the shell of a cephalopod, namely nautiloids or ammonoids. UBERON:0003219 GO:0080126 Septum that divides the internal chambers (camerae) of the shell of a cephalopod, namely nautiloids or ammonoids. Wikipedia:Septum_(marine_biology) metanephric mesenchyme (TODO - split?) Genes: The positional specification of the metanephrogenic mesenchyme is negatively regulated by Foxc1 and Foxc2. Next the permanent kidney forming metanephrogenic mesenchyme is specified by Hox11 genes. The competence to respond to ureteric bud inducers is regulated by WT1. GDNF secretion restricted to posterior region by Robo2 and Sprouty1. The receptors for GDNF are synthesized in the nephric ducts and later in ureteric buds [ISBN:9780878932504 "Developmental Biology"] EHDAA2:0001139 EHDAA2:0004062 EHDAA:4041 EHDAA:5021 EHDAA:5915 EMAPA:17208 EMAPA:17375 EMAPA:29990 OG:0000540 SCTID:361529008 UBERON:0003220 metanephric blastema metanephric mesoderm metanephrogenic mesenchyme metanephros associated mesenchyme one of the two embryological structures that give rise to the kidney (the other is the ureteric bud). The metanephric blastema mostly develops into nephrons, but can also form parts of the collecting duct system.[WP]. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros[GO] Wikipedia:Metanephric_blastema metanephric mesoderm GO:0072075 Wikipedia:Metanephric_blastema one of the two embryological structures that give rise to the kidney (the other is the ureteric bud). The metanephric blastema mostly develops into nephrons, but can also form parts of the collecting duct system.[WP]. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros[GO] EHDAA2:0001139 metanephros associated mesenchyme ISBN:9780878932504 Wikipedia:Metanephric_blastema metanephric blastema EHDAA:5021 metanephrogenic mesenchyme phalanx Long bones of fingers and toes[Obol]. In primates such as humans and monkeys, the thumb and big toe have two phalanges, while the other fingers and toes consist of three[WP]. MA:0000304 OpenCyc:Mx4rvolPZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:290029003 UBERON:0003221 digit long bone galen:Phalanx long bone of digit ncithesaurus:Phalanx phalanges phalanges OBOL:automatic digit long bone OBOL:automatic long bone of digit Long bones of fingers and toes[Obol]. In primates such as humans and monkeys, the thumb and big toe have two phalanges, while the other fingers and toes consist of three[WP]. Wikipedia:Phalanx_bones flexor digitorum superficialis FMA:38469 UBERON:0003222 an extrinsic flexor muscle of the fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joints. The muscle has two classically described heads - the humeroulnar and radial - and it is between these heads that the median nerve and ulnar artery pass. The ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint gives its origin to part of this muscle. The primary function of flexor digitorum superficialis is flexion of the middle phalanges of the fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joints, however under continued action it also flexes the metacarpophalangeal joints and wrist joint[WP]. flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Wikipedia:Flexor_digitorum_superficialis_muscle flexor digitorum superficialis muscle FMA Wikipedia:Flexor_digitorum_superficialis_muscle an extrinsic flexor muscle of the fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joints. The muscle has two classically described heads - the humeroulnar and radial - and it is between these heads that the median nerve and ulnar artery pass. The ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint gives its origin to part of this muscle. The primary function of flexor digitorum superficialis is flexion of the middle phalanges of the fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joints, however under continued action it also flexes the metacarpophalangeal joints and wrist joint[WP]. chorion syncytiotrophoblast EHDAA2:0001973 EHDAA:156 UBERON:0003224 todo - check primitive endoderm of inner cell mass A primitive endoderm that is part of a inner cell mass [Obol]. EHDAA:44 TODO - check. Note in MP, hypoblast and primitive endoderm are exact synonyms UBERON:0003225 hypoblast inner cell mass primitive endoderm A primitive endoderm that is part of a inner cell mass [Obol]. OBOL:automatic MP:0011185 hypoblast OBOL:automatic inner cell mass primitive endoderm supinator FMA:38512 FMA:75002 SCTID:181634007 TODO: The term "supinator" can also refer more generally to a muscle that causes supination of a part of the body. In older texts, the term "supinator longus" was used to refer to the brachioradialis, and "supinator brevis" was used to the muscle now known as the supinator. UBERON:0003228 a broad muscle in the posterior compartment of the forearm, curved around the upper third of the radius. Its function is to supinate the forearm. supinator muscle Wikipedia:Supinator a broad muscle in the posterior compartment of the forearm, curved around the upper third of the radius. Its function is to supinate the forearm. FMA:75002 supinator muscle FMA epithelium of elbow An epithelium that is part of a elbow [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000430 EHDAA:4168 EHDAA:6214 EMAPA:17415 OG:0001044 UBERON:0003229 cubital region epithelial tissue cubital region epithelium elbow epithelial tissue elbow epithelium epithelial tissue of cubital region epithelial tissue of elbow epithelium of cubital region OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of cubital region OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of elbow OBOL:automatic epithelium of cubital region OBOL:automatic elbow epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic cubital region epithelium OBOL:automatic cubital region epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic elbow epithelium An epithelium that is part of a elbow [Obol]. OBOL:automatic epithelium of carpal region An epithelium that is part of a wrist [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000219 EHDAA:5198 UBERON:0003230 carpal region epithelial tissue carpal region epithelium epithelial tissue of carpal region epithelial tissue of wrist epithelium of wrist wrist epithelial tissue wrist epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of carpal region OBOL:automatic wrist epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of wrist OBOL:automatic carpal region epithelium An epithelium that is part of a wrist [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic wrist epithelium OBOL:automatic carpal region epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of wrist epithelium of hip An epithelium that is part of a hip [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000784 EHDAA:5155 EHDAA:6180 EMAPA:17491 OG:0000779 UBERON:0003231 epithelial tissue of hip epithelial tissue of hip region epithelial tissue of regio coxae epithelium of hip region epithelium of regio coxae hip epithelial tissue hip epithelium hip region epithelial tissue hip region epithelium regio coxae epithelial tissue regio coxae epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of hip region OBOL:automatic hip region epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of hip region OBOL:automatic hip region epithelium OBOL:automatic hip epithelium An epithelium that is part of a hip [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hip epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic regio coxae epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of regio coxae OBOL:automatic epithelium of regio coxae OBOL:automatic regio coxae epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of hip epithelium of knee An epithelium that is part of a knee [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000896 EHDAA:5161 EHDAA:6186 EMAPA:17494 OG:0000810 UBERON:0003232 epithelial tissue of knee knee epithelial tissue knee epithelium An epithelium that is part of a knee [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic knee epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of knee OBOL:automatic knee epithelium epithelium of shoulder An epithelium that is part of a shoulder [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001835 EHDAA:4182 EHDAA:6230 EMAPA:17422 OG:0000761 UBERON:0003233 epithelial tissue of shoulder shoulder epithelial tissue shoulder epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of shoulder An epithelium that is part of a shoulder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic shoulder epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic shoulder epithelium extensor pollicis longus FMA:38521 SCTID:361820003 The Extensor pollicis longus is much larger than the Extensor pollicis brevis muscle, the origin of which it partly covers. UBERON:0003234 extensor pollicis longis extensor pollicis longus muscle The Extensor pollicis longus is much larger than the Extensor pollicis brevis muscle, the origin of which it partly covers. Wikipedia:Extensor_pollicis_longus_muscle Wikipedia:Extensor_pollicis_longus_muscle extensor pollicis longus muscle Wikipedia:Extensor_pollicis_longus_muscle extensor pollicis longis FMA epithelium of upper jaw An epithelium that is part of a upper jaw [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002119 EHDAA:8027 EMAPA:17943 EMAPA:18971 UBERON:0003235 epithelial tissue of palatoquadrate arch epithelial tissue of upper jaw epithelium of palatoquadrate arch palatoquadrate arch epithelial tissue palatoquadrate arch epithelium upper jaw epithelial tissue upper jaw epithelium OBOL:automatic upper jaw epithelium OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of palatoquadrate arch OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of upper jaw OBOL:automatic upper jaw epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of palatoquadrate arch An epithelium that is part of a upper jaw [Obol]. OBOL:automatic epithelium of lower jaw An epithelium that is part of a lower jaw [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001019 EHDAA:7999 EMAPA:17922 EMAPA:18968 OG:0000802 UBERON:0003236 epithelial tissue of lower jaw epithelial tissue of ventral mandibular arch epithelium of ventral mandibular arch lower jaw epithelial tissue lower jaw epithelium ventral mandibular arch epithelial tissue ventral mandibular arch epithelium OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic epithelium of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic lower jaw epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic lower jaw epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lower jaw [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lower jaw epithelium of superior semicircular canal An epithelium that is part of an anterior semicircular canal [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001961 EHDAA:7806 EMAPA:17301 OG:0001039 UBERON:0003238 anterior semicircular canal epithelial tissue anterior semicircular canal epithelium epithelial tissue of anterior semicircular canal epithelial tissue of superior semicircular canal epithelium of anterior semicircular canal superior semicircular canal epithelial tissue superior semicircular canal epithelium OBOL:automatic anterior semicircular canal epithelium OBOL:automatic superior semicircular canal epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of anterior semicircular canal An epithelium that is part of an anterior semicircular canal [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic anterior semicircular canal epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of superior semicircular canal OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of anterior semicircular canal OBOL:automatic superior semicircular canal epithelium epithelium of posterior semicircular canal An epithelium that is part of a posterior semicircular canal [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001491 EHDAA:7800 EMAPA:17298 OG:0000758 UBERON:0003239 epithelial tissue of posterior semicircular canal posterior semicircular canal epithelial tissue posterior semicircular canal epithelium OBOL:automatic posterior semicircular canal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a posterior semicircular canal [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic posterior semicircular canal epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of posterior semicircular canal epithelium of lateral semicircular canal An epithelium that is part of a lateral semicircular canal [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000922 EHDAA:7794 EMAPA:17823 OG:0000480 UBERON:0003240 epithelial tissue of lateral semicircular canal lateral semicircular canal epithelial tissue lateral semicircular canal epithelium OBOL:automatic lateral semicircular canal epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a lateral semicircular canal [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lateral semicircular canal epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lateral semicircular canal epithelium of utricle An epithelium that is part of a utricle of membranous labyrinth [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002155 EHDAA:4730 EMAPA:17295 EMAPA:17298 EMAPA:17301 EMAPA:17820 EMAPA:17823 FMA:75604 MA:0001204 OG:0000634 UBERON:0003241 epithelial tissue of membranous labyrinth utricle epithelial tissue of utricle epithelial tissue of utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelium of membranous labyrinth utricle epithelium of utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelium of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) membranous labyrinth utricle epithelial tissue membranous labyrinth utricle epithelium todo - check relationships w.r.t macula utricle epithelial tissue utricle epithelium utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelium utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelial tissue utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium FMA An epithelium that is part of a utricle of membranous labyrinth [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) FMA OBOL:automatic membranous labyrinth utricle epithelium OBOL:automatic utricle epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of membranous labyrinth utricle OBOL:automatic epithelium of utricle of membranous labyrinth OBOL:automatic epithelium of membranous labyrinth utricle OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of utricle of membranous labyrinth OBOL:automatic utricle epithelium OBOL:automatic membranous labyrinth utricle epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) FMA OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of utricle OBOL:automatic utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelium OBOL:automatic utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium FMA:75604 epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelium of saccule An epithelium that is part of a saccule of membranous labyrinth [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001771 EHDAA:4724 EMAPA:17292 FMA:75605 MA:0001202 OG:0000633 UBERON:0003242 epithelial tissue of membranous labyrinth saccule epithelial tissue of saccule epithelial tissue of saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelium of membranous labyrinth saccule epithelium of saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelium of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) membranous labyrinth saccule epithelial tissue membranous labyrinth saccule epithelium saccule epithelial tissue saccule epithelium saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelium sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelial tissue sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium todo - check relationships w.r.t macula FMA OBOL:automatic saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue FMA OBOL:automatic saccule epithelial tissue FMA:75605 epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth OBOL:automatic membranous labyrinth saccule epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) OBOL:automatic membranous labyrinth saccule epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of membranous labyrinth saccule OBOL:automatic epithelium of saccule of membranous labyrinth OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of saccule of membranous labyrinth OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) OBOL:automatic sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelium FMA OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of saccule OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of membranous labyrinth saccule An epithelium that is part of a saccule of membranous labyrinth [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium OBOL:automatic saccule epithelium epithelium of cochlear duct An epithelium that is part of a cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000264 EHDAA:4722 EMAPA:17600 OG:0000640 Reissner's canal epithelial tissue Reissner's canal epithelium UBERON:0003243 cochlear duct epithelial tissue cochlear duct epithelium cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelium epithelial tissue of Reissner's canal epithelial tissue of cochlear duct epithelial tissue of cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelium of Reissner's canal epithelium of cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth An epithelium that is part of a cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of Reissner's canal OBOL:automatic cochlear duct epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth OBOL:automatic epithelium of Reissner's canal OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth OBOL:automatic Reissner's canal epithelium OBOL:automatic Reissner's canal epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of cochlear duct OBOL:automatic cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic cochlear duct epithelial tissue epithelium of mammary gland An epithelium that is part of a lactiferous gland [Obol]. BTO:0001430 EHDAA2:0001057 EHDAA:6526 EMAPA:17760 FMA:74445 MA:0000792 OG:0001088 UBERON:0003244 epithelial tissue of lactiferous gland epithelial tissue of lobe of breast epithelial tissue of lobe of mammary gland epithelial tissue of mammary gland epithelium of lactiferous gland epithelium of lobe of breast epithelium of lobe of mammary gland lactiferous gland epithelial tissue lactiferous gland epithelium lobe of breast epithelial tissue lobe of breast epithelium lobe of mammary gland epithelial tissue lobe of mammary gland epithelium mammary epithelium mammary gland epithelial tissue mammary gland epithelium ncithesaurus:Mammary_Epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lactiferous gland An epithelium that is part of a lactiferous gland [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic epithelium of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic epithelium of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic mammary gland epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland epithelium OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic lobe of breast epithelium FMA:74445 epithelium of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland epithelium OBOL:automatic mammary gland epithelium OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic lobe of breast epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of mammary gland BTO:0001430 mammary epithelium epithelium of endolymphatic sac An epithelium that is part of a endolymphatic sac [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000443 EHDAA:7765 EMAPA:17595 UBERON:0003246 endolymphatic sac epithelial tissue endolymphatic sac epithelium epithelial tissue of endolymphatic sac OBOL:automatic endolymphatic sac epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a endolymphatic sac [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of endolymphatic sac OBOL:automatic endolymphatic sac epithelium epithelium of forearm An epithelium that is part of a lower arm [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000554 EHDAA:4174 EHDAA:6220 EMAPA:17418 OG:0001096 UBERON:0003247 antebrachial region epithelial tissue antebrachial region epithelium arm middle limb segment epithelial tissue arm middle limb segment epithelium arm zeugopod epithelial tissue arm zeugopod epithelium brachial region middle limb segment epithelial tissue brachial region middle limb segment epithelium brachial region zeugopod epithelial tissue brachial region zeugopod epithelium epithelial tissue of antebrachial region epithelial tissue of arm middle limb segment epithelial tissue of arm zeugopod epithelial tissue of brachial region middle limb segment epithelial tissue of brachial region zeugopod epithelial tissue of intermediate segment of free upper limb epithelial tissue of lower arm epithelial tissue of lower segment of arm epithelial tissue of middle limb segment of arm epithelial tissue of middle limb segment of brachial region epithelial tissue of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelial tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment epithelial tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod epithelial tissue of zeugopod of arm epithelial tissue of zeugopod of brachial region epithelial tissue of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelium of antebrachial region epithelium of arm middle limb segment epithelium of arm zeugopod epithelium of brachial region middle limb segment epithelium of brachial region zeugopod epithelium of intermediate segment of free upper limb epithelium of lower arm epithelium of lower segment of arm epithelium of middle limb segment of arm epithelium of middle limb segment of brachial region epithelium of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelium of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment epithelium of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod epithelium of zeugopod of arm epithelium of zeugopod of brachial region epithelium of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb intermediate segment of free upper limb epithelial tissue intermediate segment of free upper limb epithelium lower arm epithelial tissue lower arm epithelium lower segment of arm epithelial tissue lower segment of arm epithelium middle limb segment of arm epithelial tissue middle limb segment of arm epithelium middle limb segment of brachial region epithelial tissue middle limb segment of brachial region epithelium middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelial tissue middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelium proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment epithelial tissue proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment epithelium proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod epithelial tissue proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod epithelium zeugopod of arm epithelial tissue zeugopod of arm epithelium zeugopod of brachial region epithelial tissue zeugopod of brachial region epithelium zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelial tissue zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelium OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm epithelium OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lower arm OBOL:automatic epithelium of antebrachial region OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment epithelium OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic lower arm epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of arm epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free upper limb epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod epithelium OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region epithelium OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic epithelium of lower arm OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of antebrachial region OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic epithelium of arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic antebrachial region epithelium OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelium OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic epithelium of brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic epithelium of arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic epithelium of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic epithelium of brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod epithelium OBOL:automatic zeugopod of arm epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of intermediate segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic epithelium of zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of middle limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free upper limb epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of middle limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of brachial region zeugopod An epithelium that is part of a lower arm [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of intermediate segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelium OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region epithelium OBOL:automatic antebrachial region epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic lower arm epithelium epithelium of footplate EHDAA2:0000548 EHDAA:5145 EHDAA:6144 UBERON:0003248 epithelium of otic placode An epithelium that is part of a otic placode [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001341 EHDAA:510 EMAPA:16197 OG:0000636 UBERON:0003249 ZFA:0007068 editor note - check ZFA, placemeant, appears to refer to both adult structures and primordium epithelial tissue of otic placode otic epithelium otic placode epithelial tissue otic placode epithelium An epithelium that is part of a otic placode [Obol]. OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm otic epithelium OBOL:automatic otic placode epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic otic placode epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of otic placode rectus capitis lateralis FMA:46316 SCTID:244841001 The Rectus capitis lateralis, a short, flat muscle, arises from the upper surface of the transverse process of the atlas, and is inserted into the under surface of the jugular process of the occipital bone. UBERON:0003250 lateral rectus capitis rectus capitis lateralis rectus capitus lateralis rectus capitus lateralis muscle Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_lateralis_muscle rectus capitis lateralis Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_lateralis_muscle rectus capitus lateralis FMA Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_lateralis_muscle rectus capitus lateralis muscle FMA:46316 lateral rectus capitis The Rectus capitis lateralis, a short, flat muscle, arises from the upper surface of the transverse process of the atlas, and is inserted into the under surface of the jugular process of the occipital bone. Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_lateralis_muscle temporal part of head FMA:63867 SCTID:362620003 UBERON:0003251 temporal region temporal region of head FMA FMA:63867 temporal region of head FMA:63867 temporal region rib cage A bony and cartilaginous structure which surrounds the thoracic (chest) cavity and supports the pectoral (shoulder) girdle, forming a core portion of the human skeleton. A typical human rib cage consists of 24 ribs, the sternum, costal cartilages, and the 12 thoracic vertebrae. It, along with the skin and associated fascia and muscles, makes up the thoracic wall, and provides attachments for the muscles of the neck, thorax, upper abdomen, and back. The human rib cage is a component of the human respiratory system. It encloses the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs. An inhalation is accomplished when the muscular diaphragm, at the floor of the thoracic cavity, contracts and flattens, while contraction of intercostal muscles lift the rib cage up and out. These actions produce an increase in volume, and a resulting partial vacuum, or negative pressure, in the thoracic cavity, resulting in atmospheric pressure pushing air into the lungs, inflating them. An exhalation results when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, and elastic recoil of the rib cage and lungs expels the air. FMA:7480 SCTID:361741004 UBERON:0003252 cavea thoracis galen:RibCage thoracic cage todo - add child terms FMA:7480 FMA:TA cavea thoracis FMA:7480 thoracic cage FMA A bony and cartilaginous structure which surrounds the thoracic (chest) cavity and supports the pectoral (shoulder) girdle, forming a core portion of the human skeleton. A typical human rib cage consists of 24 ribs, the sternum, costal cartilages, and the 12 thoracic vertebrae. It, along with the skin and associated fascia and muscles, makes up the thoracic wall, and provides attachments for the muscles of the neck, thorax, upper abdomen, and back. The human rib cage is a component of the human respiratory system. It encloses the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs. An inhalation is accomplished when the muscular diaphragm, at the floor of the thoracic cavity, contracts and flattens, while contraction of intercostal muscles lift the rib cage up and out. These actions produce an increase in volume, and a resulting partial vacuum, or negative pressure, in the thoracic cavity, resulting in atmospheric pressure pushing air into the lungs, inflating them. An exhalation results when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, and elastic recoil of the rib cage and lungs expels the air. Wikipedia:Human_rib_cage FMA neck of rib FMA:7576 SCTID:263359009 The neck of the rib is the flattened portion which extends lateralward from the head; it is about 2.5 cm. long, and is placed in front of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrC& with which the head articulates. Its anterior surface is flat and smooth, its posterior rough for the attachment of the ligament of the neck, and perforated by numerous foramina. Of its two borders the superior presents a rough crest (crista colli costE) for the attachment of the anterior costotransverse ligament; its inferior border is rounded. On the posterior surface at the junction of the neck and body, and nearer the lower than the upper border, is an eminencebthe tubercle; it consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. The articular portion, the lower and more medial of the two, presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrC& to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation, and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper than in the lower ribs. UBERON:0003253 collum costae rib neck FMA:7576 rib neck Wikipedia:Neck_of_rib collum costae The neck of the rib is the flattened portion which extends lateralward from the head; it is about 2.5 cm. long, and is placed in front of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrC& with which the head articulates. Its anterior surface is flat and smooth, its posterior rough for the attachment of the ligament of the neck, and perforated by numerous foramina. Of its two borders the superior presents a rough crest (crista colli costE) for the attachment of the anterior costotransverse ligament; its inferior border is rounded. On the posterior surface at the junction of the neck and body, and nearer the lower than the upper border, is an eminencebthe tubercle; it consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. The articular portion, the lower and more medial of the two, presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrC& to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation, and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper than in the lower ribs. Wikipedia:Neck_of_rib amniotic ectoderm EHDAA2:0000117 EHDAA:138 EMAPA:16110 Editor note: we make the germ layer relationship develops_from, as currently the germ layers are declared to be purely embryonic. TODO - check. WP:Amnion - In the human embryo the earliest stages of the formation of the amnion have not been observed; in the youngest embryo which has been studied the amnion was already present as a closed sac, and appears in the inner cell-mass as a cavity. This cavity is roofed in by a single stratum of flattened, ectodermal cells, the amniotic ectoderm, and its floor consists of the prismatic ectoderm of the embryonic disk—the continuity between the roof and floor being established at the margin of the embryonic disk. Outside the amniotic ectoderm is a thin layer of mesoderm, which is continuous with that of the somatopleure and is connected by the body-stalk with the mesodermal lining of the chorion. OG:0000621 UBERON:0003254 amnion ectoderm OBOL:automatic amnion ectoderm ectoderm of embryo EHDAA:132 UBERON:0003255 deleted because the original definition was unclear. Me may reconstitute this and to distinguish extramebryonic from embryonic germ layers. See amniotic ectoderm and amniotic mesoderm developmental tissue ectoderm ectoderm of developmental tissue embryo ectoderm true OBOL:automatic ectoderm of developmental tissue OBOL:automatic developmental tissue ectoderm OBOL:automatic embryo ectoderm endoderm of embryo EHDAA:94 UBERON:0003256 deleted because the original definition was unclear. Me may reconstitute this and to distinguish extramebryonic from embryonic germ layers. See amniotic ectoderm and amniotic mesoderm developmental tissue endoderm embryo endoderm endoderm of developmental tissue true OBOL:automatic endoderm of developmental tissue OBOL:automatic embryo endoderm OBOL:automatic developmental tissue endoderm yolk sac endoderm EHDAA2:0002215 EHDAA:166 EMAPA:16086 OG:0000626 TODO - check UBERON:0003257 EHDAA2 endoderm of foregut An endoderm that is part of a foregut [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000566 EHDAA:524 TODO - check UBERON:0003258 foregut endoderm OBOL:automatic foregut endoderm An endoderm that is part of a foregut [Obol]. OBOL:automatic endoderm of midgut An endoderm that is part of a midgut [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001194 EHDAA:987 EMAPA:16257 OG:0001080 TODO - check UBERON:0003259 midgut endoderm An endoderm that is part of a midgut [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic midgut endoderm endoderm of hindgut An endoderm that is part of a hindgut [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000781 EHDAA:979 TODO - check UBERON:0003260 hindgut endoderm OBOL:automatic hindgut endoderm An endoderm that is part of a hindgut [Obol]. OBOL:automatic thyroid primordium endoderm EHDAA2:0002035 EHDAA:956 EMAPA:16560 EMAPA:25357 OG:0001089 UBERON:0003261 UBERON:0005235 endoderm of thyroid primordium ZFA-propagated OBOL:automatic endoderm of thyroid primordium amniotic mesoderm EHDAA2:0000118 EHDAA:140 EMAPA:16111 Editor note: we make the germ layer relationship develops_from, as currently the germ layers are declared to be purely embryonic. TODO - check. WP:Amnion - In the human embryo the earliest stages of the formation of the amnion have not been observed; in the youngest embryo which has been studied the amnion was already present as a closed sac, and appears in the inner cell-mass as a cavity. This cavity is roofed in by a single stratum of flattened, ectodermal cells, the amniotic ectoderm, and its floor consists of the prismatic ectoderm of the embryonic disk—the continuity between the roof and floor being established at the margin of the embryonic disk. Outside the amniotic ectoderm is a thin layer of mesoderm, which is continuous with that of the somatopleure and is connected by the body-stalk with the mesodermal lining of the chorion. OG:0000622 UBERON:0003262 amnion mesoderm OBOL:automatic amnion mesoderm mesoderm of yolk sac A mesoderm that is part of a yolk sac [Obol]. EHDAA:168 EMAPA:16087 OG:0000617 TODO - check UBERON:0003264 yolk sac mesoderm OBOL:automatic yolk sac mesoderm A mesoderm that is part of a yolk sac [Obol]. OBOL:automatic chorionic mesoderm EHDAA2:0000247 EHDAA:154 EMAPA:16114 OG:0000620 TODO - check UBERON:0003265 chorion mesoderm EHDAA2:0000247 chorion mesoderm ISBN10:0073040584 nerve of central nervous system EHDAA:2851 EMAPA:17263 UBERON:0003266 obsoleted pending formal definition of nerve, with explicit reference to PNS vs CNS true tooth of upper jaw A calcareous tooth that is part of a upper jaw [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002129 EHDAA:8045 EMAPA:17938 MA:0001909 UBERON:0003267 calcareous tooth of palatoquadrate arch calcareous tooth of upper jaw dentine containing tooth of palatoquadrate arch dentine containing tooth of upper jaw ncithesaurus:Upper_Jaw_Tooth palatoquadrate arch calcareous tooth palatoquadrate arch dentine containing tooth palatoquadrate arch tooth palatoquadrate arch vertebrate tooth tooth of palatoquadrate arch upper jaw calcareous tooth upper jaw dentine containing tooth upper jaw tooth upper jaw vertebrate tooth vertebrate tooth of palatoquadrate arch vertebrate tooth of upper jaw OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch calcareous tooth A calcareous tooth that is part of a upper jaw [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic dentine containing tooth of palatoquadrate arch OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch tooth OBOL:automatic upper jaw vertebrate tooth OBOL:automatic dentine containing tooth of upper jaw OBOL:automatic calcareous tooth of upper jaw OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch vertebrate tooth OBOL:automatic upper jaw calcareous tooth OBOL:automatic upper jaw tooth OBOL:automatic upper jaw dentine containing tooth OBOL:automatic calcareous tooth of palatoquadrate arch OBOL:automatic vertebrate tooth of upper jaw OBOL:automatic vertebrate tooth of palatoquadrate arch OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch dentine containing tooth OBOL:automatic tooth of palatoquadrate arch tooth of lower jaw A calcareous tooth that is part of a lower jaw [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001029 EHDAA:8009 EMAPA:17917 MA:0001907 UBERON:0003268 calcareous tooth of lower jaw calcareous tooth of ventral mandibular arch dentine containing tooth of lower jaw dentine containing tooth of ventral mandibular arch lower jaw calcareous tooth lower jaw dentine containing tooth lower jaw tooth lower jaw vertebrate tooth ncithesaurus:Lower_Jaw_Tooth tooth of ventral mandibular arch ventral mandibular arch calcareous tooth ventral mandibular arch dentine containing tooth ventral mandibular arch tooth ventral mandibular arch vertebrate tooth vertebrate tooth of lower jaw vertebrate tooth of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic lower jaw calcareous tooth OBOL:automatic calcareous tooth of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic vertebrate tooth of lower jaw OBOL:automatic calcareous tooth of lower jaw OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch vertebrate tooth OBOL:automatic vertebrate tooth of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic dentine containing tooth of lower jaw OBOL:automatic lower jaw vertebrate tooth OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch tooth OBOL:automatic lower jaw dentine containing tooth OBOL:automatic lower jaw tooth OBOL:automatic tooth of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch dentine containing tooth A calcareous tooth that is part of a lower jaw [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch calcareous tooth OBOL:automatic dentine containing tooth of ventral mandibular arch skeletal muscle of eye A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a eye [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000486 EHDAA:2923 EMAPA:17844 UBERON:0003269 eye skeletal muscle eye skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle tissue of eye OBOL:automatic eye skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of eye A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a eye [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic eye skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of leg A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a leg [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000974 EHDAA:8291 EMAPA:19144 EMAPA:19318 UBERON:0003270 leg skeletal muscle leg skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle tissue of leg A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a leg [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of leg OBOL:automatic leg skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic leg skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of pelvic girdle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pelvic girdle [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001430 EHDAA:8326 EMAPA:18185 UBERON:0003271 girdle-pelvic skeletal muscle girdle-pelvic skeletal muscle tissue pelvic girdle bone skeletal muscle pelvic girdle bone skeletal muscle tissue pelvic girdle skeletal muscle pelvic girdle skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of girdle-pelvic skeletal muscle of pelvic girdle bone skeletal muscle tissue of girdle-pelvic skeletal muscle tissue of pelvic girdle skeletal muscle tissue of pelvic girdle bone OBOL:automatic girdle-pelvic skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of pelvic girdle bone OBOL:automatic pelvic girdle bone skeletal muscle tissue A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pelvic girdle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic girdle-pelvic skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic pelvic girdle skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of girdle-pelvic OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of girdle-pelvic OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of pelvic girdle OBOL:automatic pelvic girdle skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of pelvic girdle bone OBOL:automatic pelvic girdle bone skeletal muscle skeletal muscle of arm A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of an arm [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000142 EHDAA:8277 EMAPA:19107 UBERON:0003272 arm skeletal muscle arm skeletal muscle tissue brachial region skeletal muscle brachial region skeletal muscle tissue proximal segment of free upper limb skeletal muscle proximal segment of free upper limb skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of brachial region skeletal muscle of proximal segment of free upper limb skeletal muscle tissue of arm skeletal muscle tissue of brachial region skeletal muscle tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of brachial region OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of arm OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic brachial region skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic arm skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic brachial region skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of brachial region OBOL:automatic arm skeletal muscle tissue A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of an arm [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of tongue A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a tongue [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002065 EHDAA:9146 EMAPA:17883 EMAPA:18879 MA:0001596 OG:0001390 UBERON:0003273 ncithesaurus:Tongue_Skeletal_Muscle_Tissue skeletal muscle tissue of tongue tongue skeletal muscle tongue skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic tongue skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of tongue A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a tongue [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic tongue skeletal muscle tissue mesothelium of omental bursa A mesothelium that is part of a lesser sac [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001299 EHDAA:2339 EMAPA:16890 EMAPA:18459 OG:0000441 UBERON:0003274 lesser sac meso-epithelium lesser sac mesothelium meso-epithelium of lesser sac meso-epithelium of omental bursa mesothelium of lesser sac omental bursa meso-epithelium omental bursa mesothelium OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of lesser sac OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of omental bursa A mesothelium that is part of a lesser sac [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic omental bursa mesothelium OBOL:automatic lesser sac mesothelium OBOL:automatic mesothelium of lesser sac OBOL:automatic omental bursa meso-epithelium OBOL:automatic lesser sac meso-epithelium skeleton of embryo A skeletal system that is part of a embryo [Obol]. EHDAA:5047 EMAPA:17213 UBERON:0003276 developmental tissue set of all bones developmental tissue set of bones of body developmental tissue skeletal system developmental tissue skeleton developmental tissue skeleton system embryo set of all bones embryo set of bones of body embryo skeletal system embryo skeleton embryo skeleton system set of all bones of developmental tissue set of all bones of embryo set of bones of body of developmental tissue set of bones of body of embryo skeletal system of developmental tissue skeletal system of embryo skeleton of developmental tissue skeleton system of developmental tissue skeleton system of embryo OBOL:automatic skeleton of developmental tissue OBOL:automatic embryo skeleton OBOL:automatic developmental tissue skeleton system OBOL:automatic developmental tissue set of bones of body OBOL:automatic embryo set of bones of body OBOL:automatic set of bones of body of developmental tissue OBOL:automatic skeleton system of developmental tissue OBOL:automatic set of all bones of embryo OBOL:automatic set of bones of body of embryo OBOL:automatic skeleton system of embryo OBOL:automatic developmental tissue skeleton OBOL:automatic developmental tissue set of all bones OBOL:automatic developmental tissue skeletal system OBOL:automatic embryo skeleton system OBOL:automatic skeletal system of developmental tissue OBOL:automatic embryo set of all bones OBOL:automatic set of all bones of developmental tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal system of embryo OBOL:automatic embryo skeletal system A skeletal system that is part of a embryo [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeleton of upper jaw A subdivision of skeletal system that is part of a upper jaw [Obol]. AAO:0000622 EHDAA2:0002128 EHDAA:8041 EMAPA:17927 OG:0000429 UBERON:0003277 palatoquadrate arch subdivision of skeleton subdivision of skeleton of palatoquadrate arch subdivision of skeleton of upper jaw upper jaw subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic upper jaw subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of upper jaw OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of palatoquadrate arch A subdivision of skeletal system that is part of a upper jaw [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch subdivision of skeleton skeleton of lower jaw A subdivision of skeletal system that is part of a lower jaw [Obol]. AAO:0000274 EHDAA2:0004606 EHDAA:8005 EMAPA:17910 OG:0000428 UBERON:0003278 lower jaw subdivision of skeleton subdivision of skeleton of lower jaw subdivision of skeleton of ventral mandibular arch ventral mandibular arch subdivision of skeleton EHDAA2 OBOL:automatic lower jaw subdivision of skeleton OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch subdivision of skeleton A subdivision of skeletal system that is part of a lower jaw [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic subdivision of skeleton of lower jaw endothelium of trachea EHDAA2:0002068 EHDAA:3082 UBERON:0003279 endothelium of windpipe trachea endothelium windpipe endothelium OBOL:automatic windpipe endothelium OBOL:automatic trachea endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of windpipe endothelium of main bronchus An endothelium that is part of a main bronchus [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001046 EHDAA:3076 UBERON:0003280 bronchus principalis endothelium endothelium of bronchus principalis endothelium of primary bronchus endothelium of principal bronchus main bronchus endothelium primary bronchus endothelium principal bronchus endothelium An endothelium that is part of a main bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis endothelium OBOL:automatic primary bronchus endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic endothelium of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic principal bronchus endothelium OBOL:automatic main bronchus endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of principal bronchus mesentery of stomach EHDAA2:0001922 EHDAA:2999 EMAPA:17024 EMAPA:18902 MA:0001617 OG:0000358 SCTID:261623000 The portion of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach; from its dorsal sheet, the greater omentum develops, and from its ventral sheet, the lesser omentum. UBERON:0003281 mesentery of ventriculus mesogaster mesogastium mesogastrium stomach mesentery todo - check primitive vs developed ventriculus mesentery The portion of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach; from its dorsal sheet, the greater omentum develops, and from its ventral sheet, the lesser omentum. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mesogastrium http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mesogastrium mesogaster MA http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/misc_topics/peritoneum.html mesogastrium MA:0001617 mesogastium OBOL:automatic ventriculus mesentery OBOL:automatic mesentery of ventriculus MA Obol:obol stomach mesentery mesentery of heart A mesentery that is part of a heart [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000739 EHDAA:432 EMAPA:16212 OG:0000353 UBERON:0003282 heart mesentery OBOL:automatic heart mesentery A mesentery that is part of a heart [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mesentery of oesophagus A mesentery that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001288 EHDAA:2943 EMAPA:16836 EMAPA:18864 MA:0001569 OG:0000415 UBERON:0003283 esophagus mesentery gullet mesentery mesentery of esophagus mesentery of gullet oesophagus mesentery OBOL:automatic mesentery of esophagus OBOL:automatic gullet mesentery OBOL:automatic esophagus mesentery A mesentery that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic oesophagus mesentery OBOL:automatic mesentery of gullet mesentery of midgut A mesentery that is part of a midgut [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001202 EHDAA:3031 EMAPA:16721 EMAPA:17039 EMAPA:17045 EMAPA:17197 OG:0000413 UBERON:0003284 midgut mesentery A mesentery that is part of a midgut [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic midgut mesentery limb of embryo A limb that is part of a embryo [Obol]. EHDAA:1697 EMAPA:16405 UBERON:0003285 developmental tissue limb embryo limb limb of developmental tissue A limb that is part of a embryo [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic limb of developmental tissue OBOL:automatic developmental tissue limb OBOL:automatic embryo limb duodenum of foregut A duodenum that is part of a foregut [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000560 EHDAA:3830 EMAPA:17178 UBERON:0003286 foregut duodenum OBOL:automatic foregut duodenum A duodenum that is part of a foregut [Obol]. OBOL:automatic duodenum of midgut A duodenum that is part of a midgut [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001189 EHDAA:3937 EMAPA:17193 UBERON:0003287 midgut duodenum OBOL:automatic midgut duodenum A duodenum that is part of a midgut [Obol]. OBOL:automatic meninx of midbrain A meninx that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001109 EHDAA2:0001174 EHDAA:3708 EMAPA:17791 MA:0001058 OG:0000012 UBERON:0003288 meninges of midbrain midbrain meninges midbrain meninx A meninx that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic midbrain meninges OBOL:automatic meninges of midbrain OBOL:automatic midbrain meninx meninx of telencephalon A meninx that is part of a telencephalon [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001990 EHDAA:5476 EMAPA:17774 MA:0000979 OG:0000010 UBERON:0003289 meninges of telencephalon telencephalon meninges telencephalon meninx OBOL:automatic telencephalon meninx OBOL:automatic telencephalon meninges OBOL:automatic meninges of telencephalon A meninx that is part of a telencephalon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic meninx of diencephalon A meninx that is part of a diencephalon [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000399 EHDAA:5458 EMAPA:17764 MA:0000826 OG:0000009 UBERON:0003290 between brain meninges between brain meninx diencephalon meninges diencephalon meninx interbrain meninges interbrain meninx mature diencephalon meninges mature diencephalon meninx meninges of between brain meninges of diencephalon meninges of interbrain meninges of mature diencephalon meninx of between brain meninx of interbrain meninx of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic diencephalon meninx OBOL:automatic meninges of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic meninges of between brain OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon meninges OBOL:automatic meninx of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic interbrain meninges A meninx that is part of a diencephalon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic meninx of between brain OBOL:automatic meninges of interbrain OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon meninx OBOL:automatic meninges of diencephalon OBOL:automatic diencephalon meninges OBOL:automatic interbrain meninx OBOL:automatic meninx of interbrain OBOL:automatic between brain meninx OBOL:automatic between brain meninges meninx of hindbrain A meninx that is part of a hindbrain [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000770 EHDAA:3688 EMAPA:17783 MA:0000987 OG:0000011 UBERON:0003291 hindbrain meninges hindbrain meninx meninges of hindbrain A meninx that is part of a hindbrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic meninges of hindbrain OBOL:automatic hindbrain meninges OBOL:automatic hindbrain meninx meninx of spinal cord A meninx that is part of a spinal cord [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001895 EHDAA:2865 EMAPA:17804 MA:0001130 OG:0000443 SCTID:181097002 UBERON:0003292 menines of spinal cord meninges of spinal cord ncithesaurus:Spinal_Meninges spinal cord meninges spinal cord meninx spinal meninges spinal meninx spinal meninges OBOL:automatic spinal cord meninges menines of spinal cord OBOL:automatic meninges of spinal cord A meninx that is part of a spinal cord [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic spinal cord meninx gland of oral region A gland that is part of a oral opening [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001327 EHDAA:2181 EMAPA:16572 EMAPA:16723 OG:0000652 UBERON:0003293 gland of oral opening gland of oral part of face gland of subdivision of mouth oral opening gland oral part of face gland oral region gland subdivision of mouth gland OBOL:automatic gland of oral opening OBOL:automatic gland of subdivision of mouth OBOL:automatic subdivision of mouth gland A gland that is part of a oral opening [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic oral region gland OBOL:automatic oral opening gland OBOL:automatic oral part of face gland OBOL:automatic gland of oral part of face gland of foregut A gland that is part of a foregut [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000567 EHDAA:950 EMAPA:16557 OG:0000650 UBERON:0003294 foregut gland A gland that is part of a foregut [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic foregut gland pharyngeal gland BTO:0004849 EHDAA2:0001461 EHDAA:2967 FMA:55075 Racemose mucous glands beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx. UBERON:0003295 glandulae pharyngeae pharynx gland EHDAA2:0001461 pharynx gland Biology-Online_Dictionary:http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/ Racemose mucous glands beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx. BTO:0004849 glandulae pharyngeae BTO gland of diencephalon A gland that is part of a diencephalon [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000395 EHDAA:4475 EMAPA:16646 EMAPA:16897 OG:0000653 UBERON:0003296 between brain gland diencephalon gland gland of between brain gland of interbrain gland of mature diencephalon interbrain gland mature diencephalon gland OBOL:automatic diencephalon gland OBOL:automatic gland of between brain OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon gland OBOL:automatic gland of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic between brain gland A gland that is part of a diencephalon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic interbrain gland OBOL:automatic gland of interbrain gland of integumental system A gland that is part of a integumental system [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000837 EHDAA:6522 EMAPA:17758 MA:0000144 OG:0000654 UBERON:0003297 integumental system gland A gland that is part of a integumental system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic integumental system gland roof plate of neural tube A roof plate that is part of a neural tube [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001270 EHDAA:2891 EHDAA:916 EMAPA:16168 EMAPA:16535 OG:0000303 UBERON:0003298 ZFA:0001436 neural tube roof plate neural tube roofplate roof plate neural tube region roofplate of neural tube OBOL:automatic neural tube roofplate OBOL:automatic neural tube roof plate ZFA:0001436 roof plate neural tube region A roof plate that is part of a neural tube [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic roofplate of neural tube roof plate of midbrain A roof plate that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001111 EHDAA2:0001177 EHDAA:3712 EMAPA:16981 OG:0000772 UBERON:0003299 ZFA:0000355 midbrain roof plate midbrain roofplate roof plate midbrain region roofplate of midbrain OBOL:automatic roofplate of midbrain OBOL:automatic midbrain roofplate OBOL:automatic midbrain roof plate A roof plate that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0000355 roof plate midbrain region roof plate of telencephalon A roof plate that is part of a telencephalon [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001994 EHDAA:3512 EMAPA:16657 OG:0000774 UBERON:0003300 roofplate of telencephalon telencephalon roof plate telencephalon roofplate OBOL:automatic roofplate of telencephalon A roof plate that is part of a telencephalon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic telencephalon roof plate OBOL:automatic telencephalon roofplate roof plate of diencephalon A roof plate that is part of a diencephalon [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000402 EHDAA:1979 EHDAA:2657 EHDAA:3494 EMAPA:16651 EMAPA:16909 OG:0000771 UBERON:0003301 ZFA:0001358 between brain roof plate between brain roofplate diencephalon roof plate diencephalon roofplate interbrain roof plate interbrain roofplate mature diencephalon roof plate mature diencephalon roofplate roof plate diencephalic region roof plate of between brain roof plate of interbrain roof plate of mature diencephalon roofplate of between brain roofplate of diencephalon roofplate of interbrain roofplate of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic diencephalon roofplate OBOL:automatic roof plate of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic interbrain roof plate OBOL:automatic roof plate of interbrain OBOL:automatic roof plate of between brain OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon roofplate OBOL:automatic interbrain roofplate OBOL:automatic between brain roofplate ZFA:0001358 roof plate diencephalic region OBOL:automatic roofplate of diencephalon OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon roof plate OBOL:automatic diencephalon roof plate A roof plate that is part of a diencephalon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic between brain roof plate OBOL:automatic roofplate of interbrain OBOL:automatic roofplate of between brain OBOL:automatic roofplate of mature diencephalon roof plate of metencephalon A roof plate that is part of a metencephalon [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001160 EHDAA:5524 EMAPA:17098 EMAPA:17105 OG:0000770 UBERON:0003302 epencephalon-2 roof plate epencephalon-2 roofplate metencephalon roof plate metencephalon roofplate roof plate of epencephalon-2 roofplate of epencephalon-2 roofplate of metencephalon OBOL:automatic metencephalon roofplate A roof plate that is part of a metencephalon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epencephalon-2 roof plate OBOL:automatic epencephalon-2 roofplate OBOL:automatic roofplate of epencephalon-2 OBOL:automatic metencephalon roof plate OBOL:automatic roofplate of metencephalon OBOL:automatic roof plate of epencephalon-2 roof plate of medulla oblongata A roof plate that is part of a medulla oblongata [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001099 EHDAA:7614 OG:0000776 UBERON:0003303 bulb roof plate bulb roofplate medulla oblongata roof plate medulla oblongata roofplate medulla oblonmgata roof plate medulla oblonmgata roofplate metepencephalon roof plate metepencephalon roofplate roof plate of bulb roof plate of medulla oblonmgata roof plate of metepencephalon roofplate of bulb roofplate of medulla oblongata roofplate of medulla oblonmgata roofplate of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic roofplate of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata roofplate OBOL:automatic roofplate of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata roof plate A roof plate that is part of a medulla oblongata [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic roof plate of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic roofplate of bulb OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata roof plate OBOL:automatic metepencephalon roofplate OBOL:automatic metepencephalon roof plate OBOL:automatic roofplate of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic bulb roofplate OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata roofplate OBOL:automatic roof plate of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic bulb roof plate OBOL:automatic roof plate of bulb blood island of mesoderm A blood island that is part of a mesoderm [Obol]. EHDAA2:0003241 EHDAA:170 EMAPA:16115 UBERON:0003304 mesoderm blood island OBOL:automatic mesoderm blood island A blood island that is part of a mesoderm [Obol]. OBOL:automatic blood island of mesenchyme A blood island that is part of a mesenchyme [Obol]. EHDAA:207 EMAPA:16268 UBERON:0003305 mesenchyme blood island A blood island that is part of a mesenchyme [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mesenchyme blood island floor plate of neural tube A floor plate that is part of a neural tube [Obol]. EFO:0003688 EHDAA2:0001256 EHDAA:2871 EHDAA:910 EMAPA:16165 EMAPA:16531 Note that although 'floor plate' is classically defined as being located on the neural tube, in many AOs the floor plate continues post-embryonically after the neural tube has ceased to exist. We introduce this class for the neural tube specific structure OG:0000300 UBERON:0003306 ZFA:0001434 floor plate neural tube floorplate of neural tube neural tube floor plate neural tube floorplate ZFA:0001434 floor plate neural tube OBOL:automatic neural tube floorplate OBOL:automatic neural tube floor plate OBOL:automatic floorplate of neural tube A floor plate that is part of a neural tube [Obol]. OBOL:automatic floor plate of midbrain A floor plate that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001106 EHDAA2:0001164 EHDAA:3698 EMAPA:16975 OG:0000780 UBERON:0003307 ZFA:0001677 floor plate midbrain region floorplate of midbrain midbrain floor plate midbrain floorplate ZFA:0001677 floor plate midbrain region OBOL:automatic midbrain floorplate A floor plate that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic midbrain floor plate OBOL:automatic floorplate of midbrain floor plate of telencephalon A floor plate that is part of a telencephalon [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001983 EHDAA:3498 EMAPA:16655 OG:0000783 UBERON:0003308 ZFA:0000914 floor plate telencephalic region floorplate of telencephalon floorplate telencephalon telencephalon floor plate telencephalon floorplate OBOL:automatic telencephalon floor plate A floor plate that is part of a telencephalon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic floorplate of telencephalon OBOL:automatic telencephalon floorplate ZFA:0000914 floorplate telencephalon ZFA:0000914 floor plate telencephalic region floor plate of diencephalon A floor plate that is part of a diencephalon [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000388 EHDAA:1975 EHDAA:2651 EHDAA:3480 EMAPA:16645 EMAPA:16903 OG:0000782 UBERON:0003309 ZFA:0000871 between brain floor plate between brain floorplate diencephalon floor plate diencephalon floorplate floor plate diencephalic region floor plate of between brain floor plate of interbrain floor plate of mature diencephalon floorplate diencephalon floorplate of between brain floorplate of diencephalon floorplate of interbrain floorplate of mature diencephalon interbrain floor plate interbrain floorplate mature diencephalon floor plate mature diencephalon floorplate OBOL:automatic floorplate of mature diencephalon A floor plate that is part of a diencephalon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon floorplate OBOL:automatic interbrain floor plate ZFA:0000871 floor plate diencephalic region OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon floor plate OBOL:automatic diencephalon floor plate OBOL:automatic interbrain floorplate OBOL:automatic floorplate of between brain ZFA:0000871 floorplate diencephalon OBOL:automatic floorplate of interbrain OBOL:automatic floor plate of between brain OBOL:automatic diencephalon floorplate OBOL:automatic between brain floor plate OBOL:automatic floorplate of diencephalon OBOL:automatic floor plate of interbrain OBOL:automatic floor plate of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic between brain floorplate floor plate of metencephalon A floor plate that is part of a metencephalon [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001158 EHDAA:5500 EMAPA:17093 EMAPA:17100 EMAPA:17258 OG:0000784 UBERON:0003310 epencephalon-2 floor plate epencephalon-2 floorplate floor plate of epencephalon-2 floorplate of epencephalon-2 floorplate of metencephalon metencephalon floor plate metencephalon floorplate A floor plate that is part of a metencephalon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic floorplate of epencephalon-2 OBOL:automatic metencephalon floorplate OBOL:automatic floorplate of metencephalon OBOL:automatic epencephalon-2 floor plate OBOL:automatic epencephalon-2 floorplate OBOL:automatic floor plate of epencephalon-2 OBOL:automatic metencephalon floor plate floor plate of medulla oblongata A floor plate that is part of a medulla oblongata [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001097 EHDAA:7590 EMAPA:17551 OG:0000786 UBERON:0003311 bulb floor plate bulb floorplate floor plate of bulb floor plate of medulla oblonmgata floor plate of metepencephalon floorplate of bulb floorplate of medulla oblongata floorplate of medulla oblonmgata floorplate of metepencephalon medulla oblongata floor plate medulla oblongata floorplate medulla oblonmgata floor plate medulla oblonmgata floorplate metepencephalon floor plate metepencephalon floorplate OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata floorplate OBOL:automatic floorplate of medulla oblonmgata A floor plate that is part of a medulla oblongata [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metepencephalon floorplate OBOL:automatic floorplate of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata floor plate OBOL:automatic floor plate of bulb OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata floorplate OBOL:automatic bulb floor plate OBOL:automatic floor plate of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic metepencephalon floor plate OBOL:automatic floorplate of bulb OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata floor plate OBOL:automatic bulb floorplate OBOL:automatic floor plate of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic floorplate of metepencephalon mesenchyme of testis A mesenchyme that is part of a testis [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002010 EHDAA:8150 OG:0001442 UBERON:0003312 gonad of male genitalia mesenchyme gonad of male genitals mesenchyme gonad of male reproductive system mesenchyme gonada of male genitalia mesenchyme gonada of male genitals mesenchyme gonada of male reproductive system mesenchyme male genitalia gonad mesenchyme male genitalia gonada mesenchyme male genitals gonad mesenchyme male genitals gonada mesenchyme male reproductive system gonad mesenchyme male reproductive system gonada mesenchyme mesenchyme of gonad of male genitalia mesenchyme of gonad of male genitals mesenchyme of gonad of male reproductive system mesenchyme of gonada of male genitalia mesenchyme of gonada of male genitals mesenchyme of gonada of male reproductive system mesenchyme of male genitalia gonad mesenchyme of male genitalia gonada mesenchyme of male genitals gonad mesenchyme of male genitals gonada mesenchyme of male reproductive system gonad mesenchyme of male reproductive system gonada testis mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonada of male reproductive system OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of male genitals gonad OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonad of male reproductive system OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of male genitals gonada OBOL:automatic testis mesenchyme OBOL:automatic male reproductive system gonada mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonad of male genitals OBOL:automatic male genitals gonada mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonad of male genitalia OBOL:automatic gonada of male genitals mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of male reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic male genitalia gonada mesenchyme OBOL:automatic gonada of male reproductive system mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of male genitalia gonad OBOL:automatic male reproductive system gonad mesenchyme OBOL:automatic gonad of male reproductive system mesenchyme OBOL:automatic gonada of male genitalia mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonada of male genitalia OBOL:automatic male genitals gonad mesenchyme OBOL:automatic male genitalia gonad mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a testis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic gonad of male genitals mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonada of male genitals OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of male genitalia gonada OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of male reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic gonad of male genitalia mesenchyme mesenchyme of eye A mesenchyme that is part of a eye [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000485 EHDAA:2910 EMAPA:16324 EMAPA:16673 EMAPA:17833 EMAPA:17836 OG:0001084 UBERON:0003314 eye mesenchyme OBOL:automatic eye mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a eye [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of ovary A mesenchyme that is part of a ovary [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001362 EHDAA:8128 OG:0001441 UBERON:0003315 female reproductive system gonad mesenchyme female reproductive system gonada mesenchyme gonad of female reproductive system mesenchyme gonada of female reproductive system mesenchyme mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonad mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonada mesenchyme of gonad of female reproductive system mesenchyme of gonada of female reproductive system ovary mesenchyme OBOL:automatic gonad of female reproductive system mesenchyme OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonada mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonad of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonada of female reproductive system A mesenchyme that is part of a ovary [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonad mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic gonada of female reproductive system mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic ovary mesenchyme mesenchyme of yolk sac A mesenchyme that is part of a yolk sac [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002216 EHDAA:205 EMAPA:16267 OG:0000503 UBERON:0003316 yolk sac mesenchyme OBOL:automatic yolk sac mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a yolk sac [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of incisor A mesenchyme that is part of a incisor tooth [Obol]. EHDAA:8015 EHDAA:8051 EMAPA:17920 EMAPA:17941 UBERON:0003317 incisor mesenchyme incisor tooth mesenchyme mesenchyme of incisor tooth OBOL:automatic incisor tooth mesenchyme OBOL:automatic incisor mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of incisor tooth A mesenchyme that is part of a incisor tooth [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of elbow A mesenchyme that is part of a elbow [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000432 EHDAA:4170 EHDAA:6216 EMAPA:17416 OG:0001075 UBERON:0003318 cubital region mesenchyme elbow mesenchyme mesenchyme of cubital region A mesenchyme that is part of a elbow [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cubital region mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of cubital region OBOL:automatic elbow mesenchyme mesenchyme of carpal region A mesenchyme that is part of a wrist [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000220 EHDAA:5200 UBERON:0003319 carpal region mesenchyme mesenchyme of wrist wrist mesenchyme OBOL:automatic carpal region mesenchyme OBOL:automatic wrist mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a wrist [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of wrist mesenchyme of hip A mesenchyme that is part of a hip [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000786 EHDAA:5157 EHDAA:6182 EMAPA:17492 OG:0001029 UBERON:0003320 hip mesenchyme hip region mesenchyme mesenchyme of hip region mesenchyme of regio coxae regio coxae mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of hip region OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of regio coxae OBOL:automatic hip mesenchyme OBOL:automatic regio coxae mesenchyme OBOL:automatic hip region mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a hip [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of knee A mesenchyme that is part of a knee [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000898 EHDAA:5163 EHDAA:6188 EMAPA:17495 OG:0001070 UBERON:0003321 knee mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a knee [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic knee mesenchyme mesenchyme of shoulder A mesenchyme that is part of a shoulder [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001837 EHDAA:4184 EHDAA:6232 EMAPA:17423 OG:0001035 UBERON:0003322 shoulder mesenchyme OBOL:automatic shoulder mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a shoulder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of upper jaw A mesenchyme that is part of a upper jaw [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002124 EHDAA:8031 EMAPA:17929 OG:0001099 UBERON:0003323 mesenchyme of palatoquadrate arch palatoquadrate arch mesenchyme upper jaw mesenchyme OBOL:automatic upper jaw mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of palatoquadrate arch OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a upper jaw [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lower jaw A mesenchyme that is part of a lower jaw [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001024 EHDAA:8003 EMAPA:17916 OG:0001069 UBERON:0003324 lower jaw mesenchyme mesenchyme of ventral mandibular arch ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme OBOL:automatic lower jaw mesenchyme OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a lower jaw [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme of pinna A mesenchyme that is part of a pinna [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001469 EHDAA:8981 EMAPA:17591 OG:0000747 UBERON:0003325 auricle mesenchyme auricle of ear mesenchyme auricle of external ear mesenchyme auricula (auris externa) mesenchyme auricula mesenchyme mesenchyme of auricle mesenchyme of auricle of ear mesenchyme of auricle of external ear mesenchyme of auricula mesenchyme of auricula (auris externa) mesenchyme of pinna of ear pinna mesenchyme pinna of ear mesenchyme OBOL:automatic auricula mesenchyme OBOL:automatic pinna of ear mesenchyme OBOL:automatic pinna mesenchyme OBOL:automatic auricle of ear mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of auricle of ear OBOL:automatic auricula (auris externa) mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a pinna [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of auricle of external ear OBOL:automatic auricle mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of auricle OBOL:automatic auricle of external ear mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of pinna of ear OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of auricula (auris externa) OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of auricula mesenchyme of mammary gland EHDAA2:0001058 EHDAA:6528 EMAPA:17761 OG:0001087 UBERON:0003326 lactiferous gland mesenchyme lobe of breast mesenchyme lobe of mammary gland mesenchyme mammary gland mesenchyme mammary mesenchyme mesenchyme of lactiferous gland mesenchyme of lobe of breast mesenchyme of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland mesenchyme OBOL:automatic lobe of breast mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mammary gland mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lobe of mammary gland mesenchyme of forearm A mesenchyme that is part of a lower arm [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000555 EHDAA:4176 EHDAA:6222 EMAPA:17419 OG:0000504 UBERON:0003327 antebrachial region mesenchyme arm middle limb segment mesenchyme arm zeugopod mesenchyme brachial region middle limb segment mesenchyme brachial region zeugopod mesenchyme intermediate segment of free upper limb mesenchyme lower arm mesenchyme lower segment of arm mesenchyme mesenchyme of antebrachial region mesenchyme of arm middle limb segment mesenchyme of arm zeugopod mesenchyme of brachial region middle limb segment mesenchyme of brachial region zeugopod mesenchyme of intermediate segment of free upper limb mesenchyme of lower arm mesenchyme of lower segment of arm mesenchyme of middle limb segment of arm mesenchyme of middle limb segment of brachial region mesenchyme of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb mesenchyme of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment mesenchyme of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod mesenchyme of zeugopod of arm mesenchyme of zeugopod of brachial region mesenchyme of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment of arm mesenchyme middle limb segment of brachial region mesenchyme middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb mesenchyme proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment mesenchyme proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod mesenchyme zeugopod of arm mesenchyme zeugopod of brachial region mesenchyme zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of middle limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment mesenchyme OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region mesenchyme OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod mesenchyme OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic antebrachial region mesenchyme OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of intermediate segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free upper limb mesenchyme OBOL:automatic zeugopod of arm mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lower arm OBOL:automatic lower arm mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment mesenchyme EMAPA OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod mesenchyme OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of antebrachial region A mesenchyme that is part of a lower arm [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of footplate EHDAA2:0000549 EHDAA:5149 EHDAA:6172 EMAPA:17252 UBERON:0003328 submucosa of anal canal A submucosa that is part of an anal canal [Obol]. EMAPA:27535 FMA:85399 SCTID:7892006 UBERON:0003329 anal canal submucosa anal canal viewed anatomically submucosa anal region submucosa anatomical anal canal submucosa submucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically submucosa of anal region submucosa of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic anal canal viewed anatomically submucosa OBOL:automatic anatomical anal canal submucosa OBOL:automatic anal region submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically OBOL:automatic submucosa of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic anal canal submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of anal region A submucosa that is part of an anal canal [Obol]. OBOL:automatic submucosa of rectum A submucosa that is part of a rectum [Obol]. EMAPA:27083 EMAPA:27323 FMA:15034 SCTID:71683001 UBERON:0003330 rectal submucosa rectum submucosa FMA:15034 rectal submucosa OBOL:automatic rectum submucosa A submucosa that is part of a rectum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic submucosa of colon A submucosa that is part of a colon [Obol]. EMAPA:27379 FMA:14985 SCTID:61647009 UBERON:0003331 colon submucosa colonic submucosa large bowel submucosa submucosa of large bowel A submucosa that is part of a colon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic colon submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of large bowel FMA:14985 colonic submucosa OBOL:automatic large bowel submucosa submucosa of duodenum A submucosa that is part of a duodenum [Obol]. EMAPA:27239 FMA:14943 SCTID:76519004 UBERON:0003332 doudenal submucosa duodenal submucosa duodenum submucosa FMA:14943 duodenal submucosa FMA:14943 doudenal submucosa A submucosa that is part of a duodenum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic duodenum submucosa submucosa of jejunum A submucosa that is part of a jejunum [Obol]. EMAPA:27111 EMAPA:27351 FMA:14950 SCTID:70192009 UBERON:0003333 jejunal submucosa jejunum submucosa FMA:14950 jejunal submucosa OBOL:automatic jejunum submucosa A submucosa that is part of a jejunum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic serosa of rectum A serous membrane that is part of a rectum [Obol]. EMAPA:27087 EMAPA:27331 FMA:15039 UBERON:0003334 rectal serosa rectum serosa rectum serous membrane serous membrane of rectum visceral peritoneum of rectum OBOL:automatic rectum serosa OBOL:automatic rectum serous membrane A serous membrane that is part of a rectum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:15039 visceral peritoneum of rectum OBOL:automatic serous membrane of rectum FMA:15039 rectal serosa serosa of colon A serous membrane that is part of a colon [Obol]. EMAPA:27387 FMA:14990 SCTID:90132000 UBERON:0003335 colon serosa colon serous membrane colonic serosa large bowel serosa large bowel serous membrane serosa of large bowel serous membrane of colon serous membrane of large bowel visceral peritoneum of colon OBOL:automatic serosa of large bowel A serous membrane that is part of a colon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic large bowel serosa OBOL:automatic large bowel serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of colon FMA:14990 colonic serosa OBOL:automatic serous membrane of large bowel FMA:14990 visceral peritoneum of colon OBOL:automatic colon serous membrane OBOL:automatic colon serosa serosa of duodenum A serous membrane that is part of a duodenum [Obol]. EMAPA:27247 FMA:14948 SCTID:1236009 UBERON:0003336 doudenal serosa duodenal serosa duodenum serosa duodenum serous membrane serous membrane of duodenum visceral peritoneum of duodenum OBOL:automatic duodenum serous membrane A serous membrane that is part of a duodenum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic duodenum serosa FMA:14948 doudenal serosa FMA:14948 visceral peritoneum of duodenum FMA:14948 duodenal serosa OBOL:automatic serous membrane of duodenum serosa of jejunum A serous membrane that is part of a jejunum [Obol]. EMAPA:27115 EMAPA:27359 FMA:14955 UBERON:0003337 jejunal serosa jejunum serosa jejunum serous membrane serous membrane of jejunum visceral peritoneum of jejunum FMA:14955 visceral peritoneum of jejunum OBOL:automatic jejunum serous membrane FMA:14955 jejunal serosa A serous membrane that is part of a jejunum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic serous membrane of jejunum OBOL:automatic jejunum serosa ganglion of peripheral nervous system A ganglion that is part of a peripheral nervous system [Obol]. BTO:0001123 EMAPA:18371 EV:0100372 MA:0001161 UBERON:0003338 peripheral nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic peripheral nervous system ganglion A ganglion that is part of a peripheral nervous system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic ganglion of central nervous system A ganglion that is part of a central nervous system [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000227 EMAPA:16658 FMA:83843 UBERON:0003339 central nervous system ganglion ganglion of neuraxis neuraxis ganglion this has no subclasses in FMA. In EHDAA2 it has only the cranial ganglia OBOL:automatic central nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic ganglion of neuraxis A ganglion that is part of a central nervous system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic neuraxis ganglion urethra of urogenital sinus A urethra that is part of a primitive urogenital sinus [Obol]. EMAPA:30891 UBERON:0003340 urogenital sinus urethra A urethra that is part of a primitive urogenital sinus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic urogenital sinus urethra urethra of urinary system EMAPA:30901 UBERON:0003341 true mucosa of anal canal A mucosa that is part of an anal canal [Obol]. EMAPA:27531 FMA:74654 SCTID:362170004 UBERON:0003342 anal canal mucosa anal canal mucosa of organ anal canal mucous membrane anal canal organ mucosa anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of organ anal canal viewed anatomically mucous membrane anal canal viewed anatomically organ mucosa anal mucosa anal mucous membrane anal region mucosa anal region mucosa of organ anal region mucous membrane anal region organ mucosa anatomical anal canal mucosa anatomical anal canal mucosa of organ anatomical anal canal mucous membrane anatomical anal canal organ mucosa mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of anal region mucosa of anatomical anal canal mucosa of organ of anal canal mucosa of organ of anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of organ of anal region mucosa of organ of anatomical anal canal mucous membrane of anal canal mucous membrane of anal canal viewed anatomically mucous membrane of anal region mucous membrane of anatomical anal canal ncithesaurus:Anal_Mucosa organ mucosa of anal canal organ mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically organ mucosa of anal region organ mucosa of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa OBOL:automatic anatomical anal canal mucosa OBOL:automatic anal canal mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of anal canal OBOL:automatic mucosa of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of anatomical anal canal A mucosa that is part of an anal canal [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic anatomical anal canal mucous membrane OBOL:automatic anal canal viewed anatomically organ mucosa OBOL:automatic anal region organ mucosa OBOL:automatic anal canal viewed anatomically mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of anal region OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of anal canal viewed anatomically OBOL:automatic anal canal mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic anatomical anal canal organ mucosa OBOL:automatic anal region mucosa OBOL:automatic anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically OBOL:automatic mucosa of anal region OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of anal canal OBOL:automatic anal region mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of anal region OBOL:automatic anatomical anal canal mucosa of organ FMA:74654 anal mucous membrane FMA:74654 anal mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of anal canal viewed anatomically OBOL:automatic anal canal organ mucosa OBOL:automatic anal canal mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of anal canal OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic anal region mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of anal region OBOL:automatic mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of oral region A mucosa that is part of a oral opening [Obol]. EMAPA:26937 UBERON:0003343 mucosa of oral opening mucosa of oral part of face mucosa of organ of oral opening mucosa of organ of oral part of face mucosa of organ of oral region mucosa of organ of subdivision of mouth mucosa of subdivision of mouth mucous membrane of oral opening mucous membrane of oral part of face mucous membrane of oral region mucous membrane of subdivision of mouth oral opening mucosa oral opening mucosa of organ oral opening mucous membrane oral opening organ mucosa oral part of face mucosa oral part of face mucosa of organ oral part of face mucous membrane oral part of face organ mucosa oral region mucosa oral region mucosa of organ oral region mucous membrane oral region organ mucosa organ mucosa of oral opening organ mucosa of oral part of face organ mucosa of oral region organ mucosa of subdivision of mouth subdivision of mouth mucosa subdivision of mouth mucosa of organ subdivision of mouth mucous membrane subdivision of mouth organ mucosa OBOL:automatic oral region mucous membrane OBOL:automatic subdivision of mouth mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic oral opening mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of subdivision of mouth OBOL:automatic oral opening mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oral part of face OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oral opening OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oral opening OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of subdivision of mouth OBOL:automatic oral part of face mucous membrane OBOL:automatic oral region mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic oral opening organ mucosa OBOL:automatic oral part of face organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of subdivision of mouth OBOL:automatic mucosa of oral opening OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oral part of face OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oral part of face OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oral region OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oral opening OBOL:automatic subdivision of mouth organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oral region OBOL:automatic oral region organ mucosa OBOL:automatic oral opening mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oral region OBOL:automatic mucosa of oral part of face OBOL:automatic subdivision of mouth mucosa OBOL:automatic subdivision of mouth mucous membrane OBOL:automatic oral part of face mucosa A mucosa that is part of a oral opening [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic oral part of face mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic oral region mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of subdivision of mouth mucosa of rectum A mucosa that is part of a rectum [Obol]. EMAPA:27081 EMAPA:27319 FMA:15033 SCTID:362167003 UBERON:0003346 mucosa of organ of rectum mucous membrane of rectum organ mucosa of rectum rectal mucosa rectal mucous membrane rectum mucosa rectum mucosa of organ rectum mucous membrane rectum organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a rectum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of rectum OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of rectum OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of rectum OBOL:automatic rectum mucous membrane FMA:15033 rectal mucous membrane FMA:15033 rectal mucosa OBOL:automatic rectum mucosa OBOL:automatic rectum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic rectum mucosa of organ epithelium of mucosa An epithelium that is part of a mucosa [Obol]. EMAPA:18668 EMAPA:18835 EMAPA:18857 EMAPA:18862 EMAPA:18868 EMAPA:18893 EMAPA:18899 EMAPA:18912 EMAPA:18917 EMAPA:18927 EMAPA:18934 EMAPA:18941 EMAPA:19078 EMAPA:26961 EMAPA:26985 EMAPA:27019 EMAPA:27033 EMAPA:27047 EMAPA:27061 EMAPA:27075 EMAPA:27089 EMAPA:27103 EMAPA:27131 EMAPA:27145 EMAPA:27159 EMAPA:27175 EMAPA:27191 EMAPA:27207 EMAPA:27219 EMAPA:27229 EMAPA:27307 UBERON:0003350 epithelial tissue of mucosa epithelial tissue of mucosa of organ epithelial tissue of mucous membrane epithelial tissue of organ mucosa epithelium of mucosa of organ epithelium of mucous membrane epithelium of organ mucosa mucosa epithelial tissue mucosa epithelium mucosa of organ epithelial tissue mucosa of organ epithelium mucous membrane epithelial tissue mucous membrane epithelium organ mucosa epithelial tissue organ mucosa epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of mucosa An epithelium that is part of a mucosa [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ epithelium OBOL:automatic mucous membrane epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic mucosa epithelium OBOL:automatic mucous membrane epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic organ mucosa epithelium OBOL:automatic organ mucosa epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of mucous membrane OBOL:automatic epithelium of mucous membrane OBOL:automatic epithelium of organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of mucosa of organ pharyngeal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a pharynx [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001460 EMAPA:16708 MA:0002725 UBERON:0003351 XAO:0003202 ZFA:0001174 epithelial tissue of pharynx epithelium of pharynx pharynx epithelial tissue pharynx epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of pharynx OBOL:automatic pharynx epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of pharynx An epithelium that is part of a pharynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic ZFA OBOL:automatic pharynx epithelial tissue ZFA ZFA epithelium of midgut BTO:0005053 EHDAA2:0001195 EMAPA:16569 For example the midgut epithelium of Wirenia argentea Odhner Mollusca, Solenogastres) is composed of two cell types: dorsal ciliary cells and digestive cells[BTO]. UBERON:0003352 epithelial tissue of midgut midgut epithelial tissue midgut epithelium BTO OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of midgut OBOL:automatic midgut epithelium BTO:0005053 midgut epithelium BTO:0005053 For example the midgut epithelium of Wirenia argentea Odhner Mollusca, Solenogastres) is composed of two cell types: dorsal ciliary cells and digestive cells[BTO]. OBOL:automatic midgut epithelial tissue epithelium of hindgut An epithelium that is part of a hindgut [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000782 EMAPA:16717 UBERON:0003353 epithelial tissue of hindgut hindgut epithelial tissue hindgut epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of hindgut An epithelium that is part of a hindgut [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hindgut epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic hindgut epithelium epithelium of rectum An epithelium that is part of a rectum [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001594 EMAPA:17898 FMA:17510 OG:0001037 UBERON:0003354 WBbt:0005800 epithelial tissue of rectum rectal epithelium rectum epithelial tissue rectum epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of rectum OBOL:automatic rectum epithelium An epithelium that is part of a rectum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:17510 rectal epithelium OBOL:automatic rectum epithelial tissue epithelium of incisor An epithelium that is part of a incisor tooth [Obol]. EMAPA:17919 EMAPA:17940 UBERON:0003355 epithelial tissue of incisor epithelial tissue of incisor tooth epithelium of incisor tooth incisor epithelial tissue incisor epithelium incisor tooth epithelial tissue incisor tooth epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of incisor tooth OBOL:automatic epithelium of incisor tooth OBOL:automatic incisor tooth epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of incisor OBOL:automatic incisor epithelium OBOL:automatic incisor tooth epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a incisor tooth [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic incisor epithelial tissue epithelium of nasal septum An epithelium that is part of a nasal septum [Obol]. EMAPA:18442 UBERON:0003356 epithelial tissue of nasal septum nasal septum epithelial tissue nasal septum epithelium An epithelium that is part of a nasal septum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nasal septum epithelium OBOL:automatic nasal septum epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of nasal septum epithelium of tongue An epithelium that is part of a tongue [Obol]. BTO:0000992 EHDAA2:0004598 EMAPA:17881 EMAPA:18872 MA:0001592 UBERON:0003357 epithelial tissue of tongue examples: tongue squamous epithelium, keratined, non-keratinized and parakeratinized epithelium, as well as gustatory epithelium. Note that not all these subtypes are named in individual anatomy ontologies. lingual epithelium ncithesaurus:Tongue_Epithelium tongue epithelial tissue tongue epithelium OBOL:automatic tongue epithelium BTO:0000992 lingual epithelium An epithelium that is part of a tongue [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of tongue OBOL:automatic tongue epithelial tissue epithelium of soft palate An epithelium that is part of a soft palate [Obol]. EMAPA:18950 UBERON:0003358 epithelial tissue of soft palate soft palate epithelial tissue soft palate epithelium OBOL:automatic soft palate epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of soft palate OBOL:automatic soft palate epithelium An epithelium that is part of a soft palate [Obol]. OBOL:automatic epithelium of submandibular gland An epithelium that is part of a submandibular gland [Obol]. BTO:0004557 EMAPA:18813 OG:0000989 UBERON:0003359 epithelial tissue of submandibular gland submandibular gland duct epithelium submandibular gland epithelial tissue submandibular gland epithelium An epithelium that is part of a submandibular gland [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of submandibular gland OBOL:automatic submandibular gland epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic submandibular gland epithelium BTO:0004557 submandibular gland duct epithelium epithelium of parotid gland An epithelium that is part of a parotid gland [Obol]. BTO:0004555 EMAPA:18538 OG:0001434 UBERON:0003360 epithelial tissue of parotid gland epithelium of parotid epithelium of parotid gland parotid epithelial tissue parotid epithelium parotid gland duct epithelium parotid gland epithelial tissue parotid gland epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of parotid gland An epithelium that is part of a parotid gland [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic parotid epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of parotid OBOL:automatic parotid epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic parotid gland epithelial tissue BTO:0004555 parotid gland duct epithelium OBOL:automatic parotid gland epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of parotid gland epithelium of sublingual gland An epithelium that is part of a sublingual gland [Obol]. BTO:0004559 EMAPA:18810 OG:0001098 Rivinus'gland epithelial tissue Rivinus'gland epithelium UBERON:0003361 ductus sublingualis epithelial tissue ductus sublingualis epithelium epithelial tissue of Rivinus'gland epithelial tissue of ductus sublingualis epithelial tissue of sublingual gland epithelium of Rivinus'gland epithelium of ductus sublingualis sublingual gland duct epithelium sublingual gland epithelial tissue sublingual gland epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of sublingual gland An epithelium that is part of a sublingual gland [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic Rivinus'gland epithelium OBOL:automatic sublingual gland epithelium OBOL:automatic Rivinus'gland epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic ductus sublingualis epithelium OBOL:automatic ductus sublingualis epithelial tissue BTO:0004559 sublingual gland duct epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of Rivinus'gland OBOL:automatic sublingual gland epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of Rivinus'gland OBOL:automatic epithelium of ductus sublingualis OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of ductus sublingualis epithelium of endolymphatic duct An epithelium that is part of a endolymphatic duct [Obol]. EMAPA:18582 UBERON:0003362 endolymphatic duct epithelial tissue endolymphatic duct epithelium epithelial tissue of endolymphatic duct An epithelium that is part of a endolymphatic duct [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of endolymphatic duct OBOL:automatic endolymphatic duct epithelium OBOL:automatic endolymphatic duct epithelial tissue epithelium of ductus reuniens An epithelium that is part of a ductus reuniens [Obol]. EMAPA:17289 UBERON:0003363 ductus reuniens epithelial tissue ductus reuniens epithelium epithelial tissue of ductus reuniens OBOL:automatic ductus reuniens epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic ductus reuniens epithelium An epithelium that is part of a ductus reuniens [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of ductus reuniens epithelium of right lung An epithelium that is part of a right lung [Obol]. EMAPA:17663 UBERON:0003364 epithelial tissue of right lung right lung epithelial tissue right lung epithelium OBOL:automatic right lung epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of right lung OBOL:automatic right lung epithelium An epithelium that is part of a right lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic epithelium of left lung An epithelium that is part of a left lung [Obol]. EMAPA:17655 UBERON:0003365 epithelial tissue of left lung left lung epithelial tissue left lung epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of left lung An epithelium that is part of a left lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic left lung epithelium OBOL:automatic left lung epithelial tissue epithelium of uterine horn An epithelium that is part of a uterine horn [Obol]. EMAPA:29030 UBERON:0003366 epithelial tissue of uterine horn uterine horn epithelial tissue uterine horn epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of uterine horn OBOL:automatic uterine horn epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic uterine horn epithelium An epithelium that is part of a uterine horn [Obol]. OBOL:automatic epithelium of vomeronasal organ An epithelium that is part of a vomeronasal organ [Obol]. EMAPA:18444 Jacobson's organ epithelial tissue Jacobson's organ epithelium MA:0001328 UBERON:0003367 epithelial tissue of Jacobson's organ epithelial tissue of vomeronasal organ epithelium of Jacobson's organ vomeronasal organ epithelial tissue vomeronasal organ epithelium vomeronasal organ sensory epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of vomeronasal organ MA:0001328 vomeronasal organ sensory epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of Jacobson's organ Jacobson's organ epithelium OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vomeronasal organ epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of Jacobson's organ Jacobson's organ epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a vomeronasal organ [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vomeronasal organ epithelium epithelium of hard palate An epithelium that is part of a hard palate [Obol]. EMAPA:18953 UBERON:0003368 epithelial tissue of hard palate hard palate epithelial tissue hard palate epithelium OBOL:automatic hard palate epithelium An epithelium that is part of a hard palate [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of hard palate OBOL:automatic hard palate epithelial tissue fossa ovalis of heart FMA:9246 Found in the right atrium of the heart, the fossa ovalis is an embryonic remnant of the foramen ovale, which normally closes shortly after birth. In a heart specimen of a neonate, the fossa ovalis is translucent, but later in life the membrane thickens. SCTID:277719009 UBERON:0003369 fossa ovalis oval fossa FMA FMA:9246 oval fossa Found in the right atrium of the heart, the fossa ovalis is an embryonic remnant of the foramen ovale, which normally closes shortly after birth. In a heart specimen of a neonate, the fossa ovalis is translucent, but later in life the membrane thickens. Wikipedia:Fossa_ovalis_(heart) FMA:9246 fossa ovalis hindlimb bud ectoderm EHDAA2:0001034 EMAPA:17254 OG:0001048 UBERON:0003371 UBERON:0005232 hindlimb ectoderm leg ectoderm lower limb bud ectoderm OG:0001048 hindlimb ectoderm OBOL:automatic leg ectoderm EHDAA2:0001034 lower limb bud ectoderm forelimb bud ectoderm EHDAA2:0002134 EMAPA:17243 OG:0001047 UBERON:0003372 UBERON:0005231 UBERON:0005663 arm ectoderm forelimb ectoderm upper limb bud ectoderm OBOL:automatic arm ectoderm EHDAA2:0002134 upper limb bud ectoderm OG:0001047 forelimb ectoderm ectoderm of footplate EMAPA:17250 UBERON:0003373 chorionic ectoderm EMAPA:16113 UBERON:0003374 chorion ectoderm ISBN10:0073040584 OBOL:automatic chorion ectoderm cardiac muscle of auricular region EMAPA:17318 EMAPA:17324 FMA:84279 UBERON:0003378 cardiac muscle tissue of auricle FMA:84279 cardiac muscle tissue of auricle cardiac muscle of right atrium A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right atrium [Obol]. EHDAA2:0004155 EMAPA:17326 FMA:7282 OG:0001227 UBERON:0003379 cardiac muscle muscle tissue of cardiac right atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue of heart right atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue of right atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue of right atrium of heart cardiac muscle muscle tissue of right cardiac atrium cardiac muscle of cardiac right atrium cardiac muscle of heart right atrium cardiac muscle of right atrium of heart cardiac muscle of right cardiac atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis of cardiac right atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis of heart right atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis of right atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis of right atrium of heart cardiac muscle textus muscularis of right cardiac atrium cardiac muscle tissue of cardiac right atrium cardiac muscle tissue of heart right atrium cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium of heart cardiac muscle tissue of right cardiac atrium cardiac right atrium cardiac muscle cardiac right atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue cardiac right atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis cardiac right atrium cardiac muscle tissue cardiac right atrium heart muscle muscle tissue cardiac right atrium heart muscle textus muscularis cardiac right atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue cardiac right atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis cardiac right atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue cardiac right atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis cardiac right atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle cardiac right atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle cardiac right atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium cardiac right atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart cardiac right atrium muscle tissue of myocardium cardiac right atrium myocardium muscle tissue cardiac right atrium myocardium textus muscularis cardiac right atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle cardiac right atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle cardiac right atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium cardiac right atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart cardiac right atrium textus muscularis of myocardium heart muscle muscle tissue of cardiac right atrium heart muscle muscle tissue of heart right atrium heart muscle muscle tissue of right atrium heart muscle muscle tissue of right atrium of heart heart muscle muscle tissue of right cardiac atrium heart muscle textus muscularis of cardiac right atrium heart muscle textus muscularis of heart right atrium heart muscle textus muscularis of right atrium heart muscle textus muscularis of right atrium of heart heart muscle textus muscularis of right cardiac atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue of cardiac right atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue of heart right atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue of right atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue of right atrium of heart heart myocardium muscle tissue of right cardiac atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis of cardiac right atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis of heart right atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis of right atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis of right atrium of heart heart myocardium textus muscularis of right cardiac atrium heart right atrium cardiac muscle heart right atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue heart right atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis heart right atrium cardiac muscle tissue heart right atrium heart muscle muscle tissue heart right atrium heart muscle textus muscularis heart right atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue heart right atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis heart right atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue heart right atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis heart right atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle heart right atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle heart right atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium heart right atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart heart right atrium muscle tissue of myocardium heart right atrium myocardium muscle tissue heart right atrium myocardium textus muscularis heart right atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle heart right atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle heart right atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium heart right atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart heart right atrium textus muscularis of myocardium muscle of heart muscle tissue of cardiac right atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue of heart right atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue of right atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue of right atrium of heart muscle of heart muscle tissue of right cardiac atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis of cardiac right atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis of heart right atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis of right atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis of right atrium of heart muscle of heart textus muscularis of right cardiac atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of cardiac right atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of heart right atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of right atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of right atrium of heart muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of right cardiac atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle of cardiac right atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle of heart right atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle of right atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle of right atrium of heart muscle tissue of heart muscle of right cardiac atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium of cardiac right atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium of heart right atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium of right atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium of right atrium of heart muscle tissue of heart myocardium of right cardiac atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart of cardiac right atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart of heart right atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart of right atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart of right atrium of heart muscle tissue of muscle of heart of right cardiac atrium muscle tissue of myocardium of cardiac right atrium muscle tissue of myocardium of heart right atrium muscle tissue of myocardium of right atrium muscle tissue of myocardium of right atrium of heart muscle tissue of myocardium of right cardiac atrium myocardium muscle tissue of cardiac right atrium myocardium muscle tissue of heart right atrium myocardium muscle tissue of right atrium myocardium muscle tissue of right atrium of heart myocardium muscle tissue of right cardiac atrium myocardium textus muscularis of cardiac right atrium myocardium textus muscularis of heart right atrium myocardium textus muscularis of right atrium myocardium textus muscularis of right atrium of heart myocardium textus muscularis of right cardiac atrium right atrium cardiac muscle right atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue right atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis right atrium cardiac muscle tissue right atrium heart muscle muscle tissue right atrium heart muscle textus muscularis right atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue right atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis right atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue right atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis right atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle right atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle right atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium right atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart right atrium muscle tissue of myocardium right atrium myocardium muscle tissue right atrium myocardium textus muscularis right atrium of heart cardiac muscle right atrium of heart cardiac muscle muscle tissue right atrium of heart cardiac muscle textus muscularis right atrium of heart cardiac muscle tissue right atrium of heart heart muscle muscle tissue right atrium of heart heart muscle textus muscularis right atrium of heart heart myocardium muscle tissue right atrium of heart heart myocardium textus muscularis right atrium of heart muscle of heart muscle tissue right atrium of heart muscle of heart textus muscularis right atrium of heart muscle tissue of cardiac muscle right atrium of heart muscle tissue of heart muscle right atrium of heart muscle tissue of heart myocardium right atrium of heart muscle tissue of muscle of heart right atrium of heart muscle tissue of myocardium right atrium of heart myocardium muscle tissue right atrium of heart myocardium textus muscularis right atrium of heart textus muscularis of cardiac muscle right atrium of heart textus muscularis of heart muscle right atrium of heart textus muscularis of heart myocardium right atrium of heart textus muscularis of muscle of heart right atrium of heart textus muscularis of myocardium right atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle right atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle right atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium right atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart right atrium textus muscularis of myocardium right cardiac atrium cardiac muscle right cardiac atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue right cardiac atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis right cardiac atrium cardiac muscle tissue right cardiac atrium heart muscle muscle tissue right cardiac atrium heart muscle textus muscularis right cardiac atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue right cardiac atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis right cardiac atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue right cardiac atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis right cardiac atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle right cardiac atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle right cardiac atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium right cardiac atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart right cardiac atrium muscle tissue of myocardium right cardiac atrium myocardium muscle tissue right cardiac atrium myocardium textus muscularis right cardiac atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle right cardiac atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle right cardiac atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium right cardiac atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart right cardiac atrium textus muscularis of myocardium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of cardiac right atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of heart right atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of right atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of right atrium of heart textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of right cardiac atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle of cardiac right atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle of heart right atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle of right atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle of right atrium of heart textus muscularis of heart muscle of right cardiac atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium of cardiac right atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium of heart right atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium of right atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium of right atrium of heart textus muscularis of heart myocardium of right cardiac atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart of cardiac right atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart of heart right atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart of right atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart of right atrium of heart textus muscularis of muscle of heart of right cardiac atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of cardiac right atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of heart right atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of right atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of right atrium of heart textus muscularis of myocardium of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic myocardium textus muscularis of right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle muscle tissue of right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic right atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart textus muscularis of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic muscle of heart textus muscularis of right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle textus muscularis of right atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart myocardium of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic heart right atrium myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of myocardium of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic heart right atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic heart right atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart myocardium muscle tissue of right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium cardiac muscle tissue A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right atrium [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium muscle tissue of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle textus muscularis of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic muscle of heart textus muscularis of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic heart muscle textus muscularis of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic right atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart textus muscularis of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic heart muscle textus muscularis of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of muscle of heart of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic heart right atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of right atrium OBOL:automatic right atrium cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic right atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart myocardium muscle tissue of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of myocardium of right atrium OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart cardiac muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart myocardium of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic right atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic myocardium muscle tissue of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic right atrium textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic heart muscle textus muscularis of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic muscle of heart muscle tissue of right atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic muscle of heart textus muscularis of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic right atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle of heart muscle tissue of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of muscle of heart of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart muscle of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic right atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic myocardium textus muscularis of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart muscle tissue of myocardium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of muscle of heart of right atrium OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium heart muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart right atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic right atrium cardiac muscle tissue OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic myocardium muscle tissue of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart myocardium textus muscularis of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic right atrium heart muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic right atrium heart muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart right atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium textus muscularis of right atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of muscle of heart of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of myocardium of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium heart muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic right atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart muscle tissue of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of muscle of heart of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic heart right atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium heart muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart right atrium heart muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart right atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium heart muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle textus muscularis of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of right atrium OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of myocardium of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart myocardium of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart right atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart muscle of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic heart muscle muscle tissue of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart textus muscularis of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart muscle of heart muscle tissue OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic heart right atrium heart muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart muscle of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle muscle tissue of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle muscle tissue of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart muscle textus muscularis of right atrium OBOL:automatic heart right atrium textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic muscle of heart muscle tissue of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart cardiac muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart muscle of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart myocardium of right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle textus muscularis of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium muscle tissue of myocardium OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis OBOL:automatic right atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle OBOL:automatic right atrium muscle tissue of myocardium OBOL:automatic right atrium myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart myocardium of right atrium OBOL:automatic muscle of heart textus muscularis of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart cardiac muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart heart muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle of heart textus muscularis of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic heart right atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic muscle of heart muscle tissue of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic myocardium textus muscularis of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic heart muscle muscle tissue of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium muscle tissue of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart heart muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic myocardium muscle tissue of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic heart right atrium myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart myocardium of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart muscle of heart textus muscularis OBOL:automatic right atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of muscle of heart of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic heart muscle textus muscularis of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart textus muscularis of heart muscle OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart muscle of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic right atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart muscle of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of myocardium of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic heart right atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart myocardium of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle muscle tissue of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic heart right atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium cardiac muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart muscle muscle tissue of right atrium OBOL:automatic myocardium textus muscularis of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart muscle of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic heart muscle muscle tissue of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of muscle of heart of right atrium OBOL:automatic heart right atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic myocardium muscle tissue of right atrium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of muscle of heart of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic right atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart myocardium of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart muscle tissue of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart myocardium of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle textus muscularis of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium textus muscularis of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of muscle of heart of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic heart right atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of muscle of heart of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic myocardium textus muscularis of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart muscle of right atrium OBOL:automatic heart right atrium muscle tissue of myocardium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium textus muscularis of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart muscle tissue of heart muscle OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart muscle of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic right atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle OBOL:automatic right atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic heart myocardium textus muscularis of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart right atrium cardiac muscle tissue OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic muscle of heart muscle tissue of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic heart right atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart myocardium of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium muscle tissue of myocardium OBOL:automatic myocardium muscle tissue of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic heart muscle muscle tissue of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic right cardiac atrium textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle muscle tissue of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic right atrium myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart myocardium muscle tissue of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic right atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart muscle of right atrium OBOL:automatic heart right atrium cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic right atrium of heart muscle tissue of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac right atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of heart right atrium cardiac muscle of left atrium A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left atrium [Obol]. EHDAA2:0004154 EMAPA:17320 FMA:7285 OG:0001225 UBERON:0003380 cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle tissue cardiac left atrium heart muscle muscle tissue cardiac left atrium heart muscle textus muscularis cardiac left atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue cardiac left atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis cardiac left atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue cardiac left atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis cardiac left atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle cardiac left atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle cardiac left atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium cardiac left atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart cardiac left atrium muscle tissue of myocardium cardiac left atrium myocardium muscle tissue cardiac left atrium myocardium textus muscularis cardiac left atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle cardiac left atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle cardiac left atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium cardiac left atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart cardiac left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium cardiac muscle muscle tissue of cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue of heart left atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue of left atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue of left atrium of heart cardiac muscle muscle tissue of left cardiac atrium cardiac muscle of cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle of heart left atrium cardiac muscle of left atrium of heart cardiac muscle of left cardiac atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis of cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis of heart left atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis of left atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis of left atrium of heart cardiac muscle textus muscularis of left cardiac atrium cardiac muscle tissue of cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle tissue of heart left atrium cardiac muscle tissue of left atrium cardiac muscle tissue of left atrium of heart cardiac muscle tissue of left cardiac atrium heart left atrium cardiac muscle heart left atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue heart left atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis heart left atrium cardiac muscle tissue heart left atrium heart muscle muscle tissue heart left atrium heart muscle textus muscularis heart left atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue heart left atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis heart left atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue heart left atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis heart left atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle heart left atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle heart left atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium heart left atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart heart left atrium muscle tissue of myocardium heart left atrium myocardium muscle tissue heart left atrium myocardium textus muscularis heart left atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle heart left atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle heart left atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium heart left atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart heart left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium heart muscle muscle tissue of cardiac left atrium heart muscle muscle tissue of heart left atrium heart muscle muscle tissue of left atrium heart muscle muscle tissue of left atrium of heart heart muscle muscle tissue of left cardiac atrium heart muscle textus muscularis of cardiac left atrium heart muscle textus muscularis of heart left atrium heart muscle textus muscularis of left atrium heart muscle textus muscularis of left atrium of heart heart muscle textus muscularis of left cardiac atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue of cardiac left atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue of heart left atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue of left atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue of left atrium of heart heart myocardium muscle tissue of left cardiac atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis of cardiac left atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis of heart left atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis of left atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis of left atrium of heart heart myocardium textus muscularis of left cardiac atrium left atrium cardiac muscle left atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue left atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis left atrium cardiac muscle tissue left atrium heart muscle muscle tissue left atrium heart muscle textus muscularis left atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue left atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis left atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue left atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis left atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle left atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle left atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium left atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart left atrium muscle tissue of myocardium left atrium myocardium muscle tissue left atrium myocardium textus muscularis left atrium of heart cardiac muscle left atrium of heart cardiac muscle muscle tissue left atrium of heart cardiac muscle textus muscularis left atrium of heart cardiac muscle tissue left atrium of heart heart muscle muscle tissue left atrium of heart heart muscle textus muscularis left atrium of heart heart myocardium muscle tissue left atrium of heart heart myocardium textus muscularis left atrium of heart muscle of heart muscle tissue left atrium of heart muscle of heart textus muscularis left atrium of heart muscle tissue of cardiac muscle left atrium of heart muscle tissue of heart muscle left atrium of heart muscle tissue of heart myocardium left atrium of heart muscle tissue of muscle of heart left atrium of heart muscle tissue of myocardium left atrium of heart myocardium muscle tissue left atrium of heart myocardium textus muscularis left atrium of heart textus muscularis of cardiac muscle left atrium of heart textus muscularis of heart muscle left atrium of heart textus muscularis of heart myocardium left atrium of heart textus muscularis of muscle of heart left atrium of heart textus muscularis of myocardium left atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle left atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle left atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium left atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium left cardiac atrium cardiac muscle left cardiac atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue left cardiac atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis left cardiac atrium cardiac muscle tissue left cardiac atrium heart muscle muscle tissue left cardiac atrium heart muscle textus muscularis left cardiac atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue left cardiac atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis left cardiac atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue left cardiac atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis left cardiac atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle left cardiac atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle left cardiac atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium left cardiac atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart left cardiac atrium muscle tissue of myocardium left cardiac atrium myocardium muscle tissue left cardiac atrium myocardium textus muscularis left cardiac atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle left cardiac atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle left cardiac atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium left cardiac atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart left cardiac atrium textus muscularis of myocardium muscle of heart muscle tissue of cardiac left atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue of heart left atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue of left atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue of left atrium of heart muscle of heart muscle tissue of left cardiac atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis of cardiac left atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis of heart left atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis of left atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis of left atrium of heart muscle of heart textus muscularis of left cardiac atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of cardiac left atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of heart left atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of left atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of left atrium of heart muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of left cardiac atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle of cardiac left atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle of heart left atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle of left atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle of left atrium of heart muscle tissue of heart muscle of left cardiac atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium of cardiac left atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium of heart left atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium of left atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium of left atrium of heart muscle tissue of heart myocardium of left cardiac atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart of cardiac left atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart of heart left atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart of left atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart of left atrium of heart muscle tissue of muscle of heart of left cardiac atrium muscle tissue of myocardium of cardiac left atrium muscle tissue of myocardium of heart left atrium muscle tissue of myocardium of left atrium muscle tissue of myocardium of left atrium of heart muscle tissue of myocardium of left cardiac atrium myocardium muscle tissue of cardiac left atrium myocardium muscle tissue of heart left atrium myocardium muscle tissue of left atrium myocardium muscle tissue of left atrium of heart myocardium muscle tissue of left cardiac atrium myocardium textus muscularis of cardiac left atrium myocardium textus muscularis of heart left atrium myocardium textus muscularis of left atrium myocardium textus muscularis of left atrium of heart myocardium textus muscularis of left cardiac atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of cardiac left atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of heart left atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of left atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of left atrium of heart textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of left cardiac atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle of cardiac left atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle of heart left atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle of left atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle of left atrium of heart textus muscularis of heart muscle of left cardiac atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium of cardiac left atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium of heart left atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium of left atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium of left atrium of heart textus muscularis of heart myocardium of left cardiac atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart of cardiac left atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart of heart left atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart of left atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart of left atrium of heart textus muscularis of muscle of heart of left cardiac atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of cardiac left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of heart left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of left atrium of heart textus muscularis of myocardium of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium textus muscularis of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic left atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic heart muscle textus muscularis of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic myocardium textus muscularis of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle textus muscularis of left atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of muscle of heart of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of muscle of heart of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium heart muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart myocardium of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium heart muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart myocardium of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle muscle tissue of left atrium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium textus muscularis of left atrium OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of left atrium OBOL:automatic myocardium muscle tissue of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic myocardium muscle tissue of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart cardiac muscle tissue OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart muscle muscle tissue of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic heart left atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis OBOL:automatic left atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic heart left atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle textus muscularis of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart myocardium of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of left atrium OBOL:automatic heart left atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium heart muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle tissue OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of muscle of heart of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of myocardium of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart textus muscularis of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart muscle tissue of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic left atrium cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic heart left atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart left atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic left atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart textus muscularis of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium muscle tissue of left atrium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart textus muscularis of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart heart muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart muscle of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of muscle of heart of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic myocardium textus muscularis of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic left atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart muscle of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic myocardium textus muscularis of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic left atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart heart muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart muscle tissue of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart muscle of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic heart muscle textus muscularis of left atrium OBOL:automatic heart muscle muscle tissue of left atrium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of muscle of heart of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle muscle tissue of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart muscle tissue of myocardium OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic muscle of heart textus muscularis of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart myocardium of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart muscle of heart textus muscularis OBOL:automatic left atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of myocardium of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart muscle of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium cardiac muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic left atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart myocardium of left atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of muscle of heart of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic muscle of heart muscle tissue of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic muscle of heart textus muscularis of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart left atrium myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle OBOL:automatic left atrium heart muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic myocardium muscle tissue of left atrium OBOL:automatic left atrium muscle tissue of myocardium OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic muscle of heart muscle tissue of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium textus muscularis of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle muscle tissue of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic left atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart muscle textus muscularis of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle OBOL:automatic muscle of heart textus muscularis of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart cardiac muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart muscle textus muscularis of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic left atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic muscle of heart muscle tissue of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart left atrium cardiac muscle tissue OBOL:automatic left atrium cardiac muscle tissue OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of myocardium of left atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart myocardium of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle textus muscularis of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic heart left atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic myocardium muscle tissue of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium textus muscularis of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic heart left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle muscle tissue of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart cardiac muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart muscle muscle tissue of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart muscle of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart muscle of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart muscle of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium muscle tissue of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium muscle tissue of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic heart left atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic left atrium heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis OBOL:automatic left atrium myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart left atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic myocardium textus muscularis of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic heart left atrium muscle tissue of myocardium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium muscle tissue of myocardium OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium cardiac muscle tissue OBOL:automatic myocardium textus muscularis of left atrium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart muscle of left atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart muscle of left atrium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium muscle tissue of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart myocardium muscle tissue of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic heart left atrium cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart myocardium of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium muscle tissue of myocardium OBOL:automatic left atrium myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic heart muscle textus muscularis of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic muscle of heart muscle tissue of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic left atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of myocardium of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle textus muscularis of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of muscle of heart of left atrium OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart myocardium of left atrium OBOL:automatic muscle of heart muscle tissue of left atrium OBOL:automatic left atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of muscle of heart of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium textus muscularis of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic heart muscle muscle tissue of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of muscle of heart of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart muscle of heart muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart myocardium of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart muscle tissue of heart muscle OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of muscle of heart of left atrium OBOL:automatic muscle of heart textus muscularis of left atrium OBOL:automatic left atrium heart muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic heart left atrium heart muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium heart muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart left atrium heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of left atrium OBOL:automatic left atrium muscle of heart textus muscularis OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium textus muscularis of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle textus muscularis of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart myocardium of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic heart left atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic heart muscle muscle tissue of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic heart left atrium muscle tissue of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart muscle tissue of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle muscle tissue of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium muscle tissue of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic left atrium of heart textus muscularis of heart muscle OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium muscle tissue of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of left atrium OBOL:automatic heart left atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic heart left atrium heart muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle of heart textus muscularis of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart muscle of cardiac left atrium A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left atrium [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of myocardium of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic left atrium textus muscularis of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic heart left atrium muscle tissue of heart muscle OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium textus muscularis of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic left cardiac atrium textus muscularis of heart muscle OBOL:automatic heart left atrium muscle of heart muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart left atrium myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic myocardium muscle tissue of cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle of right ventricle A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right ventricle [Obol]. EMAPA:17342 FMA:83452 OG:0001236 UBERON:0003381 right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue GO:0003221 right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right ventricle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of left ventricle A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left ventricle [Obol]. EMAPA:17339 FMA:83453 OG:0001234 UBERON:0003382 left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left ventricle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic GO:0003220 left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue cardiac muscle of interventricular septum A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a interventricular septum [Obol]. EHDAA2:0004158 EMAPA:17335 FMA:84084 OG:0000999 UBERON:0003383 cardiac muscle muscle tissue of interventricular septum cardiac muscle muscle tissue of ventricular septum cardiac muscle of ventricular septum cardiac muscle textus muscularis of interventricular septum cardiac muscle textus muscularis of ventricular septum cardiac muscle tissue of interventricular septum cardiac muscle tissue of ventricular septum heart muscle muscle tissue of interventricular septum heart muscle muscle tissue of ventricular septum heart muscle textus muscularis of interventricular septum heart muscle textus muscularis of ventricular septum heart myocardium muscle tissue of interventricular septum heart myocardium muscle tissue of ventricular septum heart myocardium textus muscularis of interventricular septum heart myocardium textus muscularis of ventricular septum interventricular septum cardiac muscle interventricular septum cardiac muscle muscle tissue interventricular septum cardiac muscle textus muscularis interventricular septum cardiac muscle tissue interventricular septum heart muscle muscle tissue interventricular septum heart muscle textus muscularis interventricular septum heart myocardium muscle tissue interventricular septum heart myocardium textus muscularis interventricular septum muscle of heart muscle tissue interventricular septum muscle of heart textus muscularis interventricular septum muscle tissue of cardiac muscle interventricular septum muscle tissue of heart muscle interventricular septum muscle tissue of heart myocardium interventricular septum muscle tissue of muscle of heart interventricular septum muscle tissue of myocardium interventricular septum myocardium muscle tissue interventricular septum myocardium textus muscularis interventricular septum textus muscularis of cardiac muscle interventricular septum textus muscularis of heart muscle interventricular septum textus muscularis of heart myocardium interventricular septum textus muscularis of muscle of heart interventricular septum textus muscularis of myocardium muscle of heart muscle tissue of interventricular septum muscle of heart muscle tissue of ventricular septum muscle of heart textus muscularis of interventricular septum muscle of heart textus muscularis of ventricular septum muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of interventricular septum muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of ventricular septum muscle tissue of heart muscle of interventricular septum muscle tissue of heart muscle of ventricular septum muscle tissue of heart myocardium of interventricular septum muscle tissue of heart myocardium of ventricular septum muscle tissue of muscle of heart of interventricular septum muscle tissue of muscle of heart of ventricular septum muscle tissue of myocardium of interventricular septum muscle tissue of myocardium of ventricular septum myocardium muscle tissue of interventricular septum myocardium muscle tissue of ventricular septum myocardium textus muscularis of interventricular septum myocardium textus muscularis of ventricular septum textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of interventricular septum textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of ventricular septum textus muscularis of heart muscle of interventricular septum textus muscularis of heart muscle of ventricular septum textus muscularis of heart myocardium of interventricular septum textus muscularis of heart myocardium of ventricular septum textus muscularis of muscle of heart of interventricular septum textus muscularis of muscle of heart of ventricular septum textus muscularis of myocardium of interventricular septum textus muscularis of myocardium of ventricular septum ventricular septum cardiac muscle ventricular septum cardiac muscle muscle tissue ventricular septum cardiac muscle textus muscularis ventricular septum cardiac muscle tissue ventricular septum heart muscle muscle tissue ventricular septum heart muscle textus muscularis ventricular septum heart myocardium muscle tissue ventricular septum heart myocardium textus muscularis ventricular septum muscle of heart muscle tissue ventricular septum muscle of heart textus muscularis ventricular septum muscle tissue of cardiac muscle ventricular septum muscle tissue of heart muscle ventricular septum muscle tissue of heart myocardium ventricular septum muscle tissue of muscle of heart ventricular septum muscle tissue of myocardium ventricular septum myocardium muscle tissue ventricular septum myocardium textus muscularis ventricular septum textus muscularis of cardiac muscle ventricular septum textus muscularis of heart muscle ventricular septum textus muscularis of heart myocardium ventricular septum textus muscularis of muscle of heart ventricular septum textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium muscle tissue of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic ventricular septum muscle of heart textus muscularis OBOL:automatic ventricular septum muscle tissue of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle muscle tissue of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic interventricular septum cardiac muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic heart muscle textus muscularis of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart muscle of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic ventricular septum heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic interventricular septum textus muscularis of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic heart myocardium textus muscularis of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic interventricular septum myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of muscle of heart of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic ventricular septum muscle tissue of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic heart muscle textus muscularis of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic interventricular septum textus muscularis of heart muscle OBOL:automatic interventricular septum textus muscularis of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic heart muscle muscle tissue of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic ventricular septum myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic myocardium textus muscularis of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic ventricular septum heart muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic ventricular septum myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart myocardium muscle tissue of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle muscle tissue of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart myocardium of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic ventricular septum muscle tissue of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic interventricular septum textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of muscle of heart of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic ventricular septum muscle tissue of heart muscle OBOL:automatic interventricular septum cardiac muscle tissue OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart muscle of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of muscle of heart of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic interventricular septum heart muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart muscle of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic interventricular septum myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic interventricular septum muscle tissue of heart muscle A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a interventricular septum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle textus muscularis of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic muscle of heart muscle tissue of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart myocardium of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic interventricular septum textus muscularis of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic interventricular septum muscle tissue of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic myocardium muscle tissue of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic ventricular septum cardiac muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic myocardium textus muscularis of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic ventricular septum textus muscularis of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic interventricular septum cardiac muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart muscle muscle tissue of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic ventricular septum textus muscularis of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic ventricular septum textus muscularis of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic interventricular septum muscle tissue of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic ventricular septum heart muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle of heart muscle tissue of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic ventricular septum textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic interventricular septum heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic ventricular septum cardiac muscle tissue OBOL:automatic ventricular septum textus muscularis of heart muscle OBOL:automatic interventricular septum heart muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic ventricular septum heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic interventricular septum muscle of heart muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle textus muscularis of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic myocardium muscle tissue of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart myocardium of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic ventricular septum muscle of heart muscle tissue OBOL:automatic ventricular septum cardiac muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic ventricular septum cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic heart myocardium textus muscularis of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of muscle of heart of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic interventricular septum cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic muscle of heart textus muscularis of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic interventricular septum muscle of heart textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of myocardium of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart myocardium of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic interventricular septum muscle tissue of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic interventricular septum heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle of heart textus muscularis of ventricular septum OBOL:automatic interventricular septum muscle tissue of myocardium OBOL:automatic ventricular septum muscle tissue of myocardium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart muscle of interventricular septum OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of myocardium of ventricular septum skeletal muscle of pharynx A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pharynx [Obol]. EMAPA:18963 UBERON:0003384 pharynx skeletal muscle pharynx skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle tissue of pharynx OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of pharynx OBOL:automatic pharynx skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic pharynx skeletal muscle tissue A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pharynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of mesenchyme A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a mesenchyme [Obol]. EMAPA:19066 EMAPA:19071 UBERON:0003385 mesenchyme skeletal muscle mesenchyme skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle tissue of mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme skeletal muscle tissue A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a mesenchyme [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme skeletal muscle smooth muscle of eye A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a eye [Obol]. EMAPA:18807 UBERON:0003386 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a eye [Obol]. OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of trachea A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a trachea [Obol]. BTO:0001391 EMAPA:19192 FMA:262010 MA:0001863 UBERON:0003387 UBERON:0004244 trachea smooth muscle tracheal smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a trachea [Obol]. OBOL:automatic BTO:0001391 tracheal smooth muscle MA:0001863 trachea smooth muscle mesothelium of pericardial cavity A mesothelium that is part of a pericardial cavity [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001436 EMAPA:18449 UBERON:0003388 cavity of pericardial sac meso-epithelium cavity of pericardial sac mesothelium meso-epithelium of cavity of pericardial sac meso-epithelium of pericardial cavity mesothelium of cavity of pericardial sac pericardial cavity meso-epithelium pericardial cavity mesothelium OBOL:automatic cavity of pericardial sac meso-epithelium OBOL:automatic mesothelium of cavity of pericardial sac OBOL:automatic pericardial cavity mesothelium OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of pericardial cavity OBOL:automatic cavity of pericardial sac mesothelium OBOL:automatic pericardial cavity meso-epithelium OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of cavity of pericardial sac A mesothelium that is part of a pericardial cavity [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mesothelium of diaphragm A mesothelium that is part of a diaphragm [Obol]. EMAPA:18429 UBERON:0003389 diaphragm meso-epithelium diaphragm mesothelium meso-epithelium of diaphragm meso-epithelium of thoracic diaphragm mesothelium of thoracic diaphragm thoracic diaphragm meso-epithelium thoracic diaphragm mesothelium OBOL:automatic diaphragm mesothelium OBOL:automatic diaphragm meso-epithelium A mesothelium that is part of a diaphragm [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic thoracic diaphragm meso-epithelium OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of thoracic diaphragm OBOL:automatic mesothelium of thoracic diaphragm OBOL:automatic thoracic diaphragm mesothelium OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of diaphragm mesothelium of pleural cavity A mesothelium that is part of a pleural cavity [Obol]. BTO:0003155 EHDAA2:0001476 EMAPA:18463 UBERON:0003390 meso-epithelium of pleural cavity pleural cavity meso-epithelium pleural cavity mesothelium OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of pleural cavity A mesothelium that is part of a pleural cavity [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pleural cavity mesothelium OBOL:automatic pleural cavity meso-epithelium lip of upper jaw A lip that is part of a upper jaw [Obol]. EMAPA:17925 UBERON:0003391 lip of palatoquadrate arch palatoquadrate arch lip upper jaw lip OBOL:automatic upper jaw lip A lip that is part of a upper jaw [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lip of palatoquadrate arch OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch lip lip of lower jaw A lip that is part of a lower jaw [Obol]. EMAPA:17909 UBERON:0003392 lip of ventral mandibular arch lower jaw lip ventral mandibular arch lip OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch lip A lip that is part of a lower jaw [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lower jaw lip OBOL:automatic lip of ventral mandibular arch mesentery of urinary system A mesentery that is part of a urinary system [Obol]. EMAPA:17367 UBERON:0003393 excretory system mesentery mesentery of excretory system mesentery of renal system mesentery of systema urinaria renal system mesentery systema urinaria mesentery urinary system mesentery OBOL:automatic mesentery of systema urinaria OBOL:automatic mesentery of renal system A mesentery that is part of a urinary system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic urinary system mesentery OBOL:automatic renal system mesentery OBOL:automatic mesentery of excretory system OBOL:automatic excretory system mesentery OBOL:automatic systema urinaria mesentery mesentery of hindgut A mesentery that is part of a hindgut [Obol]. EMAPA:16718 UBERON:0003394 hindgut mesentery A mesentery that is part of a hindgut [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hindgut mesentery mesentery of rectum A mesentery that is part of a rectum [Obol]. EMAPA:18664 EMAPA:18929 UBERON:0003395 rectum mesentery OBOL:automatic rectum mesentery A mesentery that is part of a rectum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mesentery of colon A mesentery that is part of a colon [Obol]. EMAPA:18942 FMA:14645 SCTID:245457004 UBERON:0003396 colon mesentery large bowel mesentery large intestinal mesentery mesentery of large bowel mesentery of large intestine A mesentery that is part of a colon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mesentery of large bowel OBOL:automatic large bowel mesentery FMA:14645 large intestinal mesentery FMA:14645 mesentery of large intestine FMA OBOL:automatic colon mesentery mesentery of duodenum A mesentery that is part of a duodenum [Obol]. EMAPA:19081 UBERON:0003397 duodenum mesentery OBOL:automatic duodenum mesentery A mesentery that is part of a duodenum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mesentery of jejunum A mesentery that is part of a jejunum [Obol]. EMAPA:18670 EMAPA:18937 FMA:14651 SCTID:261286003 UBERON:0003398 jejunal mesentery jejunum mesentery mesojejunum http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/misc_topics/peritoneum.html mesojejunum A mesentery that is part of a jejunum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skin of forearm A zone of skin that is part of a lower arm [Obol]. EMAPA:18056 FMA:38265 MA:0000602 SCTID:181537008 UBERON:0003403 antebrachial region skin arm middle limb segment skin arm zeugopod skin brachial region middle limb segment skin brachial region zeugopod skin forearm skin intermediate segment of free upper limb skin lower arm skin lower segment of arm skin middle limb segment of arm skin middle limb segment of brachial region skin middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb skin proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment skin proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod skin skin of antebrachial region skin of arm middle limb segment skin of arm zeugopod skin of brachial region middle limb segment skin of brachial region zeugopod skin of intermediate segment of free upper limb skin of lower arm skin of lower segment of arm skin of middle limb segment of arm skin of middle limb segment of brachial region skin of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb skin of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment skin of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod skin of zeugopod of arm skin of zeugopod of brachial region skin of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod of arm skin zeugopod of brachial region skin zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb skin OBOL:automatic skin of intermediate segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb skin OBOL:automatic skin of antebrachial region OBOL:automatic skin of middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm skin OBOL:automatic skin of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic skin of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic skin of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free upper limb skin OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod skin OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region skin OBOL:automatic skin of zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod skin OBOL:automatic skin of brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic skin of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic skin of lower arm OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment skin OBOL:automatic skin of middle limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic zeugopod of arm skin OBOL:automatic skin of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb FMA:38265 forearm skin OBOL:automatic skin of arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod skin OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb skin OBOL:automatic skin of arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic skin of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic skin of brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm skin A zone of skin that is part of a lower arm [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region skin OBOL:automatic lower arm skin OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment skin OBOL:automatic antebrachial region skin OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment skin lobar bronchus of right lung A lobar bronchus that is part of a right lung [Obol]. EMAPA:17664 UBERON:0003404 right lung lobar bronchus right lung secondary bronchus secondary bronchus of right lung OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus of right lung OBOL:automatic right lung secondary bronchus A lobar bronchus that is part of a right lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic right lung lobar bronchus lobar bronchus of left lung A lobar bronchus that is part of a left lung [Obol]. EMAPA:17656 UBERON:0003405 left lung lobar bronchus left lung secondary bronchus secondary bronchus of left lung OBOL:automatic left lung lobar bronchus OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus of left lung OBOL:automatic left lung secondary bronchus A lobar bronchus that is part of a left lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic cartilage of respiratory system A cartilage that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. EMAPA:18694 MA:0001818 UBERON:0003406 apparatus respiratorius cartilage cartilage of apparatus respiratorius respiratory system cartilage A cartilage that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cartilage of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius cartilage OBOL:automatic respiratory system cartilage cartilage of nasal septum A cartilage that is part of a nasal septum [Obol]. EMAPA:25091 FMA:59503 UBERON:0003407 cartilago septal nasi nasal septum cartilage septal nasal cartilage OBOL:automatic nasal septum cartilage FMA:59503 cartilago septal nasi A cartilage that is part of a nasal septum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:59503 septal nasal cartilage gland of gut A gland that is part of a digestive tract [Obol]. EMAPA:18815 UBERON:0003408 digestive tract gland gland of digestive tract gland of lower gastrointestinal tract gut gland lower gastrointestinal tract gland OBOL:automatic gut gland OBOL:automatic lower gastrointestinal tract gland A gland that is part of a digestive tract [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic gland of lower gastrointestinal tract OBOL:automatic gland of digestive tract OBOL:automatic digestive tract gland gland of tongue A gland that is part of a tongue [Obol]. EMAPA:25097 UBERON:0003409 tongue gland OBOL:automatic tongue gland A gland that is part of a tongue [Obol]. OBOL:automatic oropharyngeal gland A gland that is part of a oropharynx [Obol]. EMAPA:25095 UBERON:0003410 gland of oral part of pharynx gland of oropharynx oral part of pharynx gland oropharynx gland OBOL:automatic oropharynx gland A gland that is part of a oropharynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic gland of oral part of pharynx EMAPA:25095 gland of oropharynx OBOL:automatic oral part of pharynx gland mesenchyme of amnion A mesenchyme that is part of an amnion [Obol]. EMAPA:16265 UBERON:0003411 amnion mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of an amnion [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic amnion mesenchyme hindlimb bud mesenchyme EMAPA:17255 UBERON:0003412 leg mesenchyme OBOL:automatic leg mesenchyme forelimb bud mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002135 EHDAA:1703 EMAPA:17244 UBERON:0003413 UBERON:0005703 arm mesenchyme wing mesenchyme OBOL:automatic arm mesenchyme OBOL:automatic wing mesenchyme mesenchyme of mandible A mesenchyme that is part of a mandible [Obol]. EMAPA:17912 UBERON:0003414 bone of lower jaw mesenchyme bone of ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme bone organ of lower jaw mesenchyme bone organ of ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme lower jaw bone mesenchyme lower jaw bone organ mesenchyme mandible mesenchyme mandibulla mesenchyme mesenchyme of bone of lower jaw mesenchyme of bone of ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme of bone organ of lower jaw mesenchyme of bone organ of ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme of lower jaw bone mesenchyme of lower jaw bone organ mesenchyme of mandibulla mesenchyme of ventral mandibular arch bone mesenchyme of ventral mandibular arch bone organ ventral mandibular arch bone mesenchyme ventral mandibular arch bone organ mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a mandible [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of ventral mandibular arch bone OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of bone of lower jaw OBOL:automatic lower jaw bone mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of bone organ of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of bone of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of ventral mandibular arch bone organ OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch bone organ mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lower jaw bone organ OBOL:automatic mandible mesenchyme OBOL:automatic bone of ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mandibulla mesenchyme OBOL:automatic bone organ of ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme OBOL:automatic bone of lower jaw mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of bone organ of lower jaw OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lower jaw bone OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of mandibulla OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch bone mesenchyme OBOL:automatic bone organ of lower jaw mesenchyme OBOL:automatic lower jaw bone organ mesenchyme mesenchyme of nasal septum A mesenchyme that is part of a nasal septum [Obol]. EMAPA:18443 UBERON:0003415 nasal septum mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a nasal septum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nasal septum mesenchyme mesenchyme of tongue A mesenchyme that is part of a tongue [Obol]. EMAPA:17882 EMAPA:18878 UBERON:0003416 tongue mesenchyme OBOL:automatic tongue mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a tongue [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of soft palate A mesenchyme that is part of a soft palate [Obol]. EMAPA:18951 UBERON:0003417 soft palate mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a soft palate [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic soft palate mesenchyme mesenchyme of submandibular gland A mesenchyme that is part of a submandibular gland [Obol]. EMAPA:18814 OG:0001110 UBERON:0003418 submandibular gland mesenchyme OBOL:automatic submandibular gland mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a submandibular gland [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of parotid A mesenchyme that is part of a parotid gland [Obol]. EMAPA:18539 OG:0001435 UBERON:0003419 mesenchyme of parotid gland parotid gland mesenchyme parotid mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a parotid gland [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of parotid gland OBOL:automatic parotid mesenchyme OBOL:automatic parotid gland mesenchyme mesenchyme of sublingual gland A mesenchyme that is part of a sublingual gland [Obol]. EMAPA:18811 OG:0001106 Rivinus'gland mesenchyme UBERON:0003420 ductus sublingualis mesenchyme mesenchyme of Rivinus'gland mesenchyme of ductus sublingualis sublingual gland mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of Rivinus'gland A mesenchyme that is part of a sublingual gland [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ductus sublingualis mesenchyme OBOL:automatic Rivinus'gland mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of ductus sublingualis OBOL:automatic sublingual gland mesenchyme mesenchyme of vomeronasal organ A mesenchyme that is part of a vomeronasal organ [Obol]. EMAPA:18445 Jacobson's organ mesenchyme UBERON:0003421 mesenchyme of Jacobson's organ vomeronasal organ mesenchyme OBOL:automatic vomeronasal organ mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of Jacobson's organ Jacobson's organ mesenchyme OBOL:automatic A mesenchyme that is part of a vomeronasal organ [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of umbilical cord EMAPA:26127 SCTID:368069009 UBERON:0003422 Wharton's jelly a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord, largely made up of mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate). It also contains some fibroblasts and macrophages. It is derived from Extra Embryonic Mesoderm[WP] todo - check umbilical cord mesenchyme Wikipedia OBOL:automatic umbilical cord mesenchyme EMAPA:26127 Wharton's jelly Wikipedia:Wharton's_jelly a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord, largely made up of mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate). It also contains some fibroblasts and macrophages. It is derived from Extra Embryonic Mesoderm[WP] mesenchyme of chorion A mesenchyme that is part of a chorion [Obol]. EHDAA2:0003245 EMAPA:16266 UBERON:0003423 chorion mesenchyme mesenchyme of chorion (vertebrates) A mesenchyme that is part of a chorion [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic chorion mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of chorion (vertebrates) mesenchyme of hard palate A mesenchyme that is part of a hard palate [Obol]. EMAPA:18954 UBERON:0003424 hard palate mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a hard palate [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hard palate mesenchyme renal lymph node A lymph node that is part of a kidney [Obol]. MA:0002882 UBERON:0003425 kidney lymph node lymph node of kidney ncithesaurus:Renal_Lymph_Node OBOL:automatic lymph node of kidney OBOL:automatic kidney lymph node A lymph node that is part of a kidney [Obol]. OBOL:automatic dermis adipose tissue An adipose tissue that is part of a dermis [Obol]. MA:0000798 UBERON:0003426 adipose tissue of dermis dermis fat tissue dermis fatty tissue fat tissue of dermis fatty tissue of dermis OBOL:automatic dermis fatty tissue OBOL:automatic adipose tissue of dermis An adipose tissue that is part of a dermis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic fat tissue of dermis OBOL:automatic fatty tissue of dermis OBOL:automatic dermis fat tissue abdominal fat pad MA:0000472 UBERON:0003427 abdomen fat pad fat pad of abdomen the encapsulated adipose tissue in the abdomen. OBOL:automatic fat pad of abdomen MP:0000010 the encapsulated adipose tissue in the abdomen. OBOL:automatic abdomen fat pad gonadal fat pad MA:0002547 UBERON:0003428 fat pad of gonad fat pad of gonada gonad fat pad gonada fat pad the encapsulated adipose tissue associated with the ovaries or testes. MP:0005335 the encapsulated adipose tissue associated with the ovaries or testes. OBOL:automatic gonada fat pad OBOL:automatic gonad fat pad OBOL:automatic fat pad of gonad OBOL:automatic fat pad of gonada abdomen nerve A nerve that is part of an abdomen [Obol]. MA:0000521 UBERON:0003429 nerve of abdomen OBOL:automatic nerve of abdomen A nerve that is part of an abdomen [Obol]. OBOL:automatic neck nerve A nerve that is part of a neck [Obol]. MA:0000588 UBERON:0003430 neck (volume) nerve nerve of neck nerve of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic nerve of neck OBOL:automatic nerve of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck (volume) nerve A nerve that is part of a neck [Obol]. OBOL:automatic leg nerve A nerve that is part of a leg [Obol]. MA:0000673 UBERON:0003431 nerve of leg OBOL:automatic nerve of leg A nerve that is part of a leg [Obol]. OBOL:automatic chest nerve A nerve that is part of a chest [Obol]. MA:0000551 UBERON:0003432 anterior thoracic region nerve anterolateral part of thorax nerve front of thorax nerve nerve of anterior thoracic region nerve of anterolateral part of thorax nerve of chest nerve of front of thorax OBOL:automatic nerve of chest OBOL:automatic anterolateral part of thorax nerve OBOL:automatic front of thorax nerve OBOL:automatic anterior thoracic region nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of front of thorax A nerve that is part of a chest [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of anterior thoracic region OBOL:automatic nerve of anterolateral part of thorax arm nerve A nerve that is part of an arm [Obol]. MA:0000595 UBERON:0003433 brachial region nerve nerve of arm nerve of brachial region nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb proximal segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of brachial region OBOL:automatic brachial region nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb nerve A nerve that is part of an arm [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of arm wrist nerve A nerve that is part of a wrist [Obol]. MA:0000637 UBERON:0003434 carpal region nerve nerve of carpal region nerve of wrist OBOL:automatic nerve of carpal region A nerve that is part of a wrist [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic carpal region nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of wrist foot digit nerve A nerve that is part of a toe [Obol]. MA:0000649 SCTID:300056004 UBERON:0003435 digit of foot nerve digit of terminal segment of free lower limb nerve digitus pedis nerve nerve of digit of foot nerve of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb nerve of digitus pedis nerve of foot digit nerve of terminal segment of free lower limb digit nerve of toe terminal segment of free lower limb digit nerve toe nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of foot digit OBOL:automatic nerve of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic nerve of toe OBOL:automatic toe nerve OBOL:automatic digitus pedis nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic digit of foot nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of digit of foot A nerve that is part of a toe [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of terminal segment of free lower limb digit OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit nerve shoulder nerve A nerve that is part of a shoulder [Obol]. MA:0000634 UBERON:0003436 nerve of shoulder A nerve that is part of a shoulder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of shoulder eyelid nerve A nerve that is part of a eyelid [Obol]. MA:0001255 UBERON:0003437 blepharon nerve nerve of blepharon nerve of eyelid OBOL:automatic nerve of eyelid OBOL:automatic nerve of blepharon A nerve that is part of a eyelid [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blepharon nerve iris nerve A nerve that is part of a iris [Obol]. MA:0001291 UBERON:0003438 nerve of iris OBOL:automatic nerve of iris A nerve that is part of a iris [Obol]. OBOL:automatic trunk nerve A nerve that is part of a trunk [Obol]. EMAPA:16986 MA:0000515 UBERON:0003439 nerve of torso nerve of trunk torso nerve OBOL:automatic torso nerve A nerve that is part of a trunk [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of torso OBOL:automatic nerve of trunk limb nerve A nerve that is part of a limb [Obol]. MA:0000693 UBERON:0003440 nerve of limb A nerve that is part of a limb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of limb forelimb nerve A nerve that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. MA:0000616 UBERON:0003441 anteriormost limb nerve fore limb nerve nerve of anteriormost limb nerve of fore limb nerve of forelimb nerve of superior member nerve of upper extremity superior member nerve upper extremity nerve OBOL:automatic fore limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of fore limb OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb nerve OBOL:automatic superior member nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of forelimb OBOL:automatic upper extremity nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of upper extremity OBOL:automatic nerve of anteriormost limb A nerve that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of superior member hindlimb nerve A nerve that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. MA:0000664 UBERON:0003442 hind limb nerve inferior member nerve lower extremity nerve nerve of hind limb nerve of hindlimb nerve of inferior member nerve of lower extremity OBOL:automatic nerve of lower extremity OBOL:automatic nerve of inferior member OBOL:automatic nerve of hindlimb A nerve that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hind limb nerve OBOL:automatic inferior member nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of hind limb OBOL:automatic lower extremity nerve thoracic cavity nerve A nerve that is part of a thoracic cavity [Obol]. MA:0000556 UBERON:0003443 cavity of chest nerve cavity of thorax nerve chest cavity nerve nerve of cavity of chest nerve of cavity of thorax nerve of chest cavity nerve of pectoral cavity nerve of thoracic cavity pectoral cavity nerve OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity nerve OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic nerve of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic nerve of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic nerve of thoracic cavity A nerve that is part of a thoracic cavity [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cavity of chest nerve OBOL:automatic chest cavity nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of chest cavity pelvis nerve A nerve that is part of a pelvis [Obol]. MA:0000542 UBERON:0003444 nerve of pelvis OBOL:automatic nerve of pelvis A nerve that is part of a pelvis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic foot nerve A nerve that is part of a foot [Obol]. MA:0000653 UBERON:0003445 autopod of hind limb nerve autopod of hindlimb nerve autopod of inferior member nerve autopod of lower extremity nerve distal free limb segment of hind limb nerve distal free limb segment of hindlimb nerve distal free limb segment of inferior member nerve distal free limb segment of lower extremity nerve hind limb autopod nerve hind limb distal free limb segment nerve hindlimb autopod nerve hindlimb distal free limb segment nerve inferior member autopod nerve inferior member distal free limb segment nerve lower extremity autopod nerve lower extremity distal free limb segment nerve nerve of autopod of hind limb nerve of autopod of hindlimb nerve of autopod of inferior member nerve of autopod of lower extremity nerve of distal free limb segment of hind limb nerve of distal free limb segment of hindlimb nerve of distal free limb segment of inferior member nerve of distal free limb segment of lower extremity nerve of foot nerve of hind limb autopod nerve of hind limb distal free limb segment nerve of hindlimb autopod nerve of hindlimb distal free limb segment nerve of inferior member autopod nerve of inferior member distal free limb segment nerve of lower extremity autopod nerve of lower extremity distal free limb segment nerve of terminal segment of free lower limb terminal segment of free lower limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic nerve of hind limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic nerve of lower extremity autopod OBOL:automatic nerve of autopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic nerve of autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic nerve of distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of distal free limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic nerve of autopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic nerve of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of hindlimb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod nerve OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of inferior member distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb nerve OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod nerve OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of foot OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb nerve OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb nerve OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member nerve OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of inferior member autopod OBOL:automatic nerve of distal free limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of lower extremity distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of hind limb autopod A nerve that is part of a foot [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod nerve ankle nerve A nerve that is part of an ankle [Obol]. MA:0000640 UBERON:0003446 nerve of ankle A nerve that is part of an ankle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of ankle hand digit nerve A nerve that is part of a finger [Obol]. MA:0000625 SCTID:181015006 UBERON:0003447 digit of hand nerve digit of terminal segment of free upper limb nerve digitus manus nerve finger nerve nerve of digit of hand nerve of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb nerve of digitus manus nerve of finger nerve of hand digit nerve of terminal segment of free upper limb digit terminal segment of free upper limb digit nerve OBOL:automatic digit of hand nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic nerve of digit of hand OBOL:automatic nerve of terminal segment of free upper limb digit A nerve that is part of a finger [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of digitus manus OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic finger nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of finger OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of hand digit OBOL:automatic digitus manus nerve hand nerve A nerve that is part of a hand [Obol]. MA:0000629 UBERON:0003448 arm autopod nerve arm distal free limb segment nerve autopod of arm nerve autopod of brachial region nerve autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve brachial region autopod nerve brachial region distal free limb segment nerve distal free limb segment of arm nerve distal free limb segment of brachial region nerve distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve nerve of arm autopod nerve of arm distal free limb segment nerve of autopod of arm nerve of autopod of brachial region nerve of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve of brachial region autopod nerve of brachial region distal free limb segment nerve of distal free limb segment of arm nerve of distal free limb segment of brachial region nerve of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve of hand nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment nerve of terminal segment of free upper limb proximal segment of free upper limb autopod nerve proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment nerve terminal segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic brachial region distal free limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of brachial region nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of autopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of distal free limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb autopod nerve OBOL:automatic arm autopod nerve OBOL:automatic autopod of brachial region nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of brachial region distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic arm distal free limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod A nerve that is part of a hand [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of arm nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of autopod of arm OBOL:automatic nerve of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic brachial region autopod nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of distal free limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic nerve of hand OBOL:automatic nerve of arm autopod OBOL:automatic nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic nerve of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic nerve of brachial region autopod OBOL:automatic nerve of arm distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic autopod of arm nerve OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve tail intervertebral disc A intervertebral disk that is part of a tail [Obol]. EMAPA:19592 MA:0000698 UBERON:0003449 intervertebral disc of post-vent region intervertebral disc of tail intervertebral disk of post-vent region intervertebral disk of tail post-vent region intervertebral disc post-vent region intervertebral disk post-vent region spinal disc spinal disc of post-vent region spinal disc of tail tail intervertebral disk tail spinal disc OBOL:automatic intervertebral disc of post-vent region OBOL:automatic post-vent region intervertebral disc OBOL:automatic tail spinal disc OBOL:automatic tail intervertebral disk OBOL:automatic spinal disc of post-vent region A intervertebral disk that is part of a tail [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic intervertebral disc of tail OBOL:automatic intervertebral disk of post-vent region OBOL:automatic post-vent region intervertebral disk OBOL:automatic post-vent region spinal disc OBOL:automatic spinal disc of tail OBOL:automatic intervertebral disk of tail upper jaw incisor A incisor tooth that is part of a upper jaw [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002121 EMAPA:17939 FMA:55712 MA:0001601 UBERON:0003450 incisor of palatoquadrate arch incisor of upper jaw incisor tooth of palatoquadrate arch incisor tooth of upper jaw ncithesaurus:Upper_Jaw_Incisor palatoquadrate arch incisor palatoquadrate arch incisor tooth upper incisor upper jaw incisor tooth upper primary incisor tooth OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm upper incisor OBOL:automatic incisor of palatoquadrate arch OBOL:automatic incisor tooth of palatoquadrate arch OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch incisor OBOL:automatic incisor tooth of upper jaw FMA:84214 upper primary incisor tooth A incisor tooth that is part of a upper jaw [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic incisor of upper jaw OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch incisor tooth OBOL:automatic upper jaw incisor tooth lower jaw incisor A incisor tooth that is part of a lower jaw [Obol]. BTO:0001942 EHDAA2:0001021 EMAPA:17918 FMA:55713 MA:0001600 UBERON:0003451 incisor of lower jaw incisor of ventral mandibular arch incisor tooth of lower jaw incisor tooth of ventral mandibular arch lower incisor lower jaw incisor tooth lower primary incisor tooth mandibular incisor ncithesaurus:Lower_Jaw_Incisor ventral mandibular arch incisor ventral mandibular arch incisor tooth OBOL:automatic incisor of lower jaw OBOL:automatic lower jaw incisor tooth FMA:84215 lower primary incisor tooth OBOL:automatic incisor of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch incisor tooth A incisor tooth that is part of a lower jaw [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm lower incisor OBOL:automatic incisor tooth of lower jaw OBOL:automatic incisor tooth of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch incisor BTO:0001942 mandibular incisor trabecula carnea cardiac muscle tissue A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a trabecula carnea [Obol]. FMA:84428 MA:0002833 UBERON:0003452 cardiac muscle muscle tissue of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle textus muscularis of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle tissue of trabecula carnea heart muscle muscle tissue of trabecula carnea heart muscle textus muscularis of trabecula carnea heart myocardium muscle tissue of trabecula carnea heart myocardium textus muscularis of trabecula carnea muscle of heart muscle tissue of trabecula carnea muscle of heart textus muscularis of trabecula carnea muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart muscle of trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart myocardium of trabecula carnea muscle tissue of muscle of heart of trabecula carnea muscle tissue of myocardium of trabecula carnea myocardium muscle tissue of trabecula carnea myocardium textus muscularis of trabecula carnea textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart muscle of trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart myocardium of trabecula carnea textus muscularis of muscle of heart of trabecula carnea textus muscularis of myocardium of trabecula carnea trabecula carnea cardiac muscle trabecula carnea cardiac muscle muscle tissue trabecula carnea cardiac muscle textus muscularis trabecula carnea heart muscle muscle tissue trabecula carnea heart muscle textus muscularis trabecula carnea heart myocardium muscle tissue trabecula carnea heart myocardium textus muscularis trabecula carnea muscle of heart muscle tissue trabecula carnea muscle of heart textus muscularis trabecula carnea muscle tissue of cardiac muscle trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart muscle trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart myocardium trabecula carnea muscle tissue of muscle of heart trabecula carnea muscle tissue of myocardium trabecula carnea myocardium muscle tissue trabecula carnea myocardium textus muscularis trabecula carnea textus muscularis of cardiac muscle trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart muscle trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart myocardium trabecula carnea textus muscularis of muscle of heart trabecula carnea textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic myocardium muscle tissue of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart myocardium of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of myocardium of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea heart muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle tissue of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle muscle tissue of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of muscle of heart of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart myocardium of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic muscle of heart muscle tissue of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart muscle OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle of heart muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart myocardium textus muscularis of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea textus muscularis of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea cardiac muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle tissue of myocardium OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle tissue of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea heart muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart muscle of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart muscle of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of muscle of heart of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea textus muscularis of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic heart muscle muscle tissue of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic muscle of heart textus muscularis of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic myocardium textus muscularis of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea cardiac muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle of heart textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart myocardium muscle tissue of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle textus muscularis of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart muscle A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a trabecula carnea [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart muscle textus muscularis of trabecula carnea large intestine Peyer's patch A Peyer ' s patch that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. MA:0001550 Peyer's patch of large intestine UBERON:0003453 large intestine Peyer's patch OBOL:automatic large intestine Peyer's patch OBOL:automatic Peyer's patch of large intestine A Peyer ' s patch that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic small intestine Peyer's patch Aggregated lymphoid follicle of small intestine FMA:15054 MA:0001557 Peyer's patch of small bowel Peyer's patch of small intestine UBERON:0003454 nodular lymphoid structures on the serosal surface of the small intestine. small bowel Peyer's patch small intestine Peyer's patch OBOL:automatic Peyer's patch of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel Peyer's patch OBOL:automatic small intestine Peyer's patch OBOL:automatic Peyer's patch of small intestine inner renal medulla loop of henle A loop of Henle that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Obol]. Henle loop of inner medulla of kidney Henle loop of inner renal medulla Henle loop of inner zone of medulla of kidney Henle loop of inner zone of renal medulla MA:0002623 UBERON:0003455 henle's loop of inner medulla of kidney henle's loop of inner renal medulla henle's loop of inner zone of medulla of kidney henle's loop of inner zone of renal medulla inner medulla of kidney Henle loop inner medulla of kidney henle's loop inner medulla of kidney loop of Henle inner renal medulla Henle loop inner renal medulla henle's loop inner renal medulla loop of Henle inner zone of medulla of kidney Henle loop inner zone of medulla of kidney henle's loop inner zone of medulla of kidney loop of Henle inner zone of renal medulla Henle loop inner zone of renal medulla henle's loop inner zone of renal medulla loop of Henle loop of Henle of inner medulla of kidney loop of Henle of inner renal medulla loop of Henle of inner zone of medulla of kidney loop of Henle of inner zone of renal medulla OBOL:automatic inner zone of medulla of kidney Henle loop OBOL:automatic inner zone of renal medulla henle's loop OBOL:automatic inner zone of renal medulla Henle loop A loop of Henle that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic inner medulla of kidney henle's loop Henle loop of inner medulla of kidney OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic inner renal medulla Henle loop OBOL:automatic loop of Henle of inner zone of medulla of kidney OBOL:automatic loop of Henle of inner medulla of kidney OBOL:automatic inner medulla of kidney loop of Henle Henle loop of inner zone of medulla of kidney OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic loop of Henle of inner renal medulla OBOL:automatic loop of Henle of inner zone of renal medulla OBOL:automatic inner renal medulla loop of Henle OBOL:automatic inner renal medulla henle's loop OBOL:automatic inner zone of renal medulla loop of Henle OBOL:automatic inner medulla of kidney Henle loop Henle loop of inner renal medulla OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic henle's loop of inner renal medulla Henle loop of inner zone of renal medulla OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic henle's loop of inner medulla of kidney OBOL:automatic inner zone of medulla of kidney henle's loop OBOL:automatic henle's loop of inner zone of renal medulla OBOL:automatic inner zone of medulla of kidney loop of Henle OBOL:automatic henle's loop of inner zone of medulla of kidney respiratory system lymphatic vessel A lymphatic vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001824 UBERON:0003456 apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel lymph vessel of apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel of respiratory system lymphatic vessel of apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel of respiratory system respiratory system lymph vessel A lymphatic vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lymphatic vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic lymph vessel of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic lymph vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic lymphatic vessel of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel OBOL:automatic respiratory system lymph vessel OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel head bone A bone that is part of a head [Obol]. MA:0000576 SCTID:118646007 UBERON:0003457 adult head bone adult head bone organ bone of adult head bone of head bone organ of adult head bone organ of head head bone organ OBOL:automatic head bone organ A bone that is part of a head [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bone of head OBOL:automatic adult head bone OBOL:automatic bone of adult head OBOL:automatic adult head bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of adult head OBOL:automatic bone organ of head neck bone A bone that is part of a neck [Obol]. MA:0000584 OpenCyc:Mx4rvnpJSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0003458 bone of neck bone of neck (volume) bone organ of neck bone organ of neck (volume) neck (volume) bone neck (volume) bone organ neck bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of neck OBOL:automatic bone organ of neck OBOL:automatic bone of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck (volume) bone organ A bone that is part of a neck [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic neck bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck (volume) bone chest bone A bone that is part of a chest [Obol]. MA:0000547 UBERON:0003459 anterior thoracic region bone anterior thoracic region bone organ anterolateral part of thorax bone anterolateral part of thorax bone organ bone of anterior thoracic region bone of anterolateral part of thorax bone of chest bone of front of thorax bone organ of anterior thoracic region bone organ of anterolateral part of thorax bone organ of chest bone organ of front of thorax chest bone organ front of thorax bone front of thorax bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of front of thorax OBOL:automatic front of thorax bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of anterolateral part of thorax A bone that is part of a chest [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bone organ of anterolateral part of thorax OBOL:automatic anterior thoracic region bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of anterior thoracic region OBOL:automatic chest bone organ OBOL:automatic anterolateral part of thorax bone OBOL:automatic anterior thoracic region bone OBOL:automatic bone of front of thorax OBOL:automatic anterolateral part of thorax bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of chest OBOL:automatic bone of chest OBOL:automatic front of thorax bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of anterior thoracic region arm bone A bone that is part of an arm [Obol]. GAID:178 MA:0000592 MESH:A.02.835.232.087 OpenCyc:Mx4rwKTXoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:368532003 UBERON:0003460 arm bone organ bone of arm bone of brachial region bone of proximal segment of free upper limb bone of upper extremity bone organ of arm bone organ of brachial region bone organ of proximal segment of free upper limb brachial region bone brachial region bone organ ncithesaurus:Bone_of_the_Upper_Extremity proximal segment of free upper limb bone proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ OBOL:automatic brachial region bone A bone that is part of an arm [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic brachial region bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of arm OBOL:automatic bone organ of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic bone of brachial region OBOL:automatic arm bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic bone of arm OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of brachial region GAID:178 bone of upper extremity shoulder bone A bone that is part of a shoulder [Obol]. MA:0000631 UBERON:0003461 bone of shoulder bone organ of shoulder shoulder bone organ A bone that is part of a shoulder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bone of shoulder OBOL:automatic shoulder bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of shoulder viscerocranium bone A bone that is part of a viscerocranium [Obol]. EMAPA:19019 MA:0001482 UBERON:0003462 bone of facial skeleton bone of viscerocranium facial bone facial skeleton bone ncithesaurus:Facial_Bone OBOL:automatic bone of viscerocranium OBOL:automatic bone of facial skeleton EMAPA:19019 facial bone A bone that is part of a viscerocranium [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic facial skeleton bone trunk bone A bone that is part of a trunk [Obol]. MA:0000512 SCTID:427358002 UBERON:0003463 bone of torso bone of trunk bone organ of torso bone organ of trunk torso bone torso bone organ trunk bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of trunk OBOL:automatic bone of torso OBOL:automatic bone organ of torso A bone that is part of a trunk [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bone of trunk OBOL:automatic torso bone OBOL:automatic trunk bone organ OBOL:automatic torso bone organ hindlimb bone A bone that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. EFO:0003842 GAID:198 MA:0000660 SCTID:361370006 UBERON:0003464 bone of hind limb bone of hindlimb bone of inferior member bone of lower extremity bone organ of hind limb bone organ of hindlimb bone organ of inferior member bone organ of lower extremity hind limb bone hind limb bone organ hindlimb bone organ inferior member bone inferior member bone organ lower extremity bone lower extremity bone organ ncithesaurus:Bone_of_the_Lower_Extremity OBOL:automatic bone organ of inferior member OBOL:automatic bone of hindlimb OBOL:automatic bone organ of hindlimb OBOL:automatic lower extremity bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of lower extremity OBOL:automatic bone organ of hind limb OBOL:automatic bone of inferior member OBOL:automatic hind limb bone organ OBOL:automatic hindlimb bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of hind limb A bone that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hind limb bone OBOL:automatic inferior member bone OBOL:automatic lower extremity bone OBOL:automatic inferior member bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of lower extremity chondrocranium bone A bone that is part of a chondrocranium [Obol]. MA:0001478 UBERON:0003465 UBERON:0004762 ZFA:0001544 class made obsolete. bone of chondrocranium bone organ of chondrocranium chondrocranium bone organ endochondral neurocranium bone OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm endochondral neurocranium bone OBOL:automatic bone of chondrocranium OBOL:automatic chondrocranium bone organ A bone that is part of a chondrocranium [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bone organ of chondrocranium lower arm bone A bone that is part of a lower arm [Obol]. MA:0000598 UBERON:0003466 antebrachial region bone antebrachial region bone organ arm middle limb segment bone arm middle limb segment bone organ arm zeugopod bone arm zeugopod bone organ bone of antebrachial region bone of arm middle limb segment bone of arm zeugopod bone of brachial region middle limb segment bone of brachial region zeugopod bone of intermediate segment of free upper limb bone of lower arm bone of lower segment of arm bone of middle limb segment of arm bone of middle limb segment of brachial region bone of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb bone of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment bone of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod bone of zeugopod of arm bone of zeugopod of brachial region bone of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ of antebrachial region bone organ of arm middle limb segment bone organ of arm zeugopod bone organ of brachial region middle limb segment bone organ of brachial region zeugopod bone organ of intermediate segment of free upper limb bone organ of lower arm bone organ of lower segment of arm bone organ of middle limb segment of arm bone organ of middle limb segment of brachial region bone organ of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment bone organ of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod bone organ of zeugopod of arm bone organ of zeugopod of brachial region bone organ of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb brachial region middle limb segment bone brachial region middle limb segment bone organ brachial region zeugopod bone brachial region zeugopod bone organ intermediate segment of free upper limb bone intermediate segment of free upper limb bone organ lower arm bone organ lower segment of arm bone lower segment of arm bone organ middle limb segment of arm bone middle limb segment of arm bone organ middle limb segment of brachial region bone middle limb segment of brachial region bone organ middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb bone middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment bone proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment bone organ proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod bone proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod bone organ zeugopod of arm bone zeugopod of arm bone organ zeugopod of brachial region bone zeugopod of brachial region bone organ zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone organ of intermediate segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic antebrachial region bone OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod bone OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic bone of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic bone organ of lower arm OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic bone of intermediate segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free upper limb bone OBOL:automatic bone of lower arm OBOL:automatic bone of middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic zeugopod of arm bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone of middle limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region bone OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod bone organ OBOL:automatic lower arm bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic bone of antebrachial region OBOL:automatic bone organ of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm bone organ A bone that is part of a lower arm [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bone organ of arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region bone organ OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of antebrachial region OBOL:automatic bone organ of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone of arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic bone of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic bone organ of brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod bone OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic bone organ of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment bone organ OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm bone OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free upper limb bone organ OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region bone OBOL:automatic zeugopod of arm bone OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment bone OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod bone organ OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment bone organ OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment bone OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb bone OBOL:automatic bone of brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic bone organ of middle limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic antebrachial region bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region bone organ OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment bone organ sesamoid bone of gastrocnemius MA:0001378 UBERON:0003467 fabella galen:Fabella gastrocnemius sesamoid bone m. gastrocnemius sesamoid bone sesamoid bone of m. gastrocnemius the small sesamoid bones situated behind the condyles of the femur. MA:0001378 fabella OBOL:automatic gastrocnemius sesamoid bone MP:0009005 the small sesamoid bones situated behind the condyles of the femur. OBOL:automatic m. gastrocnemius sesamoid bone OBOL:automatic sesamoid bone of m. gastrocnemius ureteric artery An artery that is part of a ureter [Obol]. MA:0002074 UBERON:0003468 An artery that is part of a ureter [Obol]. OBOL:automatic respiratory system artery An artery that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001804 UBERON:0003469 An artery that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic artery of upper lip An artery that is part of a upper lip [Obol]. MA:0001917 UBERON:0003470 An artery that is part of a upper lip [Obol]. OBOL:automatic artery of lower lip An artery that is part of a lower lip [Obol]. MA:0001916 UBERON:0003471 An artery that is part of a lower lip [Obol]. OBOL:automatic cerebellar artery An artery that is part of a cerebellum [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000228 EHDAA:5290 MA:0001933 SCTID:278102002 UBERON:0003472 ncithesaurus:Cerebellar_Artery An artery that is part of a cerebellum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic thoracic cavity artery An artery that is part of a thoracic cavity[cjm]. MA:0001902 Note that in MA, aorta is classified here - but this is problematic because the abdominal aorta is not in the thoracic cavity UBERON:0003473 An artery that is part of a thoracic cavity[cjm]. https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3317815&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 meningeal artery An artery that is part of a meninx [Obol]. GAID:499 MA:0002001 MESH:A.07.231.114.545 UBERON:0003474 An artery that is part of a meninx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic ureteric vein A vein that is part of a ureter [Obol]. MA:0002250 UBERON:0003475 ureter vein vein of ureter OBOL:automatic ureter vein OBOL:automatic vein of ureter A vein that is part of a ureter [Obol]. OBOL:automatic respiratory system venous blood vessel A vein that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001809 MA:0001810 UBERON:0003476 apparatus respiratorius vein respiratory system vein vein of apparatus respiratorius vein of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system vein OBOL:automatic vein of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius vein A vein that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vein of apparatus respiratorius vein of upper lip A vein that is part of a upper lip [Obol]. MA:0002255 UBERON:0003477 upper lip vein OBOL:automatic upper lip vein A vein that is part of a upper lip [Obol]. OBOL:automatic vein of lower lip A vein that is part of a lower lip [Obol]. MA:0002253 UBERON:0003478 lower lip vein OBOL:automatic lower lip vein A vein that is part of a lower lip [Obol]. OBOL:automatic thoracic cavity vein A vein that is part of a thoracic cavity [Obol]. MA:0001903 UBERON:0003479 cavity of chest vein cavity of thorax vein chest cavity vein pectoral cavity vein vein of cavity of chest vein of cavity of thorax vein of chest cavity vein of pectoral cavity vein of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic chest cavity vein OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity vein OBOL:automatic vein of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic vein of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic vein of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic vein of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic cavity of chest vein OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax vein OBOL:automatic vein of chest cavity A vein that is part of a thoracic cavity [Obol]. OBOL:automatic vein of clitoris A vein that is part of a clitoris [Obol]. MA:0002252 SCTID:360819004 UBERON:0003480 clitoris vein OBOL:automatic clitoris vein A vein that is part of a clitoris [Obol]. OBOL:automatic tail vein A vein that is part of a tail [Obol]. AAO:0011105 MA:0002233 UBERON:0003481 XAO:0000393 post-vent region vein vein of post-vent region vein of tail A vein that is part of a tail [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vein of tail OBOL:automatic vein of post-vent region OBOL:automatic post-vent region vein vein of trabecular bone A portion of vein that is part of a trabecular bone tissue [Obol]. MA:0002254 UBERON:0003482 spongy bone vein trabecular bone tissue vein trabecular bone vein vein of spongy bone vein of trabecular bone tissue A portion of vein that is part of a trabecular bone tissue [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vein of spongy bone OBOL:automatic trabecular bone vein OBOL:automatic trabecular bone tissue vein OBOL:automatic spongy bone vein OBOL:automatic vein of trabecular bone tissue thymus lymphoid tissue A portion of lymphoid tissue that is part of a thymus [Obol]. MA:0002673 MESH:A.06.407.850 UBERON:0003483 lymphatic tissue of thymus lymphatic tissue of thymus gland lymphocytic tissue of thymus lymphocytic tissue of thymus gland lymphoid tissue of thymus lymphoid tissue of thymus gland thymus gland lymphatic tissue thymus gland lymphocytic tissue thymus gland lymphoid tissue thymus lymphatic tissue thymus lymphocytic tissue A portion of lymphoid tissue that is part of a thymus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic thymus gland lymphocytic tissue OBOL:automatic lymphoid tissue of thymus gland OBOL:automatic lymphatic tissue of thymus gland OBOL:automatic lymphoid tissue of thymus OBOL:automatic thymus gland lymphoid tissue OBOL:automatic thymus lymphatic tissue OBOL:automatic thymus lymphocytic tissue OBOL:automatic thymus gland lymphatic tissue OBOL:automatic lymphatic tissue of thymus OBOL:automatic lymphocytic tissue of thymus gland OBOL:automatic lymphocytic tissue of thymus eye sebaceous gland A sebaceous gland that is part of a camera-type eye [Obol]. MA:0002452 UBERON:0003484 camera-type eye sebaceous gland sebaceous gland of camera-type eye sebaceous gland of vertebrate eye vertebrate eye sebaceous gland OBOL:automatic sebaceous gland of camera-type eye OBOL:automatic sebaceous gland of vertebrate eye A sebaceous gland that is part of a camera-type eye [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vertebrate eye sebaceous gland OBOL:automatic camera-type eye sebaceous gland vagina sebaceous gland A sebaceous gland that is part of a vagina [Obol]. MA:0001732 UBERON:0003485 sebaceous gland of vagina A sebaceous gland that is part of a vagina [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic sebaceous gland of vagina mammary gland sebaceous gland A sebaceous gland that is part of a lactiferous gland [Obol]. MA:0000794 UBERON:0003486 lactiferous gland sebaceous gland lobe of breast sebaceous gland lobe of mammary gland sebaceous gland sebaceous gland of lactiferous gland sebaceous gland of lobe of breast sebaceous gland of lobe of mammary gland sebaceous gland of mammary gland A sebaceous gland that is part of a lactiferous gland [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic sebaceous gland of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic sebaceous gland of mammary gland OBOL:automatic sebaceous gland of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland sebaceous gland OBOL:automatic sebaceous gland of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lobe of breast sebaceous gland OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland sebaceous gland skin sebaceous gland MA:0000149 MESH:A.10.336.827 UBERON:0003487 sebaceous gland of skin the holocrine glands of the dermis that secrete sebum into the hair follicles. MP:0009535 the holocrine glands of the dermis that secrete sebum into the hair follicles. OBOL:automatic sebaceous gland of skin abdominal mammary gland A lactiferous gland that is part of an abdomen [Obol]. MA:0000787 UBERON:0003488 abdomen lactiferous gland abdomen lobe of breast abdomen lobe of mammary gland abdomen mammary gland lactiferous gland of abdomen lobe of breast of abdomen lobe of mammary gland of abdomen mammary gland of abdomen OBOL:automatic mammary gland of abdomen OBOL:automatic lobe of breast of abdomen OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland of abdomen A lactiferous gland that is part of an abdomen [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic abdomen lobe of breast OBOL:automatic abdomen mammary gland OBOL:automatic abdomen lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic abdomen lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland of abdomen respiratory system capillary endothelium An endothelium of capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001808 UBERON:0003489 apparatus respiratorius blood capillary endothelium apparatus respiratorius capillary endothelium apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel endothelium apparatus respiratorius endothelium of blood capillary apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary vessel blood capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius blood capillary endothelium of respiratory system capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius capillary endothelium of respiratory system capillary vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel endothelium of respiratory system endothelium of blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of blood capillary of respiratory system endothelium of capillary of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary of respiratory system endothelium of capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary vessel of respiratory system respiratory system blood capillary endothelium respiratory system capillary vessel endothelium respiratory system endothelium of blood capillary respiratory system endothelium of capillary respiratory system endothelium of capillary vessel OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of capillary vessel OBOL:automatic blood capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of capillary OBOL:automatic respiratory system blood capillary endothelium An endothelium of capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel endothelium OBOL:automatic capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius blood capillary endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of capillary vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic blood capillary endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic capillary endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of blood capillary OBOL:automatic respiratory system capillary vessel endothelium OBOL:automatic capillary vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius capillary endothelium OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary vessel OBOL:automatic endothelium of capillary of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic endothelium of blood capillary of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary OBOL:automatic endothelium of capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of blood capillary OBOL:automatic endothelium of blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic capillary vessel endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic endothelium of capillary of respiratory system respiratory system reticular lamina A reticular lamina that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001817 UBERON:0003490 apparatus respiratorius fibroreticular lamina apparatus respiratorius lamina fibroreticularis apparatus respiratorius reticular lamina fibroreticular lamina of apparatus respiratorius fibroreticular lamina of respiratory system lamina fibroreticularis of apparatus respiratorius lamina fibroreticularis of respiratory system respiratory system fibroreticular lamina respiratory system lamina fibroreticularis reticular lamina of apparatus respiratorius reticular lamina of respiratory system OBOL:automatic lamina fibroreticularis of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius reticular lamina A reticular lamina that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic reticular lamina of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius lamina fibroreticularis OBOL:automatic reticular lamina of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system fibroreticular lamina OBOL:automatic fibroreticular lamina of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system lamina fibroreticularis OBOL:automatic fibroreticular lamina of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius fibroreticular lamina OBOL:automatic lamina fibroreticularis of apparatus respiratorius bronchus reticular lamina A reticular lamina that is part of a bronchus [Obol]. MA:0001834 UBERON:0003492 bronchi fibroreticular lamina bronchi lamina fibroreticularis bronchi reticular lamina bronchial trunk fibroreticular lamina bronchial trunk lamina fibroreticularis bronchial trunk reticular lamina bronchus fibroreticular lamina bronchus lamina fibroreticularis fibroreticular lamina of bronchi fibroreticular lamina of bronchial trunk fibroreticular lamina of bronchus lamina fibroreticularis of bronchi lamina fibroreticularis of bronchial trunk lamina fibroreticularis of bronchus reticular lamina of bronchi reticular lamina of bronchial trunk reticular lamina of bronchus OBOL:automatic reticular lamina of bronchial trunk A reticular lamina that is part of a bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bronchus lamina fibroreticularis OBOL:automatic reticular lamina of bronchi OBOL:automatic fibroreticular lamina of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchi fibroreticular lamina OBOL:automatic lamina fibroreticularis of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic fibroreticular lamina of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk fibroreticular lamina OBOL:automatic bronchi reticular lamina OBOL:automatic lamina fibroreticularis of bronchus OBOL:automatic reticular lamina of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk reticular lamina OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk lamina fibroreticularis OBOL:automatic bronchus fibroreticular lamina OBOL:automatic bronchi lamina fibroreticularis OBOL:automatic fibroreticular lamina of bronchus OBOL:automatic lamina fibroreticularis of bronchi trachea reticular lamina A reticular lamina that is part of a trachea [Obol]. MA:0001856 UBERON:0003493 fibroreticular lamina of cartilaginous trachea fibroreticular lamina of windpipe lamina fibroreticularis of cartilaginous trachea lamina fibroreticularis of windpipe reticular lamina of cartilaginous trachea reticular lamina of windpipe windpipe fibroreticular lamina windpipe lamina fibroreticularis windpipe reticular lamina OBOL:automatic reticular lamina of windpipe OBOL:automatic fibroreticular lamina of windpipe OBOL:automatic fibroreticular lamina of cartilaginous trachea OBOL:automatic reticular lamina of cartilaginous trachea OBOL:automatic windpipe lamina fibroreticularis OBOL:automatic lamina fibroreticularis of cartilaginous trachea OBOL:automatic windpipe reticular lamina OBOL:automatic lamina fibroreticularis of windpipe A reticular lamina that is part of a trachea [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic windpipe fibroreticular lamina respiratory system venule A venule that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001813 UBERON:0003494 apparatus respiratorius venule venule of apparatus respiratorius venule of respiratory system OBOL:automatic venule of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius venule OBOL:automatic venule of apparatus respiratorius A venule that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic respiratory system arteriole An arteriole that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001803 UBERON:0003495 An arteriole that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic head blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a head [Obol]. MA:0000575 SCTID:127865000 UBERON:0003496 adult head blood vessel blood vessel of adult head blood vessel of head OBOL:automatic blood vessel of adult head OBOL:automatic blood vessel of head OBOL:automatic adult head blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a head [Obol]. OBOL:automatic abdomen blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of an abdomen [Obol]. MA:0000518 UBERON:0003497 blood vessel of abdomen OBOL:automatic blood vessel of abdomen A blood vessel that is part of an abdomen [Obol]. OBOL:automatic heart blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a heart [Obol]. MA:0002483 UBERON:0003498 blood vessel of heart OBOL:automatic blood vessel of heart A blood vessel that is part of a heart [Obol]. OBOL:automatic brain blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a brain [Obol]. MA:0002769 UBERON:0003499 blood vessel of brain A blood vessel that is part of a brain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of brain corneal blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a cornea [Obol]. MA:0001241 UBERON:0003500 blood vessel of cornea cornea blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a cornea [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cornea blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of cornea retina blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a retina [Obol]. GAID:509 MA:0001317 MESH:A.07.231.611 SCTID:280692003 UBERON:0003501 XAO:0004153 blood vessel of inner layer of eyeball blood vessel of retina blood vessel of tunica interna of eyeball inner layer of eyeball blood vessel retinal blood vessel tunica interna of eyeball blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a retina [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of retina OBOL:automatic blood vessel of tunica interna of eyeball OBOL:automatic tunica interna of eyeball blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of inner layer of eyeball OBOL:automatic inner layer of eyeball blood vessel OBOL:automatic retinal blood vessel neck blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a neck [Obol]. MA:0000583 UBERON:0003502 blood vessel of neck blood vessel of neck (volume) neck (volume) blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of neck (volume) A blood vessel that is part of a neck [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of neck OBOL:automatic neck (volume) blood vessel leg blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a leg [Obol]. MA:0000669 UBERON:0003503 blood vessel of leg OBOL:automatic blood vessel of leg A blood vessel that is part of a leg [Obol]. OBOL:automatic respiratory system blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001799 UBERON:0003504 apparatus respiratorius blood vessel blood vessel of apparatus respiratorius blood vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic blood vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic blood vessel of apparatus respiratorius A blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius blood vessel trachea blood vessel MA:0001852 UBERON:0003505 UBERON:0003525 blood vessel of trachea OBOL:automatic blood vessel of trachea chest blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a chest [Obol]. MA:0000549 UBERON:0003506 anterior thoracic region blood vessel anterolateral part of thorax blood vessel blood vessel of anterior thoracic region blood vessel of anterolateral part of thorax blood vessel of chest blood vessel of front of thorax front of thorax blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a chest [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of anterior thoracic region OBOL:automatic blood vessel of chest OBOL:automatic blood vessel of front of thorax OBOL:automatic front of thorax blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of anterolateral part of thorax OBOL:automatic anterior thoracic region blood vessel OBOL:automatic anterolateral part of thorax blood vessel arm blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of an arm [Obol]. MA:0000591 UBERON:0003507 blood vessel of arm blood vessel of brachial region blood vessel of proximal segment of free upper limb brachial region blood vessel proximal segment of free upper limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of arm OBOL:automatic blood vessel of brachial region OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic brachial region blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of an arm [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of proximal segment of free upper limb foot digit blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a toe [Obol]. MA:0000645 UBERON:0003508 blood vessel of digit of foot blood vessel of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb blood vessel of digitus pedis blood vessel of foot digit blood vessel of terminal segment of free lower limb digit blood vessel of toe digit of foot blood vessel digit of terminal segment of free lower limb blood vessel digitus pedis blood vessel terminal segment of free lower limb digit blood vessel toe blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of toe OBOL:automatic blood vessel of digit of foot OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic digitus pedis blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of terminal segment of free lower limb digit OBOL:automatic toe blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of foot digit OBOL:automatic blood vessel of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit blood vessel OBOL:automatic digit of foot blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a toe [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of digitus pedis arterial blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of the arterial system. Includes artery, arteriole and aorta. MA:0000061 UBERON:0003509 only in MA - supertype of artery, arteriole, aorta. A blood vessel that is part of the arterial system. Includes artery, arteriole and aorta. UBERON:cjm eyelid blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a eyelid [Obol]. MA:0001250 UBERON:0003510 blepharon blood vessel blood vessel of blepharon blood vessel of eyelid OBOL:automatic blood vessel of blepharon A blood vessel that is part of a eyelid [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of eyelid OBOL:automatic blepharon blood vessel iris blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a iris [Obol]. MA:0001290 UBERON:0003511 ZFA:0005568 blood vessel of iris A blood vessel that is part of a iris [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of iris lung blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a lung [Obol]. MA:0002457 UBERON:0003512 blood vessel of lung A blood vessel that is part of a lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of lung trunk blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a trunk [Obol]. MA:0000511 UBERON:0003513 blood vessel of torso blood vessel of trunk torso blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of trunk OBOL:automatic torso blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of torso A blood vessel that is part of a trunk [Obol]. OBOL:automatic limb blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a limb [Obol]. MA:0000687 UBERON:0003514 blood vessel of limb A blood vessel that is part of a limb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of limb forelimb blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. MA:0000611 UBERON:0003515 anteriormost limb blood vessel blood vessel of anteriormost limb blood vessel of fore limb blood vessel of forelimb blood vessel of superior member blood vessel of upper extremity fore limb blood vessel superior member blood vessel upper extremity blood vessel OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic fore limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of forelimb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of superior member OBOL:automatic blood vessel of upper extremity OBOL:automatic blood vessel of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic superior member blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of fore limb A blood vessel that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic upper extremity blood vessel hindlimb blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. MA:0000659 UBERON:0003516 blood vessel of hind limb blood vessel of hindlimb blood vessel of inferior member blood vessel of lower extremity hind limb blood vessel inferior member blood vessel lower extremity blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of hindlimb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of inferior member OBOL:automatic lower extremity blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of hind limb OBOL:automatic inferior member blood vessel OBOL:automatic hind limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of lower extremity kidney blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a kidney [Obol]. MA:0001682 UBERON:0003517 ZFA:0005306 blood vessel of kidney renal blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a kidney [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of kidney OBOL:automatic renal blood vessel main bronchus blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a main bronchus [Obol]. MA:0001844 UBERON:0003518 blood vessel of bronchus principalis blood vessel of main bronchus blood vessel of primary bronchus blood vessel of principal bronchus bronchus principalis blood vessel primary bronchus blood vessel principal bronchus blood vessel OBOL:automatic primary bronchus blood vessel OBOL:automatic principal bronchus blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic blood vessel of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic blood vessel of main bronchus A blood vessel that is part of a main bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic thoracic cavity blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a thoracic cavity [Obol]. MA:0000554 UBERON:0003519 blood vessel of cavity of chest blood vessel of cavity of thorax blood vessel of chest cavity blood vessel of pectoral cavity blood vessel of thoracic cavity cavity of chest blood vessel cavity of thorax blood vessel chest cavity blood vessel pectoral cavity blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic chest cavity blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a thoracic cavity [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic blood vessel of chest cavity OBOL:automatic cavity of chest blood vessel OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of cavity of chest pelvis blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a pelvis [Obol]. MA:0000531 UBERON:0003520 blood vessel of pelvis OBOL:automatic blood vessel of pelvis A blood vessel that is part of a pelvis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic foot blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a foot [Obol]. MA:0000642 UBERON:0003521 autopod of hind limb blood vessel autopod of hindlimb blood vessel autopod of inferior member blood vessel autopod of lower extremity blood vessel blood vessel of autopod of hind limb blood vessel of autopod of hindlimb blood vessel of autopod of inferior member blood vessel of autopod of lower extremity blood vessel of distal free limb segment of hind limb blood vessel of distal free limb segment of hindlimb blood vessel of distal free limb segment of inferior member blood vessel of distal free limb segment of lower extremity blood vessel of foot blood vessel of hind limb autopod blood vessel of hind limb distal free limb segment blood vessel of hindlimb autopod blood vessel of hindlimb distal free limb segment blood vessel of inferior member autopod blood vessel of inferior member distal free limb segment blood vessel of lower extremity autopod blood vessel of lower extremity distal free limb segment blood vessel of terminal segment of free lower limb distal free limb segment of hind limb blood vessel distal free limb segment of hindlimb blood vessel distal free limb segment of inferior member blood vessel distal free limb segment of lower extremity blood vessel hind limb autopod blood vessel hind limb distal free limb segment blood vessel hindlimb autopod blood vessel hindlimb distal free limb segment blood vessel inferior member autopod blood vessel inferior member distal free limb segment blood vessel lower extremity autopod blood vessel lower extremity distal free limb segment blood vessel terminal segment of free lower limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb blood vessel OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of hind limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic blood vessel of inferior member autopod OBOL:automatic blood vessel of lower extremity distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment blood vessel OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod blood vessel OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic blood vessel of autopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of inferior member distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of foot OBOL:automatic blood vessel of distal free limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment blood vessel OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member blood vessel OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of hind limb autopod OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a foot [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of hindlimb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of distal free limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment blood vessel OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of lower extremity autopod OBOL:automatic blood vessel of autopod of lower extremity hand digit blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a finger [Obol]. MA:0000621 UBERON:0003522 blood vessel of digit of hand blood vessel of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb blood vessel of digitus manus blood vessel of finger blood vessel of hand digit blood vessel of terminal segment of free upper limb digit digit of hand blood vessel digit of terminal segment of free upper limb blood vessel digitus manus blood vessel finger blood vessel terminal segment of free upper limb digit blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb A blood vessel that is part of a finger [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic finger blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of digitus manus OBOL:automatic blood vessel of finger OBOL:automatic blood vessel of digit of hand OBOL:automatic blood vessel of terminal segment of free upper limb digit OBOL:automatic digit of hand blood vessel OBOL:automatic digitus manus blood vessel OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of hand digit hand blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a hand [Obol]. MA:0000618 UBERON:0003523 arm autopod blood vessel arm distal free limb segment blood vessel autopod of arm blood vessel autopod of brachial region blood vessel autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb blood vessel blood vessel of arm autopod blood vessel of arm distal free limb segment blood vessel of autopod of arm blood vessel of autopod of brachial region blood vessel of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb blood vessel of brachial region autopod blood vessel of brachial region distal free limb segment blood vessel of distal free limb segment of arm blood vessel of distal free limb segment of brachial region blood vessel of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb blood vessel of hand blood vessel of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod blood vessel of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment blood vessel of terminal segment of free upper limb brachial region autopod blood vessel brachial region distal free limb segment blood vessel distal free limb segment of arm blood vessel distal free limb segment of brachial region blood vessel distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb blood vessel proximal segment of free upper limb autopod blood vessel proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment blood vessel terminal segment of free upper limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of hand OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic arm distal free limb segment blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of arm autopod OBOL:automatic blood vessel of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic autopod of brachial region blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod OBOL:automatic autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of autopod of arm OBOL:automatic blood vessel of distal free limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic brachial region autopod blood vessel OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of arm blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a hand [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of arm distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic brachial region distal free limb segment blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of brachial region distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic arm autopod blood vessel OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb autopod blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of distal free limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic blood vessel of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of brachial region blood vessel OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of brachial region autopod OBOL:automatic autopod of arm blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of autopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb tail blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a tail [Obol]. MA:0000695 UBERON:0003524 blood vessel of post-vent region blood vessel of tail post-vent region blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of tail A blood vessel that is part of a tail [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic post-vent region blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of post-vent region respiratory system capillary A capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001807 UBERON:0003526 apparatus respiratorius blood capillary apparatus respiratorius capillary apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius blood capillary of respiratory system capillary of apparatus respiratorius capillary of respiratory system capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel of respiratory system respiratory system blood capillary respiratory system capillary vessel A capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic capillary vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius capillary OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius blood capillary OBOL:automatic respiratory system blood capillary OBOL:automatic respiratory system capillary vessel OBOL:automatic capillary of respiratory system OBOL:automatic blood capillary of respiratory system OBOL:automatic blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel OBOL:automatic capillary of apparatus respiratorius kidney capillary A capillary that is part of a kidney [Obol]. EMAPA:31443 MA:0002586 SCTID:275409003 UBERON:0003527 blood capillary of kidney capillary of kidney capillary vessel of kidney kidney blood capillary kidney capillary vessel renal capillary OBOL:automatic blood capillary of kidney OBOL:automatic capillary vessel of kidney OBOL:automatic capillary of kidney OBOL:automatic kidney capillary vessel OBOL:automatic kidney blood capillary OBOL:automatic renal capillary A capillary that is part of a kidney [Obol]. OBOL:automatic brain grey matter A gray matter of neuraxis that is part of a brain [Obol]. MA:0000810 UBERON:0003528 brain gray matter brain gray matter of neuraxis brain grey substance gray matter of brain gray matter of neuraxis of brain grey matter of brain grey substance of brain ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Gray_Matter OBOL:automatic brain gray matter OBOL:automatic gray matter of brain OBOL:automatic brain grey substance OBOL:automatic gray matter of neuraxis of brain OBOL:automatic grey substance of brain OBOL:automatic grey matter of brain OBOL:automatic brain gray matter of neuraxis A gray matter of neuraxis that is part of a brain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic respiratory system lymphatic vessel endothelium An endothelium of lymphatic vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001825 UBERON:0003529 apparatus respiratorius endothelium of lymph vessel apparatus respiratorius endothelium of lymphatic vessel apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel endothelium apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel endothelium endothelium of lymph vessel of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of lymph vessel of respiratory system endothelium of lymphatic vessel of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of lymphatic vessel of respiratory system lymph vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel endothelium of respiratory system lymphatic vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel endothelium of respiratory system respiratory system endothelium of lymph vessel respiratory system endothelium of lymphatic vessel respiratory system lymph vessel endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of lymphatic vessel of apparatus respiratorius An endothelium of lymphatic vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic endothelium of lymphatic vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of lymph vessel OBOL:automatic lymphatic vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic endothelium of lymph vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic lymph vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of lymph vessel OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel endothelium OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of lymphatic vessel OBOL:automatic endothelium of lymph vessel of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic lymph vessel endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system lymph vessel endothelium OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel endothelium OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of lymphatic vessel OBOL:automatic lymphatic vessel endothelium of respiratory system foot digit skin A zone of skin that is part of a toe [Obol]. FMA:37852 MA:0000650 SCTID:181530005 UBERON:0003530 digit of foot skin digit of terminal segment of free lower limb skin digitus pedis skin ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_Skin skin of digit of foot skin of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb skin of digitus pedis skin of foot digit skin of terminal segment of free lower limb digit skin of toe terminal segment of free lower limb digit skin toe skin OBOL:automatic digitus pedis skin OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb skin OBOL:automatic skin of toe OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit skin OBOL:automatic skin of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic skin of digit of foot A zone of skin that is part of a toe [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic toe skin OBOL:automatic skin of terminal segment of free lower limb digit OBOL:automatic skin of foot digit OBOL:automatic digit of foot skin OBOL:automatic skin of digitus pedis forelimb skin A zone of skin that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. FMA:23101 MA:0000617 SCTID:244130001 UBERON:0003531 anteriormost limb skin fore limb skin skin of anteriormost limb skin of fore limb skin of forelimb skin of superior member skin of upper extremity skin of upper limb superior member skin upper extremity skin upper limb skin OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb skin OBOL:automatic skin of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic fore limb skin FMA:23101 upper limb skin OBOL:automatic upper extremity skin OBOL:automatic skin of forelimb A zone of skin that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:23101 skin of upper limb OBOL:automatic skin of upper extremity OBOL:automatic skin of fore limb OBOL:automatic superior member skin OBOL:automatic skin of superior member hindlimb skin A zone of skin that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. FMA:23102 MA:0000665 SCTID:181528008 UBERON:0003532 hind limb skin inferior member skin lower extremity skin lower limb skin skin of hind limb skin of hindlimb skin of inferior member skin of lower extremity skin of lower limb OBOL:automatic skin of hindlimb FMA:23102 skin of lower limb A zone of skin that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skin of lower extremity FMA:23102 lower limb skin OBOL:automatic skin of inferior member OBOL:automatic skin of hind limb OBOL:automatic hind limb skin OBOL:automatic inferior member skin OBOL:automatic lower extremity skin hand digit skin A zone of skin that is part of a finger [Obol]. FMA:38304 MA:0000626 SCTID:361711001 UBERON:0003533 digit of hand skin digit of terminal segment of free upper limb skin digitus manus skin finger skin ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_Skin skin of digit of hand skin of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb skin of digitus manus skin of finger skin of hand digit skin of terminal segment of free upper limb digit terminal segment of free upper limb digit skin OBOL:automatic finger skin OBOL:automatic digitus manus skin OBOL:automatic digit of hand skin OBOL:automatic skin of terminal segment of free upper limb digit OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit skin OBOL:automatic skin of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic skin of finger OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb skin OBOL:automatic skin of digitus manus OBOL:automatic skin of digit of hand OBOL:automatic skin of hand digit A zone of skin that is part of a finger [Obol]. OBOL:automatic tail skin A zone of skin that is part of a tail [Obol]. MA:0000700 SCTID:67214004 UBERON:0003534 post-vent region skin skin of post-vent region skin of tail OBOL:automatic skin of post-vent region OBOL:automatic skin of tail A zone of skin that is part of a tail [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic post-vent region skin vagus X nerve trunk A trunk that is part of a vagus nerve [Obol]. FMA:6221 MA:0001150 SCTID:280308004 UBERON:0003535 Vagus nerve [ X ] torso Vagus nerve [ X ] trunk tenth cranial nerve torso tenth cranial nerve trunk torso of Vagus nerve [ X ] torso of tenth cranial nerve torso of vagus torso of vagus nerve torso of vagus nerve tree torso of vagus x nerve trunk of Vagus nerve [ X ] trunk of tenth cranial nerve trunk of vagus trunk of vagus nerve trunk of vagus nerve tree trunk of vagus x nerve vagus nerve torso vagus nerve tree torso vagus nerve tree trunk vagus nerve trunk vagus neural trunk vagus torso vagus trunk vagus x nerve torso vagus x nerve trunk OBOL:automatic trunk of vagus nerve OBOL:automatic torso of tenth cranial nerve OBOL:automatic torso of Vagus nerve [ X ] OBOL:automatic vagus x nerve torso OBOL:automatic torso of vagus nerve OBOL:automatic trunk of vagus x nerve OBOL:automatic vagus torso OBOL:automatic vagus nerve trunk OBOL:automatic vagus nerve torso OBOL:automatic tenth cranial nerve trunk OBOL:automatic vagus trunk OBOL:automatic vagus nerve tree trunk OBOL:automatic torso of vagus nerve tree OBOL:automatic vagus nerve tree torso A trunk that is part of a vagus nerve [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic tenth cranial nerve torso OBOL:automatic vagus x nerve trunk OBOL:automatic Vagus nerve [ X ] torso OBOL:automatic trunk of vagus FMA:6221 vagus neural trunk OBOL:automatic trunk of vagus nerve tree OBOL:automatic torso of vagus x nerve OBOL:automatic Vagus nerve [ X ] trunk OBOL:automatic trunk of tenth cranial nerve OBOL:automatic torso of vagus OBOL:automatic trunk of Vagus nerve [ X ] right lung alveolar duct An alveolar duct that is part of a right lung [Obol]. EMAPA:19185 EMAPA:19187 EMAPA:19189 EMAPA:19191 MA:0001785 UBERON:0003536 alveolar duct of right lung ncithesaurus:Right_Lung_Alveolar_Duct An alveolar duct that is part of a right lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic alveolar duct of right lung left lung alveolar duct An alveolar duct that is part of a left lung [Obol]. EMAPA:19183 MA:0001776 UBERON:0003537 alveolar duct of left lung ncithesaurus:Left_Lung_Alveolar_Duct An alveolar duct that is part of a left lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic alveolar duct of left lung right lung bronchiole A bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Obol]. EMAPA:19002 EMAPA:19004 EMAPA:19006 EMAPA:19008 MA:0001787 SCTID:200089000 UBERON:0003538 bronchiole of right lung lobular bronchiole of right lung ncithesaurus:Right_Lung_Bronchiole right lung lobular bronchiole OBOL:automatic right lung lobular bronchiole OBOL:automatic lobular bronchiole of right lung OBOL:automatic bronchiole of right lung A bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic left lung bronchiole A bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Obol]. EMAPA:19000 MA:0001778 SCTID:200484003 UBERON:0003539 bronchiole of left lung left lung lobular bronchiole lobular bronchiole of left lung ncithesaurus:Left_Lung_Bronchiole A bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lobular bronchiole of left lung OBOL:automatic left lung lobular bronchiole OBOL:automatic bronchiole of left lung right lung terminal bronchiole A terminal bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Obol]. MA:0001789 UBERON:0003540 bronchiolus terminalis of right lung ncithesaurus:Right_Lung_Terminal_Bronchiole right lung bronchiolus terminalis terminal bronchiole of right lung OBOL:automatic right lung bronchiolus terminalis A terminal bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis of right lung OBOL:automatic terminal bronchiole of right lung left lung terminal bronchiole A terminal bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Obol]. MA:0001780 UBERON:0003541 bronchiolus terminalis of left lung left lung bronchiolus terminalis ncithesaurus:Left_Lung_Terminal_Bronchiole terminal bronchiole of left lung OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis of left lung OBOL:automatic left lung bronchiolus terminalis A terminal bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic terminal bronchiole of left lung right lung respiratory bronchiole A respiratory bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Obol]. MA:0001788 UBERON:0003542 bronchiolus respiratorius of right lung ncithesaurus:Right_Lung_Respiratory_Bronchiole respiratory bronchiole of right lung right lung bronchiolus respiratorius OBOL:automatic bronchiolus respiratorius of right lung OBOL:automatic respiratory bronchiole of right lung A respiratory bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic right lung bronchiolus respiratorius left lung respiratory bronchiole A respiratory bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Obol]. MA:0001779 UBERON:0003543 bronchiolus respiratorius of left lung left lung bronchiolus respiratorius ncithesaurus:Left_Lung_Respiratory_Bronchiole respiratory bronchiole of left lung OBOL:automatic bronchiolus respiratorius of left lung OBOL:automatic left lung bronchiolus respiratorius A respiratory bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic respiratory bronchiole of left lung brain white matter MA:0000820 UBERON:0003544 brain white matter of neuraxis brain white substance ncithesaurus:Brain_White_Matter the regions of the brain that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites. white matter of brain white matter of neuraxis of brain white substance of brain MP:0008026 the regions of the brain that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites. OBOL:automatic white matter of neuraxis of brain OBOL:automatic white matter of brain OBOL:automatic brain white matter of neuraxis OBOL:automatic brain white substance OBOL:automatic white substance of brain brainstem white matter MA:0002741 UBERON:0003545 obsoleted as definition is unclear. cerebellar peduncle originally classified here but in ABA brainstem and cerbellum are spatially disjoint true distal convoluted tubule macula densa A macula densa that is part of a distal convoluted tubule [Obol]. MA:0001668 UBERON:0003546 MA MA A macula densa that is part of a distal convoluted tubule [Obol]. OBOL:automatic brain meninx A meninx that is part of a brain [Obol]. EV:0100312 MA:0000813 OG:0000013 UBERON:0003547 brain meninges meninges of brain meninx of brain OBOL:automatic meninges of brain A meninx that is part of a brain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic meninx of brain OBOL:automatic brain meninges forebrain meninges A meninx that is part of a forebrain [Obol]. EMAPA:17764 EMAPA:17774 MA:0000883 UBERON:0003548 forebrain meninx meninges of forebrain meninx of forebrain OBOL:automatic meninges of forebrain A meninx that is part of a forebrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic forebrain meninx OBOL:automatic meninx of forebrain brain pia mater EV:0100315 MA:0000816 OG:0000470 UBERON:0003549 brain pia mater of neuraxis ncithesaurus:Brain_Pia_Mater pia mater of brain pia mater of neuraxis of brain the fibrous membrane forming the innermost of the three coverings that surrounds the brain within the cranial cavity that is firmly attached to the glial capsule. OBOL:automatic brain pia mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic pia mater of neuraxis of brain OBOL:automatic pia mater of brain MP:0009026 the fibrous membrane forming the innermost of the three coverings that surrounds the brain within the cranial cavity that is firmly attached to the glial capsule. forebrain pia mater A pia mater that is part of a forebrain [Obol]. EMAPA:17767 EMAPA:17777 MA:0000886 UBERON:0003550 forebrain pia mater of neuraxis pia mater of forebrain pia mater of neuraxis of forebrain OBOL:automatic forebrain pia mater of neuraxis A pia mater that is part of a forebrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pia mater of forebrain OBOL:automatic pia mater of neuraxis of forebrain midbrain pia mater A pia mater that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001110 EHDAA2:0001175 EMAPA:17794 MA:0001061 OG:0000467 UBERON:0003551 midbrain pia mater of neuraxis pia mater of midbrain pia mater of neuraxis of midbrain OBOL:automatic pia mater of midbrain A pia mater that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pia mater of neuraxis of midbrain OBOL:automatic midbrain pia mater of neuraxis telencephalon pia mater A pia mater that is part of a telencephalon [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001992 EMAPA:17777 MA:0000982 OG:0000476 UBERON:0003552 pia mater of neuraxis of telencephalon pia mater of telencephalon telencephalon pia mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic pia mater of telencephalon OBOL:automatic pia mater of neuraxis of telencephalon A pia mater that is part of a telencephalon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic telencephalon pia mater of neuraxis diencephalon pia mater A pia mater that is part of a diencephalon [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000400 EMAPA:17767 MA:0000829 OG:0000475 UBERON:0003553 between brain pia mater between brain pia mater of neuraxis diencephalon pia mater of neuraxis interbrain pia mater interbrain pia mater of neuraxis mature diencephalon pia mater mature diencephalon pia mater of neuraxis pia mater of between brain pia mater of diencephalon pia mater of interbrain pia mater of mature diencephalon pia mater of neuraxis of between brain pia mater of neuraxis of diencephalon pia mater of neuraxis of interbrain pia mater of neuraxis of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic pia mater of neuraxis of interbrain OBOL:automatic interbrain pia mater OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon pia mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon pia mater OBOL:automatic pia mater of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic pia mater of diencephalon OBOL:automatic diencephalon pia mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic pia mater of between brain A pia mater that is part of a diencephalon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pia mater of neuraxis of between brain OBOL:automatic between brain pia mater OBOL:automatic pia mater of neuraxis of diencephalon OBOL:automatic between brain pia mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic interbrain pia mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic pia mater of neuraxis of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic pia mater of interbrain hindbrain pia mater A pia mater that is part of a hindbrain [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000772 EMAPA:17786 MA:0000990 OG:0000466 UBERON:0003554 hindbrain pia mater of neuraxis pia mater of hindbrain pia mater of neuraxis of hindbrain OBOL:automatic pia mater of hindbrain OBOL:automatic pia mater of neuraxis of hindbrain A pia mater that is part of a hindbrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hindbrain pia mater of neuraxis spinal cord pia mater A pia mater that is part of a spinal cord [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001896 EMAPA:17807 MA:0001133 OG:0000468 UBERON:0003555 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Cord_Pia_Mater pia mater of neuraxis of spinal cord pia mater of spinal cord spinal cord pia mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic pia mater of spinal cord A pia mater that is part of a spinal cord [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pia mater of neuraxis of spinal cord OBOL:automatic spinal cord pia mater of neuraxis forebrain arachnoid mater An arachnoid mater that is part of a forebrain [Obol]. EMAPA:17765 EMAPA:17775 MA:0000884 UBERON:0003556 arachnoid mater of forebrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis of forebrain arachnoid of forebrain forebrain arachnoid forebrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of forebrain An arachnoid mater that is part of a forebrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic forebrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic forebrain arachnoid OBOL:automatic arachnoid of forebrain OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of neuraxis of forebrain midbrain arachnoid mater An arachnoid mater that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. EMAPA:17792 MA:0001059 OG:0000233 UBERON:0003557 arachnoid mater of midbrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis of midbrain arachnoid of midbrain midbrain arachnoid midbrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic arachnoid of midbrain OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of midbrain OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of neuraxis of midbrain OBOL:automatic midbrain arachnoid OBOL:automatic midbrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis An arachnoid mater that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic diencephalon arachnoid mater An arachnoid mater that is part of a diencephalon [Obol]. EMAPA:17765 MA:0000827 OG:0000231 UBERON:0003558 arachnoid mater of between brain arachnoid mater of diencephalon arachnoid mater of interbrain arachnoid mater of mature diencephalon arachnoid mater of neuraxis of between brain arachnoid mater of neuraxis of diencephalon arachnoid mater of neuraxis of interbrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis of mature diencephalon arachnoid of between brain arachnoid of diencephalon arachnoid of interbrain arachnoid of mature diencephalon between brain arachnoid between brain arachnoid mater between brain arachnoid mater of neuraxis diencephalon arachnoid diencephalon arachnoid mater of neuraxis interbrain arachnoid interbrain arachnoid mater interbrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis mature diencephalon arachnoid mature diencephalon arachnoid mater mature diencephalon arachnoid mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of diencephalon OBOL:automatic diencephalon arachnoid OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon arachnoid mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon arachnoid mater OBOL:automatic between brain arachnoid OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of interbrain OBOL:automatic arachnoid of interbrain OBOL:automatic arachnoid of diencephalon OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of neuraxis of between brain OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of neuraxis of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of neuraxis of interbrain OBOL:automatic interbrain arachnoid mater OBOL:automatic interbrain arachnoid OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of neuraxis of diencephalon OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of between brain OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon arachnoid OBOL:automatic interbrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic between brain arachnoid mater OBOL:automatic diencephalon arachnoid mater of neuraxis An arachnoid mater that is part of a diencephalon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic between brain arachnoid mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic arachnoid of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic arachnoid of between brain hindbrain arachnoid mater An arachnoid mater that is part of a hindbrain [Obol]. EMAPA:17784 MA:0000988 OG:0000236 UBERON:0003559 arachnoid mater of hindbrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis of hindbrain arachnoid of hindbrain hindbrain arachnoid hindbrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis An arachnoid mater that is part of a hindbrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of hindbrain OBOL:automatic arachnoid of hindbrain OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of neuraxis of hindbrain OBOL:automatic hindbrain arachnoid OBOL:automatic hindbrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis spinal cord arachnoid mater An arachnoid mater that is part of a spinal cord [Obol]. EMAPA:17805 MA:0001131 OG:0000234 UBERON:0003560 arachnoid mater of neuraxis of spinal cord arachnoid mater of spinal cord arachnoid of spinal cord spinal cord arachnoid spinal cord arachnoid mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of neuraxis of spinal cord OBOL:automatic arachnoid of spinal cord OBOL:automatic spinal cord arachnoid An arachnoid mater that is part of a spinal cord [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic spinal cord arachnoid mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of spinal cord forebrain dura mater A dura mater that is part of a forebrain [Obol]. EMAPA:17766 MA:0000885 UBERON:0003561 dura mater of forebrain dura mater of neuraxis of forebrain forebrain dura mater of neuraxis A dura mater that is part of a forebrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic forebrain dura mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic dura mater of forebrain OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of forebrain midbrain dura mater A dura mater that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. EMAPA:17793 MA:0001060 OG:0000410 UBERON:0003562 dura mater of midbrain dura mater of neuraxis of midbrain midbrain dura mater of neuraxis A dura mater that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of midbrain OBOL:automatic dura mater of midbrain OBOL:automatic midbrain dura mater of neuraxis telencephalon dura mater A dura mater that is part of a telencephalon [Obol]. MA:0000981 UBERON:0003563 dura mater of neuraxis of telencephalon dura mater of telencephalon telencephalon dura mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic dura mater of telencephalon A dura mater that is part of a telencephalon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of telencephalon OBOL:automatic telencephalon dura mater of neuraxis diencephalon dura mater A dura mater that is part of a diencephalon [Obol]. EMAPA:17766 MA:0000828 OG:0000258 UBERON:0003564 between brain dura mater between brain dura mater of neuraxis diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis dura mater of between brain dura mater of diencephalon dura mater of interbrain dura mater of mature diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis of between brain dura mater of neuraxis of diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis of interbrain dura mater of neuraxis of mature diencephalon interbrain dura mater interbrain dura mater of neuraxis mature diencephalon dura mater mature diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic interbrain dura mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of interbrain OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of between brain OBOL:automatic dura mater of diencephalon OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis A dura mater that is part of a diencephalon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic between brain dura mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon dura mater OBOL:automatic dura mater of interbrain OBOL:automatic dura mater of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of diencephalon OBOL:automatic between brain dura mater OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic interbrain dura mater OBOL:automatic dura mater of between brain hindbrain dura mater A dura mater that is part of a hindbrain [Obol]. EMAPA:17785 MA:0000989 OG:0000409 UBERON:0003565 dura mater of hindbrain dura mater of neuraxis of hindbrain hindbrain dura mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of hindbrain OBOL:automatic dura mater of hindbrain OBOL:automatic hindbrain dura mater of neuraxis A dura mater that is part of a hindbrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic head connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a head [Obol]. MA:0000577 UBERON:0003566 adult head connective tissue adult head portion of connective tissue adult head textus connectivus connective tissue of adult head connective tissue of head head portion of connective tissue head textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of adult head portion of connective tissue of head textus connectivus of adult head textus connectivus of head OBOL:automatic adult head connective tissue OBOL:automatic adult head textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of head OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of adult head OBOL:automatic adult head portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic head portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of adult head OBOL:automatic head textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of adult head A portion of connective tissue that is part of a head [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of head OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of head abdomen connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdomen [Obol]. MA:0000519 UBERON:0003567 abdomen portion of connective tissue abdomen textus connectivus connective tissue of abdomen portion of connective tissue of abdomen textus connectivus of abdomen OBOL:automatic abdomen textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of abdomen A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdomen [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of abdomen OBOL:automatic abdomen portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of abdomen neck connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a neck [Obol]. MA:0000585 UBERON:0003568 connective tissue of neck connective tissue of neck (volume) neck (volume) connective tissue neck (volume) portion of connective tissue neck (volume) textus connectivus neck portion of connective tissue neck textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of neck portion of connective tissue of neck (volume) textus connectivus of neck textus connectivus of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic connective tissue of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic connective tissue of neck OBOL:automatic neck portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic neck (volume) textus connectivus OBOL:automatic neck (volume) connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of neck OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of neck OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of neck (volume) A portion of connective tissue that is part of a neck [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic neck textus connectivus OBOL:automatic neck (volume) portion of connective tissue leg connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a leg [Obol]. MA:0000671 UBERON:0003569 connective tissue of leg leg portion of connective tissue leg textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of leg textus connectivus of leg A portion of connective tissue that is part of a leg [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic leg portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of leg OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of leg OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of leg OBOL:automatic leg textus connectivus respiratory system connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001814 UBERON:0003570 apparatus respiratorius connective tissue apparatus respiratorius portion of connective tissue apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius connective tissue of respiratory system portion of connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius portion of connective tissue of respiratory system respiratory system portion of connective tissue respiratory system textus connectivus textus connectivus of apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus of respiratory system A portion of connective tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic respiratory system portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of respiratory system trachea connective tissue MA:0001853 UBERON:0003571 connective tissue of trachea connective tissue of windpipe portion of connective tissue of trachea portion of connective tissue of windpipe textus connectivus of trachea textus connectivus of windpipe trachea portion of connective tissue trachea textus connectivus windpipe connective tissue windpipe portion of connective tissue windpipe textus connectivus OBOL:automatic trachea portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic windpipe connective tissue OBOL:automatic windpipe textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of trachea OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of windpipe OBOL:automatic connective tissue of trachea OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of windpipe OBOL:automatic trachea textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of windpipe OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of trachea OBOL:automatic windpipe portion of connective tissue chest connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a chest [Obol]. MA:0000550 UBERON:0003572 anterior thoracic region connective tissue anterior thoracic region portion of connective tissue anterior thoracic region textus connectivus anterolateral part of thorax connective tissue anterolateral part of thorax portion of connective tissue anterolateral part of thorax textus connectivus chest portion of connective tissue chest textus connectivus connective tissue of anterior thoracic region connective tissue of anterolateral part of thorax connective tissue of chest connective tissue of front of thorax front of thorax connective tissue front of thorax portion of connective tissue front of thorax textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of anterior thoracic region portion of connective tissue of anterolateral part of thorax portion of connective tissue of chest portion of connective tissue of front of thorax textus connectivus of anterior thoracic region textus connectivus of anterolateral part of thorax textus connectivus of chest textus connectivus of front of thorax OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of anterior thoracic region OBOL:automatic anterolateral part of thorax portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of chest OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of anterolateral part of thorax OBOL:automatic connective tissue of front of thorax OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of anterior thoracic region OBOL:automatic connective tissue of chest OBOL:automatic anterior thoracic region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic anterolateral part of thorax connective tissue OBOL:automatic anterior thoracic region connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of anterior thoracic region OBOL:automatic anterolateral part of thorax textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of front of thorax A portion of connective tissue that is part of a chest [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic front of thorax portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of anterolateral part of thorax OBOL:automatic chest portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic front of thorax textus connectivus OBOL:automatic front of thorax connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of anterolateral part of thorax OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of chest OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of front of thorax OBOL:automatic anterior thoracic region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic chest textus connectivus arm connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of an arm [Obol]. MA:0000593 UBERON:0003573 arm portion of connective tissue arm textus connectivus brachial region connective tissue brachial region portion of connective tissue brachial region textus connectivus connective tissue of arm connective tissue of brachial region connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue of arm portion of connective tissue of brachial region portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus textus connectivus of arm textus connectivus of brachial region textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of arm OBOL:automatic arm portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of brachial region OBOL:automatic brachial region connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of arm OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of arm OBOL:automatic brachial region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of brachial region OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of brachial region OBOL:automatic brachial region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic arm textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb A portion of connective tissue that is part of an arm [Obol]. OBOL:automatic elbow connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a elbow [Obol]. MA:0000609 UBERON:0003574 connective tissue of cubital region connective tissue of elbow cubital region connective tissue cubital region portion of connective tissue cubital region textus connectivus elbow portion of connective tissue elbow textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of cubital region portion of connective tissue of elbow textus connectivus of cubital region textus connectivus of elbow OBOL:automatic cubital region connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of cubital region OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of cubital region OBOL:automatic cubital region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of elbow OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of elbow OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of cubital region A portion of connective tissue that is part of a elbow [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic elbow portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic elbow textus connectivus OBOL:automatic cubital region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of elbow wrist connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a wrist [Obol]. MA:0000636 UBERON:0003575 carpal region connective tissue carpal region portion of connective tissue carpal region textus connectivus connective tissue of carpal region connective tissue of wrist portion of connective tissue of carpal region portion of connective tissue of wrist textus connectivus of carpal region textus connectivus of wrist wrist portion of connective tissue wrist textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of carpal region OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of wrist OBOL:automatic wrist portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of carpal region A portion of connective tissue that is part of a wrist [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic connective tissue of carpal region OBOL:automatic carpal region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic wrist textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of wrist OBOL:automatic carpal region connective tissue OBOL:automatic carpal region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of wrist hip connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hip [Obol]. MA:0000656 UBERON:0003576 connective tissue of hip connective tissue of hip region connective tissue of regio coxae hip portion of connective tissue hip region connective tissue hip region portion of connective tissue hip region textus connectivus hip textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of hip portion of connective tissue of hip region portion of connective tissue of regio coxae regio coxae connective tissue regio coxae portion of connective tissue regio coxae textus connectivus textus connectivus of hip textus connectivus of hip region textus connectivus of regio coxae OBOL:automatic connective tissue of regio coxae OBOL:automatic hip region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hip OBOL:automatic regio coxae portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic hip region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic regio coxae textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of regio coxae OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hip OBOL:automatic hip portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic hip textus connectivus OBOL:automatic hip region connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hip OBOL:automatic regio coxae connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hip region OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hip region A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hip [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hip region OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of regio coxae knee connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a knee [Obol]. MA:0000667 UBERON:0003577 connective tissue of knee knee portion of connective tissue knee textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of knee textus connectivus of knee OBOL:automatic connective tissue of knee OBOL:automatic knee portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of knee A portion of connective tissue that is part of a knee [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic knee textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of knee foot digit connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a toe [Obol]. MA:0000647 UBERON:0003578 connective tissue of digit of foot connective tissue of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb connective tissue of digitus pedis connective tissue of foot digit connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb digit connective tissue of toe digit of foot connective tissue digit of foot portion of connective tissue digit of foot textus connectivus digit of terminal segment of free lower limb connective tissue digit of terminal segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue digit of terminal segment of free lower limb textus connectivus digitus pedis connective tissue digitus pedis portion of connective tissue digitus pedis textus connectivus foot digit portion of connective tissue foot digit textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of digit of foot portion of connective tissue of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue of digitus pedis portion of connective tissue of foot digit portion of connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb digit portion of connective tissue of toe terminal segment of free lower limb digit connective tissue terminal segment of free lower limb digit portion of connective tissue terminal segment of free lower limb digit textus connectivus textus connectivus of digit of foot textus connectivus of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb textus connectivus of digitus pedis textus connectivus of foot digit textus connectivus of terminal segment of free lower limb digit textus connectivus of toe toe connective tissue toe portion of connective tissue toe textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of digit of foot OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic toe textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of foot digit OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit textus connectivus OBOL:automatic toe portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of toe OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of digit of foot OBOL:automatic connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb digit OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of digit of foot OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic digit of foot portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic digitus pedis textus connectivus OBOL:automatic digit of foot textus connectivus OBOL:automatic digit of foot connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic connective tissue of toe OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of terminal segment of free lower limb digit OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of foot digit OBOL:automatic toe connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic foot digit portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of toe A portion of connective tissue that is part of a toe [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic foot digit textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of foot digit OBOL:automatic digitus pedis portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb digit OBOL:automatic digitus pedis connective tissue shoulder connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a shoulder [Obol]. MA:0000632 UBERON:0003579 connective tissue of shoulder portion of connective tissue of shoulder shoulder portion of connective tissue shoulder textus connectivus textus connectivus of shoulder OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of shoulder A portion of connective tissue that is part of a shoulder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic shoulder portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic shoulder textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of shoulder OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of shoulder lower respiratory tract connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Obol]. MA:0002409 UBERON:0003580 connective tissue of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract portion of connective tissue lower respiratory tract textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of lower respiratory tract textus connectivus of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower respiratory tract A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower respiratory tract eyelid connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a eyelid [Obol]. MA:0001251 UBERON:0003581 blepharon connective tissue blepharon portion of connective tissue blepharon textus connectivus connective tissue of blepharon connective tissue of eyelid eyelid portion of connective tissue eyelid textus connectivus ncithesaurus:Eyelid_Connective_Tissue portion of connective tissue of blepharon portion of connective tissue of eyelid textus connectivus of blepharon textus connectivus of eyelid A portion of connective tissue that is part of a eyelid [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of blepharon OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of blepharon OBOL:automatic blepharon portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic eyelid textus connectivus OBOL:automatic eyelid portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic blepharon connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of eyelid OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of eyelid OBOL:automatic blepharon textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of blepharon OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of eyelid nasopharynx connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a nasopharynx [Obol]. MA:0001864 UBERON:0003582 connective tissue of nasal part of pharynx connective tissue of nasopharynx connective tissue of rhinopharynx nasal part of pharynx connective tissue nasal part of pharynx portion of connective tissue nasal part of pharynx textus connectivus nasopharynx portion of connective tissue nasopharynx textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of nasal part of pharynx portion of connective tissue of nasopharynx portion of connective tissue of rhinopharynx rhinopharynx connective tissue rhinopharynx portion of connective tissue rhinopharynx textus connectivus textus connectivus of nasal part of pharynx textus connectivus of nasopharynx textus connectivus of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic connective tissue of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic connective tissue of nasopharynx OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx textus connectivus A portion of connective tissue that is part of a nasopharynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of nasopharynx OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of nasopharynx OBOL:automatic nasopharynx textus connectivus OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx connective tissue OBOL:automatic nasopharynx portion of connective tissue larynx connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a larynx [Obol]. MA:0001754 UBERON:0003583 connective tissue of larynx larynx portion of connective tissue larynx textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of larynx textus connectivus of larynx A portion of connective tissue that is part of a larynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of larynx OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of larynx OBOL:automatic larynx textus connectivus OBOL:automatic larynx portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of larynx mammary gland connective tissue FMA:74479 MA:0002897 UBERON:0003584 connective tissue of lactiferous gland connective tissue of lobe of breast connective tissue of lobe of mammary gland connective tissue of mammary gland lactiferous gland connective tissue lactiferous gland portion of connective tissue lactiferous gland textus connectivus lobe of breast connective tissue lobe of breast portion of connective tissue lobe of breast textus connectivus lobe of mammary gland connective tissue lobe of mammary gland portion of connective tissue lobe of mammary gland textus connectivus mammary gland portion of connective tissue mammary gland textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of lactiferous gland portion of connective tissue of lobe of breast portion of connective tissue of lobe of mammary gland portion of connective tissue of mammary gland textus connectivus of lactiferous gland textus connectivus of lobe of breast textus connectivus of lobe of mammary gland textus connectivus of mammary gland the fibrous supportive tissue of the mammary gland. OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland textus connectivus OBOL:automatic mammary gland textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic connective tissue of mammary gland OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lobe of breast portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of mammary gland OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic lobe of breast textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic lobe of breast connective tissue OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland textus connectivus MP:0009507 the fibrous supportive tissue of the mammary gland. OBOL:automatic mammary gland portion of connective tissue dermis connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a dermis [Obol]. MA:0000799 UBERON:0003585 connective tissue of dermis dermis portion of connective tissue dermis textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of dermis textus connectivus of dermis OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of dermis OBOL:automatic connective tissue of dermis OBOL:automatic dermis textus connectivus OBOL:automatic dermis portion of connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a dermis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of dermis trunk connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a trunk [Obol]. MA:0000513 UBERON:0003586 connective tissue of torso connective tissue of trunk portion of connective tissue of torso portion of connective tissue of trunk textus connectivus of torso textus connectivus of trunk torso connective tissue torso portion of connective tissue torso textus connectivus trunk portion of connective tissue trunk textus connectivus OBOL:automatic trunk textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of torso A portion of connective tissue that is part of a trunk [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic torso portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of torso OBOL:automatic torso textus connectivus OBOL:automatic trunk portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic torso connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of torso OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of trunk OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of trunk OBOL:automatic connective tissue of trunk limb connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a limb [Obol]. MA:0000689 UBERON:0003587 connective tissue of limb limb portion of connective tissue limb textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of limb textus connectivus of limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of limb OBOL:automatic limb portion of connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a limb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of limb forelimb connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. MA:0000613 UBERON:0003588 anteriormost limb connective tissue anteriormost limb portion of connective tissue anteriormost limb textus connectivus connective tissue of anteriormost limb connective tissue of fore limb connective tissue of forelimb connective tissue of superior member connective tissue of upper extremity fore limb connective tissue fore limb portion of connective tissue fore limb textus connectivus forelimb portion of connective tissue forelimb textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of anteriormost limb portion of connective tissue of fore limb portion of connective tissue of forelimb portion of connective tissue of superior member portion of connective tissue of upper extremity superior member connective tissue superior member portion of connective tissue superior member textus connectivus textus connectivus of anteriormost limb textus connectivus of fore limb textus connectivus of forelimb textus connectivus of superior member textus connectivus of upper extremity upper extremity connective tissue upper extremity portion of connective tissue upper extremity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of forelimb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of forelimb OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb portion of connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic fore limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of superior member OBOL:automatic connective tissue of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of fore limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of forelimb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of upper extremity OBOL:automatic forelimb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic forelimb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of fore limb OBOL:automatic superior member portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic fore limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of upper extremity OBOL:automatic connective tissue of fore limb OBOL:automatic superior member textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of upper extremity OBOL:automatic fore limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic upper extremity connective tissue OBOL:automatic upper extremity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of superior member OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic superior member connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of superior member OBOL:automatic upper extremity portion of connective tissue hindlimb connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. MA:0000661 UBERON:0003589 connective tissue of hind limb connective tissue of hindlimb connective tissue of inferior member connective tissue of lower extremity hind limb connective tissue hind limb portion of connective tissue hind limb textus connectivus hindlimb portion of connective tissue hindlimb textus connectivus inferior member connective tissue inferior member portion of connective tissue inferior member textus connectivus lower extremity connective tissue lower extremity portion of connective tissue lower extremity textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of hind limb portion of connective tissue of hindlimb portion of connective tissue of inferior member portion of connective tissue of lower extremity textus connectivus of hind limb textus connectivus of hindlimb textus connectivus of inferior member textus connectivus of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hindlimb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of inferior member OBOL:automatic inferior member textus connectivus OBOL:automatic hind limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hindlimb OBOL:automatic lower extremity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic hindlimb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hind limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hind limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hindlimb A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hind limb OBOL:automatic hind limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic inferior member connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower extremity OBOL:automatic lower extremity connective tissue OBOL:automatic lower extremity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hindlimb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hind limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic inferior member portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of inferior member OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of inferior member OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower extremity main bronchus connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a main bronchus [Obol]. MA:0001845 UBERON:0003590 bronchus principalis connective tissue bronchus principalis portion of connective tissue bronchus principalis textus connectivus connective tissue of bronchus principalis connective tissue of main bronchus connective tissue of primary bronchus connective tissue of principal bronchus main bronchus portion of connective tissue main bronchus textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of bronchus principalis portion of connective tissue of main bronchus portion of connective tissue of primary bronchus portion of connective tissue of principal bronchus primary bronchus connective tissue primary bronchus portion of connective tissue primary bronchus textus connectivus principal bronchus connective tissue principal bronchus portion of connective tissue principal bronchus textus connectivus textus connectivus of bronchus principalis textus connectivus of main bronchus textus connectivus of primary bronchus textus connectivus of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic primary bronchus connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of main bronchus OBOL:automatic principal bronchus portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis connective tissue OBOL:automatic primary bronchus textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of main bronchus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic main bronchus portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of main bronchus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of primary bronchus A portion of connective tissue that is part of a main bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic primary bronchus portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic principal bronchus textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic principal bronchus connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis textus connectivus OBOL:automatic main bronchus textus connectivus lobar bronchus connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lobar bronchus [Obol]. MA:0001841 UBERON:0003591 connective tissue of lobar bronchus connective tissue of secondary bronchus lobar bronchus portion of connective tissue lobar bronchus textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of lobar bronchus portion of connective tissue of secondary bronchus secondary bronchus connective tissue secondary bronchus portion of connective tissue secondary bronchus textus connectivus textus connectivus of lobar bronchus textus connectivus of secondary bronchus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of secondary bronchus OBOL:automatic lobar bronchus textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lobar bronchus OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of secondary bronchus OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus connective tissue OBOL:automatic lobar bronchus portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of secondary bronchus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lobar bronchus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lobar bronchus OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus portion of connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lobar bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic bronchus connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a bronchus [Obol]. MA:0001831 UBERON:0003592 bronchi connective tissue bronchi portion of connective tissue bronchi textus connectivus bronchial trunk connective tissue bronchial trunk portion of connective tissue bronchial trunk textus connectivus bronchus portion of connective tissue bronchus textus connectivus connective tissue of bronchi connective tissue of bronchial trunk connective tissue of bronchus ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Connective_Tissue portion of connective tissue of bronchi portion of connective tissue of bronchial trunk portion of connective tissue of bronchus textus connectivus of bronchi textus connectivus of bronchial trunk textus connectivus of bronchus A portion of connective tissue that is part of a bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchi connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchi portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchus portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of bronchi OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchi textus connectivus OBOL:automatic bronchus textus connectivus OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of bronchi OBOL:automatic connective tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic connective tissue of bronchi thoracic cavity connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thoracic cavity [Obol]. MA:0000555 UBERON:0003593 cavity of chest connective tissue cavity of chest portion of connective tissue cavity of chest textus connectivus cavity of thorax connective tissue cavity of thorax portion of connective tissue cavity of thorax textus connectivus chest cavity connective tissue chest cavity portion of connective tissue chest cavity textus connectivus connective tissue of cavity of chest connective tissue of cavity of thorax connective tissue of chest cavity connective tissue of pectoral cavity connective tissue of thoracic cavity pectoral cavity connective tissue pectoral cavity portion of connective tissue pectoral cavity textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of cavity of chest portion of connective tissue of cavity of thorax portion of connective tissue of chest cavity portion of connective tissue of pectoral cavity portion of connective tissue of thoracic cavity textus connectivus of cavity of chest textus connectivus of cavity of thorax textus connectivus of chest cavity textus connectivus of pectoral cavity textus connectivus of thoracic cavity thoracic cavity portion of connective tissue thoracic cavity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic thoracic cavity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax connective tissue OBOL:automatic chest cavity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic cavity of chest connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of chest cavity OBOL:automatic chest cavity textus connectivus A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thoracic cavity [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic connective tissue of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax textus connectivus OBOL:automatic thoracic cavity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic cavity of chest portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of chest cavity OBOL:automatic connective tissue of chest cavity OBOL:automatic connective tissue of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic cavity of chest textus connectivus OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity connective tissue OBOL:automatic chest cavity connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of cavity of thorax pelvis connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a pelvis [Obol]. MA:0000533 UBERON:0003594 connective tissue of pelvis pelvis portion of connective tissue pelvis textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of pelvis textus connectivus of pelvis OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of pelvis A portion of connective tissue that is part of a pelvis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pelvis textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of pelvis OBOL:automatic pelvis portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of pelvis foot connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a foot [Obol]. MA:0000644 UBERON:0003595 autopod of hind limb connective tissue autopod of hind limb portion of connective tissue autopod of hind limb textus connectivus autopod of hindlimb connective tissue autopod of hindlimb portion of connective tissue autopod of hindlimb textus connectivus autopod of inferior member connective tissue autopod of inferior member portion of connective tissue autopod of inferior member textus connectivus autopod of lower extremity connective tissue autopod of lower extremity portion of connective tissue autopod of lower extremity textus connectivus connective tissue of autopod of hind limb connective tissue of autopod of hindlimb connective tissue of autopod of inferior member connective tissue of autopod of lower extremity connective tissue of distal free limb segment of hind limb connective tissue of distal free limb segment of hindlimb connective tissue of distal free limb segment of inferior member connective tissue of distal free limb segment of lower extremity connective tissue of foot connective tissue of hind limb autopod connective tissue of hind limb distal free limb segment connective tissue of hindlimb autopod connective tissue of hindlimb distal free limb segment connective tissue of inferior member autopod connective tissue of inferior member distal free limb segment connective tissue of lower extremity autopod connective tissue of lower extremity distal free limb segment connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb distal free limb segment of hind limb connective tissue distal free limb segment of hind limb portion of connective tissue distal free limb segment of hind limb textus connectivus distal free limb segment of hindlimb connective tissue distal free limb segment of hindlimb portion of connective tissue distal free limb segment of hindlimb textus connectivus distal free limb segment of inferior member connective tissue distal free limb segment of inferior member portion of connective tissue distal free limb segment of inferior member textus connectivus distal free limb segment of lower extremity connective tissue distal free limb segment of lower extremity portion of connective tissue distal free limb segment of lower extremity textus connectivus foot portion of connective tissue foot textus connectivus hind limb autopod connective tissue hind limb autopod portion of connective tissue hind limb autopod textus connectivus hind limb distal free limb segment connective tissue hind limb distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue hind limb distal free limb segment textus connectivus hindlimb autopod connective tissue hindlimb autopod portion of connective tissue hindlimb autopod textus connectivus hindlimb distal free limb segment connective tissue hindlimb distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue hindlimb distal free limb segment textus connectivus inferior member autopod connective tissue inferior member autopod portion of connective tissue inferior member autopod textus connectivus inferior member distal free limb segment connective tissue inferior member distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue inferior member distal free limb segment textus connectivus lower extremity autopod connective tissue lower extremity autopod portion of connective tissue lower extremity autopod textus connectivus lower extremity distal free limb segment connective tissue lower extremity distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue lower extremity distal free limb segment textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of autopod of hind limb portion of connective tissue of autopod of hindlimb portion of connective tissue of autopod of inferior member portion of connective tissue of autopod of lower extremity portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of hind limb portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of hindlimb portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of inferior member portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of lower extremity portion of connective tissue of foot portion of connective tissue of hind limb autopod portion of connective tissue of hind limb distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue of hindlimb autopod portion of connective tissue of hindlimb distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue of inferior member autopod portion of connective tissue of inferior member distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue of lower extremity autopod portion of connective tissue of lower extremity distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb terminal segment of free lower limb connective tissue terminal segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue terminal segment of free lower limb textus connectivus textus connectivus of autopod of hind limb textus connectivus of autopod of hindlimb textus connectivus of autopod of inferior member textus connectivus of autopod of lower extremity textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of hind limb textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of hindlimb textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of inferior member textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of lower extremity textus connectivus of foot textus connectivus of hind limb autopod textus connectivus of hind limb distal free limb segment textus connectivus of hindlimb autopod textus connectivus of hindlimb distal free limb segment textus connectivus of inferior member autopod textus connectivus of inferior member distal free limb segment textus connectivus of lower extremity autopod textus connectivus of lower extremity distal free limb segment textus connectivus of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of autopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hind limb autopod OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hind limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic connective tissue of inferior member autopod OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of foot OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of foot OBOL:automatic foot textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of autopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of autopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hind limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower extremity autopod OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower extremity autopod OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of inferior member distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of inferior member autopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of foot OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hind limb autopod OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hind limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of inferior member distal free limb segment A portion of connective tissue that is part of a foot [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower extremity distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hindlimb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic connective tissue of autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic connective tissue of distal free limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic foot portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hind limb autopod OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of autopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower extremity distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of autopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of autopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member textus connectivus OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower extremity distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hindlimb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of inferior member distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity connective tissue OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of inferior member autopod OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic connective tissue of distal free limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic connective tissue of distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hindlimb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member connective tissue OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb connective tissue OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower extremity autopod ankle connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of an ankle [Obol]. MA:0000639 UBERON:0003596 ankle portion of connective tissue ankle textus connectivus connective tissue of ankle portion of connective tissue of ankle textus connectivus of ankle OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of ankle OBOL:automatic ankle portion of connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of an ankle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic connective tissue of ankle OBOL:automatic ankle textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of ankle hand digit connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a finger [Obol]. MA:0000623 UBERON:0003597 connective tissue of digit of hand connective tissue of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb connective tissue of digitus manus connective tissue of finger connective tissue of hand digit connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb digit digit of hand connective tissue digit of hand portion of connective tissue digit of hand textus connectivus digit of terminal segment of free upper limb connective tissue digit of terminal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue digit of terminal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus digitus manus connective tissue digitus manus portion of connective tissue digitus manus textus connectivus finger connective tissue finger portion of connective tissue finger textus connectivus hand digit portion of connective tissue hand digit textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of digit of hand portion of connective tissue of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue of digitus manus portion of connective tissue of finger portion of connective tissue of hand digit portion of connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb digit terminal segment of free upper limb digit connective tissue terminal segment of free upper limb digit portion of connective tissue terminal segment of free upper limb digit textus connectivus textus connectivus of digit of hand textus connectivus of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus of digitus manus textus connectivus of finger textus connectivus of hand digit textus connectivus of terminal segment of free upper limb digit OBOL:automatic hand digit textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of finger OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hand digit OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb digit OBOL:automatic connective tissue of finger OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of finger OBOL:automatic digit of hand portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of digit of hand OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit connective tissue OBOL:automatic digitus manus connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hand digit OBOL:automatic connective tissue of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic finger connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of digitus manus OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hand digit OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of digit of hand OBOL:automatic digit of hand connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of terminal segment of free upper limb digit OBOL:automatic connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb digit OBOL:automatic hand digit portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of digitus manus OBOL:automatic digit of hand textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of digitus manus OBOL:automatic digitus manus textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of digit of hand OBOL:automatic digitus manus portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit textus connectivus OBOL:automatic finger textus connectivus OBOL:automatic finger portion of connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a finger [Obol]. OBOL:automatic hand connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hand [Obol]. MA:0000620 UBERON:0003598 arm autopod connective tissue arm autopod portion of connective tissue arm autopod textus connectivus arm distal free limb segment connective tissue arm distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue arm distal free limb segment textus connectivus autopod of arm connective tissue autopod of arm portion of connective tissue autopod of arm textus connectivus autopod of brachial region connective tissue autopod of brachial region portion of connective tissue autopod of brachial region textus connectivus autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus brachial region autopod connective tissue brachial region autopod portion of connective tissue brachial region autopod textus connectivus brachial region distal free limb segment connective tissue brachial region distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue brachial region distal free limb segment textus connectivus connective tissue of arm autopod connective tissue of arm distal free limb segment connective tissue of autopod of arm connective tissue of autopod of brachial region connective tissue of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue of brachial region autopod connective tissue of brachial region distal free limb segment connective tissue of distal free limb segment of arm connective tissue of distal free limb segment of brachial region connective tissue of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue of hand connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment of arm connective tissue distal free limb segment of arm portion of connective tissue distal free limb segment of arm textus connectivus distal free limb segment of brachial region connective tissue distal free limb segment of brachial region portion of connective tissue distal free limb segment of brachial region textus connectivus distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus hand portion of connective tissue hand textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of arm autopod portion of connective tissue of arm distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue of autopod of arm portion of connective tissue of autopod of brachial region portion of connective tissue of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue of brachial region autopod portion of connective tissue of brachial region distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of arm portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of brachial region portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue of hand portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb proximal segment of free upper limb autopod connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb autopod portion of connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb autopod textus connectivus proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment textus connectivus terminal segment of free upper limb connective tissue terminal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue terminal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus textus connectivus of arm autopod textus connectivus of arm distal free limb segment textus connectivus of autopod of arm textus connectivus of autopod of brachial region textus connectivus of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus of brachial region autopod textus connectivus of brachial region distal free limb segment textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of arm textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of brachial region textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus of hand textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment textus connectivus of terminal segment of free upper limb A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hand [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of brachial region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic autopod of brachial region connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic autopod of brachial region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic arm distal free limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic brachial region autopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic brachial region distal free limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of autopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of arm autopod OBOL:automatic arm autopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of brachial region distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic arm autopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of brachial region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of brachial region autopod OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic brachial region autopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic arm distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic connective tissue of brachial region distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic brachial region autopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hand OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb autopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic autopod of brachial region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of brachial region autopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of autopod of arm OBOL:automatic hand portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of autopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hand OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of arm autopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of arm distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic arm distal free limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of arm portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb autopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of arm distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of brachial region distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic hand textus connectivus OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of brachial region connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of distal free limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic arm autopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of autopod of arm OBOL:automatic autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic brachial region distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of autopod of arm OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of arm autopod OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of arm connective tissue OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb autopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic brachial region distal free limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of autopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic connective tissue of distal free limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic autopod of arm portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of arm textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod OBOL:automatic autopod of arm textus connectivus OBOL:automatic autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of brachial region autopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hand OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of arm distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic autopod of arm connective tissue tail connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a tail [Obol]. MA:0000697 UBERON:0003599 connective tissue of post-vent region connective tissue of tail portion of connective tissue of post-vent region portion of connective tissue of tail post-vent region connective tissue post-vent region portion of connective tissue post-vent region textus connectivus tail portion of connective tissue tail textus connectivus textus connectivus of post-vent region textus connectivus of tail OBOL:automatic connective tissue of tail OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of tail OBOL:automatic post-vent region connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a tail [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of post-vent region OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of tail OBOL:automatic tail textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of post-vent region OBOL:automatic tail portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic post-vent region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic post-vent region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of post-vent region neck cartilage A cartilage that is part of a neck [Obol]. MA:0000586 UBERON:0003601 cartilage of neck cartilage of neck (volume) neck (volume) cartilage A cartilage that is part of a neck [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cartilage of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck (volume) cartilage OBOL:automatic cartilage of neck lower respiratory tract cartilage A cartilage that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Obol]. MA:0001819 UBERON:0003603 cartilage of lower respiratory tract ncithesaurus:Lower_Respiratory_Tract_Cartilage OBOL:automatic cartilage of lower respiratory tract A cartilage that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Obol]. OBOL:automatic trachea cartilage EMAPA:18699 FMA:7434 MA:0001857 SCTID:278979006 The cartilages of the trachea (or tracheal rings) vary from sixteen to twenty in number: each forms an imperfect ring, which occupies the anterior two-thirds or so of the circumference of the trachea, being deficient behind, where the tube is completed by fibrous tissue and unstriped muscular fibers. UBERON:0003604 cartilage of the trachea cartilage of trachea cartilage of windpipe cartilaginous ring of trachea cartilaginous trachea cartilage cartilago trachealis ncithesaurus:Trachea_Cartilage ring of the trachea tracheal cartilage tracheal ring windpipe cartilage FMA:7434 tracheal cartilage FMA:7434 cartilago trachealis OBOL:automatic cartilage of trachea Wikipedia:Tracheal_rings ring of the trachea OBOL:automatic cartilage of windpipe EMAPA:18699 cartilaginous ring of trachea The cartilages of the trachea (or tracheal rings) vary from sixteen to twenty in number: each forms an imperfect ring, which occupies the anterior two-thirds or so of the circumference of the trachea, being deficient behind, where the tube is completed by fibrous tissue and unstriped muscular fibers. Wikipedia:Tracheal_rings Wikipedia:Tracheal_rings cartilage of the trachea OBOL:automatic windpipe cartilage OBOL:automatic cartilaginous trachea cartilage Wikipedia:Tracheal_rings tracheal ring eye skin gland A skin gland that is part of a camera-type eye [Obol]. MA:0002451 UBERON:0003605 camera-type eye skin gland camera-type eye skin glands camera-type eye skin glands set skin gland of camera-type eye skin gland of vertebrate eye skin glands of camera-type eye skin glands of vertebrate eye skin glands set of camera-type eye skin glands set of vertebrate eye vertebrate eye skin gland vertebrate eye skin glands vertebrate eye skin glands set OBOL:automatic vertebrate eye skin glands OBOL:automatic skin gland of vertebrate eye OBOL:automatic skin glands of vertebrate eye OBOL:automatic skin glands set of vertebrate eye OBOL:automatic vertebrate eye skin glands set A skin gland that is part of a camera-type eye [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vertebrate eye skin gland OBOL:automatic camera-type eye skin glands OBOL:automatic skin glands set of camera-type eye OBOL:automatic camera-type eye skin gland OBOL:automatic skin gland of camera-type eye OBOL:automatic skin glands of camera-type eye OBOL:automatic camera-type eye skin glands set limb long bone A long bone that is part of a limb [Obol]. MA:0000298 UBERON:0003606 long bone of limb A long bone that is part of a limb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic long bone of limb forelimb long bone A long bone that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. MA:0000299 UBERON:0003607 anteriormost limb long bone fore limb long bone long bone of anteriormost limb long bone of fore limb long bone of forelimb long bone of superior member long bone of upper extremity superior member long bone upper extremity long bone OBOL:automatic long bone of superior member OBOL:automatic fore limb long bone OBOL:automatic long bone of forelimb OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb long bone OBOL:automatic upper extremity long bone OBOL:automatic long bone of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic long bone of upper extremity OBOL:automatic long bone of fore limb OBOL:automatic superior member long bone A long bone that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic hindlimb long bone A long bone that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. MA:0000300 UBERON:0003608 hind limb long bone inferior member long bone long bone of hind limb long bone of hindlimb long bone of inferior member long bone of lower extremity lower extremity long bone OBOL:automatic long bone of lower extremity OBOL:automatic long bone of hind limb A long bone that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hind limb long bone OBOL:automatic long bone of inferior member OBOL:automatic long bone of hindlimb OBOL:automatic inferior member long bone OBOL:automatic lower extremity long bone aorta elastic tissue MA:0002859 UBERON:0003609 adult aorta elastic connective tissue adult aorta elastic tissue adult aorta textus connectivus elasticus aorta elastic connective tissue aorta textus connectivus elasticus dorsal aorta elastic connective tissue dorsal aorta elastic tissue dorsal aorta textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of adult aorta elastic connective tissue of aorta elastic connective tissue of dorsal aorta elastic connective tissue of trunk of aortic tree elastic tissue of adult aorta elastic tissue of aorta elastic tissue of dorsal aorta elastic tissue of trunk of aortic tree textus connectivus elasticus of adult aorta textus connectivus elasticus of aorta textus connectivus elasticus of dorsal aorta textus connectivus elasticus of trunk of aortic tree the dense connective tissue which contains predominantly elastic fibers and is found in the tunica media of the aorta wall. trunk of aortic tree elastic connective tissue trunk of aortic tree elastic tissue trunk of aortic tree textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of aorta OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of adult aorta OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta elastic tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic aorta elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree elastic tissue OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of aorta OBOL:automatic adult aorta elastic tissue OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of aorta OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of adult aorta OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of adult aorta MP:0009862 the dense connective tissue which contains predominantly elastic fibers and is found in the tunica media of the aorta wall. OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic aorta textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic adult aorta textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic adult aorta elastic connective tissue heart elastic tissue MA:0002858 UBERON:0003610 elastic connective tissue of heart elastic tissue of heart heart elastic connective tissue heart textus connectivus elasticus textus connectivus elasticus of heart the type of heart connective tissue found in the endocardial layer that consists mainly of elastic fibers. OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of heart OBOL:automatic heart textus connectivus elasticus MP:0009863 the type of heart connective tissue found in the endocardial layer that consists mainly of elastic fibers. OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of heart OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of heart OBOL:automatic heart elastic connective tissue respiratory system elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001820 UBERON:0003611 apparatus respiratorius elastic connective tissue apparatus respiratorius elastic tissue apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius elastic connective tissue of respiratory system elastic tissue of apparatus respiratorius elastic tissue of respiratory system respiratory system elastic connective tissue respiratory system textus connectivus elasticus textus connectivus elasticus of apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus elasticus of respiratory system OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic respiratory system elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of respiratory system OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of respiratory system cardiovascular system elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a circulatory system [Obol]. MA:0002857 UBERON:0003613 cardiovascular system elastic connective tissue cardiovascular system textus connectivus elasticus circulatory system elastic connective tissue circulatory system elastic tissue circulatory system textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of cardiovascular system elastic connective tissue of circulatory system elastic tissue of cardiovascular system elastic tissue of circulatory system textus connectivus elasticus of cardiovascular system textus connectivus elasticus of circulatory system OBOL:automatic cardiovascular system elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic cardiovascular system textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of circulatory system OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of cardiovascular system OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of circulatory system OBOL:automatic circulatory system elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of cardiovascular system An elastic tissue that is part of a circulatory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of cardiovascular system OBOL:automatic circulatory system elastic tissue OBOL:automatic circulatory system textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of circulatory system blood vessel elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a blood vessel [Obol]. MA:0002856 UBERON:0003614 blood vessel elastic connective tissue blood vessel textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of blood vessel elastic tissue of blood vessel textus connectivus elasticus of blood vessel OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of blood vessel OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel elastic connective tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a blood vessel [Obol]. OBOL:automatic lung elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a lung [Obol]. MA:0002860 UBERON:0003615 elastic connective tissue of lung elastic tissue of lung lung elastic connective tissue lung textus connectivus elasticus textus connectivus elasticus of lung OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of lung OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of lung OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of lung OBOL:automatic lung textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic lung elastic connective tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic bronchus elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a bronchus [Obol]. MA:0001838 UBERON:0003616 bronchi elastic connective tissue bronchi elastic tissue bronchi textus connectivus elasticus bronchial trunk elastic connective tissue bronchial trunk elastic tissue bronchial trunk textus connectivus elasticus bronchus elastic connective tissue bronchus textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of bronchi elastic connective tissue of bronchial trunk elastic connective tissue of bronchus elastic tissue of bronchi elastic tissue of bronchial trunk elastic tissue of bronchus ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Elastic_Tissue textus connectivus elasticus of bronchi textus connectivus elasticus of bronchial trunk textus connectivus elasticus of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk elastic tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchi elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchi elastic tissue OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchus textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of bronchi OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchi textus connectivus elasticus An elastic tissue that is part of a bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic trachea elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a trachea [Obol]. MA:0001861 UBERON:0003617 cartilaginous trachea elastic connective tissue cartilaginous trachea elastic tissue cartilaginous trachea textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of cartilaginous trachea elastic connective tissue of vertebrate trachea elastic connective tissue of windpipe elastic tissue of cartilaginous trachea elastic tissue of vertebrate trachea elastic tissue of windpipe textus connectivus elasticus of cartilaginous trachea textus connectivus elasticus of vertebrate trachea textus connectivus elasticus of windpipe vertebrate trachea elastic connective tissue vertebrate trachea elastic tissue vertebrate trachea textus connectivus elasticus windpipe elastic connective tissue windpipe elastic tissue windpipe textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of vertebrate trachea OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of cartilaginous trachea OBOL:automatic windpipe elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of cartilaginous trachea OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of vertebrate trachea OBOL:automatic cartilaginous trachea textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of vertebrate trachea OBOL:automatic cartilaginous trachea elastic connective tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a trachea [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vertebrate trachea elastic tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of windpipe OBOL:automatic vertebrate trachea elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic windpipe textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of cartilaginous trachea OBOL:automatic windpipe elastic tissue OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of windpipe OBOL:automatic cartilaginous trachea elastic tissue OBOL:automatic vertebrate trachea textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of windpipe aorta tunica media FMA:74433 MA:0002903 SCTID:48467007 UBERON:0003618 adult aorta tunica media dorsal aorta tunica media the middle layer of the aorta wall, containing the smooth muscle layer and elastic fibers. trunk of aortic tree tunica media tunica media of adult aorta tunica media of aorta tunica media of dorsal aorta tunica media of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta tunica media OBOL:automatic tunica media of trunk of aortic tree MP:0009873 the middle layer of the aorta wall, containing the smooth muscle layer and elastic fibers. OBOL:automatic tunica media of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree tunica media OBOL:automatic tunica media of aorta OBOL:automatic adult aorta tunica media OBOL:automatic tunica media of adult aorta aorta tunica intima FMA:74419 MA:0002904 SCTID:362031007 UBERON:0003619 adult aorta tunica intima dorsal aorta tunica intima the innermost layer of the aorta, containing the endothelium and an inner elastic membrane. trunk of aortic tree tunica intima tunica intima of adult aorta tunica intima of aorta tunica intima of dorsal aorta tunica intima of trunk of aortic tree MP:0009872 the innermost layer of the aorta, containing the endothelium and an inner elastic membrane. OBOL:automatic tunica intima of aorta OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta tunica intima OBOL:automatic tunica intima of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic tunica intima of adult aorta OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree tunica intima OBOL:automatic adult aorta tunica intima OBOL:automatic tunica intima of dorsal aorta hand digit 1 phalanx A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 1 [Obol]. FMA:35477 MA:0001389 Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] digit long bone Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] long bone of digit Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] phalanx SCTID:181975002 UBERON:0003620 digit long bone of Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] digit long bone of first digit of hand digit long bone of hand digit 1 digit long bone of thumb first digit of hand digit long bone first digit of hand long bone of digit first digit of hand phalanx hand digit 1 digit long bone hand digit 1 long bone of digit long bone of digit of Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] long bone of digit of first digit of hand long bone of digit of hand digit 1 long bone of digit of thumb ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_1_Phalanx phalanx of Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] phalanx of first digit of hand phalanx of hand digit 1 phalanx of thumb thumb digit long bone thumb long bone of digit thumb phalanx OBOL:automatic digit long bone of Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] OBOL:automatic Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] long bone of digit A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 1 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of first digit of hand OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of hand digit 1 OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of thumb OBOL:automatic phalanx of hand digit 1 OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] OBOL:automatic thumb phalanx OBOL:automatic first digit of hand digit long bone OBOL:automatic hand digit 1 digit long bone OBOL:automatic digit long bone of hand digit 1 OBOL:automatic thumb digit long bone OBOL:automatic digit long bone of first digit of hand OBOL:automatic Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] phalanx OBOL:automatic first digit of hand long bone of digit OBOL:automatic phalanx of first digit of hand OBOL:automatic hand digit 1 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic first digit of hand phalanx OBOL:automatic Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] digit long bone OBOL:automatic phalanx of Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] OBOL:automatic thumb long bone of digit OBOL:automatic digit long bone of thumb OBOL:automatic phalanx of thumb hand digit 2 2nd digit of hand 2nd digit of the hand in mouse and human and homologs. 2nd finger EHDAA2:0000517 EMAPA:17432 FMA:24946 MA:0000455 UBERON:0003622 comment: This class represents all instances of the 2nd digit of the hand in human and mouse, and all homologues of this digit in other vertebrates. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2553264/ digit 2 of fore-paw finger 2 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Index_finger.JPG/200px-Index_finger.JPG index finger ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_2 second digit of hand second finger FMA:24946 second digit of hand EMAPA:17432 digit 2 of fore-paw 2nd digit of the hand in mouse and human and homologs. Wikipedia:Index_finger EHDAA2:0000517 finger 2 hand digit 3 3rd digit of hand 3rd digit of the hand in mouse and human and homologs. 3rd finger EHDAA2:0000523 EMAPA:17435 FMA:24947 MA:0000456 UBERON:0003623 comment: This class represents all instances of the 3rd digit of the hand in human and mouse, and all homologues of this digit in other vertebrates. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2553264/ digit 3 of fore-paw finger 3 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Middle_finger.jpg/200px-Middle_finger.jpg middle finger ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_3 third digit of hand third finger FMA:24947 third digit of hand EMAPA:17435 digit 3 of fore-paw 3rd digit of the hand in mouse and human and homologs. Wikipedia:Middle_finger EHDAA2:0000523 finger 3 hand digit 4 4th digit of hand 4th digit of the hand in mouse and human and homologs. 4th finger EHDAA2:0000529 EMAPA:17438 FMA:24948 MA:0000457 UBERON:0003624 comment: This class represents all instances of the 4th digit of the hand in human and mouse, and all homologues of this digit in other vertebrates. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2553264/ digit 4 of fore-paw finger 4 fourth digit of hand fourth finger http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ring_finger.JPG/200px-Ring_finger.JPG ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_4 ring finger FMA:24948 fourth digit of hand 4th digit of the hand in mouse and human and homologs. Wikipedia:Ring_finger EMAPA:17438 digit 4 of fore-paw EHDAA2:0000529 finger 4 hand digit 5 5th digit of hand 5th digit of the hand in mouse and human and homologs. 5th finger EHDAA2:0000535 EMAPA:17441 FMA:24949 MA:0000458 UBERON:0003625 comment: This class represents all instances of the 5th digit of the hand in human and mouse, and all homologues of this digit in other vertebrates. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2553264/ digit 5 of fore-paw fifth digit of hand fifth finger finger 5 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Pink.jpg/200px-Pink.jpg little finger ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_5 5th digit of the hand in mouse and human and homologs. Wikipedia:Little_finger FMA:24949 fifth digit of hand EMAPA:17441 digit 5 of fore-paw EHDAA2:0000535 finger 5 foot digit 1 1st digit of the foot in mouse and human and homologs. BTO:0002349 EHDAA2:0002037 EMAPA:17460 FMA:25047 GAID:45 MA:0000465 MESH:A.01.378.610.250.300.792.380 UBERON:0003631 big toe digit 1 of hind-paw digitus primus (I) pedis great toe hallex hallux hallux; digitus primus [i] ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_1 toe 1 FMA:25047 hallux; digitus primus [i] EHDAA2:0002037 toe 1 BTO:0002349 digitus primus (I) pedis EMAPA:17460 digit 1 of hind-paw 1st digit of the foot in mouse and human and homologs. Wikipedia:Big_toe foot digit 2 2nd digit of the foot in mouse and human and homologs. 2nd toe BTO:0002350 EHDAA2:0002042 EMAPA:17463 FMA:25048 MA:0000466 SCTID:362817008 UBERON:0003632 digit 2 of hind-paw digitus secundus (II) pedis digitus secundus [ii] digitus secundus pedis ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_2 second digit of foot second toe toe 2 BTO:0002350 digitus secundus (II) pedis 2nd digit of the foot in mouse and human and homologs. UBERON:cjm FMA:25048 second digit of foot FMA:25048 second toe EHDAA2:0002042 toe 2 EMAPA:17463 digit 2 of hind-paw BTO:0002350 digitus secundus pedis FMA:25048 digitus secundus [ii] foot digit 3 3rd digit of the foot in mouse and human and homologs. 3rd toe BTO:0002351 EHDAA2:0002047 EMAPA:17466 FMA:25051 MA:0000467 SCTID:362821001 UBERON:0003633 digit 3 of hind-paw digitus tertius (III) pedis digitus tertius [iii] digitus tertius pedis ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_3 third digit of foot third toe toe 3 3rd digit of the foot in mouse and human and homologs. UBERON:cjm EMAPA:17466 digit 3 of hind-paw FMA:25051 third digit of foot BTO:0002351 digitus tertius (III) pedis EHDAA2:0002047 toe 3 BTO:0002351 digitus tertius pedis FMA:25051 third toe FMA:25051 digitus tertius [iii] foot digit 4 4th digit of the foot in mouse and human and homologs. 4th toe BTO:0002352 EHDAA2:0002052 EMAPA:17469 FMA:25052 MA:0000468 SCTID:362826006 UBERON:0003634 digit 4 of hind-paw digitus quartis pedis digitus quartus (IV) pedis digitus quartus [iv] fourth digit of foot fourth toe ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_4 toe 4 EHDAA2:0002052 toe 4 EMAPA:17469 digit 4 of hind-paw BTO:0002352 digitus quartis pedis BTO:0002352 digitus quartus (IV) pedis FMA:25052 fourth toe 4th digit of the foot in mouse and human and homologs. UBERON:cjm FMA:25052 fourth digit of foot FMA:25052 digitus quartus [iv] foot digit 5 5th digit of the foot in mouse and human and homologs. 5th toe BTO:0002353 EHDAA2:0002057 EMAPA:17472 FMA:25053 MA:0000469 SCTID:362830009 UBERON:0003635 digit 5 of hind-paw digitus minimus; digitus quintus [v] digitus quintus [v] pedis fifth digit of foot fifth toe http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray291.png/200px-Gray291.png little toe ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_5 toe 5 FMA:25053 digitus minimus; digitus quintus [v] FMA:25053 FMA:TA digitus quintus [v] pedis 5th digit of the foot in mouse and human and homologs. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Fifth_toe FMA:25053 fifth digit of foot EMAPA:17472 digit 5 of hind-paw FMA:25053 fifth toe EHDAA2:0002057 toe 5 hand digit 2 phalanx 2 nd digit of hand digit long bone 2 nd digit of hand long bone of digit 2 nd digit of hand phalanx 2 nd finger digit long bone 2 nd finger long bone of digit 2 nd finger phalanx A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Obol]. FMA:35480 MA:0001390 SCTID:361783009 UBERON:0003636 digit long bone of 2 nd digit of hand digit long bone of 2 nd finger digit long bone of hand digit 2 digit long bone of second finger hand digit 2 digit long bone hand digit 2 long bone of digit index finger phalanx long bone of digit of 2 nd digit of hand long bone of digit of 2 nd finger long bone of digit of hand digit 2 long bone of digit of second finger ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_2_Phalanx phalanx of 2 nd digit of hand phalanx of 2 nd finger phalanx of hand digit 2 phalanx of index finger phalanx of second finger second finger digit long bone second finger long bone of digit second finger phalanx 2 nd finger phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic digit long bone of second finger 2 nd digit of hand phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of 2 nd finger 2 nd digit of hand long bone of digit OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic phalanx of second finger OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of hand digit 2 OBOL:automatic phalanx of hand digit 2 OBOL:automatic phalanx of 2 nd finger OBOL:automatic digit long bone of hand digit 2 OBOL:automatic second finger phalanx OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic phalanx of 2 nd digit of hand 2 nd finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of 2 nd digit of hand OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 digit long bone OBOL:automatic second finger long bone of digit FMA:35480 phalanx of index finger OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 2 nd digit of hand OBOL:automatic second finger digit long bone OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of second finger FMA:35480 index finger phalanx A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic 2 nd digit of hand digit long bone OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 2 nd finger 2 nd finger digit long bone OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 phalanx 3 rd digit of hand digit long bone 3 rd digit of hand long bone of digit 3 rd digit of hand phalanx 3 rd finger digit long bone 3 rd finger long bone of digit 3 rd finger phalanx A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Obol]. FMA:35483 MA:0001391 SCTID:361785002 UBERON:0003637 digit long bone of 3 rd digit of hand digit long bone of 3 rd finger digit long bone of hand digit 3 digit long bone of third finger hand digit 3 digit long bone hand digit 3 long bone of digit long bone of digit of 3 rd digit of hand long bone of digit of 3 rd finger long bone of digit of hand digit 3 long bone of digit of third finger middle finger phalanx ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_3_Phalanx phalanx of 3 rd digit of hand phalanx of 3 rd finger phalanx of hand digit 3 phalanx of middle finger phalanx of third finger third finger digit long bone third finger long bone of digit third finger phalanx OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 3 rd digit of hand 3 rd finger phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of 3 rd finger OBOL:automatic phalanx of 3 rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic phalanx of third finger 3 rd digit of hand digit long bone OBOL:automatic 3 rd digit of hand phalanx OBOL:automatic 3 rd finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic digit long bone of third finger 3 rd digit of hand long bone of digit OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic phalanx of 3 rd finger OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 3 rd finger FMA:35483 middle finger phalanx 3 rd finger digit long bone OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of third finger OBOL:automatic digit long bone of hand digit 3 OBOL:automatic phalanx of hand digit 3 OBOL:automatic third finger phalanx OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of hand digit 3 A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of 3 rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 digit long bone OBOL:automatic third finger digit long bone OBOL:automatic third finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 long bone of digit FMA:35483 phalanx of middle finger hand digit 4 phalanx 4 th digit of hand digit long bone 4 th digit of hand long bone of digit 4 th digit of hand phalanx 4 th finger digit long bone 4 th finger long bone of digit 4 th finger phalanx A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Obol]. FMA:35486 MA:0001392 SCTID:361787005 UBERON:0003638 digit long bone of 4 th digit of hand digit long bone of 4 th finger digit long bone of fourth finger digit long bone of hand digit 4 fourth finger digit long bone fourth finger long bone of digit fourth finger phalanx hand digit 4 digit long bone hand digit 4 long bone of digit long bone of digit of 4 th digit of hand long bone of digit of 4 th finger long bone of digit of fourth finger long bone of digit of hand digit 4 ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_4_Phalanx phalanx of 4 th digit of hand phalanx of 4 th finger phalanx of fourth finger phalanx of hand digit 4 phalanx of ring finger ring finger phalanx OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 digit long bone OBOL:automatic phalanx of 4 th finger 4 th digit of hand long bone of digit OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic fourth finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic digit long bone of fourth finger OBOL:automatic digit long bone of hand digit 4 4 th finger phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:35486 phalanx of ring finger OBOL:automatic phalanx of fourth finger OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of 4 th finger OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of hand digit 4 OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of fourth finger 4 th digit of hand digit long bone OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 4 th digit of hand 4 th digit of hand phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 4 th finger 4 th finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 long bone of digit FMA:35486 ring finger phalanx OBOL:automatic fourth finger digit long bone 4 th finger digit long bone OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic phalanx of 4 th digit of hand A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of 4 th digit of hand OBOL:automatic fourth finger phalanx OBOL:automatic phalanx of hand digit 4 hand digit 5 phalanx 5 th digit of hand digit long bone 5 th digit of hand long bone of digit 5 th digit of hand phalanx 5 th finger digit long bone 5 th finger long bone of digit 5 th finger phalanx A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Obol]. FMA:35489 MA:0001393 SCTID:361789008 UBERON:0003639 digit long bone of 5 th digit of hand digit long bone of 5 th finger digit long bone of fifth finger digit long bone of hand digit 5 fifth finger digit long bone fifth finger long bone of digit fifth finger phalanx hand digit 5 digit long bone hand digit 5 long bone of digit little finger phalanx long bone of digit of 5 th digit of hand long bone of digit of 5 th finger long bone of digit of fifth finger long bone of digit of hand digit 5 ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_5_Phalanx phalanx of 5 th digit of hand phalanx of 5 th finger phalanx of fifth digit of hand phalanx of fifth finger phalanx of hand digit 5 phalanx of little finger OBOL:automatic digit long bone of fifth finger 5 th digit of hand digit long bone OBOL:automatic 5 th digit of hand phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of 5 th finger OBOL:automatic phalanx of fifth finger OBOL:automatic fifth finger digit long bone 5 th finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic fifth finger phalanx A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of 5 th digit of hand FMA:35489 little finger phalanx OBOL:automatic phalanx of 5 th finger OBOL:automatic fifth finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic digit long bone of hand digit 5 OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 digit long bone OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 5 th finger OBOL:automatic phalanx of 5 th digit of hand OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of hand digit 5 OBOL:automatic phalanx of hand digit 5 OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 5 th digit of hand 5 th finger digit long bone OBOL:automatic 5 th finger phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of fifth finger 5 th digit of hand long bone of digit OBOL:automatic FMA:35489 phalanx of little finger OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 long bone of digit FMA:35489 phalanx of fifth digit of hand foot digit 1 phalanx A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 1 [Obol]. FMA:32884 MA:0001381 SCTID:361798006 UBERON:0003640 big toe phalanx digit long bone of foot digit 1 digit long bone of hallux foot digit 1 digit long bone foot digit 1 long bone of digit hallux digit long bone hallux long bone of digit hallux phalanx long bone of digit of foot digit 1 long bone of digit of hallux ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_1_Phalanx phalanx of big toe phalanx of first digit of foot phalanx of foot digit 1 phalanx of great toe phalanx of hallux OBOL:automatic hallux long bone of digit FMA:32884 phalanx of great toe FMA:32884 phalanx of big toe FMA:32884 phalanx of first digit of foot OBOL:automatic hallux digit long bone OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of hallux OBOL:automatic digit long bone of foot digit 1 OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of foot digit 1 OBOL:automatic phalanx of hallux OBOL:automatic digit long bone of hallux OBOL:automatic hallux phalanx A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 1 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:32884 big toe phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit 1 digit long bone OBOL:automatic foot digit 1 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic phalanx of foot digit 1 foot digit 2 phalanx A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 2 [Obol]. FMA:32899 MA:0001382 SCTID:361800004 UBERON:0003641 digit long bone of foot digit 2 foot digit 2 digit long bone foot digit 2 long bone of digit long bone of digit of foot digit 2 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_2_Phalanx phalanx of foot digit 2 phalanx of second toe second toe phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 digit long bone A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 2 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:32899 phalanx of second toe OBOL:automatic digit long bone of foot digit 2 OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of foot digit 2 FMA:32899 second toe phalanx OBOL:automatic phalanx of foot digit 2 foot digit 3 phalanx A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 3 [Obol]. FMA:32900 MA:0001383 SCTID:361802007 UBERON:0003642 digit long bone of foot digit 3 foot digit 3 digit long bone foot digit 3 long bone of digit long bone of digit of foot digit 3 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_3_Phalanx phalanx of foot digit 3 phalanx of third toe third toe phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit 3 digit long bone OBOL:automatic digit long bone of foot digit 3 A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 3 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic phalanx of foot digit 3 FMA:32900 third toe phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit 3 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of foot digit 3 FMA:32900 phalanx of third toe respiratory system arterial blood vessel An arterial blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001800 UBERON:0003643 An arterial blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic kidney arterial blood vessel An arterial blood vessel that is part of a kidney [Obol]. MA:0002578 UBERON:0003644 An arterial blood vessel that is part of a kidney [Obol]. OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of digit 1 A metacarpal bone that is part of a hand digit 1 [Obol]. FMA:23899 MA:0001364 Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] metacarpal Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] metacarpal bone UBERON:0003645 first digit of hand metacarpal first digit of hand metacarpal bone first metacarpal bone hand digit 1 metacarpal hand digit 1 metacarpal bone metacarpal bone digit 1 metacarpal bone of Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] metacarpal bone of first digit of hand metacarpal bone of hand digit 1 metacarpal bone of thumb metacarpal i metacarpal of Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] metacarpal of first digit of hand metacarpal of hand digit 1 metacarpal of thumb ncithesaurus:Metacarpal_Bone_Digit_1 thumb metacarpal thumb metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic thumb metacarpal OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of thumb OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] FMA:23899 metacarpal i FMA:23899 first metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic hand digit 1 metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal of hand digit 1 OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of hand digit 1 OBOL:automatic metacarpal of first digit of hand A metacarpal bone that is part of a hand digit 1 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic first digit of hand metacarpal OBOL:automatic Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] metacarpal MA:0001364 metacarpal bone digit 1 OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of first digit of hand OBOL:automatic hand digit 1 metacarpal OBOL:automatic first digit of hand metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic thumb metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal of thumb OBOL:automatic metacarpal of Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] metacarpal bone of digit 2 2 nd digit of hand metacarpal 2 nd digit of hand metacarpal bone 2 nd finger metacarpal 2 nd finger metacarpal bone A metacarpal bone that is part of a hand digit 2 [Obol]. FMA:23900 MA:0001365 UBERON:0003646 hand digit 2 metacarpal hand digit 2 metacarpal bone metacarpal bone digit 2 metacarpal bone of 2 nd digit of hand metacarpal bone of 2 nd finger metacarpal bone of hand digit 2 metacarpal bone of second finger metacarpal ii metacarpal of 2 nd digit of hand metacarpal of 2 nd finger metacarpal of hand digit 2 metacarpal of second finger ncithesaurus:Metacarpal_Bone_Digit_2 second finger metacarpal second finger metacarpal bone second metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 2 nd digit of hand OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of second finger A metacarpal bone that is part of a hand digit 2 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:23900 second metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic second finger metacarpal OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 2 nd finger 2 nd finger metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic 2 nd digit of hand metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metacarpal of hand digit 2 OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 metacarpal OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of hand digit 2 MA:0001365 metacarpal bone digit 2 2 nd digit of hand metacarpal OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of 2 nd digit of hand OBOL:automatic metacarpal of second finger FMA:23900 metacarpal ii OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of 2 nd finger 2 nd finger metacarpal OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic second finger metacarpal bone metacarpal bone of digit 3 3 rd digit of hand metacarpal 3 rd digit of hand metacarpal bone 3 rd finger metacarpal 3 rd finger metacarpal bone A metacarpal bone that is part of a hand digit 3 [Obol]. FMA:23901 MA:0001366 UBERON:0003647 hand digit 3 metacarpal hand digit 3 metacarpal bone metacarpal bone digit 3 metacarpal bone of 3 rd digit of hand metacarpal bone of 3 rd finger metacarpal bone of hand digit 3 metacarpal bone of third finger metacarpal iii metacarpal of 3 rd digit of hand metacarpal of 3 rd finger metacarpal of hand digit 3 metacarpal of third finger ncithesaurus:Metacarpal_Bone_Digit_3 third finger metacarpal third finger metacarpal bone third metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 3 rd finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 3 rd digit of hand 3 rd finger metacarpal OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of hand digit 3 OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of 3 rd finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal of third finger OBOL:automatic third finger metacarpal FMA:23901 third metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 metacarpal bone MA:0001366 metacarpal bone digit 3 A metacarpal bone that is part of a hand digit 3 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:23901 metacarpal iii OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of 3 rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic third finger metacarpal bone 3 rd finger metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic 3 rd digit of hand metacarpal OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metacarpal of hand digit 3 OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 metacarpal 3 rd digit of hand metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of third finger metacarpal bone of digit 4 4 th digit of hand metacarpal 4 th digit of hand metacarpal bone 4 th finger metacarpal 4 th finger metacarpal bone A metacarpal bone that is part of a hand digit 4 [Obol]. FMA:23902 MA:0001367 UBERON:0003648 fourth finger metacarpal fourth finger metacarpal bone fourth metacarpal bone hand digit 4 metacarpal hand digit 4 metacarpal bone metacarpal bone digit 4 metacarpal bone of 4 th digit of hand metacarpal bone of 4 th finger metacarpal bone of fourth finger metacarpal bone of hand digit 4 metacarpal iv metacarpal of 4 th digit of hand metacarpal of 4 th finger metacarpal of fourth finger metacarpal of hand digit 4 ncithesaurus:Metacarpal_Bone_Digit_4 FMA:23902 metacarpal iv OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 4 th finger 4 th digit of hand metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic 4 th finger metacarpal OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of 4 th digit of hand OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 metacarpal OBOL:automatic fourth finger metacarpal FMA:23902 fourth metacarpal bone A metacarpal bone that is part of a hand digit 4 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 4 th digit of hand OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of 4 th finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal of hand digit 4 OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of fourth finger OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal of fourth finger 4 th finger metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic 4 th digit of hand metacarpal OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of hand digit 4 OBOL:automatic fourth finger metacarpal bone MA:0001367 metacarpal bone digit 4 metacarpal bone of digit 5 5 th digit of hand metacarpal 5 th digit of hand metacarpal bone 5 th finger metacarpal 5 th finger metacarpal bone A metacarpal bone that is part of a hand digit 5 [Obol]. FMA:23903 MA:0001368 UBERON:0003649 fifth finger metacarpal fifth finger metacarpal bone fifth metacarpal bone hand digit 5 metacarpal hand digit 5 metacarpal bone metacarpal bone digit 5 metacarpal bone of 5 th digit of hand metacarpal bone of 5 th finger metacarpal bone of fifth finger metacarpal bone of hand digit 5 metacarpal of 5 th digit of hand metacarpal of 5 th finger metacarpal of fifth finger metacarpal of hand digit 5 ncithesaurus:Metacarpal_Bone_Digit_5 note FMA also has FMA:36782 OBOL:automatic fifth finger metacarpal bone 5 th digit of hand metacarpal OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 5 th digit of hand MA:0001368 metacarpal bone digit 5 FMA:23903 fifth metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal of fifth finger OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 metacarpal bone 5 th finger metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of hand digit 5 A metacarpal bone that is part of a hand digit 5 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 5 th finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of fifth finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal of hand digit 5 OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of 5 th digit of hand OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 metacarpal 5 th digit of hand metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic fifth finger metacarpal 5 th finger metacarpal OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of 5 th finger metatarsal bone of digit 1 A metatarsal bone that is part of a foot digit 1 [Obol]. AAO:0000925 FMA:24502 MA:0001369 SCTID:182121005 UBERON:0003650 first metatarsal bone foot digit 1 metatarsal bone hallux metatarsal bone metatarsal I metatarsal bone digit 1 metatarsal bone of foot digit 1 metatarsal bone of hallux ncithesaurus:Metatarsal_Bone_Digit_1 MA:0001369 metatarsal bone digit 1 AAO:0000925 metatarsal I A metatarsal bone that is part of a foot digit 1 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metatarsal bone of foot digit 1 OBOL:automatic metatarsal bone of hallux OBOL:automatic hallux metatarsal bone FMA:24502 first metatarsal bone OBOL:automatic foot digit 1 metatarsal bone metatarsal bone of digit 2 A metatarsal bone that is part of a foot digit 2 [Obol]. AAO:0000926 FMA:24503 MA:0001370 SCTID:182128004 UBERON:0003651 foot digit 2 metatarsal bone metatarsal II metatarsal bone digit 2 metatarsal bone of foot digit 2 ncithesaurus:Metatarsal_Bone_Digit_2 second metatarsal bone FMA:24503 second metatarsal bone AAO:0000926 metatarsal II MA:0001370 metatarsal bone digit 2 A metatarsal bone that is part of a foot digit 2 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 metatarsal bone OBOL:automatic metatarsal bone of foot digit 2 metatarsal bone of digit 3 A metatarsal bone that is part of a foot digit 3 [Obol]. AAO:0000927 FMA:24504 MA:0001371 SCTID:182134006 UBERON:0003652 foot digit 3 metatarsal bone metatarsal III metatarsal bone digit 3 metatarsal bone of foot digit 3 ncithesaurus:Metatarsal_Bone_Digit_3 third metatarsal bone AAO:0000927 metatarsal III OBOL:automatic foot digit 3 metatarsal bone MA:0001371 metatarsal bone digit 3 A metatarsal bone that is part of a foot digit 3 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metatarsal bone of foot digit 3 FMA:24504 third metatarsal bone metatarsal bone of digit 4 A metatarsal bone that is part of a foot digit 4 [Obol]. AAO:0000928 FMA:24505 MA:0001372 SCTID:182139001 UBERON:0003653 foot digit 4 metatarsal bone fourth metatarsal bone metatarsal IV metatarsal bone digit 4 metatarsal bone of foot digit 4 ncithesaurus:Metatarsal_Bone_Digit_4 OBOL:automatic metatarsal bone of foot digit 4 A metatarsal bone that is part of a foot digit 4 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:24505 fourth metatarsal bone MA:0001372 metatarsal bone digit 4 AAO:0000928 metatarsal IV OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 metatarsal bone metatarsal bone of digit 5 A metatarsal bone that is part of a foot digit 5 [Obol]. AAO:0000929 FMA:24506 MA:0001373 SCTID:182144008 UBERON:0003654 fifth metatarsal bone foot digit 5 metatarsal bone metatarsal V metatarsal bone digit 5 metatarsal bone of foot digit 5 ncithesaurus:Metatarsal_Bone_Digit_5 FMA:24506 fifth metatarsal bone AAO:0000929 metatarsal V OBOL:automatic foot digit 5 metatarsal bone A metatarsal bone that is part of a foot digit 5 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic MA:0001373 metatarsal bone digit 5 OBOL:automatic metatarsal bone of foot digit 5 molar tooth Adult humans have twelve molars, in four groups of three at the back of the mouth. The third, rearmost molar in each group is called a wisdom tooth. It is the last tooth to appear, breaking through the surface of the gum at about the age of twenty, although this varies from individual to individual. Ethnicity can also have an impact on the age at which this occurs, with statistical variations between groups. The human mouth contains upper (maxillary) and lower (mandibular) molars. They are: maxillary first molar, maxillary second molar, maxillary third molar, mandibular first molar, mandibular second molar, and mandibular third molar. BTO:0001759 FMA:55638 MA:0000350 MESH:A.14.254.860.525 Molars are the rearmost and most complicated kind of tooth in most mammals. SCTID:362115002 UBERON:0003655 dens molaris molar molaris ncithesaurus:Molar_Tooth BTO:0001759 molaris MA:0000350 molar Wikipedia:Molar_%28tooth%29 dens molaris Molars are the rearmost and most complicated kind of tooth in most mammals. Wikipedia:Molar_(tooth) carpal/tarsal bone MA:0000295 The carpus (wrist) and tarsus (ankle) of land vertebrates primitively had three rows of carpal or tarsal bones. Often some of these have become lost or fused in evolution. Three proximals. In the hand humans has all three. In the foot the middle proximal appears in 5-15% of people as an os trigonum. Centrale or os centrale, on the medial side. In humans and our closest relatives the African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) it fuses to the scaphoid where it forms the articulation with the trapezoid bone; occasionally it stays separate. In Man's foot it is the navicular. Some early land vertebrates had more than one (up to three) os centrale per hand or foot. Distals, one per finger / toe at the base of each metacarpal or metatarsal. In mammals the 4th and 5th fuse. In the horse the 1st is lost[WP]. UBERON:0003656 The carpus (wrist) and tarsus (ankle) of land vertebrates primitively had three rows of carpal or tarsal bones. Often some of these have become lost or fused in evolution. Three proximals. In the hand humans has all three. In the foot the middle proximal appears in 5-15% of people as an os trigonum. Centrale or os centrale, on the medial side. In humans and our closest relatives the African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) it fuses to the scaphoid where it forms the articulation with the trapezoid bone; occasionally it stays separate. In Man's foot it is the navicular. Some early land vertebrates had more than one (up to three) os centrale per hand or foot. Distals, one per finger / toe at the base of each metacarpal or metatarsal. In mammals the 4th and 5th fuse. In the horse the 1st is lost[WP]. Wikipedia:Carpus_and_tarsus_of_land_vertebrates limb joint A skeletal joint that is part of a limb [Obol]. EMAPA:19204 FMA:71276 MA:0000691 UBERON:0003657 galen:LimbJoint joint of limb we use the FMA set-of term in absence of a singular term A skeletal joint that is part of a limb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic hip muscle A muscle organ that is part of a hip [Obol]. MA:0000657 UBERON:0003658 hip muscle organ hip region muscle organ muscle organ of hip muscle organ of hip region muscle organ of regio coxae regio coxae muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hip A muscle organ that is part of a hip [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of regio coxae OBOL:automatic hip muscle organ OBOL:automatic regio coxae muscle organ OBOL:automatic hip region muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hip region foot digit muscle A muscle organ that is part of a toe [Obol]. MA:0000648 UBERON:0003659 digit of foot muscle organ digit of terminal segment of free lower limb muscle organ digitus pedis muscle organ foot digit muscle organ muscle organ of digit of foot muscle organ of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb muscle organ of digitus pedis muscle organ of foot digit muscle organ of terminal segment of free lower limb digit muscle organ of toe terminal segment of free lower limb digit muscle organ toe muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb A muscle organ that is part of a toe [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of foot digit OBOL:automatic toe muscle organ OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic digitus pedis muscle organ OBOL:automatic foot digit muscle organ OBOL:automatic digit of foot muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of digit of foot OBOL:automatic muscle organ of terminal segment of free lower limb digit OBOL:automatic muscle organ of toe OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of digitus pedis eyelid muscle A muscle organ that is part of a eyelid [Obol]. MA:0000269 UBERON:0003660 blepharon muscle organ eyelid muscle organ muscle organ of blepharon muscle organ of eyelid ncithesaurus:Eyelid_Muscle OBOL:automatic muscle organ of blepharon OBOL:automatic eyelid muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of eyelid A muscle organ that is part of a eyelid [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blepharon muscle organ limb muscle A muscle organ that is part of a limb [Obol]. MA:0000692 UBERON:0003661 limb muscle organ muscle organ of limb OBOL:automatic limb muscle organ A muscle organ that is part of a limb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of limb forelimb muscle A muscle that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. AAO:0000204 BTO:0000479 FMA:9621 MA:0000615 UBERON:0003662 UBERON:0005634 arm muscle system fore limb muscle organ forelimb muscle organ muscle of upper limb musculature of arm musculature of the arm upper limb muscle A muscle that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:9621 upper limb muscle EHDAA2:0000141 arm muscle system musculature of the arm OBOL:automatic forelimb muscle organ musculature of arm OBOL:automatic fore limb muscle organ FMA:9621 muscle of upper limb hindlimb muscle A muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. AAO:0000222 EFO:0001928 FMA:9622 MA:0000663 UBERON:0003663 hind limb muscle organ hindlimb muscle organ inferior member muscle organ lower extremity muscle organ lower limb muscle muscle of lower limb muscle organ of hind limb muscle organ of hindlimb muscle organ of inferior member muscle organ of lower extremity OBOL:automatic muscle organ of inferior member OBOL:automatic muscle organ of lower extremity FMA FMA:9622 lower limb muscle A muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hindlimb muscle organ OBOL:automatic inferior member muscle organ OBOL:automatic hind limb muscle organ FMA:9622 muscle of lower limb OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hindlimb OBOL:automatic lower extremity muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hind limb hand digit muscle A muscle organ that is part of a finger [Obol]. MA:0000624 UBERON:0003664 digit of hand muscle organ digit of terminal segment of free upper limb muscle organ digitus manus muscle organ finger muscle organ hand digit muscle organ muscle organ of digit of hand muscle organ of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb muscle organ of digitus manus muscle organ of finger muscle organ of hand digit muscle organ of terminal segment of free upper limb digit terminal segment of free upper limb digit muscle organ OBOL:automatic digitus manus muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of digit of hand OBOL:automatic muscle organ of terminal segment of free upper limb digit A muscle organ that is part of a finger [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic finger muscle organ OBOL:automatic hand digit muscle organ OBOL:automatic digit of hand muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of finger OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of digitus manus OBOL:automatic muscle organ of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hand digit tail muscle A muscle organ that is part of a tail [Obol]. BTO:0001905 MA:0000699 SCTID:113230005 UBERON:0003665 muscle organ of post-vent region muscle organ of tail post-vent region muscle organ tail muscle organ A muscle organ that is part of a tail [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of post-vent region OBOL:automatic tail muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of tail OBOL:automatic post-vent region muscle organ upper jaw molar A molar tooth that is part of a upper jaw [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002125 EHDAA:8053 EMAPA:17942 FMA:55720 MA:0001603 SCTID:422318005 UBERON:0003666 molar tooth of palatoquadrate arch molar tooth of upper jaw ncithesaurus:Upper_Jaw_Molar palatoquadrate arch molar tooth upper jaw molar tooth upper primary molar tooth OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch molar tooth OBOL:automatic upper jaw molar tooth FMA:84210 upper primary molar tooth OBOL:automatic molar tooth of upper jaw OBOL:automatic molar tooth of palatoquadrate arch A molar tooth that is part of a upper jaw [Obol]. OBOL:automatic lower jaw molar A molar tooth that is part of a lower jaw [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001025 EHDAA:8017 EMAPA:17921 FMA:55721 MA:0001602 UBERON:0003667 lower jaw molar tooth lower primary molar tooth molar tooth of lower jaw molar tooth of ventral mandibular arch ncithesaurus:Lower_Jaw_Molar ventral mandibular arch molar tooth OBOL:automatic lower jaw molar tooth OBOL:automatic molar tooth of ventral mandibular arch FMA:84213 lower primary molar tooth A molar tooth that is part of a lower jaw [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic molar tooth of lower jaw OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch molar tooth synovial bursa FMA:9692 GAID:252 MESH:A.02.835.583.156 SCTID:182483003 UBERON:0003668 a small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of slimy fluid. It provides a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint. This helps to reduce friction between the bones and allows free movement. Bursae are filled with synovial fluid and are found around most major joints of the body. bursa galen:Bursa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gray350.png/200px-Gray350.png ncithesaurus:Synovial_Bursa FMA:9692 bursa Wikipedia:Synovial_bursa a small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of slimy fluid. It provides a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint. This helps to reduce friction between the bones and allows free movement. Bursae are filled with synovial fluid and are found around most major joints of the body. fascia lata FMA:13902 GAID:117 MESH:A.02.340.424 SCTID:361911008 The fascia lata is the deep fascia of the thigh. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003669 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Gray431.png/200px-Gray431.png ncithesaurus:Fascia_Lata The fascia lata is the deep fascia of the thigh. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Fascia_lata smegma FMA:19656 GAID:1170 MESH:A.12.200.769 UBERON:0003670 a combination of exfoliated (shed) epithelial cells, transudated skin oils, and moisture. It occurs in both female and male mammalian genitalia[WP]. ncithesaurus:Smegma Wikipedia:Smegma a combination of exfoliated (shed) epithelial cells, transudated skin oils, and moisture. It occurs in both female and male mammalian genitalia[WP]. Wikipedia anterior cruciate ligament FMA:44614 GAID:122 MESH:A.02.513.514.100 OpenCyc:Mx4r77KC8RuaEd2f4ADggVfexA UBERON:0003671 galen:AnteriorCruciateLigament ncithesaurus:Anterior_Cruciate_Ligament dentition AAO:0000126 FMA:75150 GAID:1249 MESH:A.14.254 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi65JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245543004 UBERON:0003672 dentes ncithesaurus:Dentition pharyngeal teeth set of teeth teeth teeth teeth set FMA:75150 set of teeth FMA:75150 FMA:TA dentes FMA:75150 teeth FMA:75150 teeth set ligamentum flavum FMA:13423 GAID:126 MESH:A.02.513.514.287 SCTID:244598002 UBERON:0003673 flaval ligament ncithesaurus:Ligamentum_Flavum GAID:126 flaval ligament cuspid FMA:55636 GAID:1262 In mammalian oral anatomy, the canine teeth, also called cuspids, dogteeth, fangs, or (in the case of those of the upper jaw) eye teeth, are relatively long, pointed teeth. However, they can appear more flattened, causing them to resemble incisors and leading them to be called incisiform. They evolved and are used primarily for firmly holding food in order to tear it apart, and occasionally as weapons. They are often the largest teeth in a mammal's mouth. Most species that develop them normally have four per individual, two in the upper jaw and two in the lower, separated within each jaw by its incisors; humans and dogs are examples. In most animals, canines are the anterior-most teeth in the maxillary bone. The four canines in humans are the two maxillary canines and the two mandibular canines. MESH:A.14.254.860.200 SCTID:88719004 UBERON:0003674 canine %28tooth%29 canine eminence canine teeth canine tooth cuspid cuspis dentis dens caninus dogtooth %28anatomy%29 eye teeth eye tooth eyeteeth eyetooth fang ncithesaurus:Canine_Tooth Wikipedia:Canine_tooth canine %28tooth%29 GAID:1262 canine teeth GAID:1262 canine tooth Wikipedia:Canine_tooth canine eminence In mammalian oral anatomy, the canine teeth, also called cuspids, dogteeth, fangs, or (in the case of those of the upper jaw) eye teeth, are relatively long, pointed teeth. However, they can appear more flattened, causing them to resemble incisors and leading them to be called incisiform. They evolved and are used primarily for firmly holding food in order to tear it apart, and occasionally as weapons. They are often the largest teeth in a mammal's mouth. Most species that develop them normally have four per individual, two in the upper jaw and two in the lower, separated within each jaw by its incisors; humans and dogs are examples. In most animals, canines are the anterior-most teeth in the maxillary bone. The four canines in humans are the two maxillary canines and the two mandibular canines. Wikipedia:Canine_tooth Wikipedia:Canine_tooth dens caninus Wikipedia:Canine_tooth eye teeth FMA:55636 cuspid FMA:55636 FMA:TA cuspis dentis Wikipedia:Canine_tooth eyetooth Wikipedia:Canine_tooth canine teeth Wikipedia Wikipedia:Canine_tooth fang Wikipedia:Canine_tooth eyeteeth Wikipedia:Canine_tooth dogtooth %28anatomy%29 Wikipedia:Canine_tooth eye tooth tooth crown FMA:55623 GAID:1275 MESH:A.14.254.900.710 SCTID:362106009 UBERON:0003675 anatomical crown corona dentis crown crown of tooth ncithesaurus:Corona_Dentis tooth crown FMA:55623 anatomical crown FMA:55623 crown of tooth corona dentis ncithesaurus:Corona_Dentis FMA:55623 tooth crown patellar ligament EMAPA:18509 EMAPA:19139 FMA:44581 GAID:128 MESH:A.02.513.514.475 SCTID:244639004 UBERON:0003676 central band of tendon of quadriceps femoris galen:LigamentumPatellae ligamentum patella ncithesaurus:Patellar_Ligament FMA:44581 central band of tendon of quadriceps femoris FMA:44581 ligamentum patella tooth root FMA:55624 GAID:1280 MESH:A.14.254.900.750 SCTID:245728004 UBERON:0003677 radix corona root of tooth tooth root FMA:55624 radix corona FMA:55624 root of tooth FMA:55624 tooth root tooth apex FMA:63000 GAID:1281 MESH:A.14.254.900.750.700 UBERON:0003678 apex of tooth apical foramen tooth apex tooth apice FMA:63000 apex of tooth GAID:1281 tooth apice FMA:63000 tooth apex GAID:1281 apical foramen mouth floor EFO:0001923 FMA:86592 GAID:1283 MESH:A.14.549.441 SCTID:245786002 UBERON:0003679 floor of mouth ncithesaurus:Floor_of_the_Mouth sublingual region GAID:1283 sublingual region FMA:86592 floor of mouth posterior cruciate ligament FMA:44617 GAID:129 MESH:A.02.513.514.600 UBERON:0003680 galen:PosteriorCruciateLigament ncithesaurus:Posterior_Cruciate_Ligament masticatory muscle AAO:0000247 FMA:74060 GAID:145 MESH:A.02.633.567.600 TODO UBERON:0003681 XAO:0003269 any of the muscles responsible for the movement of the jaws during mastication, including the masseter, temporal, and medial and lateral pterygoid muscles. jaw muscle masticatory muscles masticatory muscles set FMA:71437 masticatory muscles set XAO:0003269 jaw muscle FMA:71437 masticatory muscles MP:0004234 any of the muscles responsible for the movement of the jaws during mastication, including the masseter, temporal, and medial and lateral pterygoid muscles. palatal muscle FMA:46726 GAID:151 MESH:A.02.633.567.750 SCTID:244794002 UBERON:0003682 muscle of palate ncithesaurus:Palatal_Muscle palatal muscle palate muscle palatine muscle FMA:46726 palate muscle FMA:46726 palatal muscle FMA:46726 muscle of palate FMA:46726 palatine muscle rotator cuff FMA:37018 GAID:160 MESH:A.02.633.567.912 UBERON:0003683 musculotendinous cuff ncithesaurus:Rotator_Cuff rotator cuff tendinous cuff FMA:37018 tendinous cuff FMA:37018 rotator cuff FMA:37018 musculotendinous cuff abdominal cavity EFO:0000213 FMA:12266 GAID:17 MESH:A.01.047.025 OpenCyc:Mx4rvZR1TJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361294009 UBERON:0003684 body cavity of the human body (and animal bodies) that holds the bulk of the viscera. It is located below (or inferior to) the thoracic cavity, and above the pelvic cavity. It is a part of the abdominopelvic cavity. Organs of the abdominal cavity include the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, kidneys, and large intestine. The abdominal cavity is lined with a protective membrane termed the peritoneum. The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity behind the peritoneum, in the retroperitoneum. The viscera are also covered, in the front, with a layer of peritoneum called the greater omentum (or omental apron). cavitas abdominis cavity of abdominal compartment cavity of compartment of abdomen galen:AbdominalCavity http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg/200px-Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Cavity space of abdominal compartment Wikipedia:Abdominal_cavity body cavity of the human body (and animal bodies) that holds the bulk of the viscera. It is located below (or inferior to) the thoracic cavity, and above the pelvic cavity. It is a part of the abdominopelvic cavity. Organs of the abdominal cavity include the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, kidneys, and large intestine. The abdominal cavity is lined with a protective membrane termed the peritoneum. The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity behind the peritoneum, in the retroperitoneum. The viscera are also covered, in the front, with a layer of peritoneum called the greater omentum (or omental apron). FMA:12266 cavity of compartment of abdomen FMA:12266 space of abdominal compartment GAID:17 cavitas abdominis FMA:12266 cavity of abdominal compartment cranial suture FMA:7493 Fibrous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages of the skull are connected by sutural ligaments (scant amount of collagenous dense connective tissue). Examples: sagittal suture, frontal suture. GAID:211 MA:0001475 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.200 SCTID:244509003 UBERON:0003685 cranium suture suture suture joint of skull suture of cranium FMA:71385 Fibrous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages of the skull are connected by sutural ligaments (scant amount of collagenous dense connective tissue). Examples: sagittal suture, frontal suture. ISBN:3110148986 Wikipedia:Suture OBOL:automatic cranium suture GO FMA:71385 suture SCTID:244509003 suture joint of skull OBOL:automatic suture of cranium tooth socket Dental alveolus (plural, alveoli) are sockets in the jaws in which the roots of teeth are held in the alveolar process of maxilla with the periodontal ligament. The lay term for dental alveoli is tooth sockets. A joint that connect the roots of the teeth and the alveolus are called gomphosis (plural gomphoses). In mammals, tooth sockets are found in the maxilla and the mandible. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:57490 GAID:217 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.324.502.125.800 UBERON:0003686 alveolus dentali alveolus dentalis dental alveolus dental alveolus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Alveole_zahn.jpg/200px-Alveole_zahn.jpg Dental alveolus (plural, alveoli) are sockets in the jaws in which the roots of teeth are held in the alveolar process of maxilla with the periodontal ligament. The lay term for dental alveoli is tooth sockets. A joint that connect the roots of the teeth and the alveolus are called gomphosis (plural gomphoses). In mammals, tooth sockets are found in the maxilla and the mandible. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dental_alveolus MESH-modified GAID:217 dental alveolus FMA:57490 dental alveolus GAID:217 alveolus dentali GAID:217 alveolus dentalis foramen magnum AAO:0010826 FMA:75306 GAID:228 In anatomy, in the occipital bone, the foramen magnum is one of the several oval or circular apertures in the base of the skull, through which the medulla oblongata (an extension of the spinal cord) enters and exits the skull vault. Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the Spinal Accessory nerve, vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the membrana tectoria and alar ligaments. [WP,unvetted]. MESH:A.02.835.232.781.572.434 OpenCyc:Mx4rwOm-FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244679008 UBERON:0003687 ZFA:0005387 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gray130.png/200px-Gray130.png ncithesaurus:Foramen_Magnum In anatomy, in the occipital bone, the foramen magnum is one of the several oval or circular apertures in the base of the skull, through which the medulla oblongata (an extension of the spinal cord) enters and exits the skull vault. Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the Spinal Accessory nerve, vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the membrana tectoria and alar ligaments. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Foramen_magnum omentum EV:0100084 FMA:14650 GAID:23 MESH:A.01.047.025.600.573 SCTID:362710002 UBERON:0003688 galen:Omentum ncithesaurus:Omentum sella turcica FMA:54709 GAID:231 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.802.662 The sella turcica is a saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone at the base of the human skull. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003689 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gray145.png/200px-Gray145.png ncithesaurus:Sella_Turcica The sella turcica is a saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone at the base of the human skull. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sella_turcica sacrum AAO:0000552 EFO:0003071 FMA:16202 GAID:241 MESH:A.02.835.232.834.717 OpenCyc:Mx4rvmBKnJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:264186006 The sacrum is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity, where it is inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones. Its upper part connects with the last lumbar vertebra, and bottom part with the coccyx (tailbone). In children, it consists of usually five unfused vertebrae which begin to fuse between ages 16-18 and are usually completely fused into a single bone by age 26. It is curved upon itself and placed obliquely (that is, tilted forward). It is kyphotic — that is, concave facing forwards. The base projects forward as the sacral promontory internally, and articulates with the last lumbar vertebra to form the prominent sacrovertebral angle. The central part is curved outward towards the posterior, allowing greater room for the pelvic cavity. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003690 galen:Sacrum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gray95.png/200px-Gray95.png ncithesaurus:Sacral_Bone os sacrum os sacrum [vertebrae sacrales i - v] sacral bone sacrum [sacral vertebrae I-V] sacrum [sacral vertebrae i - v] Wikipedia:Sacrum os sacrum FMA:16202 sacrum [sacral vertebrae I-V] FMA:16202 sacrum [sacral vertebrae i - v] The sacrum is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity, where it is inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones. Its upper part connects with the last lumbar vertebra, and bottom part with the coccyx (tailbone). In children, it consists of usually five unfused vertebrae which begin to fuse between ages 16-18 and are usually completely fused into a single bone by age 26. It is curved upon itself and placed obliquely (that is, tilted forward). It is kyphotic — that is, concave facing forwards. The base projects forward as the sacral promontory internally, and articulates with the last lumbar vertebra to form the prominent sacrovertebral angle. The central part is curved outward towards the posterior, allowing greater room for the pelvic cavity. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sacrum FMA FMA:16202 sacral bone FMA:16202 FMA:TA os sacrum [vertebrae sacrales i - v] FMA FMA epidural space FMA:71228 GAID:243 MESH:A.02.835.232.834.803.350 SCTID:281866004 UBERON:0003691 extradural space spatium extradurale FMA:71228 FMA:TA spatium extradurale FMA:71228 extradural space acromioclavicular joint FMA:25898 GAID:249 MESH:A.02.835.583.032 OpenCyc:Mx4rwHhmSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182166001 The acromioclavicular joint, or AC joint, is a joint at the top of the shoulder. It is the junction between the acromion (part of the scapula that forms the highest point of the shoulder) and the clavicle. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003692 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gray326.png/200px-Gray326.png ncithesaurus:Acromioclavicular_Joint The acromioclavicular joint, or AC joint, is a joint at the top of the shoulder. It is the junction between the acromion (part of the scapula that forms the highest point of the shoulder) and the clavicle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Acromioclavicular_joint retroperitoneal space EFO:0002806 FMA:15080 GAID:25 MESH:A.01.047.025.750 SCTID:243983004 UBERON:0003693 anatomical space in the abdominal cavity behind (retro) the peritoneum. It has no specific delineating anatomical structures. Organs are retroperitoneal if they only have peritoneum on their anterior side. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gray1126.png/200px-Gray1126.png ncithesaurus:Retroperitoneum retroperitoneum Wikipedia:Retroperitoneum anatomical space in the abdominal cavity behind (retro) the peritoneum. It has no specific delineating anatomical structures. Organs are retroperitoneal if they only have peritoneum on their anterior side. FMA:15080 retroperitoneum atlanto-axial joint FMA:25524 GAID:250 MESH:A.02.835.583.097 OpenCyc:Mx4rwUUIHpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361832004 UBERON:0003694 atlanto axial joint atlantoaxial joint ncithesaurus:Atlanto-axial_Joint GAID:250 atlanto axial joint GAID:250 atlantoaxial joint metacarpophalangeal joint EMAPA:19302 FMA:35246 GAID:255 MA:0000453 MESH:A.02.835.583.345.512 OpenCyc:Mx4rwNt8wJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280995004 The metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) are of the condyloid kind, formed by the reception of the rounded heads of the metacarpal bones into shallow cavities on the proximal ends of the first phalanges, with the exception of that of the thumb, which presents more of the characters of a ginglymoid joint. Arthritis of the MCP is a distinguishing feature of Rheumatoid Arthritis, as opposed to the distal interphalangeal joint in osteoarthritis. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003695 galen:MetacarpoPhalangealJoint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gray337.png/200px-Gray337.png metacarpal joint metacarpo-phalangeal joint mp joint ncithesaurus:Metacarpophalangeal_Joint we follow FMA in making these joints part of digits The metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) are of the condyloid kind, formed by the reception of the rounded heads of the metacarpal bones into shallow cavities on the proximal ends of the first phalanges, with the exception of that of the thumb, which presents more of the characters of a ginglymoid joint. Arthritis of the MCP is a distinguishing feature of Rheumatoid Arthritis, as opposed to the distal interphalangeal joint in osteoarthritis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Metacarpophalangeal_joint MA:0000453 metacarpo-phalangeal joint FMA:35246 metacarpal joint FMA:35246 mp joint metatarsophalangeal joint FMA:35222 GAID:258 MESH:A.02.835.583.378.531 OpenCyc:Mx4rwCtS0pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:239747005 The metatarsophalangeal articulations are the joints between the metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal bones of the toes . They are condyloid joints meaning an elliptical or rounded surface (of the metatarsal bones) come close to the shallow cavities (of the proximal phalanges). The ligaments are the plantar and two collateral. UBERON:0003696 galen:MetatarsoPhalangealJoint metatarsal joint metatarsalphalangeal joint metatarsophalangeal metatarsophalangeal articulation ncithesaurus:Metatarsophalangeal_Joint we follow FMA in making these joints part of digits The metatarsophalangeal articulations are the joints between the metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal bones of the toes . They are condyloid joints meaning an elliptical or rounded surface (of the metatarsal bones) come close to the shallow cavities (of the proximal phalanges). The ligaments are the plantar and two collateral. Wikipedia:Metatarsophalangeal_articulations Wikipedia:Metatarsophalangeal_articulations metatarsalphalangeal joint Wikipedia:Metatarsophalangeal_articulations metatarsophalangeal FMA:35222 metatarsal joint Wikipedia:Metatarsophalangeal_articulations metatarsophalangeal articulation abdominal wall FMA:10429 FMA:259054 GAID:26 MESH:A.01.047.050 SCTID:181613000 UBERON:0003697 ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Wall wall of abdomen FMA:259054 wall of abdomen subtalar joint FMA:35198 GAID:260 MESH:A.02.835.583.378.831.780 SCTID:182213007 UBERON:0003698 articulatio subtalaris ncithesaurus:Subtalar_Joint subtalar joint talocalcaneal joint FMA:35198 subtalar joint GAID:260 talocalcaneal joint FMA:35198 FMA:TA articulatio subtalaris pubic symphysis FMA:16950 GAID:267 In birds, the pubic symphysis is present only in the ostrich, and the two hip bones are usually widely separated, making it easier to lay large eggs - Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 188–192. ISBN 0-03-910284-X. MESH:A.02.835.583.656 OpenCyc:Mx4rwGw9npwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182200001 UBERON:0003699 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gray321.png/200px-Gray321.png pubic symphyse symphisis pubis symphysis pubis the firm fibrocartilaginous joint in the median plane between the two opposing surfaces of the pubic bones, which are united by an interpubic disc of fibrocartilage as well as the superior and arcuate pubic ligaments. FMA Wikipedia:Pubic_symphysis symphisis pubis FMA:16950 symphysis pubis MP:0009575 Wikipedia:Pubic_symphysis the firm fibrocartilaginous joint in the median plane between the two opposing surfaces of the pubic bones, which are united by an interpubic disc of fibrocartilage as well as the superior and arcuate pubic ligaments. GAID:267 pubic symphyse FMA temporomandibular joint A joint of the jaw. There are two TMJs, one on either side, working in unison. The name is derived from the two bones which form the joint: the upper temporal bone which is part of the cranium (skull), and the lower jaw bone called the mandible. The unique feature of the TMJs is the articular disc. The disc is composed of fibrocartilagenous tissue (like the firm and flexible elastic cartilage of the ear) which is positioned between the two bones that form the joint. The TMJs are one of the only synovial joints in the human body with an articular disc, another being the sternoclavicular joint. The disc divides each joint into two. The lower joint compartment formed by the mandible and the articular disc is involved in rotational movement -- this is the initial movement of the jaw when the mouth opens. The upper joint compartment formed by the articular disk and the temporal bone is involved in translational movement -- this is the secondary gliding motion of the jaw as it is opened widely. The part of the mandible which mates to the under-surface of the disc is the condyle and the part of the temporal bone which mates to the upper surface of the disk is the glenoid (or mandibular) fossa[WP]. BTO:0003674 EMAPA:19196 FMA:54832 GAID:272 MA:0002899 MESH:A.02.835.583.861 SCTID:181814009 TMJ UBERON:0003700 articulatio temporomandibularis tempero-mandibular joint temperomandibular joint temporalmandibular joint temporomandibular temporomandibular articulation temporomandibular joint Wikipedia:Temporomandibular_joint temporomandibular joint A joint of the jaw. There are two TMJs, one on either side, working in unison. The name is derived from the two bones which form the joint: the upper temporal bone which is part of the cranium (skull), and the lower jaw bone called the mandible. The unique feature of the TMJs is the articular disc. The disc is composed of fibrocartilagenous tissue (like the firm and flexible elastic cartilage of the ear) which is positioned between the two bones that form the joint. The TMJs are one of the only synovial joints in the human body with an articular disc, another being the sternoclavicular joint. The disc divides each joint into two. The lower joint compartment formed by the mandible and the articular disc is involved in rotational movement -- this is the initial movement of the jaw when the mouth opens. The upper joint compartment formed by the articular disk and the temporal bone is involved in translational movement -- this is the secondary gliding motion of the jaw as it is opened widely. The part of the mandible which mates to the under-surface of the disc is the condyle and the part of the temporal bone which mates to the upper surface of the disk is the glenoid (or mandibular) fossa[WP]. Wikipedia:Temporomandibular_joint Wikipedia:Temporomandibular_joint articulatio temporomandibularis BTO:0003674 TMJ Wikipedia:Temporomandibular_joint Wikipedia:Temporomandibular_joint temporomandibular articulation Wikipedia:Temporomandibular_joint temporomandibular HP:0010754 temperomandibular joint Wikipedia:Temporomandibular_joint tempero-mandibular joint Wikipedia:Temporomandibular_joint temporalmandibular joint achilles tendon FMA:51061 GAID:277 MA:0002993 MESH:A.02.880.176 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjNX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181705009 UBERON:0003701 achilles tendon calcaneal tendon ncithesaurus:Achilles_Tendon tendo calcaneus FMA FMA MA:0002993 tendo calcaneus FMA:51061 achilles tendon FMA:51061 calcaneal tendon inguinal canal EMAPA:19171 EMAPA:26913 FMA:19928 GAID:28 MESH:A.01.047.412 SCTID:243966008 The inguinal canal is a passage in the anterior (toward the front of the body) abdominal wall which in men conveys the spermatic cord + the ilioinguinal nerve and in women the round ligament + the ilioinguinal nerve. The inguinal canal is larger and more prominent in men. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003702 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gray1227.png/200px-Gray1227.png Wikipedia The inguinal canal is a passage in the anterior (toward the front of the body) abdominal wall which in men conveys the spermatic cord + the ilioinguinal nerve and in women the round ligament + the ilioinguinal nerve. The inguinal canal is larger and more prominent in men. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inguinal_canal extrahepatic bile duct FMA:14678 GAID:281 MA:0002659 MESH:A.03.159.183.079 SCTID:276158002 UBERON:0003703 bile duct extrahepatic part extrahepatic biliary system ncithesaurus:Extrahepatic_Bile_Duct the passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. GAID:281 extrahepatic biliary system MP:0009498 the passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. MA:0002659 bile duct extrahepatic part intrahepatic bile duct FMA:15766 GAID:287 MA:0001630 MESH:A.03.159.183.158 SCTID:362193005 UBERON:0003704 ZFA:0005169 bile duct intrahepatic part ncithesaurus:Intrahepatic_Bile_Duct the passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. MP:0009497 the passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. MA:0001630 bile duct intrahepatic part meckel's diverticulum FMA:14967 GAID:317 MESH:A.03.492.411.620.484.612 UBERON:0003705 a small bulge in the small intestine present at birth. It is a vestigial remnant of the omphalomesenteric duct diverticulum of meckel galen:MeckelsDiverticulum ileal diverticulum meckel diverticulum meckel's diverticulum meckels diverticulum ncithesaurus:Meckel_Diverticulum Wikipedia:Meckel's_diverticulum a small bulge in the small intestine present at birth. It is a vestigial remnant of the omphalomesenteric duct FMA:14967 meckel's diverticulum GAID:317 meckels diverticulum FMA:14967 ileal diverticulum FMA:14967 diverticulum of meckel GAID:317 meckel diverticulum vocal cord BTO:0005084 EMAPA:19181 Either of two pairs of folds of mucous membrane projecting into the larynx. FMA:55457 GAID:344 MESH:A.04.329.364.737 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVieepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245504003 Stimmband Stimmlippe UBERON:0003706 ncithesaurus:Vocal_Cord plica vocalis true vocal cord vocal band vocal chord vocal cord vocal fold BTO:0005084 plica vocalis FMA BTO:0005084 Stimmlippe BTO:0005084 vocal band FMA:55457 vocal cord FMA:55457 true vocal cord GAID:344 vocal fold BTO:0005084 Stimmband Either of two pairs of folds of mucous membrane projecting into the larynx. Medical_Dictionary:http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ BTO BTO:0005084 vocal chord sinus of valsalva EMAPA:18625 FMA:3745 GAID:472 MESH:A.07.231.114.056.847 UBERON:0003707 aortic sinus sinus of valsalva valsalva sinus GAID:472 valsalva sinus GAID:472 aortic sinus FMA:3745 sinus of valsalva carotid sinus EMAPA:19320 FMA:50094 GAID:482 In human anatomy, the carotid sinus is a localized dilation of the internal carotid artery at its origin, the common carotid artery bifurcation. A synonym for the carotid sinus is the carotid bulb. [WP,unvetted]. MESH:A.07.231.114.186.456 SCTID:281137000 UBERON:0003708 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray513.png/200px-Gray513.png In human anatomy, the carotid sinus is a localized dilation of the internal carotid artery at its origin, the common carotid artery bifurcation. A synonym for the carotid sinus is the carotid bulb. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Carotid_sinus circle of Willis EHDAA2:0000252 EHDAA:9758 FMA:50454 GAID:486 In zebrafish, the circle of vessels comprised of the basal communicating artery (BCA) and posterior communicating segments (PCS) superficially resemble but are not homologous to the human circle of Willis[http://zfish.nichd.nih.gov/zfatlas/Intro%20Page/comparative.html]. Editor note: MESH:A.07.231.114.228.351 OpenCyc:Mx4rwSrCwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362047009 UBERON:0003709 Willis circle a circle of arteries that supply blood to the brain. The Circle of Willis comprises the following arteries: Anterior cerebral artery (left and right); Anterior communicating artery; Internal carotid artery (left and right); Posterior cerebral artery (left and right); Posterior communicating artery (left and right).The basilar artery and middle cerebral arteries, supplying the brain, are also considered part of the circle arterial circle arterial circle of Willis cerebral arterial circle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Circle_of_Willis_en.svg/200px-Circle_of_Willis_en.svg.png Wikipedia:Circle_of_Willis a circle of arteries that supply blood to the brain. The Circle of Willis comprises the following arteries: Anterior cerebral artery (left and right); Anterior communicating artery; Internal carotid artery (left and right); Posterior cerebral artery (left and right); Posterior communicating artery (left and right).The basilar artery and middle cerebral arteries, supplying the brain, are also considered part of the circle FMA-modified GAID:486 Willis circle FMA-modified GAID:486 cerebral arterial circle Wikipedia:Circle_of_Willis arterial circle vasa vasorum FMA:77433 GAID:526 MESH:A.07.231.836 SCTID:7524009 UBERON:0003710 ncithesaurus:Vasa_Vasorum brachiocephalic vein EHDAA2:0000182 EHDAA:9868 FMA:4723 GAID:529 MESH:A.07.231.908.130 OpenCyc:Mx4rvz3aUJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181371003 The left and right brachiocephalic veins in the upper chest are formed by the union of each corresponding internal jugular vein and subclavian vein. This is at the level of the sternoclavicular joint. These great vessels merge to form the superior vena cava. The brachiocephalic veins are the major veins returning blood to the superior vena cava. UBERON:0003711 brachiocephalic venous tree galen:BrachiocephalicVein innomiate vein innominate trunk innominate vein innominate vein innominate veins ncithesaurus:Innominate_Vein vena brachiocephalica FMA:4723 innominate vein The left and right brachiocephalic veins in the upper chest are formed by the union of each corresponding internal jugular vein and subclavian vein. This is at the level of the sternoclavicular joint. These great vessels merge to form the superior vena cava. The brachiocephalic veins are the major veins returning blood to the superior vena cava. Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein innominate trunk Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein innominate veins Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein innomiate vein FMA:4723 brachiocephalic venous tree Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein innominate vein Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein vena brachiocephalica GAID:529 innominate vein cavernous sinus EMAPA:19059 FMA:50772 GAID:532 MESH:A.07.231.908.224.334 OpenCyc:Mx4rwKAVGJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244402005 UBERON:0003712 ncithesaurus:Cavernous_Sinus splenic vein FMA:14331 GAID:541 In anatomy, the splenic vein (in the past called the lienal vein) is the blood vessel that drains blood from the spleen. It joins with the superior mesenteric vein, to form the hepatic portal vein and follows a course superior to the pancreas, alongside of the similarly named artery, the splenic artery. It collects branches from the stomach and pancreas and most notably from the large intestine, which is drained by the inferior mesenteric vein and joins with splenic vein shortly before it forms the portal vein. [WP,unvetted]. MESH:A.07.231.908.670.730 OpenCyc:Mx4rwCt0eZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278029005 UBERON:0003713 galen:SplenicVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Gray1189.png/200px-Gray1189.png ncithesaurus:Splenic_Vein In anatomy, the splenic vein (in the past called the lienal vein) is the blood vessel that drains blood from the spleen. It joins with the superior mesenteric vein, to form the hepatic portal vein and follows a course superior to the pancreas, alongside of the similarly named artery, the splenic artery. It collects branches from the stomach and pancreas and most notably from the large intestine, which is drained by the inferior mesenteric vein and joins with splenic vein shortly before it forms the portal vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Splenic_vein neural tissue AAO:0000325 AEO:0000123 EHDAA2:0003123 FMA definition includes vasculature FMA:9642 GAID:609 MESH:A.08.561 OpenCyc:Mx4rVmfYCsQ_QdeM_bFAeS8NRQ Portion of tissue which consists of neurons, neuroglia and vasculature. Examples: Neural tissue of brain, neural tissue of peripheral ganglion, neural tissue of nerve[FMA]. SCTID:91728009 UBERON:0003714 ncithesaurus:Nervous_Tissue nerve tissue nervous tissue portion of neural tissue FMA:9642 Portion of tissue which consists of neurons, neuroglia and vasculature. Examples: Neural tissue of brain, neural tissue of peripheral ganglion, neural tissue of nerve[FMA]. FMA:9642 nervous tissue FMA:9642 portion of neural tissue FMA:9642 nerve tissue splanchnic nerve FMA:5883 GAID:800 MESH:A.08.800.050.050.800 SCTID:264198001 UBERON:0003715 the major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen, including the greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves that are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses and the lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia. MP:0008318 the major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen, including the greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves that are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses and the lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia. recurrent laryngeal nerve FMA:6246 GAID:804 MESH:A.08.800.050.050.925.450.700 SCTID:24227007 UBERON:0003716 inferior laryngeal nerve GAID:804 inferior laryngeal nerve golgi-mazzoni corpuscle FMA:83609 GAID:817 MESH:A.08.800.550.700.500.300 SCTID:37419002 UBERON:0003717 corpuscle of golgi-mazzoni golgi mazzoni corpuscle golgi-mazzoni corpuscle GAID:817 golgi mazzoni corpuscle FMA:83609 corpuscle of golgi-mazzoni FMA:83609 golgi-mazzoni corpuscle muscle spindle FMA:83607 GAID:819 MESH:A.08.800.550.700.500.500 SCTID:12945004 UBERON:0003718 muscle stretch receptor ncithesaurus:Muscle_Spindle neuromuscular spindle neuromuscular spindle the sensory organs in muscle that are involved in the stretch reflex. FMA:83607 neuromuscular spindle MP:0004069 the sensory organs in muscle that are involved in the stretch reflex. GAID:819 neuromuscular spindle GAID:819 muscle stretch receptor pacinian corpuscle FMA:83604 GAID:820 MESH:A.08.800.550.700.500.700 NIF_Subcellular:FMA_83604 UBERON:0003719 any of the rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors found in subcutaneous tissue beneath both hairy and glabrous skin, and which normally contain an afferent nerve fiber surrounded by a capsule with multiple concentric layers. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray935.png/200px-Gray935.png MP:0000988 Wikipedia:Pacinian_corpuscle any of the rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors found in subcutaneous tissue beneath both hairy and glabrous skin, and which normally contain an afferent nerve fiber surrounded by a capsule with multiple concentric layers. anterior cranial fossa FMA:9682 GAID:83 MESH:A.01.456.830.150 The floor of the anterior fossa is formed by the orbital plates of the frontal, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and the small wings and front part of the body of the sphenoid; it is limited behind by the posterior borders of the small wings of the sphenoid and by the anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove. The lesser wings of the sphenoid separate the anterior and middle fossae. UBERON:0003720 anterior fossa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray193.png/200px-Gray193.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Fossa The floor of the anterior fossa is formed by the orbital plates of the frontal, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and the small wings and front part of the body of the sphenoid; it is limited behind by the posterior borders of the small wings of the sphenoid and by the anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove. The lesser wings of the sphenoid separate the anterior and middle fossae. Wikipedia:Anterior_cranial_fossa lingual nerve FMA:53218 GAID:835 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.760.500.450 SCTID:280260006 UBERON:0003721 middle cranial fossa FMA:54369 GAID:84 MESH:A.01.456.830.165 The compartment containing the anterior extremities and half the inferior surface of the temporal lobes (TEMPORAL LOBE) of the cerebral hemispheres. Lying posterior and inferior to the anterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, ANTERIOR), it is formed by part of the TEMPORAL BONE and SPHENOID BONE. It is separated from the posterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR) by crests formed by the superior borders of the petrous parts of the temporal bones[MESH]. The middle fossa, deeper than the anterior cranial fossa, is narrow medially and widens laterally to the sides of the skull. It is separated from the posterior fossa by the clivus and the petrous crest. It is bounded in front by the posterior margins of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone, the anterior clinoid processes, and the ridge forming the anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove; behind, by the superior angles of the petrous portions of the temporal bones and the dorsum sellC&; laterally by the temporal squamC&, sphenoidal angles of the parietals, and greater wings of the sphenoid. It is traversed by the squamosal, sphenoparietal, sphenosquamosal, and sphenopetrosal sutures[WP]. UBERON:0003722 middle fossa ncithesaurus:Middle_Fossa MESH:A.01.456.830.165 The compartment containing the anterior extremities and half the inferior surface of the temporal lobes (TEMPORAL LOBE) of the cerebral hemispheres. Lying posterior and inferior to the anterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, ANTERIOR), it is formed by part of the TEMPORAL BONE and SPHENOID BONE. It is separated from the posterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR) by crests formed by the superior borders of the petrous parts of the temporal bones[MESH]. The middle fossa, deeper than the anterior cranial fossa, is narrow medially and widens laterally to the sides of the skull. It is separated from the posterior fossa by the clivus and the petrous crest. It is bounded in front by the posterior margins of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone, the anterior clinoid processes, and the ridge forming the anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove; behind, by the superior angles of the petrous portions of the temporal bones and the dorsum sellC&; laterally by the temporal squamC&, sphenoidal angles of the parietals, and greater wings of the sphenoid. It is traversed by the squamosal, sphenoparietal, sphenosquamosal, and sphenopetrosal sutures[WP]. Wikipedia:Middle_cranial_fossa Wikipedia:Middle_cranial_fossa middle fossa vestibular nerve EHDAA2:0002200 FMA:53401 GAID:840 MA:0001111 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.910.900 OG:0001181 OpenCyc:Mx4rvxAWX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362464003 The vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the Vestibulocochlear nerve (the cochlear nerve being the other). It goes to the semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion. It receives positional information. Axons of the vestibular nerve synapse in the vestibular nucleus on the lateral floor and wall of the fourth ventricle in the pons and medulla. It arises from bipolar cells in the vestibular ganglion, ganglion of Scarpa, which is situated in the upper part of the outer end of the internal auditory meatus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003723 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vestibular_system%27s_semicircular_canal-_a_cross-section.jpg/200px-Vestibular_system%27s_semicircular_canal-_a_cross-section.jpg ncithesaurus:Vestibular_Nerve scarpa ganglion scarpa's ganglion scarpas ganglion vestibular root of acoustic nerve vestibular root of eighth cranial nerve vestibulocochlear VIII nerve vestibular component FMA:53401 vestibular root of acoustic nerve The vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the Vestibulocochlear nerve (the cochlear nerve being the other). It goes to the semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion. It receives positional information. Axons of the vestibular nerve synapse in the vestibular nucleus on the lateral floor and wall of the fourth ventricle in the pons and medulla. It arises from bipolar cells in the vestibular ganglion, ganglion of Scarpa, which is situated in the upper part of the outer end of the internal auditory meatus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vestibular_nerve GAID:840 scarpa ganglion GAID:840 scarpas ganglion FMA:53401 vestibular root of eighth cranial nerve GAID:840 scarpa's ganglion MA:0001111 vestibulocochlear VIII nerve vestibular component musculocutaneous nerve FMA:37064 GAID:844 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.050.540 OpenCyc:Mx4rvzp0l5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181019000 The musculocutaneous nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, opposite the lower border of the Pectoralis minor, its fibers being derived from C5, C6, C7. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003724 casserio's nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nerves_of_the_left_upper_extremity.gif/200px-Nerves_of_the_left_upper_extremity.gif FMA:37064 casserio's nerve The musculocutaneous nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, opposite the lower border of the Pectoralis minor, its fibers being derived from C5, C6, C7. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Musculocutaneous_nerve cervical plexus FMA:5904 GAID:847 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.150 OpenCyc:Mx4rvkEE3JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181107005 The cervical plexus is a plexus of the ventral rami of the first four cervical spinal nerves which are located from C1 to C5 cervical segment in the neck. They are located laterally to the transverse processes between prevertebral muscles from the medial side and vertebral from lateral side. Here there is anastomosis with accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve and sympathetic trunk. It is located in the neck, deep to sternocleidomastoid. Nerves formed from the cervical plexus innervate the back of the head, as well as some neck muscles. The branches of the cervical plexus emerge from the posterior triangle at the nerve point, a point which lies midway on the posterior border of the Sternocleidomastoid[WP]. UBERON:0003725 cervical nerve plexus cervical plexus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gray784.png/200px-Gray784.png plexus cervicalis FMA:5904 cervical plexus FMA:5904 FMA:TA plexus cervicalis FMA:5904 cervical nerve plexus The cervical plexus is a plexus of the ventral rami of the first four cervical spinal nerves which are located from C1 to C5 cervical segment in the neck. They are located laterally to the transverse processes between prevertebral muscles from the medial side and vertebral from lateral side. Here there is anastomosis with accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve and sympathetic trunk. It is located in the neck, deep to sternocleidomastoid. Nerves formed from the cervical plexus innervate the back of the head, as well as some neck muscles. The branches of the cervical plexus emerge from the posterior triangle at the nerve point, a point which lies midway on the posterior border of the Sternocleidomastoid[WP]. Wikipedia:Cervical_plexus thoracic nerve FMA:5860 GAID:857 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.800 OpenCyc:Mx4rwSJp_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:360498003 The twelve spinal nerves on each side of the thorax. They include eleven INTERCOSTAL NERVES and one subcostal nerve. Both sensory and motor, they supply the muscles and skin of the thoracic and abdominal walls. UBERON:0003726 pectoral nerve thoracic spinal nerve MESH:A.08.800.800.720.800 The twelve spinal nerves on each side of the thorax. They include eleven INTERCOSTAL NERVES and one subcostal nerve. Both sensory and motor, they supply the muscles and skin of the thoracic and abdominal walls. FMA:5860 thoracic spinal nerve GAID:857 pectoral nerve intercostal nerve EMAPA:18227 FMA:6028 GAID:858 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.800.350 SCTID:279568001 The intercostal nerves are the anterior divisions (rami anteriores; ventral divisions) of the thoracic spinal nerves from T1 to T11. Each nerve is connected with the adjoining ganglion of the sympathetic trunk by a gray and a white ramus communicans. The intercostal nerves are distributed chiefly to the thoracic pleura and abdominal peritoneum and differ from the anterior divisions of the other spinal nerves in that each pursues an independent course without plexus formation. The first two nerves supply fibers to the upper limb in addition to their thoracic branches; the next four are limited in their distribution to the parietes of the thorax; the lower five supply the parietes of the thorax and abdomen. The 7th intercostal nerve terminates at the xyphoid process, at the lower end of the sternum. The 10th intercostal nerve terminates at the umbilicus. The twelfth thoracic is distributed to the abdominal wall and groin. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003727 anterior ramus of thoracic nerve anterior ramus of thoracic spinal nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gray819.png/200px-Gray819.png ncithesaurus:Intercostal_Nerve ramus anterior, nervus thoracicus thoracic anterior ramus ventral ramus of thoracic spinal nerve FMA:6028 thoracic anterior ramus FMA:6028 ventral ramus of thoracic spinal nerve FMA:6028 anterior ramus of thoracic nerve FMA:6028 anterior ramus of thoracic spinal nerve The intercostal nerves are the anterior divisions (rami anteriores; ventral divisions) of the thoracic spinal nerves from T1 to T11. Each nerve is connected with the adjoining ganglion of the sympathetic trunk by a gray and a white ramus communicans. The intercostal nerves are distributed chiefly to the thoracic pleura and abdominal peritoneum and differ from the anterior divisions of the other spinal nerves in that each pursues an independent course without plexus formation. The first two nerves supply fibers to the upper limb in addition to their thoracic branches; the next four are limited in their distribution to the parietes of the thorax; the lower five supply the parietes of the thorax and abdomen. The 7th intercostal nerve terminates at the xyphoid process, at the lower end of the sternum. The 10th intercostal nerve terminates at the umbilicus. The twelfth thoracic is distributed to the abdominal wall and groin. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Intercostal_nerves FMA:6028 ramus anterior, nervus thoracicus mediastinum EFO:0003057 FMA:9826 GAID:94 MESH:A.01.911.800.500 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2OKJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181217005 The mediastinum is a non-delineated group of structures in the thorax, surrounded by loose connective tissue. It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. It contains the heart, the great vessels of the heart, esophagus, trachea, phrenic nerve, cardiac nerve, thoracic duct, thymus, and lymph nodes of the central chest. The mediastinum lies between the right and left pleura in and near the median sagittal plane of the chest. It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind, and contains all the thoracic viscera except the lungs. It may be divided for purposes of description into two parts:an upper portion, above the upper level of the pericardium, which is named the superior mediastinum with its superior limit at the superior thoracic opening and its inferior limit at the plane from the sternal angle to the disc of T4-T5 (Plane of Ludwig at Angle of Louis); and a lower portion, below the upper level of the pericardium. This lower portion is again subdivided into three parts, viz. that in front of the pericardium, the anterior mediastinum; that containing the pericardium and its contents, the middle mediastinum; and that behind the pericardium, the posterior mediastinum. It is surrounded by the chest wall anteriorly, the lungs laterally and the spine posteriorly. It is continuous with the loose connective tissue of the neck, and extends inferiorly onto the diaphragm. UBERON:0003728 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mediastinum.png/200px-Mediastinum.png mediastinal part of chest ncithesaurus:Mediastinum The mediastinum is a non-delineated group of structures in the thorax, surrounded by loose connective tissue. It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. It contains the heart, the great vessels of the heart, esophagus, trachea, phrenic nerve, cardiac nerve, thoracic duct, thymus, and lymph nodes of the central chest. The mediastinum lies between the right and left pleura in and near the median sagittal plane of the chest. It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind, and contains all the thoracic viscera except the lungs. It may be divided for purposes of description into two parts:an upper portion, above the upper level of the pericardium, which is named the superior mediastinum with its superior limit at the superior thoracic opening and its inferior limit at the plane from the sternal angle to the disc of T4-T5 (Plane of Ludwig at Angle of Louis); and a lower portion, below the upper level of the pericardium. This lower portion is again subdivided into three parts, viz. that in front of the pericardium, the anterior mediastinum; that containing the pericardium and its contents, the middle mediastinum; and that behind the pericardium, the posterior mediastinum. It is surrounded by the chest wall anteriorly, the lungs laterally and the spine posteriorly. It is continuous with the loose connective tissue of the neck, and extends inferiorly onto the diaphragm. Wikipedia:Mediastinum FMA:9826 mediastinal part of chest mouth mucosa BTO:0002860 FMA:59660 GAID:951 MA:0002794 MESH:A.10.615.550.599 UBERON:0003729 adult mouth mucosa adult mouth mucosa of organ adult mouth mucous membrane adult mouth organ mucosa buccal mucosa mouth mucosa mouth mucosa of organ mouth mucous membrane mouth organ mucosa mucosa of adult mouth mucosa of mouth mucosa of organ of adult mouth mucosa of organ of mouth mucosal lining of mouth mucous membrane of adult mouth mucous membrane of mouth ncit split mouth/oral mucosa into lip and buccal ncithesaurus:Oral_Mucosa oral mucosa oral part of viscerocranial mucosa organ mucosa of adult mouth organ mucosa of mouth the mucous membrane epithelium of the mouth. It can be divided into three categories: masticatory, lining, and specialized. tunica mucosa oris FMA:59660 oral part of viscerocranial mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of mouth FMA:59660 mouth mucosa GAID:951 oral mucosa MA:0002794 mucosal lining of mouth OBOL:automatic mouth organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mouth mucosa of organ FMA:59660 mucous membrane of mouth OBOL:automatic mucosa of mouth OBOL:automatic adult mouth mucosa FMA:59660 FMA:TA tunica mucosa oris OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of adult mouth OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of mouth OBOL:automatic mucosa of adult mouth OBOL:automatic mouth mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of adult mouth OBOL:automatic adult mouth mucous membrane GAID:951 buccal mucosa OBOL:automatic adult mouth organ mucosa Wikipedia:Oral_mucosa the mucous membrane epithelium of the mouth. It can be divided into three categories: masticatory, lining, and specialized. OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of adult mouth OBOL:automatic adult mouth mucosa of organ prostate bud A region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium destined to become the prostate[GO]. UBERON:0003820 prostate field prostatic bud A region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium destined to become the prostate[GO]. GO:0060513 GO:0060572 metacarpal/metatarsal bone MA:0000301 UBERON:0003821 cannon bone metacarpal or metatarsal bone metacarpal/metatarsal metapodium bone UBERON:cjm cannon bone UBERON:cjm http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metapodial metapodium bone forelimb stylopod A stylopod that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002112 EHDAA:4186 EHDAA:6234 EMAPA:17424 FMA:24890 MA:0000035 MESH:A.01.378.800.075 OG:0000343 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVj0Z5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Proximal segment of free upper limb SCTID:302538001 UBERON:0003822 WP states: anatomical usage, the term arm refers specifically to the segment between the shoulder and the elbow, while the segment between the elbow and wrist is the forearm. However, in common, literary, and historical usage, arm refers to the entire upper limb from shoulder to wrist. FMA uses the term Arm for this class, so we place it here. arm brachial region forelimb stylopodium galen:Arm ncithesaurus:Arm proximal segment of free upper limb regio brachialis stylopod of arm stylopod of forelimb upper arm A stylopod that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic forelimb stylopodium FMA:24890 arm FMA:24890 FMA:TA regio brachialis MA:0000035 upper arm hindlimb zeugopod A zeugopod that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. EFO:0003051 EHDAA2:0001030 EHDAA:5165 EHDAA:6190 EMAPA:17496 FMA:24979 FMA:24984 MA:0000051 MESH:A.01.378.610.500 OG:0000348 OpenCyc:Mx4rvczZBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244015008 UBERON:0003823 calf calf of leg galen:Leg hind limb middle limb segment hind limb zeugopod hindlimb middle limb segment hindlimb zeugopod hindlimb zeugopodium intermediate segment of free lower limb leg lower extremity middle limb segment lower extremity zeugopod lower leg middle limb segment of hind limb middle limb segment of hindlimb ncithesaurus:Leg note that FMA:24979 denotes the middle segment (zeugopod), its placement here is correct posterior curral region posterior leg region posterior part of leg posterior region of leg regio cruris posterior regio surae sura sural region zeugopod of hind limb zeugopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic hind limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hind limb A zeugopod that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:24984 sural region FMA:24984 calf of leg OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopodium FMA:24984 FMA:TA regio surae FMA:24984 posterior region of leg FMA:24979 MESH:A.01.378.610.500 leg FMA:24984 FMA:TA regio cruris posterior OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopod OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hindlimb FMA:24979 intermediate segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic hindlimb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hindlimb FMA:24984 FMA:TA sura OBOL:automatic lower extremity middle limb segment OBOL:automatic lower extremity zeugopod FMA:24984 posterior curral region OBOL:automatic hind limb middle limb segment FMA:24984 posterior leg region FMA:24984 posterior part of leg thoracic segment nerve A nerve that is part of a thorax [Obol]. MA:0000562 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.800 UBERON:0003824 nerve of thorax thorax nerve upper body nerve MA:0000562 upper body nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of thorax A nerve that is part of a thorax [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic thorax nerve abdominal segment nerve A nerve that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Obol]. MA:0000528 UBERON:0003825 abdominal segment of trunk nerve nerve of abdominal segment of trunk A nerve that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of abdominal segment of trunk upper leg bone A bone that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Obol]. MA:0000682 UBERON:0003826 A bone that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Obol]. OBOL:automatic thoracic segment bone A bone that is part of a thorax [Obol]. MA:0000559 SCTID:426649006 UBERON:0003827 bone of thorax bone organ of thorax thorax bone thorax bone organ upper body bone OBOL:automatic bone of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax bone organ A bone that is part of a thorax [Obol]. OBOL:automatic MA:0000559 upper body bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax bone abdominal segment bone A bone that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Obol]. MA:0000525 UBERON:0003828 abdominal segment of trunk bone abdominal segment of trunk bone organ bone of abdominal segment of trunk bone organ of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of abdominal segment of trunk A bone that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk bone OBOL:automatic bone of abdominal segment of trunk urethra muscle A muscle organ that is part of a urethra [Obol]. MA:0002649 UBERON:0003829 muscle organ of urethra urethra muscle organ urethral muscle layer MA:0002649 urethral muscle layer OBOL:automatic urethra muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of urethra A muscle organ that is part of a urethra [Obol]. OBOL:automatic thoracic segment muscle A muscle organ that is part of a thorax [Obol]. MA:0000561 UBERON:0003830 muscle organ of thorax thorax muscle organ upper body muscle A muscle organ that is part of a thorax [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax muscle organ MA:0000561 upper body muscle respiratory system muscle A muscle organ that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001828 UBERON:0003831 apparatus respiratorius muscle organ muscle organ of apparatus respiratorius muscle organ of respiratory system respiratory system muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of apparatus respiratorius A muscle organ that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius muscle organ OBOL:automatic respiratory system muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of respiratory system esophagus muscle A muscle organ that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. MA:0002682 UBERON:0003832 esophagus muscle organ gullet muscle organ muscle organ of esophagus muscle organ of gullet muscle organ of oesophagus oesophagus muscle organ OBOL:automatic oesophagus muscle organ OBOL:automatic esophagus muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of oesophagus A muscle organ that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic gullet muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of gullet OBOL:automatic muscle organ of esophagus abdominal segment muscle A muscle organ that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Obol]. MA:0000527 UBERON:0003833 abdominal segment of trunk muscle organ muscle organ of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic muscle organ of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk muscle organ A muscle organ that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Obol]. OBOL:automatic thoracic segment blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a thorax [Obol]. MA:0000558 UBERON:0003834 blood vessel of thorax thorax blood vessel upper body blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax blood vessel MA:0000558 upper body blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a thorax [Obol]. OBOL:automatic abdominal segment blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Obol]. MA:0000524 UBERON:0003835 abdominal segment of trunk blood vessel blood vessel of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of abdominal segment of trunk A blood vessel that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Obol]. OBOL:automatic abdominal segment skin A skin of body that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Obol]. MA:0000530 UBERON:0003836 abdominal segment of trunk skin skin of abdominal segment of trunk A skin of body that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Obol]. OBOL:automatic MA OBOL:automatic skin of abdominal segment of trunk MA OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk skin thoracic segment connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thorax [Obol]. MA:0000560 UBERON:0003837 connective tissue of thorax portion of connective tissue of thorax textus connectivus of thorax thorax connective tissue thorax portion of connective tissue thorax textus connectivus upper body connective tissue OBOL:automatic thorax portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic thorax textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of thorax MA:0000560 upper body connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thorax [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic thorax connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of thorax OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of thorax abdominal segment connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Obol]. MA:0000526 UBERON:0003838 abdominal segment of trunk connective tissue abdominal segment of trunk portion of connective tissue abdominal segment of trunk textus connectivus connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk portion of connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk textus connectivus of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk connective tissue OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Obol]. OBOL:automatic forelimb joint A limb joint that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. EMAPA:19204 MA:0000614 UBERON:0003839 anteriormost limb joint of limb anteriormost limb limb joint fore limb joint of limb fore limb limb joint forelimb joint of limb forelimb limb joint joint of limb of anteriormost limb joint of limb of fore limb joint of limb of forelimb joint of limb of superior member joint of limb of upper extremity limb joint of anteriormost limb limb joint of fore limb limb joint of forelimb limb joint of superior member limb joint of upper extremity superior member joint of limb superior member limb joint upper extremity joint of limb upper extremity limb joint OBOL:automatic upper extremity joint of limb A limb joint that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic superior member joint of limb OBOL:automatic limb joint of superior member OBOL:automatic joint of limb of upper extremity OBOL:automatic forelimb joint of limb OBOL:automatic fore limb joint of limb OBOL:automatic fore limb limb joint OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb joint of limb OBOL:automatic joint of limb of forelimb OBOL:automatic upper extremity limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of limb of superior member OBOL:automatic forelimb limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of limb of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic superior member limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of limb of fore limb OBOL:automatic limb joint of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb limb joint OBOL:automatic limb joint of forelimb OBOL:automatic limb joint of fore limb OBOL:automatic limb joint of upper extremity hindlimb joint A limb joint that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. MA:0000662 UBERON:0003840 hind limb joint of limb hind limb limb joint hindlimb joint of limb hindlimb limb joint inferior member joint of limb inferior member limb joint joint of limb of hind limb joint of limb of hindlimb joint of limb of inferior member joint of limb of lower extremity limb joint of hind limb limb joint of hindlimb limb joint of inferior member limb joint of lower extremity lower extremity joint of limb lower extremity limb joint OBOL:automatic inferior member limb joint OBOL:automatic limb joint of hind limb OBOL:automatic hindlimb limb joint OBOL:automatic hind limb limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of limb of hind limb OBOL:automatic limb joint of inferior member OBOL:automatic lower extremity joint of limb OBOL:automatic inferior member joint of limb OBOL:automatic lower extremity limb joint OBOL:automatic limb joint of lower extremity A limb joint that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hindlimb joint of limb OBOL:automatic joint of limb of hindlimb OBOL:automatic joint of limb of inferior member OBOL:automatic hind limb joint of limb OBOL:automatic joint of limb of lower extremity OBOL:automatic limb joint of hindlimb autopod joint A limb joint that is part of an autopod [Obol]. MA:0002715 UBERON:0003841 autopod joint of limb autopod limb joint distal free limb segment joint of limb distal free limb segment limb joint joint of limb of autopod joint of limb of distal free limb segment limb joint of autopod limb joint of distal free limb segment paw joint OBOL:automatic joint of limb of autopod OBOL:automatic limb joint of autopod MA:0002715 paw joint OBOL:automatic limb joint of distal free limb segment A limb joint that is part of an autopod [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment joint of limb OBOL:automatic autopod joint of limb OBOL:automatic autopod limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of limb of distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment limb joint neural tube lumen AAO:0011073 EHDAA2:0001269 EHDAA:2889 EHDAA:914 EMAPA:16167 EMAPA:16533 OG:0001119 TODO - check UBERON:0003842 UBERON:0005713 XAO:0000252 cavity of neural tube lumen of neural tube neural lumen neural tube neural lumen UBERON:cjm lumen of neural tube EHDAA2:0001269 neural tube neural lumen UBERON:cjm cavity of neural tube EHDAA:2889 neural lumen tooth epithelium AAO:0011027 BTO:0001723 EMAPA:17922 EMAPA:17943 Epithelium that is part of a developing tooth or dental organ. OG:0001443 UBERON:0003843 XAO:0003203 ZFA:0005134 dental epithelia dental epithelium ZFA:0005134 dental epithelia ZFA:0005134 dental epithelium Epithelium that is part of a developing tooth or dental organ. ZFIN:curator ZFA BTO upper eyelid epithelium An epithelium that is part of a upper eyelid [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002116 EMAPA:17835 OG:0000638 UBERON:0003844 epithelial tissue of superior eyelid epithelial tissue of upper eyelid epithelium of superior eyelid epithelium of upper eyelid superior eyelid epithelial tissue superior eyelid epithelium upper eyelid epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic superior eyelid epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of upper eyelid OBOL:automatic epithelium of superior eyelid OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of superior eyelid An epithelium that is part of a upper eyelid [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic upper eyelid epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic superior eyelid epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of upper eyelid lower eyelid epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lower eyelid [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001016 EMAPA:17832 OG:0000637 UBERON:0003845 epithelial tissue of inferior eyelid epithelial tissue of lower eyelid epithelium of inferior eyelid epithelium of lower eyelid inferior eyelid epithelial tissue inferior eyelid epithelium lower eyelid epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of inferior eyelid OBOL:automatic inferior eyelid epithelium OBOL:automatic lower eyelid epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of inferior eyelid OBOL:automatic inferior eyelid epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a lower eyelid [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of lower eyelid OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lower eyelid thymus epithelium BTO:0001836 EHDAA2:0002019 MA:0000768 OG:0001426 UBERON:0003846 epithelial tissue of thymus epithelial tissue of thymus gland epithelium of thymus epithelium of thymus gland the supporting framework of the thymus. thymic epithelium thymus epithelial tissue thymus gland epithelial tissue thymus gland epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of thymus gland MP:0009544 the supporting framework of the thymus. OBOL:automatic epithelium of thymus PMID:21293377 OBOL:automatic epithelium of thymus gland OBOL:automatic thymus gland epithelium OBOL:automatic thymus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic thymus gland epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of thymus BTO:0001836 thymic epithelium thyroid artery AAO:0010490 An artery that is part of a thyroid [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002029 EHDAA:7372 EMAPA:18622 MA:0002066 OG:0001366 UBERON:0003847 ncithesaurus:Thyroid_Artery An artery that is part of a thyroid [Obol]. OBOL:automatic gonadal vein EHDAA2:0000719 EHDAA:8703 In medicine, gonadal vein refers to the blood vessel that carrying blood away from the gonad (testis, ovary) toward the heart. Females : ovarian vein Males : testicular vein [WP,unvetted]. OG:0001340 OpenCyc:Mx4rvlWYh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278192008 UBERON:0003848 gonad vein gonada vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gray1120.png/200px-Gray1120.png vein of gonad vein of gonada OBOL:automatic vein of gonad OBOL:automatic gonad vein In medicine, gonadal vein refers to the blood vessel that carrying blood away from the gonad (testis, ovary) toward the heart. Females : ovarian vein Males : testicular vein [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Gonadal_vein OBOL:automatic gonada vein OBOL:automatic vein of gonada mesencephalic neural crest EFO:0003591 EHDAA2:0001101 EHDAA:360 OG:0000796 UBERON:0003849 ZFA:0000935 mesencephalic neural crest neural crest midbrain ZFA:0000935 neural crest midbrain ZFA:0000935 mesencephalic neural crest ZFA telencephalon neural crest EFO:0003574 EHDAA2:0001991 OG:0000799 UBERON:0003850 ZFA:0000812 neural crest telencephalon ZFA:0000812 neural crest telencephalon diencephalon neural crest EFO:0003573 OG:0000798 UBERON:0003851 ZFA:0000811 diencephalic neural crest neural crest diencephalon ZFA:0000811 neural crest diencephalon ZFA:0000811 diencephalic neural crest rhombencephalon neural crest EHDAA2:0001628 EHDAA:362 OG:0001210 UBERON:0003852 ZFA:0007063 neural crest hindbrain rhombencephalic neural crest ZFA:0007063 neural crest hindbrain ZFA:0007063 rhombencephalic neural crest spinal cord neural crest EHDAA:696 EMAPA:16094 EMAPA:16163 EMAPA:16529 EMAPA:16881 OG:0001006 UBERON:0003853 spinal cord neural plate OG:0000439 UBERON:0003854 ZFA:0007021 neural plate of spinal cord ZFA OBOL:automatic neural plate of spinal cord gonad mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a gonad [Obol]. EHDAA:5012 EMAPA:16858 EMAPA:17385 OG:0001090 UBERON:0003855 gonada mesenchyme mesenchyme of gonad mesenchyme of gonada OBOL:automatic gonada mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonad A mesenchyme that is part of a gonad [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonada dental mesenchyme EMAPA:17920 EMAPA:17923 EMAPA:17941 EMAPA:17944 Mesenchyme enclosed by dental organ. OG:0001444 UBERON:0003856 ZFA:0005139 dentail organ mesenchyme enamel organ mesenchyme tooth enamel organ mesenchyme tooth mesenchyme ZFA OBOL:automatic dentail organ mesenchyme OBOL:automatic tooth enamel organ mesenchyme ZFA OBOL:automatic enamel organ mesenchyme OBOL:automatic tooth mesenchyme Mesenchyme enclosed by dental organ. ZFIN:curator upper eyelid mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a upper eyelid [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002117 EHDAA:9051 OG:0001093 UBERON:0003857 mesenchyme of superior eyelid mesenchyme of upper eyelid superior eyelid mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of superior eyelid OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of upper eyelid OBOL:automatic superior eyelid mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a upper eyelid [Obol]. OBOL:automatic lower eyelid mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a lower eyelid [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001017 EHDAA:9045 OG:0001036 UBERON:0003858 inferior eyelid mesenchyme mesenchyme of inferior eyelid mesenchyme of lower eyelid OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of inferior eyelid A mesenchyme that is part of a lower eyelid [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lower eyelid OBOL:automatic inferior eyelid mesenchyme forelimb mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. OG:0001109 UBERON:0003859 anteriormost limb mesenchyme fore limb mesenchyme mesenchyme of anteriormost limb mesenchyme of fore limb mesenchyme of forelimb mesenchyme of superior member mesenchyme of upper extremity superior member mesenchyme upper extremity mesenchyme OBOL:automatic superior member mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb mesenchyme OBOL:automatic upper extremity mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of forelimb A mesenchyme that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of fore limb OBOL:automatic fore limb mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of upper extremity OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of superior member hindlimb mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. OG:0001074 UBERON:0003860 hind limb mesenchyme inferior member mesenchyme lower extremity mesenchyme mesenchyme of hind limb mesenchyme of hindlimb mesenchyme of inferior member mesenchyme of lower extremity OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of inferior member OBOL:automatic inferior member mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of hind limb OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hind limb mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of hindlimb A mesenchyme that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lower extremity mesenchyme vertebral arch AAO:0000725 EFO:0003618 FMA:11946 MA:0001453 OpenCyc:Mx4rwKYHvZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:317373001 UBERON:0003861 ZFA:0001066 arch of vertebra arcus vertebra arcus vertebrae arcus vertebrae (vertebralis) dorsal arcocentrum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray82.png/200px-Gray82.png ncithesaurus:Arch_of_the_Vertebra neural arch posterior part of a vertebra that consists of a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae, and supports seven processes: four articular processes, two transverse processes one spinous process[WP]. ZFA: A neural arch encloses the neural canal and typically meets its partner to form a neural spine. The neural arch can be a replacement ossification of the basidorsal cartilage or can form directly in membrane bone. vertebra arch vertebra dorsal arch vertebra neural arch MA:0001453 vertebra dorsal arch MA:0001453 vertebra neural arch MA:0001453 vertebra arch Wikipedia:Vertebral_arch arcus vertebra ZFA:0001066 dorsal arcocentrum FMA:11946 arch of vertebra FMA:11946 arcus vertebrae (vertebralis) Wikipedia:Vertebral_arch arcus vertebrae Wikipedia:Vertebral_arch posterior part of a vertebra that consists of a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae, and supports seven processes: four articular processes, two transverse processes one spinous process[WP]. ZFA: A neural arch encloses the neural canal and typically meets its partner to form a neural spine. The neural arch can be a replacement ossification of the basidorsal cartilage or can form directly in membrane bone. foot digit 4 phalanx A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 4 [Obol]. FMA:32901 MA:0001384 SCTID:361804008 UBERON:0003862 digit long bone of foot digit 4 foot digit 4 digit long bone foot digit 4 long bone of digit fourth toe phalanx long bone of digit of foot digit 4 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_4_Phalanx phalanx of foot digit 4 phalanx of fourth toe OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic phalanx of foot digit 4 FMA:32901 fourth toe phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 digit long bone OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of foot digit 4 FMA:32901 phalanx of fourth toe A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 4 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic digit long bone of foot digit 4 foot digit 5 phalanx A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 5 [Obol]. FMA:32902 MA:0001385 SCTID:361806005 UBERON:0003863 digit long bone of foot digit 5 foot digit 5 digit long bone foot digit 5 long bone of digit little toe phalanx long bone of digit of foot digit 5 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_5_Phalanx phalanx of fifth digit of foot phalanx of fifth toe phalanx of foot digit 5 phalanx of little toe OBOL:automatic phalanx of foot digit 5 OBOL:automatic digit long bone of foot digit 5 OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of foot digit 5 A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 5 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:32902 little toe phalanx FMA:32902 phalanx of little toe FMA:32902 phalanx of fifth digit of foot FMA:32902 phalanx of fifth toe OBOL:automatic foot digit 5 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic foot digit 5 digit long bone middle phalanx of finger A middle phalanx that is part of a finger [Obol]. FMA:75817 MA:0001394 SCTID:113223004 UBERON:0003864 hand middle phalanx middle phalanx of hand ncithesaurus:Middle_Phalanx_of_the_Hand A middle phalanx that is part of a finger [Obol]. OBOL:automatic MA:0001394 hand middle phalanx distal phalanx of finger A distal phalanx that is part of a finger [Obol]. FMA:75818 MA:0001388 SCTID:182001007 UBERON:0003865 distal phalanx of hand hand distal phalanx ncithesaurus:Distal_Phalanx_of_Hand MA:0001388 hand distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a finger [Obol]. OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of toe A middle phalanx that is part of a toe [Obol]. FMA:75829 MA:0001386 SCTID:83207005 UBERON:0003866 foot middle phalanx middle phalanx of foot MA:0001386 foot middle phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a toe [Obol]. OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of toe A distal phalanx that is part of a toe [Obol]. FMA:75830 MA:0001380 SCTID:361797001 UBERON:0003867 distal phalanx of foot foot distal phalanx ncithesaurus:Distal_Phalanx_of_Foot A distal phalanx that is part of a toe [Obol]. OBOL:automatic MA:0001380 foot distal phalanx proximal phalanx of toe A proximal phalanx that is part of a toe [Obol]. FMA:75828 MA:0001387 SCTID:85533000 UBERON:0003868 foot proximal phalanx ncithesaurus:Proximal_Phalanx_of_Foot proximal phalanx of foot MA:0001387 foot proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a toe [Obol]. OBOL:automatic presumptive ganglion UBERON:0003869 presumptive ventricle UBERON:0003874 true subdivision of hippocampus FMA:74041 MA:0002428 UBERON:0003876 do not include ABA:HIP hippocampus region hippocampus subdivision subdivision of hippocampus MA:0002428 hippocampus region FMA:74041 hippocampus subdivision CA1 field of hippocampus ABA:CA1 CA1 CA1 field CA1 field of hippocampus EFO:0002454 FMA:74042 MA:0000950 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1197 UBERON:0003881 cornu ammonis 1 hippocampus CA1 prosubiculum = distal ca1 regio i cornus ammonis regio i hippocampi proprii regio superior regio superior of the hippocampus region 1 of Ammon's horn region i of ammon's horn region i of hippocampus proper NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1197 regio superior FMA:74042 FMA:TA regio i cornus ammonis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1197 cornu ammonis 1 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1197 prosubiculum = distal ca1 FMA:74042 region i of hippocampus proper FMA:74042 regio superior of the hippocampus FMA:74042 region i of ammon's horn ABA ABA FMA:74042 FMA:TA regio i hippocampi proprii CA2 field of hippocampus ABA:CA2 CA2 CA2 field CA2 field of hippocampus EFO:0002455 FMA:74044 MA:0000951 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1362 UBERON:0003882 hippocampus CA2 regio ii cornus ammonis regio ii hippocampi proprii region 2 of Ammon's horn region ii of ammon's horn region ii of hippocampus proper FMA:74044 FMA:TA regio ii cornus ammonis FMA:74044 region ii of ammon's horn ABA FMA:74044 FMA:TA regio ii hippocampi proprii FMA:74044 region ii of hippocampus proper ABA CA3 field of hippocampus ABA:CA3 CA3 CA3 field CA3 field of hippocampus EFO:0002456 FMA:74045 MA:0000952 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1204 Region III of hippocampus proper is a portion of the hippocampal formation. Region CA3 receives input along the mossy fibers from granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) and from projection cells in entorhinal cortex along the perforant path. The mossy fiber pathway terminates in stratum lucidum while the perforant path passes through stratum lacunosum and terminates in stratum moleculare. The inputs from the medial septum and diagonal band of Broca terminate in stratum radiatum, along with commisural connections from the contralateral hippocampus. The pyramidal cells in CA3 (of which there are approximately 200,000 in each hemisphere in the rat) send some axons back to the hilus, but the majority project to regions CA2 and CA1 (a pathway called the Schaffer collaterals), in addition to a significant number of connections that terminate within CA3 (called recurrent connections). Both the recurrent connections and the Schaffer collaterals terminate preferentially in the septal or dorsal direction from the originating cells. CA3 also sends a small set of output fibers to the lateral septum. The region is conventionally divided into 3 divisions. CA3a is the part of the cell band which is most distal from the dentate (and closest to CA1). CA3b is the middle part of the band nearest to the fimbria/fornix connection. CA3c is the most proximal to the dentate, inserting into the hilus. The region overall has been considered to be the bpacemakerb of the hippocampus. In CA3 much of the synchronous bursing activity associated with interictal epileptiform activity appears to be generated. The excitatory collateral interconnectivity appears to be the property of CA3 most responsible for this. CA3, unlike other regions, has pyramidal cell axon collaterals ramifying extensively with local region and making excitatory contacts with neighbors. CA3 has been implicated in a number of working theories on memory and learning hippocampal processes. Oscillatory rhythms (10-30Hz) are cholinergically driven patterns that depend on coupling of interneurons and pyramidal cell axons via gap junctions as well as glutaminergic (excitatory) and GABAergic (inhibitory) synapses. Sharp EEG waves seen here are also implicated in memory consolidation. UBERON:0003883 hippocampus CA3 regio iii cornus ammonis regio iii hippocampi proprii regio inferior region 3 of Ammon's horn region iii of ammon's horn region iii of hippocampus proper FMA:74045 FMA:TA regio iii hippocampi proprii ABA FMA:74045 region iii of hippocampus proper Region III of hippocampus proper is a portion of the hippocampal formation. Region CA3 receives input along the mossy fibers from granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) and from projection cells in entorhinal cortex along the perforant path. The mossy fiber pathway terminates in stratum lucidum while the perforant path passes through stratum lacunosum and terminates in stratum moleculare. The inputs from the medial septum and diagonal band of Broca terminate in stratum radiatum, along with commisural connections from the contralateral hippocampus. The pyramidal cells in CA3 (of which there are approximately 200,000 in each hemisphere in the rat) send some axons back to the hilus, but the majority project to regions CA2 and CA1 (a pathway called the Schaffer collaterals), in addition to a significant number of connections that terminate within CA3 (called recurrent connections). Both the recurrent connections and the Schaffer collaterals terminate preferentially in the septal or dorsal direction from the originating cells. CA3 also sends a small set of output fibers to the lateral septum. The region is conventionally divided into 3 divisions. CA3a is the part of the cell band which is most distal from the dentate (and closest to CA1). CA3b is the middle part of the band nearest to the fimbria/fornix connection. CA3c is the most proximal to the dentate, inserting into the hilus. The region overall has been considered to be the bpacemakerb of the hippocampus. In CA3 much of the synchronous bursing activity associated with interictal epileptiform activity appears to be generated. The excitatory collateral interconnectivity appears to be the property of CA3 most responsible for this. CA3, unlike other regions, has pyramidal cell axon collaterals ramifying extensively with local region and making excitatory contacts with neighbors. CA3 has been implicated in a number of working theories on memory and learning hippocampal processes. Oscillatory rhythms (10-30Hz) are cholinergically driven patterns that depend on coupling of interneurons and pyramidal cell axons via gap junctions as well as glutaminergic (excitatory) and GABAergic (inhibitory) synapses. Sharp EEG waves seen here are also implicated in memory consolidation. Wikipedia:Region_III_of_hippocampus_proper FMA:74045 FMA:TA regio iii cornus ammonis ABA FMA:74045 region iii of ammon's horn NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1204 regio inferior CA4 field of hippocampus CA4 CA4 field EFO:0002457 FMA:75741 MA:0000953 UBERON:0003884 consider obsoleting. consider: CA3c, hilus hippocampus CA4 regio iv cornus ammonis regio iv hippocampi proprii region 4 of Ammon's horn region iv of ammon's horn region iv of hippocampus proper FMA:75741 region iv of ammon's horn FMA:75741 region iv of hippocampus proper FMA:75741 FMA:TA regio iv cornus ammonis FMA:75741 FMA:TA regio iv hippocampi proprii mesometrium A mesentery that is part of a uterus [Obol]. FMA:19816 MA:0002931 SCTID:250172001 UBERON:0003885 mesentery of uterus FMA:19816 MA:0002931 http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/misc_topics/peritoneum.html mesentery of uterus A mesentery that is part of a uterus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic MA body cavity precursor UBERON:0003886 intraembryonic coelom EHDAA:251 EMAPA:16088 In the development of the human embryo the intraembryonic coelom (or somatic coelom) is a portion of the conceptus forming in the mesoderm. During the second week of development, the lateral mesoderm splits into a dorsal somatic mesoderm (somatopleure) and a ventral splanchnic mesoderm (splanchnopleure). The resulting cavity between the somatopleure and splanchnopleure is called the intraembryonic coelom. This space will give rise to the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It briefly has a connection with the extraembryonic coelom[WP]. OG:0000316 TODO - add spatial relationships to halves of LPM. Note the OG places XAO and ZFA coelem terms here. Todo: check ZFA, which appears to be a structure present in adults UBERON:0003887 ncithesaurus:Intraembryonic_Coelom somatic coelom Wikipedia:Intraembryonic_coelom somatic coelom In the development of the human embryo the intraembryonic coelom (or somatic coelom) is a portion of the conceptus forming in the mesoderm. During the second week of development, the lateral mesoderm splits into a dorsal somatic mesoderm (somatopleure) and a ventral splanchnic mesoderm (splanchnopleure). The resulting cavity between the somatopleure and splanchnopleure is called the intraembryonic coelom. This space will give rise to the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It briefly has a connection with the extraembryonic coelom[WP]. Wikipedia:Intraembryonic_coelom Wikipedia extraembryonic coelom EHDAA2:0000246 EHDAA:146 EMAPA:16081 FMA:63943 OG:0001671 SCTID:362843009 UBERON:0003888 cavity between Heuser's membrane and the Trophoblast[WP]. chorion cavity chorionic cavity exocoelomic cavity extraembryonic celom extraembryonic coelomic cavity ncithesaurus:Extraembryonic_Coelom FMA:63943 extraembryonic celom OG:0001671 exocoelomic cavity Wikipedia:Extraembryonic_coelom cavity between Heuser's membrane and the Trophoblast[WP]. EHDAA2:0000246 chorion cavity EHDAA2:0000246 chorionic cavity OG:0001671 extraembryonic coelomic cavity fallopian tube BTO:0002242 EFO:0000974 EV:0100112 FMA:18245 GAID:365 MA:0000385 MESH:A.05.360.319.114.373 OEC cell OpenCyc:Mx4rvViVeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181463001 Two very fine tubes lined with ciliated epithelia, leading from the ovaries of female mammals into the uterus, via the utero-tubal junction[WP]. Embryos have two pairs of ducts to let gametes out of the body; one pair (the Mullerian ducts) develops in females into the Fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina, while the other pair (the Wolffian ducts) develops in males into the epididymis and vas deferens. UBERON:0003889 fallopian tubes galen:FallopianTube http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Fallopian_tube#Homology http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg/200px-Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg.png mammalian oviduct ncithesaurus:Fallopian_Tube oral epithelial cell uterine tube BTO:0002242 OEC cell http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3293337&group_id=36855&atid=440764 mammalian oviduct BTO:0002242 oral epithelial cell Two very fine tubes lined with ciliated epithelia, leading from the ovaries of female mammals into the uterus, via the utero-tubal junction[WP]. Embryos have two pairs of ducts to let gametes out of the body; one pair (the Mullerian ducts) develops in females into the Fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina, while the other pair (the Wolffian ducts) develops in males into the epididymis and vas deferens. Wikipedia:Fallopian_tube Mullerian duct AAO:0010141 EHDAA2:0001399 EMAPA:27665 GAID:1309 MESH:A.16.254.570 Müllerian duct OG:0001199 SCTID:308802006 Sertoli cells secrete anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) inducing the demise of this duct UBERON:0003890 UBERON:0005318 XAO:0000330 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gray1109.png/200px-Gray1109.png ncithesaurus:Mullerian_Duct paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin[WP]. develops either by lengthwise splitting of the archinephric duct (in chondrichthyans and some amphibians) or by a elongated invagination of the coelomic epithelium (other vertebrates) In males, the oviducts regress. The cranial end of the oviduct maintains an opening into the coelom (which primitively may have been the anteriormost coelomic funnels connecting the nephrocoel with the coelom). This opening is the ostium tubae[USM]. paramesonephric duct GO:0061205 Wikipedia:Mullerian_duct http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio/courses/bio205/bio205_26_sex.html paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin[WP]. develops either by lengthwise splitting of the archinephric duct (in chondrichthyans and some amphibians) or by a elongated invagination of the coelomic epithelium (other vertebrates) In males, the oviducts regress. The cranial end of the oviduct maintains an opening into the coelom (which primitively may have been the anteriormost coelomic funnels connecting the nephrocoel with the coelom). This opening is the ostium tubae[USM]. EMAPA:27665 paramesonephric duct stroma EMAPA:17602 FMA:81494 UBERON:0003891 connective, non-functional supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ. Contrast with parenchyma. ncithesaurus:Stroma_Connective_Tissue Wikipedia:Stroma connective, non-functional supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ. Contrast with parenchyma. capsule EHDAA:4739 EHDAA:9061 FMA:85272 GO:0042603 UBERON:0003893 a cover or envelope partly or wholly surrounding a structure. Examples: egg shell, articular capsules, renal capsules[WP]. galen:Capsule see also: protective structure surrounding some species of bacteria and fungi. Note that FMA has classes such as Articular capsule that are not subtypes of Capsule (which is undefined in FMA) Wikipedia:Capsule_(anatomy) a cover or envelope partly or wholly surrounding a structure. Examples: egg shell, articular capsules, renal capsules[WP]. liver primordium A small endodermal thickening in the foregut adjacent to the transverse septum. Invaginates forming the hepatic diverticulum. AAO:0011058 EFO:0003428 EHDAA2:0000744 EHDAA:973 EMAPA:16847 Todo - check hepatic plate; check syns UBERON:0003894 XAO:0003266 ZFA:0000124 embryological hepatic plate hepatic plate liver bud ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Cord ncithesaurus:Primordium_of_the_Liver primordium of the liver XAO UBERON:cjm embryological hepatic plate XAO:0003266 ZFA:0000124 liver bud EHDAA2:0000744 hepatic plate XAO EHDAA2:0000572 ncithesaurus:Primordium_of_the_Liver primordium of the liver A small endodermal thickening in the foregut adjacent to the transverse septum. Invaginates forming the hepatic diverticulum. ISBN:3211492755 hypaxial myotome region Portion of myotome that is ventral to the horizontal septum UBERON:0003895 ZFA:0001085 body wall muscle hypaxial myotome region XAO:0003228 body wall muscle ISBN10:0073040584 Portion of myotome that is ventral to the horizontal septum ZFA:0001085 hypaxial myotome region muscle of body wall A muscle organ that is part of a body wall [Obol]. BTO:0001863 TODO - check trunk vs wall of trunk. Check hypaxial myotome region Trunk wall muscle organ UBERON:0003896 Wall of trunk muscle organ body wall muscle body wall muscle organ muscle organ of Trunk wall muscle organ of Wall of trunk muscle organ of body wall wall muscle OBOL:automatic muscle organ of Trunk wall OBOL:automatic Trunk wall muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of Wall of trunk OBOL:automatic muscle organ of body wall OBOL:automatic body wall muscle organ A muscle organ that is part of a body wall [Obol]. OBOL:automatic BTO:0001863 wall muscle OBOL:automatic Wall of trunk muscle organ axial muscle A skeletal muscle of the trunk or head. EHDAA2:0000160 EHDAA:5982 EMAPA:18166 EMAPA:18167 UBERON:0003897 skeletal muscle of trunk A skeletal muscle of the trunk. SCTID:244848007 UBERON:0003898 skeletal muscle of torso skeletal muscle tissue of torso skeletal muscle tissue of trunk torso skeletal muscle torso skeletal muscle tissue trunk skeletal muscle trunk skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic trunk skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of torso OBOL:automatic torso skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of trunk OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of torso OBOL:automatic trunk skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic torso skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of head A skeletal muscle of the head. SCTID:244718003 UBERON:0003899 adult head skeletal muscle adult head skeletal muscle tissue head skeletal muscle head skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of adult head skeletal muscle tissue of adult head skeletal muscle tissue of head OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of head OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of adult head OBOL:automatic adult head skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic head skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic adult head skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic head skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of adult head epaxial myotome region Portion of myotome that is dorsal to the horizontal septum UBERON:0003900 ZFA:0001084 epaxial myotome regions ZFA:0001084 epaxial myotome regions ISBN10:0073040584 Portion of myotome that is dorsal to the horizontal septum horizontal septum A logitudinal sheet of continuous connective tissue partition developing at the apex of the chevron-shaped myotome and separating dorsal (epaxial) and ventral (hypaxial) body wall muscle masses; each is destined to become, respectively, the epaxial and hyopaxial musculature. EFO:0003555 UBERON:0003901 ZFA:0000671 horizontal myoseptum A logitudinal sheet of continuous connective tissue partition developing at the apex of the chevron-shaped myotome and separating dorsal (epaxial) and ventral (hypaxial) body wall muscle masses; each is destined to become, respectively, the epaxial and hyopaxial musculature. ISBN10:0073040584 ZFA:0000671 ISBN10:0073040584 ZFA:0000671 horizontal myoseptum retinal neural layer AAO:0011095 BTO:0000929 EHDAA2:0001253 EHDAA:4763 EMAPA:17171 EMAPA:18590 FMA:58628 MA:0000277 OG:0000535 The layer of nerve cells in the retina[XAO]. The part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells[GO]. UBERON:0003902 XAO:0003216 ZFA:0000046 editor note - we follow ontologies such as FMA and ZFA in first dividing into pigmented and neural layers; the neural layers are further divided into 9 layers. Note that in MA this class is a leaf node. ncithesaurus:Neural_Retina neural layer of retina neural retina neural retinal epithelium neuroretina stratum nervosum (retina) MA:000027 neural retinal epithelium XAO:0003216 ZFA:0000046 neural retina FMA:58628 stratum nervosum (retina) ZFA:0000046 neuroretina FMA:58628 neural layer of retina GO:0003407 The layer of nerve cells in the retina[XAO]. The part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells[GO]. XAO:0003216 bursa of Fabricius BTO:0001699 GAID:1205 MESH:A.13.163 UBERON:0003903 an epithelial and lymphoid organ that develops as a dorsal diverticulum of the proctadael region of the cloaca in birds. The luminal (interior) surface of the bursa is plicated with as many as 15 primary and 7 secondary plicae or folds. These plicae have hundreds of bursal follicles containing follicle-associated epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. Lymphoid stem cells migrate from the fetal liver to the bursa during ontogeny. In the bursa, these stem cells acquire the characteristics of mature, immunocompetent B cells[WP]. The bursa is an organ found in birds involved in B cell differentiation[GO]. GO:0048540 Wikipedia:Bursa_of_Fabricius an epithelial and lymphoid organ that develops as a dorsal diverticulum of the proctadael region of the cloaca in birds. The luminal (interior) surface of the bursa is plicated with as many as 15 primary and 7 secondary plicae or folds. These plicae have hundreds of bursal follicles containing follicle-associated epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. Lymphoid stem cells migrate from the fetal liver to the bursa during ontogeny. In the bursa, these stem cells acquire the characteristics of mature, immunocompetent B cells[WP]. The bursa is an organ found in birds involved in B cell differentiation[GO]. Wikipedia bursal plica Follicle containing part of bursa of Fabricius. The luminal (interior) surface of the bursa is plicated with as many as 15 primary and 7 secondary plicae or folds. These plicae have hundreds of bursal follicles containing follicle-associated epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. Lymphoid stem cells migrate from the fetal liver to the bursa during ontogeny. In the bursa, these stem cells acquire the characteristics of mature, immunocompetent B cells[WP]. UBERON:0003904 bursal fold Follicle containing part of bursa of Fabricius. The luminal (interior) surface of the bursa is plicated with as many as 15 primary and 7 secondary plicae or folds. These plicae have hundreds of bursal follicles containing follicle-associated epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. Lymphoid stem cells migrate from the fetal liver to the bursa during ontogeny. In the bursa, these stem cells acquire the characteristics of mature, immunocompetent B cells[WP]. GOC:cjm bursal follicle Follicle within the plicae of bursa of Fabricius. UBERON:0003905 Follicle within the plicae of bursa of Fabricius. GOC:cjm cardiac jelly EHDAA2:0000212 EHDAA:1271 EHDAA:1279 EHDAA:1922 EHDAA:1930 EHDAA:426 EHDAA:442 EHDAA:450 EHDAA:458 EHDAA:466 EHDAA:474 EHDAA:772 EHDAA:780 EHDAA:788 EHDAA:800 EHDAA:808 OG:0000936 Portion of extracellular matrix between the myocardium and the endocardium. The cardiac jelly plays a central role in the septation of the heart and comprises most of the thickness of the heart wall at early stages, but disappears as the heart differentiates. UBERON:0003906 XAO:0004120 ZFA:0001318 ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Jelly Portion of extracellular matrix between the myocardium and the endocardium. The cardiac jelly plays a central role in the septation of the heart and comprises most of the thickness of the heart wall at early stages, but disappears as the heart differentiates. ZFA:0001318 left atrioventricular canal EHDAA2:0000935 EHDAA:5336 FMA:71123 UBERON:0003907 right atrioventricular canal EHDAA2:0001719 EHDAA:5338 FMA:71122 UBERON:0003908 sinusoid FMA:63131 UBERON:0003909 ZFA:0005261 sinusoidal blood vessel sinusoidal blood vessel endothelium small blood vessel similar to a capillary but with a discontinuous endothelium. Sinusoids are found in the liver, lymphoid tissue, endocrine organs, and hematopoietic organs such as the bone marrow and the spleen. Sinusoids found within terminal villi of the placenta are not comparable to these; they possess a continuous endothelium and complete basal lamina[WP]. the WP def seems to fit FMA:63198 discontinuous sinusoid (undefined). ZFA has ZFA:0005261 sinusoidal blood vessel endothelium - but not sinusoidal blood vessel Wikipedia:Sinusoid_(blood_vessel) small blood vessel similar to a capillary but with a discontinuous endothelium. Sinusoids are found in the liver, lymphoid tissue, endocrine organs, and hematopoietic organs such as the bone marrow and the spleen. Sinusoids found within terminal villi of the placenta are not comparable to these; they possess a continuous endothelium and complete basal lamina[WP]. ZFA:0005261 sinusoidal blood vessel endothelium splenic sinusoid FMA:63199 SCTID:9081000 UBERON:0003910 ncithesaurus:Splenic_Sinus sinusoid of red pulp sinusoid of red pulp of spleen sinusoid of spleen sinusoidal blood vessel of spleen spleen sinusoid spleen sinusoidal blood vessel splenic sinus wide vessels in the spleen that drain into trabecular veins[WP]. OBOL:automatic sinusoidal blood vessel of spleen Wikipedia:Red_pulp#Sinusoids wide vessels in the spleen that drain into trabecular veins[WP]. choroid plexus epithelium An epithelium that is part of a choroid plexus [Obol]. FMA:242811 MA:0000824 UBERON:0003911 chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium choroid plexus epithelial tissue epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of choroid plexus epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of choroid plexus ncithesaurus:Choroid_Plexus_Epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of choroid plexus OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a choroid plexus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere OBOL:automatic choroid plexus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere chitinous tooth UBERON:0003912 tooth-like structure composed of chitin. tooth-like structure HAO:0001019 UBERON:0003913 hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food. see dermal denticle tooth-like organ GOC:cjm hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food. GOC:cjm tooth-like organ epithelial tube AEO:0000114 EHDAA2:0003114 Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. FBbt:00007474 UBERON:0003914 Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. GO:0060562 PMID:12526790 endothelial tube Any endothelium that has the quality of being cylindrical [Obol]. UBERON:0003915 Any endothelium that has the quality of being cylindrical [Obol]. OBOL:automatic fat pad AAO:0000157 BTO:0000444 FMA says isa organ FMA:58616 MA:0002481 UBERON:0003916 XAO:0003050 an accumulation of adipose tissue[GO]. An accumulation of adipose tissue (fat cells) enclosed in fibrous tissue[BTO]. fat body FMA:58616 fat body BTO:0000444 GO:0060613 an accumulation of adipose tissue[GO]. An accumulation of adipose tissue (fat cells) enclosed in fibrous tissue[BTO]. arthropod fat body BTO:0000442 FBbt:00001704 FBbt:00005066 GAID:1213 MESH:A.13.365 MIAA:0000096 TADS:0000321 TGMA:0001856 UBERON:0003917 an insect gland dorsal to the insect gut, with a function analogous to that of the vertebrate liver. It is a storage organ for fats, glycogen and protein and is a major site of intermediary metabolism. fat body FBbt:00005066 fat body GO:0007503 an insect gland dorsal to the insect gut, with a function analogous to that of the vertebrate liver. It is a storage organ for fats, glycogen and protein and is a major site of intermediary metabolism. kidney mesenchyme Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney[GO]. UBERON:0003918 check this mesenchyme of kidney GO:0072074 Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney[GO]. mesenchyme of adult kidney A mesenchyme that is part of an adult mammalian kidney [Obol]. EMAPA:27690 FMA:70983 UBERON:0003919 adult mammalian kidney mesenchyme kidney stroma mesenchyme of adult mammalian kidney renal interstitium renal stroma stroma of kidney FMA:70983 renal interstitium FMA:70983 stroma of kidney FMA:70983 renal stroma OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of adult mammalian kidney GO:0072072 kidney stroma A mesenchyme that is part of an adult mammalian kidney [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic adult mammalian kidney mesenchyme venous blood vessel FMA:86188 MA:0000066 UBERON:0003920 segment of venous tree organ venous tree organ segment FMA:86188 venous tree organ segment FMA:86188 segment of venous tree organ pancreas primordium EFO:0003434 EHDAA2:0001382 EHDAA:2163 EMAPA:17066 UBERON:0003921 XAO:0001101 ZFA:0000254 embryonic structure that develops into pancreatic bud. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gray982.png/200px-Gray982.png pancreatic anlage pancreatic primordium Obol embryonic structure that develops into pancreatic bud. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas#Embryological_development pancreatic bud EFO:0003470 SCTID:360398004 The embryonic pancreas develops from two separate anlagen in the foregut epithelium, one dorsal and two ventral pancreatic buds[PMID]. In humans, an embryonic structure that is an outgrowth of the duodenum during embryogenesis - joins together to form the adult pancreas[WP]. UBERON:0003922 ZFA:0001390 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gray982.png/200px-Gray982.png ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Bud PMID:16417468 The embryonic pancreas develops from two separate anlagen in the foregut epithelium, one dorsal and two ventral pancreatic buds[PMID]. In humans, an embryonic structure that is an outgrowth of the duodenum during embryogenesis - joins together to form the adult pancreas[WP]. Wikipedia:Pancreatic_bud Wikipedia:Pancreatic_bud zebrafish Wikipedia:Pancreas#Embryological_development dorsal pancreatic bud AAO:0011031 EFO:0003465 EHDAA2:0001384 OG:0001428 SCTID:361435005 UBERON:0003923 XAO:0000467 ZFA:0001370 dorsal pancreatic anlage http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gray982.png/200px-Gray982.png pancreas primordium dorsal bud pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct. posterior pancreatic anlage posterior pancreatic bud EHDAA2:0001384 pancreas primordium dorsal bud XAO Wikipedia:Pancreatic_bud pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct. ventral pancreatic bud AAO:0011111 EFO:0003464 EHDAA2:0001387 OG:0001429 SCTID:361437002 UBERON:0003924 XAO:0001103 ZFA:0001369 anterior pancreatic anlage anterior pancreatic bud http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gray982.png/200px-Gray982.png pancreas primordium ventral bud pancreatic bud that gives rise to the major pancreatic duct. the ventral pancreas and liver are derived from a common precursor cell population[PMID:16417468]. TODO - add this relationship ventral pancreatic anlage Wikipedia:Pancreatic_bud pancreatic bud that gives rise to the major pancreatic duct. EHDAA2:0001387 pancreas primordium ventral bud photoreceptor inner segment layer MA:0002471 OG:0001172 UBERON:0003925 ZFA:0001465 retina photoreceptor layer inner segment MA:0002471 retina photoreceptor layer inner segment photoreceptor outer segment layer MA:0002472 OG:0001173 UBERON:0003926 ZFA:0001466 retina photoreceptor layer outer segment MA:0002472 retina photoreceptor layer outer segment macula lagena This term was obsoleted as it was previously defined midleadingly as 'A macula that is part of a cochlea'. UBERON:0003927 ZFA:0000116 true This term was obsoleted as it was previously defined midleadingly as 'A macula that is part of a cochlea'. UBERON:cjm digestive system duct A duct that is part of a digestive system [Obol]. UBERON:0003928 ZFA:0005162 duct of digestive system duct of gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal system duct OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal system duct OBOL:automatic duct of digestive system OBOL:automatic duct of gastrointestinal system A duct that is part of a digestive system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic gut epithelium An epithelium that is part of a digestive tract [Obol]. BTO:0000956 EHDAA2:0004567 UBERON:0003929 XAO:0003200 ZFA:0005123 digestive tract epithelial tissue digestive tract epithelium epithelial tissue of digestive tract epithelial tissue of gut epithelial tissue of lower gastrointestinal tract epithelium of digestive tract epithelium of gut epithelium of lower gastrointestinal tract gut epithelial tissue lower gastrointestinal tract epithelial tissue lower gastrointestinal tract epithelium ncithesaurus:Gut_Epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of gut OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of digestive tract OBOL:automatic lower gastrointestinal tract epithelium OBOL:automatic digestive tract epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of digestive tract OBOL:automatic epithelium of lower gastrointestinal tract An epithelium that is part of a digestive tract [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lower gastrointestinal tract epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic gut epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of gut OBOL:automatic digestive tract epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lower gastrointestinal tract atrioventricular canal endocardium AV canal endocardium An endocardium that is part of an atrioventricular canal [Obol]. UBERON:0003930 XAO:0004124 ZFA:0001616 endocardium of AV canal endocardium of atrioventricular canal OBOL:automatic endocardium of AV canal An endocardium that is part of an atrioventricular canal [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic endocardium of atrioventricular canal AV canal endocardium OBOL:automatic diencephalic white matter A white matter of neuraxis that is part of a diencephalon [Obol]. FMA:83931 UBERON:0003931 ZFA:0000338 diencephalic tract/commissure A white matter of neuraxis that is part of a diencephalon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0000338 diencephalic tract/commissure chondrocranium cartilage A cartilage that is part of a chondrocranium [Obol]. EFO:0003690 UBERON:0003932 ZFA:0001461 cartilage of chondrocranium neurocranium cartilage A cartilage that is part of a chondrocranium [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cartilage of chondrocranium ZFA:0001461 neurocranium cartilage cranial cartilage A cartilage that is part of a cranium [Obol]. UBERON:0003933 ZFA:0001458 cartilage of cranium cranium cartilage OBOL:automatic cranium cartilage A cartilage that is part of a cranium [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cartilage of cranium mesenchyme pectoral fin A mesenchyme that is part of a pectoral fin [Obol]. EFO:0003604 UBERON:0003934 ZFA:0001000 mesenchyme of pectoral fin pectoral fin mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of pectoral fin OBOL:automatic pectoral fin mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a pectoral fin [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme pelvic fin A mesenchyme that is part of a pelvic fin [Obol]. UBERON:0003935 ZFA:0001449 mesenchyme of pelvic fin pelvic fin mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of pelvic fin A mesenchyme that is part of a pelvic fin [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pelvic fin mesenchyme postoptic commissure EFO:0003478 POC UBERON:0003936 ZFA:0000059 post optic commissure post-optic commissure POC ZFA:0000059 ZFA:0000059 post-optic commissure ZFA:0000059 post optic commissure sex gland MA:0001751 UBERON:0003937 any of the organized aggregations of cells that function as secretory or excretory organs and are associated with reproduction genitalia gland gland of genitalia gland of reproductive system reproductive gland reproductive system gland OBOL:automatic reproductive system gland MP:0000653 any of the organized aggregations of cells that function as secretory or excretory organs and are associated with reproduction OBOL:automatic gland of genitalia OBOL:automatic genitalia gland OBOL:automatic gland of reproductive system MA:0001751 reproductive gland sensory dissociation area UBERON:0003938 the area of the parietal lobe that integrates tactile and visual stimuli MP:0000796 the area of the parietal lobe that integrates tactile and visual stimuli transverse gyrus of Heschl UBERON:0003939 the area of the temporal lobe concerned with hearing[MP]. The transverse temporal gyri (also called Heschl's gyri or Heschl's convolutions) are found in the area of primary auditory cortex in the superior temporal gyrus of the human brain, occupying Brodmann areas 41 and 42. It is the first cortical structure to process incoming auditory information. Anatomically, the transverse temporal gyri are distinct in that they run mediolaterally (towards the center of the brain) rather than dorsiventrally (front to back) as all other temporal lobe gyri run. The Heschl's gyri are named after Richard L. Heschl. MP:0000803 Wikipedia:Transverse_temporal_gyrus the area of the temporal lobe concerned with hearing[MP]. The transverse temporal gyri (also called Heschl's gyri or Heschl's convolutions) are found in the area of primary auditory cortex in the superior temporal gyrus of the human brain, occupying Brodmann areas 41 and 42. It is the first cortical structure to process incoming auditory information. Anatomically, the transverse temporal gyri are distinct in that they run mediolaterally (towards the center of the brain) rather than dorsiventrally (front to back) as all other temporal lobe gyri run. The Heschl's gyri are named after Richard L. Heschl. cerebellum anterior vermis FMA:72255 MA:0002969 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1185 UBERON:0003941 anterior cerebellum vermis anterior vermis of cerebellum part of vermal region the anterior portion of the narrow middle zone between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum that is located anterior to the primary fissure vermis of anterior lobe vermis of anterior lobe of cerebellum FMA:72255 part of vermal region MP:0000867 the anterior portion of the narrow middle zone between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum that is located anterior to the primary fissure MA:0002969 anterior cerebellum vermis FMA:72255 vermis of anterior lobe of cerebellum FMA:72255 anterior vermis of cerebellum FMA:72255 vermis of anterior lobe somatic sensory system TODO - check UBERON:0003942 the neural tissue involved in the transmission of sensory signals MP:0000959 the neural tissue involved in the transmission of sensory signals fourth lumbar dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25167 FMA:6338 L4 dorsal root ganglion NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2626 UBERON:0003943 forth lumbar dorsal root ganglion fourth lumbar dorsal root ganglion fourth lumbar spinal ganglion the group of nerve cell bodies located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra FMA:6338 fourth lumbar spinal ganglion NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2626 forth lumbar dorsal root ganglion FMA UBERON:cjm fourth lumbar dorsal root ganglion MP:0001019 the group of nerve cell bodies located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra L4 dorsal root ganglion MP:0001019 somatic motor system UBERON:0003945 the neural tissue involved in the transmission of motor signals MP:0001051 the neural tissue involved in the transmission of motor signals placenta labyrinth UBERON:0003946 labyrinthine layer labyrinthine layer of placenta placental labyrinth the placental layers where embryonic blood vessels are surrounded by trophoblast cells and maternal blood GO:0060713 labyrinthine layer GO:0060713 labyrinthine layer of placenta MP:0001716 the placental layers where embryonic blood vessels are surrounded by trophoblast cells and maternal blood brain ventricle/choroid plexus TODO - check relationship between CP and BV. If this is part of then this class should be obsoleted UBERON:0003947 the brain ventricles or their associated choroid plexuses MP:0002200 the brain ventricles or their associated choroid plexuses blood-air barrier MESH:A.04.411.715.025 TODO - alveolar lumen UBERON:0003948 the membrane between the capillary blood and alveolar air, comprised of the alveolar epithelium and the capillary epithelium and their adherent basement membranes and epithelial cell cytoplasm MP:0002324 the membrane between the capillary blood and alveolar air, comprised of the alveolar epithelium and the capillary epithelium and their adherent basement membranes and epithelial cell cytoplasm tubal tonsil FMA:54975 SCTID:143319002 UBERON:0003949 auditory tube lymph gland eustachian amygdala gerlach's tonsil gerlach's tubal tonsil the lymph tissue associated with the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube FMA:54975 eustachian amygdala FMA:54975 auditory tube lymph gland MP:0002386 the lymph tissue associated with the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube FMA:54975 gerlach's tubal tonsil FMA:54975 gerlach's tonsil inner ear canal UBERON:0003950 the tubular ducts of the inner ear MP:0002729 the tubular ducts of the inner ear ocular fundus EHDAA2:0000583 EMAPA:17886 EMAPA:18890 GAID:908 MESH:A.09.371.729.313 SCTID:362519003 TODO - check relationships UBERON:0003951 eye fundus fundus fundus oculi fundus of eye galen:FundusOculi ncithesaurus:Fundus the posterior concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the posterior segment of the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, visible by an ophthalmoscope MP:0002864 Wikipedia:Fundus_(eye) the posterior concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the posterior segment of the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, visible by an ophthalmoscope HP:0001098 fundus anterior stroma UBERON:0003952 the anterior segment of the lamellated connective tissue layer of the cornea MP:0003093 the anterior segment of the lamellated connective tissue layer of the cornea posterior stroma UBERON:0003953 the posterior segment of the lamellated connective tissue layer of the cornea MP:0003094 the posterior segment of the lamellated connective tissue layer of the cornea squamo-parietal suture EMAPA:19228 UBERON:0003954 the articulation of the squamous portion of the temporal bones with the parietal bones MP:0003844 the articulation of the squamous portion of the temporal bones with the parietal bones molar crown FMA:85301 UBERON:0003955 crown of molar tooth molar tooth crown molar tooth tooth crown the part of a molar that is covered by enamel tooth crown of molar tooth OBOL:automatic molar tooth tooth crown FMA:85301 crown of molar tooth FMA:85301 molar tooth crown MP:0003932 the part of a molar that is covered by enamel OBOL:automatic tooth crown of molar tooth aqueous drainage system UBERON:0003956 the structures associated with drainage of the aqueous humor from the eye, that include the trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal, the uveoscleral network, and the aqueous veins MP:0005198 the structures associated with drainage of the aqueous humor from the eye, that include the trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal, the uveoscleral network, and the aqueous veins Bruch's membrane A transparent, nearly structureless innermost layer of the choroid in contact with the pigmented layer of the retina. Bruch's membrane consists of five layers (from inside to outside): 1. the basement membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium; 2. the inner collagenous zone; 3. a central band of elastic fibers; 4. the outer collagenous zone; 5. the basement membrane of the choriocapillaris. The retinal pigment epithelium transports metabolic waste from the photoreceptors across Bruch's membrane to the choroid. Bruch membrane Bruch's basal membrane FMA:58438 GAID:914 MESH:A.09.371.894.223.250 SCTID:280652000 TODO - check FMA UBERON:0003957 ZFA:0005562 basal lamina of choroid lamina basalis (choroid) lamina basilis A transparent, nearly structureless innermost layer of the choroid in contact with the pigmented layer of the retina. Bruch's membrane consists of five layers (from inside to outside): 1. the basement membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium; 2. the inner collagenous zone; 3. a central band of elastic fibers; 4. the outer collagenous zone; 5. the basement membrane of the choriocapillaris. The retinal pigment epithelium transports metabolic waste from the photoreceptors across Bruch's membrane to the choroid. MP:0005239 Wikipedia:Bruch's_membrane Bruch membrane GAID:914 Bruch's basal membrane FMA:58438 FMA:58438 lamina basalis (choroid) FMA:58438 basal lamina of choroid FMA:58438 lamina basilis long bone epiphyseal ossification zone The layer of the epiphyseal plate where new bone matrix is deposited UBERON:0003958 MP:0006399 The layer of the epiphyseal plate where new bone matrix is deposited rete testis EMAPA:18332 FMA:19834 GAID:399 MESH:A.05.360.444.849.600 SCTID:279617009 UBERON:0003959 haller's rete http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hodenschema.svg/200px-Hodenschema.svg.png ncithesaurus:Rete_Testis the network of canals at the termination of the straight tubules in the mediastinum testis[MP]. Rete testis is an anastomosing network of delicate tubules located in the hilum of the testicle (mediastinum testis) that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vasa efferentia[WP]. MP:0006416 Wikipedia:Rete_testis the network of canals at the termination of the straight tubules in the mediastinum testis[MP]. Rete testis is an anastomosing network of delicate tubules located in the hilum of the testicle (mediastinum testis) that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vasa efferentia[WP]. FMA:19834 haller's rete styloid process FMA:52877 SCTID:138874009 UBERON:0003960 slender needle-like pointed projection that runs downward and slightly forward from the base of the inferior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone where it joins the tympanic portion; it gives attachment to the styloglossus, stylohyoid, and stylopharyngeus muscles and the stylohyoid and stylomandibular ligaments styloid process of petrous part of temporal bone styloid process of temporal bone MP:0008023 Wikipedia:Temporal_styloid_process slender needle-like pointed projection that runs downward and slightly forward from the base of the inferior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone where it joins the tympanic portion; it gives attachment to the styloglossus, stylohyoid, and stylopharyngeus muscles and the stylohyoid and stylomandibular ligaments FMA:52877 styloid process of temporal bone FMA:52877 styloid process of petrous part of temporal bone cingulum SCTID:369084007 UBERON:0003961 the white matter fiber bundle that projects from the cingulate gyrus to the entorhinal cortex in the brain MP:0008232 the white matter fiber bundle that projects from the cingulate gyrus to the entorhinal cortex in the brain pterygopalatine ganglion FMA:6965 UBERON:0003962 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gray779.png/200px-Gray779.png meckel's ganglion the small parasympathetic ganglion that supplies nerve fibers to the lacrimal, nasal, palatine and pharyngeal glands MP:0008314 Wikipedia:Pterygopalatine_ganglion the small parasympathetic ganglion that supplies nerve fibers to the lacrimal, nasal, palatine and pharyngeal glands FMA:6965 meckel's ganglion otic ganglion EHDAA2:0001335 EHDAA:6706 FMA:6967 SCTID:279283005 UBERON:0003963 arnold's ganglion http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray783.png/200px-Gray783.png the ganglion that supplies nerve fibers to the parotid gland FMA:6967 arnold's ganglion MP:0008315 Wikipedia:Otic_ganglion the ganglion that supplies nerve fibers to the parotid gland prevertebral ganglion FMA:5892 UBERON:0003964 collateral ganglion previsceral ganglion the sympathetic ganglia located in front of the vertebral column and are associated with the major branches of the abdominal aorta; these include the celiac, aorticorenal, superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia FMA:5892 collateral ganglion MP:0008316 the sympathetic ganglia located in front of the vertebral column and are associated with the major branches of the abdominal aorta; these include the celiac, aorticorenal, superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia FMA:5892 previsceral ganglion sympathetic afferent fiber UBERON:0003965 the fibers that conduct sensory nerve impulses from the viscera through the posterior dorsal roots into the spinal cord MP:0008319 the fibers that conduct sensory nerve impulses from the viscera through the posterior dorsal roots into the spinal cord gonial bone UBERON:0003966 investing bone that lies on the surface of the malleus. MP:0008380 investing bone that lies on the surface of the malleus. cutaneous elastic fiber UBERON:0003967 the slender connective tissue fiber in the extracellular matrix of skin tissue that is composed of microfibrils and amorphous elastin and is characterized by great elasticity MP:0008418 the slender connective tissue fiber in the extracellular matrix of skin tissue that is composed of microfibrils and amorphous elastin and is characterized by great elasticity peripheral lymph node UBERON:0003968 the lymph nodes located outside the thoracic and abdominal cavities, such as the submandibular, prescapular, axillary, inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes MP:0008463 the lymph nodes located outside the thoracic and abdominal cavities, such as the submandibular, prescapular, axillary, inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes spleen B cell follicle UBERON:0003969 the area of the white pulp where the affinity maturation of B cells and the generation of memory B cells and plasma cells occur MP:0008470 the area of the white pulp where the affinity maturation of B cells and the generation of memory B cells and plasma cells occur placental labyrinth vasculature UBERON:0003970 blood vessels of the layer of the placenta where embryonic and maternal blood vessels interdigitate placenta vascular network placenta vasculature vascular network of placenta vasculature of placenta MP:0008803 blood vessels of the layer of the placenta where embryonic and maternal blood vessels interdigitate OBOL:automatic vasculature of placenta OBOL:automatic vascular network of placenta OBOL:automatic placenta vasculature OBOL:automatic placenta vascular network interfrontal bone UBERON:0003971 a bone between the frontal bones in the skull; an extra bony plate within the anterior fontanelle that is not usually present MP:0008818 a bone between the frontal bones in the skull; an extra bony plate within the anterior fontanelle that is not usually present placenta junctional zone Fetally derived placental region that separates the maternal uterine tissue from the placenta labyrinth UBERON:0003972 Fetally derived placental region that separates the maternal uterine tissue from the placenta labyrinth MP:0008957 nasal concha of ethmoid bone FMA:57456 Note that FMA considers nasal concha and nasal concha of ethmoid bone to be synonymous. We disambiguate these here One of the conchae of the ethmoid bone, which occupy the caudal part of the nasal fossae and form the lateral and superior portions of the turbinate bones in mammals UBERON:0003973 ethmo-turbinate ethmoturbinate nasal turbinate of ethmoid bone turbinate of ethmoid bone MP:0008971 ethmoturbinate ISBN10:1588903958 MP:0008971 MP:0008971 One of the conchae of the ethmoid bone, which occupy the caudal part of the nasal fossae and form the lateral and superior portions of the turbinate bones in mammals cranial vagina UBERON:0003974 the upper third of the female reproductive canal located between the uterus and the vulva. MP:0009077 the upper third of the female reproductive canal located between the uterus and the vulva. internal female genitalia BTO:0003099 FMA:45654 SCTID:303518005 UBERON:0003975 female internal genitalia internal female genital organ internal genitalia of female reproductive system organa genitalia feminina interna the internal feminine genital organs, including the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, uterine cervix, and vagina. FMA:45654 female internal genitalia BTO:0003099 internal female genital organ MP:0009209 the internal feminine genital organs, including the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, uterine cervix, and vagina. BTO:0003099 organa genitalia feminina interna OBOL:automatic internal genitalia of female reproductive system saccule duct UBERON:0003976 the saccular portion of the utriculosaccular duct that normally extends from the sacculus to the endolymphatic duct MP:0009259 the saccular portion of the utriculosaccular duct that normally extends from the sacculus to the endolymphatic duct utricle duct UBERON:0003977 the utricular portion of the utriculosaccular duct that normally extends from the utriculus to the endolymphatic duct MP:0009260 the utricular portion of the utriculosaccular duct that normally extends from the utriculus to the endolymphatic duct valve EHDAA2:0002165 EHDAA:1892 EHDAA:4406 FMA:67611 OpenCyc:Mx4rvqiwE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0003978 anatomical valve galen:Valve FMA:67611 anatomical valve utricle valve UBERON:0003979 the utriculo-endolymphatic (UE) valve which is located in the antero-inferior wall of the utricle at the orifice of the utricular duct and serves to regulate endolymph volume in the endolymphatic sac, the utricle and the canals MP:0009261 the utriculo-endolymphatic (UE) valve which is located in the antero-inferior wall of the utricle at the orifice of the utricular duct and serves to regulate endolymph volume in the endolymphatic sac, the utricle and the canals cerebellum fissure FMA:77789 SCTID:314163001 UBERON:0003980 fissurae cerebelli the deep furrows which divide the lobules of the cerebellum, including the postcentral, primary and secondary furrows we use the FMA set-of term in absence of a singular term MP:0009267 the deep furrows which divide the lobules of the cerebellum, including the postcentral, primary and secondary furrows FMA:77789 FMA:TA fissurae cerebelli primordial ovarian follicle EMAPA:30755 MA:0001710 UBERON:0003981 ovary primordial follicle primordial follicles are indiscernible to the naked eye and develop to primary, secondary, and finally mature vesicular follicles MA:0001710 ovary primordial follicle MP:0009361 primordial follicles are indiscernible to the naked eye and develop to primary, secondary, and finally mature vesicular follicles mature ovarian follicle . BTO:0000389 EFO:0003653 MA:0001709 UBERON:0003982 ZFA:0001264 antral follicle folliculi ovarici vesiculosi ovarian follicle stage IV ovary mature follicle preovulatory follicle MA:0001709 ovary mature follicle BTO:0000389 preovulatory follicle BTO:0000389 antral follicle . MP:0009364 BTO:0000389 folliculi ovarici vesiculosi ZFA:0001264 ovarian follicle stage IV conus arteriosus AAO:0010250 EHDAA2:0000828 EMAPA:29897 UBERON:0003983 a conical pouch formed from the upper and left angle of the right ventricle in the chordate heart, from which the pulmonary artery arises[WP]. the anteriosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle, beginning at the supraventricular crest and terminates in the pulmonary trunk[MP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gray492.png/200px-Gray492.png infundibulum ncithesaurus:Infundibulum Wikipedia:Conus_arteriosus infundibulum MP:0009464 Wikipedia:Conus_arteriosus a conical pouch formed from the upper and left angle of the right ventricle in the chordate heart, from which the pulmonary artery arises[WP]. the anteriosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle, beginning at the supraventricular crest and terminates in the pulmonary trunk[MP]. uterine tube infundibulum EMAPA:29897 FMA:18307 SCTID:362262001 UBERON:0003984 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg/200px-Illu_cervix.jpg infundibulum of fallopian tube infundibulum of oviduct infundibulum of uterine tube the funnel-like expansion of the abdominal extremity of the uterine tube FMA:18307 infundibulum of uterine tube MP:0009466 Wikipedia:Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube the funnel-like expansion of the abdominal extremity of the uterine tube FMA:18307 infundibulum of fallopian tube FMA:18307 infundibulum of oviduct major sublingual duct BTO:0004558 FMA:59986 SCTID:25237008 UBERON:0003985 bartholin's duct the duct that drains the anterior portion of the sublingual gland and opens at the sublingual papilla FMA:59986 bartholin's duct MP:0009528 the duct that drains the anterior portion of the sublingual gland and opens at the sublingual papilla minor sublingual duct FMA:59987 UBERON:0003986 the 8-20 small ducts that open into the mouth on the surface of the sublingual fold MP:0009529 the 8-20 small ducts that open into the mouth on the surface of the sublingual fold Hassall's corpuscle MA:0000772 SCTID:34223001 UBERON:0003987 ncithesaurus:Hassall_s_Corpuscle the small spherical bodies of epithelial cells found in the medulla of the thymus, that are arranged in a concentric pattern around clusters of degenerating lymphocytes, eosinophils and macrophages MP:0009539 the small spherical bodies of epithelial cells found in the medulla of the thymus, that are arranged in a concentric pattern around clusters of degenerating lymphocytes, eosinophils and macrophages thymus corticomedullary boundary UBERON:0003988 the dense region demarcating the thymus medulla from the surrounding cortex that is characterized by numerous blood vessels (predominantly arterioles) with some perivascular connective tissue, mature and immature T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, variable numbers of perivascular B-lymphocytes and plasma cells; site of entry of bone marrow stem cells and exit of mature, functional T cells MP:0009543 the dense region demarcating the thymus medulla from the surrounding cortex that is characterized by numerous blood vessels (predominantly arterioles) with some perivascular connective tissue, mature and immature T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, variable numbers of perivascular B-lymphocytes and plasma cells; site of entry of bone marrow stem cells and exit of mature, functional T cells medulla oblongata anterior median fissure FMA:83734 SCTID:279288001 UBERON:0003989 anterior median fissure anterior median fissure of medulla anterior median fissure of medulla oblongata fissura mediana anterior medullae oblongatae the longitudinal groove in the midline of the anterior aspect of the medulla oblongata ventral median fissure of medulla ventral median sulcus FMA:83734 anterior median fissure FMA:83734 anterior median fissure of medulla FMA:83734 anterior median fissure of medulla oblongata FMA:83734 ventral median fissure of medulla FMA:83734 ventral median sulcus FMA:83734 FMA:TA fissura mediana anterior medullae oblongatae MP:0009680 the longitudinal groove in the midline of the anterior aspect of the medulla oblongata spinal cord motor column UBERON:0003990 the subclasses of motor neurons which are organized into longitudinally oriented columns that occupy distinct and, in some cases, discontinuous domains along the rostrocaudal axis of the spinal cord; motor neurons within a single column send their axons to a common peripheral target MP:0009685 the subclasses of motor neurons which are organized into longitudinally oriented columns that occupy distinct and, in some cases, discontinuous domains along the rostrocaudal axis of the spinal cord; motor neurons within a single column send their axons to a common peripheral target fourth ventricle median aperture FMA:75015 MA:0002947 SCTID:279449001 UBERON:0003991 arachnoid forament foramen of Magendie foramen of Majendie fourth ventricle median aperture http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gray708.svg/200px-Gray708.svg.png median aperture median aperture of fourth ventricle ncithesaurus:Foramen_of_Magendie the large midline opening of the posterior inferior part of the roof of the fourth ventricle that connects the fourth ventricle to the posterior cerebromedullary cistern and the spinal cord FMA:75015 median aperture of fourth ventricle MP:0009802 median aperture FMA:75015 foramen of Magendie MP:0009802 Wikipedia:Median_aperture the large midline opening of the posterior inferior part of the roof of the fourth ventricle that connects the fourth ventricle to the posterior cerebromedullary cistern and the spinal cord MA:0002947 arachnoid forament FMA:75015 foramen of Majendie MA:0002947 fourth ventricle median aperture fourth ventricle lateral aperture FMA:78473 MA:0002946 SCTID:63426007 The lateral aperture is a paired structure in human anatomy. It is an opening in each lateral extremity of the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle of the human brain. Along with the single median aperture, the two lateral aperatures provide a conduit for cerebrospinal fluid to flow from the brain's ventricular system into the subarachnoid space[WP]. the two lateral openings of the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space at the cerebellopontine angle[MP]. UBERON:0003992 apertura lateralis foramen of Key-Retzius foramen of Luschka foramen of Retzius foramen of key and retzius forament of Luschka lateral aperture lateral aperture of fourth ventricle ncithesaurus:Foramen_of_Luschka MP:0009803 The lateral aperture is a paired structure in human anatomy. It is an opening in each lateral extremity of the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle of the human brain. Along with the single median aperture, the two lateral aperatures provide a conduit for cerebrospinal fluid to flow from the brain's ventricular system into the subarachnoid space[WP]. the two lateral openings of the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space at the cerebellopontine angle[MP]. Wikipedia:Lateral_aperture FMA:78473 foramen of key and retzius FMA:78473 lateral aperture of fourth ventricle MA:0002946 forament of Luschka FMA:78473 foramen of Key-Retzius FMA:78473 FMA:TA apertura lateralis FMA:78473 foramen of Retzius MP:0009803 lateral aperture FMA:78473 foramen of Luschka interventricular foramen FMA:75351 SCTID:279248006 UBERON:0003993 ncithesaurus:Interventricular_Foramen the paired channels that connect the lateral and third ventricles and allows cerebrospinal fluid produced in the lateral ventricles to flow into the third ventricles MP:0009804 the paired channels that connect the lateral and third ventricles and allows cerebrospinal fluid produced in the lateral ventricles to flow into the third ventricles pelvic ligament MA:0002948 UBERON:0003994 pelvis ligament the dorsal sacroiliac, the sacrotuberal and/or the iliolumbar ligaments associated with the bony ring formed by the pair of hip bones fused at the symphysis and their firm articulation with the sacrum MP:0009807 the dorsal sacroiliac, the sacrotuberal and/or the iliolumbar ligaments associated with the bony ring formed by the pair of hip bones fused at the symphysis and their firm articulation with the sacrum MA:0002948 pelvis ligament subarcuate fossa FMA:56418 UBERON:0003995 the irregular depression found on the posterior inner surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone just below its crest and above and lateral to the internal acoustic meatus[MP]. In the temporal bone, above and between the aquæductus vestibuli is an irregular depression which lodges a process of the dura mater and transmits a small vein and the subarcuate artery[1] a branch of the internal auditory artery, which is an end artery that supplies blood to the inner ear ; in the infant this depression is represented by a large fossa, the subarcuate fossa, which extends backward as a blind tunnel under the superior semicircular canal. It is extensive in most primates (except for great apes) and nearly all mammals. In these animals, the subarcuate fossa houses a part of the cerebellum, the petrosal lobe[WP]. MP:0009822 the irregular depression found on the posterior inner surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone just below its crest and above and lateral to the internal acoustic meatus[MP]. In the temporal bone, above and between the aquæductus vestibuli is an irregular depression which lodges a process of the dura mater and transmits a small vein and the subarcuate artery[1] a branch of the internal auditory artery, which is an end artery that supplies blood to the inner ear ; in the infant this depression is represented by a large fossa, the subarcuate fossa, which extends backward as a blind tunnel under the superior semicircular canal. It is extensive in most primates (except for great apes) and nearly all mammals. In these animals, the subarcuate fossa houses a part of the cerebellum, the petrosal lobe[WP]. arcus anterior FMA:23976 MA:0002954 SCTID:181891000 The anterior arch of the atlas forms about one-fifth of the ring of the atlas: its anterior surface is convex, and presents at its center the anterior tubercle for the attachment of the Longus colli muscles; posteriorly it is concave, and marked by a smooth, oval or circular facet (fovea dentis), for articulation with the odontoid process (dens) of the axis[WP]. The arch that connects the lateral masses of the atlas anteriorly and articulates with the anterior articular facet of the dens of the axis[MP]. UBERON:0003996 UBERON:0005209 anterior arch of atlas arcus anterior atlantis cervical vertebra 1 arcus anterior MA:0002954 anterior arch of atlas MA:0002954 cervical vertebra 1 arcus anterior MA:0002954 arcus anterior atlantis MP:0009879 The anterior arch of the atlas forms about one-fifth of the ring of the atlas: its anterior surface is convex, and presents at its center the anterior tubercle for the attachment of the Longus colli muscles; posteriorly it is concave, and marked by a smooth, oval or circular facet (fovea dentis), for articulation with the odontoid process (dens) of the axis[WP]. The arch that connects the lateral masses of the atlas anteriorly and articulates with the anterior articular facet of the dens of the axis[MP]. Wikipedia:Anterior_arch_of_atlas hyoid bone greater horn EMAPA:18651 EMAPA:18841 FMA:59496 MA:0002959 SCTID:369008008 UBERON:0003997 cornu majus cornu majus ossis hyoidei greater cornu greater horn greater horn of hyoid greater horn of hyoid bone hyoid bone greater cornu hyoid bone superior horn hyoid bone upper horn the larger and more lateral of the paired processes on either side of the hyoid bone FMA:59496 FMA:TA cornu majus ossis hyoidei MP:0009913 the larger and more lateral of the paired processes on either side of the hyoid bone MA:0002959 hyoid bone superior horn MA:0002959 hyoid bone greater cornu FMA:59496 cornu majus FMA:59496 greater horn of hyoid bone FMA:59496 greater cornu FMA:59496 greater horn of hyoid MA:0002959 hyoid bone upper horn FMA:59496 greater horn hyoid bone lesser horn EMAPA:18652 EMAPA:18842 FMA:59499 MA:0002960 SCTID:369007003 UBERON:0003998 cornu minus cornu minus ossis hyoidei hyoid bone lesser cornu hyoid bone lower horn lesser cornu lesser horn lesser horn of hyoid lesser horn of hyoid bone shorter and more medial of the paired processes on either side of the hyoid bone MA:0002960 hyoid bone lesser cornu FMA:59499 cornu minus FMA:59499 lesser horn of hyoid FMA:59499 FMA:TA cornu minus ossis hyoidei MP:0009914 shorter and more medial of the paired processes on either side of the hyoid bone FMA:59499 lesser cornu MA:0002960 hyoid bone lower horn FMA:59499 lesser horn of hyoid bone FMA:59499 lesser horn hyoid bone body EMAPA:18653 EMAPA:18843 FMA:59495 MA:0002958 SCTID:369006007 UBERON:0003999 base of hyoid bone basihyal bone basihyoid bone body of hyoid bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gray186.png/200px-Gray186.png hyoid bone base the main curve of the hyoid bone, from which the horns extend MA:0002958 base of hyoid bone MP:0009917 Wikipedia:Body_of_hyoid_bone the main curve of the hyoid bone, from which the horns extend MA:0002958 basihyal bone MA:0002958 body of hyoid bone MA:0002958 hyoid bone base MA:0002958 basihyoid bone meibomian gland acinus . UBERON:0004000 . MP:0009935 olfactory bulb layer . NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090402 TODO - check isa parentage UBERON:0004001 cytoarchitectural part of olfactory bulb . MP:0009946 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090402 cytoarchitectural part of olfactory bulb cerebellum posterior lobe FMA:72252 MA:0002964 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_911 SCTID:279360009 UBERON:0004002 cerebrocerebellum middle lobe-1 of cerebellum posterior cerebellar lobe posterior lobe of cerebellum posterior lobe of the cerebellum posterior lobe-1 of cerebellum the region of the cerebellum that is posterior to the primary fissure and anterior to the posteriolateral fissure FMA:72252 posterior lobe-1 of cerebellum FMA:72252 middle lobe-1 of cerebellum FMA:72252 posterior cerebellar lobe FMA:72252 cerebrocerebellum MP:0009962 the region of the cerebellum that is posterior to the primary fissure and anterior to the posteriolateral fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_911 posterior lobe of the cerebellum cerebellum hemisphere lobule FMA:83880 MA:0002967 TODO - define as a region overlapping UBERON:0004003 cerebellar hemisphere lobule lobule of cerebellar hemisphere lobule of hemisphere of cerebellum the region of a cerebellar lobule that resides in either of the lateral sections of the cerebellum outside the vermis; in mammals, the vermis portion of the cerebellum has a foliation pattern along the AP axis that is distinct from the lateral cerebellar hemispheres FMA:83880 lobule of cerebellar hemisphere FMA:83880 lobule of hemisphere of cerebellum MP:0009963 the region of a cerebellar lobule that resides in either of the lateral sections of the cerebellum outside the vermis; in mammals, the vermis portion of the cerebellum has a foliation pattern along the AP axis that is distinct from the lateral cerebellar hemispheres cerebellum lobule MA:0002966 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1084 UBERON:0004004 lobular parts of the cerebellar cortex one of the the ten gyri of the cerebellar cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1084 lobular parts of the cerebellar cortex MP:0009964 one of the the ten gyri of the cerebellar cortex cerebellum lateral hemisphere UBERON:0004005 the most lateral paired regions of the cerebellum; the lateral zone receives input from the parietal cortex via pontocerebellar mossy fibers regarding the location and position of the body and integrates input signals with indications of muscle activity MP:0009965 the most lateral paired regions of the cerebellum; the lateral zone receives input from the parietal cortex via pontocerebellar mossy fibers regarding the location and position of the body and integrates input signals with indications of muscle activity cerebellum intermediate hemisphere UBERON:0004006 the paired regions of the cerebellar hemisphere that lie adjacent to the vermis and are between the vermis and lateral regions of the hemispheres; it receives input from the corticopontocerebellar fibers that originate from the motor cortex, and also receives sensory feedback from the muscles; these signals are integrated by this region, to coordinate muscle activity with motor inputs MP:0009966 the paired regions of the cerebellar hemisphere that lie adjacent to the vermis and are between the vermis and lateral regions of the hemispheres; it receives input from the corticopontocerebellar fibers that originate from the motor cortex, and also receives sensory feedback from the muscles; these signals are integrated by this region, to coordinate muscle activity with motor inputs cerebellar plate UBERON:0004008 the embryonic pseudostratified epithelium of the fourth cerebellar ventricle that eventually forms the vermis and ventral neuroepithelium MP:0000856 the embryonic pseudostratified epithelium of the fourth cerebellar ventricle that eventually forms the vermis and ventral neuroepithelium cerebellum posterior vermis FMA:72259 MA:0002970 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081240 UBERON:0004009 posterior cerebellum vermis the posterior portion of the narrow middle zone between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum that is located posterior to the primary fissure vermis of posterior lobe vermis of posterior lobe of cerebellum vermis of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum MP:0000869 the posterior portion of the narrow middle zone between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum that is located posterior to the primary fissure FMA:72259 vermis of posterior lobe NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081240 vermis of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum primary muscle spindle UBERON:0004010 the sensory organ in muscle; involved in the stretch reflex and sensitive to stretch velocity MP:0000991 the sensory organ in muscle; involved in the stretch reflex and sensitive to stretch velocity secondary muscle spindle UBERON:0004011 the sensory organ in muscle; involved in the stretch reflex and not sensitive to stretch velocity MP:0000994 the sensory organ in muscle; involved in the stretch reflex and not sensitive to stretch velocity golgi tendon organ FMA:83608 UBERON:0004012 ncithesaurus:Golgi_Tendon_Organ neurotendinous ending neurotendinous organ of golgi the sensory organ in muscle that is involved in regulating muscle tension MP:0000999 the sensory organ in muscle that is involved in regulating muscle tension FMA:83608 neurotendinous organ of golgi FMA:83608 neurotendinous ending egg cylinder UBERON:0004013 the transient cup-like structure of the epiblast that consists of a single layer of embryonic cells MP:0003085 the transient cup-like structure of the epiblast that consists of a single layer of embryonic cells labia minora FMA:20374 MA:0002845 SCTID:362240001 The labia minora or nymphae are two longitudinal cutaneous folds on the human vulva. They are situated between the labia majora, and extend from the clitoris obliquely downward, laterally, and backward on either side of the vulval vestibule, ending between bottom of the vulval vestibule and the labia majora. In the virgin the posterior ends of the labia minora are usually joined across the middle line by a fold of skin, named the frenulum labiorum pudendi or fourchette. Labia minora may vary widely in size from woman to woman. On the front, each labium minus (nympha) divides into two portions: the upper division passes above the clitoris to meet the labium minus of the opposite side—which may not be equal in size—forming a fold which overhangs the glans clitoridis; this fold is named the preputium clitoridis. The lower division passes beneath the glans clitoridis and becomes united to its under surface, forming, with the labium minus of the opposite side—which also may not be equal in size—the frenulum clitoridis. On the opposed surfaces of the labia minora are numerous sebaceous follicles. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004014 galen:LabiaMinora labium minora labium minorum labium minus ncithesaurus:Labium_Minus FMA:20374 labium minus The labia minora or nymphae are two longitudinal cutaneous folds on the human vulva. They are situated between the labia majora, and extend from the clitoris obliquely downward, laterally, and backward on either side of the vulval vestibule, ending between bottom of the vulval vestibule and the labia majora. In the virgin the posterior ends of the labia minora are usually joined across the middle line by a fold of skin, named the frenulum labiorum pudendi or fourchette. Labia minora may vary widely in size from woman to woman. On the front, each labium minus (nympha) divides into two portions: the upper division passes above the clitoris to meet the labium minus of the opposite side—which may not be equal in size—forming a fold which overhangs the glans clitoridis; this fold is named the preputium clitoridis. The lower division passes beneath the glans clitoridis and becomes united to its under surface, forming, with the labium minus of the opposite side—which also may not be equal in size—the frenulum clitoridis. On the opposed surfaces of the labia minora are numerous sebaceous follicles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Labia_minora embryonic-extraembryonic boundary UBERON:0004015 the normal development /maintenance of the connection between the embryo proper and extraembryonic tissues MP:0003890 the normal development /maintenance of the connection between the embryo proper and extraembryonic tissues dermatome AAO:0011028 Cutis plate EHDAA2:0003428 EHDAA:1719 EHDAA:1725 EHDAA:1731 EHDAA:1737 SCTID:244023005 UBERON:0004016 XAO:0000220 ncithesaurus:Dermatome the mesoderm that is derived from the somite that is fated to become the dermis[MP] MP:0003940 Wikipedia:Cutis_plate the mesoderm that is derived from the somite that is fated to become the dermis[MP] Cutis plate Wikipedia:Cutis_plate periocular mesenchyme UBERON:0004017 ZFA:0005572 the mesenchymal cells that give rise to the corneal endothelium, corneal stroma, sclera, iris stroma, ciliary muscle, ciliary stroma, and trabecular meshwork of the eye MP:0004054 the mesenchymal cells that give rise to the corneal endothelium, corneal stroma, sclera, iris stroma, ciliary muscle, ciliary stroma, and trabecular meshwork of the eye baroreceptor FMA:85601 UBERON:0004019 the sensory nerve endings in the wall of the atria of the heart, vena cava, aortic arch and carotid sinus that are sensitive to changes in blood pressure MP:0004118 the sensory nerve endings in the wall of the atria of the heart, vena cava, aortic arch and carotid sinus that are sensitive to changes in blood pressure embryonic cilium TODO UBERON:0004020 the earliest cilia of the mouse embryo found on the cells of the embryonic node MP:0004131 the earliest cilia of the mouse embryo found on the cells of the embryonic node spongiotrophoblast layer UBERON:0004021 the structure of the outer structural layer of the rodent placenta MP:0004255 the structure of the outer structural layer of the rodent placenta embryonic neuroepithelium BTO:0000314 UBERON:0004022 neurepithelium the epithelial cell layer that lines the neural tube and develops into the nervous system and into the neural crest cells BTO:0000314 neurepithelium MP:0004261 the epithelial cell layer that lines the neural tube and develops into the nervous system and into the neural crest cells ganglionic eminence GE UBERON:0004023 embryonic subventricular zone embryonic/fetal subventricular zone fetal subventricular zone the transient proliferative population of neurons that expands exponentially during late prenatal development; it is a continuous germinal zone distinct from the ventricular zone that surrounds the brain ventricles[MP]. The eminences are found in the ventral part of the telencephalon, where they form bulges in the ventricles. These bulges develop into the basal ganglia.[1] They also contribute significantly in building up the GABAergic cortical cell population[WP]. MP:0004274 Wikipedia:Ganglionic_eminence the transient proliferative population of neurons that expands exponentially during late prenatal development; it is a continuous germinal zone distinct from the ventricular zone that surrounds the brain ventricles[MP]. The eminences are found in the ventral part of the telencephalon, where they form bulges in the ventricles. These bulges develop into the basal ganglia.[1] They also contribute significantly in building up the GABAergic cortical cell population[WP]. medial ganglionic eminence MGE UBERON:0004024 a distinct elevation of a transient proliferating cell mass of the fetal subventricular zone; this mass contributes most of its cells to the neocortex; however, hippocampal neurons, thalamus, septum and olfactory bulb neurons are also partly derived from the MGE. MP:0004276 a distinct elevation of a transient proliferating cell mass of the fetal subventricular zone; this mass contributes most of its cells to the neocortex; however, hippocampal neurons, thalamus, septum and olfactory bulb neurons are also partly derived from the MGE. lateral ganglionic eminence LGE UBERON:0004025 a distinct elevation of a transient proliferating cell mass of the fetal subventricular zone; this mass contributes most of its cells to the striatum; however, neocortex, thalamus, septum and olfactory bulb neurons are also partly derived from the LGE MP:0004277 a distinct elevation of a transient proliferating cell mass of the fetal subventricular zone; this mass contributes most of its cells to the striatum; however, neocortex, thalamus, septum and olfactory bulb neurons are also partly derived from the LGE caudal ganglionic eminence CGE EFO:0001911 UBERON:0004026 the caudally located, distinct elevation of a transient proliferating cell mass of the fetal subventricular zone, located adjacent to the lateral ventricle MP:0004278 the caudally located, distinct elevation of a transient proliferating cell mass of the fetal subventricular zone, located adjacent to the lateral ventricle chorionic plate BTO:0002879 SCTID:256391000 UBERON:0004027 ncithesaurus:Chorionic_Plate the portion of the chorion from which chorionic villi develop that establish a connection with the endometrium, giving rise to the fetal portion of the mature placenta MP:0004560 the portion of the chorion from which chorionic villi develop that establish a connection with the endometrium, giving rise to the fetal portion of the mature placenta canal of Schlemm FMA:51873 SCTID:280605006 Schlemm's canal UBERON:0004029 ncithesaurus:Canal_of_Schlemm scleral sinus scleral venous sinus sinus venosus of sclera the vascular structure encircling the anterior chamber of the eye, through which the aqueous humor is returned to the blood circulation FMA:51873 sinus venosus of sclera MP:0005204 the vascular structure encircling the anterior chamber of the eye, through which the aqueous humor is returned to the blood circulation FMA/obol FMA/obol FMA:51873 scleral sinus FMA:51873 scleral venous sinus aqueous vein UBERON:0004030 this vessel that receives aqueous humor from the sinus venosus sclerae (canal of Schlemm) MP:0005207 this vessel that receives aqueous humor from the sinus venosus sclerae (canal of Schlemm) ectomesenchyme UBERON:0004031 mesenchymal cells derived from neural crest cells that contribute to development of the hard and soft tissue in the head and neck, including the branchial arches. MP:0006302 mesenchymal cells derived from neural crest cells that contribute to development of the hard and soft tissue in the head and neck, including the branchial arches. podocyte slit diaphragm TODO - submit to GO UBERON:0004032 the thin membrane that covers the podocyte filtration slit which allows small molecules such as water, glucose, and ionic salts to pass through while retaining larger macromolecules in the bloodstream MP:0008060 the thin membrane that covers the podocyte filtration slit which allows small molecules such as water, glucose, and ionic salts to pass through while retaining larger macromolecules in the bloodstream podocyte slit junction TODO - submit to GO UBERON:0004033 the gaps between the interdigitated foot processes of the podocyte MP:0008062 the gaps between the interdigitated foot processes of the podocyte cutaneous microfibril UBERON:0004034 the fiber-like strand of fibrillin that forms the scaffold of the cutaneous elastic fibers found in the extracellular matrix of the skin MP:0008419 the fiber-like strand of fibrillin that forms the scaffold of the cutaneous elastic fibers found in the extracellular matrix of the skin subplate UBERON:0004035 the transient outer neural tube region that contains the first generated post-mitotic neurons that receive synaptic input from thalamic axons and in turn project axons to the developing cortical plate MP:0008440 the transient outer neural tube region that contains the first generated post-mitotic neurons that receive synaptic input from thalamic axons and in turn project axons to the developing cortical plate retinal cone cell inner segment UBERON:0004036 request from GO as subclass of photoreceptor segment the retinal cone cell region which contains the machinery of the cell (mitochondria, golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, etc) and where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment region true MP:0008448 the retinal cone cell region which contains the machinery of the cell (mitochondria, golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, etc) and where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment region retinal cone cell outer segment UBERON:0004037 request from GO as subclass of photoreceptor segment the retinal cone cell region in which the visual pigment rhodopsin is in invaginations of the cell membrane true MP:0008449 the retinal cone cell region in which the visual pigment rhodopsin is in invaginations of the cell membrane retinal rod cell inner segment UBERON:0004038 request from GO as subclass of photoreceptor segment the retinal rod cell region which contains the machinery of the cell (mitochondria, golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, etc) and where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment region true MP:0008455 the retinal rod cell region which contains the machinery of the cell (mitochondria, golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, etc) and where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment region retinal rod cell outer segment UBERON:0004039 request from GO as subclass of photoreceptor segment the retinal rod cell region which contains stacks of membranous discs separate from the outer cell membrane that are rich in the visual pigment rhodopsin true MP:0008456 the retinal rod cell region which contains stacks of membranous discs separate from the outer cell membrane that are rich in the visual pigment rhodopsin cortical intermediate zone UBERON:0004040 the region of the developing mammalian cortex that extends between the ventricular zone and the cortical plate (CP); normally, the IZ is a region of tangential migration of cells, and at midgestation, the lower part of the IZ develops into the subventricular zone MP:0008457 the region of the developing mammalian cortex that extends between the ventricular zone and the cortical plate (CP); normally, the IZ is a region of tangential migration of cells, and at midgestation, the lower part of the IZ develops into the subventricular zone Wikipedia spleen primary B follicle UBERON:0004041 the nodules of small undifferentiated B lymphocytes and follicular dendritic cells located in the spleen white pulp MP:0008471 the nodules of small undifferentiated B lymphocytes and follicular dendritic cells located in the spleen white pulp spleen secondary B follicle UBERON:0004042 the nodules of antigen-activated, differentiating B cells, follicular dendritic cells, antigen-presenting T cells and macrophages in the spleen white pulp MP:0008472 the nodules of antigen-activated, differentiating B cells, follicular dendritic cells, antigen-presenting T cells and macrophages in the spleen white pulp semicircular canal ampulla MA:0002770 SCTID:279759001 TODO check duct vs canal. Also check FMA - has many subtypes of semicircular canal such as 'ampulla of anterior semicircular canal' UBERON:0004043 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vestibular_system%27s_semicircular_canal-_a_cross-section.jpg/200px-Vestibular_system%27s_semicircular_canal-_a_cross-section.jpg membraneous ampulla of the semicircular duct semicircular duct ampulla the spherical enlargement at the base of each semicircular canal where they connect with the utricle, containing the crista ampullaris which detects movement of the fluid within the canals MP:0008488 membraneous ampulla of the semicircular duct MA MA:0002770 semicircular duct ampulla MP:0008488 Wikipedia:Osseous_ampullae the spherical enlargement at the base of each semicircular canal where they connect with the utricle, containing the crista ampullaris which detects movement of the fluid within the canals anterior visceral endoderm AVE BTO:0003361 UBERON:0004044 see also primitive streak the extraembryonic tissue that is responsible for the proper orientation of the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo and for appropriate patterning of adjacent embryonic tissue AVE BTO:0003361 MP:0008533 the extraembryonic tissue that is responsible for the proper orientation of the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo and for appropriate patterning of adjacent embryonic tissue tailgut UBERON:0004045 the extension of the hindgut of the primitive digestive tube of the embryo, caudal to the location of the anal opening MP:0008787 the extension of the hindgut of the primitive digestive tube of the embryo, caudal to the location of the anal opening anterior definitive endoderm TODO - check UBERON:0004046 the mesendoderm which first migrates from the node and which gives rise to the gut MP:0008926 the mesendoderm which first migrates from the node and which gives rise to the gut basal cistern EMAPA:19056 EMAPA:19149 UBERON:0004047 the enclosed space where the arachnoid membrane stretches between the two temporal lobes and encloses the cerebral peduncles including the structures contained in the interpeduncular fossa MP:0009029 the enclosed space where the arachnoid membrane stretches between the two temporal lobes and encloses the cerebral peduncles including the structures contained in the interpeduncular fossa pontine cistern EMAPA:18212 FMA:83719 UBERON:0004048 the space located on lateral aspects of the pons at the junction with the celebellum MP:0009030 the space located on lateral aspects of the pons at the junction with the celebellum cerebellomedullary cistern FMA:74517 UBERON:0004049 great cistern the largest of the subarachnoid cisterns between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata; it is divided into a posterior cerebellomedullary cistern [TA] located between the cerebellum and the posterior surface of the medulla (also called cisterna magna), and a lateral cerebellomedullary cistern [TA] located between the cerebellum and the lateral aspect of the medulla. FMA:74517 great cistern http://www.drugs.com/dict/cerebellomedullary-cistern.html the largest of the subarachnoid cisterns between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata; it is divided into a posterior cerebellomedullary cistern [TA] located between the cerebellum and the posterior surface of the medulla (also called cisterna magna), and a lateral cerebellomedullary cistern [TA] located between the cerebellum and the lateral aspect of the medulla. subarachnoid cistern FMA:83717 SCTID:314223007 UBERON:0004050 ncithesaurus:Subarachnoid_Cistern the widening portions of the subarachnoid space within the cranium where the arachnoid bridges over a depression on the surface of the brain MP:0009032 the widening portions of the subarachnoid space within the cranium where the arachnoid bridges over a depression on the surface of the brain lateral cerebellomedullary cistern FMA:83722 UBERON:0004051 cisterna cerebellomedullaris lateralis the space between the cerebellum and the lateral aspect of the medulla MP:0009034 cisterna cerebellomedullaris lateralis MP:0009034 the space between the cerebellum and the lateral aspect of the medulla quadrigeminal cistern FMA:74511 SCTID:56154003 UBERON:0004052 ambient cistern cistern of great cerebral vein cisterna ambiens cisterna quadrigeminalis cisterna venae magnae cerebri ncithesaurus:Quadrigeminal_Cistern superior cistern the enclosed space extending forward between the corpus callosum and the thalamus that contains the internal cerebral veins FMA:74511 FMA:TA cisterna ambiens FMA:74511 FMA:TA cisterna quadrigeminalis MP:0009035 the enclosed space extending forward between the corpus callosum and the thalamus that contains the internal cerebral veins FMA:74511 ambient cistern FMA:74511 superior cistern FMA:74511 cistern of great cerebral vein FMA:74511 FMA:TA cisterna venae magnae cerebri external male genitalia BTO:0003097 EMAPA:30977 FMA:45642 SCTID:362264000 UBERON:0004053 external male genital organ galen:MaleExternalGenitalia male external genitalia organa genitalia masculina externa the external masculine genital organs, including the penis and scrotum FMA:45642 male external genitalia MP:0009199 the external masculine genital organs, including the penis and scrotum BTO:0003097 external male genital organ BTO:0003097 organa genitalia masculina externa internal male genitalia BTO:0003096 FMA:45655 SCTID:310536002 UBERON:0004054 internal male genital organ male internal genitalia organa genitalia masculina interna the internal masculine genital organs, including the testes, epididymides, deferent ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, ejaculatory ducts, and bulbourethral glands BTO:0003096 organa genitalia masculina interna MP:0009205 the internal masculine genital organs, including the testes, epididymides, deferent ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, ejaculatory ducts, and bulbourethral glands FMA:45655 male internal genitalia BTO:0003096 internal male genital organ primitive pit EHDAA2:0001521 EHDAA:551 TODO - check UBERON:0004055 ncithesaurus:Primitive_Pit the small depression in the primitive streak that is caudal to the primitive node where the cells of the epiblast initially begin to invaginate during early embryogenesis MP:0009329 the small depression in the primitive streak that is caudal to the primitive node where the cells of the epiblast initially begin to invaginate during early embryogenesis primitive groove EHDAA2:0001511 EHDAA:547 TODO - check UBERON:0004056 ncithesaurus:Primitive_Groove the shallow valley that extends along the length of the primitive streak MP:0009330 the shallow valley that extends along the length of the primitive streak skeletal muscle fiber triad UBERON:0004057 the skeletal muscle fiber structure comprised of the transverse tubule and the two associated terminal cisternae; each fiber normally has thousands of triads MP:0009411 the skeletal muscle fiber structure comprised of the transverse tubule and the two associated terminal cisternae; each fiber normally has thousands of triads biliary ductule BTO:0002840 One of the fine terminal elements of the bile duct system, leaving the portal canal, and pursuing a course at the periphery of a lobule of the liver[BTO]. the excretory ducts of the liver that connect the interlobular ductules to the right or left hepatic duct[MP] UBERON:0004058 ZFA:0005164 ZFIN: Digestive system duct that collects bile from the canaliculus and transports bile through the liver -- (check if the same) // The smallest and the most peripheral branches of the biliary tree consist of a portal part (portal ductule) and an intralobular part (intralobular ductule) // bile capillary bile ductule biliary ductule cholangiole BTO:0002840 cholangiole BTO BTO:0002840 bile capillary BTO:0002840 bile ductule BTO:0002840 biliary ductule BTO:0002840 MP:0009494 One of the fine terminal elements of the bile duct system, leaving the portal canal, and pursuing a course at the periphery of a lobule of the liver[BTO]. the excretory ducts of the liver that connect the interlobular ductules to the right or left hepatic duct[MP] spinal cord medial motor column UBERON:0004059 the subclasses of motor neurons which project their axons to axial muscles that lie close to the vertebral column; motor neurons in the lateral subdivision of the MMC project their axons to body wall muscles MP:0009686 the subclasses of motor neurons which project their axons to axial muscles that lie close to the vertebral column; motor neurons in the lateral subdivision of the MMC project their axons to body wall muscles neural tube ventricular layer EMAPA:17152 UBERON:0004060 neural tube ependymal zone neural tube ventricular zone the layer of undifferentiated, proliferating cells that line the neural tube lumen MP:0009689 neural tube ependymal zone MP:0009689 the layer of undifferentiated, proliferating cells that line the neural tube lumen MP:0009689 neural tube ventricular zone neural tube mantle layer EMAPA:17148 UBERON:0004061 neural tube intermediate zone the layer of glia and differentiating neurons that will form the gray matter of the spinal cord; this lies between the ventricular and marginal layers and includes the basal and alar plates MP:0009690 neural tube intermediate zone MP:0009690 the layer of glia and differentiating neurons that will form the gray matter of the spinal cord; this lies between the ventricular and marginal layers and includes the basal and alar plates neural tube marginal layer EMAPA:17151 UBERON:0004062 neural tube marginal zone the outermost layer of the neural tube that contains nerve fibers and will form the white matter MP:0009691 the outermost layer of the neural tube that contains nerve fibers and will form the white matter MP:0009691 neural tube marginal zone spinal cord alar plate TODO - merge with UBERON:0003054 roof plate? UBERON:0004063 the region of the mantle layer of the neural tube that lies dorsal to the sulcus limitans and contains primarily sensory neurons and interneurons involved in communication of sensory impulses; the alar plate develops into the dorsal horn in the grey matter of the spinal cord MP:0009692 the region of the mantle layer of the neural tube that lies dorsal to the sulcus limitans and contains primarily sensory neurons and interneurons involved in communication of sensory impulses; the alar plate develops into the dorsal horn in the grey matter of the spinal cord basal plate AAO:0010561 EFO:0001904 UBERON:0004064 basal plate of neural tube ncithesaurus:Basal_Plate spinal cord basal plate the region of the mantle layer of the neural tube that lies ventral to the sulcus limitans and contains primarily motor neurons and interneurons. the region of the neural tube ventral to the sulcus limitans. It extends from the rostral mesencephalon to the end of the spinal cord and contains primarily motor neurons, whereas neurons found in the alar plate are primarily associated with sensory functions. The cell types of the basal plate include lower motor neurons and four types of interneuron. Initially the left and right sides of the basal plate are continuous, but during neurulation they become separated by the floor plate, a derivative of the notochord[WP]. Wikipedia:Basal_plate_(neural_tube) basal plate of neural tube MP:0009693 Wikipedia:Basal_plate_(neural_tube) the region of the mantle layer of the neural tube that lies ventral to the sulcus limitans and contains primarily motor neurons and interneurons. the region of the neural tube ventral to the sulcus limitans. It extends from the rostral mesencephalon to the end of the spinal cord and contains primarily motor neurons, whereas neurons found in the alar plate are primarily associated with sensory functions. The cell types of the basal plate include lower motor neurons and four types of interneuron. Initially the left and right sides of the basal plate are continuous, but during neurulation they become separated by the floor plate, a derivative of the notochord[WP]. MP:0009693 spinal cord basal plate primordial meninx UBERON:0004065 the outermost mesenchymal covering of the developing brain and spinal cord that is composed of tough fibrous connective tissue from which the arachnoid mater, pia mater and dura mater are formed MP:0009726 the outermost mesenchymal covering of the developing brain and spinal cord that is composed of tough fibrous connective tissue from which the arachnoid mater, pia mater and dura mater are formed frontonasal prominence During embryonic development, two areas of thickened ectoderm, the olfactory areas, appear immediately under the fore-brain in the anterior wall of the stomodeum, one on either side of a region termed the frontonasal prominence (or process)[WP]. By the upgrowth of the surrounding parts these areas are converted into pits, the olfactory pits, which indent the frontonasal prominence and divide it into a medial and two lateral nasal processes[WP]. two areas of thickened ectoderm, the olfactory areas, appear immediately under the fore-brain in the anterior wall of the stomodeum, one on either side of a region termed the frontonasal prominence. an unpaired facial process in the embryo formed from the tissues surrounding the forebrain vesicle that develops into the forehead and bridge of the nose/snout[MP]. EHDAA2:0000581 EHDAA:4778 EMAPA:16681 OG:0001319 SCTID:361486000 TODO - improve def UBERON:0004066 UBERON:0006237 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gray44.png/200px-Gray44.png ncithesaurus:Frontonasal_Prominence During embryonic development, two areas of thickened ectoderm, the olfactory areas, appear immediately under the fore-brain in the anterior wall of the stomodeum, one on either side of a region termed the frontonasal prominence (or process)[WP]. By the upgrowth of the surrounding parts these areas are converted into pits, the olfactory pits, which indent the frontonasal prominence and divide it into a medial and two lateral nasal processes[WP]. two areas of thickened ectoderm, the olfactory areas, appear immediately under the fore-brain in the anterior wall of the stomodeum, one on either side of a region termed the frontonasal prominence. an unpaired facial process in the embryo formed from the tissues surrounding the forebrain vesicle that develops into the forehead and bridge of the nose/snout[MP]. MP:0009901 Wikipedia:Frontonasal_prominence lateral nasal prominence EHDAA2:0000916 EHDAA:4786 EMAPA:16805 SCTID:308880000 UBERON:0004067 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gray48.png/200px-Gray48.png lateral nasal process lateral nasal swelling latero-nasal process the lateral area of the two branches of a horseshoe-shaped mesenchymal swelling in the future nasal region of the embryo; it separates the olfactory pit from the developing eye and the ala of the nose/snout develops from it UBERON:cjm lateral nasal swelling MP:0009902 Wikipedia:Lateral_nasal_prominence the lateral area of the two branches of a horseshoe-shaped mesenchymal swelling in the future nasal region of the embryo; it separates the olfactory pit from the developing eye and the ala of the nose/snout develops from it EHDAA2 Wikipedia EMAPA:16805 latero-nasal process EHDAA2:0000916 lateral nasal process medial nasal prominence EHDAA2:0001076 EHDAA:4792 EMAPA:16808 Fusion of right and left medial nasal processes forms a primary palate rostrally and the nasal septum caudally. The incisive bone, including upper incisor teeth and the rostral up- per lip, are derived from the primary palate. The nasal septum consists of bone, cartilage, and a patch of soft tissue membrane that separates right & left halves of the nasal cavity. OG:0000804 SCTID:308877001 UBERON:0004068 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gray45.png/200px-Gray45.png medial nasal process medial nasal swelling medial-nasal process the central area of the two limbs of a horseshoe-shaped mesenchymal swelling that lie medial to the olfactory placode or pit in the future nasal region of the embryo; it joins with the ipsilateral maxillary prominence in the formation of half of the upper jaw, and the nasal tip and philtrum of the upper lip develop from it UBERON:cjm medial nasal swelling MP:0009903 Wikipedia:Medial_nasal_prominence the central area of the two limbs of a horseshoe-shaped mesenchymal swelling that lie medial to the olfactory placode or pit in the future nasal region of the embryo; it joins with the ipsilateral maxillary prominence in the formation of half of the upper jaw, and the nasal tip and philtrum of the upper lip develop from it EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001076 medial nasal process EMAPA:16808 medial-nasal process Wikipedia accessory olfactory bulb ABA:AOB BTO:0004797 MA:0000966 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090453 UBERON:0004069 accessory olfactory formation olfactory bulb accessory nucleus the forebrain region that coordinates sensory signaling arising from the vomeronasal organ; it is located on the dorsal-posterior portion of the main olfactory bulb, and the axons that leave the accessory olfactory bulb project to targets in the amygdala and hypothalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090453 olfactory bulb accessory nucleus MP:0009945 the forebrain region that coordinates sensory signaling arising from the vomeronasal organ; it is located on the dorsal-posterior portion of the main olfactory bulb, and the axons that leave the accessory olfactory bulb project to targets in the amygdala and hypothalamus ABA MA:0000966 accessory olfactory formation ABA ABA cerebellum vermis lobule MA:0002968 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081223 TODO - define as a region overlapping UBERON:0004070 the region of a cerebellar lobule that resides in the central section of the cerebellum between the two hemispheres; in humans, vermis lobule regions may be nearly continuous with the cerebellar hemisphere lobules dorsally but are separated by deeper longitudinal fissues in the ventral regions; in mammals, the vermis portion of the cerebellum has a foliation pattern along the AP axis that is distinct from the lateral cerebellar hemispheres MP:0009957 the region of a cerebellar lobule that resides in the central section of the cerebellum between the two hemispheres; in humans, vermis lobule regions may be nearly continuous with the cerebellar hemisphere lobules dorsally but are separated by deeper longitudinal fissues in the ventral regions; in mammals, the vermis portion of the cerebellum has a foliation pattern along the AP axis that is distinct from the lateral cerebellar hemispheres cerebellum emboliform nucleus SCTID:279222003 UBERON:0004071 the small wedge shaped nucleus interposed between the dentate and fastigial nuclei; it receives axons from Purkinje cells of the intermediate area of the cerebral hemispheres and most of its efferent connections travel via the superior cerebellar peduncle MP:0009981 the small wedge shaped nucleus interposed between the dentate and fastigial nuclei; it receives axons from Purkinje cells of the intermediate area of the cerebral hemispheres and most of its efferent connections travel via the superior cerebellar peduncle cerebellum globose nucleus SCTID:279223008 UBERON:0004072 the two or three small masses of gray matter that is located medial to the emboliform nucleus and lateral to the fastigial nucleus; it receives axons from the intermediate area of the cerebellar hemispheres and its afferents exit through the superior cerebellar peduncle; it is recognized in human cerebellum but is not distinguishable in all mammalian species MP:0009982 the two or three small masses of gray matter that is located medial to the emboliform nucleus and lateral to the fastigial nucleus; it receives axons from the intermediate area of the cerebellar hemispheres and its afferents exit through the superior cerebellar peduncle; it is recognized in human cerebellum but is not distinguishable in all mammalian species cerebellum interpositus nucleus UBERON:0004073 the nucelus composed of the globose and emoliform nuclei of the cerebellum; in some mammalian species the globose nucleus is not distinguishable MP:0009984 the nucelus composed of the globose and emoliform nuclei of the cerebellum; in some mammalian species the globose nucleus is not distinguishable cerebellum vermis lobule I . ABA:LING FMA:83884 MA:0000998 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_932 SCTID:77232000 TODO FMA:61904 lingual gyrus FMA:71032 lingula gyrus (lg) UBERON:0004074 lingula lingula (I) lingula of anterior cerebellum vermis lingula of cerebellum lobule I of cerebellum vermis neuraxis lingula ABA:LING lingula (I) . MP:0009988 MA MA:0000998 lingula cerebellum vermis lobule II . ABA:CENT2 MA:0000999 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081225 UBERON:0004075 central lobule central lobule of cerebellum central vs alar central? II and III? part_of CENT in ABA lobule II lobule II of cerebellum vermis vermic lobule II NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081225 vermic lobule II MA MA:0000999 central lobule MA ABA:CENT2 lobule II . MP:0009989 ABA cerebellum vermis lobule III . ABA:CENT3 II or III? MA:0001000 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081226 UBERON:0004076 central lobule central lobule of cerebellum lobule III lobule III of cerebellum vermis . MP:0009990 ABA:CENT3 lobule III MA:0001000 central lobule MA ABA cerebellum vermis lobule IV ABA:CUL4 MA:0001001 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081227 The culmen is the portion of the anterior vermis adjacent to the primary fissure of cerebellum. The culmen and the anterior parts of the quadrangular lobules form the lobus culminis[WP]. UBERON:0004077 culmen of cerebellum lobule IV of cerebellum vermis neuraxis culmen MA ABA ABA FMA:83886 neuraxis culmen MP:0009991 The culmen is the portion of the anterior vermis adjacent to the primary fissure of cerebellum. The culmen and the anterior parts of the quadrangular lobules form the lobus culminis[WP]. Wikipedia:Culmen_(cerebellum) cerebellum vermis lobule IX . ABA:UVU FMA:83883 MA:0001006 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081234 UBERON:0004078 cerebellar posterior vermis lobule IX lobule IX of cerebellar posterior vermis lobule IX of cerebellum vermis neuraxis uvula uvula (IX) uvula [vermis] uvula of cerebellum uvula of vermis of cerebellum vermic lobule IX . MP:0009992 PMID:2022820 cerebellar posterior vermis lobule IX FMA:83883 neuraxis uvula FMA:83883 uvula of cerebellum MA NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081234 vermic lobule IX ABA:UVU uvula (IX) PMID:2022820 lobule IX of cerebellar posterior vermis cerebellum vermis lobule V . ABA:CUL5 MA:0001002 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081228 UBERON:0004079 culmen culmen of cerebellum lobule V lobule V of cerebellum vermis neuraxis culmen FMA:83886 neuraxis culmen MA:0001002 culmen ABA ABA:CUL5 lobule V . MP:0009993 MA cerebellum vermis lobule VI . ABA:DEC FMA:83887 MA:0001003 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081229 SCTID:279385000 UBERON:0000909 UBERON:0004080 UBERON:Declive-MA_0001003 declive declive (VI) declive of cerebellum declive of vermis of cerebellum lobule VI of cerebellum vermis neuraxis declive vermic lobule vi MA:0001003 declive FMA:83887 neuraxis declive ABA:DEC declive (VI) MA . MP:0009994 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081229 vermic lobule vi cerebellum vermis lobule VII ABA:FOTU FMA:83889 MA:0001004 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081230 SCTID:369044003 The folium vermis is a short, narrow, concealed band at the posterior extremity of the vermis, consisting apparently of a single folium, but in reality marked on its upper and under surfaces by secondary fissures. Laterally, it expands in either hemisphere into a considerable lobule, the superior semilunar lobule (lobulus semilunaris superior; postero-superior lobules), which occupies the posterior third of the upper surface of the hemisphere, and is bounded below by the horizontal sulcus. The superior semilunar lobules and the folium vermis form the lobus semilunaris. UBERON:0004081 check MA, MP, FMA, folium? folium folium lobule folium of cerebellum folium of vermis of cerebellum folium-tuber vermis (VII) lobule VII of cerebellum vermis neuraxis folium vermic lobule VII MP:0009995 The folium vermis is a short, narrow, concealed band at the posterior extremity of the vermis, consisting apparently of a single folium, but in reality marked on its upper and under surfaces by secondary fissures. Laterally, it expands in either hemisphere into a considerable lobule, the superior semilunar lobule (lobulus semilunaris superior; postero-superior lobules), which occupies the posterior third of the upper surface of the hemisphere, and is bounded below by the horizontal sulcus. The superior semilunar lobules and the folium vermis form the lobus semilunaris. Wikipedia:Folium_(vermis) NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081230 vermic lobule VII MA MA:0001004 folium MP:0009995 folium lobule FMA:83889 neuraxis folium ABA:FOTU folium-tuber vermis (VII) cerebellum vermis lobule VIII . ABA:PYR FMA:83888 MA:0001005 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081233 UBERON:0002312 UBERON:0004082 UBERON:FMA_83888-MA_0001005 cerebellum lobule VIII lobule VIII of cerebellum vermis neuraxis pyramis neuraxis pyramus pyramis pyramis of vermis of cerebellum pyramus pyramus pyramus (VIII) pyramus of cerebellum pyramus of vermis of cerebellum vermic lobule VIII ABA:PYR pyramus (VIII) NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081233 pyramis FMA:83888 pyramis of vermis of cerebellum MA:0001005 pyramus . MP:0009996 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081233 vermic lobule VIII FMA:83888 pyramus of vermis of cerebellum MA cerebellum vermis lobule X . ABA:NOD FMA:83882 MA:0001007 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1165 UBERON:0004083 lobule X of cerebellum vermis neuraxis nodulus nodulus nodulus (X) nodulus of cerebellum nodulus of vermis of cerebellum ABA:NOD nodulus (X) . MP:0009997 MA MA:0001007 nodulus labium EMAPA:30837 MA:0002464 UBERON:0004084 galen:Labia labia ncithesaurus:Labium the folds of skin which form the inner lips (labia minora) on both sides of the vaginal opening MP:0003520 the folds of skin which form the inner lips (labia minora) on both sides of the vaginal opening labia majora FMA:20367 MA:0002844 SCTID:362237001 The labia majora are two prominent longitudinal cutaneous folds which extend downward and backward from the mons pubis to the perineum and form the lateral boundaries of the cleft of venus, which contains the labia minora, interlabial sulci, clitoral hood, clitoral glans, frenulum clitoridis, the Hart's Line, and the vulval vestibule, which contains the external openings of the urethra and the vagina. Each labium majus has two surfaces, an outer, pigmented and covered with strong, crisp hairs; and an inner, smooth and beset with large sebaceous follicles. Between the two there is a considerable quantity of areolar tissue, fat, and a tissue resembling the dartos tunic of the scrotum, besides vessels, nerves, and glands. The Labia Majora are thicker in front, where they form by their meeting the anterior commisure of the labia majora. Posteriorly they are not really joined, but appear to become lost in the neighboring integument, ending close to — and nearly parallel with — each other. Together with the connecting skin between them, they form the posterior commisure of the labia majora or posterior boundary of the pudendum. The interval between the posterior commissure of the labia majora and the anus, from 2.5 to 3 cm. in length, constitutes the perineum. The labia majora correspond to the scrotum in the male. Between the labia majora and the inner thighs are the labiocrural folds. Between the labia majora and labia minora are the interlabial sulci. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004085 galen:LabiaMajora labium majora labium majorum labium majus ncithesaurus:Labium_Majus The labia majora are two prominent longitudinal cutaneous folds which extend downward and backward from the mons pubis to the perineum and form the lateral boundaries of the cleft of venus, which contains the labia minora, interlabial sulci, clitoral hood, clitoral glans, frenulum clitoridis, the Hart's Line, and the vulval vestibule, which contains the external openings of the urethra and the vagina. Each labium majus has two surfaces, an outer, pigmented and covered with strong, crisp hairs; and an inner, smooth and beset with large sebaceous follicles. Between the two there is a considerable quantity of areolar tissue, fat, and a tissue resembling the dartos tunic of the scrotum, besides vessels, nerves, and glands. The Labia Majora are thicker in front, where they form by their meeting the anterior commisure of the labia majora. Posteriorly they are not really joined, but appear to become lost in the neighboring integument, ending close to — and nearly parallel with — each other. Together with the connecting skin between them, they form the posterior commisure of the labia majora or posterior boundary of the pudendum. The interval between the posterior commissure of the labia majora and the anus, from 2.5 to 3 cm. in length, constitutes the perineum. The labia majora correspond to the scrotum in the male. Between the labia majora and the inner thighs are the labiocrural folds. Between the labia majora and labia minora are the interlabial sulci. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Labia_majora brain ventricle BTO:0001442 EFO:0001914 EV:0100306 FMA:78447 MA:0000818 MESH:A.08.186.211.276 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1356 OpenCyc:Mx4rvmTY65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180929003 UBERON:0004086 cerebral ventricle check FMA. TODO: add cavities. ncithesaurus:Ventricle_Brain one of the system of communicating cavities in the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord, that like it are derived from the medullary canal of the embryo, that are lined with an epithelial ependyma, and that contain a serous fluid region of ventricular system of brain HP:0002118 cerebral ventricle FMA:78447 region of ventricular system of brain vena cava AAO:0010215 BTO:0001438 EMAPA:18415 GAID:547 MA:0000068 MESH:A.07.231.908.949 OpenCyc:Mx4rkJQ4U6gEEdudWQACs5b6Bw SCTID:244405007 The superior and inferior vena cava are collectively called the venae cavae. They are the veins that return deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart. They both empty into the right atrium. The inferior vena cava (or posterior vena cava in animals) travels up alongside the abdominal aorta with blood from the lower part of the body (see # 11 in the diagram). It is the largest vein in the body. The superior vena cava (or anterior vena cava in animals) is above the heart, and forms from a convergence of the left and right brachiocephalic veins that contain blood from the head and the arms (see # 3 in the diagram). [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004087 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Heart_numlabels.png/200px-Heart_numlabels.png ncithesaurus:Vena_Cava The superior and inferior vena cava are collectively called the venae cavae. They are the veins that return deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart. They both empty into the right atrium. The inferior vena cava (or posterior vena cava in animals) travels up alongside the abdominal aorta with blood from the lower part of the body (see # 11 in the diagram). It is the largest vein in the body. The superior vena cava (or anterior vena cava in animals) is above the heart, and forms from a convergence of the left and right brachiocephalic veins that contain blood from the head and the arms (see # 3 in the diagram). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Venae_cavae ocular region . UBERON:0004088 . HP:0000284 midface MA:0001910 UBERON:0004089 editors note: this class is currently a union of the snout (e.g. in mouse), the midface and the lower face. Note that in MA, snout includes the whole jaw and should thus be more alike the lower face than the midface, so its placement here is not strictly accurate. In future we might introduce specific classes for each of these, and include the full parthood relationships. if this is done, then care should be taken to preserve inferences such as an abnormality of the lower face being an abnormality of the midface. lower face midface/lower face snout the middle of the face including the nose and its associated bony structures[MW]. HP:0000309 http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/midface the middle of the face including the nose and its associated bony structures[MW]. MA:0001910 snout periorbital region . FMA:59351 MA:0002875 SCTID:362646004 UBERON:0004090 periorbita periorbital area MA:0002875 periorbital area . HP:0000606 FMA:59351 periorbita hypothalamus-pituitary axis . UBERON:0004092 . HP:0000864 corticospinal tract BM:CST The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord. The corticospinal tract mostly contains motor axons. It actually consists of two separate tracts in the spinal cord: the lateral corticospinal tract and the medial corticospinal tract. An understanding of these tracts leads to an understanding of why for the most part, one side of the body is controlled by the opposite side of the brain. Also the corticobulbar tract is considered to be a pyramidal tract. The corticobulbar tract carries signals that control motor neurons located in cranial nerve brain nuclei rather than motor neurons located in the spinal cord. The neurons of the pyramidal tracts are pyramidal neurons, but that is not how the pyramidal tract got its name, as most of the pyramidal neurons send their axons elsewhere. Instead, it got its name from the shape of the corticospinal axon tracts: when the pyramidal tract passes the medulla, it forms a dense bundle of nerve fibres that is shaped somewhat like a pyramid. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004095 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray684.png/200px-Gray684.png HP:0002492 The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord. The corticospinal tract mostly contains motor axons. It actually consists of two separate tracts in the spinal cord: the lateral corticospinal tract and the medial corticospinal tract. An understanding of these tracts leads to an understanding of why for the most part, one side of the body is controlled by the opposite side of the brain. Also the corticobulbar tract is considered to be a pyramidal tract. The corticobulbar tract carries signals that control motor neurons located in cranial nerve brain nuclei rather than motor neurons located in the spinal cord. The neurons of the pyramidal tracts are pyramidal neurons, but that is not how the pyramidal tract got its name, as most of the pyramidal neurons send their axons elsewhere. Instead, it got its name from the shape of the corticospinal axon tracts: when the pyramidal tract passes the medulla, it forms a dense bundle of nerve fibres that is shaped somewhat like a pyramid. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Corticospinal_tract odontoid process AAO:0000721 EMAPA:26535 FMA:24043 GAID:238 MA:0002872 MESH:A.02.835.232.834.151.383.668 OpenCyc:Mx4rwIYGoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181899003 TODO check AAO:0000721 odontoid_process -- Anterior process located between the atlantal cotyles that projects into the foramen magnum of the skull and bears facets that articulate with the lateral walls of the foramen The toothlike process on the upper surface of the axis, which articulates with the atlas above[GAID]. UBERON:0004096 UBERON:0005210 axis dens axis odontoid process cervical vertebra 2 odontoid process dens dens of axis ncithesaurus:Odontoid_Process odontoid odontoid process of axis EMAPA:26535 dens FMA:24043 dens of axis FMA:24043 odontoid process of axis FMA:24043 axis dens GAID:238 HP:0003310 The toothlike process on the upper surface of the axis, which articulates with the atlas above[GAID]. Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Dens_(anatomy) MA:0002872 axis odontoid process Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Dens_(anatomy) odontoid MA:0002872 cervical vertebra 2 odontoid process renin-aldosterone axis . UBERON:0004097 true . HP:0003350 tibial plateaux . UBERON:0004098 . HP:0003832 joint spaces of the elbow Joint cavity shared by all the joints of the elbow. The elbow joint is a compound joint that actually comprises three separate joints: the joints connecting the upper and lower arm: 1) Articulatio humero-ulnaris and 2) Articulatio humero-radialis as well as the proximal joint connecting the forarm bones: 3) Articulatio radio-ulnaris proximalis. All three share a joint cavity which is highly sinuated/scalloped/coved. Joint spaces of the elbow summarizes the joint cavity shared by all three adjoining joints of the elbow joint. UBERON:0004099 HP:0003943 Joint cavity shared by all the joints of the elbow. The elbow joint is a compound joint that actually comprises three separate joints: the joints connecting the upper and lower arm: 1) Articulatio humero-ulnaris and 2) Articulatio humero-radialis as well as the proximal joint connecting the forarm bones: 3) Articulatio radio-ulnaris proximalis. All three share a joint cavity which is highly sinuated/scalloped/coved. Joint spaces of the elbow summarizes the joint cavity shared by all three adjoining joints of the elbow joint. renal collecting system The collecting duct system of the kidney consists of a series of tubules and ducts that connect the nephrons to the ureter. It participates in electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion, processes regulated by the hormones aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone. UBERON:0004100 collecting_duct_system http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png Wikipedia:Collecting_duct_system collecting_duct_system HP:0004742 The collecting duct system of the kidney consists of a series of tubules and ducts that connect the nephrons to the ureter. It participates in electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion, processes regulated by the hormones aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone. Wikipedia:Collecting_duct_system nasolabial region . UBERON:0004101 . HP:0005289 tracheobronchial system . UBERON:0004102 . HP:0005607 alveolar ridge BTO:0001383 GAID:215 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.324.502.125 SCTID:245790000 UBERON:0004103 alveolar body alveolar bone alveolar margin alveolar process note that in BTO, this is part of an embryo one of the two jaw ridges either on the roof of the mouth between the upper teeth and the hard palate or on the bottom of the mouth behind the lower teeth[WP]. The alveolar ridges contain the sockets (alveoli) of the teeth[HP]. HP:0006477 Wikipedia:Alveolar_ridge one of the two jaw ridges either on the roof of the mouth between the upper teeth and the hard palate or on the bottom of the mouth behind the lower teeth[WP]. The alveolar ridges contain the sockets (alveoli) of the teeth[HP]. MP:0004189 alveolar bone GAID:215 alveolar process MP:0004189 alveolar body hairline . UBERON:0004104 . HP:0009553 subungual region . UBERON:0004105 . HP:0009723 crus of ear FMA:61024 SCTID:362547004 UBERON:0004106 crus helicis crus of helical part of auricular cartilage crus of helix horizontal piece of cartilage located outside the ear canal that divides the upper and lower parts of the ear. ncithesaurus:Crus_Helicis FMA:61024 FMA:TA crus helicis FMA:61024 crus of helix HP:0009895 horizontal piece of cartilage located outside the ear canal that divides the upper and lower parts of the ear. clivus of occipital bone FMA:75747 Part of the cranium, the clivus is a shallow depression behind the dorsum sellC& that slopes obliquely backward. It forms a gradual sloping process at the anterior most portion of the basilar occipital bone at its junction with the sphenoid bone. On axial planes, it sits just posterior to the sphenoid sinuses. Just lateral to the clivus bilaterally is the foramen lacerum which contains the internal carotid artery, proximal to its anastamosis with the Circle of Willis. Posterior to the clivus is the basilar artery. The clivus supports the upper part of the pons. SCTID:361736007 The clivus is an important landmark for checking for anatomical atlanto-occipital alignment; the clivus, when viewed on a lateral C-spine X-ray, forms a line which, if extended, is known as Wackenheim's clivus line. Wackenheim's clivus line should pass through the dens of the axis or be tangential to it. Editor note: check relationships. UBERON:0004108 Wackenheim's clivus line clivus ncithesaurus:Clivus occipital bone clivus HP:0010558 Part of the cranium, the clivus is a shallow depression behind the dorsum sellC& that slopes obliquely backward. It forms a gradual sloping process at the anterior most portion of the basilar occipital bone at its junction with the sphenoid bone. On axial planes, it sits just posterior to the sphenoid sinuses. Just lateral to the clivus bilaterally is the foramen lacerum which contains the internal carotid artery, proximal to its anastamosis with the Circle of Willis. Posterior to the clivus is the basilar artery. The clivus supports the upper part of the pons. Wikipedia:Clivus_%28anatomy%29 Wackenheim's clivus line Wikipedia:Clivus_%28anatomy%29 HP:0010558 FMA FMA FMA:75747 occipital bone clivus Wikipedia HP:0010558 clivus cortex of humerus . FMA:31542 UBERON:0004109 compact bone of humerus cortex of the humerus humerus compact bone humerus cortical bone . HP:0010629 FMA:31542 compact bone of humerus midnasal cavity UBERON:0004110 includes the cavity between the nares and the choanae. HP:0010641 includes the cavity between the nares and the choanae. anatomical conduit AEO:0000080 EHDAA2:0003080 FMA:242873 UBERON:0004111 any opening in the body. foramen foramina note that FMA has both conduit and conduit space EHDAA2:0003080 foramen UBERON:cjm foramina Wikipedia:Foramen any opening in the body. muscle of middle ear A muscle of head that is part of a tympanic cavity [Obol]. MA:0000256 UBERON:0004112 adult head muscle organ of anatomical cavity of middle ear adult head muscle organ of cavity of middle ear adult head muscle organ of middle ear anatomical cavity adult head muscle organ of middle ear cavity adult head muscle organ of tympanic cavity anatomical cavity of middle ear adult head muscle organ anatomical cavity of middle ear cephalic musculature anatomical cavity of middle ear head muscle anatomical cavity of middle ear head muscle organ anatomical cavity of middle ear muscle of head anatomical cavity of middle ear muscle organ of adult head anatomical cavity of middle ear muscle organ of head anatomical cavity of middle ear musculus caput cavity of middle ear adult head muscle organ cavity of middle ear cephalic musculature cavity of middle ear head muscle cavity of middle ear head muscle organ cavity of middle ear muscle of head cavity of middle ear muscle organ of adult head cavity of middle ear muscle organ of head cavity of middle ear musculus caput cephalic musculature of anatomical cavity of middle ear cephalic musculature of cavity of middle ear cephalic musculature of middle ear anatomical cavity cephalic musculature of middle ear cavity cephalic musculature of tympanic cavity check tympanic cavity vs middle ear. the same for muscles? head muscle of anatomical cavity of middle ear head muscle of cavity of middle ear head muscle of middle ear anatomical cavity head muscle of middle ear cavity head muscle of tympanic cavity head muscle organ of anatomical cavity of middle ear head muscle organ of cavity of middle ear head muscle organ of middle ear anatomical cavity head muscle organ of middle ear cavity head muscle organ of tympanic cavity middle ear anatomical cavity adult head muscle organ middle ear anatomical cavity cephalic musculature middle ear anatomical cavity head muscle middle ear anatomical cavity head muscle organ middle ear anatomical cavity muscle of head middle ear anatomical cavity muscle organ of adult head middle ear anatomical cavity muscle organ of head middle ear anatomical cavity musculus caput middle ear cavity adult head muscle organ middle ear cavity cephalic musculature middle ear cavity head muscle middle ear cavity head muscle organ middle ear cavity muscle of head middle ear cavity muscle organ of adult head middle ear cavity muscle organ of head middle ear cavity musculus caput muscle of head of anatomical cavity of middle ear muscle of head of cavity of middle ear muscle of head of middle ear anatomical cavity muscle of head of middle ear cavity muscle of head of tympanic cavity muscle of tympanic cavity muscle organ of adult head of anatomical cavity of middle ear muscle organ of adult head of cavity of middle ear muscle organ of adult head of middle ear anatomical cavity muscle organ of adult head of middle ear cavity muscle organ of adult head of tympanic cavity muscle organ of head of anatomical cavity of middle ear muscle organ of head of cavity of middle ear muscle organ of head of middle ear anatomical cavity muscle organ of head of middle ear cavity muscle organ of head of tympanic cavity musculus caput of anatomical cavity of middle ear musculus caput of cavity of middle ear musculus caput of middle ear anatomical cavity musculus caput of middle ear cavity musculus caput of tympanic cavity tympanic cavity adult head muscle organ tympanic cavity cephalic musculature tympanic cavity head muscle tympanic cavity head muscle organ tympanic cavity muscle tympanic cavity muscle of head tympanic cavity muscle organ of adult head tympanic cavity muscle organ of head tympanic cavity musculus caput OBOL:automatic middle ear cavity head muscle organ OBOL:automatic anatomical cavity of middle ear head muscle OBOL:automatic muscle organ of adult head of middle ear anatomical cavity OBOL:automatic cephalic musculature of middle ear cavity OBOL:automatic cephalic musculature of middle ear anatomical cavity OBOL:automatic head muscle organ of tympanic cavity OBOL:automatic tympanic cavity musculus caput OBOL:automatic musculus caput of cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic anatomical cavity of middle ear musculus caput OBOL:automatic middle ear cavity head muscle OBOL:automatic cavity of middle ear head muscle OBOL:automatic tympanic cavity muscle organ of adult head OBOL:automatic anatomical cavity of middle ear adult head muscle organ A muscle of head that is part of a tympanic cavity [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic head muscle organ of middle ear cavity OBOL:automatic middle ear cavity muscle organ of head OBOL:automatic cavity of middle ear head muscle organ OBOL:automatic middle ear cavity muscle of head OBOL:automatic cephalic musculature of tympanic cavity OBOL:automatic adult head muscle organ of cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic tympanic cavity muscle organ of head OBOL:automatic anatomical cavity of middle ear cephalic musculature OBOL:automatic muscle organ of head of anatomical cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic adult head muscle organ of anatomical cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic head muscle of middle ear anatomical cavity OBOL:automatic cavity of middle ear muscle organ of head OBOL:automatic head muscle organ of cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic musculus caput of middle ear anatomical cavity OBOL:automatic cephalic musculature of anatomical cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic musculus caput of middle ear cavity OBOL:automatic muscle organ of adult head of cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic head muscle of anatomical cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic middle ear anatomical cavity muscle organ of adult head OBOL:automatic muscle of head of middle ear cavity OBOL:automatic anatomical cavity of middle ear muscle organ of adult head OBOL:automatic tympanic cavity cephalic musculature OBOL:automatic adult head muscle organ of middle ear anatomical cavity OBOL:automatic head muscle organ of middle ear anatomical cavity OBOL:automatic cavity of middle ear adult head muscle organ OBOL:automatic anatomical cavity of middle ear head muscle organ OBOL:automatic cephalic musculature of cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic cavity of middle ear cephalic musculature OBOL:automatic middle ear cavity cephalic musculature OBOL:automatic muscle organ of head of middle ear anatomical cavity OBOL:automatic musculus caput of tympanic cavity OBOL:automatic muscle organ of adult head of tympanic cavity OBOL:automatic muscle of head of anatomical cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic muscle organ of adult head of middle ear cavity OBOL:automatic musculus caput of anatomical cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic cavity of middle ear muscle organ of adult head OBOL:automatic middle ear anatomical cavity head muscle OBOL:automatic tympanic cavity head muscle OBOL:automatic middle ear anatomical cavity adult head muscle organ OBOL:automatic anatomical cavity of middle ear muscle of head OBOL:automatic adult head muscle organ of tympanic cavity OBOL:automatic middle ear cavity muscle organ of adult head OBOL:automatic middle ear anatomical cavity head muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle of head of cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic middle ear cavity adult head muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of adult head of anatomical cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic head muscle of cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic middle ear anatomical cavity cephalic musculature OBOL:automatic muscle organ of head of middle ear cavity OBOL:automatic anatomical cavity of middle ear muscle organ of head OBOL:automatic middle ear anatomical cavity musculus caput OBOL:automatic muscle of head of middle ear anatomical cavity OBOL:automatic muscle organ of head of cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic tympanic cavity head muscle organ OBOL:automatic head muscle organ of anatomical cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic adult head muscle organ of middle ear cavity OBOL:automatic middle ear anatomical cavity muscle organ of head OBOL:automatic head muscle of tympanic cavity OBOL:automatic tympanic cavity muscle of head OBOL:automatic cavity of middle ear musculus caput OBOL:automatic cavity of middle ear muscle of head OBOL:automatic middle ear cavity musculus caput OBOL:automatic head muscle of middle ear cavity OBOL:automatic tympanic cavity adult head muscle organ OBOL:automatic middle ear anatomical cavity muscle of head OBOL:automatic muscle organ of head of tympanic cavity OBOL:automatic muscle of head of tympanic cavity muscle of auditory ossicle FMA:49026 SCTID:244778009 UBERON:0004113 auditory ossicles muscle muscle of auditory ossicles ossicular muscle FMA:49026 auditory ossicles muscle FMA:49026 muscle of auditory ossicles FMA:49026 ossicular muscle tympanic cavity BTO:0002098 EV:0100358 FMA:56461 SCTID:362551002 UBERON:0004114 anatomical cavity of middle ear cavity of middle ear http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gray923.png/200px-Gray923.png middle ear anatomical cavity middle ear cavity small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. tympanum OBOL:automatic middle ear cavity OBOL:automatic cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic middle ear anatomical cavity OBOL:automatic anatomical cavity of middle ear Wikipedia:Tympanic_cavity small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. BTO:0002098 tympanum blood vessel of tympanic cavity A blood vessel that is part of a tympanic cavity [Obol]. MA:0001219 UBERON:0004115 anatomical cavity of middle ear blood vessel blood vessel of anatomical cavity of middle ear blood vessel of cavity of middle ear blood vessel of middle ear anatomical cavity blood vessel of middle ear cavity cavity of middle ear blood vessel middle ear anatomical cavity blood vessel middle ear blood vessel middle ear cavity blood vessel tympanic cavity blood vessel OBOL:automatic cavity of middle ear blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of anatomical cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic blood vessel of cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic middle ear cavity blood vessel OBOL:automatic middle ear anatomical cavity blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a tympanic cavity [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of middle ear cavity OBOL:automatic blood vessel of middle ear anatomical cavity OBOL:automatic anatomical cavity of middle ear blood vessel nerve of tympanic cavity A nerve that is part of a tympanic cavity [Obol]. MA:0001222 UBERON:0004116 anatomical cavity of middle ear nerve cavity of middle ear nerve middle ear anatomical cavity nerve middle ear cavity nerve nerve blood vessel nerve of anatomical cavity of middle ear nerve of cavity of middle ear nerve of middle ear anatomical cavity nerve of middle ear cavity tympanic cavity nerve tympanic cavity nerves OBOL:automatic middle ear cavity nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of anatomical cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic nerve of middle ear anatomical cavity A nerve that is part of a tympanic cavity [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cavity of middle ear nerve MA:0001222 tympanic cavity nerves OBOL:automatic middle ear anatomical cavity nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic anatomical cavity of middle ear nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of middle ear cavity pharyngeal pouch AAO:0011113 EFO:0003627 EHDAA:1086 EHDAA:1669 EHDAA:579 EHDAA:617 OG:0001203 SCTID:34674002 The pouches are polarized structures. For example, whereas the rostral half of each pouch expresses Bmp-7, the caudal half expresses FGF-8 and the dorsal aspect of each pouch is marked via its expression of Pax-1. each pouch has an individual sense of identity. Shh expression is a prominent early feature of the caudal endoderm of the second arch, and individual pouches mark the anterior limits of expression of Hox genes within the pharyngeal endoderm; Hox-a2 has a rostral boundary at the second pouch, Hox-a3 at the third pouch and Hox-a4 at the most caudal pouch[PMID:16313389] UBERON:0004117 XAO:0000282 ZFA:0001106 branchial pouch embryonic structure that forms on the endodermal side between the branchial arches, and pharyngeal grooves (or clefts) form the lateral ectodermal surface of the neck region to separate the arches. The pouches line up with the clefts, and these thin segments become gills in fish[WP]. Outpocketings of pharyngeal endoderm that interdigitate with the neural crest derived pharyngeal arches. The pouches later fuse with the surface ectoderm to form the gill slits[ZFA]. ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Pouch visceral pouch http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology) embryonic structure that forms on the endodermal side between the branchial arches, and pharyngeal grooves (or clefts) form the lateral ectodermal surface of the neck region to separate the arches. The pouches line up with the clefts, and these thin segments become gills in fish[WP]. Outpocketings of pharyngeal endoderm that interdigitate with the neural crest derived pharyngeal arches. The pouches later fuse with the surface ectoderm to form the gill slits[ZFA]. visceral pouch ZFA Wikipedia:Branchial_pouch branchial pouch EHDAA2 vasculature of iris A vasculature that is part of a iris [Obol]. UBERON:0004118 ZFA:0005568 iris blood vessels iris vascular network iris vasculature vascular network of iris A vasculature that is part of a iris [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic iris vascular network OBOL:automatic iris blood vessels OBOL:automatic vascular network of iris endoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the endoderm. Grouping term for query purposes UBERON:0004119 An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the endoderm. UBERON:cjm mesoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the mesoderm. Grouping term for query purposes UBERON:0004120 An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the mesoderm. UBERON:cjm ectoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the ectoderm. Grouping term for query purposes UBERON:0004121 An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the ectoderm. UBERON:cjm genitourinary system AAO:0000624 BILA:0000122 BTO:0003091 EFO:0003864 EHDAA:1013 EMAPA:16367 EV:0100094 GAID:362 GU tract MESH:A.05 OG:0000286 OpenCyc:Mx4rQRpVMgAKEdyHxgDggVfs8g SCTID:278861008 UBERON:0004122 Urogenitalsystem XAO:0000140 galen:GenitoUrinarySystem genitourinary tract ncithesaurus:Genitourinary_System urogenital system urogenital tract BTO:0003091 urogenital tract BTO:0003091 Urogenitalsystem myocardial layer MA:0000080 UBERON:0004123 layer of myocardium myocardium layer myocardium trabecular layer EFO:0003706 MA:0002866 The layer of the myocardium composed of projections of contractile myocytes. The trabecular layer is bounded internally by the endocardium. In zebrafish, unlike the trabeculations of higher vertebrates, both atrial and ventricular trabeculae have more strut-like character, and are more uniform without apparent regional differences[ZFA]. UBERON:0004124 ZFA:0005059 myocardial trabecular layer trabecular layer The layer of the myocardium composed of projections of contractile myocytes. The trabecular layer is bounded internally by the endocardium. In zebrafish, unlike the trabeculations of higher vertebrates, both atrial and ventricular trabeculae have more strut-like character, and are more uniform without apparent regional differences[ZFA]. ZFA:0005059 ZFA:0005059 trabecular layer myocardial compact layer outer dense layer of the myocardium uniting the epicardium and myocardium[MP]. MA:0002865 UBERON:0004125 myocardium compact layer MA:0002865 myocardium compact layer outer dense layer of the myocardium uniting the epicardium and myocardium[MP]. MP:0004056 trabecular layer of ventricle FMA:83511 UBERON:0004126 ZFA:0005060 myocardium of region of ventricle todo - check FMA trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle ventricular trabecular myocardium FMA:83511 myocardium of region of ventricle GO:0003222 ventricular trabecular myocardium GO:0003222 trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle compact layer of ventricle The outer layer the ventricular myocardium, muscle fibers are arranged in a compact form and involved the entire ventricle. UBERON:0004127 ZFA:0005062 compact cardiac ventricle muscle ventricle myocardium compact zone ventricular compact myocardium ventricular myocardial compact layer ventricular myocardial compact zone MP:0010556 ventricle myocardium compact zone MP:0010556 ventricular myocardial compact layer MP:0010556 ventricular myocardial compact zone The outer layer the ventricular myocardium, muscle fibers are arranged in a compact form and involved the entire ventricle. ZFA:0005062 ZFA optic vesicle AAO:0011039 EHDAA2:0001320 EMAPA:16540 Genes: Six3, Pax6, Rx1 are expressed together in the tip of the neural plate [ISBN:9780878932504 "Developmental Biology"] OG:0000165 SCTID:362864008 The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup[GO]. Portion of tissue that is comprised of neuroepitheium which has pinched off from the anterior neural keel and will form the optic cup[ZFA]. UBERON:0004128 XAO:0000228 ZFA:0000050 evagination http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gray863.png/200px-Gray863.png ncithesaurus:Optic_Vesicle GO:0003404 The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup[GO]. Portion of tissue that is comprised of neuroepitheium which has pinched off from the anterior neural keel and will form the optic cup[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Optic_vesicles growth plate cartilage UBERON:0004129 cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones as they elongate or grow. growth plate GO:0003417 cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones as they elongate or grow. cerebellar layer FMA:83141 MA:0000201 SCTID:360478008 UBERON:0004130 cell layer of cerebellar cortex gray matter layer of cerebellum layer of cerebellar cortex FMA:83141 gray matter layer of cerebellum trigeminal sensory nucleus MA:0001030 OG:0001356 SCTID:280170001 TODO: check ZFA link. note this is part of medulla in ZFA, but we do not include this link here as it leads to inconsistencies The sensory trigeminal nerve nuclei are the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extend through the whole of the midbrain, pons and medulla. The nucleus is divided into three parts, from rostral to caudal (top to bottom in humans): * The mesencephalic nucleus * The chief sensory nucleus (or pontine nucleus or main sensory nucleus or primary nucleus) * The spinal trigeminal nucleus[WP]. UBERON:0004132 ZFA:0000433 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray696.png/200px-Gray696.png sensory trigeminal V nucleus sensory trigeminal nucleus trigeminal V sensory nucleus trigeminal sensory nucleus MA GO:0021730 trigeminal sensory nucleus MA:0001030 trigeminal V sensory nucleus The sensory trigeminal nerve nuclei are the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extend through the whole of the midbrain, pons and medulla. The nucleus is divided into three parts, from rostral to caudal (top to bottom in humans): * The mesencephalic nucleus * The chief sensory nucleus (or pontine nucleus or main sensory nucleus or primary nucleus) * The spinal trigeminal nucleus[WP]. Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nuclei FMA ZFA:0000433 sensory trigeminal nucleus salivatory nucleus . UBERON:0004133 salivary nucleus GO:0021751 salivary nucleus . GO:0021751 proximal tubule BTO:0001498 EMAPA:28281 In mammals, the proximal tubule is a nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle. It has a brush border epithelial morphology[GO]. MA:0002611 MESH:A.05.810.453.736.560.570 UBERON:0004134 proximal kidney tubule renal proximal tubule todo - ensure definition works across species. GO:0072014 In mammals, the proximal tubule is a nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle. It has a brush border epithelial morphology[GO]. MESH:A.05.810.453.736.560.570 proximal kidney tubule multiple GO checkme GO distal tubule BTO:0000482 EMAPA:28387 MA:0002633 MESH:A.05.810.453.736.560.540 The distal tubule is a nephron tubule that consists of the convoluted and straight distal tubule segments UBERON:0004135 renal distal tubule GO:0072017 The distal tubule is a nephron tubule that consists of the convoluted and straight distal tubule segments intermediate tubule FMA:17718 The intermediate tubule is a nephron tubule that lies between the proximal and distal tubules UBERON:0004136 renal intermediate tubule todo - check for applicability across species tubulus attenuatus FMA FMA:17718 tubulus attenuatus GO:0072018 The intermediate tubule is a nephron tubule that lies between the proximal and distal tubules somitomeric trunk muscle TODO - find N+S conditions. SMT & develops_from somite is not specific enough (all SMT develops_from somite) The somitomeric trunk muscle is derived from somitomeric mesoderm. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.[GO]. UBERON:0004138 GO:0002075 The somitomeric trunk muscle is derived from somitomeric mesoderm. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.[GO]. cardiogenic plate EHDAA2:0000215 EMAPA:16106 OG:0000975 TODO - check plate vs rudiment vs primordium vs endocardial tube. See XAO The first recognizable structure derived from the heart field UBERON:0004139 cardiogenic crescent heart rudiment myocardial plate GO:0003142 The first recognizable structure derived from the heart field EHDAA2:0000215 myocardial plate GO:0003142 cardiogenic crescent heart field UBERON:0004140 XAO:0004185 a specific region of the lateral mesoderm in which the heart will develop. GO:0003128 GO:0003128 a specific region of the lateral mesoderm in which the heart will develop. heart tube Cavitated compound organ that will become the adult heart following looping morphogenesis and valve formation[ZFA]. EFO:0003526 EHDAA:424 EMAPA:16208 UBERON:0004141 ZFA:0000360 early primitive heart tube embryonic heart tube EMAPA:16208 early primitive heart tube ZFA Cavitated compound organ that will become the adult heart following looping morphogenesis and valve formation[ZFA]. GO:0003143 ZFA:0000360 outflow tract septum The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract UBERON:0004142 GO:0003148 The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract membranous septum The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum. UBERON:0004143 GO:0003149 The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum. muscular septum The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum UBERON:0004144 GO:0003150 The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum outflow tract EHDAA2:0001351 EHDAA:464 EHDAA:798 EMAPA:16229 EMAPA:16346 MA:0000100 OG:0000670 The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries UBERON:0004145 XAO:0004139 cardiac outflow tract GO:0003151 The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries His-Purkinje system HPS His-Purkinji network The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles UBERON:0004146 ZFA:0005071 distal conduction system HPS ZFA:0005071 His-Purkinji network ZFA:0005071 GO:0003164 The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles ZFA:0005071 distal conduction system cardiac Purkinje fiber BTO:0001735 MESH:A.07.541.409.683 The cardiac Purkinje fiber is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle UBERON:0004147 heart Purkinje fiber GO:0003165 The cardiac Purkinje fiber is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle BTO:0001735 heart Purkinje fiber coronary vein EHDAA2:0004507 FMA:12846 SCTID:277726009 UBERON:0004148 Vein of heart cardiac vein galen:CoronaryVein heart vein ncithesaurus:Coronary_Vein vein of heart GOC:Obol Vein of heart FMA:12846 cardiac vein OBOL:automatic vein of heart OBOL:automatic heart vein ventriculo bulbo valve A heart valve located between the ventricle and bulbus arteriosus. UBERON:0004149 ZFA:0001375 bulboventricular valve ZFA:0001375 bulboventricular valve A heart valve located between the ventricle and bulbus arteriosus. GO:0003173 coronary sinus valve FMA:9242 SCTID:277723001 UBERON:0004150 Vestigial cardiac valve which is continuous with the valve of the inferior vena cava[FMA]. thebesian valve thebesius valve valve of coronary sinus GO:0003178 Vestigial cardiac valve which is continuous with the valve of the inferior vena cava[FMA]. cardiac chamber A cardiac chamber surrounds an enclosed cavity within the heart FMA:7095 OpenCyc:Mx4rmexpjPdAEduAAAAOpmP6tw SCTID:276456008 UBERON:0004151 chamber of heart generic enough to cover FBbt:00003156 heart chamber but this is a cavity. GO defines it as the cavity. TODO - move subclasses. Note this also includes sinus venosus heart chamber A cardiac chamber surrounds an enclosed cavity within the heart GO:0003205 bulbus arteriosus EFO:0003505 The bulbus arteriosus is an elastic heart chamber[GO]. Multi-tissue structure that consists of three layers and through which the blood exits the heart. The bulbus arteriosus is a pear shaped chamber that functions as a capacitor, maintaining continuous blood flow into the gill arches[ZFA]. UBERON:0004152 ZFA:0000173 truncus ZFA:0000173 truncus GO:0003232 PMID:15108157 The bulbus arteriosus is an elastic heart chamber[GO]. Multi-tissue structure that consists of three layers and through which the blood exits the heart. The bulbus arteriosus is a pear shaped chamber that functions as a capacitor, maintaining continuous blood flow into the gill arches[ZFA]. ventricular septum intermedium . UBERON:0004153 . GO:0003282 septum primum . EHDAA2:0001825 EHDAA:1900 EMAPA:17013 FMA:63909 OG:0000020 SCTID:362017007 UBERON:0004154 ncithesaurus:Septum_Primum . GO:0003284 septum secundum . EHDAA2:0001827 EHDAA:3406 EMAPA:17864 FMA:63910 OG:0000021 SCTID:308850005 UBERON:0004155 ncithesaurus:Septum_Secundum . GO:0003285 atrial septum primum . UBERON:0004157 . GO:0003289 atrial septum secundum . UBERON:0004158 . GO:0003290 atrial septum intermedium . UBERON:0004159 . GO:0003291 proepicardium An outpouching of the septum transversum[GO]. An embryonic group of progenitor cells that forms near the venous pole of the heart and gives rise to the epicardium[Wiktionary] UBERON:0004160 An outpouching of the septum transversum[GO]. An embryonic group of progenitor cells that forms near the venous pole of the heart and gives rise to the epicardium[Wiktionary] GO:0003342 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proepicardium septum transversum A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm[OG]. The septum transversum is a portion of the trunk mesenchyme[GO]. EHDAA2:0001829 EHDAA:736 EMAPA:16318 OG:0000019 SCTID:308819008 UBERON:0004161 ncithesaurus:Septum_Transversum transverse septum UBERON:cjm transverse septum A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm[OG]. The septum transversum is a portion of the trunk mesenchyme[GO]. GO:0003343 OG:0000019 Wikipedia:Septum_transversum pulmonary myocardium The pulmonary myocardium is the myocardial tissue present in the pulmonary vein UBERON:0004162 GO:0003350 The pulmonary myocardium is the myocardial tissue present in the pulmonary vein anterior ectodermal midgut UBERON:0004163 portions of the midgut that are derived from ectoderm. GO:0007441 portions of the midgut that are derived from ectoderm. branchiomeric skeletal muscle TODO - develops from cranial mesoderm. TODO - gill musculature The branchiomeric muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls facial expression, pharyngeal and laryngeal function, operating the jaw. Branchiomeric muscles of mammals correspond to the gill musculature of fish[GO]. UBERON:0004164 GO:0014707 The branchiomeric muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls facial expression, pharyngeal and laryngeal function, operating the jaw. Branchiomeric muscles of mammals correspond to the gill musculature of fish[GO]. superior reticular formation . UBERON:0004166 check ZFA structures superior reticular formation medial column & tegmentum . GO:0021729 GO_REF:0000021 GO orbitofrontal cortex EFO:0001990 FMA:242003 The orbitofrontal cortex is a cerebral cortex region located in the frontal lobe UBERON:0004167 fronto-orbital cortex note that this is a gyrus in FMA orbital frontal cortex orbito-frontal cortex GO DHB:OFC orbital frontal cortex GO:0021769 The orbitofrontal cortex is a cerebral cortex region located in the frontal lobe spinal cord ventral commissure FMA:77035 SCTID:424149007 UBERON:0004170 anterior commissure anterior white commissure anterior white commissure of spinal cord ncithesaurus:White_Commissure spinal cord anterior commissure the band of nerve fibers which cross the midline of the spinal cord ventral to the central canal and posterior grey commissure[MP]. The anterior (or ventral) white commissure, also known as the alba anterior medullae spinalis, is a bundle of nerve fibers which cross the midline of the spinal cord just anterior to the gray commissure. A N4 fibers and C fibers carrying pain sensation in the spinothalamic tract contribute to this commissure, as do fibers of the anterior corticospinal tract, which carry motor signals from the primary motor cortex[WP]. ventral spinal commissure ventral white column ventral white commissure of spinal cord white commissure GO:0021965 MP:0009695 Wikipedia:Anterior_white_commissure the band of nerve fibers which cross the midline of the spinal cord ventral to the central canal and posterior grey commissure[MP]. The anterior (or ventral) white commissure, also known as the alba anterior medullae spinalis, is a bundle of nerve fibers which cross the midline of the spinal cord just anterior to the gray commissure. A N4 fibers and C fibers carrying pain sensation in the spinothalamic tract contribute to this commissure, as do fibers of the anterior corticospinal tract, which carry motor signals from the primary motor cortex[WP]. MP:0009695 white commissure MP:0009695 anterior commissure MP:0009695 spinal cord anterior commissure MP:0009695 anterior white commissure FMA:77035 anterior white commissure of spinal cord MP:0009695 ventral white column MP:0009695 ventral spinal commissure FMA FMA:77035 ventral white commissure of spinal cord trigeminothalamic tract FMA:83852 UBERON:0004171 the trigeminothalamic tract is one of the major routes of nociceptive and temperature signaling from the face GO:0021974 the trigeminothalamic tract is one of the major routes of nociceptive and temperature signaling from the face GO pons reticulospinal tract SCTID:362404001 UBERON:0004172 axon tract that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the pons towards target cells in the spinal cord. GO:0021975 axon tract that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the pons towards target cells in the spinal cord. medulla reticulospinal tract UBERON:0004173 axon tract that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the medulla towards target cells in the spinal cord.. GO:0021976 axon tract that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the medulla towards target cells in the spinal cord.. leg joint Joint in the leg. For example the knee, which separates the leg tibia and femur UBERON:0004174 joint of leg GO:0035111 Joint in the leg. For example the knee, which separates the leg tibia and femur OBOL:automatic joint of leg internal reproductive organ FMA:45652 The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals UBERON:0004175 internal genitalia internal reproductive organ internal sex organ GO:0035260 The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals external reproductive organ FMA:45643 SCTID:362207005 The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals UBERON:0004176 external genitalia external reproductive organ external sex organ GO:0035261 The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals hemopoietic organ BTO:0004605 FMA:7143 Organ that is part of the hematopoietic system. UBERON:0004177 haematological system organ haemopoietic system organ hematopoeitic or lymphoid organ hematopoietic system organ lymphoid organ note that the FMA class 'lymphoid organ' is a general anatomical term organ of haematological system organ of haemopoietic system organ of hematopoietic system organ of organa haemopoietica organa haemopoietica organ OBOL:automatic organ of hematopoietic system OBOL:automatic haemopoietic system organ OBOL:automatic organa haemopoietica organ OBOL:automatic organ of organa haemopoietica GOC:Obol Organ that is part of the hematopoietic system. OBOL:automatic haematological system organ BTO:0004605 FMA:7143 lymphoid organ OBOL:automatic organ of haemopoietic system OBOL:automatic organ of haematological system OBOL:automatic hematopoietic system organ aorta smooth muscle tissue A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an aorta [Obol]. BTO:0001685 EFO:0002775 MA:0000702 UBERON:0004178 adult aorta involuntary muscle adult aorta non-striated muscle adult aorta smooth muscle adult aorta smooth muscle tissue aorta involuntary muscle aorta non-striated muscle aorta smooth muscle aortic smooth muscle dorsal aorta involuntary muscle dorsal aorta non-striated muscle dorsal aorta smooth muscle dorsal aorta smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of adult aorta involuntary muscle of aorta involuntary muscle of dorsal aorta involuntary muscle of trunk of aortic tree ncithesaurus:Aorta_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue non-striated muscle of adult aorta non-striated muscle of aorta non-striated muscle of dorsal aorta non-striated muscle of trunk of aortic tree smooth muscle of adult aorta smooth muscle of aorta smooth muscle of dorsal aorta smooth muscle of trunk of aortic tree smooth muscle tissue of adult aorta smooth muscle tissue of aorta smooth muscle tissue of dorsal aorta smooth muscle tissue of trunk of aortic tree trunk of aortic tree involuntary muscle trunk of aortic tree non-striated muscle trunk of aortic tree smooth muscle trunk of aortic tree smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic aorta smooth muscle OBOL:automatic adult aorta involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of aorta OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta smooth muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of aorta OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of adult aorta OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of adult aorta OBOL:automatic adult aorta smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of aorta OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of aorta OBOL:automatic adult aorta non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of trunk of aortic tree A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an aorta [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of adult aorta BTO:0001685 aortic smooth muscle OBOL:automatic aorta involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree smooth muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of adult aorta OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic aorta non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic adult aorta smooth muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of dorsal aorta prostate glandular acinus The glandular acini are the saclike structures of the gland UBERON:0004179 prostatic follicle FMA:66808 prostatic follicle GO GO:0060525 The glandular acini are the saclike structures of the gland mammary gland fat MA:0002911 The mammary fat is an adipose structure in the gland that is invaded by the mammary ducts UBERON:0004180 adipose tissue of lactiferous gland adipose tissue of lobe of breast adipose tissue of lobe of mammary gland adipose tissue of mammary gland fat tissue of lactiferous gland fat tissue of lobe of breast fat tissue of lobe of mammary gland fat tissue of mammary gland fatty tissue of lactiferous gland fatty tissue of lobe of breast fatty tissue of lobe of mammary gland fatty tissue of mammary gland lactiferous gland adipose tissue lactiferous gland fat tissue lactiferous gland fatty tissue lobe of breast adipose tissue lobe of breast fat tissue lobe of breast fatty tissue lobe of mammary gland adipose tissue lobe of mammary gland fat tissue lobe of mammary gland fatty tissue mammary gland adipose tissue mammary gland fat tissue mammary gland fatty tissue OBOL:automatic fat tissue of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland adipose tissue OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland fatty tissue OBOL:automatic mammary gland fatty tissue OBOL:automatic fatty tissue of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland fat tissue OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland fat tissue OBOL:automatic adipose tissue of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic fat tissue of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland fatty tissue OBOL:automatic fatty tissue of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic mammary gland fat tissue OBOL:automatic lobe of breast fat tissue OBOL:automatic fatty tissue of lobe of breast GO:0060611 The mammary fat is an adipose structure in the gland that is invaded by the mammary ducts OBOL:automatic adipose tissue of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lobe of breast fatty tissue OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland adipose tissue OBOL:automatic fatty tissue of mammary gland OBOL:automatic fat tissue of mammary gland OBOL:automatic adipose tissue of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic mammary gland adipose tissue OBOL:automatic fat tissue of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic adipose tissue of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic lobe of breast adipose tissue mammary gland cord Mammary gland cords form when the mammary gland bud invades the mammary fat TODO - mammary placode UBERON:0004182 GO:0060652 Mammary gland cords form when the mammary gland bud invades the mammary fat labyrinthine layer blood vessel The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply UBERON:0004183 blood vessel of labyrinthine layer blood vessel of labyrinthine layer of placenta blood vessel of placenta labyrinth labyrinthine layer of placenta blood vessel placenta labyrinth blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of labyrinthine layer of placenta OBOL:automatic labyrinthine layer of placenta blood vessel OBOL:automatic placenta labyrinth blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of labyrinthine layer GO:0060716 The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply OBOL:automatic blood vessel of placenta labyrinth prostate gland stroma FMA:45719 MA:0002912 TODO - check also FMA Stroma of glandular part of prostate The prostate gland stroma is made up of the mesenchymal or fibroblast cells of the prostate gland UBERON:0004184 UBERON:0005084 ncithesaurus:Prostatic_Stroma prostate stroma prostatic stroma stroma of glandular part of prostate stroma of prostate stroma of prostate gland FMA:45719 prostatic stroma FMA:74349 OBOL:automatic stroma of glandular part of prostate OBOL:automatic stroma of prostate gland OBOL:automatic prostate stroma OBOL:automatic stroma of prostate GO:0060741 The prostate gland stroma is made up of the mesenchymal or fibroblast cells of the prostate gland endodermal gut A portions of the gut that is derived from endoderm. UBERON:0004185 A portions of the gut that is derived from endoderm. GO:0061031 olfactory bulb mitral cell layer BTO:0001108 MA:0000973 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100201 The mitral cell layer is composed of pyramidal neurons whose cell bodies are located between the granule cell layer and the plexiform layer UBERON:0004186 mitral cell body layer mitral cell layer olfactory bulb main mitral cell body layer BTO:0001108 mitral cell layer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100201 mitral cell body layer GO:0061034 The mitral cell layer is composed of pyramidal neurons whose cell bodies are located between the granule cell layer and the plexiform layer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100201 olfactory bulb main mitral cell body layer Harderian gland BTO:0000557 EMAPA:19153 GAID:1219 MA:0001247 MESH:A.13.445 SCTID:41474005 The Harderian gland is an anterior orbital structure usually associated with the nictitating membrane, and produces and secretes a variety of substances to the eye, depending upon the species[GO]. An accessory lacrimal gland on the inner side of the orbit in reptiles and birds but usually degenerate in mammals[BTO]. UBERON:0004187 ncithesaurus:Harderian_Gland GO:0070384 The Harderian gland is an anterior orbital structure usually associated with the nictitating membrane, and produces and secretes a variety of substances to the eye, depending upon the species[GO]. An accessory lacrimal gland on the inner side of the orbit in reptiles and birds but usually degenerate in mammals[BTO]. glomerular epithelium BTO:0001515 MA:0002847 TODO - check - GO says outer, BTO says inner. Make this a superclass The glomerular epithelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the outer surfaces of the glomerulus. The glomerular epithelium consists of both parietal and visceral epithelium. Metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros. UBERON:0004188 epithelium of glomerulus epithelium of kidney glomerulus epithelium of renal glomerulus glomerular epithelial cell kidney glomerular epithelium MA:0002847 kidney glomerular epithelium GO:0072010 The glomerular epithelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the outer surfaces of the glomerulus. The glomerular epithelium consists of both parietal and visceral epithelium. Metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros. BTO:0001515 glomerular epithelial cell glomerular endothelium BTO:0004631 The glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus UBERON:0004189 endothelium of renal glomerulus renal glomerulus endothelium OBOL:automatic renal glomerulus endothelium GO:0072011 The glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus OBOL:automatic endothelium of renal glomerulus glomerulus vasculature The glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the glomerulus UBERON:0004190 renal glomerulus vascular network renal glomerulus vasculature vascular network of renal glomerulus vasculature of renal glomerulus OBOL:automatic renal glomerulus vascular network OBOL:automatic vasculature of renal glomerulus OBOL:automatic renal glomerulus vasculature OBOL:automatic vascular network of renal glomerulus GO:0072012 The glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the glomerulus loop of Henle ascending limb thin segment A sub-portion of the loop of Henle in the nephron of the kidney that is permeable to ions but not to water EMAPA:28328 EMAPA:28361 FMA:17720 MA:0001678 UBERON:0004193 ascending limb thin segment of loop of Henle ascending thin limb check relationship to distal tubule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png pars ascendens (tubulus attenuatus) thin ascending limb thin ascending limb of loop of Henle EMAPA:28328 thin ascending limb A sub-portion of the loop of Henle in the nephron of the kidney that is permeable to ions but not to water GO:0072021 Wikipedia:Thin_ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle FMA:17720 pars ascendens (tubulus attenuatus) FMA:17720 ascending thin limb long nephron Long nephrons are associated with juxtamedullary glomeruli and extend to the inner medulla UBERON:0004194 juxtamedullary nephron ncithesaurus:Juxtamedullary_Nephron GO:0072029 Long nephrons are associated with juxtamedullary glomeruli and extend to the inner medulla GO:0072029 http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3031362&group_id=36855&atid=440764 juxtamedullary nephron short nephron Short nephrons are associated with mid-cortical glomeruli, and have no short ascending limb, so the limb is situated in the outer medulla UBERON:0004195 GO:0072030 Short nephrons are associated with mid-cortical glomeruli, and have no short ascending limb, so the limb is situated in the outer medulla proximal convoluted tubule segment 1 EMAPA:29657 MA:0002612 S1 S1 portion of renal tubule S1 portion of tubule The S1 portion is the initial portion of the proximal convoluted tubule and is responsible for avid reabsorption of water and solutes[GO]. UBERON:0004196 UBERON:0006432 segment 1 of proximal tubule GO GO GO:0072031 The S1 portion is the initial portion of the proximal convoluted tubule and is responsible for avid reabsorption of water and solutes[GO]. http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=440764&aid=3298740&group_id=36855 GO:0072031 S1 EMAPA:29657 segment 1 of proximal tubule proximal convoluted tubule segment 2 EMAPA:29659 MA:0002613 S2 S2 portion of renal tubule S2 portion of tubule The S2 portion of the tubule is involved in reabsorption of water and sodium chloride[GO]. UBERON:0004197 UBERON:0006433 segment 2 of proximal tubule EMAPA:29659 segment 2 of proximal tubule GO:0072032 The S2 portion of the tubule is involved in reabsorption of water and sodium chloride[GO]. GO:0072032 S2 GO GO comma-shaped body EMAPA:27681 EMAPA:27835 The comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron UBERON:0004198 ZFA:0005588 ZFA GO:0072049 The comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron S-shaped body EMAPA:27756 EMAPA:27853 TODO The S-shaped body is the successor of the comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron UBERON:0004199 ZFA:0005589 stage II nephron http://www.gudmap.org/Organ_Summaries/Metanephros/Renal_vesicle.html stage II nephron GO GO:0072050 The S-shaped body is the successor of the comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron kidney pyramid BTO:0003926 FMA:258870 Kidney pyramids are the conical masses that constitute the renal medulla in a multi-lobed mammalian kidney; they contain the loops of Henle and the medullary collecting ducts[GO]. One of a number of pyramidal masses seen on longitudinal section of the kidney; collectively, they constitute the renal medulla, and contain part of the secreting tubules and the collecting tubules[BTO]. Renal pyramids (or malpighian pyramids) are cone-shaped tissues of the kidney. The renal medulla is made up of 8 to 18 of these conical subdivisions. The broad base of each pyramid faces the renal cortex, and its apex, or papilla, points internally. The pyramids appear striped because they are formed by straight parallel segments of nephrons. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001654 SCTID:361328001 UBERON:0002449 UBERON:0004200 UBERON:0005098 UBERON:MA_0001654-FMA_258870 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png/200px-Kidney_PioM.png malphigian pyramid malpighian pyramid medullary pyramid ncithesaurus:Renal_Pyramid not the same as FMA:50609 Pyramid (which is a volume / dimensional entity) pyramid pyramis renalis renal pyramid GO:0072056 pyramid BTO:0003926 GO:0072056 Kidney pyramids are the conical masses that constitute the renal medulla in a multi-lobed mammalian kidney; they contain the loops of Henle and the medullary collecting ducts[GO]. One of a number of pyramidal masses seen on longitudinal section of the kidney; collectively, they constitute the renal medulla, and contain part of the secreting tubules and the collecting tubules[BTO]. Renal pyramids (or malpighian pyramids) are cone-shaped tissues of the kidney. The renal medulla is made up of 8 to 18 of these conical subdivisions. The broad base of each pyramid faces the renal cortex, and its apex, or papilla, points internally. The pyramids appear striped because they are formed by straight parallel segments of nephrons. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Renal_pyramids Wikipedia:Renal_pyramids renal pyramid BTO:0003926 pyramis renalis Wikipedia:Renal_pyramids malpighian pyramid BTO:0003926 malphigian pyramid inner stripe EMAPA:29675 FMA:76663 MA:0002626 The inner stripe is a deep, centrally located portion of the renal outer medulla and is traversed by thick and thin portions of nephron tubules UBERON:0004201 inner stripe of medulla of kidney inner stripe of outer medulla inner stripe of renal medulla outer medulla inner stripe stria interna medullae renalis FMA:76663 inner stripe of medulla of kidney MA:0002626 outer medulla inner stripe EMAPA:29675 inner stripe of outer medulla FMA:76663 FMA:TA stria interna medullae renalis GO:0072057 The inner stripe is a deep, centrally located portion of the renal outer medulla and is traversed by thick and thin portions of nephron tubules FMA:76663 inner stripe of renal medulla outer stripe EMAPA:29663 FMA:76662 MA:0002629 The outer stripe is the region of the kidney that lies distal to the line of termination of the straight renal tubules UBERON:0004202 outer medulla outer stripe outer stripe of medulla of kidney outer stripe of outer medulla outer stripe of renal medulla stria externa medullae renalis FMA:76662 FMA:TA stria externa medullae renalis EMAPA:29663 outer stripe of outer medulla FMA:76662 outer stripe of medulla of kidney GO:0072058 The outer stripe is the region of the kidney that lies distal to the line of termination of the straight renal tubules FMA:76662 outer stripe of renal medulla MA:0002629 outer medulla outer stripe cortical collecting duct BTO:0002643 EMAPA:28130 The cortical collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex UBERON:0004203 GO:0072059 The cortical collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex outer medullary collecting duct EMAPA:28346 The outer medullary collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that lies in the renal outer medulla UBERON:0004204 GO:0072060 The outer medullary collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that lies in the renal outer medulla inner medullary collecting duct BTO:0004544 EMAPA:28370 The inner medullary collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that lies in the renal inner medulla UBERON:0004205 GO:0072061 The inner medullary collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that lies in the renal inner medulla long descending thin limb bend The long descending thin limb bend is a part of the descending thin limb of a long nephron that lies beyond the prebend segment UBERON:0004206 GO:0072065 The long descending thin limb bend is a part of the descending thin limb of a long nephron that lies beyond the prebend segment prebend segment The prebend segment is a part of the descending thin limb that lies before the bend and exhibits robust sodium chloride reabsorption UBERON:0004207 GO:0072066 The prebend segment is a part of the descending thin limb that lies before the bend and exhibits robust sodium chloride reabsorption GO nephrogenic mesenchyme Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron The detailed events associated with the differentiation of the nephrogenic mesenchyme are somewhat complex. It has been suggested that each terminal branch of the ureteric bud stimulates the associated cap mesenchyme tissue to form a renal vesicle (the most primitive stage of nephron development: a stage I nephron). This then elongates, becomes a comma-shaped and then an S-shaped body (stage II nephron), and makes contact with and fuses with the distal component of the ureteric bud. The latter then forms the collecting duct. One fold of the S-shaped body gives rise to Bowman’s capsule (also termed the glomerular capsule). Soon afterwards, endothelial cells invade to make a capillary knot-like outgrowth, the glomerular tuft, which goes on to form the glomerulus. The inner epithelial layer of the Bowman’s capsule (also called the visceral epithelium, or podocyte layer because it consists of podocytes) is closely apposed to the endothelial glomerulus. Together, the Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus comprise the definitive renal corpuscle. The rest of the nephron elongates to form components of the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle and the distal tubule. The distal pole of the developing nephron connects to the ureteric bud that induced it at an early stage of nephron/ collecting duct development, before differentiation of the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle and the distal tubule are complete. This connection allows the excretory products produced by the kidney to be removed and subsequently transferred, via the ureter, into the bladder where they are stored until it is appropriate to empty the bladder. [http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron] UBERON:0004208 mesenchyme of nephron nephron mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of nephron GO:0072076 Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron OBOL:automatic nephron mesenchyme renal vesicle EMAPA:27678 EMAPA:27829 TODO - make a more specific develops_from relationship - see UBERON:0005107 The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells UBERON:0004209 ZFA:0005586 stage I nephron GO GO:0072077 The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells ZFA:0005586 http://www.gudmap.org/Organ_Summaries/Metanephros/Renal_vesicle.html stage I nephron nephron epithelium The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron UBERON:0004211 epithelial tissue of nephron epithelium of nephron nephron epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of nephron OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of nephron OBOL:automatic nephron epithelial tissue GO:0072088 The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron glomerular capillary A capillary that is part of a renal glomerulus [Obol]. EMAPA:28245 MA:0002587 UBERON:0004212 ZFA:0005284 blood capillary of renal glomerulus capillary of renal glomerulus capillary vessel of renal glomerulus glomerular capillary system ncithesaurus:Glomerular_Capillary renal glomerulus blood capillary renal glomerulus capillary renal glomerulus capillary vessel A capillary that is part of a renal glomerulus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic capillary of renal glomerulus OBOL:automatic renal glomerulus blood capillary MA:0002587 glomerular capillary system OBOL:automatic renal glomerulus capillary vessel OBOL:automatic blood capillary of renal glomerulus OBOL:automatic renal glomerulus capillary OBOL:automatic capillary vessel of renal glomerulus upper leg nerve A nerve that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Obol]. MA:0000685 Proximal segment of free lower limb nerve UBERON:0004214 hind limb stylopod nerve hindlimb stylopod nerve inferior member stylopod nerve lower extremity stylopod nerve nerve of Proximal segment of free lower limb nerve of hind limb stylopod nerve of hindlimb stylopod nerve of inferior member stylopod nerve of lower extremity stylopod nerve of stylopod of hind limb nerve of stylopod of hindlimb nerve of stylopod of inferior member nerve of stylopod of lower extremity nerve of stylopod of lower limb nerve of thigh nerve of upper leg stylopod of hind limb nerve stylopod of hindlimb nerve stylopod of inferior member nerve stylopod of lower extremity nerve stylopod of lower limb nerve thigh nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of stylopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic nerve of inferior member stylopod A nerve that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic stylopod of hindlimb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of hindlimb stylopod OBOL:automatic stylopod of hind limb nerve OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower extremity nerve OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopod nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of hind limb stylopod OBOL:automatic nerve of stylopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic nerve of upper leg OBOL:automatic inferior member stylopod nerve OBOL:automatic thigh nerve OBOL:automatic stylopod of inferior member nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of Proximal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic nerve of stylopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic nerve of stylopod of lower limb OBOL:automatic nerve of thigh OBOL:automatic lower extremity stylopod nerve OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free lower limb nerve OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower limb nerve OBOL:automatic hind limb stylopod nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of stylopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic nerve of lower extremity stylopod back nerve A nerve that is part of a back [Obol]. MA:0000497 UBERON:0004215 nerve of back A nerve that is part of a back [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of back lower arm nerve A nerve that is part of a lower arm [Obol]. MA:0000601 UBERON:0004216 antebrachial region nerve arm middle limb segment nerve arm zeugopod nerve brachial region middle limb segment nerve brachial region zeugopod nerve intermediate segment of free upper limb nerve lower segment of arm nerve middle limb segment of arm nerve middle limb segment of brachial region nerve middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve nerve of antebrachial region nerve of arm middle limb segment nerve of arm zeugopod nerve of brachial region middle limb segment nerve of brachial region zeugopod nerve of intermediate segment of free upper limb nerve of lower arm nerve of lower segment of arm nerve of middle limb segment of arm nerve of middle limb segment of brachial region nerve of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod nerve of zeugopod of arm nerve of zeugopod of brachial region nerve of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment nerve proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod nerve zeugopod of arm nerve zeugopod of brachial region nerve zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of antebrachial region OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of middle limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of lower arm OBOL:automatic antebrachial region nerve OBOL:automatic zeugopod of arm nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region nerve A nerve that is part of a lower arm [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic nerve of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of intermediate segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod nerve OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic nerve of arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic nerve of middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic nerve of zeugopod of brachial region upper arm nerve A nerve that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Obol]. MA:0000607 Proximal segment of free upper limb nerve UBERON:0004217 arm stylopod nerve brachial region stylopod nerve nerve of Proximal segment of free upper limb nerve of arm stylopod nerve of brachial region stylopod nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod nerve of stylopod of arm nerve of stylopod of brachial region nerve of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve of upper arm proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod nerve stylopod of arm nerve stylopod of brachial region nerve stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of stylopod of arm OBOL:automatic brachial region stylopod nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of brachial region stylopod OBOL:automatic stylopod of arm nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of Proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic nerve of arm stylopod OBOL:automatic nerve of stylopod of brachial region A nerve that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic arm stylopod nerve OBOL:automatic stylopod of brachial region nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of upper arm OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod lower leg nerve A nerve that is part of a lower leg [Obol]. MA:0000679 UBERON:0004218 hind limb middle limb segment nerve hind limb zeugopod nerve hindlimb middle limb segment nerve hindlimb zeugopod nerve inferior member middle limb segment nerve inferior member zeugopod nerve intermediate segment of free lower limb nerve lower extremity middle limb segment nerve lower extremity zeugopod nerve middle limb segment of hind limb nerve middle limb segment of hindlimb nerve middle limb segment of inferior member nerve middle limb segment of lower extremity nerve nerve of hind limb middle limb segment nerve of hind limb zeugopod nerve of hindlimb middle limb segment nerve of hindlimb zeugopod nerve of inferior member middle limb segment nerve of inferior member zeugopod nerve of intermediate segment of free lower limb nerve of lower extremity middle limb segment nerve of lower extremity zeugopod nerve of lower leg nerve of middle limb segment of hind limb nerve of middle limb segment of hindlimb nerve of middle limb segment of inferior member nerve of middle limb segment of lower extremity nerve of zeugopod of hind limb nerve of zeugopod of hindlimb nerve of zeugopod of inferior member nerve of zeugopod of leg nerve of zeugopod of lower extremity zeugopod of hind limb nerve zeugopod of hindlimb nerve zeugopod of inferior member nerve zeugopod of leg nerve zeugopod of lower extremity nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of hind limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic nerve of zeugopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic nerve of hind limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic nerve of zeugopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hind limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of zeugopod of leg OBOL:automatic nerve of middle limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic hind limb middle limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic zeugopod of lower extremity nerve OBOL:automatic inferior member middle limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of hindlimb zeugopod OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopod nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of zeugopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hindlimb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of lower leg OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hind limb nerve OBOL:automatic lower extremity zeugopod nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of lower extremity middle limb segment OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of lower extremity nerve A nerve that is part of a lower leg [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of inferior member zeugopod OBOL:automatic nerve of middle limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free lower limb nerve OBOL:automatic hind limb zeugopod nerve OBOL:automatic zeugopod of leg nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of lower extremity zeugopod OBOL:automatic inferior member zeugopod nerve OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of inferior member nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of zeugopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic lower extremity middle limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of middle limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic nerve of inferior member middle limb segment OBOL:automatic nerve of hindlimb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hindlimb nerve OBOL:automatic zeugopod of inferior member nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of middle limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic nerve of intermediate segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic hindlimb middle limb segment nerve urethra smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a urethra [Obol]. MA:0001691 UBERON:0004219 involuntary muscle of urethra non-striated muscle of urethra smooth muscle of urethra smooth muscle tissue of urethra urethra involuntary muscle urethra non-striated muscle urethra smooth muscle tissue urethral smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a urethra [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of urethra OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of urethra OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of urethra OBOL:automatic urethra non-striated muscle MA:0001691 urethral smooth muscle OBOL:automatic urethra involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic urethra smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of urethra large intestine smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. MA:0001547 UBERON:0004220 involuntary muscle of large intestine large intestine involuntary muscle large intestine non-striated muscle large intestine smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of large intestine smooth muscle of large intestine smooth muscle tissue of large intestine A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a large intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of large intestine OBOL:automatic large intestine non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of large intestine OBOL:automatic large intestine involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of large intestine OBOL:automatic large intestine smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of large intestine intestine smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a intestine [Obol]. BTO:0000643 MA:0001539 UBERON:0004221 WBbt:0005796 bowel involuntary muscle bowel non-striated muscle bowel smooth muscle bowel smooth muscle tissue intestine involuntary muscle intestine non-striated muscle intestine smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bowel involuntary muscle of intestine ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue non-striated muscle of bowel non-striated muscle of intestine smooth muscle of bowel smooth muscle of intestine smooth muscle tissue of bowel smooth muscle tissue of intestine OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bowel OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bowel OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of intestine A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bowel OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of intestine OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of intestine OBOL:automatic bowel non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of intestine OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bowel OBOL:automatic bowel smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic bowel smooth muscle OBOL:automatic bowel involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic intestine non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic intestine involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic intestine smooth muscle tissue stomach smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a stomach [Obol]. BTO:0001818 MA:0001627 UBERON:0004222 gastric muscle gastric smooth muscle involuntary muscle of stomach involuntary muscle of ventriculus non-striated muscle of stomach non-striated muscle of ventriculus smooth muscle of stomach smooth muscle of ventriculus smooth muscle tissue of stomach smooth muscle tissue of ventriculus stomach involuntary muscle stomach muscle stomach non-striated muscle stomach smooth muscle tissue ventriculus involuntary muscle ventriculus non-striated muscle ventriculus smooth muscle ventriculus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of stomach A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a stomach [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ventriculus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of stomach OBOL:automatic stomach smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of stomach MA:0001627 gastric smooth muscle OBOL:automatic ventriculus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic stomach non-striated muscle BTO:0001818 gastric muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic ventriculus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of stomach BTO:0001818 stomach muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of ventriculus OBOL:automatic ventriculus smooth muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of ventriculus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of ventriculus vagina smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a vagina [Obol]. BTO:0004999 MA:0001733 UBERON:0004223 involuntary muscle of vagina non-striated muscle of vagina smooth muscle of vagina smooth muscle tissue of vagina vagina involuntary muscle vagina non-striated muscle vagina smooth muscle vagina smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic vagina smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic vagina involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of vagina OBOL:automatic vagina non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of vagina BTO:0004999 vagina smooth muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of vagina OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of vagina A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a vagina [Obol]. OBOL:automatic vas deferens smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a vas deferens [Obol]. EMAPA:29270 FMA:19239 MA:0001750 SCTID:299705008 UBERON:0004224 muscle layer of deferent duct muscle layer of ductus deferens muscle layer of vas deferens muscular coat of ductus deferens muscular layer of ductus deferens muscularis of vas deferens todo - check MA and FMA classes mean the same thing tunica muscularis (Ductus deferens) tunica muscularis ductus deferentis FMA:19239 muscularis of vas deferens FMA:19239 muscular layer of ductus deferens FMA:19239 tunica muscularis (Ductus deferens) FMA:19239 muscle layer of ductus deferens FMA:19239 FMA:TA tunica muscularis ductus deferentis FMA:19239 muscular coat of ductus deferens A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a vas deferens [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:19239 muscle layer of vas deferens FMA:19239 muscle layer of deferent duct respiratory system smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001830 UBERON:0004225 apparatus respiratorius involuntary muscle apparatus respiratorius non-striated muscle apparatus respiratorius smooth muscle apparatus respiratorius smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of apparatus respiratorius involuntary muscle of respiratory system non-striated muscle of apparatus respiratorius non-striated muscle of respiratory system respiratory system involuntary muscle respiratory system non-striated muscle respiratory system smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of apparatus respiratorius smooth muscle of respiratory system smooth muscle tissue of apparatus respiratorius smooth muscle tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic respiratory system involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of apparatus respiratorius A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic respiratory system smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of respiratory system OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius smooth muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of respiratory system gastrointestinal system smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a digestive system [Obol]. MA:0001523 UBERON:0004226 digestive system involuntary muscle digestive system non-striated muscle digestive system smooth muscle digestive system smooth muscle tissue gastrointestinal system involuntary muscle gastrointestinal system non-striated muscle gastrointestinal system smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of digestive system involuntary muscle of gastrointestinal system non-striated muscle of digestive system non-striated muscle of gastrointestinal system smooth muscle of digestive system smooth muscle of gastrointestinal system smooth muscle tissue of digestive system smooth muscle tissue of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of digestive system OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of gastrointestinal system A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a digestive system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic digestive system involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal system non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of digestive system OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal system smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal system involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of digestive system OBOL:automatic digestive system smooth muscle OBOL:automatic digestive system smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of digestive system OBOL:automatic digestive system non-striated muscle kidney pelvis smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a renal pelvis [Obol]. FMA:262022 MA:0002631 UBERON:0004227 involuntary muscle of kidney pelvis involuntary muscle of pelvis of ureter involuntary muscle of renal pelvis kidney pelvis involuntary muscle kidney pelvis non-striated muscle kidney pelvis smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of kidney pelvis non-striated muscle of pelvis of ureter non-striated muscle of renal pelvis pelvis of ureter involuntary muscle pelvis of ureter non-striated muscle pelvis of ureter smooth muscle pelvis of ureter smooth muscle tissue renal pelvis involuntary muscle renal pelvis non-striated muscle renal pelvis smooth muscle renal pelvis smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of kidney pelvis smooth muscle of pelvis of ureter smooth muscle of renal pelvis smooth muscle tissue of kidney pelvis smooth muscle tissue of pelvis of ureter smooth muscle tissue of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic renal pelvis smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of pelvis of ureter A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a renal pelvis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic renal pelvis non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic renal pelvis smooth muscle OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter smooth muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic renal pelvis involuntary muscle urinary bladder smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a urinary bladder [Obol]. BTO:0001849 MA:0001697 UBERON:0004228 bladder involuntary muscle bladder non-striated muscle bladder smooth muscle bladder smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bladder involuntary muscle of urinary bladder non-striated muscle of bladder non-striated muscle of urinary bladder smooth muscle of bladder smooth muscle of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue of bladder smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder urinary bladder involuntary muscle urinary bladder non-striated muscle urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bladder OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic bladder smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic bladder involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic bladder non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bladder OBOL:automatic bladder smooth muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of urinary bladder A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a urinary bladder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic urinary bladder non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bladder OBOL:automatic urinary bladder involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bladder OBOL:automatic urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue urinary bladder trigone smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Obol]. Lieutaud's trigone involuntary muscle Lieutaud's trigone non-striated muscle Lieutaud's trigone smooth muscle Lieutaud's trigone smooth muscle tissue MA:0001700 UBERON:0004229 deep trigone involuntary muscle deep trigone non-striated muscle deep trigone smooth muscle deep trigone smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of Lieutaud's trigone involuntary muscle of deep trigone involuntary muscle of trigone of bladder involuntary muscle of trigone of urinary bladder involuntary muscle of urinary bladder trigone involuntary muscle of vesical trigone non-striated muscle of Lieutaud's trigone non-striated muscle of deep trigone non-striated muscle of trigone of bladder non-striated muscle of trigone of urinary bladder non-striated muscle of urinary bladder trigone non-striated muscle of vesical trigone smooth muscle of Lieutaud's trigone smooth muscle of deep trigone smooth muscle of trigone of bladder smooth muscle of trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle of urinary bladder trigone smooth muscle of vesical trigone smooth muscle tissue of Lieutaud's trigone smooth muscle tissue of deep trigone smooth muscle tissue of trigone of bladder smooth muscle tissue of trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder trigone smooth muscle tissue of vesical trigone trigone of bladder involuntary muscle trigone of bladder non-striated muscle trigone of bladder smooth muscle trigone of bladder smooth muscle tissue trigone of urinary bladder involuntary muscle trigone of urinary bladder non-striated muscle trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue urinary bladder trigone involuntary muscle urinary bladder trigone non-striated muscle urinary bladder trigone smooth muscle tissue vesical trigone involuntary muscle vesical trigone non-striated muscle vesical trigone smooth muscle vesical trigone smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic urinary bladder trigone non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of trigone of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of trigone of bladder OBOL:automatic deep trigone smooth muscle OBOL:automatic trigone of bladder non-striated muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of Lieutaud's trigone OBOL:automatic deep trigone non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of vesical trigone Lieutaud's trigone smooth muscle OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of deep trigone OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of trigone of bladder OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of trigone of bladder OBOL:automatic trigone of bladder smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of vesical trigone OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder trigone OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of deep trigone OBOL:automatic urinary bladder trigone smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic vesical trigone smooth muscle OBOL:automatic trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle OBOL:automatic deep trigone involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of vesical trigone OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of trigone of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic deep trigone smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic vesical trigone smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic vesical trigone involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of Lieutaud's trigone Lieutaud's trigone smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of urinary bladder trigone OBOL:automatic trigone of urinary bladder involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic trigone of bladder smooth muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of urinary bladder trigone OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of deep trigone OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of trigone of bladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of vesical trigone OBOL:automatic vesical trigone non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic trigone of urinary bladder non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of deep trigone OBOL:automatic trigone of bladder involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of trigone of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of Lieutaud's trigone OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of Lieutaud's trigone OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of trigone of urinary bladder Lieutaud's trigone involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic Lieutaud's trigone non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of urinary bladder trigone OBOL:automatic urinary bladder trigone involuntary muscle urinary bladder neck smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Obol]. MA:0001699 UBERON:0004230 bladder neck involuntary muscle bladder neck non-striated muscle bladder neck smooth muscle bladder neck smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bladder neck involuntary muscle of neck of bladder involuntary muscle of neck of urinary bladder involuntary muscle of urinary bladder neck involuntary muscle of vesical neck neck of bladder involuntary muscle neck of bladder non-striated muscle neck of bladder smooth muscle neck of bladder smooth muscle tissue neck of urinary bladder involuntary muscle neck of urinary bladder non-striated muscle neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of bladder neck non-striated muscle of neck of bladder non-striated muscle of neck of urinary bladder non-striated muscle of urinary bladder neck non-striated muscle of vesical neck smooth muscle of bladder neck smooth muscle of neck of bladder smooth muscle of neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle of urinary bladder neck smooth muscle of vesical neck smooth muscle tissue of bladder neck smooth muscle tissue of neck of bladder smooth muscle tissue of neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder neck smooth muscle tissue of vesical neck urinary bladder neck involuntary muscle urinary bladder neck non-striated muscle urinary bladder neck smooth muscle tissue vesical neck involuntary muscle vesical neck non-striated muscle vesical neck smooth muscle vesical neck smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of neck of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of neck of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of vesical neck OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic urinary bladder neck involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bladder neck OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bladder neck OBOL:automatic urinary bladder neck non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic neck of bladder smooth muscle OBOL:automatic neck of bladder non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic bladder neck involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic urinary bladder neck smooth muscle tissue A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic bladder neck smooth muscle OBOL:automatic neck of bladder involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic vesical neck smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of neck of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of vesical neck OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of neck of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic vesical neck non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic vesical neck involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic neck of bladder smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of vesical neck OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bladder neck OBOL:automatic vesical neck smooth muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic bladder neck non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of vesical neck OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bladder neck OBOL:automatic bladder neck smooth muscle tissue anal region smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Obol]. MA:0001532 UBERON:0004231 anal part of perineum involuntary muscle anal part of perineum non-striated muscle anal part of perineum smooth muscle anal part of perineum smooth muscle tissue anal region involuntary muscle anal region non-striated muscle anal region smooth muscle tissue anal triangle involuntary muscle anal triangle non-striated muscle anal triangle smooth muscle anal triangle smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of anal part of perineum involuntary muscle of anal region involuntary muscle of anal triangle non-striated muscle of anal part of perineum non-striated muscle of anal region non-striated muscle of anal triangle smooth muscle of anal part of perineum smooth muscle of anal region smooth muscle of anal triangle smooth muscle tissue of anal part of perineum smooth muscle tissue of anal region smooth muscle tissue of anal triangle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of anal triangle OBOL:automatic anal part of perineum smooth muscle OBOL:automatic anal region non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of anal region OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic anal part of perineum involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic anal part of perineum smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic anal triangle smooth muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic anal triangle smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of anal triangle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of anal triangle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of anal region OBOL:automatic anal triangle non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic anal triangle involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of anal region OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of anal triangle OBOL:automatic anal region smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of anal region OBOL:automatic anal region involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic anal part of perineum non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of anal part of perineum lymphatic vessel smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lymphatic vessel [Obol]. MA:0000751 UBERON:0004232 involuntary muscle of lymph vessel involuntary muscle of lymphatic vessel lymph vessel involuntary muscle lymph vessel non-striated muscle lymph vessel smooth muscle lymph vessel smooth muscle tissue lymphatic vessel involuntary muscle lymphatic vessel non-striated muscle lymphatic vessel smooth muscle tissue ncithesaurus:Lymphatic_Vessel_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue non-striated muscle of lymph vessel non-striated muscle of lymphatic vessel smooth muscle of lymph vessel smooth muscle of lymphatic vessel smooth muscle tissue of lymph vessel smooth muscle tissue of lymphatic vessel OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of lymphatic vessel OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of lymph vessel OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of lymph vessel OBOL:automatic lymph vessel smooth muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of lymph vessel OBOL:automatic lymph vessel involuntary muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lymphatic vessel [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lymphatic vessel non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of lymphatic vessel OBOL:automatic lymph vessel smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic lymphatic vessel smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of lymph vessel OBOL:automatic lymphatic vessel involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of lymphatic vessel OBOL:automatic lymph vessel non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of lymphatic vessel lower respiratory tract smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Obol]. MA:0002410 UBERON:0004233 involuntary muscle of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract involuntary muscle lower respiratory tract non-striated muscle lower respiratory tract smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of lower respiratory tract smooth muscle of lower respiratory tract smooth muscle tissue of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of lower respiratory tract A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Obol]. OBOL:automatic iris smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a iris [Obol]. BTO:0000655 MA:0001270 UBERON:0004234 involuntary muscle of iris iris involuntary muscle iris non-striated muscle iris smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of iris smooth muscle of iris smooth muscle tissue of iris OBOL:automatic iris non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of iris OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of iris OBOL:automatic iris smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of iris OBOL:automatic iris involuntary muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a iris [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of iris mammary gland smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lactiferous gland [Obol]. MA:0000795 UBERON:0004235 involuntary muscle of lactiferous gland involuntary muscle of lobe of breast involuntary muscle of lobe of mammary gland involuntary muscle of mammary gland lactiferous gland involuntary muscle lactiferous gland non-striated muscle lactiferous gland smooth muscle lactiferous gland smooth muscle tissue lobe of breast involuntary muscle lobe of breast non-striated muscle lobe of breast smooth muscle lobe of breast smooth muscle tissue lobe of mammary gland involuntary muscle lobe of mammary gland non-striated muscle lobe of mammary gland smooth muscle lobe of mammary gland smooth muscle tissue mammary gland involuntary muscle mammary gland non-striated muscle mammary gland smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of lactiferous gland non-striated muscle of lobe of breast non-striated muscle of lobe of mammary gland non-striated muscle of mammary gland smooth muscle of lactiferous gland smooth muscle of lobe of breast smooth muscle of lobe of mammary gland smooth muscle of mammary gland smooth muscle tissue of lactiferous gland smooth muscle tissue of lobe of breast smooth muscle tissue of lobe of mammary gland smooth muscle tissue of mammary gland OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of lobe of breast A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lactiferous gland [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lobe of breast non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic lobe of breast smooth muscle OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lobe of breast involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of mammary gland OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic mammary gland smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic mammary gland involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland smooth muscle OBOL:automatic mammary gland non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland smooth muscle OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lobe of breast smooth muscle tissue arteriole smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arteriole [Obol]. MA:0000706 UBERON:0004236 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arteriole [Obol]. OBOL:automatic blood vessel smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a blood vessel [Obol]. MA:0000710 UBERON:0004237 blood vessel involuntary muscle blood vessel non-striated muscle blood vessel smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of blood vessel non-striated muscle of blood vessel smooth muscle of blood vessel smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of blood vessel OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of blood vessel OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel smooth muscle tissue A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a blood vessel [Obol]. OBOL:automatic spleen smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a spleen [Obol]. MA:0000757 UBERON:0004238 involuntary muscle of spleen non-striated muscle of spleen smooth muscle of spleen smooth muscle tissue of spleen spleen involuntary muscle spleen non-striated muscle spleen smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic spleen involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of spleen A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a spleen [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of spleen OBOL:automatic spleen smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic spleen non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of spleen OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of spleen small intestine smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a small intestine [Obol]. MA:0001559 UBERON:0004239 involuntary muscle of small bowel involuntary muscle of small intestine non-striated muscle of small bowel non-striated muscle of small intestine small bowel involuntary muscle small bowel non-striated muscle small bowel smooth muscle small bowel smooth muscle tissue small intestine involuntary muscle small intestine non-striated muscle small intestine smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of small bowel smooth muscle of small intestine smooth muscle tissue of small bowel smooth muscle tissue of small intestine OBOL:automatic small intestine involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of small bowel OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of small intestine A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a small intestine [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of small bowel OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of small intestine OBOL:automatic small bowel smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of small bowel OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of small bowel OBOL:automatic small intestine non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic small bowel involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic small intestine smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of small intestine OBOL:automatic small bowel non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic small bowel smooth muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of small intestine gall bladder smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a gallbladder [Obol]. MA:0001635 UBERON:0004240 biliary smooth muscle gall bladder involuntary muscle gall bladder non-striated muscle gall bladder smooth muscle tissue gallbladder involuntary muscle gallbladder non-striated muscle gallbladder smooth muscle gallbladder smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of gall bladder involuntary muscle of gallbladder ncithesaurus:Gallbladder_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue non-striated muscle of gall bladder non-striated muscle of gallbladder smooth muscle of gall bladder smooth muscle of gallbladder smooth muscle tissue of gall bladder smooth muscle tissue of gallbladder OBOL:automatic gall bladder involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of gallbladder OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of gall bladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of gallbladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of gall bladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of gall bladder A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a gallbladder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic gallbladder smooth muscle tissue MA:0001635 biliary smooth muscle OBOL:automatic gallbladder smooth muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of gall bladder OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of gallbladder OBOL:automatic gall bladder non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic gall bladder smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic gallbladder involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of gallbladder OBOL:automatic gallbladder non-striated muscle main bronchus smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a main bronchus [Obol]. MA:0001848 UBERON:0004241 bronchus principalis involuntary muscle bronchus principalis non-striated muscle bronchus principalis smooth muscle bronchus principalis smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bronchus principalis involuntary muscle of main bronchus involuntary muscle of primary bronchus involuntary muscle of principal bronchus main bronchus involuntary muscle main bronchus non-striated muscle main bronchus smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of bronchus principalis non-striated muscle of main bronchus non-striated muscle of primary bronchus non-striated muscle of principal bronchus primary bronchus involuntary muscle primary bronchus non-striated muscle primary bronchus smooth muscle primary bronchus smooth muscle tissue principal bronchus involuntary muscle principal bronchus non-striated muscle principal bronchus smooth muscle principal bronchus smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of bronchus principalis smooth muscle of main bronchus smooth muscle of primary bronchus smooth muscle of principal bronchus smooth muscle tissue of bronchus principalis smooth muscle tissue of main bronchus smooth muscle tissue of primary bronchus smooth muscle tissue of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic principal bronchus smooth muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of main bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis smooth muscle OBOL:automatic primary bronchus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of main bronchus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of main bronchus OBOL:automatic main bronchus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic primary bronchus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic principal bronchus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic primary bronchus smooth muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of main bronchus OBOL:automatic main bronchus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic principal bronchus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic principal bronchus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bronchus principalis A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a main bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic primary bronchus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic main bronchus non-striated muscle bronchus smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a bronchus [Obol]. MA:0001840 UBERON:0004242 bronchi involuntary muscle bronchi non-striated muscle bronchi smooth muscle bronchi smooth muscle tissue bronchial trunk involuntary muscle bronchial trunk non-striated muscle bronchial trunk smooth muscle bronchial trunk smooth muscle tissue bronchus involuntary muscle bronchus non-striated muscle bronchus smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bronchi involuntary muscle of bronchial trunk involuntary muscle of bronchus ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue non-striated muscle of bronchi non-striated muscle of bronchial trunk non-striated muscle of bronchus smooth muscle of bronchi smooth muscle of bronchial trunk smooth muscle of bronchus smooth muscle tissue of bronchi smooth muscle tissue of bronchial trunk smooth muscle tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bronchus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic bronchi smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic bronchi smooth muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bronchi OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk smooth muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic bronchus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk smooth muscle tissue A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchi non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bronchi OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchi involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bronchus OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk non-striated muscle prostate gland smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a prostate gland [Obol]. BTO:0003159 FMA:74245 MA:0001741 UBERON:0004243 involuntary muscle of prostate involuntary muscle of prostate gland muscular tissue of prostate non-striated muscle of prostate non-striated muscle of prostate gland prostate gland involuntary muscle prostate gland non-striated muscle prostate gland smooth muscle tissue prostate involuntary muscle prostate non-striated muscle prostate smooth muscle prostate smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of prostate smooth muscle of prostate gland smooth muscle tissue of prostate smooth muscle tissue of prostate gland substantia muscularis prostatae OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of prostate FMA:74245 FMA:TA substantia muscularis prostatae OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of prostate gland A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a prostate gland [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic prostate smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of prostate OBOL:automatic prostate gland smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic prostate involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of prostate OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of prostate OBOL:automatic prostate non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic prostate smooth muscle OBOL:automatic prostate gland non-striated muscle FMA:74245 muscular tissue of prostate OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of prostate gland FMA OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of prostate gland OBOL:automatic prostate gland involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of prostate gland oviduct smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a fallopian tube [Obol]. MA:0001721 UBERON:0004245 fallopian tube involuntary muscle fallopian tube non-striated muscle fallopian tube smooth muscle fallopian tube smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of fallopian tube non-striated muscle of fallopian tube smooth muscle of fallopian tube smooth muscle tissue of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic fallopian tube involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic fallopian tube non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic fallopian tube smooth muscle tissue A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a fallopian tube [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic fallopian tube smooth muscle outflow tract smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a outflow tract [Obol]. MA:0000492 UBERON:0004246 involuntary muscle of outflow tract non-striated muscle of outflow tract outflow tract involuntary muscle outflow tract non-striated muscle outflow tract smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of outflow tract smooth muscle tissue of outflow tract OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of outflow tract OBOL:automatic outflow tract involuntary muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a outflow tract [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic outflow tract non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic outflow tract smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of outflow tract OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of outflow tract OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of outflow tract back bone A bone that is part of a back [Obol]. MA:0000494 UBERON:0004247 back bone organ bone of back bone organ of back OBOL:automatic bone of back A bone that is part of a back [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bone organ of back OBOL:automatic back bone organ foot digit bone A bone that is part of a toe [Obol]. MA:0000646 UBERON:0004248 bone of digit of foot bone of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb bone of digitus pedis bone of foot digit bone of terminal segment of free lower limb digit bone of toe bone organ of digit of foot bone organ of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb bone organ of digitus pedis bone organ of foot digit bone organ of terminal segment of free lower limb digit bone organ of toe digit of foot bone digit of foot bone organ digit of terminal segment of free lower limb bone digit of terminal segment of free lower limb bone organ digitus pedis bone digitus pedis bone organ foot digit bone organ terminal segment of free lower limb digit bone terminal segment of free lower limb digit bone organ toe bone toe bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of digit of foot OBOL:automatic bone organ of terminal segment of free lower limb digit OBOL:automatic digit of foot bone OBOL:automatic digitus pedis bone OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit bone organ OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb bone OBOL:automatic toe bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of foot digit OBOL:automatic bone of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic bone organ of foot digit OBOL:automatic digit of foot bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of toe OBOL:automatic bone of digit of foot OBOL:automatic toe bone OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic digitus pedis bone organ OBOL:automatic foot digit bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit bone OBOL:automatic bone of terminal segment of free lower limb digit OBOL:automatic bone of toe A bone that is part of a toe [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bone of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb hand digit bone A bone that is part of a finger [Obol]. MA:0000622 UBERON:0004249 bone of digit of hand bone of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb bone of digitus manus bone of finger bone of hand digit bone of terminal segment of free upper limb digit bone organ of digit of hand bone organ of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb bone organ of digitus manus bone organ of finger bone organ of hand digit bone organ of terminal segment of free upper limb digit digit of hand bone digit of hand bone organ digit of terminal segment of free upper limb bone digit of terminal segment of free upper limb bone organ digitus manus bone digitus manus bone organ finger bone finger bone organ hand digit bone organ terminal segment of free upper limb digit bone terminal segment of free upper limb digit bone organ A bone that is part of a finger [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bone of hand digit OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit bone OBOL:automatic digit of hand bone OBOL:automatic digitus manus bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of terminal segment of free upper limb digit OBOL:automatic bone organ of finger OBOL:automatic finger bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of digitus manus OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb bone OBOL:automatic digit of hand bone organ OBOL:automatic digitus manus bone OBOL:automatic bone of finger OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of digit of hand OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of digitus manus OBOL:automatic bone organ of digit of hand OBOL:automatic finger bone OBOL:automatic bone of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic bone organ of hand digit OBOL:automatic bone organ of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic hand digit bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of terminal segment of free upper limb digit upper arm bone A bone that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Obol]. MA:0000604 Proximal segment of free upper limb bone Proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ UBERON:0004250 arm stylopod bone arm stylopod bone organ bone of Proximal segment of free upper limb bone of arm stylopod bone of brachial region stylopod bone of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod bone of stylopod of arm bone of stylopod of brachial region bone of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone of upper arm bone organ of Proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ of arm stylopod bone organ of brachial region stylopod bone organ of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod bone organ of stylopod of arm bone organ of stylopod of brachial region bone organ of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ of upper arm brachial region stylopod bone brachial region stylopod bone organ proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod bone proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod bone organ stylopod of arm bone stylopod of arm bone organ stylopod of brachial region bone stylopod of brachial region bone organ stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ upper arm bone organ OBOL:automatic stylopod of arm bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of Proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free upper limb bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of stylopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic arm stylopod bone organ OBOL:automatic brachial region stylopod bone organ OBOL:automatic stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone OBOL:automatic bone of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod OBOL:automatic bone of brachial region stylopod OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod bone OBOL:automatic bone of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic bone of Proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic bone organ of upper arm OBOL:automatic stylopod of arm bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of stylopod of arm OBOL:automatic bone of arm stylopod OBOL:automatic bone of stylopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic bone of upper arm OBOL:automatic bone organ of arm stylopod OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod bone organ OBOL:automatic stylopod of brachial region bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of brachial region stylopod OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of stylopod of arm OBOL:automatic stylopod of brachial region bone organ OBOL:automatic upper arm bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod OBOL:automatic arm stylopod bone A bone that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic brachial region stylopod bone lower leg bone A bone that is part of a lower leg [Obol]. MA:0000676 UBERON:0004251 bone of hind limb middle limb segment bone of hind limb zeugopod bone of hindlimb middle limb segment bone of hindlimb zeugopod bone of inferior member middle limb segment bone of inferior member zeugopod bone of intermediate segment of free lower limb bone of lower extremity middle limb segment bone of lower extremity zeugopod bone of lower leg bone of middle limb segment of hind limb bone of middle limb segment of hindlimb bone of middle limb segment of inferior member bone of middle limb segment of lower extremity bone of zeugopod of hind limb bone of zeugopod of hindlimb bone of zeugopod of inferior member bone of zeugopod of leg bone of zeugopod of lower extremity bone organ of hind limb middle limb segment bone organ of hind limb zeugopod bone organ of hindlimb middle limb segment bone organ of hindlimb zeugopod bone organ of inferior member middle limb segment bone organ of inferior member zeugopod bone organ of intermediate segment of free lower limb bone organ of lower extremity middle limb segment bone organ of lower extremity zeugopod bone organ of lower leg bone organ of middle limb segment of hind limb bone organ of middle limb segment of hindlimb bone organ of middle limb segment of inferior member bone organ of middle limb segment of lower extremity bone organ of zeugopod of hind limb bone organ of zeugopod of hindlimb bone organ of zeugopod of inferior member bone organ of zeugopod of leg bone organ of zeugopod of lower extremity hind limb middle limb segment bone hind limb middle limb segment bone organ hind limb zeugopod bone hind limb zeugopod bone organ hindlimb middle limb segment bone hindlimb middle limb segment bone organ hindlimb zeugopod bone hindlimb zeugopod bone organ inferior member middle limb segment bone inferior member middle limb segment bone organ inferior member zeugopod bone inferior member zeugopod bone organ intermediate segment of free lower limb bone intermediate segment of free lower limb bone organ lower extremity middle limb segment bone lower extremity middle limb segment bone organ lower extremity zeugopod bone lower extremity zeugopod bone organ lower leg bone organ middle limb segment of hind limb bone middle limb segment of hind limb bone organ middle limb segment of hindlimb bone middle limb segment of hindlimb bone organ middle limb segment of inferior member bone middle limb segment of inferior member bone organ middle limb segment of lower extremity bone middle limb segment of lower extremity bone organ zeugopod of hind limb bone zeugopod of hind limb bone organ zeugopod of hindlimb bone zeugopod of hindlimb bone organ zeugopod of inferior member bone zeugopod of inferior member bone organ zeugopod of leg bone zeugopod of leg bone organ zeugopod of lower extremity bone zeugopod of lower extremity bone organ OBOL:automatic hind limb zeugopod bone OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free lower limb bone OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hind limb bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of hindlimb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free lower limb bone organ OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hind limb bone OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of inferior member bone OBOL:automatic lower extremity middle limb segment bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of inferior member zeugopod OBOL:automatic zeugopod of leg bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of lower extremity middle limb segment OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hind limb bone OBOL:automatic zeugopod of lower extremity bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of hindlimb zeugopod OBOL:automatic lower extremity middle limb segment bone OBOL:automatic hind limb zeugopod bone organ OBOL:automatic inferior member zeugopod bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of hind limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone organ of lower extremity zeugopod OBOL:automatic hind limb middle limb segment bone OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of leg OBOL:automatic hind limb middle limb segment bone organ OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hindlimb bone OBOL:automatic bone of hindlimb zeugopod OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hind limb bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of lower leg OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopod bone organ OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of lower extremity bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of inferior member middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of leg OBOL:automatic zeugopod of inferior member bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of intermediate segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic bone organ of middle limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic bone of middle limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic zeugopod of inferior member bone OBOL:automatic hindlimb middle limb segment bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hindlimb bone organ OBOL:automatic hindlimb middle limb segment bone OBOL:automatic zeugopod of leg bone organ OBOL:automatic zeugopod of lower extremity bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of inferior member zeugopod OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hindlimb bone organ OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of lower extremity bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of middle limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic inferior member zeugopod bone OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hindlimb bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of hind limb A bone that is part of a lower leg [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of inferior member bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of lower extremity zeugopod OBOL:automatic lower leg bone organ OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopod bone OBOL:automatic lower extremity zeugopod bone OBOL:automatic inferior member middle limb segment bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of middle limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic bone of middle limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic bone of lower leg OBOL:automatic bone of inferior member middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic bone of hindlimb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone of hind limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic bone of intermediate segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic bone of hind limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone organ of hind limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic bone of middle limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic bone organ of middle limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic lower extremity zeugopod bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of middle limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic inferior member middle limb segment bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of lower extremity middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of hindlimb hindlimb stylopod muscle A muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb stylopod (upper leg)[Obol]. BTO:0001367 FMA:22470 MA:0000684 UBERON:0000374 UBERON:0004252 UBERON:BTO_0001367-FMA_22470 muscle of thigh thigh muscle upper leg muscle A muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb stylopod (upper leg)[Obol]. OBOL:automatic MA:0000684 upper leg muscle FMA:22470 thigh muscle FMA:22470 muscle of thigh skin muscle A muscle organ that is part of a skin of body [Obol]. MA:0002710 UBERON:0004253 muscle organ of skin skin muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of skin A muscle organ that is part of a skin of body [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skin muscle organ forelimb zeugopod muscle A muscle organ that is part of a forelimb zeugopod (lower arm)[Obol]. FMA:37371 MA:0000600 SCTID:181631004 UBERON:0004254 forearm muscle lower arm muscle muscle of forearm MA:0000600 lower arm muscle FMA:37371 muscle of forearm FMA:37371 forearm muscle A muscle organ that is part of a forelimb zeugopod (lower arm)[Obol]. OBOL:automatic forelimb stylopod muscle A muscle organ that is part of a forelimb stylopod (upper arm)[Obol]. FMA:37370 MA:0000606 SCTID:244979005 UBERON:0004255 muscle of arm upper arm muscle A muscle organ that is part of a forelimb stylopod (upper arm)[Obol]. OBOL:automatic MA:0000606 upper arm muscle FMA:37370 muscle of arm hindlimb zeugopod muscle A muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb zeugopod (lower leg) [Obol]. FMA:22471 MA:0000678 UBERON:0004256 lower leg muscle muscle of leg MA:0000678 lower leg muscle FMA:22471 muscle of leg A muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb zeugopod (lower leg) [Obol]. OBOL:automatic upper leg blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Obol]. MA:0000681 UBERON:0004257 blood vessel of stylopod of hind limb blood vessel of stylopod of hindlimb blood vessel of thigh blood vessel of upper leg hind limb stylopod blood vessel hindlimb stylopod blood vessel thigh blood vessel OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopod blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hind limb stylopod blood vessel OBOL:automatic thigh blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of stylopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of thigh OBOL:automatic blood vessel of upper leg OBOL:automatic blood vessel of stylopod of hindlimb back blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a back [Obol]. MA:0000493 UBERON:0004258 blood vessel of back OBOL:automatic blood vessel of back A blood vessel that is part of a back [Obol]. OBOL:automatic lower arm blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a lower arm [Obol]. MA:0000597 UBERON:0004259 forelimb zeugopod blood vessel UBERON:cjm forelimb zeugopod blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a lower arm [Obol]. OBOL:automatic upper arm blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Obol]. MA:0000603 UBERON:0004260 forelimb stylopod blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Obol]. OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm forelimb stylopod blood vessel lower leg blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a lower leg [Obol]. MA:0000675 UBERON:0004261 hindlimb zeugopod blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a lower leg [Obol]. OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm hindlimb zeugopod blood vessel upper leg skin A zone of skin that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Obol]. EMAPA:18159 FMA:37790 MA:0000686 Proximal segment of free lower limb skin SCTID:181547006 UBERON:0004262 hind limb stylopod skin hindlimb stylopod skin inferior member stylopod skin lower extremity stylopod skin skin of Proximal segment of free lower limb skin of hind limb stylopod skin of hindlimb stylopod skin of inferior member stylopod skin of lower extremity stylopod skin of stylopod of hind limb skin of stylopod of hindlimb skin of stylopod of inferior member skin of stylopod of lower extremity skin of stylopod of lower limb skin of thigh skin of upper leg stylopod of hind limb skin stylopod of hindlimb skin stylopod of inferior member skin stylopod of lower extremity skin stylopod of lower limb skin thigh skin OBOL:automatic stylopod of inferior member skin OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free lower limb skin OBOL:automatic inferior member stylopod skin OBOL:automatic stylopod of hind limb skin OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower extremity skin OBOL:automatic skin of stylopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic skin of lower extremity stylopod OBOL:automatic skin of stylopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic lower extremity stylopod skin OBOL:automatic skin of hind limb stylopod OBOL:automatic thigh skin OBOL:automatic skin of hindlimb stylopod OBOL:automatic skin of upper leg OBOL:automatic skin of Proximal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower limb skin OBOL:automatic hind limb stylopod skin OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopod skin OBOL:automatic skin of stylopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic skin of inferior member stylopod OBOL:automatic stylopod of hindlimb skin A zone of skin that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skin of stylopod of lower limb OBOL:automatic skin of stylopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic skin of thigh upper arm skin A zone of skin that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Obol]. EMAPA:18062 MA:0000608 Proximal segment of free upper limb skin SCTID:181531009 UBERON:0004263 arm stylopod skin brachial region stylopod skin proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod skin skin of Proximal segment of free upper limb skin of arm stylopod skin of brachial region stylopod skin of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod skin of stylopod of arm skin of stylopod of brachial region skin of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb skin of upper arm stylopod of arm skin stylopod of brachial region skin stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb skin OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod skin OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free upper limb skin OBOL:automatic stylopod of arm skin OBOL:automatic stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb skin OBOL:automatic arm stylopod skin OBOL:automatic skin of arm stylopod OBOL:automatic skin of stylopod of arm OBOL:automatic skin of brachial region stylopod OBOL:automatic skin of Proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic skin of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic skin of upper arm A zone of skin that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skin of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod OBOL:automatic brachial region stylopod skin OBOL:automatic stylopod of brachial region skin OBOL:automatic skin of stylopod of brachial region lower leg skin A zone of skin that is part of a lower leg [Obol]. EMAPA:18156 MA:0000680 SCTID:244180007 UBERON:0004264 hind limb middle limb segment skin hind limb zeugopod skin hindlimb middle limb segment skin hindlimb zeugopod skin inferior member middle limb segment skin inferior member zeugopod skin intermediate segment of free lower limb skin lower extremity middle limb segment skin lower extremity zeugopod skin middle limb segment of hind limb skin middle limb segment of hindlimb skin middle limb segment of inferior member skin middle limb segment of lower extremity skin skin of hind limb middle limb segment skin of hind limb zeugopod skin of hindlimb middle limb segment skin of hindlimb zeugopod skin of inferior member middle limb segment skin of inferior member zeugopod skin of intermediate segment of free lower limb skin of lower extremity middle limb segment skin of lower extremity zeugopod skin of lower leg skin of middle limb segment of hind limb skin of middle limb segment of hindlimb skin of middle limb segment of inferior member skin of middle limb segment of lower extremity skin of zeugopod of hind limb skin of zeugopod of hindlimb skin of zeugopod of inferior member skin of zeugopod of leg skin of zeugopod of lower extremity zeugopod of hind limb skin zeugopod of hindlimb skin zeugopod of inferior member skin zeugopod of leg skin zeugopod of lower extremity skin OBOL:automatic skin of hindlimb zeugopod OBOL:automatic skin of zeugopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hind limb zeugopod skin OBOL:automatic inferior member zeugopod skin OBOL:automatic skin of zeugopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic skin of lower extremity zeugopod OBOL:automatic zeugopod of lower extremity skin OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of inferior member skin OBOL:automatic skin of intermediate segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic skin of zeugopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hind limb skin OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free lower limb skin OBOL:automatic zeugopod of inferior member skin OBOL:automatic skin of hindlimb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic skin of inferior member middle limb segment OBOL:automatic skin of zeugopod of leg OBOL:automatic skin of middle limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic skin of lower leg OBOL:automatic skin of hind limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic skin of hind limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hindlimb skin A zone of skin that is part of a lower leg [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hind limb middle limb segment skin OBOL:automatic inferior member middle limb segment skin OBOL:automatic skin of middle limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic skin of middle limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hindlimb skin OBOL:automatic skin of inferior member zeugopod OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hind limb skin OBOL:automatic skin of lower extremity middle limb segment OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of lower extremity skin OBOL:automatic lower extremity zeugopod skin OBOL:automatic zeugopod of leg skin OBOL:automatic skin of zeugopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic lower extremity middle limb segment skin OBOL:automatic hindlimb middle limb segment skin OBOL:automatic skin of middle limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopod skin outflow tract myocardium A myocardium that is part of a outflow tract [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001358 MA:0000489 OG:0000603 UBERON:0004265 cardiac muscle of outflow tract heart muscle of outflow tract heart myocardium of outflow tract muscle of heart of outflow tract myocardium of outflow tract outflow tract cardiac muscle outflow tract heart muscle outflow tract heart myocardium outflow tract muscle of heart OBOL:automatic outflow tract heart myocardium OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of outflow tract OBOL:automatic outflow tract cardiac muscle A myocardium that is part of a outflow tract [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of outflow tract OBOL:automatic outflow tract heart muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of outflow tract OBOL:automatic heart muscle of outflow tract OBOL:automatic myocardium of outflow tract OBOL:automatic outflow tract muscle of heart upper leg connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Obol]. MA:0000683 Proximal segment of free lower limb connective tissue Proximal segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue Proximal segment of free lower limb textus connectivus UBERON:0004266 connective tissue of Proximal segment of free lower limb connective tissue of hind limb stylopod connective tissue of hindlimb stylopod connective tissue of inferior member stylopod connective tissue of lower extremity stylopod connective tissue of stylopod of hind limb connective tissue of stylopod of hindlimb connective tissue of stylopod of inferior member connective tissue of stylopod of lower extremity connective tissue of stylopod of lower limb connective tissue of thigh connective tissue of upper leg hind limb stylopod connective tissue hind limb stylopod portion of connective tissue hind limb stylopod textus connectivus hindlimb stylopod connective tissue hindlimb stylopod portion of connective tissue hindlimb stylopod textus connectivus inferior member stylopod connective tissue inferior member stylopod portion of connective tissue inferior member stylopod textus connectivus lower extremity stylopod connective tissue lower extremity stylopod portion of connective tissue lower extremity stylopod textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of Proximal segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue of hind limb stylopod portion of connective tissue of hindlimb stylopod portion of connective tissue of inferior member stylopod portion of connective tissue of lower extremity stylopod portion of connective tissue of stylopod of hind limb portion of connective tissue of stylopod of hindlimb portion of connective tissue of stylopod of inferior member portion of connective tissue of stylopod of lower extremity portion of connective tissue of stylopod of lower limb portion of connective tissue of thigh portion of connective tissue of upper leg stylopod of hind limb connective tissue stylopod of hind limb portion of connective tissue stylopod of hind limb textus connectivus stylopod of hindlimb connective tissue stylopod of hindlimb portion of connective tissue stylopod of hindlimb textus connectivus stylopod of inferior member connective tissue stylopod of inferior member portion of connective tissue stylopod of inferior member textus connectivus stylopod of lower extremity connective tissue stylopod of lower extremity portion of connective tissue stylopod of lower extremity textus connectivus stylopod of lower limb connective tissue stylopod of lower limb portion of connective tissue stylopod of lower limb textus connectivus textus connectivus of Proximal segment of free lower limb textus connectivus of hind limb stylopod textus connectivus of hindlimb stylopod textus connectivus of inferior member stylopod textus connectivus of lower extremity stylopod textus connectivus of stylopod of hind limb textus connectivus of stylopod of hindlimb textus connectivus of stylopod of inferior member textus connectivus of stylopod of lower extremity textus connectivus of stylopod of lower limb textus connectivus of thigh textus connectivus of upper leg thigh connective tissue thigh portion of connective tissue thigh textus connectivus upper leg portion of connective tissue upper leg textus connectivus OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower extremity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of thigh OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower extremity connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower extremity stylopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of stylopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of stylopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic stylopod of hind limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic stylopod of hind limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of stylopod of lower limb OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic inferior member stylopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hind limb stylopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of stylopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of stylopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hind limb stylopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic stylopod of hindlimb connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower extremity stylopod OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of stylopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic connective tissue of stylopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hindlimb stylopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hind limb stylopod OBOL:automatic upper leg portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic lower extremity stylopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic thigh textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of stylopod of lower limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of stylopod of lower limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of thigh OBOL:automatic lower extremity stylopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of hindlimb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free lower limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of hind limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of thigh OBOL:automatic thigh portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of inferior member connective tissue OBOL:automatic thigh connective tissue OBOL:automatic lower extremity stylopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of hindlimb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of upper leg OBOL:automatic inferior member stylopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of inferior member stylopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of stylopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of inferior member stylopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of stylopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hindlimb stylopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of Proximal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic hind limb stylopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of stylopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic upper leg textus connectivus OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower extremity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hind limb stylopod OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of upper leg OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of Proximal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of inferior member stylopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of upper leg OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of Proximal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic stylopod of inferior member textus connectivus OBOL:automatic inferior member stylopod connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free lower limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of stylopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hindlimb stylopod OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower extremity stylopod OBOL:automatic hind limb stylopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of stylopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of stylopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic stylopod of inferior member portion of connective tissue back connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a back [Obol]. MA:0000495 UBERON:0004267 back portion of connective tissue back textus connectivus connective tissue of back portion of connective tissue of back textus connectivus of back OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of back OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of back OBOL:automatic connective tissue of back A portion of connective tissue that is part of a back [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic back textus connectivus OBOL:automatic back portion of connective tissue lower arm connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower arm [Obol]. MA:0000599 UBERON:0004268 antebrachial region connective tissue antebrachial region portion of connective tissue antebrachial region textus connectivus arm middle limb segment connective tissue arm middle limb segment portion of connective tissue arm middle limb segment textus connectivus arm zeugopod connective tissue arm zeugopod portion of connective tissue arm zeugopod textus connectivus brachial region middle limb segment connective tissue brachial region middle limb segment portion of connective tissue brachial region middle limb segment textus connectivus brachial region zeugopod connective tissue brachial region zeugopod portion of connective tissue brachial region zeugopod textus connectivus connective tissue of antebrachial region connective tissue of arm middle limb segment connective tissue of arm zeugopod connective tissue of brachial region middle limb segment connective tissue of brachial region zeugopod connective tissue of intermediate segment of free upper limb connective tissue of lower arm connective tissue of lower segment of arm connective tissue of middle limb segment of arm connective tissue of middle limb segment of brachial region connective tissue of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod connective tissue of zeugopod of arm connective tissue of zeugopod of brachial region connective tissue of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb intermediate segment of free upper limb connective tissue intermediate segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue intermediate segment of free upper limb textus connectivus lower arm portion of connective tissue lower arm textus connectivus lower segment of arm connective tissue lower segment of arm portion of connective tissue lower segment of arm textus connectivus middle limb segment of arm connective tissue middle limb segment of arm portion of connective tissue middle limb segment of arm textus connectivus middle limb segment of brachial region connective tissue middle limb segment of brachial region portion of connective tissue middle limb segment of brachial region textus connectivus middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of antebrachial region portion of connective tissue of arm middle limb segment portion of connective tissue of arm zeugopod portion of connective tissue of brachial region middle limb segment portion of connective tissue of brachial region zeugopod portion of connective tissue of intermediate segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue of lower arm portion of connective tissue of lower segment of arm portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of arm portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of brachial region portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of arm portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of brachial region portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment portion of connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment textus connectivus proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod portion of connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod textus connectivus textus connectivus of antebrachial region textus connectivus of arm middle limb segment textus connectivus of arm zeugopod textus connectivus of brachial region middle limb segment textus connectivus of brachial region zeugopod textus connectivus of intermediate segment of free upper limb textus connectivus of lower arm textus connectivus of lower segment of arm textus connectivus of middle limb segment of arm textus connectivus of middle limb segment of brachial region textus connectivus of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod textus connectivus of zeugopod of arm textus connectivus of zeugopod of brachial region textus connectivus of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod of arm connective tissue zeugopod of arm portion of connective tissue zeugopod of arm textus connectivus zeugopod of brachial region connective tissue zeugopod of brachial region portion of connective tissue zeugopod of brachial region textus connectivus zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of middle limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic antebrachial region connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of arm connective tissue OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower arm OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm textus connectivus OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of antebrachial region OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm connective tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic connective tissue of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm textus connectivus OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of antebrachial region OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region connective tissue OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of intermediate segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of intermediate segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic antebrachial region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower arm OBOL:automatic lower arm textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic lower arm portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower arm OBOL:automatic zeugopod of arm portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of antebrachial region OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free upper limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of middle limb segment of brachial region A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower arm [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of intermediate segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic connective tissue of middle limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic zeugopod of arm textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic antebrachial region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue upper arm connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Obol]. MA:0000605 Proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue Proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue Proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus UBERON:0004269 arm stylopod connective tissue arm stylopod portion of connective tissue arm stylopod textus connectivus brachial region stylopod connective tissue brachial region stylopod portion of connective tissue brachial region stylopod textus connectivus connective tissue of Proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue of arm stylopod connective tissue of brachial region stylopod connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod connective tissue of stylopod of arm connective tissue of stylopod of brachial region connective tissue of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue of upper arm portion of connective tissue of Proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue of arm stylopod portion of connective tissue of brachial region stylopod portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod portion of connective tissue of stylopod of arm portion of connective tissue of stylopod of brachial region portion of connective tissue of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue of upper arm proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod portion of connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod textus connectivus stylopod of arm connective tissue stylopod of arm portion of connective tissue stylopod of arm textus connectivus stylopod of brachial region connective tissue stylopod of brachial region portion of connective tissue stylopod of brachial region textus connectivus stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus textus connectivus of Proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus of arm stylopod textus connectivus of brachial region stylopod textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod textus connectivus of stylopod of arm textus connectivus of stylopod of brachial region textus connectivus of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus of upper arm upper arm portion of connective tissue upper arm textus connectivus OBOL:automatic stylopod of arm portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of brachial region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of Proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of arm stylopod OBOL:automatic upper arm portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of brachial region connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of arm connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of stylopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic connective tissue of stylopod of arm OBOL:automatic connective tissue of stylopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic brachial region stylopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of brachial region stylopod OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of Proximal segment of free upper limb A portion of connective tissue that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of stylopod of arm OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic brachial region stylopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic brachial region stylopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of upper arm OBOL:automatic connective tissue of brachial region stylopod OBOL:automatic arm stylopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic upper arm textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of stylopod of arm OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of upper arm OBOL:automatic stylopod of arm textus connectivus OBOL:automatic arm stylopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of upper arm OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of stylopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic stylopod of brachial region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of brachial region stylopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of arm stylopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of Proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic arm stylopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of arm stylopod OBOL:automatic stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue lower leg connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower leg [Obol]. MA:0000677 UBERON:0004270 connective tissue of hind limb middle limb segment connective tissue of hind limb zeugopod connective tissue of hindlimb middle limb segment connective tissue of hindlimb zeugopod connective tissue of inferior member middle limb segment connective tissue of inferior member zeugopod connective tissue of intermediate segment of free lower limb connective tissue of lower extremity middle limb segment connective tissue of lower extremity zeugopod connective tissue of lower leg connective tissue of middle limb segment of hind limb connective tissue of middle limb segment of hindlimb connective tissue of middle limb segment of inferior member connective tissue of middle limb segment of lower extremity connective tissue of zeugopod of hind limb connective tissue of zeugopod of hindlimb connective tissue of zeugopod of inferior member connective tissue of zeugopod of leg connective tissue of zeugopod of lower extremity hind limb middle limb segment connective tissue hind limb middle limb segment portion of connective tissue hind limb middle limb segment textus connectivus hind limb zeugopod connective tissue hind limb zeugopod portion of connective tissue hind limb zeugopod textus connectivus hindlimb middle limb segment connective tissue hindlimb middle limb segment portion of connective tissue hindlimb middle limb segment textus connectivus hindlimb zeugopod connective tissue hindlimb zeugopod portion of connective tissue hindlimb zeugopod textus connectivus inferior member middle limb segment connective tissue inferior member middle limb segment portion of connective tissue inferior member middle limb segment textus connectivus inferior member zeugopod connective tissue inferior member zeugopod portion of connective tissue inferior member zeugopod textus connectivus intermediate segment of free lower limb connective tissue intermediate segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue intermediate segment of free lower limb textus connectivus lower extremity middle limb segment connective tissue lower extremity middle limb segment portion of connective tissue lower extremity middle limb segment textus connectivus lower extremity zeugopod connective tissue lower extremity zeugopod portion of connective tissue lower extremity zeugopod textus connectivus lower leg portion of connective tissue lower leg textus connectivus middle limb segment of hind limb connective tissue middle limb segment of hind limb portion of connective tissue middle limb segment of hind limb textus connectivus middle limb segment of hindlimb connective tissue middle limb segment of hindlimb portion of connective tissue middle limb segment of hindlimb textus connectivus middle limb segment of inferior member connective tissue middle limb segment of inferior member portion of connective tissue middle limb segment of inferior member textus connectivus middle limb segment of lower extremity connective tissue middle limb segment of lower extremity portion of connective tissue middle limb segment of lower extremity textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of hind limb middle limb segment portion of connective tissue of hind limb zeugopod portion of connective tissue of hindlimb middle limb segment portion of connective tissue of hindlimb zeugopod portion of connective tissue of inferior member middle limb segment portion of connective tissue of inferior member zeugopod portion of connective tissue of intermediate segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue of lower extremity middle limb segment portion of connective tissue of lower extremity zeugopod portion of connective tissue of lower leg portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of hind limb portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of hindlimb portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of inferior member portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of lower extremity portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of hind limb portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of hindlimb portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of inferior member portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of leg portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of lower extremity textus connectivus of hind limb middle limb segment textus connectivus of hind limb zeugopod textus connectivus of hindlimb middle limb segment textus connectivus of hindlimb zeugopod textus connectivus of inferior member middle limb segment textus connectivus of inferior member zeugopod textus connectivus of intermediate segment of free lower limb textus connectivus of lower extremity middle limb segment textus connectivus of lower extremity zeugopod textus connectivus of lower leg textus connectivus of middle limb segment of hind limb textus connectivus of middle limb segment of hindlimb textus connectivus of middle limb segment of inferior member textus connectivus of middle limb segment of lower extremity textus connectivus of zeugopod of hind limb textus connectivus of zeugopod of hindlimb textus connectivus of zeugopod of inferior member textus connectivus of zeugopod of leg textus connectivus of zeugopod of lower extremity zeugopod of hind limb connective tissue zeugopod of hind limb portion of connective tissue zeugopod of hind limb textus connectivus zeugopod of hindlimb connective tissue zeugopod of hindlimb portion of connective tissue zeugopod of hindlimb textus connectivus zeugopod of inferior member connective tissue zeugopod of inferior member portion of connective tissue zeugopod of inferior member textus connectivus zeugopod of leg connective tissue zeugopod of leg portion of connective tissue zeugopod of leg textus connectivus zeugopod of lower extremity connective tissue zeugopod of lower extremity portion of connective tissue zeugopod of lower extremity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hindlimb zeugopod OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hindlimb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic connective tissue of inferior member middle limb segment OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower extremity middle limb segment OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of inferior member portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hindlimb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic hind limb zeugopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic inferior member middle limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic lower extremity zeugopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of lower extremity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic zeugopod of leg portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hind limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic hind limb zeugopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of inferior member connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hind limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hind limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic zeugopod of inferior member textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hindlimb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hindlimb zeugopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of intermediate segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic lower extremity zeugopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of middle limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free lower limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hind limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower leg OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of middle limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic inferior member middle limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of lower extremity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hind limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of middle limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower leg OBOL:automatic lower extremity middle limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hind limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic hindlimb middle limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hind limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hindlimb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of inferior member middle limb segment OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of inferior member zeugopod OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hindlimb connective tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hindlimb connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of zeugopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic hind limb middle limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic lower extremity zeugopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of lower extremity connective tissue OBOL:automatic hindlimb middle limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower extremity middle limb segment OBOL:automatic connective tissue of zeugopod of lower extremity A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower leg [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic hind limb middle limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of middle limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic connective tissue of middle limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free lower limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic zeugopod of lower extremity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hind limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic zeugopod of lower extremity connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of zeugopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of zeugopod of leg OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of intermediate segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of inferior member zeugopod OBOL:automatic inferior member zeugopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hind limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic hindlimb middle limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of zeugopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic inferior member middle limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower extremity middle limb segment OBOL:automatic lower extremity middle limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hindlimb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower extremity zeugopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of middle limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic zeugopod of leg connective tissue OBOL:automatic lower extremity middle limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hindlimb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of zeugopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hind limb zeugopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower leg OBOL:automatic hind limb middle limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hind limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of middle limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of inferior member zeugopod OBOL:automatic zeugopod of leg textus connectivus OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of inferior member connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hind limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic inferior member zeugopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic lower leg portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of inferior member middle limb segment OBOL:automatic zeugopod of inferior member portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of lower extremity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of zeugopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of leg OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hindlimb zeugopod OBOL:automatic lower leg textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of middle limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of zeugopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of inferior member textus connectivus OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hindlimb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of intermediate segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic inferior member zeugopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower extremity zeugopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of zeugopod of leg OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower extremity zeugopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hind limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of zeugopod of hind limb outflow tract pericardium A pericardium that is part of a outflow tract [Obol]. MA:0000491 UBERON:0004271 pericardium of outflow tract A pericardium that is part of a outflow tract [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pericardium of outflow tract cartilaginous joint suture A cranial suture that is part of a cartilaginous joint [Obol]. MA:0001498 UBERON:0004273 articulatio cartilaginea cranial suture articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures set articulatio cartilaginea cranium suture articulatio cartilaginea suture of cranium cartilaginous joint cranial suture cartilaginous joint cranial sutures cartilaginous joint cranial sutures set cartilaginous joint cranium suture cartilaginous joint suture of cranium cranial suture of articulatio cartilaginea cranial suture of cartilaginous joint cranial sutures of articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures of cartilaginous joint cranial sutures set of articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures set of cartilaginous joint cranium suture of articulatio cartilaginea cranium suture of cartilaginous joint suture of cranium of articulatio cartilaginea suture of cranium of cartilaginous joint OBOL:automatic cartilaginous joint cranium suture OBOL:automatic articulatio cartilaginea cranium suture OBOL:automatic articulatio cartilaginea suture of cranium OBOL:automatic cranial suture of articulatio cartilaginea OBOL:automatic cranial sutures set of cartilaginous joint A cranial suture that is part of a cartilaginous joint [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cartilaginous joint cranial sutures OBOL:automatic suture of cranium of cartilaginous joint OBOL:automatic cranial sutures of articulatio cartilaginea OBOL:automatic articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures OBOL:automatic articulatio cartilaginea cranial suture OBOL:automatic cranium suture of articulatio cartilaginea OBOL:automatic cartilaginous joint cranial sutures set OBOL:automatic cranial sutures set of articulatio cartilaginea OBOL:automatic cartilaginous joint suture of cranium OBOL:automatic articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures set OBOL:automatic suture of cranium of articulatio cartilaginea OBOL:automatic cranial sutures of cartilaginous joint OBOL:automatic cranial suture of cartilaginous joint OBOL:automatic cartilaginous joint cranial suture OBOL:automatic cranium suture of cartilaginous joint lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelium A choroid plexus epithelium that is part of a lateral ventricle [Obol]. FMA:242815 MA:0000962 UBERON:0004274 chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue of lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelium of lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus of lateral ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus of lateral ventricle lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus lateral ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere lateral ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus ncithesaurus:Choroid_Plexus_Epithelium_of_the_Lateral_Ventricle OBOL:automatic lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of lateral ventricle OBOL:automatic epithelium of choroid plexus of lateral ventricle OBOL:automatic lateral ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere OBOL:automatic choroid plexus epithelium of lateral ventricle OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle A choroid plexus epithelium that is part of a lateral ventricle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lateral ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of choroid plexus of lateral ventricle OBOL:automatic epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle OBOL:automatic lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus OBOL:automatic lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere OBOL:automatic lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium OBOL:automatic choroid plexus epithelial tissue of lateral ventricle OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of lateral ventricle third ventricle choroid plexus epithelium A choroid plexus epithelium that is part of a third ventricle [Obol]. FMA:242821 MA:0000880 UBERON:0004275 chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of third ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of third ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue of third ventricle choroid plexus epithelium of third ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of third ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus of third ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of third ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus of third ventricle third ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue third ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium third ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue third ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere third ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus third ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere third ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of choroid plexus of third ventricle OBOL:automatic third ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus OBOL:automatic third ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of third ventricle OBOL:automatic third ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus A choroid plexus epithelium that is part of a third ventricle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic third ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere OBOL:automatic third ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere OBOL:automatic choroid plexus epithelial tissue of third ventricle OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of third ventricle OBOL:automatic epithelium of choroid plexus of third ventricle OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of third ventricle OBOL:automatic third ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of third ventricle OBOL:automatic choroid plexus epithelium of third ventricle OBOL:automatic third ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelium A choroid plexus epithelium that is part of a fourth ventricle [Obol]. FMA:242823 MA:0000984 UBERON:0004276 chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue of fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelium of fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus of fourth ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus of fourth ventricle fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus fourth ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere fourth ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus ncithesaurus:Choroid_Plexus_Epithelium_of_the_Fourth_Ventricle OBOL:automatic fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of fourth ventricle OBOL:automatic epithelium of choroid plexus of fourth ventricle OBOL:automatic fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus OBOL:automatic epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of fourth ventricle OBOL:automatic fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle OBOL:automatic choroid plexus epithelial tissue of fourth ventricle OBOL:automatic fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic fourth ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of choroid plexus of fourth ventricle OBOL:automatic choroid plexus epithelium of fourth ventricle A choroid plexus epithelium that is part of a fourth ventricle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium OBOL:automatic fourth ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus eye muscle A muscle that is attached to or part of the eye. AAO:0000156 MA:0000271 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngx4rwKSh9pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvViTvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvYA8cJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0004277 A muscle that is attached to or part of the eye. OBOL:automatic skeleton AEO:0000168 EFO:0000806 EHDAA2:0001843 EHDAA:5047 EHDAA:8005 EHDAA:8041 FMA:23875 GAID:177 MAT:0000032 MESH:A.02.835 MIAA:0000032 Note that the source FMA definition has been modified here to include cartilage skeletons. We may wish to introduce subclasses for bony/cartilage skeletons. OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi1rpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361378004 UBERON:0004288 VAO:0000026 XAO:0004053 all the bones and/or cartilaginous elements in the body. With the articular system, this comprises the skeletal system. galen:Skeleton set of all bones set of bones of body FMA:23875 UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Skeleton all the bones and/or cartilaginous elements in the body. With the articular system, this comprises the skeletal system. radula BTO:0001506 The first bona fide radula dates to the Early Cambrian,[3] although trace fossils from the earlier Ediacaran have been suggested to have been made by the radula of the organism Kimberella.[WP] UBERON:0004289 an anatomical structure found in mollusks and used for feeding. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon. It is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the esophagus. The radula is unique to the molluscs, and is found in all classes of mollusks except for the bivalves. Wikipedia:Radula an anatomical structure found in mollusks and used for feeding. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon. It is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the esophagus. The radula is unique to the molluscs, and is found in all classes of mollusks except for the bivalves. dermomyotome AAO:0010572 EHDAA2:0003259 OG:0000676 The bilaminar epithelium formed from the myotome and dermatome[AEO:JB]. Epithelial sheet on the external surface of the somite that gives rise to trunk, muscle and dermis. Within the dermomyotome there is also a medio-lateral difference. The central region makes dermis, the mesenchymal connective tissue of the back skin. The medial region (closest to neural tube) makes epaxial muscle, and the lateral region (furthest from neural tube) makes hypaxial muscle. UBERON:0004290 ZFA:0001513 ncithesaurus:Dermomyotome EHDAA2 The bilaminar epithelium formed from the myotome and dermatome[AEO:JB]. Epithelial sheet on the external surface of the somite that gives rise to trunk, muscle and dermis. Within the dermomyotome there is also a medio-lateral difference. The central region makes dermis, the mesenchymal connective tissue of the back skin. The medial region (closest to neural tube) makes epaxial muscle, and the lateral region (furthest from neural tube) makes hypaxial muscle. ZFA:0001513 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A66768 ZFA heart rudiment UBERON:0004291 ZFA:0000115 a cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube. heart cone rudimentary heart ZFA:0000115 rudimentary heart GO:0003313 a cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube. ZFA GO:0003313 heart cone cardiac skeleton FMA:9496 UBERON:0004292 a specialized extracellular matrix that separates the atria from the ventricles and provides physical support for the heart[GO]. structure of dense connective tissue in the heart that separates the atria from the ventricles. It is not a true skeleton, but it does provide structure and support for the heart, as well as isolating the atria from the ventricles. This allows the AV node and AV bundle to delay the wave of depolarisation such that the atria can contract and assist in ventricular filling before the ventricles themselves depolarise and contract (the AV bundle is the only part of the conduction system that passes from the atria to the ventricles in a normal heart). It also allows the valves (bicuspid, tricuspid, semilunar) to keep open by giving them structural support. cardiac fibrous skeleton fibrous skeleton of heart heart fibrous skeleton skeleton of heart Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton a specialized extracellular matrix that separates the atria from the ventricles and provides physical support for the heart[GO]. structure of dense connective tissue in the heart that separates the atria from the ventricles. It is not a true skeleton, but it does provide structure and support for the heart, as well as isolating the atria from the ventricles. This allows the AV node and AV bundle to delay the wave of depolarisation such that the atria can contract and assist in ventricular filling before the ventricles themselves depolarise and contract (the AV bundle is the only part of the conduction system that passes from the atria to the ventricles in a normal heart). It also allows the valves (bicuspid, tricuspid, semilunar) to keep open by giving them structural support. FMA:9496 skeleton of heart parasympathetic nerve A nerve that is part of a parasympathetic nervous system [Obol]. AAO:0010488 EHDAA2:0001401 EMAPA:17271 MA:0000224 OG:0000641 SCTID:276146002 UBERON:0004293 nerve of parasympathetic nervous system A nerve that is part of a parasympathetic nervous system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of parasympathetic nervous system glomerular capillary endothelium MA:0001658 SCTID:243993006 UBERON:0004294 ncithesaurus:Endothelium_of_the_Glomerular_Capillary renal glomerulus capillary endothelium OBOL:automatic renal glomerulus capillary endothelium sympathetic nerve trunk A nerve trunk that is part of a sympathetic nervous system [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001970 EMAPA:16986 MA:0000227 UBERON:0004295 nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk OBOL:automatic nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system OBOL:automatic sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk OBOL:automatic nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system A nerve trunk that is part of a sympathetic nervous system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic respiratory system lymphatic vessel smooth muscle A lymphatic vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001826 UBERON:0004296 smooth muscle of lymph vessel of respiratory system A lymphatic vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of lymph vessel of respiratory system respiratory system blood vessel smooth muscle A blood vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001806 UBERON:0004297 smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel of respiratory system A blood vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel of respiratory system distal phalanx AAO:0010676 MA:0002914 SCTID:299711006 Terminal phalanx located at the tip of the digits. UBERON:0004300 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg/200px-Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg.png terminal phalanx Terminal phalanx located at the tip of the digits. Wikipedia:Distal_phalanges middle phalanx A phalanx located between proximal and distal phalanges[CJM]. Intermediate phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones of the finger and toe which lie in the middle, between the two wrinkly joints. The thumb and big toe do not have intermediate phalanges. In most other vertebrates, they have a corresponding place in their limbs, whether they be paw, wing, hoof or fin[WP]. MA:0002915 SCTID:299710007 UBERON:0004301 intermediate phalanx A phalanx located between proximal and distal phalanges[CJM]. Intermediate phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones of the finger and toe which lie in the middle, between the two wrinkly joints. The thumb and big toe do not have intermediate phalanges. In most other vertebrates, they have a corresponding place in their limbs, whether they be paw, wing, hoof or fin[WP]. Wikipedia:Intermediate_phalanges proximal phalanx MA:0002916 Proximal-most phalanx within a digit[CJM]. Proximal phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones at the base of a toe or finger, the prominent, knobby ends of which are often called the knuckles. In other vertebrates, proximal phalanges have a similar placement in the corresponding limbs, be they paw, wing or fin. In many species, they are the longest and thickest phalanx ('finger' bone). SCTID:299708005 UBERON:0004302 Proximal-most phalanx within a digit[CJM]. Proximal phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones at the base of a toe or finger, the prominent, knobby ends of which are often called the knuckles. In other vertebrates, proximal phalanges have a similar placement in the corresponding limbs, be they paw, wing or fin. In many species, they are the longest and thickest phalanx ('finger' bone). Wikipedia:Proximal_phalanges distal phalanx of hand digit 2 2nd digit of hand distal phalanx 2nd finger distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Obol]. FMA:23946 SCTID:361784003 UBERON:0004311 distal phalanx of 2nd digit of hand distal phalanx of 2nd finger distal phalanx of index finger distal phalanx of second digit of hand distal phalanx of second finger hand digit 2 distal phalanx second distal phalanx of hand second finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 2nd finger OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 2nd digit of hand A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic 2nd digit of hand distal phalanx OBOL:automatic 2nd finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:23946 distal phalanx of second digit of hand FMA:23946 distal phalanx of index finger OBOL:automatic second finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of second finger FMA:23946 second distal phalanx of hand distal phalanx of hand digit 3 3rd digit of hand distal phalanx 3rd finger distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Obol]. FMA:23947 SCTID:361786001 UBERON:0004312 distal phalanx of 3rd digit of hand distal phalanx of 3rd finger distal phalanx of middle finger distal phalanx of third digit of hand distal phalanx of third finger hand digit 3 distal phalanx third distal phalanx of hand third finger distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:23947 distal phalanx of third digit of hand 3rd finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 3rd finger OBOL:automatic third finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 3rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of third finger 3rd digit of hand distal phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:23947 third distal phalanx of hand FMA:23947 distal phalanx of middle finger OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 distal phalanx distal phalanx of hand digit 4 4th digit of hand distal phalanx 4th finger distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Obol]. FMA:23948 SCTID:361788000 UBERON:0004313 distal phalanx of 4th digit of hand distal phalanx of 4th finger distal phalanx of fourth digit of hand distal phalanx of fourth finger distal phalanx of ring finger fourth distal phalanx of hand fourth finger distal phalanx hand digit 4 distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 4th digit of hand 4th digit of hand distal phalanx OBOL:automatic 4th finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 4th finger FMA:23948 distal phalanx of ring finger FMA:23948 fourth distal phalanx of hand OBOL:automatic fourth finger distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of fourth finger FMA:23948 distal phalanx of fourth digit of hand distal phalanx of hand digit 5 5th digit of hand distal phalanx 5th finger distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Obol]. FMA:23949 SCTID:361790004 UBERON:0004314 distal phalanx of 5th digit of hand distal phalanx of 5th finger distal phalanx of fifth digit of hand distal phalanx of fifth finger distal phalanx of little finger fifth distal phalanx of hand fifth finger distal phalanx hand digit 5 distal phalanx 5th finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic fifth finger distal phalanx FMA:23949 fifth distal phalanx of hand OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of fifth finger OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 5th finger FMA:23949 distal phalanx of little finger OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:23949 distal phalanx of fifth digit of hand OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 5th digit of hand 5th digit of hand distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of foot digit 1 A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 1 [Obol]. FMA:32627 SCTID:361799003 UBERON:0004315 distal phalanx of big toe distal phalanx of first digit of foot distal phalanx of foot digit 1 distal phalanx of great toe distal phalanx of hallux first distal phalanx of foot foot digit 1 distal phalanx hallux distal phalanx FMA:32627 first distal phalanx of foot OBOL:automatic foot digit 1 distal phalanx FMA:32627 distal phalanx of big toe A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 1 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of foot digit 1 OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of hallux FMA:32627 distal phalanx of first digit of foot OBOL:automatic hallux distal phalanx FMA:32627 distal phalanx of great toe distal phalanx of foot digit 2 2nd toe distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 2 [Obol]. FMA:32628 SCTID:361801000 UBERON:0004316 distal phalanx of 2nd toe distal phalanx of foot digit 2 distal phalanx of second digit of foot distal phalanx of second toe foot digit 2 distal phalanx second distal phalanx of foot FMA:32628 second distal phalanx of foot 2nd toe distal phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 2nd toe A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 2 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:32628 distal phalanx of second toe FMA:32628 distal phalanx of second digit of foot OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of foot digit 2 distal phalanx of foot digit 3 3rd toe distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 3 [Obol]. FMA:32629 SCTID:361803002 UBERON:0004317 distal phalanx of 3rd toe distal phalanx of foot digit 3 distal phalanx of third digit of foot distal phalanx of third toe foot digit 3 distal phalanx third distal phalanx of foot FMA:32629 distal phalanx of third digit of foot A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 3 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:32629 distal phalanx of third toe 3rd toe distal phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic foot digit 3 distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of foot digit 3 FMA:32629 third distal phalanx of foot OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 3rd toe distal phalanx of foot digit 4 4th toe distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 4 [Obol]. FMA:32630 SCTID:361805009 UBERON:0004318 distal phalanx of 4th toe distal phalanx of foot digit 4 distal phalanx of fourth digit of foot distal phalanx of fourth toe foot digit 4 distal phalanx fourth distal phalanx of foot A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 4 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:32630 fourth distal phalanx of foot FMA:32630 distal phalanx of fourth digit of foot OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of foot digit 4 FMA:32630 distal phalanx of fourth toe OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 4th toe 4th toe distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of foot digit 5 5th toe distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 5 [Obol]. FMA:32631 SCTID:10770001 UBERON:0004319 distal phalanx of 5th toe distal phalanx of fifth digit of foot distal phalanx of fifth toe distal phalanx of foot digit 5 distal phalanx of little toe fifth distal phalanx of foot foot digit 5 distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of foot digit 5 OBOL:automatic foot digit 5 distal phalanx FMA:32631 fifth distal phalanx of foot OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 5th toe FMA:32631 distal phalanx of little toe FMA:32631 distal phalanx of fifth digit of foot FMA:32631 distal phalanx of fifth toe A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 5 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic 5th toe distal phalanx OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of hand digit 2 2nd digit of hand intermediate phalanx 2nd digit of hand middle phalanx 2nd finger intermediate phalanx 2nd finger middle phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Obol]. FMA:23933 SCTID:263407002 UBERON:0004320 hand digit 2 intermediate phalanx hand digit 2 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 2nd digit of hand intermediate phalanx of 2nd finger intermediate phalanx of hand digit 2 intermediate phalanx of second finger middle phalanx of 2nd digit of hand middle phalanx of 2nd finger middle phalanx of index finger middle phalanx of second digit of hand middle phalanx of second finger second finger intermediate phalanx second finger middle phalanx second middle phalanx of hand OBOL:automatic second finger middle phalanx OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 2nd digit of hand OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of hand digit 2 2nd finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic 2nd finger middle phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:23933 middle phalanx of index finger A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 2nd digit of hand 2nd digit of hand intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:23933 second middle phalanx of hand OBOL:automatic second finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of second finger OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 2nd finger OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of second finger 2nd digit of hand middle phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 middle phalanx OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 2nd finger FMA:23933 middle phalanx of second digit of hand middle phalanx of hand digit 3 3rd digit of hand intermediate phalanx 3rd digit of hand middle phalanx 3rd finger intermediate phalanx 3rd finger middle phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Obol]. FMA:23934 SCTID:263408007 UBERON:0004321 hand digit 3 intermediate phalanx hand digit 3 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 3rd digit of hand intermediate phalanx of 3rd finger intermediate phalanx of hand digit 3 intermediate phalanx of third finger middle phalanx of 3rd digit of hand middle phalanx of 3rd finger middle phalanx of middle finger middle phalanx of third digit of hand middle phalanx of third finger third finger intermediate phalanx third finger middle phalanx third middle phalanx of hand OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 3rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 3rd finger FMA:23934 middle phalanx of third digit of hand OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of third finger OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 3rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 3rd finger 3rd finger middle phalanx OBOL:automatic 3rd digit of hand intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic 3rd finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of hand digit 3 OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 middle phalanx 3rd digit of hand middle phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:23934 third middle phalanx of hand OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of third finger OBOL:automatic third finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of middle finger OBOL:automatic third finger middle phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of hand digit 4 4th digit of hand intermediate phalanx 4th digit of hand middle phalanx 4th finger intermediate phalanx 4th finger middle phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Obol]. FMA:23935 SCTID:263409004 UBERON:0004322 fourth finger intermediate phalanx fourth finger middle phalanx fourth middle phalanx of hand hand digit 4 intermediate phalanx hand digit 4 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 4th digit of hand intermediate phalanx of 4th finger intermediate phalanx of fourth finger intermediate phalanx of hand digit 4 middle phalanx of 4th digit of hand middle phalanx of 4th finger middle phalanx of fourth digit of hand middle phalanx of fourth finger middle phalanx of ring finger A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of ring finger OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 4th digit of hand OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of fourth finger OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 4th finger OBOL:automatic fourth finger intermediate phalanx FMA:23935 middle phalanx of fourth digit of hand 4th finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic fourth finger middle phalanx 4th digit of hand middle phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 middle phalanx 4th digit of hand intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic 4th finger middle phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:23935 fourth middle phalanx of hand OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 4th finger OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of fourth finger OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of hand digit 4 OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 4th digit of hand middle phalanx of hand digit 5 5th digit of hand intermediate phalanx 5th digit of hand middle phalanx 5th finger intermediate phalanx 5th finger middle phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Obol]. FMA:23936 SCTID:263410009 UBERON:0004323 fifth finger intermediate phalanx fifth finger middle phalanx fifth middle phalanx of hand hand digit 5 intermediate phalanx hand digit 5 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 5th digit of hand intermediate phalanx of 5th finger intermediate phalanx of fifth finger intermediate phalanx of hand digit 5 middle phalanx of 5th digit of hand middle phalanx of 5th finger middle phalanx of fifth digit of hand middle phalanx of fifth finger middle phalanx of little finger OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 5th digit of hand OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 intermediate phalanx 5th finger middle phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of fifth finger OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of fifth finger FMA:23936 middle phalanx of fifth digit of hand OBOL:automatic fifth finger middle phalanx OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 middle phalanx OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 5th finger A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic 5th digit of hand middle phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 5th finger 5th finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:23936 fifth middle phalanx of hand OBOL:automatic fifth finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 5th digit of hand OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of little finger OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of hand digit 5 5th digit of hand intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of foot digit 2 2nd toe intermediate phalanx 2nd toe middle phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a foot digit 2 [Obol]. FMA:32623 SCTID:182152006 UBERON:0004324 foot digit 2 intermediate phalanx foot digit 2 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 2nd toe intermediate phalanx of foot digit 2 middle phalanx of 2nd toe middle phalanx of foot digit 2 middle phalanx of second digit of foot middle phalanx of second toe second middle phalanx of foot FMA:32623 second middle phalanx of foot OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of foot digit 2 OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of foot digit 2 OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 2nd toe 2nd toe intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 middle phalanx FMA:32623 middle phalanx of second digit of foot FMA:32623 middle phalanx of second toe A middle phalanx that is part of a foot digit 2 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic 2nd toe middle phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 2nd toe middle phalanx of foot digit 3 3rd toe intermediate phalanx 3rd toe middle phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a foot digit 3 [Obol]. FMA:32624 SCTID:182154007 UBERON:0004325 foot digit 3 intermediate phalanx foot digit 3 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 3rd toe intermediate phalanx of foot digit 3 middle phalanx of 3rd toe middle phalanx of foot digit 3 middle phalanx of third digit of foot middle phalanx of third toe third middle phalanx of foot OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 3rd toe 3rd toe intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:32624 middle phalanx of third toe OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of foot digit 3 FMA:32624 middle phalanx of third digit of foot OBOL:automatic foot digit 3 middle phalanx OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of foot digit 3 A middle phalanx that is part of a foot digit 3 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 3rd toe 3rd toe middle phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:32624 third middle phalanx of foot OBOL:automatic foot digit 3 intermediate phalanx middle phalanx of foot digit 4 4th toe intermediate phalanx 4th toe middle phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a foot digit 4 [Obol]. FMA:32625 SCTID:182156009 UBERON:0004326 foot digit 4 intermediate phalanx foot digit 4 middle phalanx fourth middle phalanx of foot intermediate phalanx of 4th toe intermediate phalanx of foot digit 4 middle phalanx of 4th toe middle phalanx of foot digit 4 middle phalanx of fourth digit of foot middle phalanx of fourth toe OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 4th toe OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of foot digit 4 OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of fourth toe OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 middle phalanx OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of foot digit 4 4th toe intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 intermediate phalanx FMA:32625 middle phalanx of fourth digit of foot FMA:32625 fourth middle phalanx of foot A middle phalanx that is part of a foot digit 4 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 4th toe 4th toe middle phalanx OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of foot digit 5 5th toe intermediate phalanx 5th toe middle phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a foot digit 5 [Obol]. FMA:230984 SCTID:182158005 UBERON:0004327 foot digit 5 intermediate phalanx foot digit 5 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 5th toe intermediate phalanx of foot digit 5 middle phalanx of 5th toe middle phalanx of foot digit 5 middle phalanx of little toe 5th toe intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of little toe OBOL:automatic foot digit 5 middle phalanx OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of foot digit 5 OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of foot digit 5 5th toe middle phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic foot digit 5 intermediate phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a foot digit 5 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 5th toe OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 5th toe proximal phalanx of hand digit 2 2nd digit of hand proximal phalanx 2nd finger proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Obol]. FMA:23919 SCTID:263403003 UBERON:0004328 hand digit 2 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of 2nd digit of hand proximal phalanx of 2nd finger proximal phalanx of index finger proximal phalanx of second digit of hand proximal phalanx of second finger second finger proximal phalanx second proximal phalanx of hand 2nd finger proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic 2nd digit of hand proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of second finger FMA:23919 second proximal phalanx of hand FMA:23919 proximal phalanx of index finger OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 2nd finger OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 2nd digit of hand A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic second finger proximal phalanx FMA:23919 proximal phalanx of second digit of hand proximal phalanx of hand digit 3 3rd digit of hand proximal phalanx 3rd finger proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Obol]. FMA:23920 SCTID:263404009 UBERON:0004329 hand digit 3 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of 3rd digit of hand proximal phalanx of 3rd finger proximal phalanx of middle finger proximal phalanx of third digit of hand proximal phalanx of third finger third finger proximal phalanx third proximal phalanx of hand OBOL:automatic third finger proximal phalanx 3rd digit of hand proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:23920 proximal phalanx of middle finger 3rd finger proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 3rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 3rd finger FMA:23920 proximal phalanx of third digit of hand FMA:23920 third proximal phalanx of hand OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of third finger proximal phalanx of hand digit 4 4th digit of hand proximal phalanx 4th finger proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Obol]. FMA:23921 SCTID:263405005 UBERON:0004330 fourth finger proximal phalanx fourth proximal phalanx of hand hand digit 4 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of 4th digit of hand proximal phalanx of 4th finger proximal phalanx of fourth digit of hand proximal phalanx of fourth finger proximal phalanx of ring finger OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 4th finger A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic 4th finger proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:23921 fourth proximal phalanx of hand FMA:23921 proximal phalanx of ring finger OBOL:automatic fourth finger proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of fourth finger OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 4th digit of hand 4th digit of hand proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:23921 proximal phalanx of fourth digit of hand proximal phalanx of hand digit 5 5th digit of hand proximal phalanx 5th finger proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Obol]. FMA:23922 SCTID:263406006 UBERON:0004331 fifth finger proximal phalanx fifth proximal phalanx of hand hand digit 5 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of 5th digit of hand proximal phalanx of 5th finger proximal phalanx of fifth digit of hand proximal phalanx of fifth finger proximal phalanx of little finger 5th digit of hand proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:23922 proximal phalanx of fifth digit of hand 5th finger proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of fifth finger OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 5th finger OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 5th digit of hand OBOL:automatic fifth finger proximal phalanx FMA:23922 fifth proximal phalanx of hand FMA:23922 proximal phalanx of little finger proximal phalanx of foot digit 1 A proximal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 1 [Obol]. FMA:43252 SCTID:182150003 UBERON:0004332 foot digit 1 proximal phalanx hallux proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of big toe proximal phalanx of foot digit 1 proximal phalanx of great toe proximal phalanx of hallux A proximal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 1 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:43252 proximal phalanx of big toe OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of foot digit 1 OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of hallux OBOL:automatic hallux proximal phalanx FMA:43252 proximal phalanx of great toe OBOL:automatic foot digit 1 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of foot digit 2 2nd toe proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 2 [Obol]. FMA:32618 SCTID:182151004 UBERON:0004333 foot digit 2 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of 2nd toe proximal phalanx of foot digit 2 proximal phalanx of second digit of foot proximal phalanx of second toe second proximal phalanx of foot OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 2 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of foot digit 2 OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 2nd toe FMA:32618 proximal phalanx of second digit of foot FMA:32618 second proximal phalanx of foot FMA:32618 proximal phalanx of second toe 2nd toe proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of foot digit 3 3rd toe proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 3 [Obol]. FMA:32619 SCTID:182153001 UBERON:0004334 foot digit 3 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of 3rd toe proximal phalanx of foot digit 3 proximal phalanx of third digit of foot proximal phalanx of third toe third proximal phalanx of foot FMA:32619 third proximal phalanx of foot OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 3rd toe OBOL:automatic foot digit 3 proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 3 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:32619 proximal phalanx of third digit of foot OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of foot digit 3 FMA:32619 proximal phalanx of third toe 3rd toe proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of foot digit 4 4th toe proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 4 [Obol]. FMA:32620 SCTID:182155008 UBERON:0004335 foot digit 4 proximal phalanx fourth proximal phalanx of foot proximal phalanx of 4th toe proximal phalanx of foot digit 4 proximal phalanx of fourth digit of foot proximal phalanx of fourth toe FMA:32620 proximal phalanx of fourth digit of foot 4th toe proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 4th toe A proximal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 4 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of foot digit 4 FMA:32620 fourth proximal phalanx of foot FMA:32620 proximal phalanx of fourth toe OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of foot digit 5 5th toe proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 5 [Obol]. FMA:32621 SCTID:182157000 UBERON:0004336 fifth proximal phalanx of foot foot digit 5 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of 5th toe proximal phalanx of fifth digit of foot proximal phalanx of fifth toe proximal phalanx of foot digit 5 proximal phalanx of little toe 5th toe proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:32621 fifth proximal phalanx of foot OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of little toe FMA:32621 proximal phalanx of fifth toe OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 5th toe OBOL:automatic foot digit 5 proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of foot digit 5 A proximal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 5 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:32621 proximal phalanx of fifth digit of foot distal phalanx of hand digit 1 A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 1 [Obol]. FMA:23945 SCTID:182007006 UBERON:0004337 distal phalanx of first digit of hand distal phalanx of thumb first distal phalanx of hand thumb distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of thumb OBOL:automatic thumb distal phalanx FMA:23945 first distal phalanx of hand FMA:23945 distal phalanx of first digit of hand A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 1 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of hand digit 1 A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 1 [Obol]. FMA:23918 SCTID:181992006 UBERON:0004338 first proximal phalanx of hand proximal phalanx of first digit of hand proximal phalanx of thumb thumb proximal OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of thumb FMA:23918 proximal phalanx of first digit of hand FMA:23918 first proximal phalanx of hand OBOL:automatic thumb proximal A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 1 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic calvaria EHDAA2:0002167 EHDAA:9538 EMAPA:18016 FMA:52800 OG:0000331 SCTID:140592008 UBERON:0004339 calva calvaria part_of neurocranium in FMA, but no definition. MP class now merged. Gray's Anatomy's list includes the Ethmoid and Sphenoid bone in the Calvaria. Some books state that calvaria consists of just the frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone, and occipital bone. Note vault may not be precisely equivalent to calvaria the upper domelike portion of the skull[MP]. the upper part of the cranium and surrounds the cranial cavity containing the brain. It is formed from frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones. vault of skull EHDAA2:0002167 vault of skull MP:0000076 Wikipedia:Calvaria_(skull) the upper domelike portion of the skull[MP]. the upper part of the cranium and surrounds the cranial cavity containing the brain. It is formed from frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones. FMA:52800 calva allantois Allantois (plural allantoides or allantoises) is a part of a developing animal conceptus (which consists of all embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues). It helps the embryo exchange gases and handle liquid waste. The allantois, along with the amnion and chorion (other embryonic membranes), identify humans as amniotes, along with reptiles, dinosaurs, birds, and other mammals. Of the vertebrates, only Ichthyopsidas lack this structure. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0000474 EHDAA2:0000114 EMAPA:16107 EMAPA:28547 MESH:A.16.254.403.147 OG:0000738 SCTID:308825007 UBERON:0004340 a diverticulum of the hindgut endoderm [ISBN10:0073040584 "Vertebrates, Kardong"] ncithesaurus:Allantois ISBN10:0073040584 ISBN10:0073040584 Allantois (plural allantoides or allantoises) is a part of a developing animal conceptus (which consists of all embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues). It helps the embryo exchange gases and handle liquid waste. The allantois, along with the amnion and chorion (other embryonic membranes), identify humans as amniotes, along with reptiles, dinosaurs, birds, and other mammals. Of the vertebrates, only Ichthyopsidas lack this structure. [WP,unvetted]. MP:0001726 Wikipedia:Allantois primitive streak EHDAA2:0001525 EHDAA:185 EMAPA:16072 OG:0001202 SCTID:361438007 TODO - check The primitive streak is a structure that forms during the early stages of avian, reptilian and mammalian embryonic development[WP]. the midline ridge of the embryonic epiblast that later develops into mesoderm and endoderm[MP] UBERON:0004341 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gray13.png/200px-Gray13.png ncithesaurus:Primitive_Streak MP:0002231 The primitive streak is a structure that forms during the early stages of avian, reptilian and mammalian embryonic development[WP]. the midline ridge of the embryonic epiblast that later develops into mesoderm and endoderm[MP] Wikipedia:Primitive_streak foot plate UBERON:0004343 autopod plate ncithesaurus:Foot_Plate the distal elements of the developing limb of vertebrates that will give rise to the pedal appendages (e.g. hand, foot, paw) MP:0004576 the distal elements of the developing limb of vertebrates that will give rise to the pedal appendages (e.g. hand, foot, paw) cardinal vein AAO:0011022 BTO:0004385 EHDAA2:0000213 EHDAA:1310 EMAPA:16354 OG:0001197 SCTID:362860004 UBERON:0004344 XAO:0000052 any of the four veins in the developing vertebrate embryo which run along each side of the vertebral column ncithesaurus:Cardinal_Vein MP:0004783 any of the four veins in the developing vertebrate embryo which run along each side of the vertebral column trophectoderm BTO:0001840 EHDAA2:0002091 EHDAA:56 EMAPA:16046 OG:0000979 UBERON:0004345 outermost layer of cells in the blastodermic vesicle, which will develop into the trophoblast layer and then contact the endometrium and take part in establishing the embryo's means of nutrition EHDAA2 MP:0005028 outermost layer of cells in the blastodermic vesicle, which will develop into the trophoblast layer and then contact the endometrium and take part in establishing the embryo's means of nutrition gubernaculum Hunter's gubernaculum UBERON:0000452 UBERON:0004346 UBERON:BTO_0002813-FMA_20421 WP def is male/female, split term? EMAP is male-specific. vestigial adult in FMA. TODO caudal suspensory ligament embryonic structures which begin as undifferentiated mesenchyme attaching to the caudal end of the gonads. The gubernaculum is present only during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs, being replaced by distinct vestiges in males and females[WP]. Enitoinguinal ligaments that, in the male, connect the fetal testis to the developing scrotum, and, in the female, connect the ovaries to the uterus[MP] gubernaculum testis ncithesaurus:Gubernaculum_Testis MP:0005149 Wikipedia:Gubernaculum embryonic structures which begin as undifferentiated mesenchyme attaching to the caudal end of the gonads. The gubernaculum is present only during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs, being replaced by distinct vestiges in males and females[WP]. Enitoinguinal ligaments that, in the male, connect the fetal testis to the developing scrotum, and, in the female, connect the ovaries to the uterus[MP] Wikipedia EMAPA:19089 caudal suspensory ligament FMA Wikipedia BTO BTO:0002813 Hunter's gubernaculum limb bud AAO:0010375 BTO:0001640 GAID:1307 MESH:A.16.254.462 UBERON:0004347 XAO:0003161 induced_by Fgf10, capable of initiating limb forming interactions between endoderm and mesoderm limb buds limbbud ncithesaurus:Limb_Bud the mesenchymal outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into the limbs[MP]. ISBN:9780878932504 MP:0005650 Wikipedia:Limb_bud the mesenchymal outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into the limbs[MP]. GO:0060174 limbbud limb buds optic eminence EHDAA2:0001308 EHDAA:938 EMAPA:16322 EMAPA:17003 OG:0001296 UBERON:0004348 the embryonic structure that gives rise to the corneal ectoderm MP:0006305 the embryonic structure that gives rise to the corneal ectoderm female inguinal canal An inguinal canal that is part of a female organism. Conveys the round ligament + the ilioinguinal nerve.[WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:19171 UBERON:0004353 An inguinal canal that is part of a female organism. Conveys the round ligament + the ilioinguinal nerve.[WP,unvetted]. MP:0008015 Wikipedia:Inguinal_canal#Contents male inguinal canal An inguinal canal that is part of a male organism. Conveys the spermatic cord and its coverings + the ilioinguinal nerve.[WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:26913 UBERON:0004354 An inguinal canal that is part of a male organism. Conveys the spermatic cord and its coverings + the ilioinguinal nerve.[WP,unvetted]. MP:0008016 Wikipedia:Inguinal_canal#Contents podocyte foot process TODO - submit to GO UBERON:0004355 the footlike extension of podocytes that interdigitate with one another to form the walls of the glomerular capillaries MP:0008059 the footlike extension of podocytes that interdigitate with one another to form the walls of the glomerular capillaries apical ectodermal ridge AAO:0010760 AER Functions: maintaining mesenchyme in plastic proliferating state; maintaining expression of A-P axis genes; interacting with D-V proteins. Genes: AER induced by Fgf10 in mesenchyme. AER secretes Fgf8, which stimulates mitosis in the mesenchyme causing Fgf10 production - positive feedback loop UBERON:0004356 XAO:0004121 ZFA:0001702 multilayered ectodermal region at the distal tip of a limb bud necessary for the proper development of the underlying mesenchyme[MP]. Along with the zone of polarizing activity, it is a crucial organizing region during limb development[WP]. ncithesaurus:Apical_Ectodermal_Ridge AER MP:0001676 MP:0001676 Wikipedia:Apical_ectodermal_ridge multilayered ectodermal region at the distal tip of a limb bud necessary for the proper development of the underlying mesenchyme[MP]. Along with the zone of polarizing activity, it is a crucial organizing region during limb development[WP]. limb/fin bud Genes: In limb buds of chick and mouse, Shh expression is activated as soon as there is a morphological bud, whereas in S. canicula fin buds, consistent with reported data in other cartilaginous fishes, Shh is transcribed late in fin development[PMID:17187056] OG:0001258 UBERON:0004357 caput epididymis BTO:0000336 EMAPA:19291 FMA:18259 MA:0002762 SCTID:362282002 UBERON:0004358 caput caput epididymidis epididymal head epididymis head epidymis head head of epididymis head of epidymis ncithesaurus:Head_of_the_Epididymis the head of the epididymis FMA:18259 epididymis head MP:0002660 caput BTO:0000336 caput epididymidis FMA:18259 head of epididymis FMA:18259 epidymis head MP:0002660 the head of the epididymis FMA:18259 epididymal head corpus epididymis BTO:0000209 EMAPA:19293 FMA:18260 MA:0002764 SCTID:279620001 UBERON:0004359 body of epididymis body of epididymis body of epidymis corpus epididymidis epididymal body epididymis body epidymis body ncithesaurus:Body_of_the_Epididymis the body of the epididymis FMA:18260 body of epididymis BTO:0000209 corpus epididymidis FMA:18260 body of epididymis FMA:18260 epididymal body MP:0002661 the body of the epididymis FMA:18260 epididymis body cauda epididymis BTO:0000210 EMAPA:19292 FMA:18261 MA:0002763 SCTID:279621002 UBERON:0004360 cauda epididymidis corpus epididymal cauda epididymal tail epididymis tail epidymis tail ncithesaurus:Tail_of_the_Epididymis tail of epididymis tail of epididymis tail of epidymis the tail of the epididymis FMA:18261 epididymis tail MP:0002662 corpus MP:0002662 the tail of the epididymis FMA:18261 tail of epididymis FMA:18261 epididymal tail BTO:0000210 epididymal cauda FMA:18261 tail of epididymis BTO:0000210 cauda epididymidis stylohyoid ligament FMA:72308 MA:0002957 SCTID:66275001 UBERON:0004361 stylo-hyoid ligament the fibrous cord that connects the tip of the styloid process of the temporal bone to the lesser horn of the hyoid bone FMA MA:0002957 stylo-hyoid ligament MP:0009918 the fibrous cord that connects the tip of the styloid process of the temporal bone to the lesser horn of the hyoid bone mandibular arch 1st arch 1st pharyngeal arch AAO:0010364 EHDAA2:0000006 EHDAA:573 EMAPA:16118 First of six branchial arches that develops in fetal life during the fourth week of development.[1] It is located between the stomodeum and the first pharyngeal groove. OG:0000296 SCTID:308767008 TODO - check comparative anatomy. In XAO, develops_from visceral pouch 1 UBERON:0004362 XAO:0000097 ZFA:0001612 branchial arch 1 first branchial arch first pharyngeal arch first visceral arch http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gray48.png/200px-Gray48.png ncithesaurus:First_Pharyngeal_Arch pharyngeal arch 1 visceral arch 1 branchial arch 1 1st arch EHDAA2:0000006 first branchial arch visceral arch 1 First of six branchial arches that develops in fetal life during the fourth week of development.[1] It is located between the stomodeum and the first pharyngeal groove. Wikipedia:First_branchial_arch first visceral arch aortic arch AAO:0010414 Do not confuse with arch of aorta EFO:0003695 EHDAA2:0000132 EHDAA2:0000186 EHDAA:398 EHDAA:7327 EMAPA:16684 OG:0000122 UBERON:0004342 UBERON:0004363 UBERON:FMA_3768-MA_0000475-MIAA_0000059 XAO:0000341 ZFA:0005004 aortic arches branchial aortic arches branchial arch artery embryonic aortic arch artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Gray473.png/200px-Gray473.png ncithesaurus:Aortic_Arch one of a series of six paired embryological vascular structures which give rise to several major arteries. ZFA:0005004 aortic arches EMAPA:16684 branchial arch artery ZFA ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-080512-6 branchial aortic arches ZFA EMAPA:16684 MP:0002672 embryonic aortic arch artery MP:0002672 Wikipedia:Aortic_arches one of a series of six paired embryological vascular structures which give rise to several major arteries. ectoplacental cone BTO:0001715 EMAPA:16059 UBERON:0004364 thickened trophoblast of the blastocyst in rodents that becomes the fetal portion of the placenta MP:0001717 thickened trophoblast of the blastocyst in rodents that becomes the fetal portion of the placenta vitelline blood vessel UBERON:0004365 blood vesself of the yolk sac. MP:0001719 blood vesself of the yolk sac. extraembryonic ectoderm EMAPA:16065 EMAPA:16077 EMAPA:16110 UBERON:0004366 layer of the endoderm of the extraembryonic tissue. MP:0002583 layer of the endoderm of the extraembryonic tissue. Descemet's membrane Descemet membrane Descemet's posterior elastic lamina EMAPA:18804 FMA:58309 GAID:894 MA:0001246 MESH:A.09.371.060.217.271 SCTID:281076002 UBERON:0004367 ZFA:0001686 lamina limitans posterior ncithesaurus:Descemet_s_Membrane posterior limiting lamina posterior limiting lamina posterior limiting lamina of cornea posterior limiting lamina of cornea transparent homogeneous acellular layer found between the substantia propria and the endothelial layer of the cornea[MP]. The strong, resistant, thin, noncellular fourth layer of the cornea, located between the endothelium (from which it is secreted) and the stroma. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed). FMA:58309 lamina limitans posterior MA:0001246 posterior limiting lamina MA:0001246 posterior limiting lamina MP:0004285 transparent homogeneous acellular layer found between the substantia propria and the endothelial layer of the cornea[MP]. The strong, resistant, thin, noncellular fourth layer of the cornea, located between the endothelium (from which it is secreted) and the stroma. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed). FMA:58309 posterior limiting lamina of cornea Descemet's posterior elastic lamina FMA:58309 FMA:58309 posterior limiting lamina of cornea Reichert's cartilage EMAPA:17351 EMAPA:17622 Reichert cartilage UBERON:0004368 cartilage found in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo, from which develop the stapes, the styloid processes, the stylohyoid ligaments, and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone. hyaloid cartilage second pharyngeal arch cartilage MP:0004916 second pharyngeal arch cartilage MP:0004916 cartilage found in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo, from which develop the stapes, the styloid processes, the stylohyoid ligaments, and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone. MP:0004916 hyaloid cartilage Reichert's membrane EMAPA:16057 UBERON:0004369 a thick multilayered basement membrane between the parietal endoderm cells and the trophoblast cells DOI:10.1007/BF00184752 a thick multilayered basement membrane between the parietal endoderm cells and the trophoblast cells anterior limiting lamina of cornea Bowman's anterior elastic lamina Bowman's layer Bowman's membrane EMAPA:16057 FMA:58273 MA:0001240 Reichert's membrane SCTID:281075003 UBERON:0004370 ZFA:0001684 anterior limiting lamina anterior limiting lamina of cornea lamina limitans anterior (cornea) ncithesaurus:Bowman_s_Membrane Bowman's anterior elastic lamina FMA:58273 FMA:58273 anterior limiting lamina of cornea Bowman's membrane FMA:58273 Reichert's membrane http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=2956371&group_id=76834&atid=974957 MA:0001240 anterior limiting lamina FMA:58273 lamina limitans anterior (cornea) Bowman's layer FMA:58273 vitelline vasculature UBERON:0004374 vasculature of the yolk sac. MP:0001719 vasculature of the yolk sac. bone of appendage A bone that is part of an appendage [Obol]. UBERON:0004375 appendage bone A bone that is part of an appendage [Obol]. OBOL:automatic fin bone A bone that is part of a fin [Obol]. UBERON:0004376 bone of fin A bone that is part of a fin [Obol]. OBOL:automatic distal metaphysis FMA:32824 UBERON:0004377 distal diaphyseal end of long bone FMA:32824 distal diaphyseal end of long bone proximal metaphysis FMA:32823 UBERON:0004378 proximal diaphyseal end of long bone FMA:32823 proximal diaphyseal end of long bone distal epiphysis FMA:32822 SCTID:279999006 UBERON:0004379 distal end of long bone FMA:32822 distal end of long bone proximal epiphysis FMA:32821 SCTID:279998003 UBERON:0004380 proximal end of long bone FMA:32821 proximal end of long bone skeleton of limb A subdivision of skeletal system that is part of a limb [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002221 UBERON:0004381 limb skeleton set of bones of limb A subdivision of skeletal system that is part of a limb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic ISBN:9780878932504 epiphysis of humerus An epiphysis that is part of a humerus [Obol]. FMA:32825 SCTID:313054009 UBERON:0004382 humeral epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a humerus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic humeral epiphysis epiphysis of tibia An epiphysis that is part of a tibia [Obol]. FMA:33112 SCTID:314626006 UBERON:0004383 tibial epiphysis FMA:33112 tibial epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a tibia [Obol]. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of femur An epiphysis that is part of a femur [Obol]. FMA:32838 SCTID:314625005 UBERON:0004384 femoral epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a femur [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:32838 femoral epiphysis epiphysis of radius An epiphysis that is part of a radius [Obol]. FMA:33770 SCTID:313055005 UBERON:0004385 radial epiphysis FMA:33770 radial epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a radius [Obol]. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of ulna An epiphysis that is part of a ulna [Obol]. FMA:33748 SCTID:313056006 UBERON:0004386 ulnar epiphysis FMA:33748 ulnar epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a ulna [Obol]. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of phalanx of finger An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of finger [Obol]. FMA:240707 SCTID:314620000 UBERON:0004387 An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of finger [Obol]. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of fibula An epiphysis that is part of a fibula [Obol]. FMA:33726 UBERON:0004388 fibula epiphysis FMA:33726 fibula epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a fibula [Obol]. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of metatarsal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone [Obol]. FMA:33814 UBERON:0004389 metatarsal bone epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33814 metatarsal bone epiphysis epiphysis of metacarpal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone [Obol]. FMA:33792 UBERON:0004390 metacarpal bone epiphysis FMA:33792 metacarpal bone epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone [Obol]. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of first metacarpal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 1 [Obol]. FMA:33793 UBERON:0004391 first metacarpal bone epiphysis FMA:33793 first metacarpal bone epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 1 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of second metacarpal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 [Obol]. FMA:33794 UBERON:0004392 second metacarpal bone epiphysis FMA:33794 second metacarpal bone epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of third metacarpal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 [Obol]. FMA:86328 UBERON:0004393 third metacarpal bone epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:86328 third metacarpal bone epiphysis epiphysis of fourth metacarpal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 [Obol]. FMA:86329 UBERON:0004394 fourth metacarpal bone epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:86329 fourth metacarpal bone epiphysis epiphysis of first metatarsal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 1 [Obol]. FMA:33815 UBERON:0004395 first metatarsal bone epiphysis FMA:33815 first metatarsal bone epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 1 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of second metatarsal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 [Obol]. FMA:33816 UBERON:0004396 second metatarsal bone epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33816 second metatarsal bone epiphysis epiphysis of third metatarsal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 [Obol]. FMA:86313 UBERON:0004397 third metatarsal bone epiphysis FMA:86313 third metatarsal bone epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of fourth metatarsal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 [Obol]. FMA:86314 UBERON:0004398 fourth metatarsal bone epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:86314 fourth metatarsal bone epiphysis epiphysis of fifth metatarsal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 5 [Obol]. FMA:86315 UBERON:0004399 fifth metatarsal bone epiphysis FMA:86315 fifth metatarsal bone epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 5 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic bone tissue of epiphysis A portion of bone tissue that is part of a epiphysis [Obol]. FMA:241364 UBERON:0004400 A portion of bone tissue that is part of a epiphysis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic bone tissue of distal epiphysis A portion of bone tissue that is part of a distal epiphysis [Obol]. FMA:241374 UBERON:0004401 A portion of bone tissue that is part of a distal epiphysis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic bone tissue of proximal epiphysis A portion of bone tissue that is part of a proximal epiphysis [Obol]. FMA:241372 UBERON:0004402 A portion of bone tissue that is part of a proximal epiphysis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic periosteum of epiphysis A periosteum that is part of a epiphysis [Obol]. FMA:32687 UBERON:0004403 epiphysis periosteum A periosteum that is part of a epiphysis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:32687 epiphysis periosteum distal epiphysis of humerus A distal epiphysis that is part of a humerus [Obol]. FMA:32826 SCTID:310655007 UBERON:0004404 distal end of humerus lower end of humerus FMA:32826 distal end of humerus A distal epiphysis that is part of a humerus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:32826 lower end of humerus distal epiphysis of tibia A distal epiphysis that is part of a tibia [Obol]. FMA:33116 SCTID:302527001 UBERON:0004405 distal end of tibia lower end of tibia FMA:33116 distal end of tibia A distal epiphysis that is part of a tibia [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33116 lower end of tibia distal epiphysis of femur A distal epiphysis that is part of a femur [Obol]. FMA:32844 SCTID:280016000 UBERON:0004406 distal femoral epiphysis OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm distal femoral epiphysis A distal epiphysis that is part of a femur [Obol]. OBOL:automatic distal epiphysis of radius A distal epiphysis that is part of a radius [Obol]. FMA:33776 SCTID:280013008 UBERON:0004407 distal end of radius lower end of radius FMA:33776 lower end of radius A distal epiphysis that is part of a radius [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33776 distal end of radius distal epiphysis of ulna A distal epiphysis that is part of a ulna [Obol]. FMA:33754 SCTID:302521000 UBERON:0004408 distal end of ulna lower end of ulna FMA:33754 distal end of ulna A distal epiphysis that is part of a ulna [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33754 lower end of ulna distal epiphysis of phalanx of finger A distal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of finger [Obol]. FMA:226577 SCTID:280046002 UBERON:0004409 A distal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of finger [Obol]. OBOL:automatic distal epiphysis of fibula A distal epiphysis that is part of a fibula [Obol]. FMA:33732 SCTID:129111008 UBERON:0004410 distal end of fibula lower end of fibula A distal epiphysis that is part of a fibula [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33732 distal end of fibula FMA:33732 lower end of fibula proximal epiphysis of humerus FMA:23362 SCTID:280028008 The upper extremity of the humerus (proximal humerus) consists of a large rounded head joined to the body by a constricted portion called the neck, and two eminences, the greater and lesser tubercles. UBERON:0004411 head of the humerus humeral head ncithesaurus:Head_of_the_Humerus proximal end of humerus proximal humeral epiphysis proximal humerus upper end of humerus FMA:23362 upper end of humerus The upper extremity of the humerus (proximal humerus) consists of a large rounded head joined to the body by a constricted portion called the neck, and two eminences, the greater and lesser tubercles. Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_humerus Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_humerus head of the humerus OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm proximal humeral epiphysis Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_humerus humeral head FMA:23362 proximal end of humerus Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_humerus proximal humerus proximal epiphysis of femur A proximal epiphysis that is part of a femur [Obol]. FMA:32841 SCTID:244702009 UBERON:0004412 proximal femoral epiphysis A proximal epiphysis that is part of a femur [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm proximal femoral epiphysis proximal epiphysis of radius A proximal epiphysis that is part of a radius [Obol]. FMA:39780 SCTID:280029000 UBERON:0004413 proximal end of radius proximal radial epiphysis upper end of radius OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm proximal radial epiphysis FMA:39780 proximal end of radius FMA:39780 upper end of radius A proximal epiphysis that is part of a radius [Obol]. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of phalanx of finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of finger [Obol]. FMA:226482 SCTID:272704004 UBERON:0004414 basal epiphysis of phalanx of finger base of phalanx of finger basis phalangis manus A proximal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of finger [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:226482 FMA:TA basis phalangis manus FMA:226482 base of phalanx of finger FMA:226482 basal epiphysis of phalanx of finger proximal epiphysis of metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone [Obol]. FMA:33817 SCTID:119545008 UBERON:0004415 base of metatarsal bone basis ossis metatarsi proximal end of metatarsal bone upper end of metatarsal bone FMA:33817 base of metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33817 FMA:TA basis ossis metatarsi FMA:33817 upper end of metatarsal bone FMA:33817 proximal end of metatarsal bone proximal epiphysis of metacarpal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone [Obol]. FMA:33795 SCTID:272695001 UBERON:0004416 base of metacarpal bone basis ossis metacarpi metacarpal bone base proximal end of metacarpal bone upper end of metacarpal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33795 FMA:TA basis ossis metacarpi FMA:33795 base of metacarpal bone FMA:33795 proximal end of metacarpal bone FMA:33795 metacarpal bone base FMA:33795 upper end of metacarpal bone proximal epiphysis of phalanx of thumb A proximal epiphysis that is part of a hand digit 1 phalanx [Obol]. FMA:37489 SCTID:272700008 UBERON:0004417 basal epiphysis of phalanx of thumb base of phalanx of first digit of hand base of phalanx of thumb FMA:37489 basal epiphysis of phalanx of thumb FMA:37489 base of phalanx of first digit of hand FMA:37489 base of phalanx of thumb A proximal epiphysis that is part of a hand digit 1 phalanx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of phalanx of index finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a hand digit 2 phalanx [Obol]. FMA:37498 SCTID:368307004 UBERON:0004418 basal epiphysis of phalanx of index finger base of phalanx of index finger base of phalanx of second digit of hand base of phalanx of second finger FMA:37498 base of phalanx of second digit of hand FMA:37498 base of phalanx of index finger FMA:37498 basal epiphysis of phalanx of index finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a hand digit 2 phalanx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37498 base of phalanx of second finger proximal epiphysis of phalanx of middle finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a hand digit 3 phalanx [Obol]. FMA:37510 SCTID:181997000 UBERON:0004419 basal epiphysis of phalanx of middle finger base of phalanx of middle finger base of phalanx of third digit of hand base of phalanx of third finger FMA:37510 basal epiphysis of phalanx of middle finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a hand digit 3 phalanx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37510 base of phalanx of third finger FMA:37510 base of phalanx of middle finger FMA:37510 base of phalanx of third digit of hand proximal epiphysis of phalanx of ring finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a hand digit 4 phalanx [Obol]. FMA:37522 SCTID:368337008 UBERON:0004420 basal epiphysis of phalanx of ring finger base of phalanx of fourth digit of hand base of phalanx of fourth finger base of phalanx of ring finger FMA:37522 base of phalanx of fourth finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a hand digit 4 phalanx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37522 base of phalanx of fourth digit of hand FMA:37522 basal epiphysis of phalanx of ring finger FMA:37522 base of phalanx of ring finger proximal epiphysis of phalanx of little finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a hand digit 5 phalanx [Obol]. FMA:37534 SCTID:368351008 UBERON:0004421 basal epiphysis of phalanx of fifth finger basal epiphysis of phalanx of little finger base of phalanx of fifth digit of hand base of phalanx of fifth finger base of phalanx of little finger FMA:37534 base of phalanx of little finger FMA:37534 basal epiphysis of phalanx of little finger FMA:37534 base of phalanx of fifth digit of hand A proximal epiphysis that is part of a hand digit 5 phalanx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37534 base of phalanx of fifth finger FMA:37534 basal epiphysis of phalanx of fifth finger proximal epiphysis of first metacarpal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 1 [Obol]. FMA:42788 SCTID:181978000 UBERON:0004422 base of first metacarpal bone first metacarpal bone base A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 1 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:42788 first metacarpal bone base FMA:42788 base of first metacarpal bone proximal epiphysis of second metacarpal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 [Obol]. FMA:42791 SCTID:263461004 UBERON:0004423 base of second metacarpal bone proximal end of second metacarpal bone second metacarpal bone base A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:42791 second metacarpal bone base FMA:42791 base of second metacarpal bone FMA:42791 proximal end of second metacarpal bone proximal epiphysis of third metacarpal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 [Obol]. FMA:42794 SCTID:263465008 UBERON:0004424 base of third metacarpal bone proximal end of third metacarpal bone third metacarpal bone base FMA:42794 third metacarpal bone base A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:42794 base of third metacarpal bone FMA:42794 proximal end of third metacarpal bone proximal epiphysis of fourth metacarpal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 [Obol]. FMA:42797 SCTID:263469002 UBERON:0004425 base of fourth metacarpal bone fourth metacarpal bone base proximal end of fourth metacarpal bone FMA:42797 base of fourth metacarpal bone FMA:42797 proximal end of fourth metacarpal bone FMA:42797 fourth metacarpal bone base A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of fifth metacarpal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 5 [Obol]. FMA:42800 SCTID:263473004 UBERON:0004426 base of fifth metacarpal bone fifth metacarpal bone base proximal end of fifth metacarpal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 5 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:42800 proximal end of fifth metacarpal bone FMA:42800 fifth metacarpal bone base FMA:42800 base of fifth metacarpal bone proximal epiphysis of first metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 1 [Obol]. FMA:42963 SCTID:182124002 UBERON:0004427 base of first metatarsal bone proximal end of first metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 1 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:42963 base of first metatarsal bone FMA:42963 proximal end of first metatarsal bone proximal epiphysis of second metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 [Obol]. FMA:42964 SCTID:182130002 UBERON:0004428 base of second metatarsal bone proximal end of second metatarsal bone FMA:42964 base of second metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:42964 proximal end of second metatarsal bone proximal epiphysis of third metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 [Obol]. FMA:42965 SCTID:182135007 UBERON:0004429 base of third metatarsal bone proximal end of third metatarsal bone FMA:42965 proximal end of third metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:42965 base of third metatarsal bone proximal epiphysis of fourth metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 [Obol]. FMA:42966 SCTID:182140004 UBERON:0004430 base of fourth metatarsal bone proximal end of fourth metatarsal bone FMA:42966 proximal end of fourth metatarsal bone FMA:42966 base of fourth metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of fifth metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 5 [Obol]. FMA:42967 SCTID:182145009 UBERON:0004431 base of fifth metatarsal bone proximal end of fifth metatarsal bone FMA:42967 proximal end of fifth metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 5 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:42967 base of fifth metatarsal bone proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of index finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of hand digit 2 [Obol]. FMA:37505 SCTID:263445001 UBERON:0004432 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of index finger base of distal phalanx of index finger base of distal phalanx of second digit of hand base of distal phalanx of second finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of hand digit 2 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37505 base of distal phalanx of second digit of hand FMA:37505 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of index finger FMA:37505 base of distal phalanx of second finger FMA:37505 base of distal phalanx of index finger proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of middle finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of hand digit 3 [Obol]. FMA:37517 SCTID:263446000 UBERON:0004433 base of distal phalanx of middle finger base of distal phalanx of third digit of hand base of distal phalanx of third finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of hand digit 3 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37517 base of distal phalanx of third finger FMA:37517 base of distal phalanx of middle finger FMA:37517 base of distal phalanx of third digit of hand proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of ring finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of hand digit 4 [Obol]. FMA:37529 SCTID:263447009 UBERON:0004434 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of fourth finger basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of ring finger base of distal phalanx of fourth digit of hand base of distal phalanx of fourth finger base of distal phalanx of ring finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of hand digit 4 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37529 base of distal phalanx of ring finger FMA:37529 base of distal phalanx of fourth digit of hand FMA:37529 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of fourth finger FMA:37529 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of ring finger FMA:37529 base of distal phalanx of fourth finger proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of little finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of hand digit 5 [Obol]. FMA:37541 SCTID:263448004 UBERON:0004435 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of fifth finger basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of little finger base of distal phalanx of fifth digit of hand base of distal phalanx of fifth finger base of distal phalanx of little finger FMA:37541 base of distal phalanx of fifth digit of hand FMA:37541 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of fifth finger FMA:37541 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of little finger FMA:37541 base of distal phalanx of fifth finger FMA:37541 base of distal phalanx of little finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of hand digit 5 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of index finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of hand digit 2 [Obol]. FMA:37502 SCTID:263428006 UBERON:0004436 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of index finger base of middle phalanx of index finger base of middle phalanx of second digit of hand base of middle phalanx of second finger FMA:37502 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of index finger FMA:37502 base of middle phalanx of index finger FMA:37502 base of middle phalanx of second digit of hand FMA:37502 base of middle phalanx of second finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of hand digit 2 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of middle finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of hand digit 3 [Obol]. FMA:37514 SCTID:263429003 UBERON:0004437 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of middle finger base of middle phalanx of middle finger base of middle phalanx of third digit of hand base of middle phalanx of third finger FMA:37514 base of middle phalanx of middle finger FMA:37514 base of middle phalanx of third finger FMA:37514 base of middle phalanx of third digit of hand A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of hand digit 3 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37514 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of middle finger proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of ring finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of hand digit 4 [Obol]. FMA:37526 SCTID:263430008 UBERON:0004438 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of fourth finger basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of ring finger base of middle phalanx of fourth digit of hand base of middle phalanx of fourth finger base of middle phalanx of ring finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of hand digit 4 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37526 base of middle phalanx of fourth finger FMA:37526 base of middle phalanx of ring finger FMA:37526 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of fourth finger FMA:37526 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of ring finger FMA:37526 base of middle phalanx of fourth digit of hand proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of little finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of hand digit 5 [Obol]. FMA:37538 SCTID:263431007 UBERON:0004439 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of fifth finger basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of little finger base of middle phalanx of fifth digit of hand base of middle phalanx of fifth finger base of middle phalanx of little finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of hand digit 5 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37538 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of little finger FMA:37538 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of fifth finger FMA:37538 base of middle phalanx of fifth finger FMA:37538 base of middle phalanx of fifth digit of hand FMA:37538 base of middle phalanx of little finger proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of index finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of hand digit 2 [Obol]. FMA:37499 SCTID:263412001 UBERON:0004440 base of proximal phalanx of index finger base of proximal phalanx of second digit of hand base of proximal phalanx of second finger FMA:37499 base of proximal phalanx of second finger FMA:37499 base of proximal phalanx of index finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of hand digit 2 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37499 base of proximal phalanx of second digit of hand proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of middle finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of hand digit 3 [Obol]. FMA:37511 SCTID:263413006 UBERON:0004441 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of middle finger base of proximal phalanx of middle finger base of proximal phalanx of third digit of hand base of proximal phalanx of third finger FMA:37511 base of proximal phalanx of third digit of hand A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of hand digit 3 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37511 base of proximal phalanx of middle finger FMA:37511 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of middle finger FMA:37511 base of proximal phalanx of third finger proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of ring finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of hand digit 4 [Obol]. FMA:37523 SCTID:263414000 UBERON:0004442 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of fourth finger basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of ring finger base of proximal phalanx of fourth digit of hand base of proximal phalanx of fourth finger base of proximal phalanx of ring finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of hand digit 4 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37523 base of proximal phalanx of ring finger FMA:37523 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of fourth finger FMA:37523 base of proximal phalanx of fourth digit of hand FMA:37523 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of ring finger FMA:37523 base of proximal phalanx of fourth finger proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of little finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of hand digit 5 [Obol]. FMA:37535 SCTID:263415004 UBERON:0004443 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of little finger base of proximal phalanx of fifth digit of hand base of proximal phalanx of fifth finger base of proximal phalanx of little finger FMA:37535 base of proximal phalanx of little finger FMA:37535 base of proximal phalanx of fifth digit of hand FMA:37535 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of little finger FMA:37535 base of proximal phalanx of fifth finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of hand digit 5 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of thumb A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of hand digit 1 [Obol]. FMA:37493 SCTID:182008001 UBERON:0004444 base of distal phalanx of thumb A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of hand digit 1 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37493 base of distal phalanx of thumb proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of thumb A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of hand digit 1 [Obol]. FMA:37490 SCTID:181993001 UBERON:0004445 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of thumb base of proximal phalanx of thumb A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of hand digit 1 [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37490 base of proximal phalanx of thumb FMA:37490 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of thumb epiphysis of phalanx An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Obol]. SCTID:280033007 UBERON:0004446 An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of phalanx A proximal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Obol]. UBERON:0004447 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic distal epiphysis of phalanx A distal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Obol]. UBERON:0004448 A distal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic cerebral artery AAO:0010493 EHDAA2:0000233 EHDAA:5294 EMAPA:18613 GAID:484 MA:0002562 MESH:A.07.231.114.228 One of three main pairs of arteries and their branches, which irrigate the cerebrum of the brain. SCTID:181308008 UBERON:0004449 XAO:0000367 ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Artery One of three main pairs of arteries and their branches, which irrigate the cerebrum of the brain. Wikipedia:Cerebral_artery gastric vein AAO:0011046 MA:0002128 SCTID:281060006 UBERON:0004450 XAO:0000389 ncithesaurus:Gastric_Vein presacral vertebra MA:0002869 UBERON:0004451 XAO:0003077 carpus EMAPA:18485 EMAPA:19122 In tetrapods, the carpals is the sole cluster of the bones in the wrist between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus. The bones of the carpus do not belong to individual fingers (or toes in quadrupeds), whereas those of the metacarpus do. The corresponding part of the foot is the tarsus. The carpal bones allow the wrist to move and rotate vertically, horizontally and laterally. In human anatomy, the main role of the carpus is to facilitate effective positioning of the hand and powerful use of the extensors and flexors of the forearm, but the mobility of individual carpal bones increase the freedom of movements at the wrist. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000040 OG:0001161 The structure of the carpus varies widely between different groups of tetrapods, even among those that retain the full set of five digits. In primitive fossil amphibians, such as Eryops, the carpus consists of three rows of bones; a proximal row of three carpals, a second row of four bones, and a distal row of five bones. The proximal carpals are referred to as the radiale, intermediale, and ulnare, after their proximal articulations, and are homologous with the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetal bones respectively. The remaining bones are simply numbered, as the first to fourth centralia (singular: centrale), and the first to fifth distal carpals. Primitively, each of the distal bones appears to have articulated with a single metacarpal. However, the vast majority of later vertebrates, including modern amphibians, have undergone varying degrees of loss and fusion of these primitive bones, resulting in a smaller number of carpals. Almost all mammals and reptiles, for example, have lost the fifth distal carpal, and have only a single centrale - and even this is missing in humans. The pisiform bone is somewhat unusual, in that it first appears in primitive reptiles, and is never found in amphibians. Because many tetrapods have less than five digits on the forelimb, even greater degrees of fusion are common, and a huge array of different possible combinations are found. The wing of a modern bird, for example, has only two remaining carpals; the radiale (the scaphoid of mammals) and a bone formed from the fusion of four of the distal carpals. In some macropods, the scaphoid and lunar bones are fused into the scaphollunar bone[14] [Wikipedia:Carpus#Evolutionary_variations] UBERON:0004452 XAO:0003207 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Carpus.svg/200px-Carpus.svg.png In tetrapods, the carpals is the sole cluster of the bones in the wrist between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus. The bones of the carpus do not belong to individual fingers (or toes in quadrupeds), whereas those of the metacarpus do. The corresponding part of the foot is the tarsus. The carpal bones allow the wrist to move and rotate vertically, horizontally and laterally. In human anatomy, the main role of the carpus is to facilitate effective positioning of the hand and powerful use of the extensors and flexors of the forearm, but the mobility of individual carpal bones increase the freedom of movements at the wrist. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Carpus metacarpus AAO:0000946 EMAPA:18475 EMAPA:18477 EMAPA:18479 EMAPA:18481 EMAPA:18483 EMAPA:19112 EMAPA:19114 EMAPA:19116 EMAPA:19118 EMAPA:19120 GAID:184 MA:0000042 MESH:A.02.835.232.087.535 The metacarpus is the intermediate part of the hand skeleton that is located between the phalanges (bones of the fingers) distally and the carpus which forms the connection to the forearm. The metacarpus consists of metacarpal bones. The metacarpals form a transverse arch to which the rigid row of distal carpal bones are fixed. The peripheral metacarpals (those of the thumb and little finger) form the sides of the cup of the palmar gutter and as they are brought together they deepen this concavity. The index metacarpal is the most firmly fixed, while the thumb metacarpal articulates with the trapezium and acts independently from the others. The middle metacarpals are tightly united to the carpus by intrinsic interlocking bone elements at their bases. The ring metacarpal forms a transitional element of the semi-independent last metacarpal. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004453 XAO:0003208 fore metapodium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Metacarpals_numbered-en.svg/200px-Metacarpals_numbered-en.svg.png we group amphibia fore metapodium here, but this should be checked by an expert. Note that mammalian and non-mammalian AOs differ in whether they consider this a part of the skeleton The metacarpus is the intermediate part of the hand skeleton that is located between the phalanges (bones of the fingers) distally and the carpus which forms the connection to the forearm. The metacarpus consists of metacarpal bones. The metacarpals form a transverse arch to which the rigid row of distal carpal bones are fixed. The peripheral metacarpals (those of the thumb and little finger) form the sides of the cup of the palmar gutter and as they are brought together they deepen this concavity. The index metacarpal is the most firmly fixed, while the thumb metacarpal articulates with the trapezium and acts independently from the others. The middle metacarpals are tightly united to the carpus by intrinsic interlocking bone elements at their bases. The ring metacarpal forms a transitional element of the semi-independent last metacarpal. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Metacarpus AAO:0000946 fore metapodium http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metapodial tarsus EMAPA:18500 EMAPA:19133 GAID:1223 MA:0000050 OG:0001160 SCTID:264228001 UBERON:0004454 XAO:0003211 the cluster of bones in the foot between the tibia and fibula and the metatarsus. The bones of the tarsus do not belong to individual toes, whereas those of the metatarsus do. The joint between the tibia and fibula and the tarsus is referred to as the ankle joint[WP]. Wikipedia:Tarsus_(skeleton) the cluster of bones in the foot between the tibia and fibula and the metatarsus. The bones of the tarsus do not belong to individual toes, whereas those of the metatarsus do. The joint between the tibia and fibula and the tarsus is referred to as the ankle joint[WP]. neurula An embryo at the neurula stage. BILA:0000061 BTO:0001766 UBERON:0004455 UBERON:0007013 ncithesaurus:Neurula neurula embryo An embryo at the neurula stage. GOC:cjm BILA:0000061 neurula embryo entire sense organ system FMA:78499 Sum of all sensory systems in an organism. UBERON:0004456 note the distinct between entire sensory system and individual system. this reconciles is_a and part_of distinctions between ssAOs sense organ system FMA:78499 sense organ system cavity lining MA:0002448 UBERON:0004457 body cavity or lining MA:0000005 UBERON:0004458 musculature of head A musculature that is part of a head [Obol]. FMA:71287 UBERON:0004461 head musculature muscle group of head muscles of head musculi capitis A musculature that is part of a head [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71287 head musculature FMA:71287 FMA:TA musculi capitis FMA:71287 muscle group of head FMA:71287 muscles of head musculature of body wall A musculature that is part of a body wall [Obol]. FMA:86931 UBERON:0004462 WBbt:0005813 body wall musculature A musculature that is part of a body wall [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:86931 body wall musculature musculature of hindlimb stylopod A musculature that is part of a hindlimb stylopod (upper leg / thigh)[Obol]. FMA:50208 UBERON:0004463 muscle group of thigh musculature of thigh set of muscles of thigh thigh musculature FMA:50208 muscle group of thigh A musculature that is part of a hindlimb stylopod (upper leg / thigh)[Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:50208 musculature of thigh FMA:50208 thigh musculature FMA:50208 set of muscles of thigh musculature of thorax A musculature that is part of a thorax [Obol]. BTO:0000508 FMA:71293 UBERON:0004464 muscle group of thorax muscles of thorax musculi thoracis note BTO and FMA do not mean precisely the same thing here thoracic musculature FMA:71293 thoracic musculature FMA:71293 FMA:TA musculi thoracis FMA:71293 muscles of thorax A musculature that is part of a thorax [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71293 muscle group of thorax musculature of neck A musculature that is part of a neck [Obol]. FMA:71290 MESH:A.02.633.567.650 UBERON:0004465 muscle group of neck muscles of neck musculi cervicis musculi colli neck musculature FMA:71290 FMA:TA musculi colli FMA:71290 muscles of neck FMA:71290 neck musculature FMA:71290 muscle group of neck A musculature that is part of a neck [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71290 FMA:TA musculi cervicis musculature of leg A musculature that is part of a lower leg or upper leg [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000973 UBERON:0004466 UBERON:0005632 leg muscle system see notes on UBERON:0000978 for possible confusion over the term 'leg'. This class represents the class-union of upper leg musculature and lower leg musculature (and thus may not mean precisely the same thing as the EHDAA2 class) A musculature that is part of a lower leg or upper leg [Obol]. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0000973 leg muscle system musculature of pharynx A musculature that is part of a pharynx [Obol]. FMA:264609 UBERON:0004467 ZFA:0001307 A musculature that is part of a pharynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic set of muscles of vertebral column A musculature that is part of a vertebral column [Obol]. FMA:33061 UBERON:0004468 muscle group of vertebral column A musculature that is part of a vertebral column [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33061 muscle group of vertebral column musculature of back A musculature that is part of a back [Obol]. FMA:71291 UBERON:0004469 muscle group of back muscles of back musculi dorsi FMA:71291 muscle group of back FMA:71291 FMA:TA musculi dorsi FMA:71291 muscles of back A musculature that is part of a back [Obol]. OBOL:automatic musculature of pelvic girdle A musculature that is part of a pelvic girdle [Obol]. AAO:0000427 EHDAA2:0001429 FMA:50205 UBERON:0004470 UBERON:0005633 muscle group of pelvic girdle pelvic girdle muscle system pelvic girdle muscles pelvic girdle musculature AAO:0000427 pelvic girdle muscles FMA:50205 pelvic girdle musculature A musculature that is part of a pelvic girdle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0001429 pelvic girdle muscle system FMA:50205 muscle group of pelvic girdle musculature of pectoral girdle A musculature that is part of a pectoral girdle [Obol]. AAO:0000423 FMA:33519 UBERON:0004471 muscle group of pectoral girdle pectoral girdle muscles pectoral girdle musculature FMA:33519 pectoral girdle musculature AAO:0000423 pectoral girdle muscles FMA:33519 muscle group of pectoral girdle A musculature that is part of a pectoral girdle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic musculature of chest A musculature that is part of a chest [Obol]. FMA:74779 UBERON:0004472 chest musculature A musculature that is part of a chest [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:74779 chest musculature musculature of face FMA:71288 UBERON:0004473 entire facial musculature facial muscles muscle group of face musculi faciei originally created to reflect the distinction drawn in FMA between a facial muscle and the entire musculature of the face. However, naming both does not serve any particular purpose FMA:71288 FMA:TA musculi faciei FMA:71288 facial muscles FMA:71288 muscle group of face UBERON:cjm entire facial musculature musculature of arm A musculature that is part of an arm [Obol]. FMA:50202 UBERON:0004474 arm musculature muscle group of arm A musculature that is part of an arm [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:50202 arm musculature FMA:50202 muscle group of arm musculature of hip A musculature that is part of a hip [Obol]. FMA:50227 UBERON:0004475 hip musculature muscle group of hip FMA:50227 muscle group of hip FMA:50227 hip musculature A musculature that is part of a hip [Obol]. OBOL:automatic musculature of shoulder A musculature that is part of a shoulder [Obol]. FMA:50220 UBERON:0004476 muscle group of shoulder FMA:50220 muscle group of shoulder A musculature that is part of a shoulder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic Set of muscles of tongue A musculature that is part of a tongue [Obol]. FMA:71289 UBERON:0004477 muscle group of tongue muscles of tongue musculi linguae A musculature that is part of a tongue [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71289 muscle group of tongue FMA:71289 FMA:TA musculi linguae FMA:71289 muscles of tongue musculature of larynx A musculature that is part of a larynx [Obol]. FMA:264611 FMA:46616 MESH:A.02.633.567.500 UBERON:0004478 laryngeal muscles laryngeal muscles set muscle group of larynx FMA:46616 laryngeal muscles A musculature that is part of a larynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:46616 muscle group of larynx FMA:46616 laryngeal muscles set musculature of trunk A musculature that is part of a trunk [Obol]. EFO:0003531 FMA:50187 UBERON:0004479 muscle group of trunk A musculature that is part of a trunk [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:50187 muscle group of trunk musculature of limb A musculature that is part of a limb [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000995 FMA:50188 UBERON:0004480 UBERON:0005635 limb muscle system limb musculature muscle group of limb FMA:50188 limb musculature EHDAA2:0000995 limb muscle system FMA:50188 muscle group of limb A musculature that is part of a limb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic musculature of upper limb A musculature that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. FMA:71296 UBERON:0004481 muscles of upper limb musculi membri superioris upper limb musculature A musculature that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71296 FMA:TA musculi membri superioris FMA:71296 upper limb musculature FMA:71296 muscles of upper limb musculature of lower limb A musculature that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. FMA:71297 UBERON:0004482 muscles of lower limb musculi membri inferioris FMA:71297 muscles of lower limb A musculature that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71297 FMA:TA musculi membri inferioris Set of iliocostalis muscles A musculature that is part of a iliocostalis [Obol]. FMA:33062 UBERON:0004483 iliocostalis muscle group iliocostalis muscles set A musculature that is part of a iliocostalis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33062 iliocostalis muscle group FMA:33062 iliocostalis muscles set Set of splenius muscles A musculature that is part of a splenius [Obol]. FMA:22596 UBERON:0004484 splenius muscle group splenius muscles set FMA:22596 splenius muscles set A musculature that is part of a splenius [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:22596 splenius muscle group Set of muscles of pelvis A musculature that is part of a pelvis [Obol]. FMA:50248 UBERON:0004485 muscle group of pelvis A musculature that is part of a pelvis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:50248 muscle group of pelvis musculature of perineum A musculature that is part of a perineum [Obol]. EMAPA:18923 FMA:71295 UBERON:0004486 musculi perinei perineal muscles perineal muscles set FMA:71295 perineal muscles set A musculature that is part of a perineum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71295 FMA:TA musculi perinei FMA:71295 perineal muscles musculature of forearm A musculature that is part of a lower arm [Obol]. FMA:39089 UBERON:0004487 muscle group of forearm FMA:39089 muscle group of forearm A musculature that is part of a lower arm [Obol]. OBOL:automatic musculature of foot A musculature that is part of a foot [Obol]. FMA:50214 UBERON:0004488 foot musculature muscle group of foot A musculature that is part of a foot [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:50214 muscle group of foot FMA:50214 foot musculature musculature of hand A musculature that is part of a hand [Obol]. FMA:42368 UBERON:0004489 hand musculature muscle group of hand A musculature that is part of a hand [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:42368 hand musculature FMA:42368 muscle group of hand cardiac muscle tissue of atrium A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an atrium [Obol]. FMA:7283 UBERON:0004490 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an atrium [Obol]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of interatrial septum A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a interatrial septum [Obol]. FMA:84083 UBERON:0004491 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a interatrial septum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of cardiac septum A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a cardiac septum [Obol]. FMA:226279 UBERON:0004492 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a cardiac septum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a myocardium [Obol]. FMA:261726 UBERON:0004493 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a myocardium [Obol]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of papillary muscle A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a papillary muscle [Obol]. FMA:84425 UBERON:0004494 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a papillary muscle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of diaphragm A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a diaphragm [Obol]. FMA:261898 UBERON:0004495 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a diaphragm [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of iliacus A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a iliacus [Obol]. FMA:261992 UBERON:0004496 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a iliacus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of gluteus maximus A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a gluteus maximus [Obol]. FMA:261980 UBERON:0004497 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a gluteus maximus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of quadriceps femoris A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a quadriceps femoris [Obol]. FMA:261998 UBERON:0004498 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a quadriceps femoris [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of tibialis anterior A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a tibialis anterior [Obol]. FMA:262004 UBERON:0004499 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a tibialis anterior [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of deltoid A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a deltoid [Obol]. FMA:261732 UBERON:0004500 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a deltoid [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of teres major A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a teres major [Obol]. FMA:261962 UBERON:0004501 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a teres major [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a biceps brachii [Obol]. FMA:261974 UBERON:0004502 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a biceps brachii [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of digastric A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a digastric [Obol]. FMA:261872 UBERON:0004503 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a digastric [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of mylohyoid A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a mylohyoid [Obol]. FMA:261878 UBERON:0004504 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a mylohyoid [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of orbicularis oculi A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a orbicularis oculi [Obol]. FMA:261812 UBERON:0004505 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a orbicularis oculi [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of masseter A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a masseter [Obol]. FMA:261824 UBERON:0004506 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a masseter [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of temporalis A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a temporalis [Obol]. FMA:261740 UBERON:0004507 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a temporalis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of levator palpebrae superioris A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a levator palpebrae superioris [Obol]. FMA:261782 UBERON:0004508 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a levator palpebrae superioris [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of trapezius A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a trapezius [Obol]. FMA:261938 UBERON:0004509 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a trapezius [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of pectoralis major A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pectoralis major [Obol]. FMA:261968 UBERON:0004510 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pectoralis major [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a rectus abdominis [Obol]. FMA:261924 UBERON:0004511 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a rectus abdominis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of supraspinatus A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a supraspinatus [Obol]. FMA:261956 UBERON:0004512 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a supraspinatus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of internal intercostal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a internal intercostal muscle [Obol]. FMA:261888 UBERON:0004513 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a internal intercostal muscle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of transversus thoracis A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a transversus thoracis [Obol]. FMA:261892 UBERON:0004514 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a transversus thoracis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bronchiole A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a bronchiole [Obol]. FMA:261045 FMA:261081 UBERON:0004515 smooth muscle tissue of lobular bronchiole FMA:261081 smooth muscle tissue of lobular bronchiole A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a bronchiole [Obol]. OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of terminal bronchiole A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Obol]. FMA:261051 UBERON:0004516 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Obol]. OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of respiratory bronchiole A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Obol]. FMA:261055 UBERON:0004517 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Obol]. OBOL:automatic muscle of vertebral column A muscle organ that is part of a vertebral column [Obol]. FMA:22594 UBERON:0004518 vertebral column muscle FMA:22594 vertebral column muscle A muscle organ that is part of a vertebral column [Obol]. OBOL:automatic muscle of anal triangle A muscle organ that is part of an anal region [Obol]. FMA:77304 UBERON:0004519 anal triangle muscle A muscle organ that is part of an anal region [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:77304 anal triangle muscle striated muscle tissue of prostate A portion of striated muscle tissue that is part of a prostate gland [Obol]. FMA:45716 UBERON:0004520 A portion of striated muscle tissue that is part of a prostate gland [Obol]. OBOL:automatic vasculature of muscle organ A vasculature that is part of a muscle organ [Obol]. FMA:87123 UBERON:0004521 muscular organ vasculature A vasculature that is part of a muscle organ [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:87123 muscular organ vasculature vasculature of musculoskeletal system A vasculature that is part of a musculoskeletal system [Obol]. FMA:239607 UBERON:0004522 A vasculature that is part of a musculoskeletal system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic papillary muscle of right ventricle A papillary muscle that is part of a right ventricle [Obol]. EHDAA2:0004544 FMA:7259 UBERON:0004523 A papillary muscle that is part of a right ventricle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic papillary muscle of left ventricle A papillary muscle that is part of a left ventricle [Obol]. FMA:9352 UBERON:0004524 A papillary muscle that is part of a left ventricle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of trabecula carnea of right ventricle A portion of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right ventricle [Obol]. FMA:84429 UBERON:0004525 A portion of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right ventricle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of trabecula carnea of left ventricle A portion of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left ventricle [Obol]. FMA:84430 UBERON:0004526 A portion of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left ventricle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic alveolar process of maxilla FMA:52897 MA:0001492 SCTID:245795005 UBERON:0001696 UBERON:0004527 alveolar margin of maxilla alveolar part of maxilla alveolar ridge of maxilla lower alveolar ridge maxilla alveolar process posterior alveolar ridge processus alveolaris (maxilla) thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets on bones that bear teeth. In humans, the tooth-bearing bones are the maxilla and the mandible. The mineral content of alveolar bone is mostly hydroxyapatite, which is also found in enamel as the main inorganic substance[WP]. Wikipedia:Alveolar_process_of_maxilla thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets on bones that bear teeth. In humans, the tooth-bearing bones are the maxilla and the mandible. The mineral content of alveolar bone is mostly hydroxyapatite, which is also found in enamel as the main inorganic substance[WP]. alveolar ridge of mandible FMA:52832 SCTID:245791001 The alveolar part of mandible is the part of the mandible, adjacent to the teeth, containing the dental alveolus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004528 alveolar margin of mandible alveolar part of mandible alveolar process of mandible anterior alveolar ridge pars alveolaris (mandibula) upper alveolar ridge FMA:52832 alveolar process of mandible FMA:52832 pars alveolaris (mandibula) The alveolar part of mandible is the part of the mandible, adjacent to the teeth, containing the dental alveolus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Alveolar_part_of_mandible anatomical projection AAO:0010278 FMA:67601 HAO:0000822 UBERON:0004529 XAO:0004020 a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body or organ. anatomical process organ process process process of organ projection Wikipedia:Process_(anatomy) a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body or organ. bony projection FMA:75433 Portion of connective tissue that is an extension of a bone. UBERON:0004530 ZFA:0001637 bone process projection of bone left side of organism UBERON:0004531 right side of organism UBERON:0004532 left testicle A testis that is part of a left side of organism [Obol]. FMA:7212 MA:0001746 SCTID:367720001 UBERON:0004533 left testis ncithesaurus:Left_Testis MA:0001746 left testis A testis that is part of a left side of organism [Obol]. OBOL:automatic right testicle A testis that is part of a right side of organism [Obol]. FMA:7211 MA:0001747 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjM25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:367719007 UBERON:0004534 ncithesaurus:Right_Testis right testis MA:0001747 right testis A testis that is part of a right side of organism [Obol]. OBOL:automatic cardiovascular system AAO:0011001 Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels. BILA:0000016 BTO:0000088 CV system EFO:0000791 EHDAA2:0000216 EHDAA:394 EMAPA:16104 EMAPA:16370 EV:0100017 FMA:7161 GAID:467 Herz und Gefaesssystem MA:0000010 MAT:0000016 MESH:A.07 MIAA:0000016 OG:0000302 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjzG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278198007 TAO:0000010 UBERON:0004535 XAO:0000100 XAO:0001010 ZFA:0000010 ncithesaurus:Cardiovascular_System BTO:0000088 CV system BTO:0000088 Herz und Gefaesssystem Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels. BTO:0000088 lymph vasculature A network of blunt ended vessels lacking direct connection to the blood vascular system. These vessels collect and drain fluids and macromolecules from interstitial spaces throughout the animal. They derive from a subpopulation of endothelial cells and have walls that are much thinner than the blood carrying vessels. Lymphatic vessels are usually classified as either superficial or deep. FMA:63815 UBERON:0004536 ZFA:0005105 lymphatic trunks and ducts lymphatic vasculature lymphatic vessel network lymphatic vessels set set of lymphatic vessels trunci et ductus lymphatici A network of blunt ended vessels lacking direct connection to the blood vascular system. These vessels collect and drain fluids and macromolecules from interstitial spaces throughout the animal. They derive from a subpopulation of endothelial cells and have walls that are much thinner than the blood carrying vessels. Lymphatic vessels are usually classified as either superficial or deep. ZFA:0005105 FMA:63815 lymphatic vessels set FMA:63815 lymphatic trunks and ducts FMA:63815 FMA:TA trunci et ductus lymphatici blood vasculature UBERON:0004537 ZFA:0001079 a vascular network consisting of blood vessels blood vascular network set of blood vessels UBERON:cjm a vascular network consisting of blood vessels left kidney A kidney that is part of a left side of organism [Obol]. FMA:7205 MA:0001655 SCTID:362209008 UBERON:0004538 ncithesaurus:Left_Kidney A kidney that is part of a left side of organism [Obol]. OBOL:automatic right kidney A kidney that is part of a right side of organism [Obol]. FMA:7204 MA:0001683 SCTID:362208000 UBERON:0004539 ncithesaurus:Right_Kidney A kidney that is part of a right side of organism [Obol]. OBOL:automatic proper plantar digital artery . FMA:71564 MA:0001968 UBERON:0004540 arteriae digitales plantares propriae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gray1237.svg/200px-Gray1237.svg.png plantar digital artery proper proper plantar digital arteries the MA term, even though plural, represents the singular, as it is an isa child of artery. We use the FMA set term as it is the closest match, but the semantics of set terms are unclear . Wikipedia:Proper_plantar_digital_arteries FMA:71564 FMA:TA arteriae digitales plantares propriae MA:0001968 proper plantar digital arteries epididymis epithelium A simple columnar epithelium that is part of a epididymis [Obol]. EMAPA:30445 Epididymis epithelium FMA:19153 MA:0002825 UBERON:0004544 epithelium of epididymis A simple columnar epithelium that is part of a epididymis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic Epididymis epithelium FMA:19153 FMA:19153 epithelium of epididymis external capsule External capsule is an organ subdivision of the telencephalon which is made up primarily of myelinated axonal neural tissue (white matter). The external capsule is a sheet-like fiber bundle located lateral to the to the putamen and globus pallidus which projects dorsally to the white matter underlying the cerebral cortex[FMA]. FMA:61959 MA:0002896 SCTID:279300007 UBERON:0004545 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg/200px-Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg ncithesaurus:External_Capsule External capsule is an organ subdivision of the telencephalon which is made up primarily of myelinated axonal neural tissue (white matter). The external capsule is a sheet-like fiber bundle located lateral to the to the putamen and globus pallidus which projects dorsally to the white matter underlying the cerebral cortex[FMA]. FMA:61959 Wikipedia:External_capsule cribriform plate BTO:0004141 EMAPA:19201 FMA:52890 MA:0002898 SCTID:282814006 The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone (horizontal lamina) is received into the ethmoidal notch of the frontal bone and roofs in the nasal cavities. Projecting upward from the middle line of this plate is a thick, smooth, triangular process, the crista galli, so called from its resemblance to a cock's comb. The long thin posterior border of the crista galli serves for the attachment of the falx cerebri. Its anterior border, short and thick, articulates with the frontal bone, and presents two small projecting alæ, which are received into corresponding depressions in the frontal bone and complete the foramen cecum. Its sides are smooth, and sometimes bulging from the presence of a small air sinus in the interior. On either side of the crista galli, the cribriform plate is narrow and deeply grooved; it supports the olfactory bulb and is perforated by foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerves. The foramina in the middle of the groove are small and transmit the nerves to the roof of the nasal cavity; those at the medial and lateral parts of the groove are larger—the former transmit the nerves to the upper part of the nasal septum, the latter those to the superior nasal concha. At the front part of the cribriform plate, on either side of the crista galli, is a small fissure which is occupied by a process of dura mater. Lateral to this fissure is a notch or foramen which transmits the nasociliary nerve; from this notch a groove extends backward to the anterior ethmoidal foramen. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004546 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gray149.png/200px-Gray149.png The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone (horizontal lamina) is received into the ethmoidal notch of the frontal bone and roofs in the nasal cavities. Projecting upward from the middle line of this plate is a thick, smooth, triangular process, the crista galli, so called from its resemblance to a cock's comb. The long thin posterior border of the crista galli serves for the attachment of the falx cerebri. Its anterior border, short and thick, articulates with the frontal bone, and presents two small projecting alæ, which are received into corresponding depressions in the frontal bone and complete the foramen cecum. Its sides are smooth, and sometimes bulging from the presence of a small air sinus in the interior. On either side of the crista galli, the cribriform plate is narrow and deeply grooved; it supports the olfactory bulb and is perforated by foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerves. The foramina in the middle of the groove are small and transmit the nerves to the roof of the nasal cavity; those at the medial and lateral parts of the groove are larger—the former transmit the nerves to the upper part of the nasal septum, the latter those to the superior nasal concha. At the front part of the cribriform plate, on either side of the crista galli, is a small fissure which is occupied by a process of dura mater. Lateral to this fissure is a notch or foramen which transmits the nasociliary nerve; from this notch a groove extends backward to the anterior ethmoidal foramen. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cribriform_plate decidua capsularis FMA:86478 MA:0002906 SCTID:255498003 UBERON:0004547 ncithesaurus:Decidua_Capsularis left eye An eye that is part of a left side of organism [Obol]. FMA:54450 Left orbital part of face Left orbital region MA:0002949 SCTID:362503005 UBERON:0004548 An eye that is part of a left side of organism [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:54450 Left orbital part of face FMA:54450 Left orbital region right eye An eye that is part of a right side of organism [Obol]. FMA:54449 MA:0002950 Right orbital part of face Right orbital region SCTID:362502000 UBERON:0004549 FMA:54449 Right orbital part of face FMA:54449 Right orbital region An eye that is part of a right side of organism [Obol]. OBOL:automatic gastroesophageal sphincter A sphincter muscle that is part of a cardia of stomach [Obol]. FMA:14915 MA:0002951 SCTID:267809009 UBERON:0004550 cardiac sphincter galen:LowerEsophagealSphincter gastroesophageal sphincter inferior esophageal sphincter lower esophageal sphincter ncithesaurus:Lower_Esophageal_Sphincter todo - split? check FMA:63048 FMA:14915 inferior esophageal sphincter MA:0002951 cardiac sphincter FMA:14915 gastroesophageal sphincter MA:0002951 lower esophageal sphincter A sphincter muscle that is part of a cardia of stomach [Obol]. OBOL:automatic set of proper plantar digital arteries FMA:71564 UBERON:0004551 arteriae digitales plantares propriae plantar digital arteries proper plantar digital arteries proper set this class was made obsolete, as uberon does not include 'Set of X' classes. For now, the FMA class for set of plantar digital arteries proper is under UBERON:0004540, but it is unclear if this is correct true FMA:71564 plantar digital arteries proper set FMA:71564 FMA:TA arteriae digitales plantares propriae FMA:71564 plantar digital arteries proper digital artery An artery that is part of a digit [Obol]. MA:0001941 SCTID:181335004 UBERON:0004552 check part_of - do we need term for digit + metacarpal/tarsal bones? An artery that is part of a digit [Obol]. OBOL:automatic forelimb digital artery A digital artery that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. MA:0001953 UBERON:0004553 forelimb digital arteries A digital artery that is part of a forelimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic MA:0001953 forelimb digital arteries hindlimb digital artery A digital artery that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. FMA:69713 MA:0001964 UBERON:0004554 digital artery of foot hindlimb digital arteries FMA:69713 digital artery of foot MA:0001964 hindlimb digital arteries A digital artery that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic proper palmar digital vein FMA:22926 MA:0002126 Some sources distinguish between the "proper palmar digital veins", which are more distal, and the "common palmar digital veins", which are more proximal. UBERON:0004561 UBERON:FMA_22923-MA_0002121 common palmar digital venous tributary distal palmar digital vein proper palmal vein proper palmar vein tributary of common palmar digital vein FMA:22926 tributary of common palmar digital vein MA:0002126 proper palmal vein MA:0002126 proper palmar vein Wikipedia:Palmar_digital_veins distal palmar digital vein FMA:22926 common palmar digital venous tributary FMA/obol digital vein MA:0002101 UBERON:0004562 check part_of - do we need term for digit + metacarpal/tarsal bones? ncithesaurus:Digital_Vein forelimb digital vein MA:0002120 UBERON:0004563 forelimb digital veins MA:0002120 forelimb digital veins hindlimb digital vein A digital vein that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. MA:0002133 UBERON:0004564 hindlimb digital veins MA:0002133 hindlimb digital veins A digital vein that is part of a hindlimb [Obol]. OBOL:automatic systemic arterial system FMA:45623 Systemic arterial circulatory system UBERON:0004571 the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. FMA:45623 Systemic arterial circulatory system Wikipedia:Systemic_circulation#Arteries the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. MA-inferred arterial system BTO:0004690 EHDAA2:0000143 EHDAA:396 EMAPA:16201 EMAPA:16371 MA:0002719 OG:0000273 SCTID:362030008 The arterial system is the higher-pressure portion of the circulatory system. UBERON:0004572 EHDAA2 BTO:0004690 The arterial system is the higher-pressure portion of the circulatory system. MA systemic artery FMA:66464 Systemic arterial subtree Systemic arteries are the arteries of the systemic circulation, which is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. UBERON:0004573 Systemic arteries are the arteries of the systemic circulation, which is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Wikipedia:Artery#Systemic_arteries FMA:66464 Systemic arterial subtree systemic venous system BTO:0004692 EHDAA2:0002171 EHDAA:486 FMA:45626 OG:0000277 Subdivision of cardiovascular system which has as its parts the right side of heart, the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava[FMA] In human anatomy, the systemic venous system refers to veins that drain into the right atrium without passing through two vascular beds (i.e. they originate from a set of capillaries and do not pass through a second set of capillaries before reaching the right side of the heart). The term systemic venous system is often used to differentiate veins from veins that drain the pulmonary system (the pulmonary venous system) and veins that drain the digestive tract (the portal venous system). Large veins that are considered part of the systemic venous system are the: Superior vena cava; Inferior vena cava[WP]. Systemic venous circulatory system UBERON:0004581 ncithesaurus:Venous_System FMA:45626 Systemic venous circulatory system FMA:45626 Subdivision of cardiovascular system which has as its parts the right side of heart, the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava[FMA] In human anatomy, the systemic venous system refers to veins that drain into the right atrium without passing through two vascular beds (i.e. they originate from a set of capillaries and do not pass through a second set of capillaries before reaching the right side of the heart). The term systemic venous system is often used to differentiate veins from veins that drain the pulmonary system (the pulmonary venous system) and veins that drain the digestive tract (the portal venous system). Large veins that are considered part of the systemic venous system are the: Superior vena cava; Inferior vena cava[WP]. Wikipedia:Systemic_venous_system venous system BTO:0004692 EHDAA2:0002171 EHDAA:486 EMAPA:16240 MA:0002720 OG:0000277 SCTID:362060003 UBERON:0004582 ncithesaurus:Venous_System vein system MA sphincter muscle FMA class is not a subtype of muscle FMA:75004 UBERON:0004590 a structure, usually a circular muscle, that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning. circular muscle ncithesaurus:Sphincter sphincter Wikipedia:Sphincter a structure, usually a circular muscle, that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning. rib 1 Costa prima (I) FMA:7597 MA:0001401 SCTID:182016005 The first rib is the most curved and usually the shortest of all the ribs; it is broad and flat, its surfaces looking upward and downward, and its borders inward and outward. The head is small, rounded, and possesses only a single articular facet, for articulation with the body of the first thoracic vertebra. The neck is narrow and rounded. The tubercle, thick and prominent, is placed on the outer border. There is no angle, but at the tubercle the rib is slightly bent, with the convexity upward, so that the head of the bone is directed downward. The upper surface of the body is marked by two shallow grooves, separated from each other by a slight ridge prolonged internally into a tubercle, the scalene tubercle, for the attachment of the Scalenus anterior; the anterior groove transmits the subclavian vein, the posterior the subclavian artery and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus. Behind the posterior groove is a rough area for the attachment of the Scalenus medius. The under surface is smooth, and destitute of a costal groove. The outer border is convex, thick, and rounded, and at its posterior part gives attachment to the first digitation of the Serratus anterior. The inner border is concave, thin, and sharp, and marked about its center by the scalene tubercle. The anterior extremity is larger and thicker than that of any of the other ribs. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004601 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically first rib http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray124.png/200px-Gray124.png ncithesaurus:Rib_1 FMA:7597 first rib The first rib is the most curved and usually the shortest of all the ribs; it is broad and flat, its surfaces looking upward and downward, and its borders inward and outward. The head is small, rounded, and possesses only a single articular facet, for articulation with the body of the first thoracic vertebra. The neck is narrow and rounded. The tubercle, thick and prominent, is placed on the outer border. There is no angle, but at the tubercle the rib is slightly bent, with the convexity upward, so that the head of the bone is directed downward. The upper surface of the body is marked by two shallow grooves, separated from each other by a slight ridge prolonged internally into a tubercle, the scalene tubercle, for the attachment of the Scalenus anterior; the anterior groove transmits the subclavian vein, the posterior the subclavian artery and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus. Behind the posterior groove is a rough area for the attachment of the Scalenus medius. The under surface is smooth, and destitute of a costal groove. The outer border is convex, thick, and rounded, and at its posterior part gives attachment to the first digitation of the Serratus anterior. The inner border is concave, thin, and sharp, and marked about its center by the scalene tubercle. The anterior extremity is larger and thicker than that of any of the other ribs. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:First_rib Costa prima (I) FMA:7597 rib 2 Costa secunda (II) FMA:7620 MA:0001402 SCTID:244656007 The second rib is much longer than the first, but has a very similar curvature. The non-articular portion of the tubercle is occasionally only feebly marked. The angle is slight, and situated close to the tubercle. The body is not twisted, so that both ends touch any plane surface upon which it may be laid; but there is a bend, with its convexity upward, similar to, though smaller than that found in the first rib. The body is not flattened horizontally like that of the first rib. Its external surface is convex, and looks upward and a little outward; near the middle of it is a rough eminence for the origin of the lower part of the first and the whole of the second digitation of the Serratus anterior; behind and above this is attached the Scalenus posterior. The internal surface, smooth, and concave, is directed downward and a little inward: on its posterior part there is a short costal groove. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004602 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gray125.png/200px-Gray125.png ncithesaurus:Rib_2 second rib FMA:7620 second rib The second rib is much longer than the first, but has a very similar curvature. The non-articular portion of the tubercle is occasionally only feebly marked. The angle is slight, and situated close to the tubercle. The body is not twisted, so that both ends touch any plane surface upon which it may be laid; but there is a bend, with its convexity upward, similar to, though smaller than that found in the first rib. The body is not flattened horizontally like that of the first rib. Its external surface is convex, and looks upward and a little outward; near the middle of it is a rough eminence for the origin of the lower part of the first and the whole of the second digitation of the Serratus anterior; behind and above this is attached the Scalenus posterior. The internal surface, smooth, and concave, is directed downward and a little inward: on its posterior part there is a short costal groove. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Second_rib Costa secunda (II) FMA:7620 rib 3 FMA:7638 MA:0001403 SCTID:244658008 UBERON:0004603 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:Rib_3 third rib FMA:7638 third rib rib 4 FMA:7749 MA:0001404 SCTID:244659000 UBERON:0004604 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically fourth rib ncithesaurus:Rib_4 FMA:7749 fourth rib rib 5 FMA:7776 MA:0001405 SCTID:244660005 UBERON:0004605 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically fifth rib ncithesaurus:Rib_5 FMA:7776 fifth rib rib 6 FMA:8147 MA:0001406 SCTID:244661009 UBERON:0004606 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:Rib_6 sixth rib FMA:8147 sixth rib rib 7 FMA:7830 MA:0001407 SCTID:244662002 UBERON:0004607 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:Rib_7 seventh rib FMA:7830 seventh rib rib 9 FMA:8337 MA:0001409 SCTID:244664001 UBERON:0004608 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:Rib_9 ninth rib FMA:8337 ninth rib rib 10 FMA:8418 MA:0001410 SCTID:244665000 The tenth rib has only a single articular facet on its head. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004609 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gray126.png/200px-Gray126.png ncithesaurus:Rib_10 tenth rib FMA:8418 tenth rib The tenth rib has only a single articular facet on its head. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tenth_rib rib 11 FMA:8499 MA:0001411 SCTID:244666004 The eleventh rib has a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large size. It has no necks or tubercles, and is pointed at its anterior ends. The eleventh has a slight angle and a shallow costal groove. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004610 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically eleventh rib ncithesaurus:Rib_11 The eleventh rib has a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large size. It has no necks or tubercles, and is pointed at its anterior ends. The eleventh has a slight angle and a shallow costal groove. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Eleventh_rib FMA:8499 eleventh rib rib 12 FMA:8515 In humans: The twelfth rib has a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large size. It has no necks or tubercles, and is pointed at its anterior ends. The twelfth has angle nor costal groove; it is much shorter than the eleventh rib, and its head is inclined slightly downward. Sometimes the twelfth rib is even shorter than the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001412 SCTID:244667008 UBERON:0004611 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gray128.png/200px-Gray128.png ncithesaurus:Rib_12 twelfth rib In humans: The twelfth rib has a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large size. It has no necks or tubercles, and is pointed at its anterior ends. The twelfth has angle nor costal groove; it is much shorter than the eleventh rib, and its head is inclined slightly downward. Sometimes the twelfth rib is even shorter than the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Twelfth_rib FMA:8515 twelfth rib cervical vertebra 3 C3 vertebra EMAPA:19433 FMA:12521 MA:0001423 SCTID:181823007 UBERON:0004612 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically. all mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae ncithesaurus:C3_Vertebra third cervical vertebra C3 vertebra FMA:12521 FMA:12521 third cervical vertebra cervical vertebra 4 C4 vertebra EMAPA:19434 FMA:12522 MA:0001424 SCTID:181824001 UBERON:0004613 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically. all mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae fourth cervical vertebra ncithesaurus:C4_Vertebra FMA:12522 fourth cervical vertebra C4 vertebra FMA:12522 cervical vertebra 5 C5 vertebra EMAPA:19435 FMA:12523 MA:0001425 SCTID:181825000 UBERON:0004614 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically. all mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae fifth cervical vertebra ncithesaurus:C5_Vertebra C5 vertebra FMA:12523 FMA:12523 fifth cervical vertebra cervical vertebra 6 C6 vertebra EMAPA:19466 FMA:12524 MA:0001426 SCTID:181826004 UBERON:0004615 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically. all mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae ncithesaurus:C6_Vertebra sixth cervical vertebra FMA:12524 sixth cervical vertebra C6 vertebra FMA:12524 cervical vertebra 7 C7 vertebra EMAPA:19467 FMA:12525 MA:0001427 Prominent vertebra SCTID:181827008 UBERON:0004616 Vertebra prominens (CVII) elements are to be defined spatially/topologically. all mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae ncithesaurus:C7_Vertebra seventh cervical vertebra FMA:12525 Vertebra prominens (CVII) C7 vertebra FMA:12525 FMA:12525 seventh cervical vertebra FMA:12525 Prominent vertebra lumbar vertebra 1 EMAPA:19472 FMA:13072 L1 vertebra MA:0001428 SCTID:181841004 UBERON:0004617 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically first lumbar vertebra ncithesaurus:L1_Vertebra FMA:13072 first lumbar vertebra FMA:13072 L1 vertebra lumbar vertebra 2 EMAPA:19570 FMA:13073 L2 vertebra MA:0001429 SCTID:181842006 UBERON:0004618 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:L2_Vertebra second lumbar vertebra FMA:13073 second lumbar vertebra FMA:13073 L2 vertebra lumbar vertebra 3 EMAPA:19571 FMA:13074 L3 vertebra MA:0001430 SCTID:181843001 UBERON:0004619 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:L3_Vertebra third lumbar vertebra FMA:13074 L3 vertebra FMA:13074 third lumbar vertebra lumbar vertebra 4 EMAPA:19572 FMA:13075 L4 vertebra MA:0001431 SCTID:181844007 UBERON:0004620 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically fourth lumbar vertebra ncithesaurus:L4_Vertebra FMA:13075 L4 vertebra FMA:13075 fourth lumbar vertebra lumbar vertebra 5 EMAPA:19573 FMA:13076 L5 vertebra MA:0001432 SCTID:181845008 UBERON:0004621 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically fifth lumbar vertebra ncithesaurus:L5_Vertebra FMA:13076 L5 vertebra FMA:13076 fifth lumbar vertebra sacral vertebra 1 FMA:13077 First sacral segment First segment of sacrum MA:0001434 S1 vertebra SCTID:181846009 UBERON:0004622 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically first sacral vertebra ncithesaurus:S1_Vertebra FMA:13077 First segment of sacrum FMA:13077 first sacral vertebra FMA:13077 First sacral segment FMA:13077 S1 vertebra sacral vertebra 2 FMA:13078 MA:0001435 S2 vertebra SCTID:181847000 Second sacral segment Second segment of sacrum UBERON:0004623 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:S2_Vertebra second sacral vertebra FMA:13078 S2 vertebra FMA:13078 Second segment of sacrum FMA:13078 second sacral vertebra FMA:13078 Second sacral segment sacral vertebra 3 EMAPA:19590 FMA:13079 MA:0001436 S3 vertebra SCTID:181848005 Third sacral segment Third segment of sacrum UBERON:0004624 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:S3_Vertebra third sacral vertebra FMA:13079 Third segment of sacrum FMA:13079 Third sacral segment FMA:13079 S3 vertebra FMA:13079 third sacral vertebra sacral vertebra 4 EMAPA:19591 FMA:13080 Fourth sacral segment Fourth segment of sacrum MA:0001437 S4 vertebra SCTID:181849002 UBERON:0004625 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically fourth sacral vertebra ncithesaurus:S4_Vertebra FMA:13080 Fourth segment of sacrum FMA:13080 fourth sacral vertebra FMA:13080 S4 vertebra FMA:13080 Fourth sacral segment thoracic vertebra 1 EMAPA:19542 FMA:9165 First dorsal vertebra MA:0001438 SCTID:181828003 T1 vertebra UBERON:0004626 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically first thoracic vertebra ncithesaurus:T1_Vertebra FMA:9165 T1 vertebra FMA:9165 first thoracic vertebra FMA:9165 First dorsal vertebra thoracic vertebra 2 EMAPA:19543 FMA:9187 MA:0001439 SCTID:181829006 Second dorsal vertebra T2 vertebra UBERON:0004627 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:T2_Vertebra second thoracic vertebra FMA:9187 Second dorsal vertebra FMA:9187 T2 vertebra FMA:9187 second thoracic vertebra thoracic vertebra 3 EMAPA:19544 FMA:9209 MA:0001440 SCTID:181830001 T3 vertebra Third dorsal vertebra UBERON:0004628 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:T3_Vertebra third thoracic vertebra FMA:9209 Third dorsal vertebra FMA:9209 T3 vertebra FMA:9209 third thoracic vertebra thoracic vertebra 4 EMAPA:19545 FMA:9248 Fourth dorsal vertebra MA:0001441 SCTID:181831002 T4 vertebra UBERON:0004629 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically fourth thoracic vertebra ncithesaurus:T4_Vertebra FMA:9248 T4 vertebra FMA:9248 Fourth dorsal vertebra FMA:9248 fourth thoracic vertebra thoracic vertebra 5 EMAPA:19546 FMA:9922 Fifth dorsal vertebra MA:0001442 SCTID:181832009 T5 vertebra UBERON:0004630 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically fifth thoracic vertebra ncithesaurus:T5_Vertebra FMA:9922 T5 vertebra FMA:9922 fifth thoracic vertebra FMA:9922 Fifth dorsal vertebra thoracic vertebra 6 EMAPA:19547 FMA:9945 MA:0001443 SCTID:181834005 Sixth dorsal vertebra T6 vertebra UBERON:0004631 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:T6_Vertebra sixth thoracic vertebra FMA:9945 Sixth dorsal vertebra FMA:9945 sixth thoracic vertebra FMA:9945 T6 vertebra thoracic vertebra 7 EMAPA:19548 FMA:9968 MA:0001444 SCTID:181835006 Seventh dorsal vertebra T7 vertebra UBERON:0004632 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:T7_Vertebra seventh thoracic vertebra FMA:9968 Seventh dorsal vertebra FMA:9968 seventh thoracic vertebra FMA:9968 T7 vertebra thoracic vertebra 9 EMAPA:19550 FMA:10014 MA:0001446 Ninth dorsal vertebra SCTID:181837003 T9 vertebra UBERON:0004633 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:T9_Vertebra ninth thoracic vertebra FMA:10014 Ninth dorsal vertebra FMA:10014 T9 vertebra FMA:10014 ninth thoracic vertebra thoracic vertebra 10 EMAPA:19551 FMA:10037 MA:0001447 SCTID:181838008 T10 vertebra Tenth dorsal vertebra UBERON:0004634 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:T10_Vertebra tenth thoracic vertebra FMA:10037 Tenth dorsal vertebra FMA:10037 tenth thoracic vertebra FMA:10037 T10 vertebra thoracic vertebra 11 EMAPA:19552 Eleventh dorsal vertebra FMA:10059 MA:0001448 SCTID:181839000 T11 vertebra UBERON:0004635 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically eleventh thoracic vertebra ncithesaurus:T11_Vertebra Eleventh dorsal vertebra FMA:10059 FMA:10059 T11 vertebra FMA:10059 eleventh thoracic vertebra thoracic vertebra 12 EMAPA:19553 FMA:10081 MA:0001449 SCTID:181840003 T12 vertebra Twelfth dorsal vertebra UBERON:0004636 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:T12_Vertebra twelfth thoracic vertebra FMA:10081 twelfth thoracic vertebra FMA:10081 Twelfth dorsal vertebra FMA:10081 T12 vertebra otic capsule AAO:0010143 EHDAA2:0001333 EHDAA:4704 EMAPA:17596 OG:0000854 SCTID:361515007 The cartilage capsule surrounding the inner ear mechanism; in elasmobranchs, it remains cartilaginous in the adult; in the embryos of higher vertebrates, it is cartilaginous at first but later becomes bony (at approximately 23 weeks in humans)[Biology-Online]. Bilaterally paired cartilage encasing the semicircular canals of the inner ear[ZFA]. UBERON:0004637 otic capsule otic capsule cartilage condensation otic capsule goes to CS20 in EHDAA2, and until adult in ZFA periotic capsule The cartilage capsule surrounding the inner ear mechanism; in elasmobranchs, it remains cartilaginous in the adult; in the embryos of higher vertebrates, it is cartilaginous at first but later becomes bony (at approximately 23 weeks in humans)[Biology-Online]. Bilaterally paired cartilage encasing the semicircular canals of the inner ear[ZFA]. ZFA:0001500 http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/otic+capsule http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Otic_capsule EHDAA2:0001333 otic capsule cartilage condensation ZFA:0001500 otic capsule MA:0000252 periotic capsule EHDAA2 blood vessel endothelium An endothelium that lines the blood vasculature. Other endothelia may line lymph vessels, the heart BTO:0000766 MA:0000709 UBERON:0004638 ZFA:0005257 ncithesaurus:Blood_Vessel_Endothelium An endothelium that lines the blood vasculature. Other endothelia may line lymph vessels, the heart UBERON:cjm afferent arteriole EMAPA:28230 EMAPA:28266 MA:0002579 SCTID:67498004 The afferent arterioles are a group of blood vessels that supply the nephrons in many excretory systems. They play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. The afferent arterioles branch from the renal artery which supplies blood to the kidneys. The afferent arterioles later diverge into the capillaries of the glomerulus. When renal blood flow is reduced, the macula densa releases prostaglandins, which cause the juxtaglomerular cells lining the afferent arterioles to release renin, activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, to increase blood pressure. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004639 ZFA:0005307 The afferent arterioles are a group of blood vessels that supply the nephrons in many excretory systems. They play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. The afferent arterioles branch from the renal artery which supplies blood to the kidneys. The afferent arterioles later diverge into the capillaries of the glomerulus. When renal blood flow is reduced, the macula densa releases prostaglandins, which cause the juxtaglomerular cells lining the afferent arterioles to release renin, activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, to increase blood pressure. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Afferent_arterioles efferent arteriole EMAPA:28233 EMAPA:28275 MA:0002585 SCTID:29926005 The efferent arterioles are blood vessels that are part of the urinary tract of organisms. The efferent arterioles form from a convergence of the capillaries of the glomerulus. They play an important role in maintaining the glomerular filtration rate despite fluctuations in blood pressure. In the mammalian kidney they follow two markedly different courses, depending on the location of the glomeruli from which they arise. In the mammalian kidney about 15% of glomeruli lie close to the boundary between the renal cortex and renal medulla and are known as juxtamedullary glomeruli. The rest are simply undifferentiated cortical glomeruli. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004640 ZFA:0005308 Wikipedia The efferent arterioles are blood vessels that are part of the urinary tract of organisms. The efferent arterioles form from a convergence of the capillaries of the glomerulus. They play an important role in maintaining the glomerular filtration rate despite fluctuations in blood pressure. In the mammalian kidney they follow two markedly different courses, depending on the location of the glomeruli from which they arise. In the mammalian kidney about 15% of glomeruli lie close to the boundary between the renal cortex and renal medulla and are known as juxtamedullary glomeruli. The rest are simply undifferentiated cortical glomeruli. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Efferent_arteriole spleen capsule A capsule that is part of a spleen [Obol]. FMA:15849 MA:0000753 Malpighian capsule SCTID:329635002 UBERON:0004641 capsule of spleen fibroelastic coat of spleen fibrous capsule of spleen ncithesaurus:Splenic_Capsule splenic capsule tunica fibrosa (splen)(lien) FMA:15849 splenic capsule FMA:15849 fibrous capsule of spleen FMA:15849 capsule of spleen FMA:15849 fibroelastic coat of spleen FMA:15849 Malpighian capsule A capsule that is part of a spleen [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:15849 tunica fibrosa (splen)(lien) third ventricle ependyma 3rd ventricle ependyma An ependyma that is part of a third ventricle [Obol]. FMA:242833 MA:0000882 SCTID:362316006 UBERON:0004642 ependyma of third ventricle An ependyma that is part of a third ventricle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic MA:0000882 ependyma of third ventricle 3rd ventricle ependyma MA:0000882 lateral ventricle ependyma An ependyma that is part of a lateral ventricle [Obol]. FMA:242825 MA:0000964 SCTID:369275002 UBERON:0004643 ependyma of lateral ventricle ncithesaurus:Lateral_Ventricle_Ependyma FMA:242825 ependyma of lateral ventricle An ependyma that is part of a lateral ventricle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic fourth ventricle ependyma 4th ventricle ependyma An ependyma that is part of a fourth ventricle [Obol]. FMA:242835 MA:0000986 SCTID:369277005 UBERON:0004644 ependyma of fourth ventricle ncithesaurus:Fourth_Ventricle_Ependyma FMA:242835 ependyma of fourth ventricle 4th ventricle ependyma MA:0000986 An ependyma that is part of a fourth ventricle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic urinary bladder urothelium BTO:0001694 FMA:15936 MA:0001693 SCTID:25631003 UBERON:0004645 bladder transitional cell epithelium ncithesaurus:Transitional_Epithelium transitional epithelium transitional epithelium of urinary bladder urinary bladder transitional epithelium urothelium urothelium of urinary bladder BTO:0001245 urothelium FMA:15936 transitional epithelium of urinary bladder MA:0001693 transitional epithelium FMA:15936 urinary bladder transitional epithelium FMA:15936 urothelium of urinary bladder FMA:15936 bladder transitional cell epithelium infraorbital artery FMA:49767 MA:0001977 SCTID:148167004 The infraorbital artery is an artery in the head that runs in the maxilla, emerging through the infraorbital foramen, just under the orbit of the eye. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004646 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gray511.png/200px-Gray511.png infra-orbital artery ncithesaurus:Infraorbital_Artery FMA:49767 infra-orbital artery The infraorbital artery is an artery in the head that runs in the maxilla, emerging through the infraorbital foramen, just under the orbit of the eye. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Infraorbital_artery liver lobule FMA:14471 MA:0002494 SCTID:362194004 UBERON:0004647 hepatic lobule lobulus hepaticus ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Lobule FMA FMA:14471 hepatic lobule FMA FMA:14471 lobulus hepaticus esophagus muscularis mucosa FMA:63059 MA:0002681 SCTID:47720007 UBERON:0004648 lamina muscularis of esophageal mucous membrane muscularis mucosae of esophagus FMA:63059 lamina muscularis of esophageal mucous membrane FMA:63059 muscularis mucosae of esophagus sphenoid bone pterygoid process AAO:0010086 FMA:54682 MA:0002774 SCTID:140390001 The pterygoid processes of the sphenoid, one on either side, descend perpendicularly from the regions where the body and great wings unite. Each process consists of a medial pterygoid plate and a lateral pterygoid plate, the upper parts of which are fused anteriorly; a vertical sulcus, the pterygopalatine groove, descends on the front of the line of fusion. The plates are separated below by an angular cleft, the pterygoid fissure (or pterygoid notch), the margins of which are rough for articulation with the pyramidal process of the palatine bone. The two plates diverge behind and enclose between them a V-shaped fossa, the pterygoid fossa, which contains pterygoideus internus and tensor veli palatini. Above this fossa is a small, oval, shallow depression, the scaphoid fossa, which gives origin to the tensor veli palatini. The anterior surface of the pterygoid process is broad and triangular near its root, where it forms the posterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa and presents the anterior orifice of the pterygoid canal. UBERON:0004649 processus pterygoideus processus pterygoideus ossis sphenoidalis pterygoid plate pterygoid process pterygoid process pterygoid process of sphenoid pterygoid process of sphenoid bone pterygoid process of sphenoid bone pterygoid processes pterygoid processus todo - check AAO:0000521-pterygoid and MA:0001471-pterygoid bone. MA also has 'inner plate of pterygoid process' as a syn for MA:0001471, FMA has lateral/medial plates. Seems likely inner = lateral (see MP:0004452). FMA:54682 pterygoid process of sphenoid MA:0002774 pterygoid process of sphenoid bone Wikipedia:Pterygoid_processes_of_the_sphenoid pterygoid processus The pterygoid processes of the sphenoid, one on either side, descend perpendicularly from the regions where the body and great wings unite. Each process consists of a medial pterygoid plate and a lateral pterygoid plate, the upper parts of which are fused anteriorly; a vertical sulcus, the pterygopalatine groove, descends on the front of the line of fusion. The plates are separated below by an angular cleft, the pterygoid fissure (or pterygoid notch), the margins of which are rough for articulation with the pyramidal process of the palatine bone. The two plates diverge behind and enclose between them a V-shaped fossa, the pterygoid fossa, which contains pterygoideus internus and tensor veli palatini. Above this fossa is a small, oval, shallow depression, the scaphoid fossa, which gives origin to the tensor veli palatini. The anterior surface of the pterygoid process is broad and triangular near its root, where it forms the posterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa and presents the anterior orifice of the pterygoid canal. Wikipedia:Pterygoid_processes_of_the_sphenoid Wikipedia:Pterygoid_processes_of_the_sphenoid pterygoid processes FMA:54682 FMA:TA processus pterygoideus ossis sphenoidalis FMA:54682 pterygoid process of sphenoid bone Wikipedia:Pterygoid_processes_of_the_sphenoid pterygoid plate FMA:54682 processus pterygoideus Wikipedia:Pterygoid_processes_of_the_sphenoid pterygoid process FMA:54682 pterygoid process tongue keratinized epithelium FMA:74865 MA:0002787 UBERON:0004650 keratinized epithelium of tongue FMA:74865 keratinized epithelium of tongue scapula spine EMAPA:25123 FMA:13453 MA:0002806 SCTID:181916005 Scapular spine UBERON:0004651 a prominent plate of bone, which crosses obliquely the medial four-fifths of the scapula at its upper part, and separates the supra- from the infraspinatous fossa. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gray205_left_scapula_lateral_view.png/200px-Gray205_left_scapula_lateral_view.png scapular spine spine of scapula Wikipedia:Spine_of_scapula a prominent plate of bone, which crosses obliquely the medial four-fifths of the scapula at its upper part, and separates the supra- from the infraspinatous fossa. FMA:13453 spine of scapula FMA:13453 Scapular spine MA:0002806 scapular spine humerus diaphysis EMAPA:25051 FMA:13305 MA:0002807 SCTID:181927007 UBERON:0004652 body of humerus corpus humeri diaphysis of humerus humeral diaphysis shaft of humerus FMA:13305 humeral diaphysis FMA:13305 shaft of humerus FMA:13305 body of humerus FMA:13305 diaphysis of humerus FMA:13305 FMA:TA corpus humeri temporal process of zygomatic bone EMAPA:19015 FMA:52904 MA:0002812 SCTID:122772003 The temporal process of the zygomatic bone, directed backward and medialward, is concave, presenting medially a rough, triangular area, for articulation with the maxilla, and laterally a smooth, concave surface, the upper part of which forms the anterior boundary of the temporal fossa, the lower a part of the infratemporal fossa. Near the center of this surface is the zygomaticotemporal foramen for the transmission of the zygomaticotemporal nerve. UBERON:0004654 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gray166.png/200px-Gray166.png processus temporalis (os zygomaticum) zygomatic bone temporal process The temporal process of the zygomatic bone, directed backward and medialward, is concave, presenting medially a rough, triangular area, for articulation with the maxilla, and laterally a smooth, concave surface, the upper part of which forms the anterior boundary of the temporal fossa, the lower a part of the infratemporal fossa. Near the center of this surface is the zygomaticotemporal foramen for the transmission of the zygomaticotemporal nerve. Wikipedia:Temporal_process_of_the_zygomatic_bone FMA:52904 processus temporalis (os zygomaticum) MA:0002812 zygomatic bone temporal process zygomatic process of temporal bone EMAPA:19015 FMA:52886 MA:0002811 SCTID:414110008 The zygomatic process of the temporal bone is a long, arched process projecting from the lower part of the squamous portion of the temporal bone. It articulates with the zygomatic bone. This process is at first directed lateralward, its two surfaces looking upward and downward; it then appears as if twisted inward upon itself, and runs forward, its surfaces now looking medialward and lateralward. UBERON:0004653 UBERON:0004655 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray137.png/200px-Gray137.png processus zygomaticus temporal bone zygomatic process temporal zygomatic process FMA:52886 processus zygomaticus The zygomatic process of the temporal bone is a long, arched process projecting from the lower part of the squamous portion of the temporal bone. It articulates with the zygomatic bone. This process is at first directed lateralward, its two surfaces looking upward and downward; it then appears as if twisted inward upon itself, and runs forward, its surfaces now looking medialward and lateralward. Wikipedia:Zygomatic_process_of_temporal_bone MA:0002811 temporal bone zygomatic process FMA:52886 temporal zygomatic process mandible condylar process BTO:0001750 FMA:52836 GAID:219 MA:0002816 MESH:A.02.835.232.781.324.502.632.600 Processus condylaris The posterior process on the ramus of the mandible composed of two parts: a superior part, the articular portion, and an inferior part, the condylar neck. UBERON:0004657 condylar process of mandible http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Processuscondylarismandibulae.PNG/200px-Processuscondylarismandibulae.PNG mandibular condyle mandibular condyloid process BTO:0001750 mandibular condyle FMA:52836 condylar process of mandible FMA:52836 Processus condylaris BTO:0001750 The posterior process on the ramus of the mandible composed of two parts: a superior part, the articular portion, and an inferior part, the condylar neck. Wikipedia:Mandibular_condyle MA:0002816 mandibular condyloid process mandible head FMA:59331 MA:0002817 Mandibular head SCTID:51354009 UBERON:0004658 head of mandible FMA:59331 Mandibular head FMA:59331 head of mandible mandible neck FMA:59332 MA:0002818 Mandibular neck SCTID:368875004 UBERON:0004659 neck of mandible FMA:59332 neck of mandible FMA:59332 Mandibular neck mandible coronoid process FMA:52833 MA:0002819 Processus coronoideus (mandibula) SCTID:244691004 UBERON:0004660 coronoid process of mandible mandibular coronoid process MA:0002819 mandibular coronoid process FMA:52833 Processus coronoideus (mandibula) FMA:52833 coronoid process of mandible mandible temporal crest Crista temporalis (Mandibulae) FMA:59484 MA:0002820 UBERON:0004661 temporal crest of mandible Crista temporalis (Mandibulae) FMA:59484 FMA:59484 temporal crest of mandible vertebra lamina AAO:0000695 FMA:11951 MA:0002876 SCTID:277423002 UBERON:0004662 lamina arcus vertebrae lamina of vertebra lamina of vertebral arch neural arch lamina vertebral lamina vertebral lamina AAO:0000695 neural arch lamina FMA:11951 lamina of vertebra FMA:11951 vertebral lamina FMA:11951 FMA:TA lamina arcus vertebrae FMA:11951 lamina of vertebral arch MA:0002876 vertebral lamina aorta wall An anatomical wall that is part of an aorta [Obol]. Aortic wall FMA:14156 MA:0002901 UBERON:0004663 wall of aorta FMA:14156 wall of aorta An anatomical wall that is part of an aorta [Obol]. OBOL:automatic Aortic wall FMA:14156 aorta tunica adventitia FMA:14283 MA:0002902 SCTID:24996002 UBERON:0004664 tunica adventitia of aorta FMA:14283 tunica adventitia of aorta seminal vesicle muscle layer A portion of muscle tissue that is part of a seminal vesicle [Obol]. EMAPA:29773 FMA:19404 MA:0002913 Muscular coat of seminal gland Muscular layer of seminal gland Tunica muscularis (Vesicula seminalis) UBERON:0004665 muscle layer of seminal vesicle tunica muscularis glandulae vesiculosae FMA:19404 muscle layer of seminal vesicle FMA:19404 FMA:TA tunica muscularis glandulae vesiculosae FMA:19404 Tunica muscularis (Vesicula seminalis) A portion of muscle tissue that is part of a seminal vesicle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:19404 Muscular coat of seminal gland FMA:19404 Muscular layer of seminal gland interventricular septum membranous part EHDAA2:0004596 EMAPA:18246 FMA:7135 MA:0002939 Membranous interventricular septum Membranous portion of interventricular septum OG:0000927 Pars membranacea (septi interventricularis) UBERON:0004666 membranous interventricular septum membranous part of interventricular septum FMA:7135 Membranous portion of interventricular septum FMA:7135 Pars membranacea (septi interventricularis) MA:0002939 membranous interventricular septum FMA:7135 membranous part of interventricular septum FMA:7135 Membranous interventricular septum interventricular septum muscular part A portion of muscle tissue that is part of a interventricular septum [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000888 EHDAA:2607 EMAPA:18247 FMA:7134 MA:0002940 Muscular interventricular septum Pars muscularis (septi interventricularis) UBERON:0004667 muscular interventricular septum muscular part of interventricular septum FMA:7134 Pars muscularis (septi interventricularis) FMA:7134 muscular part of interventricular septum MA:0002940 muscular interventricular septum A portion of muscle tissue that is part of a interventricular septum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:7134 Muscular interventricular septum fourth ventricle aperture An orifice that is part of a fourth ventricle [Obol]. FMA:242766 MA:0002945 UBERON:0004668 aperture of fourth ventricle FMA:242766 aperture of fourth ventricle An orifice that is part of a fourth ventricle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic ependyma BTO:0000401 Ependymal epithelium lining the ventricular cavities and canals of the CNS is simple, columnar or cuboidal. FMA has ependyma proper and ependyma, not defined FMA:242791 GAID:608 MESH:A.08.186.211.276.460 SCTID:12766003 UBERON:0004670 ependyma of neuraxis ependymal epithelium lamina epithelialis ncithesaurus:Ependyma FMA:242791 lamina epithelialis BTO:0000401 ependymal epithelium BTO:0000401 Ependymal epithelium lining the ventricular cavities and canals of the CNS is simple, columnar or cuboidal. FMA:242791 ependyma of neuraxis gyrus rectus FMA:61893 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1103 SCTID:279206004 UBERON:0004671 gyrus rectus medial part of gyri orbitales rectal gyrus rectus gyrus straight gyrus FMA:61893 medial part of gyri orbitales FMA:61893 rectal gyrus FMA:61893 rectus gyrus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1103 gyrus rectus FMA:61893 straight gyrus posterior horn lateral ventricle FMA:83700 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1297 SCTID:362314009 UBERON:0004672 cornu posterius ventriculi lateralis ncithesaurus:Occipital_Horn_of_the_Lateral_Ventricle occipital horn occipital horn of lateral ventricle posterior horn lateral ventricle posterior horn of lateral ventricle posterior horn of the lateral ventricle NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1297 posterior horn of the lateral ventricle FMA:83700 posterior horn of lateral ventricle FMA:83700 occipital horn of lateral ventricle NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1297 occipital horn FMA:83700 FMA:TA cornu posterius ventriculi lateralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1297 posterior horn lateral ventricle trigeminal nerve root FMA:52610 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1346 SCTID:280185007 UBERON:0004673 root of trigeminal nerve trigeminal nerve root trigeminal neural root FMA:52610 root of trigeminal nerve FMA:52610 trigeminal neural root NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1346 trigeminal nerve root facial nerve root FMA:53418 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1513 SCTID:280186008 UBERON:0004674 central part of facial nerve facial nerve fibers facial nerve root facial neural root root of facial nerve FMA:53418 facial neural root NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1513 facial nerve root FMA:53418 facial nerve fibers FMA:53418 central part of facial nerve FMA:53418 root of facial nerve hypoglossal nerve root FMA:72632 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1588 UBERON:0004675 central part of hypoglossal nerve hypoglossal nerve fibers hypoglossal nerve root hypoglossal nerve tract root of hypoglossal nerve NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1588 hypoglossal nerve root FMA:72632 hypoglossal nerve fibers FMA:72632 central part of hypoglossal nerve FMA:72632 hypoglossal nerve tract FMA:72632 root of hypoglossal nerve spinal cord lateral horn FMA:256536 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2666 UBERON:0004676 a triangular field that is a lateralward projection of the postero-lateral part of the anterior column[WP, modified by cjm]. intermediate gray column of spinal cord intermediate grey column of spinal cord lateral gray column of spinal cord lateral gray horn lateral gray matter of spinal cord lateral horn of spinal cord ncithesaurus:Lateral_Horn_of_the_Spinal_Cord spinal cord intermediate horn spinal cord lateral horn todo - check relationship to spinal cord lateral column. in FMA funiculus=white and horn=grep FMA FMA:256536 lateral gray matter of spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2666 spinal cord lateral horn FMA:256536 lateral horn of spinal cord Wikipedia:Lateral_horn_of_spinal_cord a triangular field that is a lateralward projection of the postero-lateral part of the anterior column[WP, modified by cjm]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2666 spinal cord intermediate horn FMA:256536 intermediate gray column of spinal cord FMA:256536 intermediate grey column of spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2666 lateral gray horn FMA:256536 lateral gray column of spinal cord spinal cord gray commissure FMA:77036 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2669 The gray commissure is a thin strip of gray matter that surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord and, along with the anterior white commissure, connects the two halves of the cord. It comprises lamina X in the Rexed classification. UBERON:0004677 gray commissure of spinal cord spinal cord gray commissure spinal cord grey commissure FMA The gray commissure is a thin strip of gray matter that surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord and, along with the anterior white commissure, connects the two halves of the cord. It comprises lamina X in the Rexed classification. Wikipedia:Gray_commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2669 spinal cord gray commissure FMA:77036 gray commissure of spinal cord check-me Obol:automatic spinal cord grey commissure apex of spinal cord dorsal horn FMA:256700 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2670 UBERON:0004678 apex cornu posterioris medullae spinalis apex of dorsal gray column apex of dorsal gray column of spinal cord apex of dorsal horn of spinal cord apex of posterior horn of spinal cord apex of spinal cord dorsal horn apex of spinal cord posterior horn NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2670 apex of spinal cord posterior horn FMA:256700 apex of dorsal gray column of spinal cord FMA:256700 apex of dorsal horn of spinal cord FMA:256700 apex of dorsal gray column FMA:256700 apex of posterior horn of spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2670 apex of spinal cord dorsal horn FMA:256700 FMA:TA apex cornu posterioris medullae spinalis dentate gyrus molecular layer FMA:83677 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4127 UBERON:0004679 dentate gyrus molecular layer molecular layer of dentate gyrus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4127 dentate gyrus molecular layer FMA:83677 molecular layer of dentate gyrus body of fornix FMA:61968 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_739 The columns (anterior pillars; fornicolumns) of the fornix arch downward in front of the interventricular foramen and behind the anterior commissure, and each descends through the gray substance in the lateral wall of the third ventricle to the base of the brain, where it ends in the corpus mammillare. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004680 body of fornix body of fornix of forebrain column of fornix columna fornicis fornix body http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gray747.png/200px-Gray747.png FMA:61968 FMA:TA columna fornicis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_739 body of fornix FMA:61968 body of fornix of forebrain The columns (anterior pillars; fornicolumns) of the fornix arch downward in front of the interventricular foramen and behind the anterior commissure, and each descends through the gray substance in the lateral wall of the third ventricle to the base of the brain, where it ends in the corpus mammillare. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Columns_of_fornix FMA:61968 fornix body FMA:61968 column of fornix vestibular system BTO:0003381 FMA:7193 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090819 SCTID:361533001 The vestibular system, which contributes to our balance and our sense of spatial orientation, is the sensory system that provides the dominant input about movement and equilibrioception. Together with the cochlea, a part of the auditory system, it constitutes the labyrinth of the inner ear, situated in the vestibulum in the inner ear. As our movements consist of rotations and translations, the vestibular system comprises two components: the semicircular canal system, which indicate rotational movements; and the otoliths, which indicate linear accelerations. The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that control our eye movements, and to the muscles that keep us upright. The projections to the former provide the anatomical basis of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, which is required for clear vision; and the projections to the muscles that control our posture are necessary to keep us upright. UBERON:0004681 note that FMA and NIF have no part information for this class. This is a GAT in FMA vestibular organ system vestibular system FMA:7193 vestibular organ system The vestibular system, which contributes to our balance and our sense of spatial orientation, is the sensory system that provides the dominant input about movement and equilibrioception. Together with the cochlea, a part of the auditory system, it constitutes the labyrinth of the inner ear, situated in the vestibulum in the inner ear. As our movements consist of rotations and translations, the vestibular system comprises two components: the semicircular canal system, which indicate rotational movements; and the otoliths, which indicate linear accelerations. The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that control our eye movements, and to the muscles that keep us upright. The projections to the former provide the anatomical basis of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, which is required for clear vision; and the projections to the muscles that control our posture are necessary to keep us upright. Wikipedia:Vestibular_system NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090819 vestibular system corona radiata FMA:18661 For the structure in embryology, see Corona radiata (embryology) In neuroanatomy, the corona radiata is a white matter sheet that continues caudally as the internal capsule and rostrally as the centrum semiovale. This sheet of axons contains both descending and ascending axons that carry nearly all of the neural traffic from and to the cerebral cortex. The corona radiata is associated with the corticospinal tract, the corticopontine tract, and the corticobulbar tract. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090903 UBERON:0004682 corona radiata http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gray745.png/200px-Gray745.png NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090903 corona radiata For the structure in embryology, see Corona radiata (embryology) In neuroanatomy, the corona radiata is a white matter sheet that continues caudally as the internal capsule and rostrally as the centrum semiovale. This sheet of axons contains both descending and ascending axons that carry nearly all of the neural traffic from and to the cerebral cortex. The corona radiata is associated with the corticospinal tract, the corticopontine tract, and the corticobulbar tract. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Corona_radiata parasubiculum ABA:PAR BM:Tel-Cx-PASB FMA:77604 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_091002 UBERON:0004683 parasubicular area parasubiculum NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_091002 parasubicular area ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_091002 parasubiculum ABA raphe nuclei FMA:84017 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.659.632 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090205 Thin plates of cells in and immediately adjacent to the sagittal plane[NIF]. A moderate-size cluster of nuclei found in the brain stem. Their main function is to release serotonin to the rest of the brain. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are believed to act in these nuclei, as well as at their targets. The raphe nuclei are traditionally considered to be the medial portion of the reticular formation, and they appear as a ridge of cells in the center and most medial portion of the brain stem. UBERON:0004684 ZFA:0001429 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gray694.png/200px-Gray694.png nuclei raphes raphe cluster raphe nuclei raphe nuclei set raphe nucleus we treat NR obscurus, NR magnus etc as parts of the raphe nuclei. This is consistent with treatment in FMA, where the class is 'set of raphe nuclei' Wikipedia GO Wikipedia FMA:84017 raphe nuclei set NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090205 Thin plates of cells in and immediately adjacent to the sagittal plane[NIF]. A moderate-size cluster of nuclei found in the brain stem. Their main function is to release serotonin to the rest of the brain. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are believed to act in these nuclei, as well as at their targets. The raphe nuclei are traditionally considered to be the medial portion of the reticular formation, and they appear as a ridge of cells in the center and most medial portion of the brain stem. Wikipedia:Raphe_nuclei https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3248146&group_id=36855&atid=440764 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090205 raphe nuclei Wikipedia:Raphe_nuclei raphe cluster ZFA:0001429 raphe nucleus FMA:84017 FMA:TA nuclei raphes FMA:84017 raphe nuclei middle temporal area Brodmann area 21 Brodmann area 21, or BA21, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. The region encompasses most of the lateral temporal cortex, a region believed to play a part in auditory processing and language. Language function is left lateralized in most individuals. BA21 is superior to BA20 and inferior to BA40 and BA41. This area is also known as middle temporal area 21. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. In the human it corresponds approximately to the middle temporal gyrus. It is bounded rostrally by the temporopolar area 38 (H), ventrally by the inferior temporal area 20, caudally by the occipitotemporal area 37 (H), and dorsally by the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909). [WP,unvetted]. FMA:68618 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090308 UBERON:0004685 area 21 of Brodmann http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Brodmann_area_21.png/200px-Brodmann_area_21.png middle temporal area Brodmann area 21, or BA21, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. The region encompasses most of the lateral temporal cortex, a region believed to play a part in auditory processing and language. Language function is left lateralized in most individuals. BA21 is superior to BA20 and inferior to BA40 and BA41. This area is also known as middle temporal area 21. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. In the human it corresponds approximately to the middle temporal gyrus. It is bounded rostrally by the temporopolar area 38 (H), ventrally by the inferior temporal area 20, caudally by the occipitotemporal area 37 (H), and dorsally by the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_21 FMA:68618 middle temporal area FMA:68618 area 21 of Brodmann NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090308 middle temporal area gastro-splenic ligament EHDAA2:0000702 EHDAA:9160 EMAPA:18285 EMAPA:18905 FMA:16517 MA:0001619 OG:0000354 SCTID:260636005 UBERON:0004686 gastrolienal ligament gastrosplenc ligament gastrosplenic ligament http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Gray1039.png in MA, EMAPA and EHDAA2 this is part of the dorsal mesogastrium. In wikipedia, and the above source, it is derived from the DM. This is a generic ligament in MA, we infer this and assert that this is a nonskeletal ligament ligamentum gastrosplenicum peritoneum connecting the greater curvature of stomach with the hilum of the spleen[umich]. part of the greater omentum; derived from the dorsal mesogastrium in the embryo. MA-modified Wikipedia FMA:16517 gastrosplenic ligament FMA:16517 gastrolienal ligament FMA Wikipedia Wikipedia:Gastrosplenic_ligament ligamentum gastrosplenicum MA-propagated Wikipedia:Gastrosplenic_ligament http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/gastrointestinal_system/stomach_tables.html peritoneum connecting the greater curvature of stomach with the hilum of the spleen[umich]. part of the greater omentum; derived from the dorsal mesogastrium in the embryo. FMA:16517 gastrosplenc ligament lieno-renal ligament EHDAA2:0004572 EMAPA:18286 EMAPA:18906 FMA:16522 MA:0001620 Multiple sources support greater omentum assignment. E.g. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/splenorenal+ligament. We change the MA part_of assignment to develops_from UBERON:0004687 lienorenal ligament ligamentum lienorenale ligamentum splenorenale (lienorenale, phrenicosplenicum) peritoneum that attaches the spleen to the posterior abdominal wall over the left kidney. develops from the dorsal mesogastrium of the embryo[umich] phrenicolienal ligament splenicorenal ligament splenorenal ligament MA-propagated Wikipedia:Splenorenal_ligament http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/gastrointestinal_system/peritoneum_tables.html peritoneum that attaches the spleen to the posterior abdominal wall over the left kidney. develops from the dorsal mesogastrium of the embryo[umich] MA-modified FMA:16522 splenorenal ligament FMA:16522 splenicorenal ligament FMA:16522 lienorenal ligament FMA:16522 FMA:TA ligamentum lienorenale FMA:16522 phrenicolienal ligament FMA FMA:16522 ligamentum splenorenale (lienorenale, phrenicosplenicum) costo-cervical trunk FMA:10636 MA:0001939 SCTID:244225009 The costocervical trunk arises from the upper and back part of the subclavian artery, behind the scalenus anterior on the right side, and medial to that muscle on the left side. Passing backward, it splits into the deep cervical artery and the supreme intercostal artery (or the Highest intercostal artery), which descends behind the pleura in front of the necks of the first and second ribs, and anastomoses with the first aortic intercostal (3rd posterior intercostal artery). As it crosses the neck of the first rib it lies medial to the anterior division of the first thoracic nerve, and lateral to the first thoracic ganglion of the sympathetic trunk. In the first intercostal space, it gives off a branch which is distributed in a manner similar to the distribution of the aortic intercostals. The branch for the second intercostal space usually joins with one from the highest aortic intercostal artery. This branch is not constant, but is more commonly found on the right side; when absent, its place is supplied by an intercostal branch from the aorta. Each intercostal gives off a posterior branch which goes to the posterior vertebral muscles, and sends a small spinal branch through the corresponding intervertebral foramen to the medulla spinalis and its membranes. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004688 costocervical trunk http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Costocervical_trunk_with_branches.png/200px-Costocervical_trunk_with_branches.png trunk of costocervical artery FMA:10636 costocervical trunk The costocervical trunk arises from the upper and back part of the subclavian artery, behind the scalenus anterior on the right side, and medial to that muscle on the left side. Passing backward, it splits into the deep cervical artery and the supreme intercostal artery (or the Highest intercostal artery), which descends behind the pleura in front of the necks of the first and second ribs, and anastomoses with the first aortic intercostal (3rd posterior intercostal artery). As it crosses the neck of the first rib it lies medial to the anterior division of the first thoracic nerve, and lateral to the first thoracic ganglion of the sympathetic trunk. In the first intercostal space, it gives off a branch which is distributed in a manner similar to the distribution of the aortic intercostals. The branch for the second intercostal space usually joins with one from the highest aortic intercostal artery. This branch is not constant, but is more commonly found on the right side; when absent, its place is supplied by an intercostal branch from the aorta. Each intercostal gives off a posterior branch which goes to the posterior vertebral muscles, and sends a small spinal branch through the corresponding intervertebral foramen to the medulla spinalis and its membranes. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Costocervical_trunk FMA:10636 trunk of costocervical artery naso-frontal vein FMA:51729 MA:0002182 SCTID:44840002 UBERON:0004689 nasofrontal vein FMA:51729 nasofrontal vein FMA/obol FMA/obol pancreatico-duodenal vein FMA:15398 MA:0002190 SCTID:76262002 Superior posterior pancreaticoduodenal vein UBERON:0004690 ncithesaurus:Pancreatico-Duodenal_Vein pancreaticoduodenal vein vena pancreaticoduodenalis superior posterior FMA:15398 FMA:TA vena pancreaticoduodenalis superior posterior FMA:15398 pancreaticoduodenal vein FMA:15398 Superior posterior pancreaticoduodenal vein FMA/obol bulbourethral gland secretion FMA:62968 MA:0002524 UBERON:0004691 bulbo-urethral gland secretion ncithesaurus:Bulbourethral_Gland_Secretion secretion of bulbo-urethral gland FMA:62968 secretion of bulbo-urethral gland FMA:62968 bulbo-urethral gland secretion external naris epithelium An epithelium that is part of a naris [Obol]. EMAPA:18596 MA:0001321 UBERON:0004692 An epithelium that is part of a naris [Obol]. OBOL:automatic peyer's patch epithelium An epithelium that is part of a Peyer ' s patch [Obol]. MA:0000731 UBERON:0004693 An epithelium that is part of a Peyer ' s patch [Obol]. OBOL:automatic harderian gland epithelium An epithelium that is part of a Harderian gland [Obol]. MA:0001248 UBERON:0004694 An epithelium that is part of a Harderian gland [Obol]. OBOL:automatic arterial system smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arterial system [Obol]. MA:0000704 UBERON:0004695 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arterial system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic venous system smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a venous system [Obol]. MA:0000715 UBERON:0004696 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a venous system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic peyer's patch germinal center MA:0000734 UBERON:0004697 vena cava endothelium An endothelium that is part of a vena cava [Obol]. MA:0000713 UBERON:0004698 ncithesaurus:Vena_Cava_Endothelium An endothelium that is part of a vena cava [Obol]. OBOL:automatic outflow tract endothelium An endothelium that is part of a outflow tract [Obol]. MA:0000490 UBERON:0004699 An endothelium that is part of a outflow tract [Obol]. OBOL:automatic arterial system endothelium An endothelium that is part of an arterial system [Obol]. MA:0000703 UBERON:0004700 ncithesaurus:Arterial_System_Endothelium An endothelium that is part of an arterial system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic venous system endothelium An endothelium that is part of a venous system [Obol]. MA:0000714 UBERON:0004701 ncithesaurus:Venous_System_Endothelium An endothelium that is part of a venous system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic respiratory system blood vessel endothelium A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001805 UBERON:0004702 A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic dorsal thalamus BM:Die-Th MA and ZFA think there is a distinct dorsal thalamus, but FMA says its an exact synonym. TODO. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8167659 MA:0000180 UBERON:0004703 ZFA:0000653 dorsal thalamus ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Thalamus thalamus, pars dorsalis FMA:62007 dorsal thalamus ZFA:0000653 thalamus, pars dorsalis bone fossa AAO:0010439 FMA:45791 General Anatomical term in FMA UBERON:0004704 ZFA:0005388 a depression or hollow in a bone[WP]. fossa ncithesaurus:Fossa Wikipedia:Fossa#Anatomy a depression or hollow in a bone[WP]. fenestra TODO check fenestra vs fossa. fenestra = hole, fossa = depression with bottom? UBERON:0004705 an opening in the skull or other bones[WP]. Wikipedia:Fenestra an opening in the skull or other bones[WP]. bulbus cordis EHDAA2:0000196 EHDAA:438 EHDAA:768 EMAPA:16216 EMAPA:16333 FMA:70300 SCTID:361525002 The bulbus cordis lies ventral to the primitive ventricle after the developing heart assumes its S-shaped form. Together, the bulbus cordis and the primitive ventricle give rise to the ventricle of the formed heart. The adjacent walls of the bulbus cordis and ventricle approximate, fuse, and finally disappear, and the bulbus cordis now communicates freely with the right ventricle, while the junction of the bulbus with the truncus arteriosus is brought directly ventral to and applied to the atrial canal. By the upgrowth of the ventricular septum the bulbus cordis is in great measure separated from the left ventricle, but remains an integral part of the right ventricle, of which it forms the infundibulum[WP]. UBERON:0004706 ZFA:0000173 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gray466.png/200px-Gray466.png ncithesaurus:Bulbus_Cordis todo - check ZFA The bulbus cordis lies ventral to the primitive ventricle after the developing heart assumes its S-shaped form. Together, the bulbus cordis and the primitive ventricle give rise to the ventricle of the formed heart. The adjacent walls of the bulbus cordis and ventricle approximate, fuse, and finally disappear, and the bulbus cordis now communicates freely with the right ventricle, while the junction of the bulbus with the truncus arteriosus is brought directly ventral to and applied to the atrial canal. By the upgrowth of the ventricular septum the bulbus cordis is in great measure separated from the left ventricle, but remains an integral part of the right ventricle, of which it forms the infundibulum[WP]. Wikipedia:Bulbus_cordis pharyngula stage A stage that follows the blastula, gastrula and neurula stages. At the pharyngula stage, all vertebrate embryos show remarkable similarities. OGES:000006 TODO: check with evo-devo biologists UBERON:0004707 pharyngula phylotypic stage A stage that follows the blastula, gastrula and neurula stages. At the pharyngula stage, all vertebrate embryos show remarkable similarities. Wikipedia:Pharyngula limb/fin UBERON:0004708 jointed paired lateral appendage limb or fin this class is the union of the classes limb and fin. TODO - should limb subsume fin? GO treats these as siblings, yet the GO definition appears to apply to fins UBERON:cjm jointed paired lateral appendage UBERON:cjm limb or fin limb/fin of posterior region of body A limb/fin that is part of a posterior region of body [Obol]. TODO - as defined, this includes ALL paired fins in the posterior region UBERON:0004709 hindlimb/pelvic fin UBERON:cjm hindlimb/pelvic fin A limb/fin that is part of a posterior region of body [Obol]. OBOL:automatic limb/fin of anterior region of body A limb/fin that is part of an anterior region of body [Obol]. TODO - as defined, this includes ALL paired fins in the anterior region UBERON:0004710 forelimb/pectoral fin UBERON:cjm forelimb/pectoral fin A limb/fin that is part of an anterior region of body [Obol]. OBOL:automatic jugular vein Any one of the several large veins of the neck that drain blood from the head[BTO]. Veins in the neck which drain the brain, face, and neck into the brachiocephalic or subclavian veins[GAID]. The jugular veins are veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava[WP]. BTO:0001744 EMAPA:18638 GAID:536 MA:0002154 MESH:A.07.231.908.498 SCTID:244403000 UBERON:0004711 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gray558.png/200px-Gray558.png jugular ncithesaurus:Jugular_Vein vena jugularis Any one of the several large veins of the neck that drain blood from the head[BTO]. Veins in the neck which drain the brain, face, and neck into the brachiocephalic or subclavian veins[GAID]. The jugular veins are veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava[WP]. BTO:0001744 Wikipedia:Jugular_vein BTO:0001744 vena jugularis corpus cavernosum penis BTO:0002019 EMAPA:29850 EMAPA:29856 FMA:19618 MA:0001743 One of the columns of erectile tissue forming the dorsum and sides of the penis. UBERON:0004713 Wikipedia:Corpus_cavernosum_penis cavernous body of penis corpus cavernosum corpus cavernosum of penis corpus sopngiosum penis corpus spongiosum penis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gray1155.png/200px-Gray1155.png ncithesaurus:Penis_Erectile_Tissue penile corpus cavernosum penis erectile tissue spongy body of male urethra spongy body of penis BTO:0002019 One of the columns of erectile tissue forming the dorsum and sides of the penis. Wikipedia:Corpus_cavernosum_penis BTO:0002019 spongy body of male urethra BTO:0002019 spongy body of penis BTO:0002019 corpus sopngiosum penis BTO:0002019 penile corpus cavernosum BTO:0002019 corpus spongiosum penis BTO:0002019 cavernous body of penis BTO:0002019 corpus cavernosum MA:0001743 penis erectile tissue FMA:19618 corpus cavernosum of penis septum pellucidum BTO:0003448 FMA:61844 MA:0002979 MESH:A.08.186.211.276.814 SCTID:362313003 The septum pellucidum is made up of two thin sheets of mostly glial-like elements that abut each other in the midline and have a potential space between them. Those sheets also separate the left and right lateral ventricles from each other. At the base of the sheets rostrally, however, are the septal nuclei, which are important components of the limbic system.a thin, triangular, vertical membrane separating the lateral ventricles of the brain. It separates the anterior horn of the left and right lateral ventricles. It runs as a sheet from the corpus callosum down to the fornix. When the hemispheres are cut apart, the septum remains on one hemisphere, usually the left. The septum pellucidum is implicated in pleasure, mood, rage, sexual gratification and more. Lesions of the septum lead to sham rage. Stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (primary efferent of the septum) restores normal behavior. UBERON:0004714 Wikipedia:Septum_pellucidum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray732.png/200px-Gray732.png ncithesaurus:Septum_Pellucidum pellucidum septum lucidum supracommissural septum BTO:0003448 pellucidum BTO:0003448 The septum pellucidum is made up of two thin sheets of mostly glial-like elements that abut each other in the midline and have a potential space between them. Those sheets also separate the left and right lateral ventricles from each other. At the base of the sheets rostrally, however, are the septal nuclei, which are important components of the limbic system.a thin, triangular, vertical membrane separating the lateral ventricles of the brain. It separates the anterior horn of the left and right lateral ventricles. It runs as a sheet from the corpus callosum down to the fornix. When the hemispheres are cut apart, the septum remains on one hemisphere, usually the left. The septum pellucidum is implicated in pleasure, mood, rage, sexual gratification and more. Lesions of the septum lead to sham rage. Stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (primary efferent of the septum) restores normal behavior. Wikipedia:Septum_pellucidum BTO:0003448 septum lucidum FMA:61844 supracommissural septum annulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis BTO:0003629 FMA:13551 MA:0000111 The ring of fibrocartilage and fibrous tissue forming the circumference of the intervertebral disc; surrounds the nucleus pulposus, which is prone to herniation when the annulus fibrosus is compromised. UBERON:0004715 Wikipedia:Annulus_fibrosus_disci_intervertebralis annulus fibrosus annulus fibrosus of intervertebral disc anulus fibrosus (diskus intervertebralis) anulus fibrosus of intervertebral disk fibrous ring of intervertebral disc http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cervical_vertebra_english.png/200px-Cervical_vertebra_english.png BTO:0003629 fibrous ring of intervertebral disc BTO:0003629 The ring of fibrocartilage and fibrous tissue forming the circumference of the intervertebral disc; surrounds the nucleus pulposus, which is prone to herniation when the annulus fibrosus is compromised. Wikipedia:Annulus_fibrosus_disci_intervertebralis BTO:0003629 annulus fibrosus of intervertebral disc FMA:13551 anulus fibrosus of intervertebral disk FMA:13551 anulus fibrosus (diskus intervertebralis) MA:0000111 annulus fibrosus conceptus AEO:0000194 BTO:0003834 EHDAA2:0000001 EHDAA2:0003235 The embryo and its adnexa (appendages or adjunct parts) or associated membranes (i.e. the products of conception) The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes - amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac[WP]. UBERON:0004716 Wikipedia:Conceptus ncithesaurus:Conceptus BTO:0003834 The embryo and its adnexa (appendages or adjunct parts) or associated membranes (i.e. the products of conception) The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes - amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac[WP]. Wikipedia:Conceptus Brodmann area 29 A cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is a narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ectosplenial area 26 and externally by the agranular retrolimbic area 30. BTO:0003978 FMA:68626 UBERON:0004717 Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_29 area 29 of brodmann brodmann's area 29 granular retrolimbic area 29 FMA:68626 brodmann's area 29 BTO:0003978 Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_29 granular retrolimbic area 29 A cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is a narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ectosplenial area 26 and externally by the agranular retrolimbic area 30. BTO:0003978 FMA:68626 area 29 of brodmann Brodmann area 26 BTO:0003979 FMA:68623 In the human this area is called ectosplenial area 26. It is a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. It is a narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus adjacent to the fasciolar gyrus internally. It is bounded externally by the granular retrolimbic area 29. UBERON:0004718 Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_26 area 26 of brodmann ectosplenial area ectosplenial area 26 FMA:68623 area 26 of brodmann BTO:0003979 In the human this area is called ectosplenial area 26. It is a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. It is a narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus adjacent to the fasciolar gyrus internally. It is bounded externally by the granular retrolimbic area 29. BTO:0003979 Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_26 ectosplenial area 26 FMA:68623 ectosplenial area arcuate vein EMAPA:28221 MA:0002593 The arcuate vein is a vessel of the renal circulation. It is located at the border of the renal cortex and renal medulla. UBERON:0004719 Wikipedia:Arcuate_vein arcuate veins http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png/200px-Kidney_PioM.png Wikipedia:Arcuate_vein arcuate veins The arcuate vein is a vessel of the renal circulation. It is located at the border of the renal cortex and renal medulla. Wikipedia:Arcuate_vein cerebellar vermis ABA:VERM EV:0100298 FMA:76928 MA:0000202 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1175 Part of the structure of animal brains, the cerebellar vermis is a narrow, wormlike structure between the hemispheres of the cerebellum. SCTID:279105006 UBERON:0004720 cerebellum vermis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CerebellumDiv.png/200px-CerebellumDiv.png ncithesaurus:Vermis vermal parts of the cerebellum vermal regions vermis vermis cerebelli [i-x] vermis of cerebellum vermis of cerebellum [i-x] NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1175 vermal parts of the cerebellum FMA:76928 FMA:TA vermis cerebelli [i-x] Part of the structure of animal brains, the cerebellar vermis is a narrow, wormlike structure between the hemispheres of the cerebellum. Wikipedia:Cerebellar_vermis FMA:76928 vermis of cerebellum ABA Wikipedia:Cerebellar_vermis vermis FMA:76928 cerebellum vermis ABA:VERM vermal regions FMA:76928 vermis of cerebellum [i-x] crista ampullaris FMA:77714 MA:0002771 SCTID:368953000 The crista ampullaris is the sensory organ of rotation located in the semicircular canal of the inner ear. The function of the crista ampullaris is to sense angular acceleration and deceleration. UBERON:0004721 Wikipedia:Crista_ampullaris ampullary crest ampullary crest of semicircular duct cristae ampullares ncithesaurus:Ampullary_Crest MA:0002771 ampullary crest Wikipedia:Crista_ampullaris cristae ampullares The crista ampullaris is the sensory organ of rotation located in the semicircular canal of the inner ear. The function of the crista ampullaris is to sense angular acceleration and deceleration. Wikipedia:Crista_ampullaris MA FMA:77714 ampullary crest of semicircular duct deep cervical lymph node MA:0002885 SCTID:279145002 The deep cervical lymph nodes are a group of cervical lymph nodes found near the internal jugular vein. They can be divided into upper and lower groups, or superior and inferior groups. Alternatively, they can be divided into deep anterior cervical lymph nodes and deep lateral cervical lymph nodes. They can also be divided into three groups: superior deep jugular, middle deep jugular, and 'inferior deep jugular'. UBERON:0004722 Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_lymph_nodes http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Illu_lymph_chain02.jpg/200px-Illu_lymph_chain02.jpg lower jugular nodes middle jugular nodes ncithesaurus:Deep_Cervical_Lymph_Node upper jugular nodes Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_lymph_nodes middle jugular nodes Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_lymph_nodes upper jugular nodes The deep cervical lymph nodes are a group of cervical lymph nodes found near the internal jugular vein. They can be divided into upper and lower groups, or superior and inferior groups. Alternatively, they can be divided into deep anterior cervical lymph nodes and deep lateral cervical lymph nodes. They can also be divided into three groups: superior deep jugular, middle deep jugular, and 'inferior deep jugular'. Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_lymph_nodes Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_lymph_nodes lower jugular nodes interlobular artery EMAPA:28212 FMA:70498 MA:0002584 The first set of renal bloodvessels, the interlobular arteries (or cortical radiate arteries, or cortical radial arteries), are given off at right angles from the side of the arcuate arteries looking toward the cortical substance, and pass directly outward between the medullary rays to reach the fibrous tunic, where they end in the capillary network of this part. These vessels do not anastomose with each other, but form what are called end-arteries. In their outward course they give off lateral branches; these are the afferent vessels for the renal corpuscles; they enter the capsule, and end in the glomerulus. From each tuft the corresponding efferent vessel arises, and, having made its egress from the capsule near to the point where the afferent vessel enters, breaks up into a number of branches, which form a dense plexus within Bowman's capsule. UBERON:0004723 Wikipedia:Interlobular_arteries cortical radial arteries http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png interlobular ncithesaurus:Interlobular_Artery Wikipedia:Interlobular_arteries interlobular The first set of renal bloodvessels, the interlobular arteries (or cortical radiate arteries, or cortical radial arteries), are given off at right angles from the side of the arcuate arteries looking toward the cortical substance, and pass directly outward between the medullary rays to reach the fibrous tunic, where they end in the capillary network of this part. These vessels do not anastomose with each other, but form what are called end-arteries. In their outward course they give off lateral branches; these are the afferent vessels for the renal corpuscles; they enter the capsule, and end in the glomerulus. From each tuft the corresponding efferent vessel arises, and, having made its egress from the capsule near to the point where the afferent vessel enters, breaks up into a number of branches, which form a dense plexus within Bowman's capsule. Wikipedia:Interlobular_arteries Wikipedia:Interlobular_arteries cortical radial arteries medial palpebral ligament MA:0001258 SCTID:280578002 The medial palpebral ligament (tendo oculi), about 4 mm. in length and 2 mm. in breadth, is attached to the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove. Crossing the lacrimal sac, it divides into two parts, upper and lower, each attached to the medial end of the corresponding tarsus. As the ligament crosses the lacrimal sac, a strong aponeurotic is given off from its posterior surface; this expands over the sac, and is attached to the posterior lacrimal crest. UBERON:0004724 Wikipedia:Medial_palpebral_ligament http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gray894.png/200px-Gray894.png ncithesaurus:Medial_Palpebral_Ligament The medial palpebral ligament (tendo oculi), about 4 mm. in length and 2 mm. in breadth, is attached to the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove. Crossing the lacrimal sac, it divides into two parts, upper and lower, each attached to the medial end of the corresponding tarsus. As the ligament crosses the lacrimal sac, a strong aponeurotic is given off from its posterior surface; this expands over the sac, and is attached to the posterior lacrimal crest. Wikipedia:Medial_palpebral_ligament piriform cortex BTO:0002651 EV:0100178 In anatomy of animals, the piriform cortex, or pyriform cortex is a region in the brain. The piriform cortex is part of the rhinencephalon situated in the telencephalon. The function of the piriform cortex relates to olfaction, which is the perception of smells. Sometimes called the olfactory cortex, olfactory lobe or paleopallium, piriform cortical regions are present in the brains of amphibians, reptiles and mammals. The piriform cortex is among three areas that emerge in the telencephalon of amphibians, situated caudally to a dorsal area, which is caudal to a hippocampal area. Farther along the phylogenic timeline, the telencephalic bulb of reptiles as viewed in a cross section of the transverse plane extends with the archipallial hippocampus folding toward the midline and down as the dorsal area begins to form a recognizable cortex. As mammalian cerebrums developed, volume of the dorsal cortex increased in slightly greater proportion, as compared proportionally with increased overall brain volume, until it enveloped the hippocampal regions. Recognized as neopallium or neocortex, enlarged dorsal areas envelop the paleopallial piriform cortex in humans and Old World monkeys. Among taxonomic groupings of mammals, the piriform cortex and the olfactory bulb become proportionally smaller in the brains of phylogenically younger species. The piriform cortex occupies a greater proportion of the overall brain and of the telencephalic brains of insectivores than in primates. The piriform cortex continues to occupy a consistent albeit small and declining proportion of the increasingly large telencephalon in the most recent primate species while the volume of the olfactory bulb becomes less in proportion. It is Brodmann area 27. MA:0000978 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1097 UBERON:0004725 Wikipedia:Piriform_cortex http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Human_brainstem_anterior_view_2_description.JPG/200px-Human_brainstem_anterior_view_2_description.JPG piriform area piriform lobe primary olfactory areas primary olfactory cortex pyriform cortex pyriform lobe BTO:0002651 piriform lobe Wikipedia:Piriform_cortex pyriform cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2706 primary olfactory areas In anatomy of animals, the piriform cortex, or pyriform cortex is a region in the brain. The piriform cortex is part of the rhinencephalon situated in the telencephalon. The function of the piriform cortex relates to olfaction, which is the perception of smells. Sometimes called the olfactory cortex, olfactory lobe or paleopallium, piriform cortical regions are present in the brains of amphibians, reptiles and mammals. The piriform cortex is among three areas that emerge in the telencephalon of amphibians, situated caudally to a dorsal area, which is caudal to a hippocampal area. Farther along the phylogenic timeline, the telencephalic bulb of reptiles as viewed in a cross section of the transverse plane extends with the archipallial hippocampus folding toward the midline and down as the dorsal area begins to form a recognizable cortex. As mammalian cerebrums developed, volume of the dorsal cortex increased in slightly greater proportion, as compared proportionally with increased overall brain volume, until it enveloped the hippocampal regions. Recognized as neopallium or neocortex, enlarged dorsal areas envelop the paleopallial piriform cortex in humans and Old World monkeys. Among taxonomic groupings of mammals, the piriform cortex and the olfactory bulb become proportionally smaller in the brains of phylogenically younger species. The piriform cortex occupies a greater proportion of the overall brain and of the telencephalic brains of insectivores than in primates. The piriform cortex continues to occupy a consistent albeit small and declining proportion of the increasingly large telencephalon in the most recent primate species while the volume of the olfactory bulb becomes less in proportion. It is Brodmann area 27. Wikipedia:Piriform_cortex Wikipedia:Piriform_cortex primary olfactory cortex BTO:0002651 MA:0000978 piriform area Wikipedia:Piriform_cortex pyriform lobe vasa recta EMAPA:30043 FMA:72006 In the blood supply of the kidney, the vasa recta renis (or straight arteries of kidney, or straight arterioles of kidney) form a series of straight capillaries in the medulla. They lie parallel to the loop of Henle. These vessels branch off the efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons (those nephrons closest to the medulla), enter the medulla, and surround the loop of Henle. MA:0002595 TODO - is this a vein or set of veins? in MA it is a venous blood vessel UBERON:0004726 arteria recta arteriae rectae arteriolae rectae renis arteriolae recti galen:ArteriaeRectae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kidney_nephron.png/200px-Kidney_nephron.png renal medullary capillary set of straight arterioles of kidney straight arterioles of kidney vasa recta of kidney vasa recta renis vasa rectae EMAPA:30043 renal medullary capillary FMA:72006 straight arterioles of kidney FMA:72006 FMA:TA vasa recta renis Wikipedia:Vasa_recta arteriolae recti Wikipedia:Vasa_recta arteria recta FMA:72006 set of straight arterioles of kidney FMA:72006 vasa recta of kidney Wikipedia:Vasa_recta vasa rectae In the blood supply of the kidney, the vasa recta renis (or straight arteries of kidney, or straight arterioles of kidney) form a series of straight capillaries in the medulla. They lie parallel to the loop of Henle. These vessels branch off the efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons (those nephrons closest to the medulla), enter the medulla, and surround the loop of Henle. Wikipedia:Vasa_recta FMA:72006 FMA:TA arteriolae rectae renis Wikipedia:Vasa_recta arteriae rectae cochlear nerve BM:VIIIN BTO:0003490 EHDAA2:0002195 FMA:53431 GAID:723 MA:0001110 MESH:A.08.800.800.120.910.120 OG:0001182 OpenCyc:Mx4rwIhQfZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280286001 UBERON:0004727 a nerve in the head that carries signals from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain. It is part of the vestibulocochlear nerve, the 8th cranial nerve which is found in higher vertebrates; the other portion of the 8th cranial nerve is the vestibular nerve which carries spatial orientation information from the semicircular canals. The cochlear nerve is a sensory nerve, one which conducts to the brain information about the environment, in this case acoustic energy impinging on the tympanic membrane. The cochlear nerve arises from within the cochlea and extends to the brainstem, where its fibers make contact with the cochlear nucleus, the next stage of neural processing in the auditory system[WP]. auditory nerve cochlear root of acoustic nerve cochlear root of eighth cranial nerve ncithesaurus:Cochlear_Nerve nervus vestibulocochlearis vestibulocochlear VIII nerve cochlear component FMA:53431 cochlear root of eighth cranial nerve FMA:53431 auditory nerve BTO:0003490 nervus vestibulocochlearis MA:0001110 vestibulocochlear VIII nerve cochlear component FMA:53431 cochlear root of acoustic nerve ISBN:Wikipedia:Cochlear_nerve a nerve in the head that carries signals from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain. It is part of the vestibulocochlear nerve, the 8th cranial nerve which is found in higher vertebrates; the other portion of the 8th cranial nerve is the vestibular nerve which carries spatial orientation information from the semicircular canals. The cochlear nerve is a sensory nerve, one which conducts to the brain information about the environment, in this case acoustic energy impinging on the tympanic membrane. The cochlear nerve arises from within the cochlea and extends to the brainstem, where its fibers make contact with the cochlear nucleus, the next stage of neural processing in the auditory system[WP]. amphibian larval stage Amphibian larvae, sometimes called pollywogs or tadpoles, hatch from eggs and begin to grow limbs and other adult physical features at various times, depending on the species, before they metamorphose into the adult form. UBERON:0004728 XAO:1000008 polliwog polliwog stage tadpole tadpole stage Amphibian larvae, sometimes called pollywogs or tadpoles, hatch from eggs and begin to grow limbs and other adult physical features at various times, depending on the species, before they metamorphose into the adult form. GO:0002117 Wikipedia:Larva tadpole Wikipedia:Larva polliwog Wikipedia:Larva polliwog stage Wikipedia:Larva tadpole stage nematode larval stage Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew. UBERON:0004729 WBls:0000023 GO:0002119 Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew. instar larval stage FBdv:00005336 This begins with the newly hatched first-instar larva, through its maturation to the end of the last larval stage. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. UBERON:0004730 GO:0002168 This begins with the newly hatched first-instar larva, through its maturation to the end of the last larval stage. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. neuromere 2009-06-18T09:00:04Z A segment of the developing neural tube[MP]. A metameric segment of the central nervous system[ZFA]. morphologically or molecularly defined transient segments of the early developing brain. Rhombomeres are such segments that make up the rhombencephalon or hindbrain. [WP]. Melissa Haendel TAO:0001328 UBERON:0004731 WP says: "More controversially, some argue that there exist early developmental segments that give rise to structures of the midbrain (mesomeres) and forebrain (prosomeres).". Note that ZFA has spinal neuromere ZFA:0001328 neural segment neural tube segment neuromere A segment of the developing neural tube[MP]. A metameric segment of the central nervous system[ZFA]. morphologically or molecularly defined transient segments of the early developing brain. Rhombomeres are such segments that make up the rhombencephalon or hindbrain. [WP]. MP:0003208 Wikipedia:Neuromere segmental subdivision of nervous system An organ segment that is part of a nervous system [Obol]. FBbt:00005140 UBERON:0004732 neuromere An organ segment that is part of a nervous system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FBbt:00005140 neuromere segmental subdivision of hindbrain An organ segment that is part of a hindbrain [Obol]. FMA:61998 UBERON:0004733 hindbrain segment segment of hindbrain An organ segment that is part of a hindbrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:61998 segment of hindbrain FMA:61998 hindbrain segment gastrula BILA:0000060 BTO:0001403 GAID:1302 MESH:A.16.254.412 MIAA:0000179 Organism at the gastrula stage. UBERON:0004734 UBERON:0007012 gastrula embryo ncithesaurus:Gastrula Organism at the gastrula stage. Wikipedia:Gastrula BILA:0000060 gastrula embryo archenteron AAO:0010430 BTO:0001696 The cavity of a gastrula forming a primitive gut[BTO]. The primitive gut that forms during gastrulation in the developing blastula. It develops into the digestive tract of an animal. As primary mesenchyme cells detach from the vegetal pole in the blastula and enter the fluid filled cavity in the center (the blastocoel), the remaining cells at the vegetal pole flatten to form a vegetal plate. This buckles inwards towards the blastocoel in a process called invagination. The cells continue to be rearranged until the shallow dip formed by invagination transforms into a deeper, narrower pouch formed by the gastrula's endoderm. This narrowing and lengthening of the archenteron is driven by convergent extension. The open end of the archenteron is called the blastopore. The filopodia--thin fibers formed by the mesenchyme cells--found in a late gastrula contract to drag the tip of the archenteron across the blastocoel. The endoderm of the archenteron will fuse with the ectoderm of the blastocoel wall. At this point gastrulation is complete, and the gastrula has a functional digestive tube. The indentation that is actually formed is called the lip of the blastopore in amphibians and fish, and the primitive streak in birds and mammals. Each is controlled by the dorsal blastopore, and primitive node (also known as Hensen's node), respectively. UBERON:0004735 XAO:0000092 gastrocoel mesenteron UBERON:cjm mesenteron XAO:0000092 gastrocoel The cavity of a gastrula forming a primitive gut[BTO]. The primitive gut that forms during gastrulation in the developing blastula. It develops into the digestive tract of an animal. As primary mesenchyme cells detach from the vegetal pole in the blastula and enter the fluid filled cavity in the center (the blastocoel), the remaining cells at the vegetal pole flatten to form a vegetal plate. This buckles inwards towards the blastocoel in a process called invagination. The cells continue to be rearranged until the shallow dip formed by invagination transforms into a deeper, narrower pouch formed by the gastrula's endoderm. This narrowing and lengthening of the archenteron is driven by convergent extension. The open end of the archenteron is called the blastopore. The filopodia--thin fibers formed by the mesenchyme cells--found in a late gastrula contract to drag the tip of the archenteron across the blastocoel. The endoderm of the archenteron will fuse with the ectoderm of the blastocoel wall. At this point gastrulation is complete, and the gastrula has a functional digestive tube. The indentation that is actually formed is called the lip of the blastopore in amphibians and fish, and the primitive streak in birds and mammals. Each is controlled by the dorsal blastopore, and primitive node (also known as Hensen's node), respectively. Wikipedia:Archenteron http://zfin.org/zf_info/zfbook/stages/gast.html metanephric glomerulus OG:0001242 UBERON:0004736 glomerulus of metanephros glomerulus of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros. GO:0072224 glomerulus of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros. metanephric collecting duct A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a metanephros [Obol]. OG:0000983 UBERON:0004737 collecting duct of metanephros A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a metanephros [Obol]. OBOL:automatic metanephric juxtaglomerular apparatus UBERON:0004738 juxtaglomerular apparatus of metanephros juxtaglomerular apparatus of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros. GO:0072206 juxtaglomerular apparatus of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros. pronephric glomerulus AAO:0011049 OG:0001237 SCTID:360548001 The glomus forms from the splanchnic intermediate mesoderm and is the vascularized filtration unit, filtering the blood before it enters the tubules. The glomus is external to the nephron and extends over more than one body segment UBERON:0004191 UBERON:0004739 XAO:0000318 ZFA:0001557 a glomus differs from a glomerulus in that each vascular glomus services several tubules. ISBN10:0073040584 "Vertebrates, Kardong" glomerulus of pronephros glomus GO:0072013 The glomus forms from the splanchnic intermediate mesoderm and is the vascularized filtration unit, filtering the blood before it enters the tubules. The glomus is external to the nephron and extends over more than one body segment XAO:0000318 glomus basibranchial AAO:0000686 EFO:0003503 Median elements that are ossified within copulae and are not assigned to a specific branchial arch number. They articulate posterolaterally with the hypobranchials. UBERON:0004740 ZFA:0000170 basibranchials copula I Median elements that are ossified within copulae and are not assigned to a specific branchial arch number. They articulate posterolaterally with the hypobranchials. ZFA:0000170 AAO:0000686 copula I ZFA:0000170 basibranchials cleithrum AAO:0000750 EFO:0003507 Transversely oriented bone connecting the occipital region of the skull dorsally and pectoral girdle ventrally; appears near the end of embryogenesis. UBERON:0004741 ZFA:0000184 cleithra Transversely oriented bone connecting the occipital region of the skull dorsally and pectoral girdle ventrally; appears near the end of embryogenesis. ZFA:0000184 ZFA:0000184 cleithra dentary AAO:0000124 Dermal bone that forms the antero-lateral part of the lower jaw. It first appears around the anterior end of Meckel's cartilage (5.1 mm NL). In the adult, the dentary meets its counterpart anteriorly at the mandibular symphysis. The dentary abuts the retroarticular posteriorly, and it surround the anguloarticular. The dentary is connected to the maxilla by the maxillo-mandibular ligament. Dentary teeth are absent in cypriniforms, but are present in other ostariophysans. EFO:0003508 OG:0001022 UBERON:0004742 ZFA:0000191 dentale dentary bone ncithesaurus:Dental os dentale sur-angulaire AAO:0000124 os dentale AAO:0000124 sur-angulaire Dermal bone that forms the antero-lateral part of the lower jaw. It first appears around the anterior end of Meckel's cartilage (5.1 mm NL). In the adult, the dentary meets its counterpart anteriorly at the mandibular symphysis. The dentary abuts the retroarticular posteriorly, and it surround the anguloarticular. The dentary is connected to the maxilla by the maxillo-mandibular ligament. Dentary teeth are absent in cypriniforms, but are present in other ostariophysans. Wikipedia:Dentary#In_other_vertebrates ZFA:0000191 AAO:0000124 dentale ZFA:0000191 dentary bone coracoid AAO:0000764 Endochondral bone of the pectoral girdle that develops from the scapulocoracoid cartilage and occupies the ventral part of the pectoral girdle. The coracoid is a paired bone that articulates approximately dorsally with the cleithrum, scapula and mesocoracoid[ZFA]. A coracoid is a paired bone which is part of the shoulder assembly in all vertebrates except therian mammals (therians = marsupials and placentals). In therian mammals (including humans), a coracoid process is present as part of the scapula, but this is not homologous with the coracoid bone of most other animals. In other tetrapods it joins the scapula to the front end of the sternum and has a notch on the dorsal surface which, along with a similar notch on the ventral surface of the scapula, forms the socket in which the proximal end of the humerus (upper arm bone) is located. The acrocoracoid process is an expansion adjacent to this contact surface, to which the shoulderward end of the biceps brachii muscle attaches in these animals. In birds (and generally theropods and related animals), the entire unit is rigid and called scapulocoracoid. This plays a major role in bird flight. In fish it provides the base for the pectoral fin. Monotremes, as well as the extinct therapsids, possess both the coracoid bone of reptiles (here referred to as the procoracoid, or anterior coracoid), and the coracoid process of other mammals, with the latter being present as a separate bone[WP]. UBERON:0004743 ZFA:0000332 clavicula clavicula posterior clavicula vera coracoideum coracoidien coracoids pars sternalis scapulae scapulocoracoid AAO:0000764 clavicula vera AAO:0000764 clavicula posterior AAO:0000764 clavicula ZFA:0000332 coracoids ZFA:0000332 scapulocoracoid AAO:0000764 coracoidien ISBN:0-03-910284-X Endochondral bone of the pectoral girdle that develops from the scapulocoracoid cartilage and occupies the ventral part of the pectoral girdle. The coracoid is a paired bone that articulates approximately dorsally with the cleithrum, scapula and mesocoracoid[ZFA]. A coracoid is a paired bone which is part of the shoulder assembly in all vertebrates except therian mammals (therians = marsupials and placentals). In therian mammals (including humans), a coracoid process is present as part of the scapula, but this is not homologous with the coracoid bone of most other animals. In other tetrapods it joins the scapula to the front end of the sternum and has a notch on the dorsal surface which, along with a similar notch on the ventral surface of the scapula, forms the socket in which the proximal end of the humerus (upper arm bone) is located. The acrocoracoid process is an expansion adjacent to this contact surface, to which the shoulderward end of the biceps brachii muscle attaches in these animals. In birds (and generally theropods and related animals), the entire unit is rigid and called scapulocoracoid. This plays a major role in bird flight. In fish it provides the base for the pectoral fin. Monotremes, as well as the extinct therapsids, possess both the coracoid bone of reptiles (here referred to as the procoracoid, or anterior coracoid), and the coracoid process of other mammals, with the latter being present as a separate bone[WP]. Wikipedia:Coracoid ZFA:0000332 AAO:0000764 coracoideum AAO:0000764 pars sternalis scapulae anguloarticular AAO:0000028 EFO:0003530 The anguloarticular is a compound bone that results of the fusion of the dermal angular and the cartilaginous articular and forms the posterior part of the lower jaw. The dermal part ossifies initially on the posterolateral surface of Meckel's cartilage near the articulation with the quadrate (5.5 mm NL). A posterior process forms, creating a synovial joint with the quadrate[ZFA]. Endochondral ossification of the posterior articular part of Meckel's cartilage. UBERON:0004744 ZFA:0000467 angulaire angulare articular dermarticulare goniale operculo angulaire AAO:0000028 The anguloarticular is a compound bone that results of the fusion of the dermal angular and the cartilaginous articular and forms the posterior part of the lower jaw. The dermal part ossifies initially on the posterolateral surface of Meckel's cartilage near the articulation with the quadrate (5.5 mm NL). A posterior process forms, creating a synovial joint with the quadrate[ZFA]. Endochondral ossification of the posterior articular part of Meckel's cartilage. ZFA:0000467 AAO:0000028 goniale AAO:0000028 angulaire ZFA:0000467 articular AAO:0000028 angulare AAO:0000028 dermarticulare AAO:0000028 operculo angulaire parasphenoid AAO:0000385 Long, unpaired median dermal bone that runs almost the entire length of the cranium. Contacts the prevomer anteriorly, and the prootic and basioccipital posteriorly. Anteriorly the parasphenoid is a long, thin bone that widens abruptly at the point of contact with the prootic. UBERON:0004745 ZFA:0000561 keilbein os parasphenoidale os sphenoideum parabasale AAO:0000385 os parasphenoidale AAO:0000385 parabasale AAO:0000385 keilbein AAO:0000385 os sphenoideum Long, unpaired median dermal bone that runs almost the entire length of the cranium. Contacts the prevomer anteriorly, and the prootic and basioccipital posteriorly. Anteriorly the parasphenoid is a long, thin bone that widens abruptly at the point of contact with the prootic. ZFA:0000561 prootic AAO:0000514 EFO:0003542 Paired cartilage bone that contacts the pterosphenoid anteriorly, the sphenotic and the pterotic dorsally, and the epiotic and basioccipital posteriorly. The parasphenoid covers the ventral region of each prootic, the upper edge of which contributes to the hyomandibular facet. Bear foramina that accommodate branches of the trigeminal and facial nerves. UBERON:0004746 ZFA:0000575 prootics ZFA:0000575 prootics Paired cartilage bone that contacts the pterosphenoid anteriorly, the sphenotic and the pterotic dorsally, and the epiotic and basioccipital posteriorly. The parasphenoid covers the ventral region of each prootic, the upper edge of which contributes to the hyomandibular facet. Bear foramina that accommodate branches of the trigeminal and facial nerves. ZFA:0000575 supraoccipital AAO:0000588 Large shield-shaped unpaired median cartilage bone that contact the parietal anteriorly, and the exocciptial and epiotic laterally. Forms the posterodorsal most point of the cranium. The supraoccipital usually bears a crest that extends posterodorsally. MA:0001474 OG:0001150 SCTID:95947006 UBERON:0004747 UBERON:0005237 ZFA:0000595 supraoccipital bone Large shield-shaped unpaired median cartilage bone that contact the parietal anteriorly, and the exocciptial and epiotic laterally. Forms the posterodorsal most point of the cranium. The supraoccipital usually bears a crest that extends posterodorsally. ZFA:0000595 MA:0001474 supraoccipital bone autopalatine AAO:0000372 The cartilaginous autopalatine forms from the anterior palatoquadrate arch. The first sign of ossification is visible at the anterior tip where it articulates with the maxilla (7.6 mm). In adults there are three processes at the anterior portion of the palatine: a ventromedial process, which forms the socket of the small ball- and- socket joint with the preethmoid; a dorsomedial process, which is connected by a short ligament to the ethmoid; and a lateral process, which extends toward the first infraorbital. Possession of a dorsomedial process, which abuts the ethmoid, is a unique feature shared by Cypriniformes (Fink and Fink, 1981). The palatine has two components, the autopalatine (derived from pars autopalatine) and the dermal component having teeth, the dermopalatine Arratia & Schultze 1990. The element in cypriniforms is only the cartilage part, so that it is more correct to name it autopalatine and not as palatine in general that it implies a fusion of elements (as in perciforms). UBERON:0004748 ZFA:0000620 neopalatine palatine AAO:0000372 neopalatine ZFA:0000620 palatine The cartilaginous autopalatine forms from the anterior palatoquadrate arch. The first sign of ossification is visible at the anterior tip where it articulates with the maxilla (7.6 mm). In adults there are three processes at the anterior portion of the palatine: a ventromedial process, which forms the socket of the small ball- and- socket joint with the preethmoid; a dorsomedial process, which is connected by a short ligament to the ethmoid; and a lateral process, which extends toward the first infraorbital. Possession of a dorsomedial process, which abuts the ethmoid, is a unique feature shared by Cypriniformes (Fink and Fink, 1981). The palatine has two components, the autopalatine (derived from pars autopalatine) and the dermal component having teeth, the dermopalatine Arratia & Schultze 1990. The element in cypriniforms is only the cartilage part, so that it is more correct to name it autopalatine and not as palatine in general that it implies a fusion of elements (as in perciforms). ZFA:0000620 blastodisc AAO:0000043 BTO:0000494 BTO:0001504 UBERON:0004749 ZFA:0001175 a small, circular, white spot (approximately 2-3 mm across) on the surface of the yellow yolk of an egg that has been laid. The nucleus of the egg is in the germinal disc. germinal disc Wikipedia:Germinal_disc germinal disc Wikipedia:Germinal_disc a small, circular, white spot (approximately 2-3 mm across) on the surface of the yellow yolk of an egg that has been laid. The nucleus of the egg is in the germinal disc. blastoderm A layer of cells formed at one pole of macrolecithal eggs such as the yolky egg of birds. The yolk prevents the division from taking place through the egg, resulting in meroblastic cleavage during the many cleavage divisions. At the animal pole (containing less yolk than the vegetal pole), the zygote divides and subdivides, forming the blastoderm, which gradually spreads around the yolk and forms the embryo. The blastoderm is composed of two layers, the epiblast and the hypoblast, which enclose the fluid-filled blastocoel cavity. AAO:0000042 BTO:0000126 MESH:A.16.254.085.067 UBERON:0004750 ZFA:0001176 A layer of cells formed at one pole of macrolecithal eggs such as the yolky egg of birds. The yolk prevents the division from taking place through the egg, resulting in meroblastic cleavage during the many cleavage divisions. At the animal pole (containing less yolk than the vegetal pole), the zygote divides and subdivides, forming the blastoderm, which gradually spreads around the yolk and forms the embryo. The blastoderm is composed of two layers, the epiblast and the hypoblast, which enclose the fluid-filled blastocoel cavity. Wikipedia:Blastoderm hypohyal bone AAO:0000958 Hypohyals are the most anterior of the bilaterally paired ventral hyoid arch elements. The two hypohyals in zebrafish ossify at the anterodorsal and anteroventral tips of the ceratohyal cartilages; no separate hypohyal cartilages are present. UBERON:0004751 ZFA:0001381 Hypohyals are the most anterior of the bilaterally paired ventral hyoid arch elements. The two hypohyals in zebrafish ossify at the anterodorsal and anteroventral tips of the ceratohyal cartilages; no separate hypohyal cartilages are present. ZFA:0001381 palatoquadrate cartilage AAO:0000524 UBERON:0004752 ZFA:0001399 dorsal mandibular cartilage pterygoquadrate quadrate cartilage ZFA:0001399 quadrate cartilage ZFA:0001399 pterygoquadrate ZFA:0001399 dorsal mandibular cartilage scapulocoracoid AAO:0000781 The cartilage from which both the scapula and coracoid develop. UBERON:0004753 ZFA:0001455 coraco-scapular cartilage ZFA:0001455 coraco-scapular cartilage The cartilage from which both the scapula and coracoid develop. ZFA:0001455 foramen ovale of heart Bottalo's foramen EHDAA2:0004142 EMAPA:18244 FMA:86043 In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale (also ostium secundum of Born or falx septi) allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium. It is one of two fetal cardiac shunts, the other being the ductus arteriosus (which allows blood that still escapes to the right ventricle to bypass the pulmonary circulation). Another similar adaptation in the fetus is the ductus venosus. In most individuals, the foramen ovale (pronounced /fɒˈreɪmən oʊˈvɑːli/) closes at birth. It later forms the fossa ovalis[WP]. MA:0001873 SCTID:362015004 UBERON:0004754 falx septi foramen ovale foramen ovale cordis galen:ForamenOvale galen:ForamenOvaleCordis ncithesaurus:Oval_Foramen ostium secundum of Born In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale (also ostium secundum of Born or falx septi) allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium. It is one of two fetal cardiac shunts, the other being the ductus arteriosus (which allows blood that still escapes to the right ventricle to bypass the pulmonary circulation). Another similar adaptation in the fetus is the ductus venosus. In most individuals, the foramen ovale (pronounced /fɒˈreɪmən oʊˈvɑːli/) closes at birth. It later forms the fossa ovalis[WP]. Wikipedia:Foramen_ovale_(heart) foramen ovale cordis galen:ForamenOvaleCordis Wikipedia:Foramen_ovale_(heart) falx septi Wikipedia:Foramen_ovale_(heart) ostium secundum of Born Bottalo's foramen FMA:86043 MA:0001873 foramen ovale galen:ForamenOvale skeletal tissue Four classes of mineralized tissues are found in vertebrates: bone, cartilage, dentine, and enamel. We think of cartilage and bone as skeletal tissues and of enamel and dentine as dental tissues, but enamel and dentine arose evolutionarily together with bone as skeletal tissues in the dermal skeleton (exoskeleton) of early vertebrates. Scales and teeth of sharks are examples of dermal skeletal elements that are still composed of the three ancient components-enamel, dentine, and bone. Cartilage, on the other hand, provided the basis for the second vertebrate skeletal system, the endoskeleton (Smith and Hall, 1990; Hall, 1998a,b). some invertebrate skeletal tissues have surprisingly bone-like features. Examples include chondrocytes interconnected by cell processes in cephalopod cartilages (Cole and Hall, 2004a,b), and the calcium phosphate layer in the shells of brachiopods (Rodland et al., 2003). However, neither bone nor mineralized cartilage have been found in invertebrates SCTID:309311006 UBERON:0004755 VAO:0000015 XAO:0004038 mineralized tissue dermal skeletal element UBERON:0004756 dermal element dermis-derived entity that is made of skeletal tissue. VAO:curator dermal element rectal gland An evagination of the terminal portion of the intestine of Elasmobranchii. Function formerly thought to be related to digestion or excretion, but now considered to secrete high concentrations of excess sodium chloride. Found also in the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae[BTO]. BTO:0001157 SCTID:80455007 UBERON:0004757 does not include FMA:15724 Rectal gland // epithelial tissue gland - concentrates & secretes excess Na & Cl in sharks. large shark liver produces copious amounts of urea, making the shark hyperosmotic to seawater, & thus a shark acts like a fresh water fish, constantly gaining water. Excess salts are concentrated by the rectal gland and secreted An evagination of the terminal portion of the intestine of Elasmobranchii. Function formerly thought to be related to digestion or excretion, but now considered to secrete high concentrations of excess sodium chloride. Found also in the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae[BTO]. BTO:0001157 salt gland BTO:0001204 GAID:1235 MESH:A.13.811 UBERON:0004758 an organ for excreting excess salts. It is found in elasmobranchs, seabirds, and some reptiles. In sharks, salt glands are found in the rectum, but in birds and reptiles, they are found in or on the skull, in the area of the eyes, nostrils or mouth. In crocodiles, the salt is excreted through the tongue. Such glands work by active transport via sodium-potassium pump that moves salt from the blood into the gland, where it can be excreted as a concentrated solution. Salt glands function to keep salt balance, and allow marine vertebrates to drink seawater[WP]. Wikipedia:Salt_gland an organ for excreting excess salts. It is found in elasmobranchs, seabirds, and some reptiles. In sharks, salt glands are found in the rectum, but in birds and reptiles, they are found in or on the skull, in the area of the eyes, nostrils or mouth. In crocodiles, the salt is excreted through the tongue. Such glands work by active transport via sodium-potassium pump that moves salt from the blood into the gland, where it can be excreted as a concentrated solution. Salt glands function to keep salt balance, and allow marine vertebrates to drink seawater[WP]. salt gland of cranial region A salt gland located in the cranium or cranial region. UBERON:0004759 A salt gland located in the cranium or cranial region. OBOL:automatic gland of anal canal A gland that is part of an anal canal [Obol]. EMAPA:27221 EMAPA:27233 EMAPA:27543 FMA:15720 FMA:15724 UBERON:0004760 anal gland gland of anal canal gland of anus ncithesaurus:Anal_Gland rectal gland A gland that is part of an anal canal [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic gland of anal canal cartilaginous neurocranium AAO:0000094 AAO:0010153 EHDAA:6031 FMA:76621 SCTID:155540009 UBERON:0004761 XAO:0003059 cartilaginous chondocranium cartilaginous skull cartiligionous skeletal structure of skull chondocranium ncithesaurus:Chondrocranium neurocranium note that in contrast to chondrocranium, this structure is entirely cartiliginous. In Chondricthyes this is the same as the neurocranium. FMA:76621 is an undefined fetal structure, so we assume the correct placement is here. Note that this is distinct from MA:0000317 which is the uberon:neurocranium (the part of the cranium that encloses the brain) the primitive cartilagionous skeletal structure of the fetal skull that grows to envelop the rapidly growing embyonic brain. In humans, the chondrocranium begins forming at 28 days from mesenchymal condensations and is fully formed between week 7 and 9 of fetal development. While the majority of the chondrocranium is succeeded by the bony skull in most higher vertebrates, some components do persist into adulthood.[1] In Cartilagious fishes and Agnathans, the chondrocranium persist throughout life.[2] Embryologically, the chondrocranium represent the basal cranial structure, and lay the base for the formation of the endocranium in higher vertebrates[WP]. Wikipedia:Chondrocranium chondocranium Wikipedia:Chondrocranium the primitive cartilagionous skeletal structure of the fetal skull that grows to envelop the rapidly growing embyonic brain. In humans, the chondrocranium begins forming at 28 days from mesenchymal condensations and is fully formed between week 7 and 9 of fetal development. While the majority of the chondrocranium is succeeded by the bony skull in most higher vertebrates, some components do persist into adulthood.[1] In Cartilagious fishes and Agnathans, the chondrocranium persist throughout life.[2] Embryologically, the chondrocranium represent the basal cranial structure, and lay the base for the formation of the endocranium in higher vertebrates[WP]. neurocranium endochondral bone tissue AAO:0010768 MA:0002836 Replacement bone tissue that forms within cartilage[TAO]. Endochondral ossification is the formation of bone by the replacement of cartilage tissue with mineralized bone[GO]. cartilage is present during endochondral ossification. It is also an essential process during the rudimentary formation of long bones, the growth of the length of long bones, and the natural healing of bone fractures[WP]. UBERON:0004763 ZFA:0001628 note the distinction between endochondral bone and endochondral bone tissue. Some bones may be a mixture of both tissue types. The MA class most likely refers to a tissue type replacement bone ZFA:0001628 replacement bone GO:0001958 Replacement bone tissue that forms within cartilage[TAO]. Endochondral ossification is the formation of bone by the replacement of cartilage tissue with mineralized bone[GO]. cartilage is present during endochondral ossification. It is also an essential process during the rudimentary formation of long bones, the growth of the length of long bones, and the natural healing of bone fractures[WP]. Wikipedia:Endochondral_bone intramembranous bone tissue Bone tissue that forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. MA:0002837 UBERON:0004764 note the distinction between intramembranous bone and intramembranous bone tissue. Some bones may be a mixture of both tissue types. The MA class most likely refers to a tissue type. Bone tissue that forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. GO:0001957 Wikipedia:Intramembranous_ossification skeletal element Organ consisting of skeletal tissue. Encompasses whole bones, fused bones, cartilaginious elements, teeth, dermal denticles. TAO:0001890 TODO - add more general class for other kinds of mineralized tissue UBERON:0004765 VAO:0000128 XAO:0004012 ZFA:0005494 galen:SkeletalStructure VAO Organ consisting of skeletal tissue. Encompasses whole bones, fused bones, cartilaginious elements, teeth, dermal denticles. UBERON:cjm cranial bone A bone that is part of a cranium. SCTID:181792001 UBERON:0004766 cranium bone UBERON:automatic cranium bone A bone that is part of a cranium. UBERON:automatic vomerine tooth AAO:0000635 TAO:0001631 UBERON:0004767 bone of lower jaw Any bone that is part of the lower jaw. UBERON:0004768 bone of ventral mandibular arch bone organ of lower jaw bone organ of ventral mandibular arch lower jaw bone lower jaw bone organ this is a grouping class which will group analagous structures such as the dentary and the mandible ventral mandibular arch bone ventral mandibular arch bone organ OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch bone organ OBOL:automatic lower jaw bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic bone of ventral mandibular arch Any bone that is part of the lower jaw. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bone organ of lower jaw OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch bone diaphysis FMA:24013 GAID:189 MESH:A.02.835.232.169 SCTID:361729006 Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between the two epiphyses; together with other the subdivisions of long bone, it constitutes the long bone. Examples: diaphysis of humerus, diaphysis of femur[FMA]. the main or mid section (shaft) of a long bone. It is made up of cortical bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue (fat). UBERON:0004769 body of long bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Illu_long_bone.jpg/200px-Illu_long_bone.jpg long bone diaphysis shaft of long bone Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between the two epiphyses; together with other the subdivisions of long bone, it constitutes the long bone. Examples: diaphysis of humerus, diaphysis of femur[FMA]. the main or mid section (shaft) of a long bone. It is made up of cortical bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue (fat). Wikipedia:Diaphysis articular system FMA:23878 SCTID:361827000 UBERON:0004770 joint system set of all joints set of all joints of body FMA:23878 joint system FMA:23878 set of all joints of body posterior nasal aperture AAO:0000093 EHDAA2:0000242 EHDAA:7842 FMA:53143 Fish don't have choanae, instead they have two pairs of external nostrils[WP] In addition to tetrapods, the lungfish has internal nostrils too. TODO: check part_of vs adjacent_to nasal cavity MA:0001323 OG:0000545 Opening/conduit between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx[AAO] The choanae are separated by the vomer[WP]. SCTID:244507001 UBERON:0004771 XAO:0000277 choana http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gray855.png/200px-Gray855.png internal naris Wikipedia:Choane XAO:0000277 choana MA:0001323 internal naris AAO:0000093 Opening/conduit between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx[AAO] The choanae are separated by the vomer[WP]. Wikipedia:Posterior_nasal_apertures eyelid tarsus FMA:59086 MA:0000270 SCTID:362529005 The tarsi (tarsal plates) are two comparatively thick, elongated plates of dense connective tissue, about 2.5 cm. in length; one is found in each eyelid, and contributes to its form and support. They directly abut the lid margins. UBERON:0004772 ncithesaurus:Tarsal_Plate tarsal plate tarsal plate of eyelid FMA:59086 tarsal plate of eyelid The tarsi (tarsal plates) are two comparatively thick, elongated plates of dense connective tissue, about 2.5 cm. in length; one is found in each eyelid, and contributes to its form and support. They directly abut the lid margins. Wikipedia:Tarsus_(eyelids) FMA:59086 tarsal plate superior eyelid tarsus An eyelid tarsus that is part of a upper eyelid [Obol]. FMA:59087 MA:0001260 SCTID:368773004 UBERON:0004773 superior tarsal plate superior tarsus superior tarsus of eyelid tarsal plate of upper eyelid tarsus of upper eyelid tarsus superior An eyelid tarsus that is part of a upper eyelid [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:59087 FMA:TA tarsus superior FMA:59087 superior tarsal plate FMA:59087 superior tarsus FMA:59087 tarsal plate of upper eyelid inferior eyelid tarsus An eyelid tarsus that is part of a lower eyelid [Obol]. FMA:59088 MA:0001257 SCTID:368774005 UBERON:0004774 inferior tarsal plate inferior tarsus inferior tarsus of eyelid tarsal plate of lower eyelid tarsus inferior tarsus of lower eyelid FMA:59088 inferior tarsal plate FMA:59088 tarsal plate of lower eyelid An eyelid tarsus that is part of a lower eyelid [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:59088 FMA:TA tarsus inferior FMA:59088 inferior tarsus outer renal medulla vasa recta A vasa recta that is part of a outer medulla of kidney [Obol]. MA:0002597 UBERON:0004775 outer medulla of kidney vasa recta outer zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta outer zone of renal medulla vasa recta vasa recta of outer medulla of kidney vasa recta of outer renal medulla vasa recta of outer zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta of outer zone of renal medulla A vasa recta that is part of a outer medulla of kidney [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vasa recta of outer zone of renal medulla OBOL:automatic outer zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta OBOL:automatic vasa recta of outer zone of medulla of kidney OBOL:automatic vasa recta of outer renal medulla OBOL:automatic outer zone of renal medulla vasa recta OBOL:automatic vasa recta of outer medulla of kidney OBOL:automatic outer medulla of kidney vasa recta inner renal medulla vasa recta A vasa recta that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Obol]. MA:0002596 UBERON:0004776 inner medulla of kidney vasa recta inner zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta inner zone of renal medulla vasa recta set of inner region of renal pyramids vasa recta vasa recta of inner medulla of kidney vasa recta of inner renal medulla vasa recta of inner zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta of inner zone of renal medulla vasa recta of set of inner region of renal pyramids OBOL:automatic vasa recta of set of inner region of renal pyramids A vasa recta that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vasa recta of inner medulla of kidney OBOL:automatic vasa recta of inner zone of medulla of kidney OBOL:automatic set of inner region of renal pyramids vasa recta OBOL:automatic vasa recta of inner zone of renal medulla OBOL:automatic inner medulla of kidney vasa recta OBOL:automatic inner zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta OBOL:automatic inner zone of renal medulla vasa recta OBOL:automatic vasa recta of inner renal medulla respiratory system submucosa A submucosa that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001822 UBERON:0004777 apparatus respiratorius submucosa submucosa of apparatus respiratorius submucosa of respiratory system OBOL:automatic submucosa of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic submucosa of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius submucosa A submucosa that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic larynx submucosa A submucosa that is part of a larynx [Obol]. MA:0002728 SCTID:361941005 UBERON:0004778 submucosa of larynx OBOL:automatic submucosa of larynx A submucosa that is part of a larynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic respiratory system lamina propria A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001821 UBERON:0004779 apparatus respiratorius lamina propria apparatus respiratorius lamina propria mucosa lamina propria mucosa of apparatus respiratorius lamina propria mucosa of respiratory system lamina propria of apparatus respiratorius lamina propria of respiratory system respiratory system lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of apparatus respiratorius A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of respiratory system OBOL:automatic lamina propria of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius lamina propria gastrointestinal system lamina propria MA:0001899 UBERON:0004780 ncithesaurus:Gastrointestinal_Tract_Lamina_Propria gall bladder lamina propria A lamina propria that is part of a gallbladder [Obol]. MA:0001633 UBERON:0004781 biliary lamina propria gall bladder lamina propria mucosa gallbladder lamina propria gallbladder lamina propria mucosa lamina propria mucosa of gall bladder lamina propria mucosa of gallbladder lamina propria of gall bladder lamina propria of gallbladder ncithesaurus:Gallbladder_Lamina_Propria A lamina propria that is part of a gallbladder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lamina propria of gallbladder OBOL:automatic gallbladder lamina propria OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of gall bladder MA:0001633 biliary lamina propria OBOL:automatic gall bladder lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of gallbladder OBOL:automatic lamina propria of gall bladder OBOL:automatic gallbladder lamina propria mucosa gastrointestinal system serosa A serous membrane that is part of a digestive system [Obol]. MA:0001522 UBERON:0004782 digestive system serosa digestive system serous membrane gastrointestinal system serous membrane serosa of digestive system serosa of gastrointestinal system serous membrane of digestive system serous membrane of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic digestive system serosa A serous membrane that is part of a digestive system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic serosa of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic serous membrane of digestive system OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal system serous membrane OBOL:automatic digestive system serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of digestive system OBOL:automatic serous membrane of gastrointestinal system gall bladder serosa A serous membrane that is part of a gallbladder [Obol]. FMA:14659 MA:0001634 SCTID:362197006 UBERON:0004783 biliary serosa gall bladder serous membrane gallbladder serosa gallbladder serous membrane serosa of gall bladder serosa of gallbladder serous coat of gallbladder serous membrane of gall bladder serous membrane of gallbladder tunica serosa (vesica biliaris) tunica serosa vesicae biliaris OBOL:automatic serous membrane of gall bladder OBOL:automatic serous membrane of gallbladder FMA:14659 tunica serosa (vesica biliaris) MA:0001634 biliary serosa OBOL:automatic serosa of gallbladder OBOL:automatic gallbladder serosa A serous membrane that is part of a gallbladder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:14659 FMA:TA tunica serosa vesicae biliaris OBOL:automatic serosa of gall bladder OBOL:automatic gallbladder serous membrane OBOL:automatic gall bladder serous membrane FMA:14659 serous coat of gallbladder heart ventricle wall An anatomical wall that is part of a cardiac ventricle [Obol]. FMA:13884 MA:0002791 UBERON:0004784 anatomical wall of cardiac ventricle anatomical wall of heart ventricle anatomical wall of lower chamber of heart anatomical wall of ventricle of heart cardiac ventricle anatomical wall cardiac ventricle wall heart ventricle anatomical wall lower chamber of heart anatomical wall lower chamber of heart wall ventricle of heart anatomical wall ventricle of heart wall ventricular wall wall of cardiac ventricle wall of heart ventricle wall of lower chamber of heart wall of ventricle wall of ventricle of heart An anatomical wall that is part of a cardiac ventricle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic heart ventricle anatomical wall OBOL:automatic wall of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart wall OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart wall OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle anatomical wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle wall OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart anatomical wall OBOL:automatic wall of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of cardiac ventricle MA:0002791 wall of ventricle OBOL:automatic wall of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart anatomical wall OBOL:automatic wall of ventricle of heart FMA:13884 ventricular wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of lower chamber of heart respiratory system mucosa A mucosa that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. BTO:0000973 EMAPA:18334 GAID:304 MA:0001827 MESH:A.04.760 TODO - split respiratory tract mucosa from respiratory system mucosa UBERON:0004785 apparatus respiratorius mucosa apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ apparatus respiratorius mucous membrane mucosa of apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ of apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ of respiratory system mucosa of respiratory system mucous membrane of apparatus respiratorius mucous membrane of respiratory system respiratory mucosa respiratory system mucosa of organ respiratory system mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of apparatus respiratorius BTO:0000973 respiratory mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of respiratory system OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of respiratory system OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius mucous membrane A mucosa that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius mucosa OBOL:automatic respiratory system mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic respiratory system mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of respiratory system gastrointestinal system mucosa BTO:0000546 MA:0001521 SCTID:410433007 The gut mucosa of amphioxus has insulin-secreting cells. PMID:16417468 UBERON:0004786 digestive tract mucosa gut mucosa gut mucuous membrane mucosa of gut BTO-modified PMID:16417468 UBERON:cjm mucosa of gut BTO:0000546 gut mucosa PMID:16417468 PMID:16417468 UBERON:cjm gut mucuous membrane UBERON:cjm digestive tract mucosa urethra urothelium A urothelium that is part of a urethra [Obol]. MA:0001687 UBERON:0004787 ncithesaurus:Urethra_Transitional_Cell_Epithelium urethra Uroepithelium uroepithelium of urethra urothelium of urethra OBOL:automatic urothelium of urethra A urothelium that is part of a urethra [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic urethra Uroepithelium OBOL:automatic uroepithelium of urethra kidney pelvis urothelium A urothelium that is part of a renal pelvis [Obol]. FMA:263264 MA:0002632 UBERON:0004788 kidney pelvis Uroepithelium kidney pelvis transitional epithelium ncithesaurus:Renal_Pelvis_Urothelium pelvis of ureter Uroepithelium pelvis of ureter urothelium renal pelvis Uroepithelium renal pelvis transitional epithelium renal pelvis urothelium transitional epithelium of kidney pelvis transitional epithelium of renal pelvis uroepithelium of kidney pelvis uroepithelium of pelvis of ureter uroepithelium of renal pelvis urothelium of kidney pelvis urothelium of pelvis of ureter urothelium of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter urothelium FMA:263264 transitional epithelium of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic uroepithelium of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic transitional epithelium of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic renal pelvis Uroepithelium OBOL:automatic uroepithelium of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis transitional epithelium OBOL:automatic urothelium of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic renal pelvis transitional epithelium OBOL:automatic urothelium of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic renal pelvis urothelium OBOL:automatic uroepithelium of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter Uroepithelium OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis Uroepithelium A urothelium that is part of a renal pelvis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic urothelium of renal pelvis larynx mucous gland A mucous gland that is part of a larynx [Obol]. MA:0001767 UBERON:0004789 mucous gland of larynx OBOL:automatic mucous gland of larynx A mucous gland that is part of a larynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic skin mucous gland A mucous gland that is part of a skin of body [Obol]. MA:0000148 UBERON:0004790 entire skin mucous gland mucous gland of entire skin mucous gland of skin of body skin of body mucous gland A mucous gland that is part of a skin of body [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous gland of skin of body OBOL:automatic mucous gland of entire skin OBOL:automatic skin of body mucous gland OBOL:automatic entire skin mucous gland thymus trabecula A trabecula that is part of a thymus [Obol]. MA:0002674 UBERON:0004791 thymus gland trabecula trabecula of thymus trabecula of thymus gland OBOL:automatic thymus gland trabecula OBOL:automatic trabecula of thymus OBOL:automatic trabecula of thymus gland A trabecula that is part of a thymus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic secretion of endocrine pancreas A secretion that is part of a endocrine pancreas [Obol]. MA:0002517 UBERON:0004792 endocrine pancreas secretion pars endocrina pancreatis secretion secretion of pars endocrina pancreatis A secretion that is part of a endocrine pancreas [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pars endocrina pancreatis secretion OBOL:automatic endocrine pancreas secretion OBOL:automatic secretion of pars endocrina pancreatis secretion of exocrine pancreas A secretion that is part of a exocrine pancreas [Obol]. MA:0002518 UBERON:0004793 exocrine pancreas secretion pars exocrina pancreatis secretion secretion of pars exocrina pancreatis OBOL:automatic pars exocrina pancreatis secretion OBOL:automatic secretion of pars exocrina pancreatis OBOL:automatic exocrine pancreas secretion A secretion that is part of a exocrine pancreas [Obol]. OBOL:automatic esophagus secretion A secretion that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. MA:0002514 UBERON:0004794 gullet secretion ncithesaurus:Esophagus_Secretion oesophagus secretion secretion of esophagus secretion of gullet secretion of oesophagus A secretion that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic oesophagus secretion OBOL:automatic secretion of esophagus OBOL:automatic secretion of oesophagus OBOL:automatic gullet secretion OBOL:automatic secretion of gullet pancreas secretion A secretion that is part of a pancreas [Obol]. MA:0002516 UBERON:0004795 secretion of pancreas OBOL:automatic secretion of pancreas A secretion that is part of a pancreas [Obol]. OBOL:automatic prostate gland secretion A secretion that is part of a prostate gland [Obol]. MA:0002525 UBERON:0004796 ncithesaurus:Prostate_Gland_Secretion prostate secretion secretion of prostate secretion of prostate gland A secretion that is part of a prostate gland [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic secretion of prostate gland OBOL:automatic prostate secretion OBOL:automatic secretion of prostate blood vessel layer MA:0002854 UBERON:0004797 respiratory system basal lamina A basal lamina that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001816 UBERON:0004798 apparatus respiratorius basal lamina apparatus respiratorius basal lamina of connective tissue basal lamina of apparatus respiratorius basal lamina of connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius basal lamina of connective tissue of respiratory system basal lamina of respiratory system respiratory system basal lamina of connective tissue A basal lamina that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic basal lamina of respiratory system OBOL:automatic basal lamina of connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic basal lamina of connective tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius basal lamina of connective tissue OBOL:automatic respiratory system basal lamina of connective tissue OBOL:automatic basal lamina of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius basal lamina trachea basal lamina A basal lamina that is part of a respiratory airway [Obol]. MA:0001855 UBERON:0004799 basal lamina of connective tissue of respiratory airway ncithesaurus:Trachea_Basal_Lamina OBOL:automatic basal lamina of connective tissue of respiratory airway A basal lamina that is part of a respiratory airway [Obol]. OBOL:automatic bronchus basal lamina A basal lamina that is part of a bronchus [Obol]. MA:0001833 UBERON:0004800 basal lamina of bronchi basal lamina of bronchial trunk basal lamina of bronchus basal lamina of connective tissue of bronchi basal lamina of connective tissue of bronchial trunk basal lamina of connective tissue of bronchus bronchi basal lamina bronchi basal lamina of connective tissue bronchial trunk basal lamina bronchial trunk basal lamina of connective tissue bronchus basal lamina of connective tissue ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Basal_Lamina OBOL:automatic basal lamina of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchi basal lamina of connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk basal lamina of connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchi basal lamina OBOL:automatic basal lamina of connective tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic basal lamina of connective tissue of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk basal lamina OBOL:automatic basal lamina of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus basal lamina of connective tissue A basal lamina that is part of a bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic basal lamina of bronchi OBOL:automatic basal lamina of connective tissue of bronchi cervix epithelium An epithelium that is part of a uterine cervix [Obol]. BTO:0000241 EFO:0001913 MA:0001724 UBERON:0004801 cervical canal epithelial tissue cervical canal epithelium cervical canal of uterus epithelial tissue cervical canal of uterus epithelium cervix epithelial tissue cervix of uterus epithelial tissue cervix of uterus epithelium epithelial tissue of cervical canal epithelial tissue of cervical canal of uterus epithelial tissue of cervix epithelial tissue of cervix of uterus epithelial tissue of neck of uterus epithelial tissue of uterine cervix epithelium of cervical canal epithelium of cervical canal of uterus epithelium of cervix epithelium of cervix of uterus epithelium of neck of uterus epithelium of uterine cervix ncithesaurus:Cervix_Epithelium neck of uterus epithelial tissue neck of uterus epithelium uterine cervix epithelial tissue uterine cervix epithelium OBOL:automatic uterine cervix epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of cervix of uterus OBOL:automatic cervical canal of uterus epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a uterine cervix [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cervix of uterus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of cervix of uterus OBOL:automatic epithelium of cervical canal of uterus OBOL:automatic neck of uterus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of cervical canal OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of cervical canal of uterus OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of cervical canal OBOL:automatic cervical canal of uterus epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of cervix OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of cervix OBOL:automatic neck of uterus epithelium OBOL:automatic cervix of uterus epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of uterine cervix OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of neck of uterus OBOL:automatic epithelium of neck of uterus OBOL:automatic uterine cervix epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic cervix epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic cervical canal epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of uterine cervix OBOL:automatic cervical canal epithelium respiratory tract epithelium An epithelium that is part of a respiratory tract [Obol]. BTO:0000419 MA:0001480 UBERON:0004802 airway epithelium epithelial tissue of respiratory tract epithelium of respiratory tract respiratory epithelium respiratory tract epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of respiratory tract BTO:0000419 respiratory epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of respiratory tract An epithelium that is part of a respiratory tract [Obol]. OBOL:automatic BTO:0000419 airway epithelium OBOL:automatic respiratory tract epithelial tissue penis epithelium An epithelium that is part of a penis [Obol]. EHDAA2:0004039 MA:0001742 UBERON:0004803 epithelial tissue of penis epithelium of penis penis epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of penis OBOL:automatic penis epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of penis An epithelium that is part of a penis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic oviduct epithelium An epithelium that is part of a oviduct [Obol]. BTO:0002402 EMAPA:29043 MA:0001718 UBERON:0004804 epithelial tissue of oviduct epithelium of fallopian tube epithelium of oviduct epithelium of uterine tube in FMA, epithelium of uterine tube is a subclass of ciliated columnar epithelium. MA introduces subtypes: ciliated columnar and cuboidal. We map the FMA type according to its relationships, not its label oviduct epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a oviduct [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic epithelium of oviduct FMA:62016 epithelium of uterine tube OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of oviduct OBOL:automatic oviduct epithelial tissue seminal vesicle epithelium An epithelium that is part of a seminal vesicle [Obol]. EMAPA:29771 MA:0001745 UBERON:0004805 epithelial tissue of seminal gland epithelial tissue of seminal vesicle epithelium of seminal gland epithelium of seminal vesicle ncithesaurus:Seminal_Vesicle_Epithelium seminal gland epithelial tissue seminal gland epithelium seminal vesicle epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of seminal vesicle OBOL:automatic seminal gland epithelium OBOL:automatic seminal vesicle epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a seminal vesicle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic seminal gland epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of seminal vesicle OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of seminal gland OBOL:automatic epithelium of seminal gland vas deferens epithelium An epithelium that is part of a vas deferens [Obol]. EMAPA:29274 FMA:225317 MA:0001749 UBERON:0004806 deferent duct epithelial tissue deferent duct epithelium ductus deferens epithelial tissue ductus deferens epithelium epithelial tissue of deferent duct epithelial tissue of ductus deferens epithelial tissue of sperm duct epithelial tissue of vas deferen epithelial tissue of vas deferens epithelium of deferent duct epithelium of ductus deferens epithelium of sperm duct epithelium of vas deferen epithelium of vas deferens ncithesaurus:Vas_Deferens_Epithelium sperm duct epithelial tissue sperm duct epithelium vas deferen epithelial tissue vas deferen epithelium vas deferens epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a vas deferens [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic deferent duct epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of vas deferens OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of vas deferen OBOL:automatic vas deferen epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of vas deferen OBOL:automatic ductus deferens epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic deferent duct epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of sperm duct OBOL:automatic vas deferen epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of ductus deferens OBOL:automatic vas deferens epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of vas deferens OBOL:automatic ductus deferens epithelium OBOL:automatic sperm duct epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of sperm duct OBOL:automatic epithelium of deferent duct OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of deferent duct OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of ductus deferens OBOL:automatic sperm duct epithelial tissue respiratory system epithelium An epithelium that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001823 UBERON:0004807 apparatus respiratorius epithelial tissue apparatus respiratorius epithelium epithelial tissue of apparatus respiratorius epithelial tissue of respiratory system epithelium of apparatus respiratorius epithelium of respiratory system respiratory system epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius epithelium OBOL:automatic respiratory system epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic epithelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of apparatus respiratorius An epithelium that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal system epithelium An epithelium that is part of a digestive system [Obol]. MA:0001520 UBERON:0004808 digestive system epithelial tissue digestive system epithelium epithelial tissue of digestive system epithelial tissue of gastrointestinal system epithelium of digestive system epithelium of gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal system epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic epithelium of digestive system OBOL:automatic digestive system epithelium An epithelium that is part of a digestive system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic digestive system epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of digestive system OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal system epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of gastrointestinal system salivary gland epithelium An epithelium that is part of a salivary gland [Obol]. BTO:0004421 EMAPA:17753 EMAPA:17756 MA:0001587 UBERON:0004809 epithelial tissue of salivary gland epithelium of salivary gland salivary gland epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a salivary gland [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic salivary gland epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of salivary gland OBOL:automatic epithelium of salivary gland nephron tubule epithelium An epithelium that is part of a nephron tubule [Obol]. MA:0001681 UBERON:0004810 epithelial tissue of nephron tubule epithelial tissue of renal tubule epithelial tissue of tubulus renalis epithelium of nephron tubule epithelium of renal tubule epithelium of tubulus renalis ncithesaurus:Renal_Tubule_Epithelium nephron tubule epithelial tissue nephron tubule epithelium renal tubule epithelial tissue tubulus renalis epithelial tissue tubulus renalis epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of nephron tubule OBOL:automatic epithelium of nephron tubule OBOL:automatic epithelium of renal tubule OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of tubulus renalis OBOL:automatic nephron tubule epithelium OBOL:automatic tubulus renalis epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of renal tubule OBOL:automatic renal tubule epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a nephron tubule [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic tubulus renalis epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of tubulus renalis OBOL:automatic nephron tubule epithelial tissue endometrium epithelium An epithelium that is part of a endometrium [Obol]. MA:0002731 UBERON:0004811 endometrium epithelial tissue epithelial tissue of endometrium epithelium of endometrium epithelium of tunica mucosa (endometrium) An epithelium that is part of a endometrium [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic endometrium epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of tunica mucosa (endometrium) OBOL:automatic epithelium of endometrium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of endometrium male prepuce epithelium An epithelium that is part of a prepuce of penis [Obol]. EMAPA:30638 EMAPA:30655 MA:0001753 TODO - check prepuce vs male prepuce UBERON:0004812 epithelial tissue of foreskin epithelial tissue of penile prepuce epithelial tissue of prepuce epithelial tissue of prepuce of penis epithelium of foreskin epithelium of penile prepuce epithelium of prepuce epithelium of prepuce of penis foreskin epithelial tissue foreskin epithelium ncithesaurus:Prepuce_Epithelium penile prepuce epithelial tissue penile prepuce epithelium prepuce epithelial tissue prepuce epithelium prepuce of penis epithelial tissue prepuce of penis epithelium OBOL:automatic prepuce of penis epithelium OBOL:automatic prepuce epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a prepuce of penis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of penile prepuce OBOL:automatic foreskin epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of prepuce OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of penile prepuce MA:0001753 prepuce epithelium OBOL:automatic penile prepuce epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of prepuce OBOL:automatic penile prepuce epithelium OBOL:automatic prepuce of penis epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic foreskin epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of foreskin OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of prepuce of penis OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of foreskin OBOL:automatic epithelium of prepuce of penis seminiferous tubule epithelium BTO:0001811 EHDAA2:0002009 EHDAA:8148 FMA:19885 GAID:401 MA:0001748 MESH:A.05.360.444.849.700.700 OG:0000631 The epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules composed of primary male germ cells (spermatogonia) and supporting sertoli cells. As spermatogenesis proceeds, the developing germ cells migrate toward the lumen. The adluminal compartment, the inner two thirds of the tubules, contains spermatocytes and the more advanced germ cells[GAID]. UBERON:0004813 epithelial tissue of seminiferous tubule epithelial tissue of seminiferous tubule of testis epithelium of seminiferous tubule epithelium of seminiferous tubule of testis germinal epithelium (male) male germinal epithelium ncithesaurus:Seminiferous_Epithelium seminiferous epithelium seminiferous tubule epithelial tissue testis germinal epithelium wall of seminiferous tubule Wikipedia:Germinal_epithelium_(male) germinal epithelium (male) OBOL:automatic seminiferous tubule epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of seminiferous tubule of testis The epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules composed of primary male germ cells (spermatogonia) and supporting sertoli cells. As spermatogenesis proceeds, the developing germ cells migrate toward the lumen. The adluminal compartment, the inner two thirds of the tubules, contains spermatocytes and the more advanced germ cells[GAID]. Wikipedia:Germinal_epithelium_(male) Wikipedia:Germinal_epithelium_(male) wall of seminiferous tubule OG:0000631 testis germinal epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of seminiferous tubule of testis OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of seminiferous tubule BTO:0001811 seminiferous epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of seminiferous tubule Wikipedia:Germinal_epithelium_(male) male germinal epithelium upper respiratory tract epithelium An epithelium that is part of a upper respiratory tract [Obol]. MA:0001912 UBERON:0004814 epithelial tissue of upper respiratory tract epithelium of upper respiratory tract upper respiratory tract epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of upper respiratory tract OBOL:automatic upper respiratory tract epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a upper respiratory tract [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of upper respiratory tract lower respiratory tract epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Obol]. MA:0001481 UBERON:0004815 epithelial tissue of lower respiratory tract epithelium of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of lower respiratory tract An epithelium that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract epithelial tissue larynx epithelium An epithelium that is part of a larynx [Obol]. EHDAA2:0004065 MA:0001765 UBERON:0004816 epithelial tissue of larynx epithelium of larynx larynx epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic larynx epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a larynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of larynx OBOL:automatic epithelium of larynx lacrimal gland epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lacrimal gland [Obol]. MA:0001297 UBERON:0004817 epithelial tissue of lacrimal gland epithelium of lacrimal gland lacrimal gland epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a lacrimal gland [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lacrimal gland OBOL:automatic lacrimal gland epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of lacrimal gland terminal bronchus epithelium An epithelium that is part of a terminal bronchus [Obol]. MA:0001851 UBERON:0004818 epithelial tissue of terminal bronchus epithelium of terminal bronchus terminal bronchus epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a terminal bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic terminal bronchus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of terminal bronchus OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of terminal bronchus kidney epithelium An epithelium that is part of a kidney [Obol]. BTO:0000059 MA:0002846 UBERON:0004819 epithelial tissue of kidney epithelium of kidney kidney epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic kidney epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a kidney [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of kidney OBOL:automatic epithelium of kidney bile duct epithelium BTO:0000417 BTO:0001513 Epithelium of the gallbladder and the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. MA:0001629 UBERON:0004820 bile duct epithelial tissue biliary duct epithelial tissue biliary duct epithelium biliary epithelium epithelial tissue of bile duct epithelial tissue of biliary duct epithelium of bile duct epithelium of biliary duct ncithesaurus:Bile_Duct_Epithelium todo - check if BTO terms need merged OBOL:automatic epithelium of biliary duct OBOL:automatic bile duct epithelial tissue BTO:0001513 Epithelium of the gallbladder and the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of biliary duct OBOL:automatic biliary duct epithelial tissue BTO:0001513 biliary epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bile duct OBOL:automatic biliary duct epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of bile duct pulmonary alveolus epithelium BTO:0003511 FMA:63915 MA:0001771 UBERON:0004821 alveolus epithelial tissue alveolus epithelium epithelial tissue of alveolus epithelium of alveolus pulmonary alveolar epithelium pulmonary alveolus epithelium the epithelial layer of the alveoli[MP]. The layer of cells covering the lining of the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles[BTO]. MP:0010898 pulmonary alveolus epithelium FMA FMA:63915 pulmonary alveolar epithelium BTO:0003511 MP:0010898 the epithelial layer of the alveoli[MP]. The layer of cells covering the lining of the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles[BTO]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of alveolus MA:0001771 alveolus epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of alveolus FMA FMA OBOL:automatic alveolus epithelial tissue extrahepatic bile duct epithelium An epithelium that is part of a extrahepatic bile duct [Obol]. MA:0002661 UBERON:0004822 epithelial tissue of extrahepatic bile duct epithelium of extrahepatic bile duct extrahepatic bile duct epithelial tissue ncithesaurus:Extrahepatic_Bile_Duct_Epithelium An epithelium that is part of a extrahepatic bile duct [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of extrahepatic bile duct OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of extrahepatic bile duct OBOL:automatic extrahepatic bile duct epithelial tissue intrahepatic bile duct epithelium An epithelium that is part of a intrahepatic bile duct [Obol]. MA:0002662 UBERON:0004823 epithelial tissue of intrahepatic bile duct epithelium of intrahepatic bile duct intrahepatic bile duct epithelial tissue ncithesaurus:Intrahepatic_Bile_Duct_Epithelium An epithelium that is part of a intrahepatic bile duct [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic intrahepatic bile duct epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of intrahepatic bile duct OBOL:automatic epithelium of intrahepatic bile duct dental lamina EMAPA:18292 EMAPA:18295 EMAPA:18298 EMAPA:18301 MA:0001597 SCTID:362862007 UBERON:0004825 a band of epithelial tissue seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. The dental lamina is first evidence of tooth development and begins at the sixth week in utero or three weeks after the rupture of the buccopharyngeal membrane. It is formed when cells of the oral ectoderm proliferate faster than cells of other areas. Best described as an in-growth of oral ectoderm, the dental lamina is frequently distinguished from the vestibular lamina, which develops concurrently. This dividing tissue is surrounded by and, some would argue, stimulated by ectomysenchymal growth. When it is present, the dental lamina connects the developing tooth bud to the epithelium of the oral cavity. Eventually, the dental lamina disintegrates into small clusters of epithelium and is resorbed. In situations when the clusters are not resorbed, (this remanent of the dental lamina is sometimes known as the glands of Serres) eruption cysts are formed over the developing tooth and delay its eruption into the oral cavity. This invagination of ectodermal tissues is the proginitor to the later ameloblasts and enamel while the ectomysenchyme is responsible for the dental papilla and later odontoblasts. Wikipedia:Dental_lamina a band of epithelial tissue seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. The dental lamina is first evidence of tooth development and begins at the sixth week in utero or three weeks after the rupture of the buccopharyngeal membrane. It is formed when cells of the oral ectoderm proliferate faster than cells of other areas. Best described as an in-growth of oral ectoderm, the dental lamina is frequently distinguished from the vestibular lamina, which develops concurrently. This dividing tissue is surrounded by and, some would argue, stimulated by ectomysenchymal growth. When it is present, the dental lamina connects the developing tooth bud to the epithelium of the oral cavity. Eventually, the dental lamina disintegrates into small clusters of epithelium and is resorbed. In situations when the clusters are not resorbed, (this remanent of the dental lamina is sometimes known as the glands of Serres) eruption cysts are formed over the developing tooth and delay its eruption into the oral cavity. This invagination of ectodermal tissues is the proginitor to the later ameloblasts and enamel while the ectomysenchyme is responsible for the dental papilla and later odontoblasts. MA thyroid gland medulla A medulla that is part of a thyroid [Obol]. MA:0000132 UBERON:0004827 medulla of thyroid medulla of thyroid follicle medulla of thyroid gland medulla of thyroid gland follicle thyroid follicle medulla thyroid gland follicle medulla thyroid medulla OBOL:automatic thyroid gland follicle medulla OBOL:automatic thyroid medulla OBOL:automatic medulla of thyroid gland OBOL:automatic thyroid follicle medulla OBOL:automatic medulla of thyroid OBOL:automatic medulla of thyroid follicle OBOL:automatic medulla of thyroid gland follicle A medulla that is part of a thyroid [Obol]. OBOL:automatic urethra skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a urethra [Obol]. MA:0001690 UBERON:0004829 skeletal muscle of urethra skeletal muscle tissue of urethra urethra skeletal muscle tissue urethral skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of urethra OBOL:automatic urethra skeletal muscle tissue MA:0001690 urethral skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of urethra A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a urethra [Obol]. OBOL:automatic respiratory system skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001829 UBERON:0004830 respiratory system skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of apparatus respiratorius skeletal muscle of respiratory system skeletal muscle tissue of apparatus respiratorius skeletal muscle tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of respiratory system OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic respiratory system skeletal muscle tissue A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of respiratory system esophagus skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. MA:0001572 UBERON:0004831 esophagus skeletal muscle tissue gullet skeletal muscle gullet skeletal muscle tissue oesophagus skeletal muscle oesophagus skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of esophagus skeletal muscle of gullet skeletal muscle of oesophagus skeletal muscle tissue of esophagus skeletal muscle tissue of gullet skeletal muscle tissue of oesophagus OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of esophagus OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of esophagus OBOL:automatic esophagus skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic oesophagus skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic gullet skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of gullet OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of oesophagus OBOL:automatic oesophagus skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of oesophagus OBOL:automatic gullet skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of gullet anal region skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Obol]. MA:0001530 UBERON:0004832 anal part of perineum skeletal muscle anal part of perineum skeletal muscle tissue anal region skeletal muscle tissue anal triangle skeletal muscle anal triangle skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of anal part of perineum skeletal muscle of anal region skeletal muscle of anal triangle skeletal muscle tissue of anal part of perineum skeletal muscle tissue of anal region skeletal muscle tissue of anal triangle OBOL:automatic anal triangle skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic anal part of perineum skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of anal region OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of anal region A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic anal triangle skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic anal region skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of anal triangle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of anal triangle OBOL:automatic anal part of perineum skeletal muscle lip skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a lip [Obol]. MA:0001578 UBERON:0004833 lip skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of lip skeletal muscle tissue of lip OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of lip A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a lip [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lip skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of lip hepatic duct smooth muscle MA:0001640 UBERON:0004834 epididymis smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a epididymis [Obol]. MA:0001736 UBERON:0004835 epididymis involuntary muscle epididymis non-striated muscle epididymis smooth muscle tissue epididymus involuntary muscle epididymus non-striated muscle epididymus smooth muscle epididymus smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of epididymis involuntary muscle of epididymus non-striated muscle of epididymis non-striated muscle of epididymus smooth muscle of epididymis smooth muscle of epididymus smooth muscle tissue of epididymis smooth muscle tissue of epididymus OBOL:automatic epididymus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic epididymis non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of epididymis OBOL:automatic epididymus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of epididymis OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of epididymus OBOL:automatic epididymus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of epididymus OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of epididymus A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a epididymis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of epididymis OBOL:automatic epididymus smooth muscle OBOL:automatic epididymis involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of epididymis OBOL:automatic epididymis smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of epididymus medial rectus extraocular muscle An extra-ocular muscle that is part of a medial rectus [Obol]. MA:0001281 OG:0001127 UBERON:0004836 extra-ocular muscle of medial rectus extra-ocular skeletal muscle of medial rectus extraocular muscle of medial rectus extrinsic muscle of eyeball of medial rectus medial rectus extra-ocular muscle medial rectus extra-ocular skeletal muscle medial rectus extrinsic muscle of eyeball OBOL:automatic extra-ocular muscle of medial rectus OBOL:automatic medial rectus extra-ocular muscle OBOL:automatic extrinsic muscle of eyeball of medial rectus OBOL:automatic extraocular muscle of medial rectus OBOL:automatic extra-ocular skeletal muscle of medial rectus OBOL:automatic medial rectus extra-ocular skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic medial rectus extrinsic muscle of eyeball An extra-ocular muscle that is part of a medial rectus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic lateral rectus extraocular muscle An extra-ocular muscle that is part of a lateral rectus [Obol]. MA:0001280 OG:0001129 UBERON:0004837 extra-ocular muscle of lateral rectus extra-ocular skeletal muscle of lateral rectus extraocular muscle of lateral rectus extrinsic muscle of eyeball of lateral rectus lateral rectus extra-ocular muscle lateral rectus extra-ocular skeletal muscle lateral rectus extrinsic muscle of eyeball OBOL:automatic lateral rectus extra-ocular muscle OBOL:automatic extra-ocular skeletal muscle of lateral rectus An extra-ocular muscle that is part of a lateral rectus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lateral rectus extrinsic muscle of eyeball OBOL:automatic lateral rectus extra-ocular skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic extra-ocular muscle of lateral rectus OBOL:automatic extraocular muscle of lateral rectus OBOL:automatic extrinsic muscle of eyeball of lateral rectus respiratory system arterial endothelium An endothelium of artery that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001801 UBERON:0004848 apparatus respiratorius arterial endothelium apparatus respiratorius artery endothelium apparatus respiratorius endothelium of artery arterial endothelium of apparatus respiratorius arterial endothelium of respiratory system artery endothelium of apparatus respiratorius artery endothelium of respiratory system endothelium of artery of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of artery of respiratory system respiratory system artery endothelium respiratory system endothelium of artery OBOL:automatic endothelium of artery of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic arterial endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of artery OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius arterial endothelium OBOL:automatic arterial endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic endothelium of artery of respiratory system OBOL:automatic artery endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius artery endothelium An endothelium of artery that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic artery endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic respiratory system artery endothelium OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of artery respiratory system venous endothelium An endothelium of vein that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. MA:0001811 UBERON:0004849 apparatus respiratorius endothelium of vein apparatus respiratorius vein endothelium apparatus respiratorius venous endothelium endothelium of vein of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of vein of respiratory system respiratory system endothelium of vein respiratory system vein endothelium vein endothelium of apparatus respiratorius vein endothelium of respiratory system venous endothelium of apparatus respiratorius venous endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic venous endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic endothelium of vein of respiratory system OBOL:automatic vein endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic venous endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic endothelium of vein of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic respiratory system vein endothelium OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of vein OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius venous endothelium OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of vein An endothelium of vein that is part of a respiratory system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius vein endothelium OBOL:automatic vein endothelium of respiratory system lymph node endothelium An endothelium that is part of a lymph node [Obol]. MA:0000741 UBERON:0004850 endothelium of lymph node OBOL:automatic endothelium of lymph node An endothelium that is part of a lymph node [Obol]. OBOL:automatic aorta endothelium An endothelium that is part of an aorta [Obol]. BTO:0000394 EFO:0002597 MA:0000701 UBERON:0004851 adult aorta endothelium endothelium of adult aorta endothelium of aorta endothelium of trunk of aortic tree endothelium of trunk of systemic arterial tree ncithesaurus:Aorta_Endothelium trunk of aortic tree endothelium trunk of systemic arterial tree endothelium OBOL:automatic adult aorta endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic trunk of systemic arterial tree endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of trunk of systemic arterial tree OBOL:automatic endothelium of adult aorta An endothelium that is part of an aorta [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of aorta cardiovascular system endothelium An endothelium that is part of the cardiovascular system. BTO:0001853 GAID:519 MA:0000717 MESH:A.07.231.330 OG:0001217 UBERON:0004852 XAO:0000356 ZFA:0001639 consider merging with 'endothelium' An endothelium that is part of the cardiovascular system. UBERON:cjm gastrointestinal system mesentery A mesentery that is part of a digestive system [Obol]. MA:0001900 UBERON:0004854 digestive system mesentery mesentery of digestive system mesentery of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic mesentery of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic digestive system mesentery A mesentery that is part of a digestive system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mesentery of digestive system skeletal muscle connective tissue FMA:86022 MA:0002868 UBERON:0004857 connective tissue of skeletal muscle connective tissue of skeletal muscle tissue no corresponding term in FMA? Skeletal muscle endomysium would be a subtype portion of connective tissue of skeletal muscle portion of connective tissue of skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle endomysium skeletal muscle interstitial tissue skeletal muscle interstitum skeletal muscle portion of connective tissue skeletal muscle textus connectivus skeletal muscle tissue connective tissue skeletal muscle tissue portion of connective tissue skeletal muscle tissue textus connectivus textus connectivus of skeletal muscle textus connectivus of skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of skeletal muscle tissue MA:0002868 skeletal muscle interstitum OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of skeletal muscle tissue MA:0002868 skeletal muscle interstitial tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of skeletal muscle FMA:86022 skeletal muscle endomysium OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle textus connectivus OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue textus connectivus cellular cartilage MA:0000105 SCTID:81997001 UBERON:0004858 eye gland A gland that is part of a eye [Obol]. MA:0000267 UBERON:0004859 gland of eye A gland that is part of a eye [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic gland of eye brain ventricular zone UBERON:0003053 UBERON:0004860 true right lung alveolus An alveolus that is part of a right lung [Obol]. EMAPA:19184 EMAPA:19186 EMAPA:19188 EMAPA:19190 MA:0001786 UBERON:0004861 alveolus of right lung ncithesaurus:Right_Lung_Alveolus An alveolus that is part of a right lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic alveolus of right lung left lung alveolus An alveolus that is part of a left lung [Obol]. EMAPA:19182 MA:0001777 UBERON:0004862 alveolus of left lung ncithesaurus:Left_Lung_Alveolus An alveolus that is part of a left lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic alveolus of left lung thoracic sympathetic nerve trunk A sympathetic nerve trunk that is part of a thorax [Obol]. MA:0001165 UBERON:0004863 ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Sympathetic_Nerve_Trunk nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system of thorax nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system of thorax sympathetic nerve trunk of thorax sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk of thorax thorax nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system thorax nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system thorax sympathetic nerve trunk thorax sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk OBOL:automatic thorax sympathetic nerve trunk OBOL:automatic nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system of thorax OBOL:automatic sympathetic nerve trunk of thorax OBOL:automatic nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system A sympathetic nerve trunk that is part of a thorax [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic thorax sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk OBOL:automatic sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system vasculature of retina A vasculature that is part of a retina [Obol]. FMA:76552 MESH:A.07.231.611 UBERON:0004864 XAO:0004153 retina vasculature retinal blood vessels retinal blood vessels set retinal vasculature set of blood vessels of retina set of retinal blood vessels vasa sanguinea retinae FMA:76552 retinal blood vessels FMA:76552 FMA:TA vasa sanguinea retinae OBOL:automatic retina vasculature A vasculature that is part of a retina [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic retinal vasculature FMA:76552 retinal blood vessels set OBOL:automatic set of blood vessels of retina FMA:76552 set of retinal blood vessels teleost parietal bone OG:0001326 Paired dermal bone that covers the hind part of the cranium, overlapping the dorsal edge of the sphenotic, pterotic, epiotic and the anterior edge of the supraoccipital. The parietal are overlapped anteriorly by the frontal. TAO:0000486 The parietal bone in teleost fish is the homolog of the frontal bone in tetrapods UBERON:0004865 ZFA:0000486 frontal bone parietal bone post parietal teleost parietal ZFA:0000486 post parietal TAO:0000486 parietal bone Paired dermal bone that covers the hind part of the cranium, overlapping the dorsal edge of the sphenotic, pterotic, epiotic and the anterior edge of the supraoccipital. The parietal are overlapped anteriorly by the frontal. ZFA:0000486 FMA:52734 frontal bone teleost frontal bone One of two large elongated paired dermal bones that roof the cranium and bear part of the supraorbital canal. The frontal bones cover the upper edge of the lateral ethmoid, orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoids and overlaps the parietal bone posteriorly. TAO:0000514 The frontal bone in teleost fish is the homolog of the parietal bone in tetrapods UBERON:0004866 ZFA:0000514 frontal bone teleost frontal teleost frontal bone TAO:0000514 teleost frontal One of two large elongated paired dermal bones that roof the cranium and bear part of the supraorbital canal. The frontal bones cover the upper edge of the lateral ethmoid, orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoids and overlaps the parietal bone posteriorly. ZFA:0000514 TAO:0000514 teleost frontal bone TAO:0000514 frontal bone orbital cavity FMA:84961 SCTID:280541000 UBERON:0004867 tapetum lucidum BTO:0001828 SCTID:3034006 UBERON:0004868 a layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrate animals, that lies immediately behind or sometimes within the retina. It reflects visible light back through the retina, increasing the light available to the photoreceptors Wikipedia:Tapetum_lucidum a layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrate animals, that lies immediately behind or sometimes within the retina. It reflects visible light back through the retina, increasing the light available to the photoreceptors parietal organ A part of the epithalamus present in some animal species. The eye may be photoreceptive and is usually associated with the pineal gland, regulating circadian rhythmicity and hormone production for thermoregulation. The parietal eye is a part of the epithalamus, which can be divided into two major parts; the epiphysis (the pineal organ, or pineal gland if mostly endocrine) and the parietal organ (often called the parietal eye, or third eye if it is photoreceptive). It arises as an anterior evagination of the pineal organ or as a separate outgrowth of the roof of the diencephalon. In some species, it protrudes through the skull.[4] The parietal eye uses a different biochemical method of detecting light than rod cells or cone cells in a normal vertebrate eye[WP]. EMAPA:19031 UBERON:0004869 parietal eye third eye Wikipedia:Parietal_eye third eye Wikipedia:Parietal_eye parietal eye A part of the epithalamus present in some animal species. The eye may be photoreceptive and is usually associated with the pineal gland, regulating circadian rhythmicity and hormone production for thermoregulation. The parietal eye is a part of the epithalamus, which can be divided into two major parts; the epiphysis (the pineal organ, or pineal gland if mostly endocrine) and the parietal organ (often called the parietal eye, or third eye if it is photoreceptive). It arises as an anterior evagination of the pineal organ or as a separate outgrowth of the roof of the diencephalon. In some species, it protrudes through the skull.[4] The parietal eye uses a different biochemical method of detecting light than rod cells or cone cells in a normal vertebrate eye[WP]. Wikipedia:Parietal_eye superficial cervical lymph node A group of nodes lying along the external jugular vein; they drain the skin and superficial structures over the region of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and anterior cervical regions. Efferent vessels drain to the deep cervical lymph nodes. Lymph nodes can be further subdivided into anterior and lateral groupings. MA:0002886 SCTID:279144003 UBERON:0004870 ncithesaurus:Superficial_Cervical_Lymph_Node prescapular lymph node A group of nodes lying along the external jugular vein; they drain the skin and superficial structures over the region of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and anterior cervical regions. Efferent vessels drain to the deep cervical lymph nodes. Lymph nodes can be further subdivided into anterior and lateral groupings. CL:tm Wikipedia:Superficial_cervical_lymph_nodes ref:Stedmans somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm AAO:0011100 BILA:0000047 Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the future body wall - underlies the ectoderm[WP]. UBERON:0004871 XAO:0000271 check BILA outer layer of lateral plate mesoderm parietal mesoderm somatic mesoderm ISBN:9780878932504 parietal mesoderm Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the future body wall - underlies the ectoderm[WP]. Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm#Division_into_layers BILA:0000047 somatic mesoderm splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm AAO:0011102 BILA:0000044 Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the circulatory system and future gut wall - overlies endoderm[WP]. UBERON:0004872 XAO:0000276 inner layer of lateral plate mesoderm splanchnic mesoderm todo - check BILA visceral mesoderm Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the circulatory system and future gut wall - overlies endoderm[WP]. Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm#Division_into_layers ISBN:9780878932504 splanchnic mesoderm BILA:0000044 http://www.drugs.com/dict/visceral-mesoderm.html http://www.stedmans.com/ visceral mesoderm splanchnopleure EHDAA2:0001903 EHDAA:383 EMAPA:16181 OG:0000558 UBERON:0004873 a structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the inner (or splanchnic) layer adheres to the endoderm, and with it forms the splanchnopleure[WP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gray16.png/200px-Gray16.png ncithesaurus:Splanchnopleure todo - check relationship to LPM ventral splanchnic mesoderm Wikipedia:Intraembryonic_coelom ventral splanchnic mesoderm Wikipedia:Splanchnopleure a structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the inner (or splanchnic) layer adheres to the endoderm, and with it forms the splanchnopleure[WP]. somatopleure EHDAA2:0001847 EHDAA:381 EMAPA:16180 OG:0000557 UBERON:0004874 a structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the outer (or somatic) layer becomes applied to the inner surface of the ectoderm, and with it forms the somatopleure.[WP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gray16.png/200px-Gray16.png ncithesaurus:Somatopleure todo - check relationship to LPM Wikipedia:Somatopleure a structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the outer (or somatic) layer becomes applied to the inner surface of the ectoderm, and with it forms the somatopleure.[WP]. EHDAA2 nephrogenic cord FMA:72168 SCTID:361405003 UBERON:0004875 a portion of the urogenital ridge which is the source of much of the urinary system[WP]. ncithesaurus:Nephrogenic_Cord part_of or develops_from urogenital ridge? Wikipedia:Nephrogenic_cord a portion of the urogenital ridge which is the source of much of the urinary system[WP]. urogenital ridge An embryological structure which give rise to a portion of the external genitalia. It differentiates into two structures: gonadal ridge -- medial -- primarily reproductive system; nephrogenic cord -- lateral -- primarily urinary system. In the female, the urogenital folds become the labia minora. In contrast, the labia majora are formed by the labioscrotal folds; In the male, they form the spongy urethra and a portion of the shaft of the penis, not including the glans.[WP]. BTO:0001402 EHDAA2:0004022 EMAPA:30888 EMAPA:30899 Less commonly, urogenital fold refers to the fold in the mesonephros which is the precursor of e.g. the suspensory ligament of the ovary. This is the case in older versions of Gray's anatomy[WP] SCTID:308801004 UBERON:0004876 ncithesaurus:Urogenital_Ridge urogenital fold An embryological structure which give rise to a portion of the external genitalia. It differentiates into two structures: gonadal ridge -- medial -- primarily reproductive system; nephrogenic cord -- lateral -- primarily urinary system. In the female, the urogenital folds become the labia minora. In contrast, the labia majora are formed by the labioscrotal folds; In the male, they form the spongy urethra and a portion of the shaft of the penis, not including the glans.[WP]. Wikipedia:Urogenital_folds visceral endoderm BTO:0003487 EFO:0003626 EMAPA:16058 UBERON:0004877 Visceral endoderm, a population of extraembyonic endoderm, is an extraembryonic tissue that functions in a regulatory capacity but does not contribute directly to the formation of any adult organs[PMID:15905405]. primitive endoderm-derived tissue which remains in contact with and surrounds the extra-embryonic ectoderm and the epiblast and provides signals for the differentiation and patterning of the epiblast; a small number of visceral endoderm cells also contribute to the endoderm of the embryonic gut[MP]. PMID:15905405 Visceral endoderm, a population of extraembyonic endoderm, is an extraembryonic tissue that functions in a regulatory capacity but does not contribute directly to the formation of any adult organs[PMID:15905405]. primitive endoderm-derived tissue which remains in contact with and surrounds the extra-embryonic ectoderm and the epiblast and provides signals for the differentiation and patterning of the epiblast; a small number of visceral endoderm cells also contribute to the endoderm of the embryonic gut[MP]. distal visceral endoderm UBERON:0004878 precursors of the anterior visceral endoderm that arises at the distal tip of the embryo[MP] MP:0010126 precursors of the anterior visceral endoderm that arises at the distal tip of the embryo[MP] marginal zone of embryo AAO:0010448 UBERON:0004879 XAO:0000068 ZFA:0000038 margin marginal zone ncithesaurus:Marginal_Zone todo - check ZFA:0000038 margin XAO:0000068 marginal zone chordamesoderm AAO:0000478 EFO:0003426 The central region of trunk mesoderm. This tissue forms the notochord UBERON:0004880 ZFA:0000091 axial chorda mesoderm chorda mesoderm note that WP treats this as synonym of axial mesoderm presumptive notochord The central region of trunk mesoderm. This tissue forms the notochord UBERON:cjm ZFA:0000091 axial chorda mesoderm ZFA:0000091 presumptive notochord prechordal mesoderm UBERON:0004881 eponychium FMA:77859 MA:0002704 SCTID:24631007 Thickened layer of skin surrounding fingernails and toenails. Beneath the cuticle is a thin layer of a membrane known as the pterygium. The function is to protect the area between the nail and epidermis from exposure to harmful bacteria. The vascularization pattern is similar to that of perionychium. The eponychium is the end of the proximal fold that folds back upon itself to shed an epidermal layer of skin onto the newly formed nail plate. This layer of non-living, almost invisible skin is the cuticle that 'rides out' on the surface of the nail plate. Together, the eponychium and the cuticle form a protective seal. The cuticle on the nail plate is dead cells and is often removed during manicure, but the eponychium is living cells and should not be touched.[6] The perionyx is the projecting edge of the eponychium covering the proximal strip of the lunula[WP]. UBERON:0004882 cuticle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Fingernail_label.jpg/200px-Fingernail_label.jpg MA:0002704 cuticle Thickened layer of skin surrounding fingernails and toenails. Beneath the cuticle is a thin layer of a membrane known as the pterygium. The function is to protect the area between the nail and epidermis from exposure to harmful bacteria. The vascularization pattern is similar to that of perionychium. The eponychium is the end of the proximal fold that folds back upon itself to shed an epidermal layer of skin onto the newly formed nail plate. This layer of non-living, almost invisible skin is the cuticle that 'rides out' on the surface of the nail plate. Together, the eponychium and the cuticle form a protective seal. The cuticle on the nail plate is dead cells and is often removed during manicure, but the eponychium is living cells and should not be touched.[6] The perionyx is the projecting edge of the eponychium covering the proximal strip of the lunula[WP]. Wikipedia:Eponychium lung mesenchyme UBERON:0004883 lung-associated mesenchyme mesenchyme of lung pulmonary mesenchyme the mass of tissue made up of mesenchymal cells in the lung. GO:0060484 pulmonary mesenchyme GO:0060484 lung-associated mesenchyme GO:0060484 the mass of tissue made up of mesenchymal cells in the lung. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lung lobar bronchus mesenchyme UBERON:0004884 mesenchyme of lobar bronchus the mass of tissue composed of mesenchymal cells in the lobar bronchus.. GO:0060483 the mass of tissue composed of mesenchymal cells in the lobar bronchus.. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lobar bronchus hilum An anatomical cavity, depression or pit where structures are attached. EMAPA:19303 FMA:57836 UBERON:0004460 UBERON:0004885 galen:Hilum hilus ncithesaurus:Hilum Wikipedia:Hilum hilus An anatomical cavity, depression or pit where structures are attached. Wikipedia:Hilum lung hilus A depression on the surface of the lung where the bronchus, blood vessels and nerves enter. FMA:7330 SCTID:264017007 UBERON:0004886 hilum of lung hilum pulmonis hilus of lung lung hilum pulmonary hilum pulmonary hilus A depression on the surface of the lung where the bronchus, blood vessels and nerves enter. GOC:lung_mtg ISBN:0721662544 OBOL:automatic pulmonary hilus FMA:7330 pulmonary hilum OBOL:automatic hilus of lung FMA:7330 FMA:TA hilum pulmonis OBOL:automatic lung hilum left lung hilus A lung hilus that is part of the left lung. EHDAA2:0000962 EHDAA:4965 EMAPA:17980 FMA:9751 MA:0001781 OG:0000483 SCTID:361983000 UBERON:0004887 hilum of left lung hilus of left lung left lung hilum left pulmonary hilum left pulmonary hilus FMA:9751 left pulmonary hilum OBOL:automatic left pulmonary hilus A lung hilus that is part of the left lung. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic left lung hilum OBOL:automatic hilus of left lung right lung hilus A lung hilus that is part of the right lung. EHDAA2:0001756 EHDAA:4995 EMAPA:17996 FMA:7456 MA:0001790 OG:0000482 SCTID:361968005 UBERON:0004888 hilum of right lung hilus of right lung right lung hilum right pulmonary hilum right pulmonary hilus OBOL:automatic right pulmonary hilus OBOL:automatic right lung hilum A lung hilus that is part of the right lung. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hilus of right lung FMA:7330 right pulmonary hilum lobar bronchus vasculature UBERON:0004889 Vasculature that is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs LG:0012616 Vasculature that is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs right lung accessory lobe A specialized lobe of the right lung that extends to the left side of the organism EHDAA2:0001731 EHDAA:4971 EMAPA:17981 In humans, the right lung typically has 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior). The lobar fissures are often incomplete, making a connection between two apposed lobes. Conversely, more than the expected number of lobes may be produced by new fissures e.g. the azygous lobe of the lung. The additional lobes are termed 'accessory lobes' -- http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=1120927803 MA:0000427 OG:0000831 UBERON:0004890 right lung postcaval lobe MA:0000427 right lung postcaval lobe A specialized lobe of the right lung that extends to the left side of the organism LG:0012619 lobar bronchus bronchiole A bronchiole of the lobar bronchus EMAPA:19000 EMAPA:19002 EMAPA:19004 EMAPA:19006 EMAPA:19008 UBERON:0004891 A bronchiole of the lobar bronchus OBOL:automatic lobar bronchus alveolar system The lobar bronchus alveolar system is where molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by diffusion, between the gaseous environment and the blood in the lobar bronchus UBERON:0004892 LG:0012622 The lobar bronchus alveolar system is where molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by diffusion, between the gaseous environment and the blood in the lobar bronchus interalveolar septum A the thin septum that separates adjacent pulmonary alveoli, containing connective tissue constituents of the respiratory tissue and the capillary network of the blood supply of the lung. BTO:0003149 MA:0000421 UBERON:0004893 alveolar septum ncithesaurus:Alveolar_Septum septal bone septum interalveolare BTO:0003149 septum interalveolare A the thin septum that separates adjacent pulmonary alveoli, containing connective tissue constituents of the respiratory tissue and the capillary network of the blood supply of the lung. LG:0012625 Wikipedia:Alveolar_septum BTO:0003149 septal bone UBERON:cjm alveolar septum alveolar wall A wall that contains the alveoli BTO:0002543 FMA:14117 MA:0002568 SCTID:361965008 UBERON:0004894 ncithesaurus:Alveolar_Wall pulmonary alveolar wall pulmonary interalveolar septum wall of pulmonary alveolus A wall that contains the alveoli LG:0012626 FMA:14117 pulmonary alveolar wall FMA:14117 pulmonary interalveolar septum FMA:14117 wall of pulmonary alveolus alveolar smooth muscle Alveolar smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the walls of the alveolus MA:0002759 UBERON:0004895 Alveolar smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the walls of the alveolus LG:0012628 right lung accessory lobe lobar bronchus EHDAA2:0001736 OG:0000239 The right lung accessory lobe lobar bronchus is the major airway within the right lung accessory lobe that starts at the division of the bronchus on the right side and ends at the point of its own subdivision into tertiary or segmental bronchi UBERON:0004896 LG:0012636 The right lung accessory lobe lobar bronchus is the major airway within the right lung accessory lobe that starts at the division of the bronchus on the right side and ends at the point of its own subdivision into tertiary or segmental bronchi right lung accessory lobe lobar bronchus mesynchyme The right lung accessory lobe lobar bronchus mesenchyme is a type of tissue made up of loosely-packed mesenchymal cells in the right lung accessory lobe lobar bronchus UBERON:0004897 LG:0012640 The right lung accessory lobe lobar bronchus mesenchyme is a type of tissue made up of loosely-packed mesenchymal cells in the right lung accessory lobe lobar bronchus right lung caudal lobe lobar bronchus mesynchyme UBERON:0004898 true right lung cranial lobe lobar bronchus mesynchyme The right lung cranial lobe lobar bronchus mesenchyme is a type of tissue made up of loosely-packed mesenchymal cells in the right lung cranial lobe lobar bronchus UBERON:0004899 LG:0012659 The right lung cranial lobe lobar bronchus mesenchyme is a type of tissue made up of loosely-packed mesenchymal cells in the right lung cranial lobe lobar bronchus right lung middle lobe lobar bronchus mesynchyme The right lung middle lobe lobar bronchus mesenchyme is a type of tissue made up of loosely-packed mesenchymal cells in the right lung middle lobe lobar bronchus UBERON:0004900 LG:0012672 The right lung middle lobe lobar bronchus mesenchyme is a type of tissue made up of loosely-packed mesenchymal cells in the right lung middle lobe lobar bronchus right lung lobar bronchus mesynchyme The right lung lobar bronchus mesenchyme is a type of tissue made up of loosely-packed mesenchymal cells in the right lung lobar bronchus UBERON:0004901 LG:0012681 The right lung lobar bronchus mesenchyme is a type of tissue made up of loosely-packed mesenchymal cells in the right lung lobar bronchus urogenital sinus epithelium An epithelium that is part of a primitive urogenital sinus [Obol]. EHDAA2:0004061 EMAPA:30882 UBERON:0004902 epithelium of urogenital sinus OBOL:automatic epithelium of urogenital sinus An epithelium that is part of a primitive urogenital sinus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic bronchoalveolar duct junction A branch point connecting the respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar ducts[MP]. UBERON:0004903 A branch point connecting the respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar ducts[MP]. MP:0004390 optic nerve A nerve that connects the eye to the brain and carries the impulses formed by the retina to the visual cortex of the brain[BTO]. BTO:0000966 EHDAA2:0001314 EV:0100351 FBbt:00001956 SCTID:180938001 TADS:0000232 UBERON:0004904 for the vertebrate-specific structure, see UBERON:0000941 (cranial nerve II) optic nerve (generic) A nerve that connects the eye to the brain and carries the impulses formed by the retina to the visual cortex of the brain[BTO]. BTO:0000966 joint FBbt:00004645 SCTID:302536002 UBERON:0004905 anatomical cluster that connects limbs or skeletal elements. ectodermal gut A portion of the gut that is derived from ectoderm. UBERON:0004906 A portion of the gut that is derived from ectoderm. GO:0007439 lower digestive tract EHDAA2:0000726 FMA:49179 MA:0000917 SCTID:279973004 UBERON:0004907 WP: small intestine, large intestine, anus. Anal canal not part of LGIT according to FMA, but anus is considered part of LGIT according to WP. Duodenum overlaps both U/L galen:LowerGastrointestinalTract gut lower GI tract lower gastrointestinal tract ncithesaurus:Lower_Gastrointestinal_Tract the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus[GO - gut definition]. GO:0048565 gut Wikipedia:Alimentary_canal#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus[GO - gut definition]. upper digestive tract FMA:49177 SCTID:181244000 UBERON:0004908 WP: small intestine, large intestine, anus. Anal canal not part of LGIT according to FMA, but anus is considered part of LGIT according to WP. Duodenum overlaps both U/L. In Galen, entire GI tract excludes esophagus galen:UpperGastrointestinalTract ncithesaurus:Upper_Gastrointestinal_Tract the region of the digestive tract extending from the mouth cavity through pharynx esophagus stomach and duodenum. upper GI tract upper gastrointestinal tract Wikipedia:Alimentary_canal#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract the region of the digestive tract extending from the mouth cavity through pharynx esophagus stomach and duodenum. epithelium of gonad An epithelium surrounding a gonad. EHDAA:4032 EHDAA:5931 FBbt:00004859 Note that after reasoning this should subsume the more specific germinal epithelium classes. We include the fly structure here although it is not clear if the sheath is an epithelium or a multi-tissue structure that includes epithelium as parts UBERON:0004909 gonad epithelium gonadal epithelium ncithesaurus:Germinal_Epithelium OBOL:automatic gonadal epithelium OBOL:automatic gonad epithelium An epithelium surrounding a gonad. OBOL:automatic epithelium of male gonad An epithelium surrounding a testis. BTO:0001364 EMAPA:17973 FBbt:00004955 Note that after reasoning this should subsume the more specific germinal epithelium classes. We include the fly structure here although it is not clear if the sheath is an epithelium or a multi-tissue structure that includes epithelium as parts UBERON:0004910 testis epithelium testis sheath FBbt:00004955 testis sheath OBOL:automatic testis epithelium An epithelium surrounding a testis. OBOL:automatic epithelium of female gonad An epithelium surrounding an ovary. BTO:0003661 FBbt:00004896 Note that after reasoning this should subsume the more specific germinal epithelium classes. We include the fly structure here although it is not clear if the sheath is an epithelium or a multi-tissue structure that includes epithelium as parts UBERON:0004911 ovarian epithelium ovarian sheath ovary epithelium FBbt:00004896 ovarian sheath An epithelium surrounding an ovary. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ovary epithelium OBOL:automatic ovarian epithelium biliary bud EHDAA2:0000171 EMAPA:16561 OG:0001351 UBERON:0004912 hepatic diverticulum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gray1088.png/200px-Gray1088.png EHDAA2-modified EMAPA:16561 hepatic diverticulum EMAPA hepatopancreatic ampulla A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct. FMA:15076 GAID:283 MESH:A.03.159.183.079.300.900 SCTID:362200007 UBERON:0004913 Vater's ampulla ZFA:0005167 ampulla biliaropancreatica ampulla of Vater ampulla of bile duct biliaropancreatic ampulla galen:AmpullaOfVater http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Biliary_system_new.svg/200px-Biliary_system_new.svg.png ncithesaurus:Ampulla_of_Vater papilla Vateri papilla duodeni major A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct. Wikipedia:Ampulla_of_Vater FMA:15076 FMA:TA ampulla biliaropancreatica FMA:15076 ampulla of bile duct ZFA:0005167 papilla duodeni major ZFA:0005167 papilla Vateri duodenal papilla . EMAPA:18662 EMAPA:18853 FMA:15953 SCTID:245389007 UBERON:0004914 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Gray1057.png/200px-Gray1057.png papilla of duodenum . Wikipedia:Major_duodenal_papilla Wikipedia:Minor_duodenal_papilla sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla EMAPA:18663 EMAPA:18854 FMA:15077 GAID:285 MESH:A.03.159.183.079.300.900.600 Oddi's sphincter SCTID:181271000 UBERON:0004915 hepatopancreatic ampullary sphincter http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Gray1057.png/200px-Gray1057.png muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices (bile and pancreatic juice) through the ampulla of Vater into the second part of the duodenum. Relaxed by the hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK) via vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP).[WP]. musculus sphincter ampullae ncithesaurus:Sphincter_of_Oddi sphincter of Oddi sphincter of ampulla of vater FMA:15077 sphincter of ampulla of vater FMA:15077 musculus sphincter ampullae Wikipedia:Sphincter_of_Oddi muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices (bile and pancreatic juice) through the ampulla of Vater into the second part of the duodenum. Relaxed by the hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK) via vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP).[WP]. FMA:15077 hepatopancreatic ampullary sphincter anal sphincter A sphincter muscle in the anal part of the perineum. UBERON:0004916 A sphincter muscle in the anal part of the perineum. OBOL:automatic urethral sphincter A sphincter muscle surrounding the urethra. MA:0002650 SCTID:277855007 UBERON:0004917 sphincter muscle of urethra sphincter of urethra urethral sphincter muscle A sphincter muscle surrounding the urethra. Wikipedia:Urethral_sphincter internal urethral sphincter FMA:45769 SCTID:277856008 UBERON:0004918 a urethral sphincter muscle which constricts the internal urethral orifice. It is the junction of the urethra with the urinary bladder. The muscle is made of smooth muscle, so therefore it is under involuntary control. It is kept tonically contracted by the sympathetic nervous system and during micturition, is relaxed via the parasympathetic nervous system. This is the primary muscle for preventing the release of urine[WP]. internal sphincter muscle of urethra internal sphincter of urethra internal urethral sphincter muscle musculus sphincter supracollicularis musculus sphincter urethrae internus preprostatic sphincter sphincter urethrae internus supracollicular sphincter FMA:45769 FMA:TA sphincter urethrae internus FMA:45769 supracollicular sphincter FMA:45769 preprostatic sphincter Wikipedia:Internal_sphincter_muscle_of_urethra a urethral sphincter muscle which constricts the internal urethral orifice. It is the junction of the urethra with the urinary bladder. The muscle is made of smooth muscle, so therefore it is under involuntary control. It is kept tonically contracted by the sympathetic nervous system and during micturition, is relaxed via the parasympathetic nervous system. This is the primary muscle for preventing the release of urine[WP]. FMA:45769 FMA:TA musculus sphincter supracollicularis FMA:45769 FMA:TA musculus sphincter urethrae internus external urethral sphincter . FMA:85274 TODO male/female subclasses UBERON:0004919 external sphincter muscle of urethra external sphincter of urethra external urethral sphincter muscle . Wikipedia:External_sphincter_muscle_of_female_urethra Wikipedia:External_sphincter_muscle_of_male_urethra mesoderm of gonad A mesoderm that is part of a gonad [Obol]. UBERON:0004920 gonad mesoderm gonadal mesoderm true A mesoderm that is part of a gonad [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic gonad mesoderm OBOL:automatic gonadal mesoderm subdivision of digestive tract FBbt:00100315 FMA:71131 UBERON:0004921 alimentary system subdivision intended to denote both embryonic and adult structures. Note the FMA grouping here is not quite correct. we include pharynx, esophagus here, we may want an additional term for major subdivisions (fore/mid/hind vs upper/lower) subdivision of alimentary system FMA:71131 subdivision of alimentary system FMA:71131 alimentary system subdivision subventricular zone A paired brain structure situated throughout the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles. Along with the subgranular zone of dentate gyrus, subventricular zone serves as a source of neural stem cells in the process of adult neurogenesis. It harbors the largest population of proliferating cells in the adult brain of rodents, monkeys and humans. Neurons generated in SVZ travel to the olfactory bulb via the rostral migratory stream[BTO]. a paired brain structure situated throughout the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles.It has been associated with having four distinct layers of variable thickness and cell density, as well as cellular composition[WP]. BTO:0003090 MA:0000817 SVZ UBERON:0004922 brain subventricular zone subventricular zone of brain A paired brain structure situated throughout the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles. Along with the subgranular zone of dentate gyrus, subventricular zone serves as a source of neural stem cells in the process of adult neurogenesis. It harbors the largest population of proliferating cells in the adult brain of rodents, monkeys and humans. Neurons generated in SVZ travel to the olfactory bulb via the rostral migratory stream[BTO]. a paired brain structure situated throughout the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles.It has been associated with having four distinct layers of variable thickness and cell density, as well as cellular composition[WP]. Wikipedia:Subventricular_zone GO MA:0000817 brain subventricular zone organ component layer FMA:82485 UBERON:0004923 submucosa of pharynx A submucosa that is part of a pharynx [Obol]. FMA:75144 SCTID:19594009 UBERON:0004924 pharyngeal submucosa pharynx submucosa FMA:75144 pharyngeal submucosa A submucosa that is part of a pharynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pharynx submucosa submucosa of laryngopharynx A submucosa that is part of a hypopharynx [Obol]. FMA:55072 SCTID:47496006 UBERON:0004925 hypopharynx submucosa laryngeal pharynx submucosa laryngopharynx submucosa submucosa of hypopharynx submucosa of laryngeal pharynx tela submucosa (pars laryngea pharyngis) OBOL:automatic submucosa of laryngeal pharynx OBOL:automatic hypopharynx submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of hypopharynx OBOL:automatic laryngeal pharynx submucosa FMA:55072 tela submucosa (pars laryngea pharyngis) A submucosa that is part of a hypopharynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic laryngopharynx submucosa submucosa of cystic duct A submucosa that is part of a cystic duct [Obol]. FMA:18013 UBERON:0004926 cystic duct submucosa cystic ductal submucosa FMA:18013 cystic ductal submucosa OBOL:automatic cystic duct submucosa A submucosa that is part of a cystic duct [Obol]. OBOL:automatic submucosa of cecum A submucosa that is part of a cecum [Obol]. FMA:14999 UBERON:0004927 caecum submucosa cecum submucosa intestinum crassum caecum submucosa submucosa of caecum submucosa of intestinum crassum caecum OBOL:automatic cecum submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of intestinum crassum caecum OBOL:automatic intestinum crassum caecum submucosa A submucosa that is part of a cecum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic submucosa of caecum OBOL:automatic caecum submucosa submucosa of appendix A submucosa that is part of an appendix [Obol]. FMA:14992 SCTID:86833001 UBERON:0004928 appendiceal submucosa appendix submucosa caecal appendix submucosa submucosa of caecal appendix submucosa of vermiform appendix submucosa of vermix vermiform appendix submucosa vermix submucosa FMA:14992 appendiceal submucosa OBOL:automatic caecal appendix submucosa A submucosa that is part of an appendix [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic submucosa of caecal appendix OBOL:automatic appendix submucosa OBOL:automatic vermiform appendix submucosa OBOL:automatic vermix submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of vermix OBOL:automatic submucosa of vermiform appendix submucosa of ascending colon A submucosa that is part of an ascending colon [Obol]. FMA:15006 UBERON:0004929 ascending colon submucosa A submucosa that is part of an ascending colon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ascending colon submucosa submucosa of transverse colon A submucosa that is part of a transverse colon [Obol]. FMA:15013 UBERON:0004930 transverse colon submucosa OBOL:automatic transverse colon submucosa A submucosa that is part of a transverse colon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic submucosa of descending colon A submucosa that is part of a descending colon [Obol]. FMA:15020 UBERON:0004931 descending colon submucosa OBOL:automatic descending colon submucosa A submucosa that is part of a descending colon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic submucosa of sigmoid colon A submucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Obol]. FMA:15027 UBERON:0004932 sigmoid colon submucosa A submucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic sigmoid colon submucosa submucosa of fundus of stomach A submucosa that is part of a fundus of stomach [Obol]. FMA:17058 UBERON:0004933 fundus gastricus (ventricularis) submucosa fundus of stomach submucosa stomach fundus submucosa submucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) submucosa of stomach fundus A submucosa that is part of a fundus of stomach [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic fundus of stomach submucosa OBOL:automatic stomach fundus submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) OBOL:automatic submucosa of stomach fundus OBOL:automatic fundus gastricus (ventricularis) submucosa submucosa of body of stomach A submucosa that is part of a body of stomach [Obol]. FMA:17059 UBERON:0004934 body of stomach submucosa corpus gastricum (ventriculare) submucosa gastric body submucosa stomach body submucosa submucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) submucosa of gastric body submucosa of stomach body OBOL:automatic corpus gastricum (ventriculare) submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of stomach body OBOL:automatic body of stomach submucosa OBOL:automatic stomach body submucosa OBOL:automatic gastric body submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of gastric body OBOL:automatic submucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) A submucosa that is part of a body of stomach [Obol]. OBOL:automatic submucosa of cardia of stomach A submucosa that is part of a cardia of stomach [Obol]. FMA:17457 UBERON:0004935 cardia of stomach submucosa cardial part of stomach submucosa gastric cardia submucosa pars cardiaca (gaster) submucosa stomach cardiac region submucosa submucosa of cardial part of stomach submucosa of gastric cardia submucosa of pars cardiaca (gaster) submucosa of stomach cardiac region OBOL:automatic cardia of stomach submucosa OBOL:automatic cardial part of stomach submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of cardial part of stomach OBOL:automatic submucosa of stomach cardiac region A submucosa that is part of a cardia of stomach [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic stomach cardiac region submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of pars cardiaca (gaster) OBOL:automatic submucosa of gastric cardia OBOL:automatic pars cardiaca (gaster) submucosa OBOL:automatic gastric cardia submucosa submucosa of pyloric antrum A submucosa that is part of a pyloric antrum [Obol]. FMA:17060 UBERON:0004936 antrum of stomach submucosa pyloric antrum submucosa stomach pyloric antrum submucosa submucosa of antrum of stomach submucosa of stomach pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric antrum submucosa A submucosa that is part of a pyloric antrum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic antrum of stomach submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of antrum of stomach OBOL:automatic submucosa of stomach pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic pyloric antrum submucosa submucosa of pylorus A submucosa that is part of a pylorus [Obol]. FMA:17462 UBERON:0004937 pyloric part of stomach submucosa pylorus submucosa stomach pyloric region submucosa submucosa of pyloric part of stomach submucosa of stomach pyloric region OBOL:automatic submucosa of stomach pyloric region A submucosa that is part of a pylorus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric region submucosa OBOL:automatic pyloric part of stomach submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of pyloric part of stomach OBOL:automatic pylorus submucosa submucosa of biliary tree A submucosa that is part of a biliary tree [Obol]. FMA:18009 UBERON:0004938 biliary tract submucosa biliary tree submucosa submucosa of biliary tract A submucosa that is part of a biliary tree [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic biliary tree submucosa OBOL:automatic biliary tract submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of biliary tract submucosa of common bile duct A submucosa that is part of a common bile duct [Obol]. FMA:18011 UBERON:0004939 common bile duct submucosa common bile ductal submucosa ductus choledochus (biliaris) submucosa submucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) FMA:18011 common bile ductal submucosa OBOL:automatic common bile duct submucosa A submucosa that is part of a common bile duct [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ductus choledochus (biliaris) submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) submucosa of common hepatic duct A submucosa that is part of a common hepatic duct [Obol]. FMA:18014 UBERON:0004940 common hepatic duct submucosa common hepatic ductal submucosa hepatic duct submucosa submucosa of hepatic duct OBOL:automatic common hepatic duct submucosa A submucosa that is part of a common hepatic duct [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hepatic duct submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of hepatic duct FMA:18014 common hepatic ductal submucosa submucosa of right hepatic duct A submucosa that is part of a right hepatic duct [Obol]. FMA:18015 UBERON:0004941 right hepatic duct submucosa right hepatic ductal submucosa FMA:18015 right hepatic ductal submucosa A submucosa that is part of a right hepatic duct [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic right hepatic duct submucosa submucosa of left hepatic duct A submucosa that is part of a left hepatic duct [Obol]. FMA:18017 UBERON:0004942 left hepatic duct submucosa left hepatic ductal submucosa OBOL:automatic left hepatic duct submucosa FMA:18017 left hepatic ductal submucosa A submucosa that is part of a left hepatic duct [Obol]. OBOL:automatic submucosa of urinary bladder A submucosa that is part of a urinary bladder [Obol]. FMA:15929 SCTID:88384001 UBERON:0004943 bladder submucosa submucosa of bladder tela submucosa vesicae urinary bladder submucosa OBOL:automatic urinary bladder submucosa A submucosa that is part of a urinary bladder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:15929 FMA:TA tela submucosa vesicae OBOL:automatic bladder submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of bladder submucosa of trigone of urinary bladder A submucosa that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Obol]. FMA:17852 Lieutaud ' s trigone submucosa UBERON:0004944 deep trigone submucosa submucosa of Lieutaud ' s trigone submucosa of deep trigone submucosa of trigone of bladder submucosa of urinary bladder trigone submucosa of vesical trigone trigone of bladder submucosa trigone of urinary bladder submucosa urinary bladder trigone submucosa vesical trigone submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of urinary bladder trigone OBOL:automatic deep trigone submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of deep trigone OBOL:automatic urinary bladder trigone submucosa A submucosa that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic submucosa of Lieutaud ' s trigone OBOL:automatic vesical trigone submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of trigone of bladder Lieutaud ' s trigone submucosa OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic submucosa of vesical trigone OBOL:automatic trigone of urinary bladder submucosa OBOL:automatic trigone of bladder submucosa submucosa of neck of urinary bladder A submucosa that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Obol]. FMA:17851 UBERON:0004945 bladder neck submucosa neck of bladder submucosa neck of urinary bladder submucosa submucosa of bladder neck submucosa of neck of bladder submucosa of urinary bladder neck submucosa of vesical neck urinary bladder neck submucosa vesical neck submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic submucosa of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder submucosa OBOL:automatic neck of bladder submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of bladder neck A submucosa that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic submucosa of vesical neck OBOL:automatic bladder neck submucosa OBOL:automatic urinary bladder neck submucosa OBOL:automatic vesical neck submucosa submucosa of ileum A submucosa that is part of a ileum [Obol]. FMA:14957 SCTID:65374006 UBERON:0004946 ileal submucosa ileum submucosa OBOL:automatic ileum submucosa A submucosa that is part of a ileum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:14957 ileal submucosa submucosa of right main bronchus A submucosa that is part of a right main bronchus [Obol]. FMA:13139 UBERON:0004947 right bronchus submucosa right main bronchial submucosa right main bronchus submucosa right principal bronchus submucosa submucosa of right bronchus submucosa of right principal bronchus OBOL:automatic right principal bronchus submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of right principal bronchus A submucosa that is part of a right main bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:13139 right main bronchial submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of right bronchus OBOL:automatic right main bronchus submucosa OBOL:automatic right bronchus submucosa submucosa of left main bronchus A submucosa that is part of a left main bronchus [Obol]. FMA:13140 UBERON:0004948 left bronchus submucosa left main bronchial submucosa left main bronchus submucosa left principal bronchus submucosa submucosa of left bronchus submucosa of left principal bronchus OBOL:automatic submucosa of left bronchus OBOL:automatic left principal bronchus submucosa FMA:13140 left main bronchial submucosa A submucosa that is part of a left main bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic left main bronchus submucosa OBOL:automatic left bronchus submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of left principal bronchus submucosa of main bronchus A submucosa that is part of a main bronchus [Obol]. FMA:13118 UBERON:0004949 bronchus principalis submucosa main bronchial submucosa main bronchus submucosa primary bronchus submucosa principal bronchus submucosa submucosa of bronchus principalis submucosa of primary bronchus submucosa of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis submucosa OBOL:automatic primary bronchus submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of bronchus principalis FMA:13118 main bronchial submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic submucosa of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic principal bronchus submucosa A submucosa that is part of a main bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic main bronchus submucosa submucosa of lobar bronchus A submucosa that is part of a lobar bronchus [Obol]. FMA:62669 UBERON:0004950 lobar bronchial submucosa lobar bronchus submucosa secondary bronchus submucosa submucosa of secondary bronchus FMA:62669 lobar bronchial submucosa OBOL:automatic lobar bronchus submucosa OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus submucosa A submucosa that is part of a lobar bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic submucosa of secondary bronchus submucosa of segmental bronchus A submucosa that is part of a segmental bronchus [Obol]. FMA:62670 UBERON:0004951 segmental bronchial submucosa segmental bronchus submucosa submucosa of tertiary bronchus tertiary bronchus submucosa OBOL:automatic tertiary bronchus submucosa OBOL:automatic segmental bronchus submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of tertiary bronchus FMA:62670 segmental bronchial submucosa A submucosa that is part of a segmental bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic submucosa of bronchiole A submucosa that is part of a bronchiole [Obol]. FMA:62775 UBERON:0004952 bronchiole submucosa lobular bronchiole submucosa submucosa of lobular bronchiole OBOL:automatic bronchiole submucosa A submucosa that is part of a bronchiole [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic submucosa of lobular bronchiole OBOL:automatic lobular bronchiole submucosa mucosa of ureter A mucosa that is part of a ureter [Obol]. FMA:15894 SCTID:40476001 UBERON:0004980 galen:MucousMembraneOfUreter mucosa of organ of ureter mucosal layer of ureter mucous membrane of ureter organ mucosa of ureter tunica mucosa (ureter) tunica mucosa ureteris ureter mucosa ureter mucosa of organ ureter mucous membrane ureter organ mucosa ureteral mucosa ureteric mucosa OBOL:automatic ureter mucosa of organ FMA:15894 tunica mucosa (ureter) OBOL:automatic ureter mucous membrane FMA:15894 ureteric mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ureter A mucosa that is part of a ureter [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ureter mucosa FMA:15894 FMA:TA tunica mucosa ureteris OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ureter OBOL:automatic ureter organ mucosa FMA:15894 ureteral mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ureter FMA:15894 mucosal layer of ureter mucosa of epiglottis A mucosa that is part of a epiglottis [Obol]. FMA:64015 SCTID:156751001 UBERON:0004982 epiglottis mucosa epiglottis mucosa of organ epiglottis mucous membrane epiglottis organ mucosa mucosa of organ of epiglottis mucous membrane of epiglottis organ mucosa of epiglottis OBOL:automatic epiglottis organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of epiglottis OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of epiglottis OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of epiglottis A mucosa that is part of a epiglottis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epiglottis mucosa OBOL:automatic epiglottis mucous membrane OBOL:automatic epiglottis mucosa of organ mucosa of vagina A mucosa that is part of a vagina [Obol]. FMA:19975 SCTID:362245006 UBERON:0004983 mucosa of organ of vagina mucous membrane of vagina organ mucosa of vagina tunica mucosa vaginae vagina mucosa vagina mucosa of organ vagina mucous membrane vagina organ mucosa vaginal mucosa FMA:19975 FMA:TA tunica mucosa vaginae OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of vagina OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of vagina A mucosa that is part of a vagina [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vagina mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of vagina OBOL:automatic vagina mucosa OBOL:automatic vagina mucous membrane OBOL:automatic vagina organ mucosa FMA:19975 vaginal mucosa mucosa of seminal vesicle A mucosa that is part of a seminal vesicle [Obol]. FMA:19405 SCTID:252260007 UBERON:0004984 mucosa of organ of seminal gland mucosa of organ of seminal vesicle mucosa of seminal gland mucous membrane of seminal gland mucous membrane of seminal vesicle organ mucosa of seminal gland organ mucosa of seminal vesicle seminal gland mucosa seminal gland mucosa of organ seminal gland mucous membrane seminal gland organ mucosa seminal vesicle mucosa seminal vesicle mucosa of organ seminal vesicle mucous membrane seminal vesicle organ mucosa tunica mucosa glandulae vesiculosae OBOL:automatic seminal gland mucous membrane OBOL:automatic seminal gland organ mucosa OBOL:automatic seminal vesicle mucosa of organ FMA:19405 FMA:TA tunica mucosa glandulae vesiculosae OBOL:automatic seminal vesicle mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of seminal gland OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of seminal vesicle OBOL:automatic seminal vesicle organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of seminal gland OBOL:automatic seminal vesicle mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of seminal vesicle OBOL:automatic seminal gland mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of seminal vesicle OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of seminal gland OBOL:automatic mucosa of seminal gland OBOL:automatic seminal gland mucosa A mucosa that is part of a seminal vesicle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of ejaculatory duct A mucosa that is part of a ejaculatory duct [Obol]. FMA:19373 UBERON:0004985 ejaculatory duct mucosa ejaculatory duct mucosa of organ ejaculatory duct mucous membrane ejaculatory duct organ mucosa ejaculatory ductal mucosa mucosa of organ of ejaculatory duct mucous membrane of ejaculatory duct organ mucosa of ejaculatory duct OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ejaculatory duct FMA:19373 ejaculatory ductal mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ejaculatory duct OBOL:automatic ejaculatory duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic ejaculatory duct organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a ejaculatory duct [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ejaculatory duct mucosa OBOL:automatic ejaculatory duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ejaculatory duct mucosa of deferent duct A mucosa that is part of a vas deferens [Obol]. FMA:19240 SCTID:299626000 UBERON:0004986 deferent duct mucosa deferent duct mucosa of organ deferent duct mucous membrane deferent duct organ mucosa deferent ductal mucosa ductus deferens mucosa ductus deferens mucosa of organ ductus deferens mucous membrane ductus deferens organ mucosa mucosa of ductus deferens mucosa of organ of deferent duct mucosa of organ of ductus deferens mucosa of organ of sperm duct mucosa of organ of vas deferen mucosa of organ of vas deferens mucosa of sperm duct mucosa of vas deferen mucosa of vas deferens mucous membrane of deferent duct mucous membrane of ductus deferens mucous membrane of sperm duct mucous membrane of vas deferen mucous membrane of vas deferens organ mucosa of deferent duct organ mucosa of ductus deferens organ mucosa of sperm duct organ mucosa of vas deferen organ mucosa of vas deferens sperm duct mucosa sperm duct mucosa of organ sperm duct mucous membrane sperm duct organ mucosa tunica mucosa (ductus deferens) tunica mucosa ductus deferentis vas deferen mucosa vas deferen mucosa of organ vas deferen mucous membrane vas deferen organ mucosa vas deferens mucosa vas deferens mucosa of organ vas deferens mucous membrane vas deferens organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a vas deferens [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of vas deferens FMA:19240 deferent ductal mucosa OBOL:automatic sperm duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of vas deferen FMA:19240 tunica mucosa (ductus deferens) OBOL:automatic vas deferen mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of deferent duct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of vas deferen OBOL:automatic mucosa of sperm duct OBOL:automatic ductus deferens mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of ductus deferens OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of deferent duct OBOL:automatic vas deferens mucous membrane OBOL:automatic sperm duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic ductus deferens organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of sperm duct OBOL:automatic vas deferen mucosa OBOL:automatic deferent duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic ductus deferens mucosa OBOL:automatic vas deferens mucosa OBOL:automatic deferent duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of vas deferens OBOL:automatic deferent duct mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of deferent duct OBOL:automatic vas deferens mucosa of organ FMA:19240 FMA:TA tunica mucosa ductus deferentis OBOL:automatic mucosa of vas deferen OBOL:automatic ductus deferens mucous membrane OBOL:automatic vas deferen mucous membrane OBOL:automatic sperm duct mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of sperm duct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of sperm duct OBOL:automatic vas deferen organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ductus deferens OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of vas deferens OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ductus deferens OBOL:automatic sperm duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic deferent duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of vas deferen OBOL:automatic mucosa of vas deferens OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ductus deferens OBOL:automatic vas deferens organ mucosa mucosa of laryngopharynx A mucosa that is part of a hypopharynx [Obol]. FMA:55030 SCTID:362126008 UBERON:0004987 hypopharynx mucosa hypopharynx mucosa of organ hypopharynx mucous membrane hypopharynx organ mucosa laryngeal pharynx mucosa laryngeal pharynx mucosa of organ laryngeal pharynx mucous membrane laryngeal pharynx organ mucosa laryngopharynx mucosa laryngopharynx mucosa of organ laryngopharynx mucous membrane laryngopharynx organ mucosa mucosa of hypopharynx mucosa of laryngeal pharynx mucosa of organ of hypopharynx mucosa of organ of laryngeal pharynx mucosa of organ of laryngopharynx mucous membrane of hypopharynx mucous membrane of laryngeal pharynx mucous membrane of laryngopharynx organ mucosa of hypopharynx organ mucosa of laryngeal pharynx organ mucosa of laryngopharynx OBOL:automatic laryngeal pharynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic laryngopharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic hypopharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of laryngeal pharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of hypopharynx OBOL:automatic hypopharynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic laryngeal pharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic laryngopharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic hypopharynx mucosa OBOL:automatic hypopharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of laryngopharynx A mucosa that is part of a hypopharynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of laryngopharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of laryngeal pharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of laryngopharynx OBOL:automatic laryngopharynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic laryngeal pharynx mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of hypopharynx OBOL:automatic laryngeal pharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of hypopharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of laryngeal pharynx OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of laryngeal pharynx OBOL:automatic laryngopharynx mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of hypopharynx mucosa of cystic duct A mucosa that is part of a cystic duct [Obol]. FMA:14690 UBERON:0004988 cystic duct mucosa cystic duct mucosa of organ cystic duct mucous membrane cystic duct organ mucosa cystic ductal mucosa mucosa of organ of cystic duct mucous membrane of cystic duct organ mucosa of cystic duct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of cystic duct OBOL:automatic cystic duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic cystic duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of cystic duct OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of cystic duct OBOL:automatic cystic duct mucosa OBOL:automatic cystic duct organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a cystic duct [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:14690 cystic ductal mucosa mucosa of appendix A mucosa that is part of an appendix [Obol]. FMA:14991 SCTID:362155000 UBERON:0004989 appendiceal mucous membrane appendix mucosa appendix mucosa of organ appendix mucous membrane appendix organ mucosa caecal appendix mucosa caecal appendix mucosa of organ caecal appendix mucous membrane caecal appendix organ mucosa mucosa of caecal appendix mucosa of organ of appendix mucosa of organ of caecal appendix mucosa of organ of vermiform appendix mucosa of organ of vermix mucosa of vermiform appendix mucosa of vermix mucous membrane of appendix mucous membrane of caecal appendix mucous membrane of vermiform appendix mucous membrane of vermix organ mucosa of appendix organ mucosa of caecal appendix organ mucosa of vermiform appendix organ mucosa of vermix vermiform appendix mucosa vermiform appendix mucosa of organ vermiform appendix mucous membrane vermiform appendix organ mucosa vermix mucosa vermix mucosa of organ vermix mucous membrane vermix organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of vermix A mucosa that is part of an appendix [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vermix mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of caecal appendix OBOL:automatic caecal appendix mucous membrane OBOL:automatic vermiform appendix mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of vermix OBOL:automatic caecal appendix organ mucosa OBOL:automatic vermix mucous membrane FMA:14991 appendiceal mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of caecal appendix OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of vermix OBOL:automatic vermiform appendix mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of appendix OBOL:automatic mucosa of vermiform appendix OBOL:automatic caecal appendix mucosa OBOL:automatic appendix mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of appendix OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of vermiform appendix OBOL:automatic vermix organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of appendix OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of vermiform appendix OBOL:automatic vermiform appendix organ mucosa OBOL:automatic appendix mucosa OBOL:automatic vermiform appendix mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of vermix OBOL:automatic appendix organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of vermiform appendix OBOL:automatic caecal appendix mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of caecal appendix OBOL:automatic appendix mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic vermix mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of caecal appendix mucosa of ascending colon A mucosa that is part of an ascending colon [Obol]. FMA:15005 UBERON:0004990 ascending colon mucosa ascending colon mucosa of organ ascending colon mucous membrane ascending colon organ mucosa mucosa of organ of ascending colon mucous membrane of ascending colon organ mucosa of ascending colon OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ascending colon OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ascending colon OBOL:automatic ascending colon mucous membrane OBOL:automatic ascending colon mucosa of organ A mucosa that is part of an ascending colon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ascending colon organ mucosa OBOL:automatic ascending colon mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ascending colon mucosa of transverse colon A mucosa that is part of a transverse colon [Obol]. FMA:15012 UBERON:0004991 mucosa of organ of transverse colon mucous membrane of transverse colon organ mucosa of transverse colon transverse colon mucosa transverse colon mucosa of organ transverse colon mucous membrane transverse colon organ mucosa OBOL:automatic transverse colon organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a transverse colon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic transverse colon mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of transverse colon OBOL:automatic transverse colon mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of transverse colon OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of transverse colon OBOL:automatic transverse colon mucosa mucosa of descending colon A mucosa that is part of a descending colon [Obol]. FMA:15019 UBERON:0004992 descending colon mucosa descending colon mucosa of organ descending colon mucous membrane descending colon organ mucosa mucosa of organ of descending colon mucous membrane of descending colon organ mucosa of descending colon OBOL:automatic descending colon mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of descending colon A mucosa that is part of a descending colon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of descending colon OBOL:automatic descending colon mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of descending colon OBOL:automatic descending colon mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic descending colon organ mucosa mucosa of sigmoid colon A mucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Obol]. FMA:15026 UBERON:0004993 mucosa of organ of sigmoid colon mucous membrane of sigmoid colon organ mucosa of sigmoid colon sigmoid colon mucosa sigmoid colon mucosa of organ sigmoid colon mucous membrane sigmoid colon organ mucosa OBOL:automatic sigmoid colon mucous membrane OBOL:automatic sigmoid colon mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of sigmoid colon OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of sigmoid colon OBOL:automatic sigmoid colon mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of sigmoid colon A mucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic sigmoid colon organ mucosa mucosa of fundus of stomach A mucosa that is part of a fundus of stomach [Obol]. FMA:17053 UBERON:0004994 fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa of organ fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucous membrane fundus gastricus (ventricularis) organ mucosa fundus of stomach mucosa fundus of stomach mucosa of organ fundus of stomach mucous membrane fundus of stomach organ mucosa mucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa of organ of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa of organ of fundus of stomach mucosa of organ of stomach fundus mucosa of stomach fundus mucous membrane of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucous membrane of fundus of stomach mucous membrane of stomach fundus organ mucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) organ mucosa of fundus of stomach organ mucosa of stomach fundus stomach fundus mucosa stomach fundus mucosa of organ stomach fundus mucous membrane stomach fundus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic fundus of stomach mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of stomach fundus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of fundus of stomach OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of fundus of stomach A mucosa that is part of a fundus of stomach [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of fundus of stomach OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of stomach fundus OBOL:automatic fundus gastricus (ventricularis) organ mucosa OBOL:automatic fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa OBOL:automatic stomach fundus mucosa OBOL:automatic stomach fundus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic stomach fundus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) OBOL:automatic stomach fundus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of stomach fundus OBOL:automatic fundus of stomach mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) OBOL:automatic fundus of stomach organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) OBOL:automatic fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of stomach fundus OBOL:automatic fundus of stomach mucosa mucosa of body of stomach A mucosa that is part of a body of stomach [Obol]. FMA:17054 UBERON:0004995 body of stomach mucosa body of stomach mucosa of organ body of stomach mucous membrane body of stomach organ mucosa corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucosa corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucosa of organ corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucous membrane corpus gastricum (ventriculare) organ mucosa gastric body mucosa gastric body mucosa of organ gastric body mucous membrane gastric body organ mucosa mucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucosa of gastric body mucosa of organ of body of stomach mucosa of organ of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucosa of organ of gastric body mucosa of organ of stomach body mucosa of stomach body mucous membrane of body of stomach mucous membrane of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucous membrane of gastric body mucous membrane of stomach body organ mucosa of body of stomach organ mucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) organ mucosa of gastric body organ mucosa of stomach body stomach body mucosa stomach body mucosa of organ stomach body mucous membrane stomach body organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of body of stomach OBOL:automatic mucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of body of stomach OBOL:automatic body of stomach organ mucosa OBOL:automatic stomach body mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) OBOL:automatic body of stomach mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of body of stomach OBOL:automatic stomach body mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of stomach body OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of stomach body OBOL:automatic mucosa of stomach body OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of gastric body OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of gastric body OBOL:automatic corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucous membrane OBOL:automatic body of stomach mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) OBOL:automatic gastric body mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of gastric body OBOL:automatic gastric body organ mucosa OBOL:automatic gastric body mucosa OBOL:automatic stomach body mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of stomach body A mucosa that is part of a body of stomach [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic gastric body mucous membrane OBOL:automatic stomach body organ mucosa OBOL:automatic body of stomach mucosa OBOL:automatic corpus gastricum (ventriculare) organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of gastric body mucosa of cardia of stomach A mucosa that is part of a cardia of stomach [Obol]. FMA:17456 UBERON:0004996 cardia of stomach mucosa cardia of stomach mucosa of organ cardia of stomach mucous membrane cardia of stomach organ mucosa cardial part of stomach mucosa cardial part of stomach mucosa of organ cardial part of stomach mucous membrane cardial part of stomach organ mucosa gastric cardia mucosa gastric cardia mucosa of organ gastric cardia mucous membrane gastric cardia organ mucosa mucosa of cardial part of stomach mucosa of gastric cardia mucosa of organ of cardia of stomach mucosa of organ of cardial part of stomach mucosa of organ of gastric cardia mucosa of organ of pars cardiaca (gaster) mucosa of organ of stomach cardiac region mucosa of pars cardiaca (gaster) mucosa of stomach cardiac region mucous membrane of cardia of stomach mucous membrane of cardial part of stomach mucous membrane of gastric cardia mucous membrane of pars cardiaca (gaster) mucous membrane of stomach cardiac region organ mucosa of cardia of stomach organ mucosa of cardial part of stomach organ mucosa of gastric cardia organ mucosa of pars cardiaca (gaster) organ mucosa of stomach cardiac region pars cardiaca (gaster) mucosa pars cardiaca (gaster) mucosa of organ pars cardiaca (gaster) mucous membrane pars cardiaca (gaster) organ mucosa stomach cardiac region mucosa stomach cardiac region mucosa of organ stomach cardiac region mucous membrane stomach cardiac region organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of cardia of stomach OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of cardia of stomach OBOL:automatic mucosa of pars cardiaca (gaster) OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of stomach cardiac region OBOL:automatic cardia of stomach mucosa OBOL:automatic gastric cardia mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of cardia of stomach OBOL:automatic stomach cardiac region organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of gastric cardia A mucosa that is part of a cardia of stomach [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of stomach cardiac region OBOL:automatic pars cardiaca (gaster) mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic gastric cardia organ mucosa OBOL:automatic cardia of stomach mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pars cardiaca (gaster) OBOL:automatic cardial part of stomach mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of cardial part of stomach OBOL:automatic mucosa of gastric cardia OBOL:automatic mucosa of stomach cardiac region OBOL:automatic stomach cardiac region mucous membrane OBOL:automatic cardial part of stomach mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of cardial part of stomach OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of cardial part of stomach OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pars cardiaca (gaster) OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of cardial part of stomach OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of stomach cardiac region OBOL:automatic stomach cardiac region mucosa OBOL:automatic pars cardiaca (gaster) mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of gastric cardia OBOL:automatic cardial part of stomach mucous membrane OBOL:automatic pars cardiaca (gaster) organ mucosa OBOL:automatic cardia of stomach mucous membrane OBOL:automatic pars cardiaca (gaster) mucous membrane OBOL:automatic gastric cardia mucous membrane OBOL:automatic gastric cardia mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic cardial part of stomach organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pars cardiaca (gaster) OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of gastric cardia OBOL:automatic stomach cardiac region mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic cardia of stomach organ mucosa mucosa of pyloric antrum A mucosa that is part of a pyloric antrum [Obol]. FMA:17055 UBERON:0004997 antrum of stomach mucosa antrum of stomach mucosa of organ antrum of stomach mucous membrane antrum of stomach organ mucosa mucosa of antrum of stomach mucosa of organ of antrum of stomach mucosa of organ of pyloric antrum mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric antrum mucosa of stomach pyloric antrum mucous membrane of antrum of stomach mucous membrane of pyloric antrum mucous membrane of stomach pyloric antrum organ mucosa of antrum of stomach organ mucosa of pyloric antrum organ mucosa of stomach pyloric antrum pyloric antrum mucosa pyloric antrum mucosa of organ pyloric antrum mucous membrane pyloric antrum organ mucosa stomach pyloric antrum mucosa stomach pyloric antrum mucosa of organ stomach pyloric antrum mucous membrane stomach pyloric antrum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric antrum mucosa A mucosa that is part of a pyloric antrum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic antrum of stomach organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of stomach pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of antrum of stomach OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic mucosa of stomach pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of antrum of stomach OBOL:automatic pyloric antrum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic antrum of stomach mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of antrum of stomach OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of stomach pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic antrum of stomach mucous membrane OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric antrum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic pyloric antrum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric antrum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic antrum of stomach mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic mucosa of antrum of stomach OBOL:automatic pyloric antrum mucosa OBOL:automatic pyloric antrum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric antrum organ mucosa mucosa of pylorus A mucosa that is part of a pylorus [Obol]. FMA:17461 UBERON:0004998 mucosa of organ of pyloric part of stomach mucosa of organ of pylorus mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric region mucosa of pyloric part of stomach mucosa of stomach pyloric region mucous membrane of pyloric part of stomach mucous membrane of pylorus mucous membrane of stomach pyloric region organ mucosa of pyloric part of stomach organ mucosa of pylorus organ mucosa of stomach pyloric region pyloric part of stomach mucosa pyloric part of stomach mucosa of organ pyloric part of stomach mucous membrane pyloric part of stomach organ mucosa pylorus mucosa pylorus mucosa of organ pylorus mucous membrane pylorus organ mucosa stomach pyloric region mucosa stomach pyloric region mucosa of organ stomach pyloric region mucous membrane stomach pyloric region organ mucosa OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric region organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pyloric part of stomach OBOL:automatic pyloric part of stomach mucosa OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric region mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pylorus OBOL:automatic pylorus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic pylorus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric region mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pyloric part of stomach OBOL:automatic pylorus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric region mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of pyloric part of stomach OBOL:automatic mucosa of stomach pyloric region OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pyloric part of stomach OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pylorus A mucosa that is part of a pylorus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pyloric part of stomach mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of stomach pyloric region OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric region OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pylorus OBOL:automatic pylorus mucosa OBOL:automatic pyloric part of stomach organ mucosa OBOL:automatic pyloric part of stomach mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of stomach pyloric region mucosa of biliary tree A mucosa that is part of a biliary tree [Obol]. FMA:14695 UBERON:0004999 biliary tract mucosa biliary tract mucosa of organ biliary tract mucous membrane biliary tract organ mucosa biliary tree mucosa biliary tree mucosa of organ biliary tree mucous membrane biliary tree organ mucosa mucosa of biliary tract mucosa of organ of biliary tract mucosa of organ of biliary tree mucous membrane of biliary tract mucous membrane of biliary tree organ mucosa of biliary tract organ mucosa of biliary tree OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of biliary tree OBOL:automatic biliary tract mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of biliary tree OBOL:automatic biliary tree mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of biliary tract OBOL:automatic biliary tree mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of biliary tract OBOL:automatic biliary tract mucosa OBOL:automatic biliary tree organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of biliary tract OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of biliary tree A mucosa that is part of a biliary tree [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic biliary tract mucous membrane OBOL:automatic biliary tract organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of biliary tract OBOL:automatic biliary tree mucosa of organ mucosa of common bile duct A mucosa that is part of a common bile duct [Obol]. FMA:14688 UBERON:0005000 common bile duct mucosa common bile duct mucosa of organ common bile duct mucous membrane common bile duct organ mucosa common bile ductal mucosa ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa of organ ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucous membrane ductus choledochus (biliaris) organ mucosa mucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa of organ of common bile duct mucosa of organ of ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucous membrane of common bile duct mucous membrane of ductus choledochus (biliaris) organ mucosa of common bile duct organ mucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) OBOL:automatic common bile duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of common bile duct A mucosa that is part of a common bile duct [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of common bile duct OBOL:automatic ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa FMA:14688 common bile ductal mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) OBOL:automatic common bile duct mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ductus choledochus (biliaris) OBOL:automatic common bile duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ductus choledochus (biliaris) OBOL:automatic ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucous membrane OBOL:automatic ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic common bile duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of common bile duct OBOL:automatic ductus choledochus (biliaris) organ mucosa mucosa of common hepatic duct A mucosa that is part of a common hepatic duct [Obol]. FMA:14691 UBERON:0005001 common hepatic duct mucosa common hepatic duct mucosa of organ common hepatic duct mucous membrane common hepatic duct organ mucosa common hepatic ductal mucosa hepatic duct mucosa hepatic duct mucosa of organ hepatic duct mucous membrane hepatic duct organ mucosa mucosa of hepatic duct mucosa of organ of common hepatic duct mucosa of organ of hepatic duct mucous membrane of common hepatic duct mucous membrane of hepatic duct organ mucosa of common hepatic duct organ mucosa of hepatic duct OBOL:automatic common hepatic duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of common hepatic duct OBOL:automatic common hepatic duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of common hepatic duct OBOL:automatic hepatic duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic hepatic duct mucous membrane FMA:14691 common hepatic ductal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a common hepatic duct [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hepatic duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of common hepatic duct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of hepatic duct OBOL:automatic common hepatic duct mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of hepatic duct OBOL:automatic common hepatic duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of hepatic duct OBOL:automatic hepatic duct mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of hepatic duct mucosa of right hepatic duct A mucosa that is part of a right hepatic duct [Obol]. FMA:14692 UBERON:0005002 mucosa of organ of right hepatic duct mucous membrane of right hepatic duct organ mucosa of right hepatic duct right hepatic duct mucosa right hepatic duct mucosa of organ right hepatic duct mucous membrane right hepatic duct organ mucosa right hepatic ductal mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right hepatic duct FMA:14692 right hepatic ductal mucosa OBOL:automatic right hepatic duct mucosa A mucosa that is part of a right hepatic duct [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic right hepatic duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic right hepatic duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic right hepatic duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right hepatic duct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right hepatic duct mucosa of left hepatic duct A mucosa that is part of a left hepatic duct [Obol]. FMA:14693 UBERON:0005003 left hepatic duct mucosa left hepatic duct mucosa of organ left hepatic duct mucous membrane left hepatic duct organ mucosa left hepatic ductal mucosa mucosa of organ of left hepatic duct mucous membrane of left hepatic duct organ mucosa of left hepatic duct OBOL:automatic left hepatic duct mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left hepatic duct OBOL:automatic left hepatic duct mucous membrane FMA:14693 left hepatic ductal mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left hepatic duct OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left hepatic duct OBOL:automatic left hepatic duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic left hepatic duct organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a left hepatic duct [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of right ureter A mucosa that is part of a right ureter [Obol]. FMA:17806 UBERON:0005004 mucosa of organ of right ureter mucous membrane of right ureter organ mucosa of right ureter right ureter mucosa right ureter mucosa of organ right ureter mucous membrane right ureter organ mucosa right ureteral mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right ureter A mucosa that is part of a right ureter [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic right ureter organ mucosa OBOL:automatic right ureter mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right ureter FMA:17806 right ureteral mucosa OBOL:automatic right ureter mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right ureter OBOL:automatic right ureter mucosa mucosa of left ureter A mucosa that is part of a left ureter [Obol]. FMA:17807 UBERON:0005005 left ureter mucosa left ureter mucosa of organ left ureter mucous membrane left ureter organ mucosa left ureteral mucosa mucosa of organ of left ureter mucous membrane of left ureter organ mucosa of left ureter FMA:17807 left ureteral mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left ureter OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left ureter OBOL:automatic left ureter organ mucosa OBOL:automatic left ureter mucosa OBOL:automatic left ureter mucous membrane OBOL:automatic left ureter mucosa of organ A mucosa that is part of a left ureter [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left ureter mucosa of renal pelvis A mucosa that is part of a renal pelvis [Obol]. FMA:17931 SCTID:243482002 UBERON:0005006 kidney pelvis mucosa kidney pelvis mucosa of organ kidney pelvis mucous membrane kidney pelvis organ mucosa mucosa of kidney pelvis mucosa of organ of kidney pelvis mucosa of organ of pelvis of ureter mucosa of organ of renal pelvis mucosa of pelvis of ureter mucous membrane of kidney pelvis mucous membrane of pelvis of ureter mucous membrane of renal pelvis organ mucosa of kidney pelvis organ mucosa of pelvis of ureter organ mucosa of renal pelvis pelvis of ureter mucosa pelvis of ureter mucosa of organ pelvis of ureter mucous membrane pelvis of ureter organ mucosa renal pelvic mucosa renal pelvis mucosa renal pelvis mucosa of organ renal pelvis mucous membrane renal pelvis organ mucosa tunica mucosa pelvis renalis OBOL:automatic mucosa of pelvis of ureter FMA:17931 renal pelvic mucosa OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis organ mucosa OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis mucosa OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic renal pelvis organ mucosa FMA:17931 FMA:TA tunica mucosa pelvis renalis OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter organ mucosa OBOL:automatic renal pelvis mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic renal pelvis mucous membrane A mucosa that is part of a renal pelvis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic renal pelvis mucosa of organ mucosa of major calyx A mucosa that is part of a major calyx [Obol]. FMA:17934 UBERON:0005007 major calix mucosa major calix mucosa of organ major calix mucous membrane major calix organ mucosa major calyx mucosa major calyx mucosa of organ major calyx mucous membrane major calyx organ mucosa mucosa of major calix mucosa of organ of major calix mucosa of organ of major calyx mucous membrane of major calix mucous membrane of major calyx organ mucosa of major calix organ mucosa of major calyx OBOL:automatic major calix mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of major calyx OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of major calyx A mucosa that is part of a major calyx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic major calyx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of major calix OBOL:automatic major calyx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of major calix OBOL:automatic major calix organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of major calix OBOL:automatic major calix mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of major calix OBOL:automatic major calix mucosa OBOL:automatic major calyx mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of major calyx OBOL:automatic major calyx organ mucosa mucosa of minor calyx A mucosa that is part of a minor calyx [Obol]. FMA:17937 UBERON:0005008 minor calix mucosa minor calix mucosa of organ minor calix mucous membrane minor calix organ mucosa minor calyx mucosa minor calyx mucosa of organ minor calyx mucous membrane minor calyx organ mucosa mucosa of minor calix mucosa of organ of minor calix mucosa of organ of minor calyx mucous membrane of minor calix mucous membrane of minor calyx organ mucosa of minor calix organ mucosa of minor calyx OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of minor calix OBOL:automatic mucosa of minor calix OBOL:automatic minor calix mucous membrane OBOL:automatic minor calix mucosa OBOL:automatic minor calix mucosa of organ A mucosa that is part of a minor calyx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of minor calyx OBOL:automatic minor calyx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of minor calyx OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of minor calyx OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of minor calix OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of minor calix OBOL:automatic minor calyx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic minor calyx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic minor calyx mucosa OBOL:automatic minor calix organ mucosa mucosa of trigone of urinary bladder A mucosa that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Obol]. FMA:17847 Lieutaud ' s trigone mucosa Lieutaud ' s trigone mucosa of organ Lieutaud ' s trigone mucous membrane Lieutaud ' s trigone organ mucosa UBERON:0005009 deep trigone mucosa deep trigone mucosa of organ deep trigone mucous membrane deep trigone organ mucosa mucosa of Lieutaud ' s trigone mucosa of deep trigone mucosa of organ of Lieutaud ' s trigone mucosa of organ of deep trigone mucosa of organ of trigone of bladder mucosa of organ of trigone of urinary bladder mucosa of organ of urinary bladder trigone mucosa of organ of vesical trigone mucosa of trigone of bladder mucosa of urinary bladder trigone mucosa of vesical trigone mucous membrane of Lieutaud ' s trigone mucous membrane of deep trigone mucous membrane of trigone of bladder mucous membrane of trigone of urinary bladder mucous membrane of urinary bladder trigone mucous membrane of vesical trigone organ mucosa of Lieutaud ' s trigone organ mucosa of deep trigone organ mucosa of trigone of bladder organ mucosa of trigone of urinary bladder organ mucosa of urinary bladder trigone organ mucosa of vesical trigone trigone of bladder mucosa trigone of bladder mucosa of organ trigone of bladder mucous membrane trigone of bladder organ mucosa trigone of urinary bladder mucosa trigone of urinary bladder mucosa of organ trigone of urinary bladder mucous membrane trigone of urinary bladder organ mucosa urinary bladder trigone mucosa urinary bladder trigone mucosa of organ urinary bladder trigone mucous membrane urinary bladder trigone organ mucosa vesical trigone mucosa vesical trigone mucosa of organ vesical trigone mucous membrane vesical trigone organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of urinary bladder trigone OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of trigone of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of Lieutaud ' s trigone Lieutaud ' s trigone mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of vesical trigone OBOL:automatic urinary bladder trigone mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of trigone of bladder OBOL:automatic urinary bladder trigone organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of urinary bladder trigone Lieutaud ' s trigone organ mucosa OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic urinary bladder trigone mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of trigone of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic mucosa of trigone of bladder OBOL:automatic vesical trigone mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of trigone of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of Lieutaud ' s trigone OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of urinary bladder trigone OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of trigone of bladder OBOL:automatic mucosa of Lieutaud ' s trigone OBOL:automatic trigone of bladder mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of urinary bladder trigone OBOL:automatic trigone of urinary bladder mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of vesical trigone OBOL:automatic trigone of urinary bladder mucosa of organ Lieutaud ' s trigone mucosa OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic trigone of bladder mucous membrane Lieutaud ' s trigone mucous membrane OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic deep trigone mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of vesical trigone OBOL:automatic trigone of urinary bladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of deep trigone A mucosa that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of deep trigone OBOL:automatic trigone of bladder mucosa OBOL:automatic vesical trigone mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of trigone of bladder OBOL:automatic trigone of urinary bladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic trigone of bladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of deep trigone OBOL:automatic vesical trigone mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic deep trigone mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of deep trigone OBOL:automatic urinary bladder trigone mucosa OBOL:automatic vesical trigone organ mucosa OBOL:automatic deep trigone organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of vesical trigone OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of Lieutaud ' s trigone OBOL:automatic deep trigone mucous membrane mucosa of neck of urinary bladder A mucosa that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Obol]. FMA:17846 UBERON:0005010 bladder neck mucosa bladder neck mucosa of organ bladder neck mucous membrane bladder neck organ mucosa mucosa of bladder neck mucosa of neck of bladder mucosa of organ of bladder neck mucosa of organ of neck of bladder mucosa of organ of neck of urinary bladder mucosa of organ of urinary bladder neck mucosa of organ of vesical neck mucosa of urinary bladder neck mucosa of vesical neck mucous membrane of bladder neck mucous membrane of neck of bladder mucous membrane of neck of urinary bladder mucous membrane of urinary bladder neck mucous membrane of vesical neck neck of bladder mucosa neck of bladder mucosa of organ neck of bladder mucous membrane neck of bladder organ mucosa neck of urinary bladder mucosa neck of urinary bladder mucosa of organ neck of urinary bladder mucous membrane neck of urinary bladder organ mucosa organ mucosa of bladder neck organ mucosa of neck of bladder organ mucosa of neck of urinary bladder organ mucosa of urinary bladder neck organ mucosa of vesical neck urinary bladder neck mucosa urinary bladder neck mucosa of organ urinary bladder neck mucous membrane vesical neck mucosa vesical neck mucosa of organ vesical neck mucous membrane vesical neck organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of neck of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic mucosa of vesical neck OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic vesical neck mucosa OBOL:automatic neck of bladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic neck of bladder mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of bladder neck OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic urinary bladder neck mucosa OBOL:automatic bladder neck mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bladder neck mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic urinary bladder neck mucous membrane OBOL:automatic neck of bladder mucosa OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder mucosa OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic neck of bladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic vesical neck mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic vesical neck mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of neck of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of vesical neck OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of neck of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of vesical neck OBOL:automatic mucosa of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of vesical neck OBOL:automatic bladder neck mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic bladder neck organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bladder neck OBOL:automatic urinary bladder neck mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic vesical neck organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bladder neck OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bladder neck OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of neck of bladder A mucosa that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of right uterine tube A mucosa that is part of a right uterine tube [Obol]. FMA:18452 UBERON:0005011 mucosa of organ of right fallopian tube mucosa of organ of right oviduct mucosa of organ of right uterine tube mucosa of right fallopian tube mucosa of right oviduct mucous membrane of right fallopian tube mucous membrane of right oviduct mucous membrane of right uterine tube organ mucosa of right fallopian tube organ mucosa of right oviduct organ mucosa of right uterine tube right fallopian tube mucosa right fallopian tube mucosa of organ right fallopian tube mucous membrane right fallopian tube organ mucosa right oviduct mucosa right oviduct mucosa of organ right oviduct mucous membrane right oviduct organ mucosa right uterine tube mucosa right uterine tube mucosa of organ right uterine tube mucous membrane right uterine tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of right fallopian tube OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right uterine tube OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right oviduct OBOL:automatic right oviduct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of right oviduct OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right uterine tube OBOL:automatic right fallopian tube mucosa OBOL:automatic right fallopian tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right oviduct OBOL:automatic right uterine tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic right fallopian tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic right uterine tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right uterine tube OBOL:automatic right oviduct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right fallopian tube OBOL:automatic right oviduct organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a right uterine tube [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic right oviduct mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right oviduct OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right fallopian tube OBOL:automatic right uterine tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic right uterine tube mucosa OBOL:automatic right fallopian tube mucous membrane mucosa of left uterine tube A mucosa that is part of a left uterine tube [Obol]. FMA:18453 UBERON:0005012 left fallopian tube mucosa left fallopian tube mucosa of organ left fallopian tube mucous membrane left fallopian tube organ mucosa left oviduct mucosa left oviduct mucosa of organ left oviduct mucous membrane left oviduct organ mucosa left uterine tube mucosa left uterine tube mucosa of organ left uterine tube mucous membrane left uterine tube organ mucosa mucosa of left fallopian tube mucosa of left oviduct mucosa of organ of left fallopian tube mucosa of organ of left oviduct mucosa of organ of left uterine tube mucous membrane of left fallopian tube mucous membrane of left oviduct mucous membrane of left uterine tube organ mucosa of left fallopian tube organ mucosa of left oviduct organ mucosa of left uterine tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left fallopian tube OBOL:automatic left uterine tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left oviduct OBOL:automatic left fallopian tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left uterine tube OBOL:automatic left uterine tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic left oviduct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left oviduct OBOL:automatic left fallopian tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic left oviduct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic left fallopian tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic left uterine tube mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left uterine tube OBOL:automatic left uterine tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic left oviduct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of left oviduct OBOL:automatic mucosa of left fallopian tube A mucosa that is part of a left uterine tube [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic left oviduct mucosa OBOL:automatic left fallopian tube mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left oviduct OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left uterine tube mucosa of male urethra A mucosa that is part of a male urethra [Obol]. FMA:239937 UBERON:0005013 male urethra mucosa male urethra mucosa of organ male urethra mucous membrane male urethra organ mucosa mucosa of organ of male urethra mucous membrane of male urethra organ mucosa of male urethra OBOL:automatic male urethra organ mucosa OBOL:automatic male urethra mucosa A mucosa that is part of a male urethra [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of male urethra OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of male urethra OBOL:automatic male urethra mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic male urethra mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of male urethra mucosa of female urethra A mucosa that is part of a female urethra [Obol]. FMA:239940 UBERON:0005014 female urethra mucosa female urethra mucosa of organ female urethra mucous membrane female urethra organ mucosa mucosa of organ of female urethra mucous membrane of female urethra organ mucosa of female urethra OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of female urethra A mucosa that is part of a female urethra [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic female urethra mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of female urethra OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of female urethra OBOL:automatic female urethra mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic female urethra organ mucosa OBOL:automatic female urethra mucous membrane mucosa of prostatic urethra A mucosa that is part of a prostatic urethra [Obol]. FMA:77079 UBERON:0005015 mucosa of organ of prostatic part of urethra mucosa of organ of prostatic urethra mucosa of prostatic part of urethra mucous membrane of prostatic part of urethra mucous membrane of prostatic urethra organ mucosa of prostatic part of urethra organ mucosa of prostatic urethra prostatic part of urethra mucosa prostatic part of urethra mucosa of organ prostatic part of urethra mucous membrane prostatic part of urethra organ mucosa prostatic urethra mucosa prostatic urethra mucosa of organ prostatic urethra mucous membrane prostatic urethra organ mucosa prostatic urethral mucosa tunica mucosa urethrae prosticae OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of prostatic urethra OBOL:automatic prostatic urethra mucous membrane OBOL:automatic prostatic part of urethra mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of prostatic urethra FMA:77079 FMA:TA tunica mucosa urethrae prosticae OBOL:automatic prostatic part of urethra organ mucosa OBOL:automatic prostatic part of urethra mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of prostatic part of urethra OBOL:automatic prostatic part of urethra mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of prostatic part of urethra OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of prostatic urethra OBOL:automatic prostatic urethra mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic prostatic urethra mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of prostatic part of urethra OBOL:automatic prostatic urethra organ mucosa FMA:77079 prostatic urethral mucosa A mucosa that is part of a prostatic urethra [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of prostatic part of urethra mucosa of intermediate urethra A mucosa that is part of a membranous urethra [Obol]. FMA:77085 SCTID:362229009 UBERON:0005016 galen:MucousMembraneOfUrethra intermediate part of urethra mucosa intermediate part of urethra mucosa of organ intermediate part of urethra mucous membrane intermediate part of urethra organ mucosa intermediate urethra mucosa intermediate urethra mucosa of organ intermediate urethra mucous membrane intermediate urethra organ mucosa intermediate urethral mucosa membranous part of urethra mucosa membranous part of urethra mucosa of organ membranous part of urethra mucous membrane membranous part of urethra organ mucosa membranous urethra mucosa membranous urethra mucosa of organ membranous urethra mucous membrane membranous urethra organ mucosa mucosa of intermediate part of urethra mucosa of membranous part of urethra mucosa of membranous urethra mucosa of organ of intermediate part of urethra mucosa of organ of intermediate urethra mucosa of organ of membranous part of urethra mucosa of organ of membranous urethra mucosa of organ of pars membranacea (urethrae) mucosa of pars membranacea (urethrae) mucous membrane of intermediate part of urethra mucous membrane of intermediate urethra mucous membrane of membranous part of urethra mucous membrane of membranous urethra mucous membrane of pars membranacea (urethrae) organ mucosa of intermediate part of urethra organ mucosa of intermediate urethra organ mucosa of membranous part of urethra organ mucosa of membranous urethra organ mucosa of pars membranacea (urethrae) pars membranacea (urethrae) mucosa pars membranacea (urethrae) mucosa of organ pars membranacea (urethrae) mucous membrane pars membranacea (urethrae) organ mucosa OBOL:automatic intermediate urethra mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic membranous urethra organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of intermediate part of urethra OBOL:automatic intermediate urethra mucosa OBOL:automatic pars membranacea (urethrae) mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic pars membranacea (urethrae) mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of intermediate part of urethra OBOL:automatic mucosa of membranous urethra OBOL:automatic pars membranacea (urethrae) organ mucosa FMA:77085 intermediate urethral mucosa OBOL:automatic intermediate urethra mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of membranous urethra OBOL:automatic intermediate part of urethra mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of intermediate urethra OBOL:automatic membranous urethra mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of intermediate part of urethra OBOL:automatic membranous part of urethra mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of membranous part of urethra OBOL:automatic intermediate urethra organ mucosa OBOL:automatic intermediate part of urethra mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of membranous part of urethra OBOL:automatic membranous urethra mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of intermediate part of urethra OBOL:automatic intermediate part of urethra mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pars membranacea (urethrae) OBOL:automatic intermediate part of urethra organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pars membranacea (urethrae) OBOL:automatic pars membranacea (urethrae) mucosa OBOL:automatic membranous urethra mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of membranous part of urethra OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of membranous urethra A mucosa that is part of a membranous urethra [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic membranous part of urethra mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic membranous part of urethra organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pars membranacea (urethrae) OBOL:automatic mucosa of pars membranacea (urethrae) OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of intermediate urethra OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of intermediate urethra OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of membranous urethra OBOL:automatic membranous part of urethra mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of membranous part of urethra mucosa of lacrimal sac A mucosa that is part of a lacrimal sac [Obol]. FMA:72061 UBERON:0005017 lacrimal sac mucosa lacrimal sac mucosa of organ lacrimal sac mucous membrane lacrimal sac organ mucosa mucosa of organ of lacrimal sac mucous membrane of lacrimal sac organ mucosa of lacrimal sac OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of lacrimal sac A mucosa that is part of a lacrimal sac [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lacrimal sac mucous membrane OBOL:automatic lacrimal sac organ mucosa OBOL:automatic lacrimal sac mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of lacrimal sac OBOL:automatic lacrimal sac mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of lacrimal sac mucosa of nasal septum A mucosa that is part of a nasal septum [Obol]. FMA:60113 UBERON:0005018 mucosa of organ of nasal septum mucous membrane of nasal septum nasal septum mucosa nasal septum mucosa of organ nasal septum mucous membrane nasal septum organ mucosa organ mucosa of nasal septum OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of nasal septum OBOL:automatic nasal septum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of nasal septum A mucosa that is part of a nasal septum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of nasal septum OBOL:automatic nasal septum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic nasal septum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic nasal septum mucosa mucosa of palate A mucosa that is part of a palate [Obol]. FMA:59765 UBERON:0005019 mucosa of oral roof mucosa of organ of oral roof mucosa of organ of palate mucosa of organ of roof of mouth mucosa of roof of mouth mucous membrane of oral roof mucous membrane of palate mucous membrane of roof of mouth oral roof mucosa oral roof mucosa of organ oral roof mucous membrane oral roof organ mucosa organ mucosa of oral roof organ mucosa of palate organ mucosa of roof of mouth palate mucosa palate mucosa of organ palate mucous membrane palate organ mucosa roof of mouth mucosa roof of mouth mucosa of organ roof of mouth mucous membrane roof of mouth organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of oral roof OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of palate OBOL:automatic oral roof organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oral roof OBOL:automatic roof of mouth mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic roof of mouth mucosa OBOL:automatic oral roof mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of roof of mouth OBOL:automatic roof of mouth mucous membrane OBOL:automatic palate mucosa OBOL:automatic roof of mouth organ mucosa OBOL:automatic palate mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic oral roof mucosa A mucosa that is part of a palate [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of roof of mouth OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oral roof OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of palate OBOL:automatic oral roof mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic palate mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of roof of mouth OBOL:automatic palate organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oral roof OBOL:automatic mucosa of roof of mouth OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of palate mucosa of tongue A mucosa that is part of a tongue [Obol]. EFO:0002553 FMA:54807 SCTID:362092002 UBERON:0005020 lingual mucosa mucosa of organ of tongue mucous membrane of tongue organ mucosa of tongue tongue mucosa tongue mucosa of organ tongue mucous membrane tongue organ mucosa tunica mucosa linguae OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of tongue OBOL:automatic tongue mucosa of organ FMA:54807 FMA:TA tunica mucosa linguae OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of tongue OBOL:automatic tongue mucous membrane FMA:54807 lingual mucosa OBOL:automatic tongue mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of tongue OBOL:automatic tongue organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a tongue [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of sphenoidal sinus A mucosa that is part of a sphenoidal sinus [Obol]. FMA:59775 SCTID:43774000 UBERON:0005021 mucosa of organ of sphenoid sinus mucosa of organ of sphenoidal sinus mucosa of sphenoid sinus mucous membrane of sphenoid sinus mucous membrane of sphenoidal sinus organ mucosa of sphenoid sinus organ mucosa of sphenoidal sinus sphenoid sinus mucosa sphenoid sinus mucosa of organ sphenoid sinus mucous membrane sphenoid sinus organ mucosa sphenoidal sinus mucosa sphenoidal sinus mucosa of organ sphenoidal sinus mucous membrane sphenoidal sinus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic sphenoidal sinus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic sphenoidal sinus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic sphenoid sinus mucosa of organ A mucosa that is part of a sphenoidal sinus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of sphenoid sinus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of sphenoidal sinus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of sphenoidal sinus OBOL:automatic sphenoid sinus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic sphenoidal sinus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of sphenoid sinus OBOL:automatic sphenoidal sinus mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of sphenoid sinus OBOL:automatic sphenoid sinus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of sphenoidal sinus OBOL:automatic sphenoid sinus mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of sphenoid sinus mucosa of nasopharynx A mucosa that is part of a nasopharynx [Obol]. FMA:54971 SCTID:361938001 UBERON:0005022 mucosa of nasal part of pharynx mucosa of organ of nasal part of pharynx mucosa of organ of nasopharynx mucosa of organ of rhinopharynx mucosa of rhinopharynx mucous membrane of nasal part of pharynx mucous membrane of nasopharynx mucous membrane of rhinopharynx nasal part of pharynx mucosa nasal part of pharynx mucosa of organ nasal part of pharynx mucous membrane nasal part of pharynx organ mucosa nasopharynx mucosa nasopharynx mucosa of organ nasopharynx mucous membrane nasopharynx organ mucosa organ mucosa of nasal part of pharynx organ mucosa of nasopharynx organ mucosa of rhinopharynx rhinopharynx mucosa rhinopharynx mucosa of organ rhinopharynx mucous membrane rhinopharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of nasal part of pharynx A mucosa that is part of a nasopharynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic nasopharynx mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of nasopharynx OBOL:automatic nasopharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic nasopharynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of nasopharynx OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of nasopharynx OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx mucosa OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic nasopharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of rhinopharynx mucosa of oropharynx A mucosa that is part of a oropharynx [Obol]. FMA:54933 SCTID:144632009 UBERON:0005023 mucosa of oral part of pharynx mucosa of organ of oral part of pharynx mucosa of organ of oropharynx mucous membrane of oral part of pharynx mucous membrane of oropharynx oral part of pharynx mucosa oral part of pharynx mucosa of organ oral part of pharynx mucous membrane oral part of pharynx organ mucosa organ mucosa of oral part of pharynx organ mucosa of oropharynx oropharynx mucosa oropharynx mucosa of organ oropharynx mucous membrane oropharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic oral part of pharynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oral part of pharynx OBOL:automatic oral part of pharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oral part of pharynx OBOL:automatic oropharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oropharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of oral part of pharynx OBOL:automatic oral part of pharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic oral part of pharynx mucosa A mucosa that is part of a oropharynx [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oropharynx OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oropharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oral part of pharynx OBOL:automatic oropharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic oropharynx mucosa OBOL:automatic oropharynx mucosa of organ mucosa of soft palate A mucosa that is part of a soft palate [Obol]. FMA:59784 SCTID:245842003 UBERON:0005024 mucosa of organ of soft palate mucous membrane of soft palate organ mucosa of soft palate soft palate mucosa soft palate mucosa of organ soft palate mucous membrane soft palate organ mucosa OBOL:automatic soft palate mucous membrane OBOL:automatic soft palate mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic soft palate mucosa OBOL:automatic soft palate organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of soft palate OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of soft palate OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of soft palate A mucosa that is part of a soft palate [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of uvula A mucosa that is part of a uvula [Obol]. FMA:60030 UBERON:0005025 cerebellum lobule IX mucosa cerebellum lobule IX mucosa of organ cerebellum lobule IX mucous membrane cerebellum lobule IX organ mucosa mucosa of cerebellum lobule IX mucosa of organ of cerebellum lobule IX mucosa of organ of uvula mucosa of organ of uvula of palate mucosa of uvula of palate mucous membrane of cerebellum lobule IX mucous membrane of uvula mucous membrane of uvula of palate organ mucosa of cerebellum lobule IX organ mucosa of uvula organ mucosa of uvula of palate uvula mucosa uvula mucosa of organ uvula mucous membrane uvula of palate mucosa uvula of palate mucosa of organ uvula of palate mucous membrane uvula of palate organ mucosa uvula organ mucosa OBOL:automatic uvula mucosa OBOL:automatic cerebellum lobule IX mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of uvula OBOL:automatic mucosa of uvula of palate OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of uvula of palate OBOL:automatic uvula mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of uvula of palate OBOL:automatic uvula of palate mucous membrane OBOL:automatic uvula of palate mucosa OBOL:automatic cerebellum lobule IX mucosa A mucosa that is part of a uvula [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of uvula OBOL:automatic uvula of palate mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic uvula of palate organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of cerebellum lobule IX OBOL:automatic uvula organ mucosa OBOL:automatic cerebellum lobule IX organ mucosa OBOL:automatic cerebellum lobule IX mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of cerebellum lobule IX OBOL:automatic mucosa of cerebellum lobule IX OBOL:automatic uvula mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of uvula of palate OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of uvula OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of cerebellum lobule IX mucosa of middle ear A mucosa that is part of a middle ear [Obol]. FMA:59663 UBERON:0005026 middle ear mucosa middle ear mucosa of organ middle ear mucous membrane middle ear organ mucosa mucosa of organ of middle ear mucosa of tympanic cavity mucous membrane of middle ear organ mucosa of middle ear tunica mucosa cavitatis tympanicae OBOL:automatic middle ear mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of middle ear OBOL:automatic middle ear mucosa of organ FMA:59663 FMA:TA tunica mucosa cavitatis tympanicae OBOL:automatic middle ear mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of middle ear OBOL:automatic middle ear organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a middle ear [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:59663 mucosa of tympanic cavity OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of middle ear mucosa of frontal sinus A mucosa that is part of a frontal sinus [Obol]. FMA:59774 SCTID:368909005 UBERON:0005027 frontal sinus mucosa frontal sinus mucosa of organ frontal sinus mucous membrane frontal sinus organ mucosa mucosa of organ of frontal sinus mucous membrane of frontal sinus organ mucosa of frontal sinus OBOL:automatic frontal sinus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic frontal sinus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic frontal sinus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of frontal sinus OBOL:automatic frontal sinus mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of frontal sinus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of frontal sinus A mucosa that is part of a frontal sinus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of maxillary sinus A mucosa that is part of a maxillary sinus [Obol]. FMA:59773 SCTID:368908002 UBERON:0005028 antrum of highmore mucosa antrum of highmore mucosa of organ antrum of highmore mucous membrane antrum of highmore organ mucosa maxillary sinus mucosa maxillary sinus mucosa of organ maxillary sinus mucous membrane maxillary sinus organ mucosa mucosa of antrum of highmore mucosa of organ of antrum of highmore mucosa of organ of maxillary sinus mucous membrane of antrum of highmore mucous membrane of maxillary sinus organ mucosa of antrum of highmore organ mucosa of maxillary sinus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of antrum of highmore OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of maxillary sinus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of maxillary sinus A mucosa that is part of a maxillary sinus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of antrum of highmore OBOL:automatic maxillary sinus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic maxillary sinus mucosa OBOL:automatic antrum of highmore mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic maxillary sinus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of antrum of highmore OBOL:automatic maxillary sinus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic antrum of highmore organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of maxillary sinus OBOL:automatic antrum of highmore mucosa OBOL:automatic antrum of highmore mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of antrum of highmore mucosa of lacrimal canaliculus A mucosa that is part of a lacrimal canaliculus [Obol]. FMA:85366 UBERON:0005029 lacrimal canalicular mucosa lacrimal canaliculus mucosa lacrimal canaliculus mucosa of organ lacrimal canaliculus mucous membrane lacrimal canaliculus organ mucosa mucosa of organ of lacrimal canaliculus mucous membrane of lacrimal canaliculus organ mucosa of lacrimal canaliculus A mucosa that is part of a lacrimal canaliculus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lacrimal canaliculus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of lacrimal canaliculus OBOL:automatic lacrimal canaliculus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic lacrimal canaliculus mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of lacrimal canaliculus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of lacrimal canaliculus OBOL:automatic lacrimal canaliculus mucous membrane FMA:85366 lacrimal canalicular mucosa mucosa of paranasal sinus A mucosa that is part of a paranasal sinus [Obol]. FMA:59772 UBERON:0005030 mucosa of organ of paranasal sinus mucous membrane of paranasal sinus organ mucosa of paranasal sinus paranasal sinus mucosa paranasal sinus mucosa of organ paranasal sinus mucous membrane paranasal sinus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic paranasal sinus mucosa OBOL:automatic paranasal sinus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of paranasal sinus A mucosa that is part of a paranasal sinus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic paranasal sinus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of paranasal sinus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of paranasal sinus OBOL:automatic paranasal sinus organ mucosa mucosa of upper lip A mucosa that is part of a upper lip [Obol]. FMA:59832 SCTID:362088009 UBERON:0005031 mucosa of organ of upper lip mucous membrane of upper lip ncithesaurus:Mucosa_of_the_Upper_Lip organ mucosa of upper lip upper lip mucosa upper lip mucosa of organ upper lip mucous membrane upper lip organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a upper lip [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of upper lip OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of upper lip OBOL:automatic upper lip organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of upper lip OBOL:automatic upper lip mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic upper lip mucosa OBOL:automatic upper lip mucous membrane mucosa of lower lip A mucosa that is part of a lower lip [Obol]. FMA:59833 SCTID:362089001 UBERON:0005032 lower lip mucosa lower lip mucosa of organ lower lip mucous membrane lower lip organ mucosa mucosa of organ of lower lip mucous membrane of lower lip ncithesaurus:Mucosa_of_the_Lower_Lip organ mucosa of lower lip OBOL:automatic lower lip mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of lower lip OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of lower lip OBOL:automatic lower lip mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of lower lip A mucosa that is part of a lower lip [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lower lip organ mucosa OBOL:automatic lower lip mucosa mucosa of gallbladder A mucosa that is part of a gallbladder [Obol]. FMA:14662 SCTID:362196002 UBERON:0005033 gall bladder mucosa gall bladder mucosa of organ gall bladder mucous membrane gall bladder organ mucosa gallbladder mucosa gallbladder mucosa of organ gallbladder mucous membrane gallbladder organ mucosa mucosa of gall bladder mucosa of organ of gall bladder mucosa of organ of gallbladder mucous membrane of gall bladder mucous membrane of gallbladder organ mucosa of gall bladder organ mucosa of gallbladder tunica mucosa (vesica biliaris) tunica mucosa vesicae biliaris OBOL:automatic gall bladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of gallbladder OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of gallbladder OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of gall bladder OBOL:automatic mucosa of gall bladder OBOL:automatic gall bladder mucosa OBOL:automatic gall bladder mucosa of organ FMA:14662 tunica mucosa (vesica biliaris) OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of gall bladder OBOL:automatic gallbladder mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of gall bladder OBOL:automatic gallbladder mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic gallbladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic gallbladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of gallbladder A mucosa that is part of a gallbladder [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic gall bladder mucous membrane FMA:14662 FMA:TA tunica mucosa vesicae biliaris mucosa of right main bronchus A mucosa that is part of a right main bronchus [Obol]. FMA:13137 UBERON:0005034 mucosa of organ of right bronchus mucosa of organ of right main bronchus mucosa of organ of right principal bronchus mucosa of right bronchus mucosa of right principal bronchus mucous membrane of right bronchus mucous membrane of right main bronchus mucous membrane of right principal bronchus organ mucosa of right bronchus organ mucosa of right main bronchus organ mucosa of right principal bronchus right bronchus mucosa right bronchus mucosa of organ right bronchus mucous membrane right bronchus organ mucosa right main bronchial mucosa right main bronchus mucosa right main bronchus mucosa of organ right main bronchus mucous membrane right main bronchus organ mucosa right principal bronchus mucosa right principal bronchus mucosa of organ right principal bronchus mucous membrane right principal bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic right main bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of right principal bronchus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right principal bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right principal bronchus OBOL:automatic right bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic right principal bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right bronchus OBOL:automatic right main bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic right main bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of right bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right main bronchus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right principal bronchus OBOL:automatic right bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right main bronchus OBOL:automatic right principal bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic right bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right main bronchus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right bronchus OBOL:automatic right principal bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic right principal bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic right main bronchus organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a right main bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:13137 right main bronchial mucosa OBOL:automatic right bronchus mucosa of organ mucosa of left main bronchus A mucosa that is part of a left main bronchus [Obol]. FMA:13138 UBERON:0005035 left bronchus mucosa left bronchus mucosa of organ left bronchus mucous membrane left bronchus organ mucosa left main bronchial mucosa left main bronchus mucosa left main bronchus mucosa of organ left main bronchus mucous membrane left main bronchus organ mucosa left principal bronchus mucosa left principal bronchus mucosa of organ left principal bronchus mucous membrane left principal bronchus organ mucosa mucosa of left bronchus mucosa of left principal bronchus mucosa of organ of left bronchus mucosa of organ of left main bronchus mucosa of organ of left principal bronchus mucous membrane of left bronchus mucous membrane of left main bronchus mucous membrane of left principal bronchus organ mucosa of left bronchus organ mucosa of left main bronchus organ mucosa of left principal bronchus A mucosa that is part of a left main bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic left main bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of left principal bronchus OBOL:automatic left bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic left principal bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left bronchus FMA:13138 left main bronchial mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left principal bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left main bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of left bronchus OBOL:automatic left bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left bronchus OBOL:automatic left main bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left bronchus OBOL:automatic left principal bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left principal bronchus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left main bronchus OBOL:automatic left principal bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic left principal bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic left main bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left principal bronchus OBOL:automatic left bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic left bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic left main bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left main bronchus mucosa of main bronchus A mucosa that is part of a main bronchus [Obol]. FMA:13115 UBERON:0005036 bronchus principalis mucosa bronchus principalis mucosa of organ bronchus principalis mucous membrane bronchus principalis organ mucosa main bronchial mucosa main bronchus mucosa main bronchus mucosa of organ main bronchus mucous membrane main bronchus organ mucosa mucosa of bronchus principalis mucosa of organ of bronchus principalis mucosa of organ of main bronchus mucosa of organ of primary bronchus mucosa of organ of principal bronchus mucosa of primary bronchus mucosa of principal bronchus mucous membrane of bronchus principalis mucous membrane of main bronchus mucous membrane of primary bronchus mucous membrane of principal bronchus organ mucosa of bronchus principalis organ mucosa of main bronchus organ mucosa of primary bronchus organ mucosa of principal bronchus primary bronchus mucosa primary bronchus mucosa of organ primary bronchus mucous membrane primary bronchus organ mucosa principal bronchus mucosa principal bronchus mucosa of organ principal bronchus mucous membrane principal bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic main bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic principal bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of main bronchus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis organ mucosa OBOL:automatic primary bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic main bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic primary bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of main bronchus OBOL:automatic main bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic principal bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic main bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of main bronchus OBOL:automatic primary bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of primary bronchus A mucosa that is part of a main bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic principal bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic primary bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic principal bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic mucosa of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchus principalis FMA:13115 main bronchial mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis mucosa mucosa of lobar bronchus A mucosa that is part of a lobar bronchus [Obol]. FMA:62668 UBERON:0005037 lobar bronchial mucosa lobar bronchus mucosa lobar bronchus mucosa of organ lobar bronchus mucous membrane lobar bronchus organ mucosa mucosa of organ of lobar bronchus mucosa of organ of secondary bronchus mucosa of secondary bronchus mucous membrane of lobar bronchus mucous membrane of secondary bronchus organ mucosa of lobar bronchus organ mucosa of secondary bronchus secondary bronchus mucosa secondary bronchus mucosa of organ secondary bronchus mucous membrane secondary bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of lobar bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of secondary bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of lobar bronchus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of secondary bronchus OBOL:automatic lobar bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic lobar bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of lobar bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of secondary bronchus OBOL:automatic lobar bronchus mucosa A mucosa that is part of a lobar bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus mucous membrane FMA:62668 lobar bronchial mucosa OBOL:automatic lobar bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of secondary bronchus OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus mucosa mucosa of segmental bronchus A mucosa that is part of a segmental bronchus [Obol]. FMA:62666 UBERON:0005038 mucosa of organ of segmental bronchus mucosa of organ of tertiary bronchus mucosa of tertiary bronchus mucous membrane of segmental bronchus mucous membrane of tertiary bronchus organ mucosa of segmental bronchus organ mucosa of tertiary bronchus segmental bronchial mucosa segmental bronchus mucosa segmental bronchus mucosa of organ segmental bronchus mucous membrane segmental bronchus organ mucosa tertiary bronchus mucosa tertiary bronchus mucosa of organ tertiary bronchus mucous membrane tertiary bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic tertiary bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic segmental bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic segmental bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic tertiary bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of segmental bronchus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of segmental bronchus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of tertiary bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of tertiary bronchus OBOL:automatic segmental bronchus mucosa FMA:62666 segmental bronchial mucosa OBOL:automatic tertiary bronchus mucosa of organ A mucosa that is part of a segmental bronchus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic segmental bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of tertiary bronchus OBOL:automatic tertiary bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of segmental bronchus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of tertiary bronchus mucosa of bronchiole A mucosa that is part of a bronchiole [Obol]. FMA:263230 FMA:62774 SCTID:10887006 UBERON:0005039 bronchiole mucosa bronchiole mucosa of organ bronchiole mucous membrane bronchiole organ mucosa lobular bronchiole mucosa lobular bronchiole mucosa of organ lobular bronchiole mucous membrane lobular bronchiole organ mucosa mucosa of lobular bronchiole mucosa of organ of bronchiole mucosa of organ of lobular bronchiole mucous membrane of bronchiole mucous membrane of lobular bronchiole organ mucosa of bronchiole organ mucosa of lobular bronchiole OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchiole OBOL:automatic bronchiole mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bronchiole mucosa A mucosa that is part of a bronchiole [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lobular bronchiole mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bronchiole organ mucosa OBOL:automatic lobular bronchiole mucosa OBOL:automatic lobular bronchiole organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of lobular bronchiole OBOL:automatic lobular bronchiole mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchiole OBOL:automatic bronchiole mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of lobular bronchiole OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of lobular bronchiole OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of lobular bronchiole OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchiole mucosa of terminal bronchiole A mucosa that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Obol]. FMA:263232 UBERON:0005040 bronchiolus terminalis mucosa bronchiolus terminalis mucosa of organ bronchiolus terminalis mucous membrane bronchiolus terminalis organ mucosa mucosa of bronchiolus terminalis mucosa of organ of bronchiolus terminalis mucosa of organ of terminal bronchiole mucous membrane of bronchiolus terminalis mucous membrane of terminal bronchiole organ mucosa of bronchiolus terminalis organ mucosa of terminal bronchiole terminal bronchiole mucosa terminal bronchiole mucosa of organ terminal bronchiole mucous membrane terminal bronchiole organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of terminal bronchiole OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchiolus terminalis A mucosa that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic terminal bronchiole mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis organ mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis mucosa OBOL:automatic terminal bronchiole mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic terminal bronchiole mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of terminal bronchiole OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of bronchiolus terminalis OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of terminal bronchiole OBOL:automatic terminal bronchiole organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchiolus terminalis OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchiolus terminalis mucosa of respiratory bronchiole A mucosa that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Obol]. FMA:263238 UBERON:0005041 bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa of organ bronchiolus respiratorius mucous membrane bronchiolus respiratorius organ mucosa mucosa of bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa of organ of bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa of organ of respiratory bronchiole mucous membrane of bronchiolus respiratorius mucous membrane of respiratory bronchiole organ mucosa of bronchiolus respiratorius organ mucosa of respiratory bronchiole respiratory bronchiole mucosa respiratory bronchiole mucosa of organ respiratory bronchiole mucous membrane respiratory bronchiole organ mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa A mucosa that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchiolus respiratorius OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of respiratory bronchiole OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of respiratory bronchiole OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of respiratory bronchiole OBOL:automatic respiratory bronchiole organ mucosa OBOL:automatic respiratory bronchiole mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchiolus respiratorius OBOL:automatic bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic respiratory bronchiole mucous membrane OBOL:automatic respiratory bronchiole mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of bronchiolus respiratorius OBOL:automatic bronchiolus respiratorius mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bronchiolus respiratorius organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa of tympanic membrane A mucosa that is part of a tympanic membrane [Obol]. FMA:56844 Rivinus ' membrane mucosa Rivinus ' membrane mucosa of organ Rivinus ' membrane mucous membrane Rivinus ' membrane organ mucosa SCTID:36411006 UBERON:0005042 ear drum mucosa ear drum mucosa of organ ear drum mucous membrane ear drum organ mucosa inner epithelial layer of tympanic membrane lateral wall of tympanic cavity mucosa lateral wall of tympanic cavity mucosa of organ lateral wall of tympanic cavity mucous membrane lateral wall of tympanic cavity organ mucosa membranous wall of tympanic cavity mucosa membranous wall of tympanic cavity mucosa of organ membranous wall of tympanic cavity mucous membrane membranous wall of tympanic cavity organ mucosa mucosa of Rivinus ' membrane mucosa of ear drum mucosa of lateral wall of tympanic cavity mucosa of membranous wall of tympanic cavity mucosa of organ of Rivinus ' membrane mucosa of organ of ear drum mucosa of organ of lateral wall of tympanic cavity mucosa of organ of membranous wall of tympanic cavity mucosa of organ of tympanic membrane mucous layer of tympanic membrane mucous membrane of Rivinus ' membrane mucous membrane of ear drum mucous membrane of lateral wall of tympanic cavity mucous membrane of membranous wall of tympanic cavity mucous membrane of tympanic membrane mucous stratum of tympanic membrane organ mucosa of Rivinus ' membrane organ mucosa of ear drum organ mucosa of lateral wall of tympanic cavity organ mucosa of membranous wall of tympanic cavity organ mucosa of tympanic membrane tympanic membrane mucosa tympanic membrane mucosa of organ tympanic membrane mucous membrane tympanic membrane organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ear drum OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of membranous wall of tympanic cavity OBOL:automatic mucosa of Rivinus ' membrane OBOL:automatic lateral wall of tympanic cavity organ mucosa FMA:56844 inner epithelial layer of tympanic membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of tympanic membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of lateral wall of tympanic cavity OBOL:automatic lateral wall of tympanic cavity mucosa of organ FMA:56844 mucous layer of tympanic membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ear drum OBOL:automatic tympanic membrane mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of ear drum OBOL:automatic Rivinus ' membrane mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of membranous wall of tympanic cavity OBOL:automatic membranous wall of tympanic cavity mucous membrane OBOL:automatic Rivinus ' membrane organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of tympanic membrane OBOL:automatic ear drum mucosa of organ FMA:56844 mucous stratum of tympanic membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of tympanic membrane OBOL:automatic membranous wall of tympanic cavity mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of Rivinus ' membrane A mucosa that is part of a tympanic membrane [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lateral wall of tympanic cavity mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of membranous wall of tympanic cavity OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of Rivinus ' membrane OBOL:automatic ear drum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic Rivinus ' membrane mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic lateral wall of tympanic cavity mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of lateral wall of tympanic cavity OBOL:automatic membranous wall of tympanic cavity organ mucosa OBOL:automatic tympanic membrane mucous membrane OBOL:automatic Rivinus ' membrane mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ear drum OBOL:automatic mucosa of membranous wall of tympanic cavity OBOL:automatic ear drum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of lateral wall of tympanic cavity OBOL:automatic ear drum mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of lateral wall of tympanic cavity OBOL:automatic membranous wall of tympanic cavity mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic tympanic membrane mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of Rivinus ' membrane OBOL:automatic tympanic membrane organ mucosa mucosa of nasolacrimal duct A mucosa that is part of a nasolacrimal duct [Obol]. FMA:59664 UBERON:0005043 mucosa of organ of nasolacrimal duct mucous membrane of nasolacrimal duct nasolacrimal duct mucosa nasolacrimal duct mucosa of organ nasolacrimal duct mucous membrane nasolacrimal duct organ mucosa nasolacrimal ductal mucosa organ mucosa of nasolacrimal duct FMA:59664 nasolacrimal ductal mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of nasolacrimal duct A mucosa that is part of a nasolacrimal duct [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nasolacrimal duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of nasolacrimal duct OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of nasolacrimal duct OBOL:automatic nasolacrimal duct mucosa OBOL:automatic nasolacrimal duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic nasolacrimal duct mucosa of organ mucosa of pharyngotympanic tube A mucosa that is part of a pharyngotympanic tube [Obol]. FMA:60109 UBERON:0005044 auditory tube mucosa auditory tube mucosa of organ auditory tube mucous membrane auditory tube organ mucosa internal auditory tube mucosa internal auditory tube mucosa of organ internal auditory tube mucous membrane internal auditory tube organ mucosa mucosa of auditory tube mucosa of internal auditory tube mucosa of organ of auditory tube mucosa of organ of internal auditory tube mucosa of organ of pharyngotympanic tube mucous membrane of auditory tube mucous membrane of internal auditory tube mucous membrane of pharyngotympanic tube mucuous membrane of eustachian tube mucuous membrane of pharyngotympanic tube organ mucosa of auditory tube organ mucosa of internal auditory tube organ mucosa of pharyngotympanic tube pharyngotympanic tube mucosa pharyngotympanic tube mucosa of organ pharyngotympanic tube mucous membrane pharyngotympanic tube organ mucosa tunica mucosa (tuba auditiva) tunica mucosa (tuba auditoria) A mucosa that is part of a pharyngotympanic tube [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of internal auditory tube OBOL:automatic auditory tube mucosa OBOL:automatic internal auditory tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of auditory tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of auditory tube FMA:60109 mucuous membrane of pharyngotympanic tube OBOL:automatic internal auditory tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pharyngotympanic tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of internal auditory tube OBOL:automatic auditory tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic pharyngotympanic tube mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of internal auditory tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of auditory tube OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of internal auditory tube OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pharyngotympanic tube OBOL:automatic internal auditory tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic auditory tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic pharyngotympanic tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of auditory tube FMA:60109 tunica mucosa (tuba auditiva) OBOL:automatic pharyngotympanic tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic auditory tube organ mucosa FMA:60109 tunica mucosa (tuba auditoria) OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pharyngotympanic tube OBOL:automatic internal auditory tube mucosa OBOL:automatic pharyngotympanic tube mucosa of organ FMA:60109 mucuous membrane of eustachian tube mucosa of ethmoidal sinus A mucosa that is part of a ethmoid sinus [Obol]. FMA:59776 SCTID:65501003 UBERON:0005045 ethmoid sinus mucosa ethmoid sinus mucosa of organ ethmoid sinus mucous membrane ethmoid sinus organ mucosa ethmoidal sinus mucosa mucosa of ethmoid sinus mucosa of organ of ethmoid sinus mucous membrane of ethmoid sinus organ mucosa of ethmoid sinus OBOL:automatic mucosa of ethmoid sinus OBOL:automatic ethmoid sinus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic ethmoid sinus organ mucosa FMA:59776 ethmoidal sinus mucosa A mucosa that is part of a ethmoid sinus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ethmoid sinus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ethmoid sinus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ethmoid sinus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ethmoid sinus OBOL:automatic ethmoid sinus mucosa mucosa of hard palate A mucosa that is part of a hard palate [Obol]. FMA:59783 SCTID:245841005 UBERON:0005046 hard palate mucosa hard palate mucosa of organ hard palate mucous membrane hard palate organ mucosa mucosa of organ of hard palate mucous membrane of hard palate organ mucosa of hard palate OBOL:automatic hard palate mucous membrane A mucosa that is part of a hard palate [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hard palate mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of hard palate OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of hard palate OBOL:automatic hard palate mucosa OBOL:automatic hard palate organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of hard palate mucosa of vocal fold A mucosa that is part of a vocal cord [Obol]. FMA:64017 UBERON:0005047 mucosa of glottis mucosa of organ of true vocal cord mucosa of organ of vocal cord mucosa of true vocal cord mucosa of vocal cord mucous membrane of true vocal cord mucous membrane of vocal cord organ mucosa of true vocal cord organ mucosa of vocal cord true vocal cord mucosa true vocal cord mucosa of organ true vocal cord mucous membrane true vocal cord organ mucosa vocal cord mucosa vocal cord mucosa of organ vocal cord mucous membrane vocal cord organ mucosa vocal fold mucosa FMA:64017 vocal fold mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of true vocal cord OBOL:automatic mucosa of true vocal cord OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of vocal cord OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of true vocal cord OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of true vocal cord FMA:64017 mucosa of glottis A mucosa that is part of a vocal cord [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of vocal cord OBOL:automatic vocal cord organ mucosa OBOL:automatic vocal cord mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of vocal cord OBOL:automatic true vocal cord mucous membrane OBOL:automatic vocal cord mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of vocal cord OBOL:automatic true vocal cord mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic true vocal cord mucosa OBOL:automatic vocal cord mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic true vocal cord organ mucosa mucosa of uterine tube A mucosa that is part of a fallopian tube [Obol]. FMA:18319 UBERON:0005048 fallopian tube mucosa fallopian tube mucosa of organ fallopian tube mucous membrane fallopian tube organ mucosa mucosa of fallopian tube mucosa of organ of fallopian tube mucosa of organ of uterine tube mucosa of oviduct mucous membrane of fallopian tube mucous membrane of uterine tube organ mucosa of fallopian tube organ mucosa of uterine tube tunica mucosa tubae uterinae uterine tubal mucosa uterine tube mucosa uterine tube mucosa of organ uterine tube mucous membrane uterine tube organ mucosa FMA:18319 uterine tubal mucosa OBOL:automatic uterine tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of fallopian tube A mucosa that is part of a fallopian tube [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of uterine tube FMA:18319 mucosa of oviduct OBOL:automatic fallopian tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic fallopian tube mucosa OBOL:automatic fallopian tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic fallopian tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic uterine tube mucous membrane FMA:18319 FMA:TA tunica mucosa tubae uterinae OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of uterine tube OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of uterine tube OBOL:automatic uterine tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic uterine tube mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of fallopian tube mucosa of infundibulum of uterine tube A mucosa that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum [Obol]. FMA:18357 UBERON:0005049 mucosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube mucosa of infundibulum of oviduct mucosa of organ of uterine tube infundibulum mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum mucous membrane of uterine tube infundibulum organ mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum uterine tube infundibulum mucosa uterine tube infundibulum mucosa of organ uterine tube infundibulum mucous membrane uterine tube infundibulum organ mucosa FMA:18357 mucosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic uterine tube infundibulum mucosa FMA:18357 mucosa of infundibulum of oviduct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of uterine tube infundibulum OBOL:automatic mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum OBOL:automatic uterine tube infundibulum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic uterine tube infundibulum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of uterine tube infundibulum A mucosa that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic uterine tube infundibulum mucosa of organ liver papillary process FMA:14506 MA:0001643 SCTID:271187002 UBERON:0005050 papillary process of caudate lobe of liver processus papillaris FMA:14506 papillary process of caudate lobe of liver FMA:14506 processus papillaris mediastinum testis EMAPA:18331 FMA:19812 SCTID:362279007 The mediastinum testis is a network of fibrous connective tissue that extends from the upper to near the lower extremity of the testis, and is wider above than below. From its front and sides numerous imperfect septa (trabeculæ) are given off, which radiate toward the surface of the organ, and are attached to the tunica albuginea. They divide the interior of the organ into a number of incomplete spaces, called lobules. These are somewhat cone-shaped, being broad at their bases at the surface of the gland, and becoming narrower as they converge to the mediastinum. The mediastinum supports the rete testis and blood vessels of the testis in their passage to and from the substance of the gland[WP] UBERON:0005051 body of highmore http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hodenschema.svg/200px-Hodenschema.svg.png mediastinum of testis testis mediastinum The mediastinum testis is a network of fibrous connective tissue that extends from the upper to near the lower extremity of the testis, and is wider above than below. From its front and sides numerous imperfect septa (trabeculæ) are given off, which radiate toward the surface of the organ, and are attached to the tunica albuginea. They divide the interior of the organ into a number of incomplete spaces, called lobules. These are somewhat cone-shaped, being broad at their bases at the surface of the gland, and becoming narrower as they converge to the mediastinum. The mediastinum supports the rete testis and blood vessels of the testis in their passage to and from the substance of the gland[WP] Wikipedia:Mediastinum_testis FMA:19812 body of highmore FMA:19812 mediastinum of testis FMA:19812 testis mediastinum gizzard BTO also includes: A thickened part of the alimentary canal in some animals (as an insect or an earthworm) that is similar in function to the crop of a bird. BTO:0000520 GAID:1238 MESH:A.13.853.363 The muscular enlargement of the alimentary canal that has usually thick muscular walls and a tough horny lining for grinding the food and when the crop is present follows it and the proventriculus. UBERON:0005052 gastric mill gigerium ncithesaurus:Gizzard ventriculus Wikipedia:Gizzard gastric mill Wikipedia:Gizzard ventriculus Wikipedia:Gizzard gigerium BTO:0000520 The muscular enlargement of the alimentary canal that has usually thick muscular walls and a tough horny lining for grinding the food and when the crop is present follows it and the proventriculus. Wikipedia:Gizzard nerve cord BILA:0000136 BTO:0001656 UBERON:0005053 dorsal nerve cord BTO:0002329 The dorsal tubular cord of nervous tissue above the notochord of a chordate that comprises or develops into the central nervous system[BTO]. The nerve cord of chordates develops dorsally in the body as a hollow tube above the notochord. In most species it differentiates in embryogeny into the brain anteriorly and spinal cord that runs through the trunk and tail. Together the brain and spinal cord are the central nervous system to which peripheral sensory and motor nerves connect[TOL]. The dorsal nerve cord is one of the embryonic features unique to chordates, along with a notochord, a post-anal tail and pharyngeal slits. The dorsal nerve cord is a hollow cord dorsal to the notochord. It is formed from a part of the ectoderm that rolls, forming the hollow tube, compared to other animal phyla, which have solid, ventral tubes. The dorsal nerve cord is later modified into the brain and spinal cord. Dorsal nerve cord is mainly found in phylum Vertebrata[WP]. UBERON:0005054 BTO:0002329 The dorsal tubular cord of nervous tissue above the notochord of a chordate that comprises or develops into the central nervous system[BTO]. The nerve cord of chordates develops dorsally in the body as a hollow tube above the notochord. In most species it differentiates in embryogeny into the brain anteriorly and spinal cord that runs through the trunk and tail. Together the brain and spinal cord are the central nervous system to which peripheral sensory and motor nerves connect[TOL]. The dorsal nerve cord is one of the embryonic features unique to chordates, along with a notochord, a post-anal tail and pharyngeal slits. The dorsal nerve cord is a hollow cord dorsal to the notochord. It is formed from a part of the ectoderm that rolls, forming the hollow tube, compared to other animal phyla, which have solid, ventral tubes. The dorsal nerve cord is later modified into the brain and spinal cord. Dorsal nerve cord is mainly found in phylum Vertebrata[WP]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_nerve_cord http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 zone of long bone An organ part that is part of a long bone [Obol]. FMA:24008 UBERON:0005055 long bone zone An organ part that is part of a long bone [Obol]. OBOL:automatic external female genitalia An external reproductive organ that is part of a female reproductive system [Obol]. BTO:0003100 EMAPA:30984 FMA:45649 SCTID:362234008 UBERON:0005056 external female genital organ external genitalia of female reproductive system female external genitalia galen:FemaleExternalGenitalia organa genitalia feminina externa An external reproductive organ that is part of a female reproductive system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic external genitalia of female reproductive system FMA:45649 female external genitalia BTO:0003100 external female genital organ BTO:0003100 organa genitalia feminina externa immune organ An organ that is part of a immune system [Obol]. UBERON:0005057 An organ that is part of a immune system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic hemolymphoid system gland A gland that is part of a hemolymphoid system [Obol]. MA:0002962 UBERON:0005058 hemopoietic or lymphoid gland hemopoietic or lymphoid organ GOC:cjm hemopoietic or lymphoid gland A gland that is part of a hemolymphoid system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic GO:0048534 hemopoietic or lymphoid organ Drosophila lymph gland UBERON:0005059 out of scope true neural groove AAO:0011071 SCTID:361463007 The median dorsal longitudinal groove formed in the embryo by the neural plate after the appearance of the neural folds. UBERON:0005061 XAO:0000248 ncithesaurus:Neural_Groove GO:0001842 GOC:cjm The median dorsal longitudinal groove formed in the embryo by the neural plate after the appearance of the neural folds. neural fold EHDAA2:0001249 EMAPA:16090 EMAPA:16093 EMAPA:16142 EMAPA:16146 EMAPA:16151 EMAPA:16155 EMAPA:16159 EMAPA:16162 EMAPA:16288 EMAPA:16292 EMAPA:16295 EMAPA:16299 EMAPA:16303 EMAPA:16307 EMAPA:16528 One of the two elevated edges of the neural groove. SCTID:361461009 UBERON:0005062 XAO:0004087 medullary fold ncithesaurus:Neural_Fold GO:0001842 MP:0011256 One of the two elevated edges of the neural groove. MP:0011256 medullary fold left ventricular compact myocardium . UBERON:0005063 GO . GO:0003224 left ventricular trabecular myocardium . UBERON:0005064 . GO:0003225 GO right ventricular compact myocardium . UBERON:0005065 . GO:0003226 GO right ventricular trabecular myocardium . UBERON:0005066 . GO:0003227 GO amphid sensory organ Amphid sensory organs are the sensory organs of nematodes[GO]. UBERON:0005067 WBbt:0005391 amphid sensillum Amphid sensory organs are the sensory organs of nematodes[GO]. GO:0003386 neural rod EFO:0003498 UBERON:0005068 ZFA:0000133 a solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts[GO]. An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube[ZFIN]. GO:0014024 ZFA:0000133 a solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts[GO]. An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube[ZFIN]. neural fold hinge point The median hinge point extends for the entire length of the neural tube, and the lateral hinge points do not form in the spinal cord region of the neural tube[GO]. UBERON:0005069 GO:0021504 The median hinge point extends for the entire length of the neural tube, and the lateral hinge points do not form in the spinal cord region of the neural tube[GO]. anterior neuropore EHDAA2:0001768 EMAPA:16523 GO def of anterior neuropore closure is: The joining together of the neural folds of the rostral opening of the neural tube OG:0000768 SCTID:361478000 The anterior neuropore appears before the process of neural tube closure is complete[GO]. UBERON:0005070 cephalic neuropore cranial neuropore rostral neuropore SCTID:361478000 cephalic neuropore EMAPA:16523 rostral neuropore GO:0021506 The anterior neuropore appears before the process of neural tube closure is complete[GO]. UBERON:cjm cranial neuropore posterior neuropore EHDAA2:0000223 EHDAA:900 EMAPA:16526 OG:0000769 SCTID:361479008 The posterior neuropore appears before the process of neural tube closure is complete[GO]. UBERON:0005071 caudal neuropore GO:0021507 The posterior neuropore appears before the process of neural tube closure is complete[GO]. EMAPA:16526 caudal neuropore preganglionic parasympathetic nervous system UBERON:0005073 postganglionic parasympathetic nervous system UBERON:0005074 forebrain-midbrain boundary UBERON:0005075 ZFA:0001367 forebrain midbrain boundary ZFA:0001367 forebrain midbrain boundary hindbrain-spinal cord boundary UBERON:0005076 neuropore Joined neural folds at either end of the neural tube.[GO]. SCTID:360408007 UBERON:0005077 GO:0021995 Joined neural folds at either end of the neural tube.[GO]. lamina terminalis .[GO]. AAO:0000881 BM:LT EHDAA2:0000903 EMAPA:16649 EMAPA:16904 FMA:61975 SCTID:361483008 UBERON:0005078 .[GO]. GO:0021996 eggshell BTO:0001716 MESH:A.13.316 UBERON:0005079 WBbt:0005843 a product of the somatic follicle cell epithelium and a structure that supports the egg in a hostile environment, minimizing water loss whilst allowing gas exchanges essential for embryonic respiration[GO]. egg shell BTO:0001716 egg shell GO:0030703 Wikipedia:Eggshell a product of the somatic follicle cell epithelium and a structure that supports the egg in a hostile environment, minimizing water loss whilst allowing gas exchanges essential for embryonic respiration[GO]. metanephric ureteric bud UBERON:0005080 the portion of the ureteric bud tube that contributes to the morphogenesis of the metanephros[GO]. GO:0035502 the portion of the ureteric bud tube that contributes to the morphogenesis of the metanephros[GO]. ureter ureteric bud The portion of the ureteric bud that contributes to the morphogenesis of the ureter. The ureter ureteric bud is the initial structure that forms the ureter[GO]. UBERON:0005081 GO:0035503 The portion of the ureteric bud that contributes to the morphogenesis of the ureter. The ureter ureteric bud is the initial structure that forms the ureter[GO]. tube lumen A hole in a tube[GO]. AEO:0000078 EHDAA2:0003078 UBERON:0005082 A hole in a tube[GO]. GO:0060609 nipple sheath UBERON:0005083 a circular ingrowth of the epidermis around the region of the mammary sprout[GO]. GO:0060659 a circular ingrowth of the epidermis around the region of the mammary sprout[GO]. ectodermal placode An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm[GO] Placodes sink inwards to form specific sensory receptors. UBERON:0005085 An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm[GO] Placodes sink inwards to form specific sensory receptors. GO:0060788 ISBN10:0073040584 hair follicle placode An hair follicle placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the hair follicle bud[GO]. UBERON:0005086 hair gem hair peg vibrissa placode An hair follicle placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the hair follicle bud[GO]. GO:0060789 ISBN:9780878932504 hair gem GO ISBN:9780878932504 hair peg tooth placode An tooth placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the tooth bud[GO]. BTO:0001511 MESH:A.14.254.900.720 UBERON:0005087 ZFA:0001153 dental primordium tooth germ GO ZFA:0001153 tooth germ An tooth placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the tooth bud[GO]. GO:0060790 ZFA ZFA:0001153 dental primordium ZFA sebaceous gland placode A sebaceous gland placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the sebaceous gland bud[GO]. UBERON:0005088 todo - add bud A sebaceous gland placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the sebaceous gland bud[GO]. GO:0060791 GO sweat gland placode An sweat gland placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the sweat gland bud[GO]. UBERON:0005089 todo - add bud An sweat gland placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the sweat gland bud[GO]. GO:0060793 GO muscle structure FBbt:00005073 Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms[GO]. UBERON:0005090 GO:0061061 Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms[GO]. left horn of sinus venosus EHDAA2:0001840 EHDAA:482 EMAPA:16238 FMA:70321 OG:0000488 UBERON:0005091 right horn of sinus venosus EHDAA2:0001841 EHDAA:484 EMAPA:16239 FMA:70318 OG:0000489 UBERON:0005092 cement gland A simple mucus-secreting structure that is positioned at the front of the embryo, attaches the newly hatched embryo to a support before the hatchling can swim well or feed, and marks the anterior-most dorsal ectoderm[XAO]. AAO:0010373 BTO:0002738 UBERON:0005093 XAO:0000033 A simple mucus-secreting structure that is positioned at the front of the embryo, attaches the newly hatched embryo to a support before the hatchling can swim well or feed, and marks the anterior-most dorsal ectoderm[XAO]. GO:0071570 XAO:0000033 beak MESH:A.13.114 TODO - add superclass The avian beak is an external anatomical structure, in the head region, that is adapted for feeding self and young, catching prey, probing, etc. It encompasses, but is not restricted to, the maxilla, mandible, maxillary ramaphotheca, mandibular ramaphotheca, nostril, nasal fossa, nasal bones, egg tooth and rictus[GO]. The beak, bill or rostrum is an external anatomical structure of birds which is used for eating and for grooming, manipulating objects, killing prey, probing for food, courtship and feeding young. The term beak is also used to refer to a similar mouthpart in some Ornithischian dinosaurs, monotremes, cephalopods, cetaceans, pufferfishes, turtles, Anuran tadpoles and sirens[WP]. UBERON:0005094 avian beak bill rostrum GO:0071728 The avian beak is an external anatomical structure, in the head region, that is adapted for feeding self and young, catching prey, probing, etc. It encompasses, but is not restricted to, the maxilla, mandible, maxillary ramaphotheca, mandibular ramaphotheca, nostril, nasal fossa, nasal bones, egg tooth and rictus[GO]. The beak, bill or rostrum is an external anatomical structure of birds which is used for eating and for grooming, manipulating objects, killing prey, probing for food, courtship and feeding young. The term beak is also used to refer to a similar mouthpart in some Ornithischian dinosaurs, monotremes, cephalopods, cetaceans, pufferfishes, turtles, Anuran tadpoles and sirens[WP]. Wikipedia:Beak kidney rudiment . UBERON:0005095 . GO:0072003 GO descending thin limb EMAPA:28325 EMAPA:28355 EMAPA:29681 FMA:17719 MA:0002625 The descending thin limb is a part of the loop of Henle situated just after the proximal straight tubule (S3). It extends to the tip of the loop of Henle[GO]. UBERON:0005096 UBERON:0005165 descending limb of henle%27s loop descending limb of loop of henle descending thin limb of loop of Henle loop of Henle descending thin limb loop of henle thin descending limb pars descendens (tubulus attenuatus) thin descending limb thin descending limb of loop of henle thin descending limb of the loop of henle thin descending loop of henle Wikipedia:Descending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle thin descending loop of henle MA:0002625 loop of henle thin descending limb Wikipedia:Descending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle thin descending limb of the loop of henle FMA:17719 pars descendens (tubulus attenuatus) Wikipedia:Descending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle descending limb of henle%27s loop Wikipedia:Descending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle descending limb of loop of henle Wikipedia:Descending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle thin descending limb of loop of henle GO:0072022 The descending thin limb is a part of the loop of Henle situated just after the proximal straight tubule (S3). It extends to the tip of the loop of Henle[GO]. Wikipedia:Descending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle connecting tubule BTO:0004539 EMAPA:27758 EMAPA:27790 EMAPA:27865 EMAPA:28011 MA:0002610 The connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the nephron; it connects the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct[GO]. UBERON:0005097 renal connecting tubule GO:0072027 The connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the nephron; it connects the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct[GO]. Wikipedia:Connecting_tubule Wikipedia MA:0002610 renal connecting tubule short descending thin limb TODO - epithelium types The short descending thin limb is the descending thin limb of a short nephron that has a squamous epithelial morphology[GO]. UBERON:0005099 GO:0072063 The short descending thin limb is the descending thin limb of a short nephron that has a squamous epithelial morphology[GO]. long descending thin limb The long descending limb starts in the inner stripe of the outer medulla and extends into the inner medulla[GO]. UBERON:0005100 GO:0072064 The long descending limb starts in the inner stripe of the outer medulla and extends into the inner medulla[GO]. early distal convoluted tubule EMAPA:28393 The early distal convoluted tubule contains DCT cells and is vasopressin-insensitive[GO]. UBERON:0005101 GO:0072067 The early distal convoluted tubule contains DCT cells and is vasopressin-insensitive[GO]. late distal convoluted tubule EMAPA:28393 TODO - CL The late distal convoluted tubule contains DCT cells and intercalated (IC) alpha and beta cells and is vasopressin-sensitive[GO]. UBERON:0005102 GO:0072068 The late distal convoluted tubule contains DCT cells and intercalated (IC) alpha and beta cells and is vasopressin-sensitive[GO]. mesonephric epithelium An epithelium that is part of a mesonephros [Obol]. UBERON:0005103 An epithelium that is part of a mesonephros [Obol]. OBOL:automatic anterior mesonephric tubule The anterior mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros[GO]. UBERON:0005104 GO:0072165 The anterior mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros[GO]. posterior mesonephric tubule EMAPA:30571 EMAPA:30574 The posterior mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros[GO]. UBERON:0005105 GO:0072166 The posterior mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros[GO]. metanephric tubule A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros[GO]. OG:0001526 UBERON:0005106 A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros[GO]. GO:0072173 metanephric cap EMAPA:27621 TODO - check EMAPA The metanephric cap is formed by the condensation of metanephric mesenchymal cells surrounding the ureteric bud tip[GO]. Mesenchyme closely apposed to the tips of the buds is called cap mesenchyme; it will later go on to form nephrons etc[GUDMAP]. UBERON:0005107 cap mesenchyme EMAPA:27621 cap mesenchyme GO:0072185 The metanephric cap is formed by the condensation of metanephric mesenchymal cells surrounding the ureteric bud tip[GO]. Mesenchyme closely apposed to the tips of the buds is called cap mesenchyme; it will later go on to form nephrons etc[GUDMAP]. http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron metanephric epithelium An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure[GO]. UBERON:0005108 An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure[GO]. GO:0072207 metanephric smooth muscle tissue .[GO]. UBERON:0005109 .[GO]. GO:0072208 metanephric nephron A metanephric nephron is the functional unit of the metanephros[GO]. OG:0000719 UBERON:0005110 UBERON:0005142 A metanephric nephron is the functional unit of the metanephros[GO]. GO:0072273 Wikipedia:Nephron metanephric pyramid Metanephric pyramids are the conical masses that constitute the renal medulla in a metanephros; they contain the loops of Henle and the medullary collecting ducts[GO]. UBERON:0005111 GO:0072211 Metanephric pyramids are the conical masses that constitute the renal medulla in a metanephros; they contain the loops of Henle and the medullary collecting ducts[GO]. metanephric cortex EHDAA2:0001140 OG:0000714 The metanephric cortex is the outer region of the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005113 GO:0072214 The metanephric cortex is the outer region of the metanephros[GO]. metanephric ascending thin limb The metanephric ascending thin limb is a segment of a nephron tubule in the metanephros lying in the inner medulla that is permeable to ions but not to water and has a simple epithelium; active transepithelial solute transport is absent[GO]. UBERON:0005114 GO:0072218 The metanephric ascending thin limb is a segment of a nephron tubule in the metanephros lying in the inner medulla that is permeable to ions but not to water and has a simple epithelium; active transepithelial solute transport is absent[GO]. metanephric cortical collecting duct The metanephric cortical collecting duct is the portion of the metanephric collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex[GO]. UBERON:0005115 GO:0072219 The metanephric cortical collecting duct is the portion of the metanephric collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex[GO]. metanephric descending thin limb It extends to the tip of the metanephric loop of Henle[GO]. UBERON:0005116 GO:0072220 It extends to the tip of the metanephric loop of Henle[GO]. metanephric distal convoluted tubule The metanephric distal convoluted tubule is a portion of the metanephric nephron tubule that connects the metanephric loop of Henle to the collecting duct[GO]. UBERON:0005117 GO:0072221 The metanephric distal convoluted tubule is a portion of the metanephric nephron tubule that connects the metanephric loop of Henle to the collecting duct[GO]. metanephric early distal convoluted tubule The metanephric early distal convoluted tubule contains metanephric DCT cells and is vasopressin-insensitive[GO]. UBERON:0005118 GO:0072222 The metanephric early distal convoluted tubule contains metanephric DCT cells and is vasopressin-insensitive[GO]. metanephric glomerular mesangium The metanephric glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells in the metanephros, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus[GO]. UBERON:0005119 GO:0072223 The metanephric glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells in the metanephros, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus[GO]. metanephric late distal convoluted tubule The metanephric late distal convoluted tubule contains metanephric DCT cells and intercalated (IC) alpha and beta cells and is vasopressin-sensitive[GO]. UBERON:0005120 GO:0072225 The metanephric late distal convoluted tubule contains metanephric DCT cells and intercalated (IC) alpha and beta cells and is vasopressin-sensitive[GO]. metanephric long descending thin limb bend The metanephric long descending thin limb bend is a part of the descending thin limb of a long nephron that lies beyond the prebend segment in the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005121 GO:0072226 The metanephric long descending thin limb bend is a part of the descending thin limb of a long nephron that lies beyond the prebend segment in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric macula densa The metanephric macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule of the metanephros that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO]. UBERON:0005122 GO:0072227 The metanephric macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule of the metanephros that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO]. metanephric prebend segment The metanephric prebend segment is a part of the metanephric descending thin limb that lies before the bend and exhibits permeabilities characteristic of the ascending limb, especially negligible water permeability[GO]. UBERON:0005123 GO:0072228 The metanephric prebend segment is a part of the metanephric descending thin limb that lies before the bend and exhibits permeabilities characteristic of the ascending limb, especially negligible water permeability[GO]. metanephric proximal convoluted tubule The metanephric proximal convoluted tubule is the most proximal portion of the metanephric proximal tubule and extends from the metanephric glomerular capsule to the metanephric proximal straight tubule[GO]. UBERON:0005124 GO:0072229 The metanephric proximal convoluted tubule is the most proximal portion of the metanephric proximal tubule and extends from the metanephric glomerular capsule to the metanephric proximal straight tubule[GO]. metanephric proximal straight tubule The metanephric proximal straight tubule is the part of the metanephric descending limb that extends from the metanephric proximal convoluted tubule to the metanephric descending thin tubule[GO]. UBERON:0005125 todo - place mammalian xrefs here rather than at parent XAO GO:0072230 The metanephric proximal straight tubule is the part of the metanephric descending limb that extends from the metanephric proximal convoluted tubule to the metanephric descending thin tubule[GO]. metanephric S1 The S1 portion is the initial portion of the metanephric proximal convoluted tubule and is responsible for avid reabsorption of water and solutes[GO]. UBERON:0005126 GO:0072231 The S1 portion is the initial portion of the metanephric proximal convoluted tubule and is responsible for avid reabsorption of water and solutes[GO]. metanephric thick ascending limb At the macula densa, the thick ascending limb connects to the distal convoluted tubule[GO]. UBERON:0005127 At the macula densa, the thick ascending limb connects to the distal convoluted tubule[GO]. GO:0072233 metanephric distal tubule The metanephric distal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that begins at the metanephric macula densa and extends to the metanephric connecting tubule[GO]. UBERON:0005129 UBERON:0005150 GO:0072235 The metanephric distal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that begins at the metanephric macula densa and extends to the metanephric connecting tubule[GO]. metanephric loop of Henle The metanephric loop of Henle is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule in the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005130 GO:0072236 The metanephric loop of Henle is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric long nephron Long nephrons are associated with juxtamedullary glomeruli and extend into the inner medulla in the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005132 GO:0072238 Long nephrons are associated with juxtamedullary glomeruli and extend into the inner medulla in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric glomerulus vasculature The metanephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the metanephric glomerulus[GO]. UBERON:0005133 UBERON:0005143 GO:0072239 The metanephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the metanephric glomerulus[GO]. metanephric nephron epithelium The metanephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005134 GO:0072243 The metanephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric glomerular epithelium A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005135 A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros[GO]. GO:0072244 metanephric glomerular endothelium The metanephric glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus of the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005136 GO:0072264 The metanephric glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus of the metanephros[GO]. metanephric capsule The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage[GO]. UBERON:0005112 UBERON:0005137 GO:0072213 The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage[GO]. metanephric long descending thin limb The long descending limb starts in the inner stripe of the outer medulla and extends into the inner medulla[GO]. UBERON:0005139 GO:0072269 The long descending limb starts in the inner stripe of the outer medulla and extends into the inner medulla[GO]. metanephric short nephron Short nephrons are associated with mid-cortical and superficial glomeruli, are situated entirely in the outer medulla, and have no thin ascending limb[GO]. UBERON:0005140 GO:0072270 Short nephrons are associated with mid-cortical and superficial glomeruli, are situated entirely in the outer medulla, and have no thin ascending limb[GO]. metanephric short descending thin limb The metanephric short descending thin limb is the descending thin limb of a short nephron in the metanephros that has a squamous epithelial morphology[GO]. UBERON:0005141 GO:0072271 The metanephric short descending thin limb is the descending thin limb of a short nephron in the metanephros that has a squamous epithelial morphology[GO]. metanephric glomerular capillary This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts[GO]. UBERON:0005144 GO:0072277 This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts[GO]. metanephric comma-shaped body The metanephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the metanephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005145 GO:0072278 The metanephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the metanephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric nephron tubule A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005128 UBERON:0005146 UBERON:0005152 ISBN:9780878932504 A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros[GO]. GO:0072282 metanephric renal vesicle The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the metanephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells[GO]. UBERON:0005147 GO:0072283 The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the metanephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells[GO]. metanephric S-shaped body The metanephric S-shaped body is the successor of the metanephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005148 GO:0072284 The metanephric S-shaped body is the successor of the metanephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros[GO]. todo - automate metanephric connecting tubule The metanephric connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the metanephric nephron; it connects the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct in the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005149 GO:0072286 The metanephric connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the metanephric nephron; it connects the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric proximal tubule The metanephric proximal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle in the metanephros. It has a brush border epithelial morphology[GO]. UBERON:0005131 UBERON:0005151 GO:0072288 The metanephric proximal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle in the metanephros. It has a brush border epithelial morphology[GO]. epithelial bud A bud is a protrusion that forms from an epithelial sheet by localized folding. UBERON:0005153 A bud is a protrusion that forms from an epithelial sheet by localized folding. GO:0060572 epithelial cord EHDAA2:0004052 TODO - add superclass of developing structure UBERON:0005154 open tracheal system An open tracheal system is a respiratory system, a branched network of epithelial tubes that supplies oxygen to target tissues via spiracles. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. BTO:0003870 FBbt:00005024 SPD:0000427 TADS:0000043 UBERON:0005155 invertebrate tracheal system open tracheal system tracheal system FBbt:00005024 tracheal system An open tracheal system is a respiratory system, a branched network of epithelial tubes that supplies oxygen to target tissues via spiracles. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0007424 reproductive structure An anatomical structure that is part of the reproductive system. UBERON:0005156 reproductive system structure An anatomical structure that is part of the reproductive system. GOC:cjm epithelial fold An epithelial sheet bent on a linear axis. UBERON:0005157 An epithelial sheet bent on a linear axis. GO:0060571 parenchyma of central nervous system A parenchyma that is part of a central nervous system [Obol]. CNS parenchyma UBERON:0005158 central nervous system parenchyma parenchyma of CNS parenchyma of central nervous system CNS parenchyma OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic parenchyma of CNS OBOL:automatic central nervous system parenchyma A parenchyma that is part of a central nervous system [Obol]. OBOL:automatic pyramid of medulla oblongata BM:Me-Py FMA:75254 SCTID:9535007 The anterior or ventral portion of the medulla oblongata is named the pyramid and lies between the anterior median fissure and the antero-lateral sulcus. Its upper end is slightly constricted, and between it and the pons the fibers of the abducent nerve emerge; a little below the pons it becomes enlarged and prominent, and finally tapers into the anterior funiculus of the medulla spinalis, with which, at first sight, it appears to be directly continuous[WP]. UBERON:0005159 lobule VIII of Larsell medullary pyramid pyramid of medulla pyramid of medulla oblongata The anterior or ventral portion of the medulla oblongata is named the pyramid and lies between the anterior median fissure and the antero-lateral sulcus. Its upper end is slightly constricted, and between it and the pons the fibers of the abducent nerve emerge; a little below the pons it becomes enlarged and prominent, and finally tapers into the anterior funiculus of the medulla spinalis, with which, at first sight, it appears to be directly continuous[WP]. Wikipedia:Pyramid_(brainstem) Wikipedia:Pyramid_(brainstem) pyramid of medulla oblongata FMA:75254 lobule VIII of Larsell FMA:75254 medullary pyramid FMA:75254 pyramid of medulla vestigial structure UBERON:0005160 pelvic spur Pelvic spurs are the externally visible portion of the vestigial remnants of legs found on each side of the vent in primitive snakes, such as boas and pythons[1]. The remnants of a pelvis and femur, which have no connection with the spine, simply 'float' in the muscle mass[1]. The femur protrudes from the snake's body and is covered by a corneal spur, which resembles a claw[1]. Males' spurs are generally longer and more pointed than females', and are used for clasping and tickling during courtship and mating[2], as well as combat with other males in some species UBERON:0005161 anal spur Pelvic spurs are the externally visible portion of the vestigial remnants of legs found on each side of the vent in primitive snakes, such as boas and pythons[1]. The remnants of a pelvis and femur, which have no connection with the spine, simply 'float' in the muscle mass[1]. The femur protrudes from the snake's body and is covered by a corneal spur, which resembles a claw[1]. Males' spurs are generally longer and more pointed than females', and are used for clasping and tickling during courtship and mating[2], as well as combat with other males in some species Wikipedia:Pelvic_spur Wikipedia Wikipedia:Anal_spur anal spur multi-cell-component structure A structure consisting of multiple cell components but which is not itself a cell and does not have (complete) cells as a part. AAO:0011000 CARO:0001000 FBbt:00007060 UBERON:0005162 A structure consisting of multiple cell components but which is not itself a cell and does not have (complete) cells as a part. CARO:0001000 ascending limb of loop of Henle . FMA:17717 MA:0001676 SCTID:245434005 TODO: thick/thin check. Also relationship to distal tubule. We need a home for MA:0002634-renal straight tubule UBERON:0005164 ascending limb ascending limb of Henle's loop distal straight tubule loop of henle ascending limb ncithesaurus:Ascending_Limb_of_the_Henle_s_Loop . Wikipedia:Ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle papillary duct BTO:0004540 MA:0001646 SCTID:110623009 The terminal portions of the medullary collecting ducts are the papillary ducts, which end at the renal papilla and empty into a minor calyx. UBERON:0005167 duct of Bellini papillary duct of kidney Encyclopedia:http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/ The terminal portions of the medullary collecting ducts are the papillary ducts, which end at the renal papilla and empty into a minor calyx. SCTID:110623009 papillary duct of kidney interlobular vein EMAPA:28218 FMA:71634 MA:0002594 The venae stellatae join to form the interlobular veins, which pass inward between the rays, receive branches from the plexuses around the convoluted tubules, and, having arrived at the bases of the renal pyramids, join with the venae rectae UBERON:0005168 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png venae interlobulares renis FMA:71634 FMA:TA venae interlobulares renis The venae stellatae join to form the interlobular veins, which pass inward between the rays, receive branches from the plexuses around the convoluted tubules, and, having arrived at the bases of the renal pyramids, join with the venae rectae Wikipedia:Interlobular_veins interstitial tissue FMA:86301 SCTID:85293002 UBERON:0005169 connective tissue between the cellular elements of a structure. interstitium todo - make connective tissue connective tissue between the cellular elements of a structure. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/tissue ovary stratum granulosum FMA:18660 MA:0001460 SCTID:258971005 UBERON:0005170 ZFA:0001112 granulosa cell layer of ovarian follicle membrana granulosa of ovarian follicle stratum granulosum of ovarian follicle FMA:18660 granulosa cell layer of ovarian follicle FMA:18660 stratum granulosum of ovarian follicle FMA FMA:18660 membrana granulosa of ovarian follicle hepatic duct EHDAA2:0000741 EHDAA:3049 EMAPA:16843 EMAPA:18672 MA:0000357 OG:0000219 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWo8WJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245399002 TAO:0001100 TODO - MA distinguishes between bile duct, hepatic duct, common bile duct and common hepatic duct. in FMA hepatic duct and common hepatic duct are the same The hepatic duct is the duct that leads from the liver to the bile duct[GO]. A duct that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine[ZFA]. UBERON:0005171 ZFA:0001100 galen:HepaticDuct ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Duct GO:0061011 The hepatic duct is the duct that leads from the liver to the bile duct[GO]. A duct that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine[ZFA]. abdomen organ An organ that is part of an abdomen [Obol]. MA:0000522 UBERON:0005172 An organ that is part of an abdomen [Obol]. OBOL:automatic abdominal segment organ MA:0000529 UBERON:0005173 back organ An organ that is part of a back [Obol]. MA:0001901 UBERON:0005174 An organ that is part of a back [Obol]. OBOL:automatic chest organ An organ that is part of a chest [Obol]. MA:0000552 UBERON:0005175 An organ that is part of a chest [Obol]. OBOL:automatic tooth enamel organ A cellular aggregation seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. It lies above a condensation of ectomesenchymal cells called the dental papilla. Historically, enamel organ has been the term to describe this structure, but it was attempted unsuccessfully in recent years to change the name to dental organ in order to better represent its multiple functions apart from enamel formation[WP] BTO:0001722 Epithelial cells surrounding the dental papilla and differentiated into three layers: the inner enamel epithelium, consisting of ameloblasts which eventually form the enamel, and the enamel pulp and external enamel epithelium, both of which atrophy and disappear before and upon eruption of the tooth, respectively[MESH]. MA:0001604 MESH:A.14.254.900.720.265 SCTID:362863002 UBERON:0005176 ZFA:0005138 dental organ enamel organ BTO ZFA Epithelial cells surrounding the dental papilla and differentiated into three layers: the inner enamel epithelium, consisting of ameloblasts which eventually form the enamel, and the enamel pulp and external enamel epithelium, both of which atrophy and disappear before and upon eruption of the tooth, respectively[MESH]. MESH:A.14.254.900.720.265 Wikipedia:Enamel_organ ZFA:0005138 dental organ MP:0010747 enamel organ BTO trunk organ An organ that is part of a trunk [Obol]. MA:0000516 UBERON:0005177 An organ that is part of a trunk [Obol]. OBOL:automatic thoracic cavity organ An organ that is part of a thoracic cavity [Obol]. MA:0000557 UBERON:0005178 An organ that is part of a thoracic cavity [Obol]. OBOL:automatic pelvis organ An organ that is part of the pelvic region[Obol]. MA:0000543 UBERON:0005179 An organ that is part of the pelvic region[Obol]. OBOL:automatic lymph organ An organ that is part of a lymph [Obol]. MA:0000747 UBERON:0005180 true An organ that is part of a lymph [Obol]. OBOL:automatic thoracic segment organ MA:0000563 UBERON:0005181 upper body organ MA:0000563 upper body organ hair medulla BTO:0004671 Innermost layer of the hair shaft. MA:0000158 SCTID:318929009 UBERON:0005184 medulla of hair shaft BTO:0004671 medulla of hair shaft Innermost layer of the hair shaft. Wikipedia:Medulla_(hair) renal medulla collecting duct A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a renal medulla [Obol]. MA:0002935 UBERON:0005185 A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a renal medulla [Obol]. OBOL:automatic outer renal medulla collecting duct A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a outer medulla of kidney [Obol]. MA:0002599 UBERON:0005186 A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a outer medulla of kidney [Obol]. OBOL:automatic inner renal medulla collecting duct A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Obol]. MA:0002598 UBERON:0005187 papillary collecting duct MA:0002598 papillary collecting duct A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Obol]. OBOL:automatic caput epididymis UBERON:0004358 UBERON:0005188 true corpus epididymis UBERON:0004359 UBERON:0005189 true cauda epididymis UBERON:0004360 UBERON:0005190 true cervical artery An artery that is part of a uterine cervix [Obol]. MA:0001936 UBERON:0005191 ncithesaurus:Cervical_Artery An artery that is part of a uterine cervix [Obol]. OBOL:automatic deferent duct artery An artery that is part of a vas deferens [Obol]. MA:0001940 UBERON:0005192 An artery that is part of a vas deferens [Obol]. OBOL:automatic ethmoidal artery An artery that is part of a ethmoid [Obol]. MA:0001949 SCTID:244222007 UBERON:0005193 ncithesaurus:Ethmoidal_Artery An artery that is part of a ethmoid [Obol]. OBOL:automatic thoracic vein A vein that is part of a thorax [Obol]. MA:0002235 SCTID:281472008 UBERON:0005194 ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Vein A vein that is part of a thorax [Obol]. OBOL:automatic deferent duct vein A vein that is part of a vas deferens [Obol]. MA:0002100 UBERON:0005195 A vein that is part of a vas deferens [Obol]. OBOL:automatic spleen germinal center A portion of secondary nodular lymphoid tissue that is part of a spleen [Obol]. MA:0000764 UBERON:0005196 A portion of secondary nodular lymphoid tissue that is part of a spleen [Obol]. OBOL:automatic segmental spinal nerve A spinal nerve that is part of a organismal segment [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001822 EHDAA:3778 EMAPA:16990 EMAPA:25149 MA:0000234 OG:0000920 UBERON:0005197 A spinal nerve that is part of a organismal segment [Obol]. OBOL:automatic coat hair bulb UBERON:0005198 true cervical mammary gland MA:0000789 UBERON:0005199 thoracic mammary gland A lactiferous gland that is located in the thoracic region/breast. EHDAA2:0001056 EHDAA:6524 FMA:62088 MA:0000797 Most primates have one pair of mammary glands, which are thoracic. UBERON:0005200 anterior mammary gland breast mammary gland lactiferous gland mammary gland BTO Wikipedia:Mammary_gland#Other_mammals anterior mammary gland FMA:62088 lactiferous gland A lactiferous gland that is located in the thoracic region/breast. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Mammary_gland#Other_mammals FMA:62088 mammary gland cervical trunk A trunk that is part of a uterine cervix [Obol]. MA:0001937 UBERON:0005201 A trunk that is part of a uterine cervix [Obol]. OBOL:automatic distal straight tubule macula densa A macula densa that is part of an ascending limb of loop of Henle [Obol]. EMAPA:28399 MA:0002604 UBERON:0005202 todo - unify terminology - check DST = TAL? Note EMAPA class appears to refer to this segment A macula densa that is part of an ascending limb of loop of Henle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic MA MA trachea gland A gland that is part of a submucosa of trachea [Obol]. FMA:7473 MA:0002937 SCTID:197423006 UBERON:0005203 glandula trachealis tubular seromucous gland of trachea FMA:7473 glandula trachealis A gland that is part of a submucosa of trachea [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:7473 tubular seromucous gland of trachea larynx submucosa gland A gland that is part of a larynx submucosa [Obol]. MA:0002729 UBERON:0005204 A gland that is part of a larynx submucosa [Obol]. OBOL:automatic vagina stroma A stroma that is part of a vagina [Obol]. MA:0002737 UBERON:0005205 A stroma that is part of a vagina [Obol]. OBOL:automatic choroid plexus stroma A stroma that is part of a choroid plexus [Obol]. MA:0000825 UBERON:0005206 A stroma that is part of a choroid plexus [Obol]. OBOL:automatic tonsil capsule A capsule that is part of a tonsil [Obol]. MA:0000776 UBERON:0005207 A capsule that is part of a tonsil [Obol]. OBOL:automatic right atrium valve A valve that is part of a right atrium [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000302 EMAPA:17327 MA:0001871 UBERON:0005208 A valve that is part of a right atrium [Obol]. OBOL:automatic renal medulla interstitium A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a renal medulla [Obol]. MA:0002619 UBERON:0005211 A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a renal medulla [Obol]. OBOL:automatic testis interstitial tissue A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a testis [Obol]. MA:0002713 SCTID:362280005 UBERON:0005212 A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a testis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic outer renal medulla interstitium A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a outer medulla of kidney [Obol]. MA:0002621 UBERON:0005213 A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a outer medulla of kidney [Obol]. OBOL:automatic inner renal medulla interstitium A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Obol]. MA:0002620 UBERON:0005214 A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Obol]. OBOL:automatic kidney interstitium A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a kidney [Obol]. MA:0002616 UBERON:0005215 A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a kidney [Obol]. OBOL:automatic optic eminence surface ectoderm An external ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001311 EMAPA:16539 OG:0000520 UBERON:0005216 An external ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Obol]. OBOL:automatic midbrain subarachnoid space A subarachnoid space that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. EMAPA:19055 OG:0001304 UBERON:0005217 A subarachnoid space that is part of a midbrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic diencephalon subarachnoid space A subarachnoid space that is part of a diencephalon [Obol]. EMAPA:19053 EMAPA:25079 OG:0001302 UBERON:0005218 A subarachnoid space that is part of a diencephalon [Obol]. OBOL:automatic hindbrain subarachnoid space A subarachnoid space that is part of a hindbrain [Obol]. EMAPA:18211 OG:0001303 UBERON:0005219 A subarachnoid space that is part of a hindbrain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic pancreas head parenchyma A parenchyma that is part of a head of pancreas [Obol]. OG:0000838 UBERON:0005220 A parenchyma that is part of a head of pancreas [Obol]. OBOL:automatic liver right lobe parenchyma A parenchyma that is part of a right lobe of liver [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001010 EMAPA:18317 FMA:71657 OG:0000840 UBERON:0005221 parenchyma of right lobe of liver A parenchyma that is part of a right lobe of liver [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71657 parenchyma of right lobe of liver liver left lobe parenchyma A parenchyma that is part of a left lobe of liver [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001002 EMAPA:18310 FMA:71658 OG:0000839 UBERON:0005222 parenchyma of left lobe of liver A parenchyma that is part of a left lobe of liver [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71658 parenchyma of left lobe of liver pancreas body parenchyma A parenchyma that is part of a body of pancreas [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001370 OG:0000837 UBERON:0005223 A parenchyma that is part of a body of pancreas [Obol]. OBOL:automatic pancreas tail parenchyma A parenchyma that is part of a tail of pancreas [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001392 OG:0000469 UBERON:0005224 A parenchyma that is part of a tail of pancreas [Obol]. OBOL:automatic upper leg epithelium An epithelium that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002131 EMAPA:17500 OG:0001041 UBERON:0005225 An epithelium that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Obol]. OBOL:automatic foot digit epithelium An epithelium that is part of a toe [Obol]. OG:0001031 UBERON:0005226 An epithelium that is part of a toe [Obol]. OBOL:automatic hand digit epithelium An epithelium that is part of a finger [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000406 OG:0001032 UBERON:0005227 An epithelium that is part of a finger [Obol]. OBOL:automatic upper arm epithelium An epithelium that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002113 EMAPA:17425 OG:0000990 UBERON:0005228 An epithelium that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Obol]. OBOL:automatic lower leg epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lower leg [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001031 EMAPA:17497 OG:0001050 UBERON:0005229 An epithelium that is part of a lower leg [Obol]. OBOL:automatic fundus epithelium UBERON:0005230 obsoleted due to confusion between ocular fundus and other types of fundus true medial-nasal process ectoderm An ectoderm that is part of a medial nasal prominence [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001078 EMAPA:16809 OG:0000803 UBERON:0005233 EHDAA2 An ectoderm that is part of a medial nasal prominence [Obol]. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 optic eminence ectoderm An ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001309 EHDAA:940 EMAPA:16323 OG:0001105 UBERON:0005234 An ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Obol]. OBOL:automatic osseus labyrinth vestibule A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. AAO:0000984 BTO:0003382 EV:0100366 FMA:60183 GAID:881 MA:0001185 MESH:A.09.246.631.909 OG:0001220 SCTID:181188003 UBERON:0005236 XAO:0000199 bony labyrinth vestibule inner ear vestibule inner ear vestibulum ncithesaurus:Vestibule osseous labyrinth vestibule vestibular apparatus vestibule vestibule of bony labyrinth Obol:automatic osseous labyrinth vestibule FMA:60183 vestibule of bony labyrinth BTO:0003382 inner ear vestibulum GAID:881 vestibular apparatus XAO:0000199 vestibule BTO:0003382 inner ear vestibule A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. BTO:0003382 Wikipedia:Vestibule_of_the_ear tensor tympani muscle A muscle organ that is part of a tensor tympani [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002002 EMAPA:18587 MESH:A.02.633.567.975 OG:0000698 SCTID:244779001 UBERON:0005238 A muscle organ that is part of a tensor tympani [Obol]. OBOL:automatic basal plate metencephalon EHDAA2:0001154 EMAPA:17078 OG:0000320 UBERON:0005239 basal plate medulla oblongata EHDAA2:0001093 EMAPA:17557 OG:0000324 UBERON:0005240 apical ectodermal ridge forelimb A forelimb that is part of an apical ectodermal ridge [Obol]. OG:0001064 UBERON:0005241 true A forelimb that is part of an apical ectodermal ridge [Obol]. OBOL:automatic apical ectodermal ridge hindlimb A hindlimb that is part of an apical ectodermal ridge [Obol]. OG:0001066 UBERON:0005242 true A hindlimb that is part of an apical ectodermal ridge [Obol]. OBOL:automatic interventricular septum endocardium An endocardium that is part of a interventricular septum [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000886 EHDAA2:0000887 FMA:83584 OG:0000615 UBERON:0005243 endocardium of interventricular septum todo - split? An endocardium that is part of a interventricular septum [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:83584 endocardium of interventricular septum lobar bronchus of right lung cranial lobe A lobar bronchus that is part of a upper lobe of right lung [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001752 OG:0000240 UBERON:0005244 A lobar bronchus that is part of a upper lobe of right lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic lobar bronchus of the right lung caudal lobe A lobar bronchus that is part of a lower lobe of right lung [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001744 OG:0000250 UBERON:0005245 A lobar bronchus that is part of a lower lobe of right lung [Obol]. OBOL:automatic bulbus cordis myocardium A myocardium that is part of a bulbus cordis [Obol]. OG:0000609 UBERON:0005248 A myocardium that is part of a bulbus cordis [Obol]. OBOL:automatic metanephros pelvis A pelvis that is part of a metanephros [Obol]. OG:0000945 UBERON:0005249 A pelvis that is part of a metanephros [Obol]. OBOL:automatic stomatodeum gland OG:0000658 UBERON:0005250 yolk sac cavity An anatomical cavity that is part of a yolk sac [Obol]. EMAPA:16055 FMA:63942 OG:0000843 UBERON:0005251 cavity of yolk sac FMA:63942 cavity of yolk sac An anatomical cavity that is part of a yolk sac [Obol]. OBOL:automatic omental bursa cavity An anatomical cavity that is part of a lesser sac [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001298 EHDAA2:0004558 EMAPA:18458 EMAPA:18461 FMA:9702 OG:0000827 UBERON:0005252 cavity of lesser sac cavity of omental bursa cavity of omental bursa viewed anatomically lesser peritoneal sac lesser sac cavity note EHDAA2 FMA:9702 lesser peritoneal sac FMA:9702 cavity of omental bursa viewed anatomically FMA:9702 cavity of omental bursa FMA:9702 cavity of lesser sac An anatomical cavity that is part of a lesser sac [Obol]. OBOL:automatic FMA:9702 lesser sac cavity head mesenchyme EFO:0003492 EHDAA2:0000732 EHDAA:179 EMAPA:16098 OG:0000332 Portion of primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing head, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to head connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with cranial neural crest cells. UBERON:0005253 ZFA:0000113 cephalic mesencyme ZFA ISBN:0683400088 MP:0011260 Portion of primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing head, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to head connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with cranial neural crest cells. MP:0011260 cephalic mesencyme upper leg mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002132 EMAPA:17501 OG:0000506 UBERON:0005254 A mesenchyme that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Obol]. OBOL:automatic foot digit mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a toe [Obol]. OG:0000463 UBERON:0005255 A mesenchyme that is part of a toe [Obol]. OBOL:automatic trunk mesenchyme EFO:0003485 EHDAA2:0002092 EHDAA:377 EMAPA:16177 OG:0000281 UBERON:0005256 ZFA:0000081 hand digit mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a finger [Obol]. EHDAA2:0000407 OG:0001416 UBERON:0005257 A mesenchyme that is part of a finger [Obol]. OBOL:automatic upper arm mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Obol]. EHDAA2:0002114 EMAPA:17426 OG:0000505 UBERON:0005258 A mesenchyme that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Obol]. OBOL:automatic lower leg mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a lower leg [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001032 EMAPA:17498 OG:0000752 UBERON:0005259 A mesenchyme that is part of a lower leg [Obol]. OBOL:automatic foot plate mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a foot plate [Obol]. OG:0001055 UBERON:0005260 A mesenchyme that is part of a foot plate [Obol]. OBOL:automatic atrium cardiac jelly A cardiac jelly that is part of an atrium [Obol]. EMAPA:16690 EMAPA:16814 EMAPA:16821 OG:0000941 UBERON:0005261 A cardiac jelly that is part of an atrium [Obol]. OBOL:automatic ventricle cardiac jelly A cardiac jelly that is part of a ventricle [Obol]. OG:0000943 UBERON:0005262 A cardiac jelly that is part of a ventricle [Obol]. OBOL:automatic outflow tract cardiac jelly A cardiac jelly that is part of a outflow tract [Obol]. EHDAA2:0001354 EMAPA:16230 EMAPA:16347 OG:0000940 UBERON:0005263 A cardiac jelly that is part of a outflow tract [Obol]. OBOL:automatic midbrain neural fold OG:0000793 UBERON:0005264 true hindbrain neural fold OG:0001211 UBERON:0005265 true spinal cord neural fold OG:0000628 UBERON:0005266 true renal cortex collecting duct A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a cortex of kidney [Obol]. MA:0002600 UBERON:0005267 A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a cortex of kidney [Obol]. OBOL:automatic renal cortex artery An artery that is part of a cortex of kidney [Obol]. EMAPA:28035 MA:0002582 UBERON:0005268 renal cortex arterial system MA:0002582 renal cortex arterial system An artery that is part of a cortex of kidney [Obol]. OBOL:automatic renal cortex vein A vein that is part of a cortex of kidney [Obol]. EMAPA:28152 MA:0002592 UBERON:0005269 renal cortex venous system A vein that is part of a cortex of kidney [Obol]. OBOL:automatic MA:0002592 renal cortex venous system renal cortex interstitium A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a cortex of kidney [Obol]. EMAPA:28136 MA:0002608 UBERON:0005270 A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a cortex of kidney [Obol]. OBOL:automatic juxtamedullary cortex FMA:74288 KUPO:0001008 MA:0001648 UBERON:0005271 inner cortex of kidney inner renal cortex juxtamedullary cortex of kidney the part of the renal cortex nearest to the medulla. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/juxtamedullary+cortex the part of the renal cortex nearest to the medulla. FMA:74288 juxtamedullary cortex of kidney FMA:74288 inner cortex of kidney KUPO:0001008 inner renal cortex FMA KUPO peritubular capillary In the renal system, peritubular capillaries are tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron. Ions and minerals that need to be saved in the body are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries through active transport, secondary active transport, or transcytosis. The ions that need to be excreted as waste are secreted from the capillaries into the nephron to be sent towards the bladder and out of the body. The majority of exchange through the peritubular capillaries occurs because of chemical gradients, osmosis and Na+ pumps[WP]. MA:0002588 UBERON:0005272 In the renal system, peritubular capillaries are tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron. Ions and minerals that need to be saved in the body are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries through active transport, secondary active transport, or transcytosis. The ions that need to be excreted as waste are secreted from the capillaries into the nephron to be sent towards the bladder and out of the body. The majority of exchange through the peritubular capillaries occurs because of chemical gradients, osmosis and Na+ pumps[WP]. Wikipedia:Peritubular_capillaries Wikipedia nail bed EV:0100158 MA:0002706 OG:0001362 Region of skin beneath the nail plate[WP]. SCTID:181578005 UBERON:0005273 MA Region of skin beneath the nail plate[WP]. UBERON:gvg proximal nail bed MA:0002709 UBERON:0005274 dorsal skin of digit UBERON:0005275 dorsal digit skin skin of dorsal part of digit dorsal skin of finger FMA:38320 FMA:60346 UBERON:0005276 dorsal finger skin skin of dorsal part of finger subdivision of skin of dorsal part of finger this class is explicitly the union of the two FMA classes FMA:38320 skin of dorsal part of finger FMA:60346 subdivision of skin of dorsal part of finger dorsal skin of toe FMA:37868 FMA:60523 UBERON:0005277 dorsal toe skin skin of dorsal part of toe subdivision of skin of dorsal part of toe this class is explicitly the union of the two FMA classes FMA:37868 skin of dorsal part of toe FMA:60523 subdivision of skin of dorsal part of toe nail bed of finger FMA:60348 SCTID:244199003 UBERON:0005278 nail bed of toe FMA:60529 SCTID:244200000 UBERON:0005279 head mesoderm AAO:0011051 EFO:0003337 UBERON:0005280 XAO:0000053 cranial mesoderm ventricular system of central nervous system EFO:0003650 EV:0100306 FMA:242675 TAO:0001261 UBERON:0005281 ZFA:0001261 a set of structures containing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray734.png/200px-Gray734.png ventricular system ventricular system of neuraxis ZFA:0001261 ventricular system Wikipedia:Ventricular_system a set of structures containing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. FMA:242675 ventricular system of neuraxis ventricular system of brain EV:0100306 FMA:242787 OG:0000005 UBERON:0005282 brain ventricular system OG:0000005 brain ventricular system tela choroidea EHDAA2:0000250 EHDAA:7567 EMAPA:17548 FMA:242849 Portion of tissue that is part of the primitive meninx which forms a fold, roofing a ventricle of the brain and supporting the choroid plexus. TAO:0000447 TODO check relationship to choroid plexus - MP implies it is part of, as does WP. ZF def implies adjacency UBERON:0005283 ZFA:0000447 tela chorioidea ISBN:0030223695 ISBN:0683014617 Portion of tissue that is part of the primitive meninx which forms a fold, roofing a ventricle of the brain and supporting the choroid plexus. Wikipedia:Tela_chorioidea ZFA:0000447 FMA:242849 tela chorioidea FMA brain vasculature A vasculature that is part of a brain [Obol]. EFO:0003491 FMA:242007 TAO:0000099 UBERON:0005284 ZFA:0000099 vasculature of brain FMA:242007 vasculature of brain A vasculature that is part of a brain [Obol]. OBOL:automatic tela choroidea of tectal ventricle Tela choroidea that lines the tectal ventricle. UBERON:0005286 ZFA:0005157 tela chorioidea tectal ventricle tela choroidea of cerebral aqueduct tela choroidea tectal ventricle OBOL:automatic tela choroidea of cerebral aqueduct ZFA:0005157 tela chorioidea tectal ventricle Tela choroidea that lines the tectal ventricle. ZFIN:curator ZFA:0005157 tela choroidea tectal ventricle tela choroidea of fourth ventricle FMA:78493 SCTID:362321009 Tela chorioidea that lines the fourth ventricle[ZFA]. The tela chorioidea of the fourth ventricle is the name applied to the triangular fold of pia mater which is carried upward between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata. It consists of two layers, which are continuous with each other in front, and are more or less adherent throughout: The posterior layer covers the antero-inferior surface of the cerebellum. The anterior layer is applied to the structures which form the lower part of the roof of the ventricle, and is continuous inferiorly with the pia mater on the inferior peduncles and closed part of the medulla[WP]. UBERON:0005287 ZFA:0005158 ZFIN:ZDB-ANAT-090922-200 choroid membrane choroid membrane of fourth ventricle tela chorioidea fourth ventricle tela choroidea tela choroidea fourth ventricle tela choroidea of fourth ventricle tela choroidea ventriculi quarti FMA:78493 choroid membrane of fourth ventricle FMA:78493 FMA:TA tela choroidea Tela chorioidea that lines the fourth ventricle[ZFA]. The tela chorioidea of the fourth ventricle is the name applied to the triangular fold of pia mater which is carried upward between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata. It consists of two layers, which are continuous with each other in front, and are more or less adherent throughout: The posterior layer covers the antero-inferior surface of the cerebellum. The anterior layer is applied to the structures which form the lower part of the roof of the ventricle, and is continuous inferiorly with the pia mater on the inferior peduncles and closed part of the medulla[WP]. Wikipedia:Tela_chorioidea_of_fourth_ventricle ZFIN:curator FMA:78493 choroid membrane FMA:78493 FMA:TA tela choroidea ventriculi quarti tela choroidea of third ventricle FMA:78463 SCTID:362320005 Tela chorioidea that lines the third ventricle[ZFA]. The part of the choroid plexus in relation to the body of the ventricle forms the vascular fringed margin of a triangular process of pia mater, named the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle, and projects from under cover of the lateral edge of the fornix. Blood is supplied by branches from the superior cerebellar artery[WP]. UBERON:0005288 ZFA:0005159 choroid membrane of third ventricle tela chorioidea of third ventricle tela chorioidea third ventricle tela choroidea third ventricle tela choroidea ventriculi tertii Tela chorioidea that lines the third ventricle[ZFA]. The part of the choroid plexus in relation to the body of the ventricle forms the vascular fringed margin of a triangular process of pia mater, named the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle, and projects from under cover of the lateral edge of the fornix. Blood is supplied by branches from the superior cerebellar artery[WP]. Wikipedia:Tela_chorioidea_of_third_ventricle ZFIN:curator FMA:78463 choroid membrane of third ventricle FMA:78463 FMA:TA tela choroidea ventriculi tertii ZFA:0005159 tela chorioidea third ventricle tela choroidea of telencephalic ventricle FMA:83712 SCTID:362319004 Tela chorioidea that lines the telencephalic ventricle. UBERON:0005289 ZFA:0005160 ZFIN:ZDB-ANAT-090922-202 tela chorioidea of lateral ventricle tela chorioidea of telencephalic ventricle tela chorioidea telencephalic ventricle tela choroidea of lateral ventricle tela choroidea telencephalic ventricle Tela chorioidea that lines the telencephalic ventricle. ZFIN:curator ZFA:0005160 tela chorioidea telencephalic ventricle myelencephalon BTO:0000758 EHDAA2:0001207 EHDAA:5526 EMAPA:17082 MA:0000205 OG:0000456 The posterior part of the developing vertebrate hindbrain or the corresponding part of the adult brain composed of the medulla oblongata and a portion of the fourth ventricle; as well as the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).[BTO,WP]. UBERON:0005290 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/200px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png the terms metencephalon and myelencephalon are only meaningful in mammals and birds - Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain. Note that its not clear if this refers to the developing medulla oblongata - MA (adult) has two distinct classes BTO:0000758 The posterior part of the developing vertebrate hindbrain or the corresponding part of the adult brain composed of the medulla oblongata and a portion of the fourth ventricle; as well as the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).[BTO,WP]. Wikipedia:Myelencephalon embryonic tissue A portion of tissue that is part of an embryo. UBERON:0005291 developing tissue portion of embryonic tissue A portion of tissue that is part of an embryo. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic portion of embryonic tissue extraembryonic tissue BTO:0003360 EFO:0001406 MAT:0000061 MIAA:0000061 Portion of tissue that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo. UBERON:0005292 extra-embryonic tissue Portion of tissue that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo. UBERON:cjm cerebellum lobe FMA:242392 MA:0002963 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1076 SCTID:263971006 UBERON:0005293 cerebellar lobe lobe of cerebellum lobe parts of the cerebellar cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1076 lobe parts of the cerebellar cortex FMA:242392 lobe of cerebellum FMA:242392 cerebellar lobe genital ridge AAO:0011047 EHDAA2:0004044 SCTID:361399001 TODO - check developmental relationships. merge with urogenital ridge? The precursor to the gonads. UBERON:0005294 XAO:0000018 gonadal ridge http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray1106.png/200px-Gray1106.png ncithesaurus:Gonadal_Ridge The precursor to the gonads. Wikipedia:Gonadal_ridge Wikipedia:Gonadal_ridge gonadal ridge sex cord Cordlike masses of epithelial tissue that invaginate from germinal epithelium of the gonad and give rise to seminiferous tubules and rete testes in the male, and primary ovarian follicles and rete ovarii in the female. EHDAA2:0001523 EHDAA2:0004051 UBERON:0005295 primitive sex cord Cordlike masses of epithelial tissue that invaginate from germinal epithelium of the gonad and give rise to seminiferous tubules and rete testes in the male, and primary ovarian follicles and rete ovarii in the female. Wikipedia:Sex_cords http://www.answers.com/topic/sex-cord ovary sex cord EHDAA2:0001363 EHDAA:8130 TODO check secondary vs cortical vs ovary UBERON:0005296 cortical cord cortical sex cord ncithesaurus:Cortical_Cord ovary primitive sex cord secondary cord structures that develop from sex cords in the female. After further development they become the ovarian follicles. Wikipedia:Cortical_cords structures that develop from sex cords in the female. After further development they become the ovarian follicles. testis sex cord EHDAA2:0002011 EHDAA:8152 EMAPA:29098 OG:0001321 The testis cords are precursors to the rete testis. They play several different roles in the development of the male genitals[WP]. UBERON:0005297 check primary vs testis primary sex cord testis cord testis primitive sex cord MP:0006424 testis cord The testis cords are precursors to the rete testis. They play several different roles in the development of the male genitals[WP]. Wikipedia:Testis_cords skin of clitoris A zone of skin that is part of a clitoris [Obol]. FMA:20168 SCTID:361374002 UBERON:0005298 clitoris skin A zone of skin that is part of a clitoris [Obol]. OBOL:automatic prepuce of clitoris EMAPA:30699 FMA:20169 In female human anatomy, the clitoral hood, is a fold of skin that surrounds and protects the clitoral glans. It develops as part of the labia minora and is homologous with the foreskin (equally called prepuce) in male genitals. Note FMA has FMA:27886 skin of prepuce of clitoris- how is this different? SCTID:362242009 UBERON:0005299 clitoral hood clitoral prepuce clitoris prepuce http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Clitoris_outer_anatomy.gif/200px-Clitoris_outer_anatomy.gif ncithesaurus:Female_Prepuce prepuce of female prepuce of the clitoris preputium clitoridis Wikipedia:Clitoral_hood clitoral hood Wikipedia:Clitoral_hood preputium clitoridis In female human anatomy, the clitoral hood, is a fold of skin that surrounds and protects the clitoral glans. It develops as part of the labia minora and is homologous with the foreskin (equally called prepuce) in male genitals. Wikipedia:Clitoral_hood EMAPA:30699 prepuce of female reproductive gland UBERON:0003937 UBERON:0005300 true male preputial gland BTO:0001111 EMAPA:30502 EMAPA:30640 EMAPA:30659 FMA:19653 MA:0000403 One of the sebaceous glands of the corona and neck of the glans penis. UBERON:0005301 gland of Tyson ncithesaurus:Preputial_Gland preputial gland preputial gland of male preputial gland of penis BTO:0001111 EMAPA:30640 preputial gland MP:0002717 One of the sebaceous glands of the corona and neck of the glans penis. FMA:19653 preputial gland of penis BTO:0001111 gland of Tyson female preputial gland A preputial gland that is part of a female organism [Obol]. BTO:0003119 EMAPA:30499 EMAPA:30711 MA:0001702 MA:0001703 TODO: check MA terms UBERON:0005302 clitoral gland ncithesaurus:Clitoral_Gland preputial gland of female EMAPA:30499 preputial gland of female A preputial gland that is part of a female organism [Obol]. OBOL:automatic MA:0001702 clitoral gland hypogastric nerve EMAPA:18225 FMA:77596 MA:0001140 MESH:A.08.800.050.050.400 SCTID:181061006 UBERON:0005303 check plexus vs nerve. WP indicates it is a 'transition' http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gray847.png/200px-Gray847.png hypogastric nerve plexus hypogastric plexus ncithesaurus:Hypogastric_Nerve_Plexus the transition between the superior hypogastric plexus and the inferior hypogastric plexus. EMAPA:18225 hypogastric plexus Wikipedia:Hypogastric_nerve the transition between the superior hypogastric plexus and the inferior hypogastric plexus. MA:0001140 hypogastric nerve plexus submucous nerve plexus FMA:21542 GAID:801 Henle's plexus MA:0001149 MESH:A.08.800.050.050.850 Meissner's plexus The nerves of the small intestines are derived from the plexuses of parasympathetic nerves around the superior mesenteric artery. From this source they run to the myenteric plexus of nerves and ganglia situated between the circular muscular fibers and the mucosal cells. From this a secondary plexus, the plexus of the submucosa (Meissner's plexus, Submucous plexus, submucosal plexus) is derived, and it is formed by branches that have perforated the circular muscular fibers. This plexus lies in the submucous coat of the intestine; it also contains ganglia from which nerve fibers pass to the muscularis mucosae and to the mucous membrane. The nerve bundles of the submucous plexus are finer than those of the myenteric plexus. Its function is to innervate cells in the epithelial layer and the smooth muscle of the[WP]. UBERON:0005304 check myenteric vs submucosal meissner's plexus ncithesaurus:Submucous_Nerve_Plexus submucosal nerve plexus MA:0001149 Meissner's plexus FMA:21542 Wikipedia:Meissner's_plexus submucosal nerve plexus The nerves of the small intestines are derived from the plexuses of parasympathetic nerves around the superior mesenteric artery. From this source they run to the myenteric plexus of nerves and ganglia situated between the circular muscular fibers and the mucosal cells. From this a secondary plexus, the plexus of the submucosa (Meissner's plexus, Submucous plexus, submucosal plexus) is derived, and it is formed by branches that have perforated the circular muscular fibers. This plexus lies in the submucous coat of the intestine; it also contains ganglia from which nerve fibers pass to the muscularis mucosae and to the mucous membrane. The nerve bundles of the submucous plexus are finer than those of the myenteric plexus. Its function is to innervate cells in the epithelial layer and the smooth muscle of the[WP]. Wikipedia:Meissner's_plexus thyroid follicle BTO:0004708 Discrete, cystlike units of the thyroid gland that are lined with cuboidal epithelium and are filled with a colloid substance, about 30 to each lobule[BTO]. FMA:68805 MA:0000726 SCTID:176685006 TAO:0001072 UBERON:0005305 ZFA:0001072 ncithesaurus:Thyroid_Gland_Follicle thyroid gland follicle BTO:0004708 Discrete, cystlike units of the thyroid gland that are lined with cuboidal epithelium and are filled with a colloid substance, about 30 to each lobule[BTO]. blastema A blastema is a mass of cells capable of growth and regeneration into organs or body parts. Historically blastema have been thought to be composed of undifferentiated pluripotent cells, but recent research indicates that in some organisms blastema may retain memory of tissue origin.[1] Blastemata are typically found in the early stages of an organism's development such as in embryos, and in the regeneration of tissues, organs and bone[WP]. A regenerating tissue composed of a proliferative mass of undifferentiated progenitor cells from which new differentiated structures arise[ZFA]. BTO:0001638 EFO:0003658 TAO:0001270 UBERON:0005306 XAO:0004060 ZFA:0001270 regeneration blastema ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061108-12 regeneration blastema A blastema is a mass of cells capable of growth and regeneration into organs or body parts. Historically blastema have been thought to be composed of undifferentiated pluripotent cells, but recent research indicates that in some organisms blastema may retain memory of tissue origin.[1] Blastemata are typically found in the early stages of an organism's development such as in embryos, and in the regeneration of tissues, organs and bone[WP]. A regenerating tissue composed of a proliferative mass of undifferentiated progenitor cells from which new differentiated structures arise[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Blastema ZFA:0001270 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061108-12 chorion-containing eggshell An eggshell that contains chorion. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. UBERON:0005307 An eggshell that contains chorion. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0007304 nephrostome AAO:0011069 The nephrostome is the opening of the pronephros into the body cavity[GO]. UBERON:0005308 XAO:0000062 GO:0039018 The nephrostome is the opening of the pronephros into the body cavity[GO]. pronephric nephron A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros[GO]. AAO:0011091 UBERON:0005309 XAO:0000285 A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros[GO]. GO:0039019 pronephric nephron tubule The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct[GO]. UBERON:0005310 XAO:0004105 ZFA:0001558 pronephric tubule GO:0039020 The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct[GO]. ZFA:0001558 pronephric tubule ISBN10:0073040584 GO mammary placode TODO develops_from The mammary placode is a transient lens shaped structure that will give rise to the mammary bud proper[GO]. UBERON:0005311 GO:0060596 The mammary placode is a transient lens shaped structure that will give rise to the mammary bud proper[GO]. GO Stedmans primary ureteric bud .[GO]. UBERON:0005312 .[GO]. GO:0060682 mammary duct terminal end bud .[GO]. UBERON:0005313 .[GO]. GO:0060763 alveolar primary septum A primary alveolar septum is a specialized epithelium that surrounds the saccule as it forms[GO]. TODO - check UBERON:0004893 interalveolar septum UBERON:0005314 A primary alveolar septum is a specialized epithelium that surrounds the saccule as it forms[GO]. GO:0061143 alveolar secondary septum A secondary alveolar septum is a specialized epithelium that subdivides the initial saccule[GO]. TODO - check UBERON:0004893 interalveolar septum UBERON:0005315 A secondary alveolar septum is a specialized epithelium that subdivides the initial saccule[GO]. GO:0061144 endocardial endothelium FMA:83596 The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers[GO]. UBERON:0005316 endocardium endothelium FMA:83596 endocardium endothelium FMA GO:0061147 The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers[GO]. FMA pulmonary artery endothelium An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery[GO]. BTO:0000137 UBERON:0005317 pulmonary artery endothelial tube GO:0061155 pulmonary artery endothelial tube An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery[GO]. GO:0061155 mesonephric collecting duct AAO:0010390 The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder[GO]. UBERON:0005319 XAO:0000151 GO:0061211 The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder[GO]. mesonephric juxtaglomerular apparatus The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate[GO]. UBERON:0005320 GO:0061212 The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate[GO]. mesonephric smooth muscle tissue .[GO]. UBERON:0005321 .[GO]. GO:0061214 mesonephric nephron A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney[GO]. AAO:0010387 TODO UBERON:0005322 XAO:0000292 ZFA:0005592 stage IV nephron XAO ZFA:0005592 stage IV nephron A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney[GO]. GO:0061215 mesonephric mesenchyme AAO:0011062 EHDAA2:0001132 EMAPA:27585 EMAPA:27661 Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros[GO]. UBERON:0005323 XAO:0000291 GO:0061219 Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros[GO]. mesonephric macula densa The mesonephric macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule of the mesonephros that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO]. UBERON:0005324 GO:0061220 The mesonephric macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule of the mesonephros that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO]. mesonephric glomerulus AAO:0010388 EMAPA:30568 EMAPA:30580 OG:0001238 The mesonephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the mature vertebrate kidney, or mesonephros[GO]. UBERON:0005325 glomerulus GO:0061224 The mesonephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the mature vertebrate kidney, or mesonephros[GO]. AAO:0010388 glomerulus mesonephric glomerulus vasculature The mesonephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the mesonephric glomerulus[GO]. UBERON:0005326 GO:0061231 The mesonephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the mesonephric glomerulus[GO]. mesonephric glomerular epithelium A mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros[GO]. UBERON:0005327 A mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros[GO]. GO:0061232 mesonephric comma-shaped body The mesonephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the mesonephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO]. UBERON:0005328 GO:0061236 The mesonephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the mesonephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO]. mesonephric nephron tubule A mesonephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephric nephron, the functional part of the mesonephros[GO]. UBERON:0005329 mesonephric renal tubule A mesonephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephric nephron, the functional part of the mesonephros[GO]. GO:0061240 UBERON:cjm mesonephric renal tubule mesonephric nephron epithelium The mesonephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO]. UBERON:0005330 GO:0061241 The mesonephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO]. mesonephric renal vesicle The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the mesonephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells[GO]. UBERON:0005331 GO:0061243 The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the mesonephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells[GO]. mesonephric S-shaped body The mesonephric S-shaped body is the successor of the mesonephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO]. UBERON:0005332 GO:0061244 The mesonephric S-shaped body is the successor of the mesonephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO]. mammary bud Mammary gland buds form by an outpocketing of the mammary placodes and grow to invade the mammary fat, when they form the mammary cord[GO]. produced along the length of the embryonic mammary ridge these buds represent the future locations of the mammary glands. Invagination of ectoderm at each bud leads to the development of epithelial diverticula, later maturing as lactiferous ducts[TFD]. UBERON:0004181 UBERON:0005333 mammary gland bud milk bud GO:0060648 mammary gland bud GO:0060648 Mammary gland buds form by an outpocketing of the mammary placodes and grow to invade the mammary fat, when they form the mammary cord[GO]. produced along the length of the embryonic mammary ridge these buds represent the future locations of the mammary glands. Invagination of ectoderm at each bud leads to the development of epithelial diverticula, later maturing as lactiferous ducts[TFD]. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mammary+bud PMID:20484386 oral lamina propria EMAPA:26947 UBERON:0005334 lamina propria of oral mucosa chorioallantoic membrane BTO:0000251 The chorioallantoic membrane ( also called the chorioallantois or abbreviated to CAM ) is a vascular membrane found in eggs of some amniotes, such as birds and reptiles. It is formed by the fusion of the mesodermal layers of two developmental structures: the allantois and the chorion. Three different layers compose the chorioallantoic membrane; these are called the chorionic epithelium, the mesenchyme and the allantoic epithelium. Blood capillaries and sinuses are found between epithelial cells of the chorionic layer, allowing close contact (within 0.2 N<m) with air found in pores of the shell membrane of the egg. As a result, the chorioallantoic membrane allows exchange of gases, such as oxygen, to developing embryos. During embryonic development of birds, the chorioallantoic membrane also plays an essential role in bone formation by transporting calcium into the embryo from the eggshell. Chorioalloantoic membranes from developing chicken eggs are routinely used in biological and biomedical research to investigate development, angiogenesis, tumors, and to propagate and investigate viruses or helminths. UBERON:0005335 chorioallantois http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Smallpox_CAM.png/200px-Smallpox_CAM.png ncithesaurus:Chorioallantoic_Membrane respiratory membrane The chorioallantoic membrane ( also called the chorioallantois or abbreviated to CAM ) is a vascular membrane found in eggs of some amniotes, such as birds and reptiles. It is formed by the fusion of the mesodermal layers of two developmental structures: the allantois and the chorion. Three different layers compose the chorioallantoic membrane; these are called the chorionic epithelium, the mesenchyme and the allantoic epithelium. Blood capillaries and sinuses are found between epithelial cells of the chorionic layer, allowing close contact (within 0.2 N<m) with air found in pores of the shell membrane of the egg. As a result, the chorioallantoic membrane allows exchange of gases, such as oxygen, to developing embryos. During embryonic development of birds, the chorioallantoic membrane also plays an essential role in bone formation by transporting calcium into the embryo from the eggshell. Chorioalloantoic membranes from developing chicken eggs are routinely used in biological and biomedical research to investigate development, angiogenesis, tumors, and to propagate and investigate viruses or helminths. Wikipedia:Chorioallantoic_membrane BTO:0000251 chorioallantois capillary lamina of choroid FMA:58437 The capillary lamina of choroid or choriocapillaris is a layer of capillaries that is immediately adjacent to Bruch's membrane in the choroid. UBERON:0005336 capillary layer of choroid choriocapillaris inner layer of choroid proper lamina choriocapillaris The capillary lamina of choroid or choriocapillaris is a layer of capillaries that is immediately adjacent to Bruch's membrane in the choroid. Wikipedia:Capillary_lamina_of_choroid FMA:58437 capillary layer of choroid FMA:58437 inner layer of choroid proper outflow tract of ventricle A ventricular outflow tract is a portion of either the left ventricle or right ventricle of the heart through which blood passes in order to enter the great arteries. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is an infundibular extension of the ventricular cavity which connects to the pulmonary artery. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), which connects to the aorta, is nearly indistinguishable from the rest of the ventricle[WP]. FMA:13225 UBERON:0005337 XAO:0004140 heart ventricle outflow tract outflow part of ventricle ventricular outflow tract A ventricular outflow tract is a portion of either the left ventricle or right ventricle of the heart through which blood passes in order to enter the great arteries. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is an infundibular extension of the ventricular cavity which connects to the pulmonary artery. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), which connects to the aorta, is nearly indistinguishable from the rest of the ventricle[WP]. Wikipedia:Ventricular_outflow_tract Wikipedia:Ventricular_outflow_tract ventricular outflow tract MP:0010224 heart ventricle outflow tract outflow tract aortic component EHDAA2:0001353 EMAPA:17329 MA:0000101 OG:0001394 UBERON:0005338 outflow tract pulmonary component EHDAA2:0001359 EHDAA:4401 EMAPA:17330 MA:0000102 OG:0001395 UBERON:0005339 dorsal telencephalic commissure UBERON:0005340 dorsal commissure the fiber tracts that connect the dorsal region of the two cerebral hemispheres and span the longitudinal fissure, including the corpus callosum and hippocampal commissure[MP]. MP:0008219 the fiber tracts that connect the dorsal region of the two cerebral hemispheres and span the longitudinal fissure, including the corpus callosum and hippocampal commissure[MP]. MP:0008219 dorsal commissure ventral commissure UBERON:0005341 the fiber tracts that connect the ventral region of the two cerebral hemispheres and span the longitudinal fissure, including the anterior and the habenular commissures[MP]. MP:0008220 the fiber tracts that connect the ventral region of the two cerebral hemispheres and span the longitudinal fissure, including the anterior and the habenular commissures[MP]. malleus head FMA:52761 MA:0002987 SCTID:368926004 UBERON:0005342 head of malleus rounded portion of the malleus that articulates with the body of the incus[MP]. MP:0008379 rounded portion of the malleus that articulates with the body of the incus[MP]. FMA:52761 head of malleus cortical plate ABA:CTXpl UBERON:0005343 the outer neural tube region in which post-mitotic neuroblasts migrate along radial glia to form the adult cortical layers[MP]. MP:0008439 the outer neural tube region in which post-mitotic neuroblasts migrate along radial glia to form the adult cortical layers[MP]. peritoneal vaginal process TODO check The processus vaginalis (or vaginal process) is an embryonic developmental outpouching of the peritoneum. It is present from around the 12th week of gestation, and commences as a peritoneal outpouching[WP]. peritoneal diverticulum in the embryonic lower anterior abdominal wall that traverses the inguinal canal[MP]. UBERON:0005344 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mesorchium.svg/200px-Mesorchium.svg.png processus vaginalis peritonei processus vaginalis peritoneus saccus vaginalis MP:0009218 processus vaginalis peritoneus MP:0009218 processus vaginalis peritonei MP:0009218 The processus vaginalis (or vaginal process) is an embryonic developmental outpouching of the peritoneum. It is present from around the 12th week of gestation, and commences as a peritoneal outpouching[WP]. peritoneal diverticulum in the embryonic lower anterior abdominal wall that traverses the inguinal canal[MP]. Wikipedia:Processus_vaginalis Wikipedia:Processus_vaginalis saccus vaginalis cerebellum vermis lobule VIIa .[MP]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081231 UBERON:0005345 vermic lobule VIIA NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081231 vermic lobule VIIA NIF .[MP]. MP:0009998 cerebellum vermis lobule VIIb .[MP]. UBERON:0005346 .[MP]. MP:0009999 NIF copula pyramidis .[MP]. ABA:COPY UBERON:0005347 ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA .[MP]. MP:0010000 ansiform lobule .[MP]. ABA:AN FMA:72257 UBERON:0005348 ansiform lobule of cerebellum ansiform lobule of cerebellum [h vii a] lobuli semilunares cerebelli lobulus ansiformis cerebelli [h vii a] semilunar lobules of cerebellum .[MP]. MP:0010001 FMA:72257 FMA:TA lobuli semilunares cerebelli FMA:72257 ansiform lobule of cerebellum FMA:72257 ansiform lobule of cerebellum [h vii a] FMA:72257 FMA:TA lobulus ansiformis cerebelli [h vii a] ABA ABA ABA ABA FMA:72257 semilunar lobules of cerebellum ABA paramedian lobule .[MP]. ABA:PRM FMA:72523 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081210 UBERON:0005349 gracile lobule hemispheric lobule VIIBii lobulus gracilis lobulus paramedianus lobulus paramedianus [h vii b] paramedian 1 (hvii) paramedian lobule [H VII B] ABA .[MP]. MP:0010004 ABA FMA:72523 paramedian lobule [H VII B] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081210 lobulus paramedianus NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081210 paramedian 1 (hvii) FMA:72523 gracile lobule ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081210 lobulus gracilis NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081210 hemispheric lobule VIIBii ABA ABA FMA:72523 FMA:TA lobulus paramedianus [h vii b] lobule simplex .[MP]. ABA:SIM FMA:72522 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081206 UBERON:0005350 hemispheric lobule VI lobule h vi of larsell lobulus quadrangularis posterior lobulus simplex lobulus simplex cerebelli [h vi et vi] posterior crescentic lobule of cerebellum semilunar lobule-1 (posterior) simple lobule simple lobule of cerebellum simple lobule of cerebellum [h vi and vi] simplex (hvi) simplex lobule ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081206 lobulus simplex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081206 simplex lobule .[MP]. MP:0010005 FMA:72522 posterior crescentic lobule of cerebellum ABA FMA:72522 semilunar lobule-1 (posterior) MP:0010005 simple lobule FMA:72522 lobule h vi of larsell FMA:72522 FMA:TA lobulus simplex cerebelli [h vi et vi] FMA:72522 simple lobule of cerebellum [h vi and vi] FMA:72522 simple lobule of cerebellum NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081206 simplex (hvi) NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081206 hemispheric lobule VI NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081206 lobulus quadrangularis posterior ABA ABA paraflocculus .[MP]. ABA:PFL FMA:83885 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081212 SCTID:314174005 UBERON:0005351 cerebellar tonsil hemispheric lobule IX neuraxis paraflocculus paraflocculus of cerebellum paraflocculus of cerebellum tonsil (hxi) tonsilla ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081212 cerebellar tonsil NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081212 hemispheric lobule IX ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081212 tonsil (hxi) FMA:83885 paraflocculus of cerebellum ABA FMA:83885 paraflocculus of cerebellum ABA .[MP]. MP:0010007 FMA:83885 neuraxis paraflocculus NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081212 tonsilla ABA spermatic cord FMA:19937 GAID:395 MESH:A.05.360.444.777 SCTID:181433005 UBERON:0005352 funiculus spermaticus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Male_anatomy.png/200px-Male_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Spermatic_Cord spermatic chord the cord-like structure in males comprising the vas deferens and associated tissue that runs from the abdomen down to each testis[MP]. cord-like structure in males formed by the vas deferens and surrounding tissue that run from the abdomen down to each testicle[WP]. MP:0010145 Wikipedia:Spermatic_cord the cord-like structure in males comprising the vas deferens and associated tissue that runs from the abdomen down to each testis[MP]. cord-like structure in males formed by the vas deferens and surrounding tissue that run from the abdomen down to each testicle[WP]. spleen perifollicular zone UBERON:0005353 the compartment located between the marginal zone and the red pulp harboring scattered B and T lymphocytes[MP]. todo - check spleen marginal sinus MP:0010245 the compartment located between the marginal zone and the red pulp harboring scattered B and T lymphocytes[MP]. malleus processus brevis UBERON:0005354 the projection extending from the base of the manubrium of the malleus which contacts the upper part of the tympanic membrane where the tympanic cavity makes a deep pocket (epitympanic pocket) surrounding the cartilaginous nodule[MP]. MP:0010324 the projection extending from the base of the manubrium of the malleus which contacts the upper part of the tympanic membrane where the tympanic cavity makes a deep pocket (epitympanic pocket) surrounding the cartilaginous nodule[MP]. malleus neck FMA:52762 MA:0002988 SCTID:368927008 UBERON:0005355 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gray916.png/200px-Gray916.png neck of malleus the narrow contracted section of the malleus located between the head and the manubrium[MP]. MP:0010327 Wikipedia:Neck_of_malleus the narrow contracted section of the malleus located between the head and the manubrium[MP]. FMA:52762 neck of malleus Rathke's pouch AAO:0011094 EHDAA2 distinguishes between the adenohypophyseal pouch and Rathke's pouch epithelium. Taxon notes: median funnel­-shaped invagination of ectoderm, the nasohypophyseal pouch. It will contribute to the formation of the pituitary gland of the adult lamprey and is homologous to Rathke’s pouch and perhaps to Hatschek 's pit (amphioxus).[http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/ammocoetes.html] EHDAA2:0001473 EHDAA2:0001588 EMAPA:16574 EMAPA:16725 OG:0000674 Rathke pouch Rathke's cleft Rathke's cyst Rathkes pouch epithelium SCTID:362583008 SCTID:61127000 UBERON:0005356 XAO:0000430 a pouch of ectoderm that grows out from the upper surface of the embryonic stomodeum and gives rise to the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland[MP]. In embryogenesis, Rathke's pouch is a depression in the roof of the developing mouth in front of the buccopharyngeal membrane. It gives rise to the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), a part of the endocrine system[WP]. adenohypophysial pouch hypophyseal diverticulum nasohypophyseal pouch ncithesaurus:Rathke_s_Pouch pouch of Rathke EHDAA2:0001588 adenohypophysial pouch EHDAA2:0001473 Rathkes pouch epithelium http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/ammocoetes.html nasohypophyseal pouch NBK53175 MP:0003817 Wikipedia:Rathke's_pouch a pouch of ectoderm that grows out from the upper surface of the embryonic stomodeum and gives rise to the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland[MP]. In embryogenesis, Rathke's pouch is a depression in the roof of the developing mouth in front of the buccopharyngeal membrane. It gives rise to the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), a part of the endocrine system[WP]. UBERON:cjm hypophyseal diverticulum brain ependyma FMA:242837 MA:0000809 MESH:A.08.186.211.276.460 UBERON:0005357 ependyma of ventricular system of brain in FMA this is treated as part of the ependyma, but here we treat ependyma as a portion FMA:242837 ependyma of ventricular system of brain ventricle of nervous system FMA:242770 Region of wall of ventricular system of neuraxis UBERON:0005358 FMA:242770 Region of wall of ventricular system of neuraxis spinal cord ependyma EMAPA:17585 FMA:242839 MA:0001125 SCTID:369278000 UBERON:0005359 ependyma of central canal of spinal cord in FMA this is treated as part of the ependyma, but here we treat ependyma as a portion spinal cord ependymal layer spinal cord ventricular layer MA:0001125 spinal cord ependymal layer FMA:242839 ependyma of central canal of spinal cord inferior glossopharyngeal IX ganglion EHDAA2:0000711 FMA:53475 MA:0001078 OG:0000743 SCTID:66031007 UBERON:0005360 extracraniale ganglion ganglion inferius (nervus glossopharygeus) ganglion inferius nervus glossopharyngei ganglion of andersch glossopharyngeal nerve inferior ganglion glossopharyngeal nerve petrous ganglion inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve ninth cranial nerve inferior ganglion petrosal ganglion petrous ganglion the lower group of sensory neuron cell bodies associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve[MP]. It is situated in a depression in the lower border of the petrous portion of the temporal bone[WP]. MP:0001084 petrosal ganglion FMA:53475 FMA:TA ganglion inferius nervus glossopharyngei FMA:53475 ganglion inferius (nervus glossopharygeus) Wikipedia:Inferior_ganglion_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray791.png http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/petrous%20ganglion petrous ganglion MP:0001084 extracraniale ganglion FMA:53475 glossopharyngeal nerve petrous ganglion FMA:53475 glossopharyngeal nerve inferior ganglion FMA:53475 ninth cranial nerve inferior ganglion FMA:53475 inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve FMA:53475 ganglion of andersch MP:0001084 Wikipedia:Inferior_ganglion_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve the lower group of sensory neuron cell bodies associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve[MP]. It is situated in a depression in the lower border of the petrous portion of the temporal bone[WP]. MP:0001084 inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve FMA:53475 inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion MP:0001084 http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/petrosal%20ganglion petrosal ganglion superior glossopharyngeal IX ganglion EHDAA2:0000712 EHDAA:2842 Ehrenritter's ganglion FMA:53474 MA:0001079 OG:0000744 SCTID:280362000 Synonym modified from WP original UBERON:0005361 ganglion superius (nervus glossopharyngeus) ganglion superius nervus glossopharyngei glossopharyngeal nerve jugular ganglion glossopharyngeal nerve superior ganglion intracranial ganglion jugular ganglion ninth cranial nerve superior ganglion superior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve superior glossopharyngeal ganglia superior glossopharyngeal ganglion of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve superior petrosal ganglion the upper ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve[MP]. is situated in the upper part of the groove in which the glossopharyngeal nerve is lodged during its passage through the jugular foramen. It is very small, and is usually regarded as a detached portion of the inferior ganglion FMA:53474 glossopharyngeal nerve superior ganglion MP:0001097 Wikipedia:Superior_ganglion_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve the upper ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve[MP]. is situated in the upper part of the groove in which the glossopharyngeal nerve is lodged during its passage through the jugular foramen. It is very small, and is usually regarded as a detached portion of the inferior ganglion MP:0001097 superior glossopharyngeal ganglion of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve MP:0001097 jugular ganglion MP:0001097 intracranial ganglion FMA:53474 FMA:TA ganglion superius nervus glossopharyngei Wikipedia:Superior_ganglion_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve superior petrosal ganglion MP:0001097 superior glossopharyngeal ganglia FMA:53474 glossopharyngeal nerve jugular ganglion FMA:53474 superior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve FMA:53474 ninth cranial nerve superior ganglion Ehrenritter's ganglion FMA:53474 FMA FMA:53474 ganglion superius (nervus glossopharyngeus) vagus X ganglion EMAPA:16798 FMA:53472 MA:0001081 OG:0000684 SCTID:244452001 UBERON:0005362 ganglion of vagus nerve right glossopharyngeal ganglion vagus X vagus neural ganglion FMA:53472 ganglion of vagus nerve FMA:53472 vagus neural ganglion FMA:53472 right glossopharyngeal ganglion EMAPA:16798 vagus X inferior vagus X ganglion EFO:0002516 EMAPA:17155 FMA:6230 MA:0001082 MESH:A.08.340.390.550 OG:0000685 SCTID:14420006 UBERON:0005363 ganglion inferius (nervus vagus) ganglion inferius nervus vagi inferior ganglion of vagus inferior ganglion of vagus nerve inferior vagus X nodose ganglion nodose ganglion tenth cranial nerve nodose ganglion vagus nerve inferior ganglion vagus nerve nodose ganglion EMAPA:17155 inferior vagus X FMA:6230 tenth cranial nerve nodose ganglion FMA:6230 FMA:TA ganglion inferius nervus vagi FMA:6230 vagus nerve nodose ganglion FMA:6230 vagus nerve inferior ganglion EMAPA:17155 nodose ganglion FMA:6230 inferior ganglion of vagus nerve FMA:6230 ganglion inferius (nervus vagus) FMA:6230 inferior ganglion of vagus FMA:6230 nodose ganglion superior vagus X ganglion EMAPA:17156 FMA:6229 MA:0001083 OG:0000686 SCTID:280197008 UBERON:0005364 ganglion superius (nervus vagus) ganglion superius nervus vagi gasserian ganglion jugular ganglion superior ganglion of vagus superior ganglion of vagus nerve superior vagus X tenth cranial nerve jugular ganglion vagus nerve jugular ganglion vagus nerve superior ganglion FMA:6229 superior ganglion of vagus nerve FMA:6229 vagus nerve jugular ganglion FMA:6229 superior ganglion of vagus FMA:6229 jugular ganglion EMAPA:17156 superior vagus X FMA:6229 ganglion superius (nervus vagus) EMAPA:17156 gasserian ganglion FMA:6229 vagus nerve superior ganglion FMA:6229 FMA:TA ganglion superius nervus vagi FMA:6229 tenth cranial nerve jugular ganglion olfactory lobe An anterior projection of each cerebral hemisphere that is continuous anteriorly with the olfactory nerve[BTO]. A term applied to the olfactory apparatus on the lower surface of the frontal lobe of the brain. It consists of the olfactory bulb, tract, and trigone[BTO]. BTO:0001362 EFO:0000108 EHDAA2:0001294 EHDAA:5480 EMAPA:17778 MA:0002413 MIAA:0000116 OG:0000833 UBERON:0005366 ncithesaurus:Olfactory_Lobe An anterior projection of each cerebral hemisphere that is continuous anteriorly with the olfactory nerve[BTO]. A term applied to the olfactory apparatus on the lower surface of the frontal lobe of the brain. It consists of the olfactory bulb, tract, and trigone[BTO]. BTO:0001362 hippocampus granule cell layer MA:0000954 UBERON:0005367 todo - check hippocampus molecular layer A cytoarchitectural region of the hippocampus consisting of a composite of the two outermost layers of the hippocampus, the Stratum lacunosum-moleculare and the Stratum radiatum (Carpenter-83). MA:0000955 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1211 UBERON:0005368 hippocampal molecular layer hippocampus stratum moleculare molecular layer of hippocampus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1211 molecular layer of hippocampus A cytoarchitectural region of the hippocampus consisting of a composite of the two outermost layers of the hippocampus, the Stratum lacunosum-moleculare and the Stratum radiatum (Carpenter-83). nif_annot:NeuroNames_defSource NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1211 hippocampal molecular layer hippocampus stratum lacunosum Due to its small size, it is often grouped together with stratum moleculare into a single stratum called stratum lacunosum-moleculare[WP] MA:0000957 UBERON:0005370 lacunar layer of hippocampus hippocampus stratum oriens FMA:83893 MA:0000958 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4113 The term Stratum oriens is a cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the hippocampus that is deep to the Stratum pyramidale hippocampi and superficial to the alveus (Stephan-75). UBERON:0005371 oriens layer of hippocampus oriens layer of the hippocampus polymorphic layer of hippocampus polymorphic layer of the hippocampus stratum oriens NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4113 stratum oriens NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4113 oriens layer of the hippocampus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4113 oriens layer of hippocampus The term Stratum oriens is a cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the hippocampus that is deep to the Stratum pyramidale hippocampi and superficial to the alveus (Stephan-75). nif_annot:NeuroNames_defSource NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4113 polymorphic layer of the hippocampus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4113 polymorphic layer of hippocampus hippocampus stratum radiatum FMA:83894 MA:0000959 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1298 The layer located immediately above the pyramidal cell layer in CA2 and CA1 and superficial to the stratum lucidum in CA3. Suprapyramidal region in which CA3 to CA3 associational connections and CA3 to CA1 Schaffer collateral connections are located. UBERON:0005372 radiate layer of hippocampus stratum radiatum FMA:83894 radiate layer of hippocampus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1298 stratum radiatum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1298 The layer located immediately above the pyramidal cell layer in CA2 and CA1 and superficial to the stratum lucidum in CA3. Suprapyramidal region in which CA3 to CA3 associational connections and CA3 to CA1 Schaffer collateral connections are located. spinal cord dorsal column EV:0100317 MA:0002749 TODO - relationship with dorsal horn? UBERON:0005373 area of white matter in the dorsomedial side of the spinal cord. It is made up of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus and itself is part of the dorsal funiculus. It is part of an ascending pathway that is important for well-localized fine touch and conscious proprioception called the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway[WP]. The dorsal portion of the gray substance of the spinal cord, in transverse section seen as a horn[TFD]. The dorsal column is a part of the spinal cord which is responsible for transporting sensory input from the body to the cerebral cortex. This part of the spinal cord is key in perceiving fine touch, such as that used to distinguish textures, along with vibration. The dorsal column also contributes to the body's system of proprioception, used to orient the body in space and to coordinate muscle movements, given information about the body's position. dorsal column ncithesaurus:Posterior_Column posterior column spinal cord posterior column Wikipedia:Posterior_column posterior column Wikipedia Wikipedia:Posterior_column area of white matter in the dorsomedial side of the spinal cord. It is made up of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus and itself is part of the dorsal funiculus. It is part of an ascending pathway that is important for well-localized fine touch and conscious proprioception called the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway[WP]. The dorsal portion of the gray substance of the spinal cord, in transverse section seen as a horn[TFD]. The dorsal column is a part of the spinal cord which is responsible for transporting sensory input from the body to the cerebral cortex. This part of the spinal cord is key in perceiving fine touch, such as that used to distinguish textures, along with vibration. The dorsal column also contributes to the body's system of proprioception, used to orient the body in space and to coordinate muscle movements, given information about the body's position. spinal cord lateral column EV:0100322 MA:0002750 TODO - check relationship between column and funiculus. Also check white vs grey matter. See ventral column. Note also ZFA term 'lateral column' is part of reticular formation UBERON:0005374 ZFA:0000531 lateral column MA checkme spinal cord ventral column EV:0100326 MA:0002751 UBERON:0005375 anterior column in MA, this is a subclass of white matter, but in WP/Gray's, the anterior column is a synonym of the grey matter section. is this the same as funiculus? See lateral column. spinal cord anterior column ventral column olfactory bulb external plexiform layer BTO:0001319 Cytoarchitectural part of the olfactory bulb, lying superior to the mitral cell layer and inferior to the glomerular layer. The EPL is mostly neuropil composed almost entirely of mitral and tulfted cell dendrites and granule cell dendrites and their synaptic inputs. MA:0000969 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090403 UBERON:0005376 external plexiform layer BTO:0001319 external plexiform layer Cytoarchitectural part of the olfactory bulb, lying superior to the mitral cell layer and inferior to the glomerular layer. The EPL is mostly neuropil composed almost entirely of mitral and tulfted cell dendrites and granule cell dendrites and their synaptic inputs. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090403 olfactory bulb glomerular layer ABA:MOBgl BTO:0001317 MA:0000970 The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. Periglomerular cells contact multiple mitral cell dendrites within the glomeruli and provide lateral inhibition of neighboring glomeruli while allowing excitation of a specific mitral cell dendritic tree. Each mitral cell is contacted by at least 1000 olfactory nerve fibers[BTO]. Portion of tissue which is located in between the primary olfactory fiber layer and the external cellular layer of the olfactory bulb[ZFA]. UBERON:0005377 ZFA:0000357 glomerular layer stratum glomerulosum bulbi olfactorii BTO:0001317 The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. Periglomerular cells contact multiple mitral cell dendrites within the glomeruli and provide lateral inhibition of neighboring glomeruli while allowing excitation of a specific mitral cell dendritic tree. Each mitral cell is contacted by at least 1000 olfactory nerve fibers[BTO]. Portion of tissue which is located in between the primary olfactory fiber layer and the external cellular layer of the olfactory bulb[ZFA]. BTO:0001317 ZFA:0000357 glomerular layer ZFA:0000357 stratum glomerulosum bulbi olfactorii olfactory bulb granule cell layer BTO:0001327 MA:0000971 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090404 The granule cell layer contains multiple small round neurons that lack axons. Long dendritic processes of the neurons reach the more superficial layers and inhibit mitral cells and tufted cells. Small distal processes make contacts with the exiting mitral cell axons. UBERON:0005378 granule cell layer BTO:0001327 granule cell layer BTO:0001327 The granule cell layer contains multiple small round neurons that lack axons. Long dendritic processes of the neurons reach the more superficial layers and inhibit mitral cells and tufted cells. Small distal processes make contacts with the exiting mitral cell axons. olfactory bulb internal plexiform layer BTO:0001320 MA:0000972 UBERON:0005379 internal plexiform layer BTO:0001320 internal plexiform layer olfactory bulb subependymal zone MA:0000974 UBERON:0005380 dentate gyrus granule cell layer ABA:DG-sg DG granule cell layer FMA:83146 MA:0000946 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4129 UBERON:0005381 granular layer of dentate gyrus DG granule cell layer NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4129 FMA:83146 granular layer of dentate gyrus dorsal striatum BTO:0004701 CHECK - neostriatum vs striatum. Check rodent FMA:77620 MA:0002971 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1010001 Those portions of the caudate nucleus and especially the putamen located generally superior to a plane representing the anterior commissure; also called the dorsal basal ganglia; may function in motor activities with cognitive origins. UBERON:0005382 caudoputamen striatum dorsale BTO:0004701 Those portions of the caudate nucleus and especially the putamen located generally superior to a plane representing the anterior commissure; also called the dorsal basal ganglia; may function in motor activities with cognitive origins. BTO:0004701 striatum dorsale NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100312 caudoputamen caudate-putamen ABA:CP BM:Tel-C-Pu BTO:0000212 CHECK - rodents. The caudate nucleus and putamen are separated by a clear white matter bundle in most species but not in rodents (MM) EFO:0001912 EMAPA:19095 MA:0000893 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100312 Regional part of telencephalon in some species, e.g., rodent, equivalent to the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen). Unlike the dorsal striatum of primates, for example, the caudoputamen is not split into separate nuclei by the fibers of the internal capsule. Rather, the internal capsule splits into fiber bundles which course through the structure. UBERON:0005383 caudate putamen caudateputamen caudoputamen NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100312 caudateputamen NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100312 Regional part of telencephalon in some species, e.g., rodent, equivalent to the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen). Unlike the dorsal striatum of primates, for example, the caudoputamen is not split into separate nuclei by the fibers of the internal capsule. Rather, the internal capsule splits into fiber bundles which course through the structure. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100312 caudoputamen nasal cavity epithelium EHDAA2:0001227 EHDAA:6803 EMAPA:17605 FMA:63140 MA:0001324 OG:0000501 UBERON:0005384 nasal epithelium nasal mucosa ncithesaurus:Nasal_Cavity_Epithelium FMA:63140 nasal epithelium nasal cavity respiratory epithelium EHDAA2:0001230 EHDAA:6807 MA:0001326 UBERON:0005385 ncithesaurus:Nasal_Cavity_Respiratory_Epithelium todo place BTO:0003603 olfactory mucosa FMA:77199 GAID:303 MESH:A.04.531.520.573 That portion of the nasal mucosa containing the sensory endings for olfaction; the organ of smell[GAID]. The olfactory mucosa is located in the upper region of the nasal cavity and is made up of the olfactory epithelium and the underlying lamina propria, connective tissue containing fibroblasts, blood vessels, Bowman's glands and bundles of fine axons from the olfactory neurons. The mucus protects the olfactory epithelium and allows odors to dissolve so that they can be detected by olfactory receptor neurons. Electron microscopy studies show that Bowman's glands contain cells with large secretory vesicles. The exact composition of the secretions from Bowman's glands is unclear, but there is evidence that Bowman's glands do not produce odorant binding protein[WP]. UBERON:0005386 ncithesaurus:Olfactory_Mucosa note uberon uses the term 'mucosa' as 'portion of mucosa', thus the relationship is subclass, not part_of olfactory area of nasal mucosa olfactory part of nasal mucosa olfactory zone of nasal mucosa pars olfactoria tunicae mucosae nasi FMA:77199 FMA:TA pars olfactoria tunicae mucosae nasi GAID:303 That portion of the nasal mucosa containing the sensory endings for olfaction; the organ of smell[GAID]. The olfactory mucosa is located in the upper region of the nasal cavity and is made up of the olfactory epithelium and the underlying lamina propria, connective tissue containing fibroblasts, blood vessels, Bowman's glands and bundles of fine axons from the olfactory neurons. The mucus protects the olfactory epithelium and allows odors to dissolve so that they can be detected by olfactory receptor neurons. Electron microscopy studies show that Bowman's glands contain cells with large secretory vesicles. The exact composition of the secretions from Bowman's glands is unclear, but there is evidence that Bowman's glands do not produce odorant binding protein[WP]. Wikipedia:Olfactory_mucosa FMA:77199 olfactory part of nasal mucosa FMA:77199 olfactory area of nasal mucosa FMA:77199 olfactory zone of nasal mucosa olfactory glomerulus BTO:0003653 NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090503 One of the small globular masses of dense neuropil in the olfactory bulb, containing the first synapse in the olfactory pathway[BTO]. a spherical structure located in the olfactory bulb of the brain where the synapses form between the olfactory nerve terminals and dendrites of mitral, periglomerular and tufted cells. Each glomerulus is surrounded by periglomerular neurons and glial cells which gives it an oval shape.[1][2] All glomeruli are located near the surface of the olfactory bulb. In mammals, glomeruli typically range between 50-120 µm in diameter and number between 1800 and 2400 depending on the species.[1][2] Each glomerulus is composed of two compartments, the olfactory nerve zone and the non-olfactory nerve zone. The olfactory nerve zone is composed of preterminals and terminals of the olfactory nerve and is where the olfactory receptor cells make synapses on their targets.[2] The non-olfactory nerve zone is composed of the dendritic processes of intrinsic neurons and is where dendrodendritic interactions between intrinsic neurons occur.[2] It is the first site for synaptic processing of odor information coming from the nose. It is made up of a globular tangle of axons from the olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium, and dendrites from the mitral cell as well as from juxtaglomerular cells that include tufted cells, periglomerular cells, short axon cells, and astrocytes[WP]. UBERON:0005387 subcellular component, realm of GO Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckMedicus One of the small globular masses of dense neuropil in the olfactory bulb, containing the first synapse in the olfactory pathway[BTO]. a spherical structure located in the olfactory bulb of the brain where the synapses form between the olfactory nerve terminals and dendrites of mitral, periglomerular and tufted cells. Each glomerulus is surrounded by periglomerular neurons and glial cells which gives it an oval shape.[1][2] All glomeruli are located near the surface of the olfactory bulb. In mammals, glomeruli typically range between 50-120 µm in diameter and number between 1800 and 2400 depending on the species.[1][2] Each glomerulus is composed of two compartments, the olfactory nerve zone and the non-olfactory nerve zone. The olfactory nerve zone is composed of preterminals and terminals of the olfactory nerve and is where the olfactory receptor cells make synapses on their targets.[2] The non-olfactory nerve zone is composed of the dendritic processes of intrinsic neurons and is where dendrodendritic interactions between intrinsic neurons occur.[2] It is the first site for synaptic processing of odor information coming from the nose. It is made up of a globular tangle of axons from the olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium, and dendrites from the mitral cell as well as from juxtaglomerular cells that include tufted cells, periglomerular cells, short axon cells, and astrocytes[WP]. Wikipedia:Glomerulus_(olfaction) photoreceptor array An array of photoreceptors and any supporting cells found in an eye. FBbt:00004200 UBERON:0005388 light-sensitive tissue An array of photoreceptors and any supporting cells found in an eye. UBERON:cjm transparent eye structure UBERON:0005389 lens transparent structure that is part of a visual sense organ, the function of which is to direct or focus light onto a photoreceptor array cortical layer I ABA:CTX1 BTO:0004906 FMA:83900 MA:0000897 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090807 The most superficial layer of the neocortex characterized by a paucity of cell bodies. UBERON:0005390 cerebral cortex, layer 1 lamina molecularis isocorticis [lamina i] layer 1 of neocortex layer I of neocortex molecular layer molecular layer of isocortex [layer i] molecular layer of neocortex neocortex layer 1 neocortex layer I neocortex molecular layer neocortex plexiform layer plexiform layer plexiform layer of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090807 layer 1 of neocortex ABA:CTX1 cerebral cortex, layer 1 FMA:83900 FMA:TA lamina molecularis isocorticis [lamina i] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090807 neocortex molecular layer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090807 molecular layer of neocortex FMA:83900 molecular layer of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090807 neocortex layer I NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090807 neocortex layer 1 FMA:83900 molecular layer of isocortex [layer i] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090807 The most superficial layer of the neocortex characterized by a paucity of cell bodies. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090807 layer I of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090807 neocortex plexiform layer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090807 plexiform layer of neocortex cortical layer II ABA:CTX2 FMA:77804 Layer of neocortex lying just deep to molecular layer characterized by numerous small cell bodies. MA:0000898 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090808 UBERON:0005391 cerebral cortex, layer 2 external granular layer external granular layer of isocortex [layer ii] external granular layer of neocortex external granule cell layer of neocortex lamina granularis externa isocorticis [lamina ii] layer II of neocortex neocortex layer 2 neocortex layer II FMA:77804 external granular layer of neocortex Layer of neocortex lying just deep to molecular layer characterized by numerous small cell bodies. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090808 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090808 layer II of neocortex FMA:77804 external granular layer of isocortex [layer ii] ABA:CTX2 cerebral cortex, layer 2 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090808 external granule cell layer of neocortex FMA:77804 FMA:TA lamina granularis externa isocorticis [lamina ii] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090808 neocortex layer II NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090808 neocortex layer 2 cortical layer III ABA:CTX3 FMA:77810 Layer of neocortex lying deep to the external granule cell layer defined cytoarchitecturally by numerous small pyramidal neurons. MA:0000899 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090809 UBERON:0005392 cerebral cortex, layer 3 external pyramidal cell layer external pyramidal cell layer of neocortex external pyramidal layer of isocortex [layer iii] external pyramidal layer of neocortex lamina pyramidalis externa isocorticis [lamina iii] layer 3 of neocortex layer III of neocortex neocortex external pyramidal cell layer neocortex layer 3 neocortex layer III pyramidal layer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090809 layer III of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090809 neocortex external pyramidal cell layer FMA:77810 FMA:TA lamina pyramidalis externa isocorticis [lamina iii] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090809 external pyramidal cell layer of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090809 neocortex layer 3 FMA:77810 external pyramidal layer of isocortex [layer iii] Layer of neocortex lying deep to the external granule cell layer defined cytoarchitecturally by numerous small pyramidal neurons. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090809 ABA:CTX3 cerebral cortex, layer 3 FMA:77810 external pyramidal cell layer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090809 layer 3 of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090809 neocortex layer III FMA:77810 external pyramidal layer of neocortex cortical layer IV ABA:CTX4 FMA:77811 Layer of neocortex lying deep to the external pyramidal cell layer defined cytoarchitecturally by the presence of numerous small cells MA:0000900 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090810 UBERON:0005393 cerebral cortex, layer 4 internal granular layer internal granular layer of isocortex [layer iv] internal granular layer of neocortex internal granule cell layer of neocortex lamina granularis interna isocorticis [lamina iv] layer 4 of neocortex layer IV of neocortex neocortex internal granule cell layer neocortex layer 4 neocortex layer IV neocortical internal granule cell layer neocortical layer IV NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090810 neocortical internal granule cell layer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090810 neocortex internal granule cell layer ABA:CTX4 cerebral cortex, layer 4 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090810 neocortex layer IV FMA:77811 FMA:TA lamina granularis interna isocorticis [lamina iv] Layer of neocortex lying deep to the external pyramidal cell layer defined cytoarchitecturally by the presence of numerous small cells NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090810 FMA:77811 internal granular layer of isocortex [layer iv] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090810 neocortex layer 4 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090810 internal granule cell layer of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090810 layer IV of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090810 layer 4 of neocortex FMA:77811 internal granular layer of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090810 neocortical layer IV cortical layer V ABA:CTX5 FMA:77812 Layer of neocortex lying deep to the internal granule cell layer (layer 4) defined cytoarchitecturally by the predominance of large pyramidal cell bodies MA:0000901 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090811 UBERON:0005394 betz' cells cerebral cortex, layer 5 ganglionic layer internal pyramidal cell layer of neocortex internal pyramidal layer of isocortex [layer v] internal pyramidal layer of neocortex lamina pyramidalis interna isocorticis [lamina v] layer 5 of neocortex layer V of neocortex neocortex internal pyramidal cell layer neocortex layer 5 neocortex layer V neocortical layer 5 neocortical layer V Layer of neocortex lying deep to the internal granule cell layer (layer 4) defined cytoarchitecturally by the predominance of large pyramidal cell bodies NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090811 FMA:77812 internal pyramidal layer of isocortex [layer v] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090811 neocortical layer 5 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090811 layer V of neocortex ABA:CTX5 cerebral cortex, layer 5 FMA:77812 FMA:TA lamina pyramidalis interna isocorticis [lamina v] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090811 layer 5 of neocortex FMA:77812 betz' cells NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090811 neocortex layer V FMA:77812 internal pyramidal layer of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090811 neocortex internal pyramidal cell layer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090811 internal pyramidal cell layer of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090811 neocortex layer 5 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090811 neocortical layer V cortical layer VI ABA:CTX6 FMA:77805 Innermost layer of neocortex lying deep to the internal pyramidal cell layer defined cytoarchitecturally by cells of varying size. MA:0000902 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090812 UBERON:0005395 cerebral cortex, layer 6 lamina multiformis isocorticis [lamina vi] layer VI of neocortex multiform layer multiform layer of isocortex [layer vi] multiform layer of neocortex neocortex layer 6 neocortex layer VI neocortex multiform layer neocortical layer 6 neocortical layer VI pleiomorphic layer of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090812 neocortex layer 6 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090812 neocortical layer VI NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090812 neocortex multiform layer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090812 neocortical layer 6 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090812 multiform layer of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090812 neocortex layer VI FMA:77805 FMA:TA lamina multiformis isocorticis [lamina vi] Innermost layer of neocortex lying deep to the internal pyramidal cell layer defined cytoarchitecturally by cells of varying size. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090812 FMA:77805 multiform layer of isocortex [layer vi] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090812 layer VI of neocortex FMA:77805 multiform layer of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090812 pleiomorphic layer of neocortex ABA:CTX6 cerebral cortex, layer 6 carotid artery BTO:0000168 EFO:0000818 EHDAA2:0000217 EHDAA:6385 EMAPA:18609 EV:0100379 Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery. GAID:478 MA:0001925 MAT:0000501 MESH:A.07.231.114.186 OG:0000266 OpenCyc:Mx4rvg7rcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362040006 TAO:0000097 TODO check child terms for isa vs partof UBERON:0005396 ZFA:0000097 galen:CarotidArtery ncithesaurus:Carotid_Artery Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery. Wikipedia:Carotid_artery brain arachnoid mater FMA:83981 MA:0000814 OG:0000230 UBERON:0005397 brain arachnoid matter cranial arachnoid mater MA:0000814 brain arachnoid matter FMA:83981 cranial arachnoid mater female reproductive gland BTO:0000254 MA:0000383 UBERON:0005398 male reproductive gland BTO:0000080 MA:0000399 UBERON:0005399 telencephalon arachnoid mater EMAPA:17775 MA:0000980 UBERON:0005400 telencephalon arachnoid matter MA:0000980 telencephalon arachnoid matter cerebral grey matter BTO:0000823 MA:0000944 UBERON:0005401 cerebral gray matter BTO:0000823 cerebral gray matter philtrum EHDAA2:0001462 EHDAA:9280 EMAPA:17926 FMA:59819 MA:0001577 OG:0000862 SCTID:362087004 UBERON:0005402 lip philtrum MA:0001577 lip philtrum ventral striatum BTO:0004702 EFO:0001936 FMA:77614 MA:0002972 UBERON:0005403 UBERON:MA_0002972-FMA_77614 frontonasal suture A suture between frontal and nasal bones FMA:52948 MA:0002973 SCTID:368982004 UBERON:0005404 UBERON:MA_0002973-FMA_52948 frontonasal suture of skull GO A suture between frontal and nasal bones GO:0097095 PMID:12416537 FMA:52948 frontonasal suture of skull pararenal fat FMA:20503 FMA:74280 MA:0002974 TODO - split paranephric / pararenal The paranephric body (or paranephric fat or pararenal fat) is collection of adipose tissue located superficial to the renal fascia. The perirenal fat, or adipose capsule of kidney, is deep to the renal fascia but superficial to the renal capsule. UBERON:0005405 UBERON:MA_0002974-FMA_20503 corpus adiposum pararenale paranephric body paranephric fat pararenal fascia pararenal fascia pararenal fat body FMA:74280 FMA:TA corpus adiposum pararenale FMA:20503 pararenal fascia The paranephric body (or paranephric fat or pararenal fat) is collection of adipose tissue located superficial to the renal fascia. The perirenal fat, or adipose capsule of kidney, is deep to the renal fascia but superficial to the renal capsule. Wikipedia:Paranephric_body Wikipedia:Paranephric_body paranephric body MA:0002974 pararenal fat body MA:0002974 paranephric fat MA:0002974 pararenal fascia perirenal fat FMA:15876 FMA:20502 MA:0002975 Perirenal fascia SCTID:246901006 TODO - split perinephric / perirenal The adipose capsule of kidney (or perinephric fat or perirenal fat) is a structure between the renal fascia and renal capsule, and may be regarded as a part of the latter. A different structure, the pararenal fat, is the adipose tissue superficial to the renal fascia. UBERON:0005406 UBERON:MA_0002975-FMA_20502 adipose capsule of kidney fatty capsule of kidney perinephric fat periphrenic fascia perirenal fascia perirenal fat capsule MA:0002975 perinephric fat FMA:20502 Perirenal fascia MA:0002975 perirenal fascia MA:0002975 perirenal fat capsule MA:0002975 adipose capsule of kidney MA:0002975 periphrenic fascia MA:0002975 fatty capsule of kidney The adipose capsule of kidney (or perinephric fat or perirenal fat) is a structure between the renal fascia and renal capsule, and may be regarded as a part of the latter. A different structure, the pararenal fat, is the adipose tissue superficial to the renal fascia. Wikipedia:Adipose_capsule_of_kidney sublingual ganglion EHDAA2:0001938 EHDAA:10101 FMA:77591 MA:0002982 UBERON:0005407 UBERON:MA_0002982-FMA_77591 MA circumventricular organ Brain region located around or in relation to the ventricular system that is highly vascularized and distinguished by the lack of a blood brain barrier. CVO FMA:84081 MA:0002942 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090312 UBERON:0005408 circumventricular organ Brain region located around or in relation to the ventricular system that is highly vascularized and distinguished by the lack of a blood brain barrier. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090312 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090312 circumventricular organ CVO NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090312 gastrointestinal system BTO:0000058 EHDAA2:0000110 EHDAA:514 EMAPA:16246 EV:0100056 FMA:71132 GAID:294 GI tract MA:0000323 MESH:A.03.492 OG:0000412 SCTID:373871007 UBERON:0005409 alimentary system alimentary tract gastro-intestinal system gastrointestinal (GI) tract gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal tract ncithesaurus:Gastrointestinal_System note that many anatomy ontologies consider this synonymous with digestive system. here we follow MA in dividing digestive system into gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary. hepatobiliary includes the liver and biliary tract. species-specific AO classes are categorized according to whether liver is included. For example, XAO includes liver as part of XAO:0000125 alimentary system, so we assume this class is the more generic class. We have one entity that is part of both gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary systems: hepatopancreatic ampulla GAID:294 gastrointestinal (GI) tract FMA:71132 gastro-intestinal system GAID:294 GI tract FMA:71132 gastrointestinal tract MA:0000323 alimentary tract MA:0000323 alimentary system FMA:71132 gastrointestinal system cartilaginous otic capsule EMAPA:18803 UBERON:0005410 ZFA:0001500 auditory capsule in elasmobranchs, the otic capsule remains cartilaginous in the adult; in the embryos of higher vertebrates, it is cartilaginous at first but later becomes bony (at approximately 23 weeks in humans). todo - check EMAPA ZFA:0001500 auditory capsule bony otic capsule MA:0000252 UBERON:0005411 in elasmobranchs, the otic capsule remains cartilaginous in the adult; in the embryos of higher vertebrates, it is cartilaginous at first but later becomes bony (at approximately 23 weeks in humans) optic fissure AAO:0011026 As the eye starts to develop, a gap opens on the underside of each eye bud. This gap provides a way for the developing eye to be nourished. This gap, called the optic fissure, has to close before the eye is fully developed. Coloboma is the incomplete closer of the optic fissure EHDAA2:0000249 EHDAA:4759 EMAPA:17768 Groove that is in the developing ventral optic cup and through which blood vessels pass to the enclosed mesenchyme[ZFA]. a ventral fissure in the developing optic cup through which blood vessels pass to the enclosed mesenchyme[Free online medical dictionary]. MA:0001305 OG:0000655 TAO:0001284 UBERON:0005412 XAO:0000474 ZFA:0001284 choroid fissure http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Gray865.png optic fissures ZFA ZFA MA:0001305 XAO:0000474 ZFA:0001284 choroid fissure ZFA:0001284 optic fissures Groove that is in the developing ventral optic cup and through which blood vessels pass to the enclosed mesenchyme[ZFA]. a ventral fissure in the developing optic cup through which blood vessels pass to the enclosed mesenchyme[Free online medical dictionary]. Wikipedia:Choroid_fissure ZFA:0001284 http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/optic+fissure https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=440764&aid=3083162&group_id=36855 spinocerebellar tract GAID:733 MESH:A.08.612.220.725 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005036 The spinocerebellar tract is a set of axonal fibers originating in the spinal cord and terminating in the ipsilateral cerebellum. This tract conveys information to the cerebellum about limb and joint position. UBERON:0005413 The spinocerebellar tract is a set of axonal fibers originating in the spinal cord and terminating in the ipsilateral cerebellum. This tract conveys information to the cerebellum about limb and joint position. Wikipedia:Spinocerebellar_tract zone of polarizing activity AAO:0010763 UBERON:0005414 WP definition generalized to cover limb/fin ZPA an area of mesenchyme that contains signals which instruct the developing limb or fin bud to form along the anterior/posterior axis[WP,cjm]. Wikipedia:Zone_of_polarizing_activity an area of mesenchyme that contains signals which instruct the developing limb or fin bud to form along the anterior/posterior axis[WP,cjm]. ZFA:0001451 ZPA zone of polarizing activity of anterior limb/fin UBERON:0005415 ZFA:0001451 zone of polarizing activity of posterior limb/fin UBERON:0005416 ZFA:0001452 forelimb bud A limb bud that develops into a forelimb. AAO:0010381 BTO:0001645 EHDAA2:0003198 EHDAA:1699 EMAPA:16406 Genes: Tbx5 specifies forelimbs. Wnt2b restricts Fgf10 in chick. MIAA:0000065 SCTID:346062002 UBERON:0005417 XAO:0003065 anterior limb bud arm bud limb bud - forelimb upper limb bud MIAA:0000065 limb bud - forelimb EHDAA2:0003198 upper limb bud SCTID:346062002 anterior limb bud A limb bud that develops into a forelimb. OBOL:automatic hindlimb bud A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb. AAO:0010382 EHDAA2:0003197 EHDAA:2358 EMAPA:16779 Genes: Tbx4 specifies hindlimbs. Wnt8c restricts Fgf10 in chick. MIAA:0000256 SCTID:346164003 UBERON:0005418 XAO:0003066 hind limb bud leg bud limb bud - hindlimb posterior limb bud XAO:0003066 hind limb bud A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb. OBOL:automatic SCTID:346164003 posterior limb bud forelimb/pectoral fin bud A limb bud that develops into a forelimb or pectoral fin. OG:0001259 UBERON:0005419 ZFA:0000141 at this time we have no need to name a more specific 'pectoral fin bud' class, but we may in future A limb bud that develops into a forelimb or pectoral fin. OBOL:automatic hindlimb/pelvic fin bud A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb or pelvic fin. OG:0001260 UBERON:0005420 ZFA:0001384 at this time we have no need to name a more specific 'pelvic fin bud' class, but we may in future A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb or pelvic fin. OBOL:automatic anterior limb/fin apical ectodermal ridge AER forelimb EFO:0003487 EHDAA2:0000138 EMAPA:16778 OG:0001064 UBERON:0005421 ZFA:0000085 apical ectodermal ridge forelimb apical ectodermal ridge pectoral fin bud upper limb bud apical ectodermal ridge AER forelimb OG:0001064 EHDAA2:0000138 upper limb bud apical ectodermal ridge OG:0001064 apical ectodermal ridge forelimb ZFA:0000085 apical ectodermal ridge pectoral fin bud posterior limb/fin apical ectodermal ridge AER hindlimb EHDAA2:0003194 EMAPA:16892 OG:0001066 UBERON:0005422 ZFA:0001385 apical ectodermal ridge hindlimb lower lmb bud apical ectodermal ridge EHDAA2:0003194 lower lmb bud apical ectodermal ridge OG:0001066 apical ectodermal ridge hindlimb AER hindlimb OG:0001066 developing anatomical structure AEO:0000125 EHDAA2:0003125 FBbt:00007006 MIAA:0000019 UBERON:0005423 developing structure developmental structure developmental tissue MIAA:0000019 developmental tissue presumptive retinal pigmented epithelium EHDAA2:0001306 EMAPA:16677 OG:0000492 Portion of tissue that is the outer layer of the optic cup and will become the retinal pigmented epithelium. TAO:0000064 UBERON:0005424 ZFA:0000064 optic cup outer layer outer layer optic cup presumptive pigmented epithelia ZFA:0000064 outer layer optic cup Portion of tissue that is the outer layer of the optic cup and will become the retinal pigmented epithelium. ZFIN:curator ZFA:0000064 presumptive pigmented epithelia EHDAA2:0001306 optic cup outer layer presumptive neural retina EHDAA2:0001304 EMAPA:16675 OG:0000490 Portion of tissue that is the inner layer of the optic cup and will become the neural retina. TAO:0001071 UBERON:0005425 ZFA:0001071 inner layer optic cup optic cup inner layer presumptive retinas ZFA:0001071 inner layer optic cup EHDAA2:0001304 optic cup inner layer ZFA:0001071 presumptive retinas Portion of tissue that is the inner layer of the optic cup and will become the neural retina. ZFIN:curator lens vesicle EHDAA2:0000983 EHDAA:4737 EMAPA:17163 OG:0001163 Portion of tissue that gives rise to the lens. SCTID:361510002 UBERON:0005426 ZFA:0001679 ZFIN:ZDB-ANAT-090226-2 Portion of tissue that gives rise to the lens. ZFIN:curator corneal primordium Portion of tissue that is part of the eye and gives rise to the mature, fully layered cornea. UBERON:0005427 ZFA:0001688 ZFA Portion of tissue that is part of the eye and gives rise to the mature, fully layered cornea. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061010-3 ZFA Obol vagal neural crest EHDAA2:0002156 EHDAA:669 OG:0001208 TAO:0000818 UBERON:0005428 Vagal neural crest is adjacent to the first seven somites gives rise to both ganglionic and ectomesenchymal derivatives[ZFA]. XAO:0004191 ZFA:0000818 post-otic neural crest Vagal neural crest is adjacent to the first seven somites gives rise to both ganglionic and ectomesenchymal derivatives[ZFA]. ZFIN:curator ZFA:0000818 post-otic neural crest accessory pancreatic duct EHDAA2:0000105 EHDAA2:0000417 EHDAA:3013 EHDAA:9188 EMAPA:17505 EMAPA:17512 EMAPA:18818 EMAPA:18825 FMA:14534 MA:0000125 Most people have just one pancreatic duct. However, some have an additional accessory pancreatic duct also called the Duct of Santorini, which connects straight to the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla. Both these ducts connect to the second part (the vertical one) of the duodenum. However, the Duct of Santorini, which bypasses the Ampulla of Vater, is non-functional whereas the Duct of Wirsung is functional and carries the digestive enzymes released by the pancreas. It is named for Giovanni Domenico Santorini. OG:0000255 SCTID:245386000 UBERON:0005429 UBERON:0005603 accessory pancreatic duct of santorini dorsal pancreatic duct duct of Santorini pancreatic duct of santorini santorini's duct FMA:14534 santorini's duct FMA:14534 Wikipedia:Accessory_pancreatic_duct duct of Santorini MA:0000125 dorsal pancreatic duct Most people have just one pancreatic duct. However, some have an additional accessory pancreatic duct also called the Duct of Santorini, which connects straight to the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla. Both these ducts connect to the second part (the vertical one) of the duodenum. However, the Duct of Santorini, which bypasses the Ampulla of Vater, is non-functional whereas the Duct of Wirsung is functional and carries the digestive enzymes released by the pancreas. It is named for Giovanni Domenico Santorini. Wikipedia:Accessory_pancreatic_duct FMA Wikipedia:Accessory_pancreatic_duct accessory pancreatic duct of santorini Wikipedia:Accessory_pancreatic_duct pancreatic duct of santorini ansa cervicalis EHDAA2:0000124 EHDAA:6669 FMA:55142 SCTID:362474000 The ansa cervicalis (or ansa hypoglossi in older literature) is a loop of nerves that are part of the cervical plexus. It lies superficial to the internal jugular vein in the carotid sheath. Branches from the ansa cervicalis innervate three of the four infrahyoid muscles, including the sternohyoid muscle, the sternothyroid muscle, and the omohyoid muscle. UBERON:0005430 ansa hypoglossi The ansa cervicalis (or ansa hypoglossi in older literature) is a loop of nerves that are part of the cervical plexus. It lies superficial to the internal jugular vein in the carotid sheath. Branches from the ansa cervicalis innervate three of the four infrahyoid muscles, including the sternohyoid muscle, the sternothyroid muscle, and the omohyoid muscle. Wikipedia:Ansa_cervicalis Wikipedia:Ansa_cervicalis ansa hypoglossi anterior spinal artery Anterior medial spinal artery EHDAA2:0000131 EHDAA:6382 EMAPA:18242 FMA:50531 In human anatomy, the anterior spinal artery is the blood vessel that supplies the anterior portion of the spinal cord. It arises from branches of the vertebral arteries and is supplied by the anterior segmental medullary arteries, including the artery of Adamkiewicz, and courses along the anterior aspect of the spinal cord. SCTID:181329004 UBERON:0005431 Ventral spinal artery anterior spinal arteries arteria spinalis anterior ncithesaurus:Anterior_Spinal_Artery ventral artery of the spinal cord Wikipedia:Anterior_spinal_artery anterior spinal arteries FMA:50531 Ventral spinal artery In human anatomy, the anterior spinal artery is the blood vessel that supplies the anterior portion of the spinal cord. It arises from branches of the vertebral arteries and is supplied by the anterior segmental medullary arteries, including the artery of Adamkiewicz, and courses along the anterior aspect of the spinal cord. Wikipedia:Anterior_spinal_artery Wikipedia:Anterior_spinal_artery ventral artery of the spinal cord Anterior medial spinal artery FMA:50531 Wikipedia:Anterior_spinal_artery arteria spinalis anterior aortic sac EHDAA2:0000133 EHDAA2:0004145 EHDAA:9826 FMA:71008 SCTID:361527005 UBERON:0005432 the merged ventral aortae of the embryo which supplies blood to the aortic arches[TMD]. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aortic+sac the merged ventral aortae of the embryo which supplies blood to the aortic arches[TMD]. autonomic peripheral nervous system EHDAA2:0000158 EHDAA:3767 EMAPA:16984 FMA:65553 MESH:A.08.800.050 SCTID:429921001 TODO - check ANS, PNS UBERON:0005433 autonomic division of peripheral nervous system autonomic part of peripheral nervous system divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici pars autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici peripheral autonomic nervous system peripheral part of autonomic nervous system FMA:65553 autonomic division of peripheral nervous system FMA:65553 FMA:TA pars autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici FMA:65553 peripheral autonomic nervous system FMA:65553 autonomic part of peripheral nervous system FMA:65553 FMA:TA divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici FMA:65553 peripheral part of autonomic nervous system cervical region FMA:24219 SCTID:123958008 UBERON:0005434 cervical region neck subdivision region of neck subdivision of neck FMA:24219 subdivision of neck FMA:24219 cervical region FMA:24219 region of neck FMA:24219 neck subdivision cisterna chyli Atypical confluence of lymph trunks Chyle cistern Cistern of Pecquet EHDAA2:0000253 EHDAA:8679 FMA:5835 SCTID:279088007 The cisterna chyli (or cysterna chyli, and etymologically more correct, receptaculum chyli) is a dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct into which lymph from the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic trunks flow. UBERON:0005435 chyle cistern cysterna chyli ncithesaurus:Chyle_Cistern Wikipedia:Cisterna_chyli cysterna chyli Chyle cistern FMA:5835 Cistern of Pecquet FMA:5835 The cisterna chyli (or cysterna chyli, and etymologically more correct, receptaculum chyli) is a dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct into which lymph from the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic trunks flow. Wikipedia:Cisterna_chyli Atypical confluence of lymph trunks FMA:5835 Wikipedia:Cisterna_chyli chyle cistern common hepatic artery EHDAA2:0000308 EHDAA:8570 FMA:14771 In anatomy, the common hepatic artery is a short blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus (a part of the stomach), duodenum (a part of the small intestine) and pancreas. It arises from the celiac artery and has the following branches: SCTID:244263001 UBERON:0005436 common hepatic galen:CommonHepaticArtery Wikipedia:Common_hepatic_artery common hepatic In anatomy, the common hepatic artery is a short blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus (a part of the stomach), duodenum (a part of the small intestine) and pancreas. It arises from the celiac artery and has the following branches: Wikipedia:Common_hepatic_artery conus medullaris EHDAA2:0000315 EHDAA:6684 EMAPA:18219 FMA:74897 OG:0000546 SCTID:315472009 The conus medullaris is the terminal end of the spinal cord. It occurs near lumbar vertebral levels 1 (L1) and 2 (L2). After the spinal cord tapers out, the spinal nerves continue as dangling nerve roots called cauda equina. This terminal nerve root tail is referred to as the filum terminale. The upper end of the conus medullaris is usually not well defined. UBERON:0005437 medullary cone ncithesaurus:Conus_Medullaris termination of the spinal cord The conus medullaris is the terminal end of the spinal cord. It occurs near lumbar vertebral levels 1 (L1) and 2 (L2). After the spinal cord tapers out, the spinal nerves continue as dangling nerve roots called cauda equina. This terminal nerve root tail is referred to as the filum terminale. The upper end of the conus medullaris is usually not well defined. Wikipedia:Conus_medullaris coronary sinus EHDAA2:0000320 EHDAA:9884 FMA:4706 SCTID:244386006 The coronary sinus is a collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the myocardium of the heart. It is present in humans and other animals. The coronary sinus opens into the right atrium, between the inferior vena cava and the auriculo-ventricular opening. It returns the blood from the substance of the heart, and is protected by a semicircular fold of the lining membrane of the auricle, the coronary valve. (valve of Thebesius). The sinus, before entering the auricle, is considerably dilated - nearly to the size of the end of the little finger. Its wall is partly muscular, and at its junction with the great coronary vein is somewhat constricted and furnished with a valve consisting of two unequal segments. - Gray 462 UBERON:0005438 ncithesaurus:Coronary_Sinus sinus coronarius The coronary sinus is a collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the myocardium of the heart. It is present in humans and other animals. The coronary sinus opens into the right atrium, between the inferior vena cava and the auriculo-ventricular opening. It returns the blood from the substance of the heart, and is protected by a semicircular fold of the lining membrane of the auricle, the coronary valve. (valve of Thebesius). The sinus, before entering the auricle, is considerably dilated - nearly to the size of the end of the little finger. Its wall is partly muscular, and at its junction with the great coronary vein is somewhat constricted and furnished with a valve consisting of two unequal segments. - Gray 462 Wikipedia:Coronary_sinus definitive endoderm EFO:0002574 EHDAA2:0000337 EHDAA:218 EMAPA:16070 Embryonic endoderm FMA:85519 OG:0000751 UBERON:0005439 Embryonic endoderm FMA:85519 ductus arteriosus A fetal blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta[MESH]. In the developing fetus, the ductus arteriosus is a shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch. It allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus' fluid-filled lungs, protecting the lungs from being overworked and allowing the left ventricle to strengthen. There are two other fetal shunts, the ductus venosus and the foramen ovale[MP]. the fetal vessel that connects the left pulmonary artery with the descending aorta; the ductus arteriosus normally regresses into a fibrous cord, the ligamentum arteriousum after birth[MP] Botallo's duct EFO:0002515 EHDAA2:0000420 EHDAA:6462 EMAPA:17858 FMA:79871 MA:0001947 MESH:A.07.541.278.395 OG:0000923 SCTID:253684002 UBERON:0005440 arterial canal arterial duct ductus Botallo ductus arteriosis ductus arteriosum ductus botalli ductus layton fetal ductus arteriosus galen:DuctusArteriosus ncithesaurus:Ductus_Arteriosus Wikipedia:Ductus_arteriosus ductus layton A fetal blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta[MESH]. In the developing fetus, the ductus arteriosus is a shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch. It allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus' fluid-filled lungs, protecting the lungs from being overworked and allowing the left ventricle to strengthen. There are two other fetal shunts, the ductus venosus and the foramen ovale[MP]. the fetal vessel that connects the left pulmonary artery with the descending aorta; the ductus arteriosus normally regresses into a fibrous cord, the ligamentum arteriousum after birth[MP] MESH:A.07.541.278.395 MP:0010564 Wikipedia:Ductus_arteriosus Botallo's duct Wikipedia:Ductus_arteriosus EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Ductus_arteriosus ductus arteriosis MA Wikipedia Wikipedia:Ductus_arteriosus ductus arteriosum Wikipedia:Ductus_arteriosus ductus botalli MP:0010564 arterial canal MP:0010564 arterial duct MP:0010564 fetal ductus arteriosus MP:0010564 ductus Botallo external intercostal muscle EHDAA2:0000465 EHDAA:8260 FMA:9756 MA:0002325 SCTID:244878003 The Intercostales externi (External intercostals) are eleven in number on either side. They extend from the tubercles of the ribs behind, to the cartilages of the ribs in front, where they end in thin membranes, the anterior intercostal membranes, which are continued forward to the sternum. Each arises from the lower border of a rib, and is inserted into the upper border of the rib below. In the two lower spaces they extend to the ends of the cartilages, and in the upper two or three spaces they do not quite reach the ends of the ribs. They are thicker than the Intercostales interni, and their fibers are directed obliquely downward and laterally on the back of the thorax, and downward, forward, and medially on the front (the example is often used of sticking one's hands in their pocket and noting the direction of the fingers pointing downward and medially). UBERON:0005441 external intercostal muscle external intercostals intercostal muscle external layer intercostales externi intercostales externi muscle intercostales externi muscles intercostales externus intercostalis externus intercostals external intercostals external muscle musculi intercostales externi ncithesaurus:External_Intercostal_Muscle Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles intercostals external Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles intercostales externi muscle MA:0002325 intercostales externus Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles intercostales externi Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles external intercostals Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles intercostalis externus Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles intercostals external muscle Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles intercostales externi muscles Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles external intercostal muscle Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles musculi intercostales externi MA:0002325 intercostal muscle external layer The Intercostales externi (External intercostals) are eleven in number on either side. They extend from the tubercles of the ribs behind, to the cartilages of the ribs in front, where they end in thin membranes, the anterior intercostal membranes, which are continued forward to the sternum. Each arises from the lower border of a rib, and is inserted into the upper border of the rib below. In the two lower spaces they extend to the ends of the cartilages, and in the upper two or three spaces they do not quite reach the ends of the ribs. They are thicker than the Intercostales interni, and their fibers are directed obliquely downward and laterally on the back of the thorax, and downward, forward, and medially on the front (the example is often used of sticking one's hands in their pocket and noting the direction of the fingers pointing downward and medially). Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles external oblique EHDAA2:0000469 EHDAA:8248 EMAPA:18162 FMA:13335 MA:0002345 OG:0000788 SCTID:244946005 The external oblique muscle (of the abdomen) (also external abdominal oblique muscle) is the largest and the most superficial (outermost) of the three flat muscles of the lateral anterior abdomen. UBERON:0005442 external abdominal oblique external abdominal oblique muscle external abdominal oblique muscle external oblique external oblique abdominal muscles external oblique abdominis external oblique abdominis muscle external oblique muscle ncithesaurus:External_Oblique_Muscle oblique strength obliquus abdominis externus obliquus externus obliquus externus abdominis obliquus externus abdominis obliquus externus abdominis muscle MA:0002345 obliquus externus abdominis Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle external oblique abdominal muscles The external oblique muscle (of the abdomen) (also external abdominal oblique muscle) is the largest and the most superficial (outermost) of the three flat muscles of the lateral anterior abdomen. Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle obliquus externus Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle external oblique Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle external oblique abdominis Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle external abdominal oblique Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle obliquus abdominis externus FMA:13335 external abdominal oblique muscle Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle external oblique muscle Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle external abdominal oblique muscle Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle obliquus externus abdominis muscle Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle external oblique abdominis muscle Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle oblique strength Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle obliquus externus abdominis filum terminale EHDAA2:0000510 EHDAA:6686 EMAPA:18220 FMA:83977 Filum terminale segment of pia mater OG:0000547 SCTID:361344005 Terminal filum The filum terminale ("terminal thread"), is a delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm. in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord and consists of two parts: The upper part, or filum terminale internum, is about 15 cm. long and reaches as far as the lower border of the second sacral vertebra. It is continuous above with the pia mater and contained within a tubular sheath of the dura mater. In addition, it is surrounded by the nerves forming the cauda equina, from which it can be easily recognized by its bluish-white color. The lower part, or filum terminale externum, closely adheres to the dura mater. It extends downward from the apex of the tubular sheath and is attached to the back of the first segment of the coccyx in a structure sometimes referred to as the coccygeal ligament. The most inferior of the spinal nerves, the coccygeal nerve leaves the spinal cord at the level of the conus medullaris, superior to the filum terminale. However, adhering to the outer surface of the filum terminale are a few strands of nerve fibers which probably represent rudimentary second and third coccygeal nerves. Furthermore, the central canal of the spinal cord extends 5 to 6 cm. beyond the conus medullaris, downward into the filum terminale. UBERON:0005443 coccygeal ligament pars pialis fili terminalis FMA:83977 Filum terminale segment of pia mater The filum terminale ("terminal thread"), is a delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm. in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord and consists of two parts: The upper part, or filum terminale internum, is about 15 cm. long and reaches as far as the lower border of the second sacral vertebra. It is continuous above with the pia mater and contained within a tubular sheath of the dura mater. In addition, it is surrounded by the nerves forming the cauda equina, from which it can be easily recognized by its bluish-white color. The lower part, or filum terminale externum, closely adheres to the dura mater. It extends downward from the apex of the tubular sheath and is attached to the back of the first segment of the coccyx in a structure sometimes referred to as the coccygeal ligament. The most inferior of the spinal nerves, the coccygeal nerve leaves the spinal cord at the level of the conus medullaris, superior to the filum terminale. However, adhering to the outer surface of the filum terminale are a few strands of nerve fibers which probably represent rudimentary second and third coccygeal nerves. Furthermore, the central canal of the spinal cord extends 5 to 6 cm. beyond the conus medullaris, downward into the filum terminale. Wikipedia:Filum_terminale FMA:83977 FMA:TA pars pialis fili terminalis FMA:83977 Terminal filum first polar body EHDAA2:0000541 FMA:18650 UBERON:0005444 belongs in CL polocytus primarius true FMA:18650 polocytus primarius segment of foot FMA:24993 SCTID:362887000 UBERON:0005445 foot region foot subdivision regio pedis segment of foot subdivision of foot FMA:24993 foot region FMA:24993 segment of foot FMA:24993 foot subdivision FMA:24993 FMA:TA regio pedis FMA:24993 subdivision of foot foramen rotundum AAO to be checked AAO:0000194 EHDAA2:0000552 EHDAA:10629 EMAPA:18712 FMA:53154 SCTID:369439002 The foramen rotundum is a circular hole in the sphenoid bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa. UBERON:0005446 foramen rotundum of the skull The foramen rotundum is a circular hole in the sphenoid bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa. Wikipedia:Foramen_rotundum Wikipedia:Foramen_rotundum foramen rotundum of the skull bladder fundus UBERON:0005447 UBERON:0006081 UBERON:0006082 true greater omentum EHDAA2:0000720 EHDAA:6071 EMAPA:18660 EMAPA:18904 EV:0100085 FMA:9580 OG:0000356 SCTID:362711003 The greater omentum (also the great omentum, omentum majus, gastrocolic omentum, epiploön, or, especially in animals, caul) is a large fold of peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach, and extends from the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall after associating with the transverse colon. UBERON:0005448 caul epiploic epiplooen epiploon gastrocolic omentum great omentum ncithesaurus:Greater_Omentum omentectomy omentum majus Wikipedia:Greater_omentum epiplooen FMA Wikipedia:Greater_omentum gastrocolic omentum OG Wikipedia:Greater_omentum great omentum Wikipedia:Greater_omentum caul Wikipedia:Greater_omentum omentum majus Wikipedia Wikipedia:Greater_omentum omentectomy The greater omentum (also the great omentum, omentum majus, gastrocolic omentum, epiploön, or, especially in animals, caul) is a large fold of peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach, and extends from the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall after associating with the transverse colon. Wikipedia:Greater_omentum Wikipedia:Greater_omentum epiploic Wikipedia:Greater_omentum epiploon Wikipedia greater sac EHDAA2:0000722 EHDAA:2327 EMAPA:16885 EMAPA:18453 FMA:19799 MA:0000448 OG:0000858 UBERON:0005449 general cavity of the abdomen peritoneal cavity greater sac peritoneum of the peritoneal cavity proper the cavity in the abdomen that is inside the peritoneum but outside of the lesser sac. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Greater_sac general cavity of the abdomen Wikipedia:Greater_sac the cavity in the abdomen that is inside the peritoneum but outside of the lesser sac. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000448 peritoneal cavity greater sac Wikipedia:Greater_sac peritoneum of the peritoneal cavity proper greater sac cavity EHDAA2:0000724 EMAPA:16886 EMAPA:18454 FMA:9691 OG:0000528 UBERON:0005450 cavity of greater sac cavum peritonei greater peritoneal cavity FMA:9691 cavity of greater sac FMA:9691 cavum peritonei FMA:9691 greater peritoneal cavity segment of hand FMA:24945 SCTID:127950000 UBERON:0005451 hand region hand subdivision segment of hand subdivision of hand FMA:24945 segment of hand FMA:24945 hand region FMA:24945 subdivision of hand FMA:24945 hand subdivision hepatic plate Composed of hepatocytes, usually only one cell thick. The spaces between hepatic plates are occupied by sinusoids. FMA:14655 UBERON:0005452 hepatic cord hepatic lamina lamina hepatica liver cell plate Composed of hepatocytes, usually only one cell thick. The spaces between hepatic plates are occupied by sinusoids. ISBN:0387949542 FMA:14655 hepatic cord FMA:14655 hepatic lamina FMA:14655 lamina hepatica FMA:14655 liver cell plate FMA inferior mesenteric ganglion EHDAA2:0000818 EHDAA:8948 FMA:77590 SCTID:279277007 UBERON:0005453 a ganglion located near where the inferior mesenteric artery branches from the abdominal aorta[WP]. Wikipedia:Inferior_mesenteric_ganglion a ganglion located near where the inferior mesenteric artery branches from the abdominal aorta[WP]. internal oblique EHDAA2:0000879 EHDAA:8250 EMAPA:18163 FMA:13891 MA:0002346 OG:0000789 SCTID:244947001 The internal oblique muscle (of the abdomen) is the intermediate muscle of the abdomen, lying just underneath the external oblique and just above (superficial to) the transverse abdominal muscle. UBERON:0005454 abdominal internal oblique internal abdominal oblique internal abdominal oblique muscle internal oblique abdominal internal oblique abdominis internal oblique abdominis muscle internal oblique muscle musculus obliquus internus abdominis ncithesaurus:Internal_Oblique_Muscle obliqui internus obliquus internus obliquus internus abdominis obliquus internus abdominis obliquus internus abdominis muscle obliquus internus abdominis muscle Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle obliquus internus abdominis Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle internal oblique muscle Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle internal oblique abdominal MA:0002346 obliquus internus abdominis The internal oblique muscle (of the abdomen) is the intermediate muscle of the abdomen, lying just underneath the external oblique and just above (superficial to) the transverse abdominal muscle. Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle abdominal internal oblique Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle internal oblique abdominis Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle internal abdominal oblique Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle obliquus internus Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle musculus obliquus internus abdominis FMA:13891 obliquus internus abdominis muscle Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle internal oblique abdominis muscle Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle internal abdominal oblique muscle Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle obliquus internus abdominis muscle Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle obliqui internus interventricular groove EHDAA2:0000884 EHDAA:1918 EMAPA:17336 FMA:7223 OG:0000790 SCTID:277708006 UBERON:0005455 interventricular sulcus FMA:7223 interventricular sulcus EHDAA2 jugular foramen AAO:0000249 EHDAA2:0000893 EHDAA:10631 EMAPA:18713 FMA:56432 OG:0001113 Posterior lacerate foramen SCTID:361735006 The jugular foramen is a large aperture in the base of the skull. It is located behind the carotid canal and is formed in front by the petrous portion of the temporal, and behind by the occipital; it is generally larger on the right than on the left side UBERON:0005456 foramen jugulare ncithesaurus:Jugular_Foramen Wikipedia:Jugular_foramen foramen jugulare The jugular foramen is a large aperture in the base of the skull. It is located behind the carotid canal and is formed in front by the petrous portion of the temporal, and behind by the occipital; it is generally larger on the right than on the left side Wikipedia:Jugular_foramen FMA:56432 Posterior lacerate foramen left thymus lobe EHDAA2:0000964 FMA:71195 SCTID:188079002 UBERON:0005457 left lobe of thymus left thymic lobe FMA:71195 left thymic lobe FMA:71195 left lobe of thymus left umbilical artery EHDAA2:0000966 EMAPA:16544 FMA:18822 UBERON:0005458 left umbilical vein EHDAA2:0000967 EMAPA:16358 EMAPA:16377 FMA:70320 SCTID:308833008 UBERON:0005459 left vitelline vein EHDAA2:0000971 EMAPA:16380 EMAPA:16698 FMA:70307 SCTID:361446008 UBERON:0005460 levator scapulae EHDAA2:0000992 EHDAA:8309 FMA:32519 The levator scapulae is situated at the back and side of the neck. UBERON:0005461 levator scapul%c3%a6 levator scapula levator scapulae muscle Wikipedia:Levator_scapulae_muscle levator scapulae muscle Wikipedia:Levator_scapulae_muscle levator scapula The levator scapulae is situated at the back and side of the neck. Wikipedia:Levator_scapulae_muscle Wikipedia:Levator_scapulae_muscle levator scapul%c3%a6 lower back FMA:61681 MA:0000027 SCTID:182343007 Subdivision of abdominal segment of trunk which in humans is demarcated from the front of the abdomen by the posterior surface of the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia and the anterior surface of the lumbar vertebral column; together with the front of the abdomen, it constitutes the abdomen[Modified from FMA]. UBERON:0005462 abdominal back back of abdomen dorsum of abdomen lower back lumbar part of back lumbar region lumbar region of back ncithesaurus:Lumbar_Region posterior part of abdomen regio lumbalis todo - split lower back from lumbar region? MA:0000027 lower back FMA:61681 lumbar part of back FMA:61681 back of abdomen FMA:61681 FMA:TA regio lumbalis FMA:61681 dorsum of abdomen FMA:61681 posterior part of abdomen MA FMA:61681 lumbar region FMA:61681 abdominal back UBERON:cjm lumbar region of back FMA:61681 Subdivision of abdominal segment of trunk which in humans is demarcated from the front of the abdomen by the posterior surface of the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia and the anterior surface of the lumbar vertebral column; together with the front of the abdomen, it constitutes the abdomen[Modified from FMA]. marginal sinus EHDAA2:0001064 EHDAA:8693 FMA:50766 SCTID:361511003 The subcapsular sinus (lymph path, lymph sinus, marginal sinus) is a region within the lymph node immediately deep to the capsule that contains relatively sparse lymphocytes. It thus allows lymph to flow freely through it. The lymph node contains lymphoid tissue, i.e. , a meshwork or fibers called reticulum with white blood cells enmeshed in it. The regions where there are few cells within the meshwork are known lymph sinus. It is lined by reticular cells, fibroblasts and fixed macrophages. Thus, subcapsular (sub=below) sinus lies immediately deep to the capsule of the lymph node and immediately above the cortex. It is continuous with the similar lymph sinuses that flank the trabeculae (the extensions of capsule within the substance of the lymph node). The subcapsular sinus is of clinical importance as it is the most likely location where the earliest manifestations of a metastatic carcinoma in a lymph node would be found. UBERON:0005463 lymph path lymph sinus subcapsular sinus todo - add syns to disambiguate from rodent speen marginal sinus The subcapsular sinus (lymph path, lymph sinus, marginal sinus) is a region within the lymph node immediately deep to the capsule that contains relatively sparse lymphocytes. It thus allows lymph to flow freely through it. The lymph node contains lymphoid tissue, i.e. , a meshwork or fibers called reticulum with white blood cells enmeshed in it. The regions where there are few cells within the meshwork are known lymph sinus. It is lined by reticular cells, fibroblasts and fixed macrophages. Thus, subcapsular (sub=below) sinus lies immediately deep to the capsule of the lymph node and immediately above the cortex. It is continuous with the similar lymph sinuses that flank the trabeculae (the extensions of capsule within the substance of the lymph node). The subcapsular sinus is of clinical importance as it is the most likely location where the earliest manifestations of a metastatic carcinoma in a lymph node would be found. Wikipedia:Subcapsular_sinus Wikipedia:Subcapsular_sinus subcapsular sinus Wikipedia:Subcapsular_sinus lymph path Wikipedia:Subcapsular_sinus lymph sinus median sacral artery EHDAA2:0001087 EHDAA:2556 EMAPA:19214 FMA:14757 Middle sacral artery OG:0000756 SCTID:244282005 The median sacral artery (or middle sacral artery) is a small vessel, which arises from the back of the aorta, a little above its bifurcation. It descends in the middle line in front of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebræ, the sacrum and coccyx, and ends in the glomus coccygeum (coccygeal gland). From it, minute branches are said to pass to the posterior surface of the rectum. On the last lumbar vertebra it anastomoses with the lumbar branch of the iliolumbar artery; in front of the sacrum it anastomoses with the lateral sacral arteries, and sends offsets into the anterior sacral foramina. It is crossed by the left common iliac vein, and is accompanied by a pair of venæ comitantes; these unite to form a single vessel, which opens into the left common iliac vein. UBERON:0005464 coccygeal branches middle sacral middle sacral artery Wikipedia:Median_sacral_artery middle sacral artery The median sacral artery (or middle sacral artery) is a small vessel, which arises from the back of the aorta, a little above its bifurcation. It descends in the middle line in front of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebræ, the sacrum and coccyx, and ends in the glomus coccygeum (coccygeal gland). From it, minute branches are said to pass to the posterior surface of the rectum. On the last lumbar vertebra it anastomoses with the lumbar branch of the iliolumbar artery; in front of the sacrum it anastomoses with the lateral sacral arteries, and sends offsets into the anterior sacral foramina. It is crossed by the left common iliac vein, and is accompanied by a pair of venæ comitantes; these unite to form a single vessel, which opens into the left common iliac vein. Wikipedia:Median_sacral_artery Wikipedia:Median_sacral_artery coccygeal branches Wikipedia:Median_sacral_artery middle sacral FMA:14757 Middle sacral artery obturator nerve EHDAA2:0001282 EHDAA:5657 FMA:16487 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.450.600 SCTID:181052006 The obturator nerve arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves; the branch from the third is the largest, while that from the second is often very small. UBERON:0005465 ncithesaurus:Obturator_Nerve The obturator nerve arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves; the branch from the third is the largest, while that from the second is often very small. Wikipedia:Obturator_nerve paravertebral ganglia Along the length of the sympathetic trunk are ganglia known as ganglia of sympathetic trunk or paravertebral ganglia. The ganglia are distinguished as cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral and, except in the neck, they closely correspond in number to the vertebrae. EHDAA2:0001403 EHDAA:5635 FMA:80128 Paravertebral ganglia Paravertebral ganglia set UBERON:0005466 ganglia of sympathetic trunk paravertebral ganglion sympathetic chain ganglia Along the length of the sympathetic trunk are ganglia known as ganglia of sympathetic trunk or paravertebral ganglia. The ganglia are distinguished as cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral and, except in the neck, they closely correspond in number to the vertebrae. Wikipedia:Paravertebral_ganglia FMA:80128 Paravertebral ganglia FMA:80128 Paravertebral ganglia set Wikipedia:Paravertebral_ganglia sympathetic chain ganglia Wikipedia:Paravertebral_ganglia paravertebral ganglion Wikipedia:Paravertebral_ganglia ganglia of sympathetic trunk platysma BTO:0005124 EHDAA2:0001474 EHDAA:8270 EMAPA:18190 FMA:45738 OG:0000931 SCTID:244754004 The platysma is a superficial muscle that overlaps the sternocleidomastoid. It is a broad sheet arising from the fascia covering the upper parts of the pectoralis major and deltoid; its fibers cross the clavicle, and proceed obliquely upward and medially along the side of the neck. The anterior fibers interlace, below and behind the symphysis menti, with the fibers of the muscle of the opposite side; the posterior fibers cross the mandible, some being inserted into the bone below the oblique line, others into the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the lower part of the face. Many of these fibers blend with the muscles about the angle and lower part of the mouth. Sometimes fibers can be traced to the zygomaticus, or to the margin of the orbicularis oculi. Beneath the platysma, the external jugular vein descends from the angle of the mandible to the clavicle. UBERON:0005467 platysma muscle BTO:0005124 platysma muscle The platysma is a superficial muscle that overlaps the sternocleidomastoid. It is a broad sheet arising from the fascia covering the upper parts of the pectoralis major and deltoid; its fibers cross the clavicle, and proceed obliquely upward and medially along the side of the neck. The anterior fibers interlace, below and behind the symphysis menti, with the fibers of the muscle of the opposite side; the posterior fibers cross the mandible, some being inserted into the bone below the oblique line, others into the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the lower part of the face. Many of these fibers blend with the muscles about the angle and lower part of the mouth. Sometimes fibers can be traced to the zygomaticus, or to the margin of the orbicularis oculi. Beneath the platysma, the external jugular vein descends from the angle of the mandible to the clavicle. Wikipedia:Platysma_muscle right thymus lobe EHDAA2:0001758 FMA:71194 SCTID:187981000 UBERON:0005469 right lobe of thymus right thymic lobe FMA:71194 right thymic lobe FMA:71194 right lobe of thymus right umbilical artery EHDAA2:0001760 EMAPA:16545 FMA:18821 UBERON:0005470 right umbilical vein EHDAA2:0001761 EMAPA:16359 EMAPA:16378 FMA:70319 SCTID:361447004 UBERON:0005471 right vitelline vein EHDAA2:0001766 EMAPA:16381 EMAPA:16699 FMA:70306 SCTID:361445007 UBERON:0005472 sacral region FMA:24228 SCTID:182344001 TODO - split sacral from sacrococcygeal UBERON:0005473 back of pelvis pelvic back posterior part of pelvis regio sacralis sacral part of pelvis FMA:24228 pelvic back FMA:24228 sacral part of pelvis FMA:24228 back of pelvis FMA:24228 posterior part of pelvis FMA:24228 FMA:TA regio sacralis second polar body EHDAA2:0001820 FMA:18651 Polocytus secundarius UBERON:0005474 belongs in CL true FMA:18651 Polocytus secundarius sigmoid sinus EHDAA2:0001838 EHDAA:9880 EMAPA:19060 FMA:50782 OG:0001337 SCTID:279264003 The sigmoid sinuses, within a human head, are 2 areas beneath the brain, which allow blood veins to span the area, from the center of the head downward. They drain from the transverse sinuses (under the back of the brain) to the internal jugular vein. Each sigmoid sinus begins beneath the temporal bone and follows a tortuous course to the jugular foramen, at which point the sinus becomes continuous with the internal jugular vein. UBERON:0005475 ncithesaurus:Sigmoid_Sinus The sigmoid sinuses, within a human head, are 2 areas beneath the brain, which allow blood veins to span the area, from the center of the head downward. They drain from the transverse sinuses (under the back of the brain) to the internal jugular vein. Each sigmoid sinus begins beneath the temporal bone and follows a tortuous course to the jugular foramen, at which point the sinus becomes continuous with the internal jugular vein. Wikipedia:Sigmoid_sinus spinal nerve trunk EHDAA2:0001900 FMA:5929 UBERON:0005476 spinal nerve (trunk) spinal neural trunk trunk of spinal nerve FMA:5929 trunk of spinal nerve FMA:5929 spinal nerve (trunk) FMA:5929 spinal neural trunk stomach fundus epithelium EHDAA2:0001921 FMA:17277 OG:0000878 UBERON:0005477 epithelium of fundus of stomach gastric epithelium of fundus gastric fundus epithelium FMA:17277 epithelium of fundus of stomach FMA:17277 gastric fundus epithelium FMA:17277 gastric epithelium of fundus sulcus limitans of neural tube A longitudinal groove in the neural tube wall of the embryo; stretches from the mesencephalon caudad[TMD]. EHDAA2:0001265 UBERON:0005478 neural tube lateral wall sulcus limitans sulcus limitans A longitudinal groove in the neural tube wall of the embryo; stretches from the mesencephalon caudad[TMD]. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Sulcus+limitans EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001265 neural tube lateral wall sulcus limitans superior mesenteric ganglion EHDAA2:0001950 EHDAA:8950 FMA:77589 In the upper part of the superior mesenteric plexus close to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery is a ganglion, the superior mesenteric ganglion. The superior mesenteric ganglion is the synapsing point for one of the pre- and post-synaptic nerves of the sympathetic division of the autonomous nervous system. This nerve goes on to innervate part of the large intestine. SCTID:279276003 UBERON:0005479 ganglion mesentericum superius superior mesenteric ganglia In the upper part of the superior mesenteric plexus close to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery is a ganglion, the superior mesenteric ganglion. The superior mesenteric ganglion is the synapsing point for one of the pre- and post-synaptic nerves of the sympathetic division of the autonomous nervous system. This nerve goes on to innervate part of the large intestine. Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_ganglion Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_ganglion superior mesenteric ganglia Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_ganglion ganglion mesentericum superius superior orbital fissure EHDAA2:0001952 EHDAA:10650 EMAPA:18718 FMA:54799 OG:0000553 SCTID:280559002 TODO add generic foramen class The superior orbital fissure is a foramen in the skull, although strictly it is more of a cleft, lying between the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid bone. UBERON:0005480 fissura orbitalis superior sphenoidal fissure Wikipedia:Superior_orbital_fissure fissura orbitalis superior The superior orbital fissure is a foramen in the skull, although strictly it is more of a cleft, lying between the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid bone. Wikipedia:Superior_orbital_fissure Wikipedia:Superior_orbital_fissure sphenoidal fissure tentorial sinus EHDAA2:0002003 EHDAA:9882 FMA:50769 The straight sinus (also known by the alternate anatomical term tentorial sinus), within the human head, is an area beneath the brain, which allows blood veins to span the area, from the center of the head towards the back. It drains from the inferior sagittal sinus (from the center of the brain) to the transverse sinuses (at the back of the head), then to the sigmoid sinuses below the brain. See diagram (at right): labeled in the brain as "" . The straight sinus (tentorial sinus) is situated along the junction of the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli. It forms from the confluence of the inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein (great vein of Galen). In cross-section it is triangular, contains a few transverse bands across its interior, and increases in size as it proceeds backward. It receives the superior cerebellar veins. The terminal part of the straight sinus drains into the confluence of the sinuses. UBERON:0005481 ncithesaurus:Straight_Sinus rectus sinus straight sinus straight sinus vein Wikipedia:Straight_sinus rectus sinus Wikipedia:Straight_sinus straight sinus vein The straight sinus (also known by the alternate anatomical term tentorial sinus), within the human head, is an area beneath the brain, which allows blood veins to span the area, from the center of the head towards the back. It drains from the inferior sagittal sinus (from the center of the brain) to the transverse sinuses (at the back of the head), then to the sigmoid sinuses below the brain. See diagram (at right): labeled in the brain as "" . The straight sinus (tentorial sinus) is situated along the junction of the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli. It forms from the confluence of the inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein (great vein of Galen). In cross-section it is triangular, contains a few transverse bands across its interior, and increases in size as it proceeds backward. It receives the superior cerebellar veins. The terminal part of the straight sinus drains into the confluence of the sinuses. Wikipedia:Straight_sinus Wikipedia:Straight_sinus straight sinus thoracic region FMA:20358 SCTID:425803006 UBERON:0005482 in FMA, this has subtypes anterior chest, chest wall, ... - but not thorax itself. subdivision of thorax thoracic region thoracic subdivision FMA:20358 subdivision of thorax FMA:20358 thoracic subdivision FMA:20358 thoracic region thymus lobe EHDAA2:0002021 FMA:71193 UBERON:0005483 lobe of thymus FMA:71193 lobe of thymus tricuspid valve leaflet EHDAA2:0002082 EMAPA:18630 FMA:7237 OG:0000821 SCTID:276830008 UBERON:0005484 leaflet of tricuspid valve tricuspid valve leaflet tricuspid valvular leaflet FMA:7237 leaflet of tricuspid valve FMA:7237 tricuspid valve leaflet FMA:7237 tricuspid valvular leaflet valve of inferior vena cava EHDAA2:0002166 EHDAA:8631 FMA:9240 SCTID:277722006 The valve of the inferior vena cava (eustachian valve) lies at the junction of the inferior vena cava and right atrium. In fetal life, the Eustachian valve helps direct the flow of oxygen-rich blood through the right atrium into the left atrium via the foramen ovale (preventing blood flowing into the right ventricle). Before birth, oxygen rich blood returning from the placenta mixes with blood from the hepatic veins in the inferior vena cava. Streaming this blood across the atrial septum via the foramen ovale increases the oxygen content of blood in the left atrium. This in turn increases the oxygen concentration of blood in the left ventricle, the aorta, the coronary circulation and the circulation of the developing brain. Following birth and separation from the placenta, the oxygen content in the inferior vena cava falls. With the onset of breathing, the left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins. As blood flow to the lungs increases, the amount of blood flow entering the left atrium increases. When the pressure in the left atrium exceeds the pressure in the right atrium, the foramen ovale begins to close and limits the blood flow between the left and right atrium. While the Eustachian valve persists in adult life, it is essentially vestigial. Eustachian Valve (EV), also called valvulae venae cavae inferioris, was described for the first time by the Italian anatomist: Bartolomeo Eustachi (born between 1500 and 1513, died 1574). UBERON:0005485 editor note: this class should be subdivided into the embryonic structure and the vestigial adult remnant, a small endocardialfold eustachean valve eustachian valve inferior vena cava valve ncithesaurus:Eustachian_Valve valve of the inferior vena cava Wikipedia:Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava valve of the inferior vena cava The valve of the inferior vena cava (eustachian valve) lies at the junction of the inferior vena cava and right atrium. In fetal life, the Eustachian valve helps direct the flow of oxygen-rich blood through the right atrium into the left atrium via the foramen ovale (preventing blood flowing into the right ventricle). Before birth, oxygen rich blood returning from the placenta mixes with blood from the hepatic veins in the inferior vena cava. Streaming this blood across the atrial septum via the foramen ovale increases the oxygen content of blood in the left atrium. This in turn increases the oxygen concentration of blood in the left ventricle, the aorta, the coronary circulation and the circulation of the developing brain. Following birth and separation from the placenta, the oxygen content in the inferior vena cava falls. With the onset of breathing, the left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins. As blood flow to the lungs increases, the amount of blood flow entering the left atrium increases. When the pressure in the left atrium exceeds the pressure in the right atrium, the foramen ovale begins to close and limits the blood flow between the left and right atrium. While the Eustachian valve persists in adult life, it is essentially vestigial. Eustachian Valve (EV), also called valvulae venae cavae inferioris, was described for the first time by the Italian anatomist: Bartolomeo Eustachi (born between 1500 and 1513, died 1574). Wikipedia:Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava FMA:9240 eustachean valve FMA:9240 inferior vena cava valve FMA:9240 eustachian valve venous dural sinus EHDAA2:0002169 EHDAA:6491 EMAPA:18634 FMA:50762 MA:0002113 OG:0001004 SCTID:54944003 The dural venous sinuses (also called dural sinuses, cerebral sinuses, or cranial sinuses) are venous channels found between layers of dura mater in the brain.[1] They receive blood from internal and external veins of the brain, receive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space, and ultimately empty into the internal jugular vein. UBERON:0005486 cranial dural venous sinus dural sinus dural venous sinus editor note: the MA placement should be checked venous dural venous dural sinus EHDAA2:0002169 venous dural sinus FMA:50762 dural sinus The dural venous sinuses (also called dural sinuses, cerebral sinuses, or cranial sinuses) are venous channels found between layers of dura mater in the brain.[1] They receive blood from internal and external veins of the brain, receive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space, and ultimately empty into the internal jugular vein. Wikipedia:Dural_venous_sinuses FMA:50762 dural venous sinus EHDAA:6491 venous dural FMA:50762 cranial dural venous sinus vitelline vein EHDAA2:0002209 EMAPA:16244 EMAPA:16379 EMAPA:26151 FMA:70305 One of two veins which drain blood from the yolk sac. They run upward at first in front, and subsequently on either side of the intestinal canal. They unite on the ventral aspect of the canal, and beyond this are connected to one another by two anastomotic branches, one on the dorsal, and the other on the ventral aspect of the duodenal portion of the intestine, which is thus encircled by two venous rings; into the middle or dorsal anastomosis the superior mesenteric vein opens. The portions of the veins above the upper ring become interrupted by the developing liver and broken up by it into a plexus of small capillary-like vessels termed sinusoids. UBERON:0005487 XAO:0004147 ZFA:0005035 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Gray475.png ncithesaurus:Vitelline_Vein omphalomesenteric vein todo - check zfa EMAPA:16244 omphalomesenteric vein One of two veins which drain blood from the yolk sac. They run upward at first in front, and subsequently on either side of the intestinal canal. They unite on the ventral aspect of the canal, and beyond this are connected to one another by two anastomotic branches, one on the dorsal, and the other on the ventral aspect of the duodenal portion of the intestine, which is thus encircled by two venous rings; into the middle or dorsal anastomosis the superior mesenteric vein opens. The portions of the veins above the upper ring become interrupted by the developing liver and broken up by it into a plexus of small capillary-like vessels termed sinusoids. Wikipedia:Vitelline_vein superior mesenteric plexus FMA:6639 SCTID:362493003 The superior mesenteric plexus is a continuation of the lower part of the celiac plexus, receiving a branch from the junction of the right vagus nerve with the plexus. It surrounds the superior mesenteric artery, accompanies it into the mesentery, and divides into a number of secondary plexuses, which are distributed to all the parts supplied by the artery, viz. , pancreatic branches to the pancreas; intestinal branches to the small intestine; and ileocolic, right colic, and middle colic branches, which supply the corresponding parts of the great intestine. The nerves composing this plexus are white in color and firm in texture; in the upper part of the plexus close to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery is the superior mesenteric ganglion. UBERON:0005488 plexus mesentericus superior superior mesenteric nerve plexus The superior mesenteric plexus is a continuation of the lower part of the celiac plexus, receiving a branch from the junction of the right vagus nerve with the plexus. It surrounds the superior mesenteric artery, accompanies it into the mesentery, and divides into a number of secondary plexuses, which are distributed to all the parts supplied by the artery, viz. , pancreatic branches to the pancreas; intestinal branches to the small intestine; and ileocolic, right colic, and middle colic branches, which supply the corresponding parts of the great intestine. The nerves composing this plexus are white in color and firm in texture; in the upper part of the plexus close to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery is the superior mesenteric ganglion. Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_plexus FMA:6639 superior mesenteric nerve plexus FMA:6639 FMA:TA plexus mesentericus superior anterior interventricular sulcus FMA:7177 SCTID:277710008 The ventricles of the heart are separated by two grooves, one of which, the anterior longitudinal sulcus (or anterior interventricular sulcus), is situated on the sternocostal surface of the heart, close to its left margin. The other groove separating the ventricles is the posterior interventricular sulcus. UBERON:0005489 anterior interventricular groove anterior interventricular groove anterior longitudinal sulcus FMA Wikipedia:Anterior_interventricular_sulcus anterior longitudinal sulcus The ventricles of the heart are separated by two grooves, one of which, the anterior longitudinal sulcus (or anterior interventricular sulcus), is situated on the sternocostal surface of the heart, close to its left margin. The other groove separating the ventricles is the posterior interventricular sulcus. Wikipedia:Anterior_interventricular_sulcus FMA:7177 anterior interventricular groove Wikipedia:Anterior_interventricular_sulcus anterior interventricular groove posterior interventricular sulcus FMA:7178 SCTID:277711007 The ventricles are separated by two grooves, one of which, the anterior longitudinal sulcus, is situated on the sternocostal surface of the heart, close to its left margin, the other posterior longitudinal sulcus (posterior interventricular sulcus, inferior interventricular groove), on the diaphragmatic surface near the right margin. In it run the posterior interventricular artery and middle cardiac vein. UBERON:0005490 diaphragmatic interventricular groove inferior interventricular groove posterior interventricular groove posterior interventricular groove posterior longitudinal sulci posterior longitudinal sulcus The ventricles are separated by two grooves, one of which, the anterior longitudinal sulcus, is situated on the sternocostal surface of the heart, close to its left margin, the other posterior longitudinal sulcus (posterior interventricular sulcus, inferior interventricular groove), on the diaphragmatic surface near the right margin. In it run the posterior interventricular artery and middle cardiac vein. Wikipedia:Posterior_interventricular_sulcus FMA:7178 posterior interventricular groove FMA:7178 diaphragmatic interventricular groove Wikipedia:Posterior_interventricular_sulcus posterior longitudinal sulcus FMA Wikipedia:Posterior_interventricular_sulcus posterior interventricular groove Wikipedia:Posterior_interventricular_sulcus posterior longitudinal sulci FMA:7178 inferior interventricular groove glossopharyngeal neural crest Cranial neural crest which gives rise to the glossopharyngeal ganglion. EHDAA2:0000714 EHDAA:660 UBERON:0005491 ZFA:0007066 Cranial neural crest which gives rise to the glossopharyngeal ganglion. ZFA:0007066 hyaloid vessel EHDAA2:0000791 EHDAA:4735 OG:0000232 UBERON:0005492 XAO:0004154 ZFA:0005046 hyaloid capillary system hyaloid vasculature note we are currently conflating vessel and vasculature - we may wish to split this class ZFA:0005046 hyaloid vasculature MP:0001289 hyaloid capillary system hyoid muscle EFO:0003536 EHDAA2:0000794 SCTID:244823009 UBERON:0005493 ZFA:0000521 hyoid muscles ncithesaurus:Hyoid_Muscle ZFA:0000521 hyoid muscles intermediate mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000871 EHDAA:689 OG:0000261 UBERON:0005494 ZFA:0000990 ZFA midbrain lateral wall EHDAA2:0001171 EHDAA:3700 EMAPA:16976 OG:0000455 UBERON:0005495 ZFA:0000906 lateral wall midbrain ZFA:0000906 lateral wall midbrain neural tube lateral wall EHDAA2:0001257 EHDAA:2873 EHDAA:912 OG:0000513 Portion of tissue on the side of the lumen of the neural tube. UBERON:0005496 ZFA:0001435 lateral wall neural tube Portion of tissue on the side of the lumen of the neural tube. ZFA:0001435 ZFA:0001435 lateral wall neural tube non-neural ectoderm EFO:0003643 EHDAA2:0001273 EHDAA:257 EMAPA:16074 OG:0001372 UBERON:0005497 XAO:0004091 ZFA:0001178 non neural ectoderm ventral ectoderm ZFA:0001178 ventral ectoderm ZFA:0001178 non neural ectoderm primitive heart tube EHDAA2:0001512 EHDAA:436 EMAPA:16215 Multi-tissue structure that arises from the heart rudiment and will become the heart tube. SCTID:361522004 UBERON:0005498 ZFA:0000149 Multi-tissue structure that arises from the heart rudiment and will become the heart tube. ZFA:0000149 ZFA rhombomere 1 EFO:0003608 EHDAA2:0001637 EMAPA:16290 EMAPA:16480 EMAPA:16918 EMAPA:17092 Hindbrain segment or neuromere 1. UBERON:0005499 ZFA:0001031 r1 ZFA:0001031 r1 Hindbrain segment or neuromere 1. ZFA:0001031 rhombomere floor plate OG:0001019 UBERON:0005500 rhombomere lateral wall UBERON:0005501 rhombomere roof plate OG:0001018 UBERON:0005502 rhombomere 3 EFO:0003596 EHDAA2:0001657 EMAPA:16297 EMAPA:16488 EMAPA:16932 EMAPA:17106 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. UBERON:0005507 XAO:0004081 ZFA:0000948 r3 ZFA:0000948 r3 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. ZFA:0000948 rhombomere 4 EFO:0003609 EHDAA2:0001667 EMAPA:16301 EMAPA:16492 EMAPA:16939 EMAPA:17113 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. UBERON:0005511 XAO:0004082 ZFA:0001032 r4 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. ZFA:0001032 ZFA:0001032 r4 rhombomere 5 EFO:0003580 EHDAA2:0001677 EMAPA:16305 EMAPA:16496 EMAPA:16946 EMAPA:17120 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. UBERON:0005515 XAO:0004083 ZFA:0000823 r5 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. ZFA:0000823 ZFA:0000823 r5 rhombomere 6 EFO:0003480 EHDAA2:0001687 EMAPA:16500 EMAPA:16953 EMAPA:17127 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. UBERON:0005519 XAO:0004084 ZFA:0000069 r6 ZFA:0000069 r6 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. ZFA:0000069 rhombomere 7 EFO:0003597 EHDAA2:0001697 EMAPA:16504 EMAPA:16960 EMAPA:17134 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. UBERON:0005523 ZFA:0000949 r7 ZFA:0000949 r7 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. ZFA:0000949 rhombomere 8 EFO:0003500 EHDAA2:0001707 EMAPA:16508 EMAPA:16967 EMAPA:17141 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. UBERON:0005527 ZFA:0000153 r8 ZFA:0000153 r8 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. ZFA:0000153 telencephalon lateral wall EHDAA2:0001985 EHDAA:3504 EMAPA:16656 OG:0000023 UBERON:0005561 ZFA:0000785 lateral wall telencephalon ZFA:0000785 lateral wall telencephalon thymus primordium A small outgrowth of the pharyngeal epithelium that is the site of lymphocyte cell production[ZFA]. [PMID]. EFO:0003622 EHDAA2:0002023 EHDAA:2969 EMAPA:17523 EMAPA:18536 UBERON:0005562 ZFA:0001077 thymic primordium thymic rudiment variability of developmental origin: In fish, thymic primordia are generated by all the pouches except the first. However, in avians the thymus arises from pouches 3 and 4, whereas in humans it is only generated by the third pouch[PMID:16313389] The thymus arises from the second pouch in frogs, 2-6 in cartilaginous fish, 2-3 in reptiles, 3 or 4 in bony fish, birds and mammals. The final number is variable - 5 paired organs in sharks, 4 in caecilians, 3 in urodeles, 1 in many teleost, anurans and many mammals[ISBN-10:0781714125] EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Obol:automatic thymic primordium ZFA A small outgrowth of the pharyngeal epithelium that is the site of lymphocyte cell production[ZFA]. [PMID]. ZFA:0001077 ZFA ZFA:0001077 thymic rudiment ZFA ZFA trigeminal neural crest Cranial neural crest which gives rise to the trigeminal ganglion. EFO:0003484 EHDAA2:0002083 EHDAA:667 EMAPA:16170 OG:0000269 UBERON:0005563 ZFA:0000080 Cranial neural crest which gives rise to the trigeminal ganglion. ZFA:0000080 gonad primordium EFO:0003651 EHDAA2:0002148 EHDAA:5927 Portion of tissue that gives rise to the immature gonad. UBERON:0005564 ZFA:0001262 gonadal primordium undifferentiated gonad ZFA ZFA:0001262 undifferentiated gonad Portion of tissue that gives rise to the immature gonad. ZFA:0001262 ZFA ZFA:0001262 gonadal primordium Obol facio-acoustic neural crest Cranial neural crest that gives rise to the facio-acoustic ganglion. EHDAA2:0000492 EHDAA:658 EMAPA:16312 OG:0000268 UBERON:0005565 ZFA:0000762 facio acoustic neural crest Cranial neural crest that gives rise to the facio-acoustic ganglion. ZFA:0000762 ZFA:0000762 facio acoustic neural crest rhombomere 1 floor plate EFO:0003584 EHDAA2:0001640 EMAPA:16291 EMAPA:16481 EMAPA:16919 EMAPA:17093 UBERON:0005566 ZFA:0000882 floor plate r1 floor plate rhombomere 1 ZFA:0000882 floor plate rhombomere 1 ZFA:0000882 floor plate r1 rhombomere 1 lateral wall EHDAA2:0001641 EMAPA:16482 EMAPA:16920 EMAPA:17094 UBERON:0005567 ZFA:0000781 lateral wall rhombomere 1 ZFA:0000781 lateral wall rhombomere 1 rhombomere 1 roof plate EHDAA2:0001645 EMAPA:16483 EMAPA:16924 EMAPA:17098 UBERON:0005568 ZFA:0001033 roof plate rhombomere 1 ZFA:0001033 roof plate rhombomere 1 rhombomere 2 EFO:0003579 EHDAA2:0001647 EMAPA:16293 EMAPA:16484 EMAPA:16925 EMAPA:17099 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. UBERON:0005569 XAO:0004080 ZFA:0000822 r2 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. ZFA:0000822 ZFA:0000822 r2 rhombomere 2 floor plate EFO:0003568 EHDAA2:0001650 EMAPA:16294 EMAPA:16485 EMAPA:16926 EMAPA:17100 UBERON:0005570 ZFA:0000763 floor plate r2 floor plate rhombomere 2 floorplate r2 ZFA:0000763 floor plate rhombomere 2 ZFA:0000763 floor plate r2 ZFA:0000763 floorplate r2 rhombomere 2 lateral wall EHDAA2:0001651 EMAPA:16486 EMAPA:16927 EMAPA:17101 UBERON:0005571 ZFA:0000907 lateral wall rhombomere 2 ZFA:0000907 lateral wall rhombomere 2 rhombomere 2 roof plate EHDAA2:0001655 EMAPA:16487 EMAPA:16931 EMAPA:17105 UBERON:0005572 ZFA:0000824 roof plate rhombomere 2 ZFA:0000824 roof plate rhombomere 2 rhombomere 3 floor plate EFO:0003586 EHDAA2:0001660 EMAPA:16298 EMAPA:16489 EMAPA:16933 EMAPA:17107 UBERON:0005573 ZFA:0000888 floor plate r3 floor plate rhombomere 3 floorplate r3 ZFA:0000888 floorplate r3 ZFA:0000888 floor plate rhombomere 3 ZFA:0000888 floor plate r3 rhombomere 3 lateral wall EHDAA2:0001661 EMAPA:16490 EMAPA:16934 EMAPA:17108 UBERON:0005574 ZFA:0000994 lateral wall rhombomere 3 ZFA:0000994 lateral wall rhombomere 3 rhombomere 3 roof plate EHDAA2:0001665 EMAPA:16491 EMAPA:16938 EMAPA:17112 UBERON:0005575 ZFA:0000950 roof plate rhombomere 3 ZFA:0000950 roof plate rhombomere 3 rhombomere 4 floor plate EFO:0003588 EHDAA2:0001670 EMAPA:16302 EMAPA:16493 EMAPA:16940 EMAPA:17114 UBERON:0005576 ZFA:0000893 floor plate r4 floor plate rhombomere 4 floorplate r4 ZFA:0000893 floor plate rhombomere 4 ZFA:0000893 floor plate r4 ZFA:0000893 floorplate r4 rhombomere 4 lateral wall EHDAA2:0001671 EMAPA:16494 EMAPA:16941 EMAPA:17115 UBERON:0005577 ZFA:0000782 lateral wall rhombomere 4 ZFA:0000782 lateral wall rhombomere 4 rhombomere 4 roof plate EHDAA2:0001675 EMAPA:16495 EMAPA:16945 EMAPA:17119 UBERON:0005578 ZFA:0001034 roof plate rhombomere 4 ZFA:0001034 roof plate rhombomere 4 rhombomere 5 floor plate EFO:0003569 EHDAA2:0001680 EMAPA:16306 EMAPA:16497 EMAPA:16947 EMAPA:17121 UBERON:0005579 ZFA:0000764 floor plate r5 floor plate rhombomere 5 floorplate r5 ZFA:0000764 floor plate rhombomere 5 ZFA:0000764 floorplate r5 ZFA:0000764 floor plate r5 rhombomere 5 lateral wall EHDAA2:0001681 EMAPA:16498 EMAPA:16948 EMAPA:17122 UBERON:0005580 ZFA:0000908 lateral wall rhombomere 5 ZFA:0000908 lateral wall rhombomere 5 rhombomere 5 roof plate EHDAA2:0001685 EMAPA:16499 EMAPA:16952 EMAPA:17126 UBERON:0005581 ZFA:0000828 roof plate rhombomere 5 ZFA:0000828 roof plate rhombomere 5 rhombomere 6 floor plate EFO:0003587 EHDAA2:0001690 EMAPA:16501 EMAPA:16954 EMAPA:17128 UBERON:0005582 ZFA:0000889 floor plate r6 floor plate rhombomere 6 floorplate r6 ZFA:0000889 floor plate r6 ZFA:0000889 floorplate r6 ZFA:0000889 floor plate rhombomere 6 rhombomere 6 lateral wall EHDAA2:0001691 EMAPA:16502 EMAPA:16955 EMAPA:17129 UBERON:0005583 ZFA:0000995 lateral wall rhombomere 6 ZFA:0000995 lateral wall rhombomere 6 rhombomere 6 roof plate EHDAA2:0001695 EMAPA:16503 EMAPA:16959 EMAPA:17133 UBERON:0005584 ZFA:0000825 roof plate rhombomere 6 ZFA:0000825 roof plate rhombomere 6 rhombomere 7 floor plate EFO:0003589 EHDAA2:0001700 EMAPA:16505 EMAPA:16961 EMAPA:17135 UBERON:0005585 ZFA:0000904 floor plate r7 floor plate rhombomere 7 floorplate r7 ZFA:0000904 floor plate r7 ZFA:0000904 floor plate rhombomere 7 ZFA:0000904 floorplate r7 rhombomere 7 lateral wall EHDAA2:0001701 EMAPA:16506 EMAPA:16962 EMAPA:17136 UBERON:0005586 ZFA:0000783 lateral wall rhombomere 7 ZFA:0000783 lateral wall rhombomere 7 rhombomere 7 roof plate EHDAA2:0001705 EMAPA:16507 EMAPA:16966 EMAPA:17140 UBERON:0005587 ZFA:0000951 roof plate rhombomere 7 ZFA:0000951 roof plate rhombomere 7 rhombomere 8 floor plate EFO:0003570 EHDAA2:0001709 EMAPA:16509 EMAPA:16968 EMAPA:17142 UBERON:0005588 ZFA:0000765 floor plate r8 floor plate rhombomere 8 floorplate r8 ZFA:0000765 floor plate rhombomere 8 ZFA:0000765 floor plate r8 ZFA:0000765 floorplate r8 rhombomere 8 lateral wall EHDAA2:0001710 EMAPA:16510 EMAPA:16969 EMAPA:17143 UBERON:0005589 ZFA:0000909 lateral wall rhombomere 8 ZFA:0000909 lateral wall rhombomere 8 rhombomere 8 roof plate EHDAA2:0001714 EMAPA:16511 EMAPA:16973 EMAPA:17147 UBERON:0005590 ZFA:0001035 roof plate rhombomere 8 ZFA:0001035 roof plate rhombomere 8 diencephalon lateral wall EHDAA2:0000396 EHDAA:1977 EMAPA:16650 EMAPA:16905 OG:0000596 UBERON:0005591 ZFA:0000780 lateral wall diencephalon ZFA:0000780 lateral wall diencephalon head somite Any of the transient, degenerating occipital somites. EHDAA2:0003437 EMAPA:16172 UBERON:0005594 XAO:0000313 cranial somite occipital somite XAO:0000313 occipital somite XAO:0000313 cranial somite Any of the transient, degenerating occipital somites. XAO:0000313 lung primordium A pair of lateral diverticula just over the liver rudiment representing the primordia of the lungs, formed by the floor of the foregut just anterior to the liver diverticulum. AAO:0011059 UBERON:0005597 XAO:0001002 lateral diverticula todo - check AAO diverticulum XAO A pair of lateral diverticula just over the liver rudiment representing the primordia of the lungs, formed by the floor of the foregut just anterior to the liver diverticulum. XAO:0001002 XAO:0001002 lateral diverticula XAO trunk somite AAO:0010385 EHDAA2:0003438 EMAPA:16184 UBERON:0005598 XAO:0000314 common dorsal aorta EHDAA2:0000307 EHDAA:1251 EMAPA:16327 MA:0000477 UBERON:0005599 crus commune EHDAA2:0000330 EHDAA:7783 EMAPA:17818 MA:0001210 OG:0001344 SCTID:279758009 UBERON:0005600 crus commune MA:0001210 crus commune dorsal mesocardium EHDAA2:0000413 EHDAA:434 EMAPA:16213 MA:0000482 OG:0000432 SCTID:361454005 UBERON:0005601 dorsal mesogastrium EHDAA2:0000416 EHDAA:3001 EMAPA:17025 EMAPA:18903 MA:0001618 OG:0000352 The portion of mesentery attached to the greater curvature of the stomach is named the dorsal mesentery (or dorsal mesogastrium, when referring to the portion at the stomach), and the part which suspends the colon is termed the mesocolon. The dorsal mesogastrium develops into the greater omentum. UBERON:0005602 dorsal mesentery ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Mesogastrium EHDAA2 MA EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Dorsal_mesentery dorsal mesentery The portion of mesentery attached to the greater curvature of the stomach is named the dorsal mesentery (or dorsal mesogastrium, when referring to the portion at the stomach), and the part which suspends the colon is termed the mesocolon. The dorsal mesogastrium develops into the greater omentum. Wikipedia:Dorsal_mesentery hepatic duct extrahepatic part EHDAA2:0000742 EHDAA:3051 EMAPA:16844 MA:0001636 OG:0000215 UBERON:0005604 hepatic duct intrahepatic part EHDAA2:0000743 EHDAA:3053 EMAPA:16845 MA:0001637 OG:0000216 UBERON:0005605 hyaloid cavity EHDAA2:0000789 EHDAA:4733 EMAPA:17302 MA:0000272 OG:0001477 UBERON:0005606 hyaloid vascular plexus EHDAA2:0000790 EHDAA:5703 EMAPA:17303 MA:0001283 OG:0000442 UBERON:0005607 XAO:0004157 hyaloid vascular system hyoid artery EHDAA2:0000792 EHDAA:3342 EMAPA:17308 MA:0001969 OG:0001409 The second arch becomes the hyoid artery, which is prominent in early development and normally persists as the caroticotympanic branch of the ICA[Padget] UBERON:0005608 The second arch becomes the hyoid artery, which is prominent in early development and normally persists as the caroticotympanic branch of the ICA[Padget] http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/content/full/21/3/572 http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/content/full/21/3/572 iliac artery BTO:0004665 EHDAA2:0000807 EHDAA:2551 EMAPA:17309 MA:0001971 MESH:A.07.231.114.444 One of several anatomical structures located in the pelvis: Common iliac artery, External iliac artery, Internal iliac artery SCTID:244330006 UBERON:0005609 galen:IliacArtery ncithesaurus:Iliac_Artery One of several anatomical structures located in the pelvis: Common iliac artery, External iliac artery, Internal iliac artery Wikipedia:Iliac_artery iliac vein EHDAA2:0000811 MA:0002142 MESH:A.07.231.908.427 UBERON:0005610 ncithesaurus:Iliac_Vein inner canthus EHDAA2:0000829 EMAPA:17830 FMA:59316 FMA:59322 MA:0001262 OG:0000829 UBERON:0005611 medial canthus medial canthus of eye medial palpebral commissure ncithesaurus:Inner_Canthus FMA:59316 medial palpebral commissure MA:0001262 medial canthus intercostal artery EHDAA2:0000840 EHDAA:5307 EMAPA:18753 MA:0001981 One of a group of arteries that supply the area between the ribs ('costae'), called the intercostal space. SCTID:281134007 TODO - add children UBERON:0005612 ncithesaurus:Intercostal_Artery One of a group of arteries that supply the area between the ribs ('costae'), called the intercostal space. Wikiepdia:Intercostal_arteries left dorsal aorta EHDAA2:0000936 EHDAA:404 EMAPA:16205 MA:0000478 OG:0000484 TODO - check UBERON:0005613 lens anterior epithelium EHDAA2:0000976 EHDAA2:0000984 EHDAA:9059 EMAPA:17839 MA:0001302 OG:0001425 UBERON:0005614 lens equatorial epithelium EHDAA2:0000978 EHDAA:9063 EMAPA:17840 MA:0001303 UBERON:0005615 mesenteric artery BTO:0000779 EHDAA2:0001123 EHDAA:4343 EMAPA:17312 MA:0002003 MESH:A.07.231.114.565 OG:0001117 SCTID:281084003 UBERON:0005616 XAO:0000370 ncithesaurus:Mesenteric_Artery mesenteric vein BTO:0002781 EHDAA2:0001125 EHDAA:4442 EMAPA:17348 MA:0002177 MESH:A.07.231.908.670.385 SCTID:304045008 UBERON:0005617 ncithesaurus:Mesenteric_Vein secondary palatal shelf EHDAA2:0001364 EHDAA:9283 EMAPA:17362 EMAPA:17930 MA:0001581 OG:0000378 UBERON:0005619 lateral palatine process palatal shelf palatal shelves secondary palatal shelf the outgrowths of the embryonic maxillae that come together during prenatal development to form the secondary palate todo - check EMAPA http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/palatal+shelf lateral palatine process http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/palatal+shelves the outgrowths of the embryonic maxillae that come together during prenatal development to form the secondary palate palatal shelves MA:0001581 palatal shelf primary palate EHDAA2:0001499 EMAPA:17642 EMAPA:17934 MA:0001583 OG:0000362 Roof of the buccal cavity, formed from the fusion of vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine, ectopterygoid. SCTID:359541001 UBERON:0005620 ZFA:0005509 ncithesaurus:Primary_Palate primary palate primary palate process ISBN10:0073040584 Roof of the buccal cavity, formed from the fusion of vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine, ectopterygoid. Wikipedia:Primitive_palate EHDAA2:0001499 primary palate process Wikipedia:Primitive_palate primary palate rhomboid A rhombus-shaped muscle associated with the scapula and chiefly responsible for its retraction. There are two rhomboid muscles. EHDAA2:0001635 EHDAA:8315 MA:0002367 OG:0001391 SCTID:277441005 TODO - add child terms UBERON:0005621 A rhombus-shaped muscle associated with the scapula and chiefly responsible for its retraction. There are two rhomboid muscles. Wikipedia:Rhomboid_muscles right dorsal aorta EHDAA2:0001720 EHDAA:406 EMAPA:16206 MA:0000479 OG:0000485 UBERON:0005622 semi-lunar valve EHDAA2:0001823 EHDAA:4408 MA:0002790 OG:0001393 UBERON:0005623 semilunar valve semilunar valves MA:0002790 semilunar valves MA:0002790 semilunar valve suprarenal artery EHDAA2:0001965 EHDAA:8596 MA:0001914 UBERON:0005624 adrenal artery ncithesaurus:Adrenal_Artery ncithesaurus:Suprarenal_Artery MA:0001914 adrenal artery tubotympanic recess EHDAA2:0002095 EHDAA:6772 EMAPA:17002 MA:0001218 OG:0001297 SCTID:361516008 UBERON:0005625 ncithesaurus:Tubotympanic_Recess ventral mesogastrium "The primitive gut is enveloped by a mesentery that has a dorsal and a ventral aspect. The ventral mesentery degenerates during development with the exception of the foregut ventral mesentery, which develops into specialized structures (see foregut embryology)" [http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/embryology/gi/pgm.htm]. todo - check EHDAA2:0002176 EHDAA:3005 EMAPA:17026 EMAPA:18907 MA:0001621 OG:0000351 UBERON:0005626 Ventral mesentery is the part of the peritoneum closest to the navel. ZFA:0005133 ncithesaurus:Ventral_Mesogastrium ventral mesentery Ventral mesentery is the part of the peritoneum closest to the navel. Wikipedia:Ventral_mesentery EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Ventral_mesentery ventral mesentery EHDAA2 ileal artery FMA:14809 SCTID:265479003 The ileal arteries feed oxygenated blood into the ileum, a portion of the small intestine in mammals, reptiles, and birds. They are branches of the superior mesenteric artery. UBERON:0005628 galen:IlealArteries ileal branch of superior mesenteric artery The ileal arteries feed oxygenated blood into the ileum, a portion of the small intestine in mammals, reptiles, and birds. They are branches of the superior mesenteric artery. Wikipedia:Ileal_arteries FMA:14809 ileal branch of superior mesenteric artery vascular plexus EHDAA2:0004112 FMA:5900 In a vascular plexus, the contents of the vessels mix. A plexus allows blood to flow via multiple routes. If one branch of the plexus is obstructed, the blood may flow via the open branches. UBERON:0005629 XAO:0004143 In a vascular plexus, the contents of the vessels mix. A plexus allows blood to flow via multiple routes. If one branch of the plexus is obstructed, the blood may flow via the open branches. Wikipedia:Plexus#Circulatory_system fetal membrane BTO:0000473 MESH:A.16.254.403 SCTID:325510007 UBERON:0005630 the amnion and chorion which surround and protect a developing fetus. todo - merge with extraembryonic membrane? Wikipedia:Fetal_membrane the amnion and chorion which surround and protect a developing fetus. extraembryonic membrane Intrinsic membrane that arises from embryonic germ layers and grow to surround the developing embryo. SCTID:362840007 UBERON:0005631 stuctures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes appear in mammals [ISBN10:0073040584 "Vertebrates, Kardong"] ISBN10:0073040584 Intrinsic membrane that arises from embryonic germ layers and grow to surround the developing embryo. caecum epithelium EHDAA2:0000209 UBERON:0005636 pyloric region epithelium EHDAA2:0001582 EHDAA2:0001927 EMAPA:17633 UBERON:0005637 anterior chamber epithelium EHDAA2:0000130 UBERON:0005638 right lung cranial lobe epithelium EHDAA2:0001751 UBERON:0005639 right lung caudal lobe epithelium EHDAA2:0001743 UBERON:0005640 otocyst epithelium EHDAA2:0001344 EMAPA:16671 EMAPA:16996 EMAPA:16999 OG:0000986 UBERON:0005641 ultimobranchial body epithelium EHDAA2:0002105 UBERON:0005642 in EHDAA2, develops_from ventral 4th arch branchial pouch endoderm. Kardong: develops from 5th pouch. PMID:16313389: the most posterior pouch generates the ultimobranchial bodies in most vertebrate classes, mammals do not form this structure. EHDAA2 foregut duodenum epithelium EHDAA2:0000563 UBERON:0005643 midgut duodenum epithelium EHDAA2:0001192 UBERON:0005644 finger 2 epithelium EHDAA2:0000518 UBERON:0005645 finger 3 epithelium EHDAA2:0000524 UBERON:0005646 finger 4 epithelium EHDAA2:0000530 UBERON:0005647 finger 5 epithelium EHDAA2:0000536 UBERON:0005648 toe 2 epithelium EHDAA2:0002043 UBERON:0005649 toe 3 epithelium EHDAA2:0002048 UBERON:0005650 toe 4 epithelium EHDAA2:0002053 UBERON:0005651 toe 5 epithelium EHDAA2:0002058 UBERON:0005652 upper jaw molar epithelium EHDAA2:0002126 UBERON:0005653 lower jaw molar epithelium EHDAA2:0001026 UBERON:0005654 right lung accessory lobe epithelium EHDAA2:0001735 UBERON:0005655 lens vesicle epithelium EHDAA2:0000987 EMAPA:17165 OG:0000532 UBERON:0005656 crus commune epithelium EHDAA2:0000332 EMAPA:17820 OG:0000478 UBERON:0005657 secondary palatal shelf epithelium EHDAA2:0001365 EMAPA:17363 EMAPA:17931 OG:0001040 UBERON:0005658 palatal shelf epithelium OG:0001040 palatal shelf epithelium primary palate epithelium EHDAA2:0001500 EMAPA:17643 EMAPA:17935 OG:0001025 UBERON:0005659 2nd arch ectoderm EHDAA2:0000055 EHDAA2:0000064 EMAPA:16277 EMAPA:16397 EMAPA:16398 OG:0001062 UBERON:0005660 3rd arch ectoderm EHDAA2:0000072 EHDAA2:0000079 EMAPA:16400 EMAPA:16582 EMAPA:16584 OG:0000946 UBERON:0005661 4th arch ectoderm EHDAA2:0000094 EHDAA2:0004032 EMAPA:16762 EMAPA:16764 EMAPA:16768 OG:0001095 UBERON:0005662 2nd arch endoderm EHDAA2:0000065 EMAPA:16274 EMAPA:16276 EMAPA:16278 OG:0001108 UBERON:0005664 3rd arch endoderm EHDAA2:0000075 EHDAA2:0000080 EMAPA:16401 EMAPA:16585 EMAPA:16587 OG:0001081 UBERON:0005665 4th arch endoderm EHDAA2:0000095 EHDAA2:0004033 EMAPA:16765 EMAPA:16767 EMAPA:16769 OG:0001092 UBERON:0005666 connecting stalk mesoderm EHDAA2:0000314 UBERON:0005667 EHDAA2 peritoneal cavity mesothelium BTO:0003156 EHDAA2:0001447 EMAPA:16139 FMA:18147 SCTID:34073007 UBERON:0005669 mesothelium of peritoneal component mesothelium of peritoneum peritoneal mesothelium EMAPA:16139 mesothelium of peritoneal component BTO:0003156 peritoneal mesothelium FMA:18147 mesothelium of peritoneum greater omentum mesothelium EHDAA2:0000721 UBERON:0005670 greater sac mesothelium EHDAA2:0000725 EMAPA:16887 EMAPA:18455 OG:0000440 UBERON:0005671 right lung endothelium EHDAA2:0001755 UBERON:0005672 left lung endothelium EHDAA2:0000961 UBERON:0005673 right lung cranial lobe endothelium EHDAA2:0001750 EHDAA:4991 UBERON:0005674 right lung caudal lobe endothelium EHDAA2:0001742 EHDAA:4983 UBERON:0005675 right lung accessory lobe endothelium EHDAA2:0001734 EHDAA:4975 UBERON:0005676 caecum mesentery EHDAA2:0000210 UBERON:0005677 right lung cranial lobe segmental bronchus EHDAA2:0001754 UBERON:0005678 right lung caudal lobe segmental bronchus EHDAA2:0001746 UBERON:0005679 right lung accessory lobe segmental bronchus EHDAA2:0001738 UBERON:0005680 right lung cranial lobe bronchiole EHDAA2:0001749 UBERON:0005681 right lung accessory lobe bronchiole EHDAA2:0001733 UBERON:0005682 telencephalon lateral ventricle EHDAA2:0001984 UBERON:0005683 true midgut dorsal mesentery EHDAA2:0001187 EMAPA:16722 EMAPA:17040 EMAPA:17046 EMAPA:18671 SCTID:361434009 UBERON:0005685 caecum dorsal mesentery EHDAA2:0000208 UBERON:0005686 orbitosphenoid cartilage EHDAA2:0001329 EHDAA:9554 UBERON:0005687 lens vesicle cavity EHDAA2:0000986 EMAPA:17164 OG:0000531 UBERON:0005688 2nd arch mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000066 EHDAA:625 EMAPA:16279 OG:0001102 UBERON:0005689 3rd arch mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000081 EHDAA:1094 EMAPA:16402 OG:0001083 UBERON:0005690 4th arch mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000096 EHDAA:1677 EMAPA:16770 OG:0001052 UBERON:0005691 finger 2 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000519 UBERON:0005692 finger 3 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000525 UBERON:0005693 finger 4 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000531 UBERON:0005694 finger 5 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000537 UBERON:0005695 toe 2 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002044 UBERON:0005696 toe 3 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002049 UBERON:0005697 toe 4 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002054 UBERON:0005698 toe 5 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002059 UBERON:0005699 upper jaw molar mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002127 UBERON:0005700 lower jaw molar mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001027 UBERON:0005701 optic eminence mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001310 EHDAA:942 EMAPA:16324 OG:0001073 UBERON:0005702 secondary palatal shelf mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001366 EHDAA:9287 EMAPA:17364 EMAPA:17932 OG:0001063 UBERON:0005704 palatal shelf mesenchyme OG:0001063 palatal shelf mesenchyme primary palate mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001501 EHDAA:6968 EMAPA:17644 EMAPA:17936 OG:0001024 UBERON:0005705 central nervous system cranial ganglion EHDAA2:0000226 EHDAA:920 UBERON:0005706 upper jaw incisor mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002123 UBERON:0005707 lower jaw incisor mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001023 UBERON:0005708 upper jaw incisor epithelium EHDAA2:0002122 UBERON:0005709 lower jaw incisor epithelium EHDAA2:0001022 UBERON:0005710 foregut duodenum mesentery EHDAA2:0000564 UBERON:0005711 midgut duodenum mesentery EHDAA2:0001193 UBERON:0005712 lens vesicle capsule EHDAA2:0000985 UBERON:0005714 footplate apical ectodermal ridge EHDAA2:0000547 EMAPA:17251 UBERON:0005719 hindbrain venous system EHDAA2:0000776 EMAPA:18632 OG:0001322 UBERON:0005720 pronephric mesoderm AAO:0011090 EFO:0003479 OG:0001239 TAO:0000067 UBERON:0005721 XAO:0000264 ZFA:0000067 pronephric anlage pronephric bulge pronephric mesenchyme pronephric primordium the intermediate mesoderm of the chick embryo acquires its ability to form kidneys through its interactions with the paraxial mesoderm [ISBN:9780878932504 "Developmental Biology", PMID:10720431 "Signals from trunk paraxial mesoderm induce pronephros formation in chick intermediate mesoderm"]. These interactions induce the expression of TFs including Lim1, Pax2 and Pax6 that cause the intermediate mesoderm to form the kidney XAO:0000264 pronephric bulge XAO:0000264 pronephric mesenchyme XAO:0000264 pronephric anlage ZFA XAO:0000264 pronephric primordium nephrotome BTO:0003673 The nephrotome is a section of the mesoderm. It gives rise to the pronephros and eventually to the rest of the kidney. A nephrotome is an obsolete term used to describe rounded mesodermal portions of the forming pronephros. In old texts the pronephros is described as forming through the fusion of multiple nephrotomes. Modern visualization methods such as scanning electron microscopy, in situ hybridization and confocal microscopy, combined with the simple approach of peeling off the epidermis to see the forming kidney, have shown that this is not the case. Nephric mesenchyme separates from the intermediate mesoderm as a single elongated primordia. As this primordia begins to undergo epithelialization the anterior portions of the pronephros form rounded protrusions, which then later become the dorsal branches of the pronephros that link to nephrostomes (distinct from nephrotomes). These rounded bumps are probably the structures observed in histological sections that are referred to as nephrotomes. Nephrostomes are thin ciliated funnels that link pronephric nephrons to the ceolom, and are not related to nephrotomes. UBERON:0005722 intermediate cell mass nephromere true BTO:0003673 intermediate cell mass Wikipedia:Nephrotome nephromere The nephrotome is a section of the mesoderm. It gives rise to the pronephros and eventually to the rest of the kidney. A nephrotome is an obsolete term used to describe rounded mesodermal portions of the forming pronephros. In old texts the pronephros is described as forming through the fusion of multiple nephrotomes. Modern visualization methods such as scanning electron microscopy, in situ hybridization and confocal microscopy, combined with the simple approach of peeling off the epidermis to see the forming kidney, have shown that this is not the case. Nephric mesenchyme separates from the intermediate mesoderm as a single elongated primordia. As this primordia begins to undergo epithelialization the anterior portions of the pronephros form rounded protrusions, which then later become the dorsal branches of the pronephros that link to nephrostomes (distinct from nephrotomes). These rounded bumps are probably the structures observed in histological sections that are referred to as nephrotomes. Nephrostomes are thin ciliated funnels that link pronephric nephrons to the ceolom, and are not related to nephrotomes. Wikipedia:Nephrotome floor plate spinal cord region EMAPA:17578 OG:0000787 TAO:0000890 UBERON:0005247 UBERON:0005723 XAO:0000306 ZFA:0000890 floorplate spinal cord ZFA:0000890 floorplate spinal cord roof plate spinal cord region OG:0000777 TAO:0001177 UBERON:0005246 UBERON:0005724 XAO:0000022 ZFA:0001177 olfactory system AAO:0000334 AAO:0000978 BILA:0000144 EFO:0001973 FMA:7190 In mammals, the main olfactory system detects odorants that are inhaled through the nose, where they contact the main olfactory epithelium, which contains various olfactory receptors. These olfactory receptors are membrane proteins of bipolar olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium. Rather than binding specific ligands like most receptors, olfactory receptors display affinity for a range of odor molecules. Olfactory neurons transduce receptor activation into electrical signals in neurons. The signals travel along the olfactory nerve, which belongs to the peripheral nervous system. This nerve terminates in the olfactory bulb, which belongs to the central nervous system. The complex set of olfactory receptors on different olfactory neurons can distinguish a new odor from the background environmental odors and determine the concentration of the odor. MA:0002445 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090806 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViw75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362290002 TAO:0001149 The olfactory system is the sensory system used for olfaction, or the sense of smell. Most mammals and reptiles have two distinct parts to their olfactory system: a main olfactory system and an accessory olfactory system. The main olfactory system detects volatile, airborne substances, while the accessory olfactory system senses fluid-phase stimuli. Behavioral evidence indicates that most often, the stimuli detected by the accessory olfactory system are pheromones. The olfactory system is often spoken of along with the gustatory system as the chemosensory senses because both transduce chemical signals into perception[WP]. UBERON:0005725 XAO:0003196 ZFA:0001149 The olfactory system is the sensory system used for olfaction, or the sense of smell. Most mammals and reptiles have two distinct parts to their olfactory system: a main olfactory system and an accessory olfactory system. The main olfactory system detects volatile, airborne substances, while the accessory olfactory system senses fluid-phase stimuli. Behavioral evidence indicates that most often, the stimuli detected by the accessory olfactory system are pheromones. The olfactory system is often spoken of along with the gustatory system as the chemosensory senses because both transduce chemical signals into perception[WP]. Wikipedia:Olfactory_system chemosensory system BILA:0000139 UBERON:0005726 somitomere FMA:85523 UBERON:0005727 a segment of paraxial mesoderm[TFD]. In the developing vertebrate embryo, the somitomeres are loose masses of paraxial mesoderm derived cells that form along each side of the neural tube towards the end of the third gestational week. The approximately 50 pairs of somitomeres begin developing in the cranial (head) region, continuing in a caudal (tail) direction until the end of week four[WP]. somatomere true Wikipedia:Somitomere a segment of paraxial mesoderm[TFD]. In the developing vertebrate embryo, the somitomeres are loose masses of paraxial mesoderm derived cells that form along each side of the neural tube towards the end of the third gestational week. The approximately 50 pairs of somitomeres begin developing in the cranial (head) region, continuing in a caudal (tail) direction until the end of week four[WP]. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/somitomere http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2895339/ Wikipedia:Somitomere somatomere extraembryonic mesoderm . EHDAA2:0000474 OG:0000616 UBERON:0005728 extra-embryonic mesoderm . http://www.ana.ed.ac.uk/database/humat/notes/extraemb/mesoder.htm EHDAA2 EHDAA2 forelimb/pectoral fin field UBERON:0005729 ZFA:0001453 pectoral fin field ZFA:0001453 pectoral fin field hindlimb/pelvic fin field UBERON:0005730 ZFA:0001454 pelvic fin field ZFA:0001454 pelvic fin field fin field UBERON:0005731 limb/fin field UBERON:0005732 ISBN:9780878932504 ZFA-inferred limb field A ring of cells capable of forming a limb. UBERON:0005733 the central portion of the limb field gives rise to the limb proper. mesenchyme cells proliferate from from the somatic layer of limb field lateral plate mesoderm (limb skeletal precursors) and from the somites (limb muscle precursors) . these mesenchymal cells accumulate under the ectedermal tissue to make a limb bud. A ring of cells capable of forming a limb. ISBN:9780878932504 tunica adventitia SCTID:30180000 TODO - note terminological problems. WP says tunica external layer of blood vessel. FMA says tunica externa = adventitia, and is FMA adventitia covers other kinds of vessels. Here we opt for a lengthier name that attempts to disambiguate. There is no precise FMA equivalent, as FMA has tunica externa of arteries, veins, genital ducts etc as siblings The tunica externa, also known as the tunica adventitia, is the outermost layer of a blood vessel, surrounding the tunica media. It is mainly composed of collagen. The collagen serves to anchor the blood vessel to nearby organs, giving it stability. UBERON:0005734 adventitia externa external coat ncithesaurus:Tunica_Adventitia tunica adventitia of vessel Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_%28vessels%29 adventitia externa Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_%28vessels%29 external coat Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_%28vessels%29 tunica adventitia of vessel The tunica externa, also known as the tunica adventitia, is the outermost layer of a blood vessel, surrounding the tunica media. It is mainly composed of collagen. The collagen serves to anchor the blood vessel to nearby organs, giving it stability. Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_%28vessels%29 swim bladder tunica externa Multi-tissue structure that is the external layer of the swim bladder that is covered by the peritoneum, and made of elastic fibres and ichthyocol (short needles of collagen). TAO:0002245 UBERON:0005737 ZFA:0001700 the primary reason this term is manifest in uberon to disambiguate from a structure with the same/similar name tunica externa ZFA:0001700 tunica externa Multi-tissue structure that is the external layer of the swim bladder that is covered by the peritoneum, and made of elastic fibres and ichthyocol (short needles of collagen). ZFA:0001700 http:www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/T.htm swim bladder tunica interna Multi-tissue structure that is the internal layer of the swim bladder and is comprised of thin endoderm and a smooth muscle layer called the muscularis mucosa with longitudinal and circular fibres with some collagen. TAO:0002246 UBERON:0005738 ZFA:0001701 the primary reason this term is manifest in uberon to disambiguate from a structure with the same/similar name tunica interna ZFA:0001701 tunica interna Multi-tissue structure that is the internal layer of the swim bladder and is comprised of thin endoderm and a smooth muscle layer called the muscularis mucosa with longitudinal and circular fibres with some collagen. http:www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/T.htm tunica intima of artery EV:0100028 FMA:14272 SCTID:40022005 UBERON:0005740 arterial intima galen:IntimaOfArtery tunica interna (intima)(arteriae) EV:0100028 arterial intima FMA:14272 tunica interna (intima)(arteriae) adventitia of uterus EMAPA:29925 UBERON:0005741 adventitia An outermost connective tissue covering of an organ, vessel, or other structure[WP]. BTO:0004838 FMA:45635 UBERON:0005742 tunica advetitia tunica externa An outermost connective tissue covering of an organ, vessel, or other structure[WP]. Wikipedia:Adventitia FMA:45635 tunica externa Wikipedia:Adventitia tunica advetitia central nervous system plus retina Neuraxis plus retina[INCF]. UBERON:0005743 this class was added to account for some definitions of the CNS that includes retina. Most existing AOs use CNS to exclude the retina. See comments for CNS. Neuraxis plus retina[INCF]. UBERON:cjm cranial conduit AAO:0010438 Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone, usually for passage of blood vessels or nerves. FMA:53165 SCTID:276742007 UBERON:0005744 ZFA:0005386 foramen foramen of skull in FMA this is a conduit space, not a conduit. Note there may be some additional disambiguation required: foramen is used loosely in the sense of any opening (e.g. foramen primum). FMA appears to use cranial conduit (undefined) in the sense of any foramen of the cranium. TAO def refers to bone, not necessarily cranial Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone, usually for passage of blood vessels or nerves. TAO:curator Wikipedia:Foramina_of_the_skull ZFA:0005386 foramen Wikipedia:Foramina_of_the_skull foramen of skull optic canal AAO:0000342 EHDAA:10646 FMA:54774 OG:0001408 SCTID:361732009 The short canal through the orbitosphenoid bone at the apex of the orbit that gives passage to the optic nerve and the opthalmic artery[MP]. The optic foramen is the opening to the optic canal. The superior surface of the sphenoid bone is bounded behind by a ridge, which forms the anterior border of a narrow, transverse groove, the chiasmatic groove (optic groove), above and behind which lies the optic chiasma; the groove ends on either side in the optic foramen, which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery (with accompanying sympathetic nerve fibres) into the orbital cavity. The left and right optic canals are 25mm apart posteriorly and 30mm apart anteriorly. They are funnel-shaped (narrowest anteriorly). UBERON:0005745 ZFA:0005428 canalis opticus optic foramen Wikipedia:Optic_canal canalis opticus ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0010704 The short canal through the orbitosphenoid bone at the apex of the orbit that gives passage to the optic nerve and the opthalmic artery[MP]. The optic foramen is the opening to the optic canal. The superior surface of the sphenoid bone is bounded behind by a ridge, which forms the anterior border of a narrow, transverse groove, the chiasmatic groove (optic groove), above and behind which lies the optic chiasma; the groove ends on either side in the optic foramen, which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery (with accompanying sympathetic nerve fibres) into the orbital cavity. The left and right optic canals are 25mm apart posteriorly and 30mm apart anteriorly. They are funnel-shaped (narrowest anteriorly). Wikipedia:Optic_canal Wikipedia:Optic_canal optic foramen primary vitreous humour EHDAA2:0001502 EHDAA:5707 SCTID:343518007 UBERON:0005746 embryonic fibrovascular mesodermal tissue located between the optic cup and lens vesicle that normally regresses during the development of the vitreous body[MP] primary vitreous MP:0010711 embryonic fibrovascular mesodermal tissue located between the optic cup and lens vesicle that normally regresses during the development of the vitreous body[MP] MP:0010711 primary vitreous glomerular tuft EMAPA:28239 UBERON:0005749 glomerulus the capillary loops of the kidney that normally function as a filtration unit[MP]. ...Soon afterwards, endothelial cells invade to make a capillary knot-like outgrowth, the glomerular tuft, which goes on to form the glomerulus[GudMap]. EMAPA:28239 glomerulus Wikipedia MP:0005325 Wikipedia:Glomerulus http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron the capillary loops of the kidney that normally function as a filtration unit[MP]. ...Soon afterwards, endothelial cells invade to make a capillary knot-like outgrowth, the glomerular tuft, which goes on to form the glomerulus[GudMap]. glomerular parietal epithelium A single layer of simple squamous epithelium in the glomerular capsule. Does not function in filtration. BTO:0002296 FMA:74272 MA:0002605 TODO - check this. BTO has podocytes under here UBERON:0005750 ZFA:0005253 capsular epithelium outer layer of glomerular capsule parietal epithelial layer parietal layer of glomerular capsule renal glomerular capsule epithelium BTO:0002296 capsular epithelium FMA:74272 parietal layer of glomerular capsule ZFA:0005253 renal glomerular capsule epithelium FMA:74272 outer layer of glomerular capsule ZFA:0005253 parietal epithelial layer A single layer of simple squamous epithelium in the glomerular capsule. Does not function in filtration. UBERON:cjm visceral layer of glomerular capsule FMA:74273 TODO - check - the BTO class 'glomerular epithelium' is the visceral layer. But GO uses 'glomerular epithelium' as the mereological sum of P+V layers The inner, or visceral, layer of the renal glomerular capsule, overlying the capillaries, composed of podocytes, and separated from the outer, or parietal, layer by the capsular (Bowman's) space[BTO]. Lies just above the thickened glomerular basement membrane and is made of podocytes. Beneath the visceral layer lie the glomerular capillaries[WP]. UBERON:0005751 inner epithelial layer of Bowman's capsule podocyte layer of Bowman's capsule visceral epithelium of Bowman's capsule http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron podocyte layer of Bowman's capsule BTO:0001515 The inner, or visceral, layer of the renal glomerular capsule, overlying the capillaries, composed of podocytes, and separated from the outer, or parietal, layer by the capsular (Bowman's) space[BTO]. Lies just above the thickened glomerular basement membrane and is made of podocytes. Beneath the visceral layer lie the glomerular capillaries[WP]. http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron visceral epithelium of Bowman's capsule http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron inner epithelial layer of Bowman's capsule caudal part of nephrogenic cord UBERON:0005753 caudal portion of nephrogenic cord caudal region of nephrogenic cord rear part of nephrogenic cord rear portion of nephrogenic cord the metanephros develops from the most caudal part of the nephrogenic cord that is itself derived from the intermediate plate mesoderm. OBOL:automatic caudal portion of nephrogenic cord http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron the metanephros develops from the most caudal part of the nephrogenic cord that is itself derived from the intermediate plate mesoderm. OBOL:automatic rear part of nephrogenic cord Wikipedia:Metanephros#Metanephros rear portion of nephrogenic cord OBOL:automatic caudal region of nephrogenic cord rostral part of nephrogenic cord The initial renal anlage that develops from the most rostral part of the nephrogenic cord is termed the pronephros. UBERON:0005754 The initial renal anlage that develops from the most rostral part of the nephrogenic cord is termed the pronephros. http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron urorectal septum EHDAA2:0002152 EHDAA:5921 EMAPA:17212 EMAPA:17380 OG:0000018 The entodermal cloaca is divided into a dorsal and a ventral part by means of a partition, the urorectal septum, which grows downward from the ridge separating the allantoic from the cloacal opening of the intestine and ultimately fuses with the cloacal membrane and divides it into an anal and a urogenital part. The dorsal part of the cloaca forms the rectum, and the anterior part of the urogenital sinus and bladder. UBERON:0005760 Wikipedia:Urorectal_septum cloacal septum ncithesaurus:Urorectal_Septum OG:0000018 cloacal septum The entodermal cloaca is divided into a dorsal and a ventral part by means of a partition, the urorectal septum, which grows downward from the ridge separating the allantoic from the cloacal opening of the intestine and ultimately fuses with the cloacal membrane and divides it into an anal and a urogenital part. The dorsal part of the cloaca forms the rectum, and the anterior part of the urogenital sinus and bladder. Wikipedia:Urorectal_septum acellular membrane FMA:63871 UBERON:0005764 basement membrane AAO:0010596 Basement membrane of connective tissue FMA:63872 GAID:915 GO:0005604 SCTID:68989006 UBERON:0005769 basal lamina basement lamina ncithesaurus:Basement_Membrane we include this even though it is redundant with GO because we have subclasses that are appropriate for an ontology of gross anatomy Basement membrane of connective tissue FMA:63872 GAID:915 basal lamina GAID:915 basement lamina glomerular basement membrane EMAPA:28251 EMAPA:30965 FMA:74274 MA:0001659 SCTID:243897006 The glomerular basement membrane is the basal laminal portion of the glomerulus which performs the actual filtration through the filtration slits between the podocytes, separating the blood on the inside from the filtrate on the outside. It is a fusion of the endothelial cell and podocyte basal laminas. UBERON:0005777 ZFA:0005285 glomerular capillary basement membrane glomerular filtration membrane ncithesaurus:Glomerular_Basement_Membrane MA:0001659 glomerular capillary basement membrane ZFA:0005285 glomerular filtration membrane The glomerular basement membrane is the basal laminal portion of the glomerulus which performs the actual filtration through the filtration slits between the podocytes, separating the blood on the inside from the filtrate on the outside. It is a fusion of the endothelial cell and podocyte basal laminas. Wikipedia:Glomerular_basement_membrane lamina densa FMA:74276 Middle layer of the glomerular basement membrane. UBERON:0005787 ZFA:0005286 lamina densa of glomerular basement membrane middle layer of glomerular basement membrane ncithesaurus:Lamina_Densa Middle layer of the glomerular basement membrane. ZFIN:curator FMA:74276 lamina densa of glomerular basement membrane FMA:74276 middle layer of glomerular basement membrane lamina rara interna FMA:74277 Layer of the glomerular basement membrane adjacent to the glomerular capillary. UBERON:0005788 ZFA:0005287 internal layer of glomerular basement membrane lamina interna of glomerular basement membrane ncithesaurus:Lamina_Rara_Interna FMA:74277 lamina interna of glomerular basement membrane FMA:74277 internal layer of glomerular basement membrane Layer of the glomerular basement membrane adjacent to the glomerular capillary. ZFIN:curator lamina rara externa FMA:74275 Layer of the glomerular basement membrane adjacent to the podocytes and capsular space. UBERON:0005789 ZFA:0005288 external layer of glomerular basement membrane lamina externa of glomerular basement membrane ncithesaurus:Lamina_Rara_Externa Layer of the glomerular basement membrane adjacent to the podocytes and capsular space. ZFIN:curator FMA:74275 lamina externa of glomerular basement membrane FMA:74275 external layer of glomerular basement membrane nephric ridge EHDAA2:0001242 EHDAA:1015 EMAPA:16368 Nephric tubules (nephrons) form embryonically along the nephric ridge. The ridge comprises three regions; anterior, middle and posterior. The functional kidney uses nephrons from only one or two regions of the ridge. A pronephric kidney uses only the nephrons from the anterior region of the ridge. A mesonephric kidney uses only the middle region, a metanephric kidney uses only the posterior region and an opisthonephric kidney uses the middle and posterior regions. OG:0001240 TODO - check ridge vs cord vs nephrogenic cord vs blastema UBERON:0005792 nephric cord Nephric tubules (nephrons) form embryonically along the nephric ridge. The ridge comprises three regions; anterior, middle and posterior. The functional kidney uses nephrons from only one or two regions of the ridge. A pronephric kidney uses only the nephrons from the anterior region of the ridge. A mesonephric kidney uses only the middle region, a metanephric kidney uses only the posterior region and an opisthonephric kidney uses the middle and posterior regions. http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martini10/chapter27/custom2/deluxe-content.html OG:0001240 nephric cord pronephric kidney AAO:0011089 EMAPA:16579 Once the more complex mesonephros forms the pronephros undergoes apoptosis in amphibians. In fishes the nephron degenerates but the organ remains and becomes a component of the immune system[Wikipedia:Pronephros]. Organ that serves as a transient kidney, providing osmoregulation during early developmental stages and then degenerating during metamorphosis. TAO:0000151 UBERON:0005794 XAO:0002000 ZFA:0000151 pronephros Organ that serves as a transient kidney, providing osmoregulation during early developmental stages and then degenerating during metamorphosis. XAO:0002000 XAO:0002000 pronephros embryonic uterus FMA:72173 SCTID:255782009 UBERON:0005795 fetal uterus FMA:72173 fetal uterus duplex uterus UBERON:0005796 the duplex uterus is doubled, and is found in monotremes, marsupials, elephants and rodents http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/Chap14.html the duplex uterus is doubled, and is found in monotremes, marsupials, elephants and rodents bipartite uterus UBERON:0005797 the bipartite uterus is y-shaped externally and divided internally (ungulates, carnivores) http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/Chap14.html the bipartite uterus is y-shaped externally and divided internally (ungulates, carnivores) bicornate uterus UBERON:0005798 the bicornate uterus is y-shaped but has no internal partition (some ungulates, whales) http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/Chap14.html the bicornate uterus is y-shaped but has no internal partition (some ungulates, whales) simplex uterus UBERON:0005799 the simplex uterus has only one uterine chamber (primates) http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/Chap14.html the simplex uterus has only one uterine chamber (primates) segment of aorta FMA:13087 SCTID:119203005 UBERON:0005800 aortic segment ncithesaurus:Aortic_Segment FMA:13087 aortic segment dorsal aorta AAO:0011029 BTO:0004673 DA EHDAA2:0000410 EHDAA:402 EMAPA:18606 MA:0000476 OG:0000264 SCTID:338637006 The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once[GO]. Each primitive aorta receives anteriorly a vein 'the vitelline vein' from the yolk-sac, and is prolonged backward on the lateral aspect of the notochord under the name of the dorsal aorta. The dorsal aortae give branches to the yolk-sac, and are continued backward through the body-stalk as the umbilical arteries to the villi of the chorion. The two dorsal aortae combine to become the descending aorta in later development[WP]. UBERON:0005805 XAO:0000051 ZFA:0000014 dorsal aort%c3%a6 dorsal aorta root dorsal aortic root Wikipedia:Dorsal_aorta dorsal aort%c3%a6 Wikipedia DA ZFA:0000014 OG:0000264 dorsal aorta root OG:0000264 dorsal aortic root GO:0035907 The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once[GO]. Each primitive aorta receives anteriorly a vein 'the vitelline vein' from the yolk-sac, and is prolonged backward on the lateral aspect of the notochord under the name of the dorsal aorta. The dorsal aortae give branches to the yolk-sac, and are continued backward through the body-stalk as the umbilical arteries to the villi of the chorion. The two dorsal aortae combine to become the descending aorta in later development[WP]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_aorta https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3316981&group_id=36855&atid=440764 portal venous system FMA:45628 In the circulatory system of animals, a portal venous system occurs when a capillary bed drains into another capillary bed through veins, without first going through the heart. Both capillary beds and the blood vessels that connect them are considered part of the portal venous system. They are relatively uncommon as the majority of capillary beds drain into veins which then drain into the heart, not into another capillary bed. Portal venous systems are considered venous because the blood vessels that join the two capillary beds are either veins or venules. Examples of such systems include the hepatic portal system and the hypophyseal portal system. Unqualified, 'portal venous system' often refers to the hepatic portal system. For this reason, 'portal vein' most commonly refers to the hepatic portal vein[WP]. SCTID:362063001 UBERON:0005806 ncithesaurus:Portal_Venous_System In the circulatory system of animals, a portal venous system occurs when a capillary bed drains into another capillary bed through veins, without first going through the heart. Both capillary beds and the blood vessels that connect them are considered part of the portal venous system. They are relatively uncommon as the majority of capillary beds drain into veins which then drain into the heart, not into another capillary bed. Portal venous systems are considered venous because the blood vessels that join the two capillary beds are either veins or venules. Examples of such systems include the hepatic portal system and the hypophyseal portal system. Unqualified, 'portal venous system' often refers to the hepatic portal system. For this reason, 'portal vein' most commonly refers to the hepatic portal vein[WP]. Wikipedia:Portal_venous_system rostral ventrolateral medulla BTO:0002778 Control of blood pressure is crucially dependent on the integrity of a small region of the brainstem called the ventrolateral medulla. Within this part of the brain are the cells that control the heart, blood vessels, swallowing, breathing and many other functions of the body that are not noticed at a conscious level; such unconscious activities are known as 'Autonomic'. One of these regions is the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla (RVLM) is also known as the pressor area of the medulla (medulla pressor). It receives inhibitory GABAergic input from the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM). The RVLM is the primary regulator of the sympathetic nervous system, sending excitatory fibers (catecholaminergic) to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord, via reticulospinal tract[WP]. RVLM UBERON:0005807 medulla pressor Wikipedia:Rostral_ventrolateral_medulla medulla pressor Wikipedia Control of blood pressure is crucially dependent on the integrity of a small region of the brainstem called the ventrolateral medulla. Within this part of the brain are the cells that control the heart, blood vessels, swallowing, breathing and many other functions of the body that are not noticed at a conscious level; such unconscious activities are known as 'Autonomic'. One of these regions is the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla (RVLM) is also known as the pressor area of the medulla (medulla pressor). It receives inhibitory GABAergic input from the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM). The RVLM is the primary regulator of the sympathetic nervous system, sending excitatory fibers (catecholaminergic) to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord, via reticulospinal tract[WP]. Wikipedia:Rostral_ventrolateral_medulla bone tissue of long bone FMA:83117 SCTID:425475006 UBERON:0005808 cortex of hand bone . UBERON:0005809 . HP:0005926 cervical vertebra 1 anterior tubercle FMA:23991 MA:0002871 SCTID:281224005 TODO - check: anterior vs ventral; arch vs transverse process UBERON:0005810 anterior tubercle of atlas atlas ventral tubercle cervical vertebra 1 ventral tubercle tubercle of anterior arch of atlas tuberculum anterius (atlas) ventral tubercle of atlas MP:0010731 ventral tubercle of atlas FMA:23991 tuberculum anterius (atlas) FMA:23991 anterior tubercle of atlas MA:0002871 atlas ventral tubercle FMA:23991 tubercle of anterior arch of atlas MA:0002871 cervical vertebra 1 ventral tubercle tubercle AAO:0010605 BTO:0002173 FMA:75429 UBERON:0005813 a round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on bones, skin, or within the lungs in tuberculosis. They are also found on the leading edge of Humpback Whale's flippers, improving fluid flow over the flipper's surface[WP]. Wikipedia:Tubercle_(anatomy) a round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on bones, skin, or within the lungs in tuberculosis. They are also found on the leading edge of Humpback Whale's flippers, improving fluid flow over the flipper's surface[WP]. arch of atlas . FMA:23975 SCTID:272708001 UBERON:0005814 atlas arch . Wikipedia:Arch_of_the_atlas FMA:23975 atlas arch anterior tubercle of transverse process of cervical vertebra FMA:24126 UBERON:0005815 anterior costal tubercle of transverse process of cervical vertebra anterior tubercle of cervical vertebra tuberculum cervicales anterius vertebrae FMA:24126 anterior costal tubercle of transverse process of cervical vertebra FMA:24126 FMA:TA tuberculum cervicales anterius vertebrae FMA:24126 anterior tubercle of cervical vertebra posterior tubercle of transverse process of cervical vertebra FMA:24128 UBERON:0005816 posterior costal tubercle of transverse process of cervical vertebra posterior tubercle of cervical vertebra tuberculum cervicales posterius vertebrae FMA:24128 posterior costal tubercle of transverse process of cervical vertebra FMA:24128 posterior tubercle of cervical vertebra FMA:24128 FMA:TA tuberculum cervicales posterius vertebrae neuraxis flexure An anatomical structure that is regional part of the central nervous system where there is a significant bend of the axis. UBERON:0005817 ZFA:0005593 An anatomical structure that is regional part of the central nervous system where there is a significant bend of the axis. ZFIN:Curator cephalic flexure TODO - check UBERON:0005818 ZFA:0001640 midbrain flexure the first flexure, or bend, of the embryonic brain; it appears in the region of the mid-brain. In human embryos it generally occurs at the end of the 3rd week/beginning of 4th. By means of it the fore-brain is bent in a ventral direction around the anterior end of the notochord and fore-gut, with the result that the floor of the fore-brain comes to lie almost parallel with that of the hind-brain. This flexure causes the mid-brain to become, for a time, the most prominent part of the brain, since its dorsal surface corresponds with the convexity of the curve. As a consequence, the cardiac plate, which was previously anterior to the forebrain, approximates its adult location in what will become the thoracic region[WP]. Ventral bend in the brain occurring caudal to the adenohypophyseal placode[ZFA]. ventral flexure ZFA:0001640 ventral flexure Wikipedia:Cephalic_flexure ZFIN:curator the first flexure, or bend, of the embryonic brain; it appears in the region of the mid-brain. In human embryos it generally occurs at the end of the 3rd week/beginning of 4th. By means of it the fore-brain is bent in a ventral direction around the anterior end of the notochord and fore-gut, with the result that the floor of the fore-brain comes to lie almost parallel with that of the hind-brain. This flexure causes the mid-brain to become, for a time, the most prominent part of the brain, since its dorsal surface corresponds with the convexity of the curve. As a consequence, the cardiac plate, which was previously anterior to the forebrain, approximates its adult location in what will become the thoracic region[WP]. Ventral bend in the brain occurring caudal to the adenohypophyseal placode[ZFA]. cervical flexure UBERON:0005819 ventrally concave flexure of the embryonic brain occurring at the junction of hindbrain and spinal cord[MP]. In humans develops by the 5th week of gestation[WP]. MP:0000913 ventrally concave flexure of the embryonic brain occurring at the junction of hindbrain and spinal cord[MP]. In humans develops by the 5th week of gestation[WP]. pontine flexure UBERON:0005820 a bend in the axis of the embryological central nervous system (the neuraxis). This flexure marks the junction between the metencephalon and the myelencephalon. The division of the rhombencephalon (the early hindbrain) into the metencephalon and the myelencephalon occurs at the 7th week of development. In the mature brain, the metencephalon forms the pons and cerebellum, whilst the myelencephalon forms the medulla oblongata[WP]. Wikipedia:Pontine_Flexure a bend in the axis of the embryological central nervous system (the neuraxis). This flexure marks the junction between the metencephalon and the myelencephalon. The division of the rhombencephalon (the early hindbrain) into the metencephalon and the myelencephalon occurs at the 7th week of development. In the mature brain, the metencephalon forms the pons and cerebellum, whilst the myelencephalon forms the medulla oblongata[WP]. gracile fasciculus BM:Me-GF FMA:258416 SCTID:369079001 UBERON:0004168 UBERON:0005821 a group of axons that are from neurons involved in proprioception from the lower trunk and lower limb[GO]. The fasciculus gracilis (tract of Goll) is a bundle of axon fibres in the dorsomedial spinal cord that carries information about fine touch, vibrations, and conscious proprioception from the lower part of the body to the brain stem. It is part of the posterior column of the spinal cord, which also contains the fasciculus cuneatus, which carries the same information from the upper part of the body. This tract and its continuation in the brain stem is often referred to as the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The fasciculus gracilis is wedge-shaped on transverse section and lies next the posterior median septum, its base being at the surface of the medulla spinalis, and its apex directed toward the posterior gray commissure. It increases in size from below upward, and consists of long thin fibers that are derived from the posterior nerve roots, and ascend as far as the medulla oblongata, where they end in the nucleus gracilis. The tract of Goll was named after Swiss neuroanatomist Friedrich Goll[WP]. distinction between axon tract and fasicule is unclear, we create is_a parentage to both fasciculus gracilis gracile column gracile fascicle gracile tract gracilis tract ncithesaurus:Tract_of_Goll tract of Goll Wikipedia:Gracile_fasciculus gracile column FMA:258416 gracile fascicle GO:0021958 tract of Goll FMA:258416 fasciculus gracilis GO:0021958 Wikipedia:Gracile_fasciculus a group of axons that are from neurons involved in proprioception from the lower trunk and lower limb[GO]. The fasciculus gracilis (tract of Goll) is a bundle of axon fibres in the dorsomedial spinal cord that carries information about fine touch, vibrations, and conscious proprioception from the lower part of the body to the brain stem. It is part of the posterior column of the spinal cord, which also contains the fasciculus cuneatus, which carries the same information from the upper part of the body. This tract and its continuation in the brain stem is often referred to as the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The fasciculus gracilis is wedge-shaped on transverse section and lies next the posterior median septum, its base being at the surface of the medulla spinalis, and its apex directed toward the posterior gray commissure. It increases in size from below upward, and consists of long thin fibers that are derived from the posterior nerve roots, and ascend as far as the medulla oblongata, where they end in the nucleus gracilis. The tract of Goll was named after Swiss neuroanatomist Friedrich Goll[WP]. GO:0021958 gracilis tract Wikipedia:Gracile_fasciculus gracile tract GO gracile fasciculus of spinal cord FMA:73938 UBERON:0005826 editor note: check ontology structure, isa parentage to fasciculus of spinal cord should be inferred gracile fascicle of spinal cord spinal cord segment of fasciculus gracilis spinal cord segment of gracile fasciculus FMA:73938 gracile fascicle of spinal cord FMA:73938 spinal cord segment of gracile fasciculus FMA:73938 spinal cord segment of fasciculus gracilis cuneate fasciculus BM:Me-CF UBERON:0004169 UBERON:0005832 Wikipedia:Cuneate_fasciculus cuneate column cuneate tract cuneatus tract fasciculus cuneatus fasciculus cuneus we assign the synonym 'Burdachs tract' to the subclass GO:0021959 cuneatus tract Wikipedia:Cuneate_fasciculus cuneate tract Wikipedia:Cuneate_fasciculus fasciculus cuneatus Wikipedia:Cuneate_fasciculus cuneate column Wikipedia:Cuneate_fasciculus fasciculus cuneus cuneate fasciculus of spinal cord FMA:73941 SCTID:314792006 The fasciculus cuneatus (tract of Burdach, named for Karl Friedrich Burdach) is a bundle of nerves in the spinal cord which primarily transmits information from the arms. It is part of the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. UBERON:0005835 burdach's tract cuneate fascicle of spinal cord cuneate fasciculus editor note: check ontology structure, isa parentage to fasciculus of spinal cord should be inferred. TODO - change definition to be the *whole* of the CF in the SC fasciculus cuneatus ncithesaurus:Tract_of_Burdach tract of Burdach FMA:73941 cuneate fascicle of spinal cord FMA:73941 FMA:TA fasciculus cuneatus GO:0021959 The fasciculus cuneatus (tract of Burdach, named for Karl Friedrich Burdach) is a bundle of nerves in the spinal cord which primarily transmits information from the arms. It is part of the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. Wikipedia:Cuneate_fasciculus GO:0021959 tract of Burdach FMA:73941 burdach's tract FMA:73941 cuneate fasciculus fasciculus of spinal cord FMA:75799 UBERON:0005837 spinal cord fasciculus FMA:75799 spinal cord fasciculus fasciculus of brain FMA:83844 UBERON:0005838 brain fasciculus FMA:83844 brain fasciculus thoracic spinal cord dorsal column FMA:258178 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1442 UBERON:0005839 dorsal funiculus of thoracic segment of spinal cord dorsal white column of thoracic segment of spinal cord thoracic segment of dorsal funiculus of spinal cord thoracic spinal cord posterior column NIF_GrossAnatomy FMA:258178 dorsal funiculus of thoracic segment of spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1442 thoracic spinal cord posterior column FMA:258178 dorsal white column of thoracic segment of spinal cord FMA:258178 thoracic segment of dorsal funiculus of spinal cord sacral spinal cord dorsal column FMA:258198 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1514 UBERON:0005840 sacral spinal cord posterior column sacral subsegment of dorsal funiculus of spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1514 sacral spinal cord posterior column NIF_GrossAnatomy FMA:258198 sacral subsegment of dorsal funiculus of spinal cord cervical spinal cord dorsal column FMA:258176 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_736 UBERON:0005841 cervical segment of dorsal funiculus of spinal cord cervical spinal cord posterior column dorsal funiculus of cervical segment of spinal cord dorsal white column of cervical segment of spinal cord FMA:258176 dorsal white column of cervical segment of spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_736 cervical spinal cord posterior column FMA:258176 dorsal funiculus of cervical segment of spinal cord FMA:258176 cervical segment of dorsal funiculus of spinal cord lumbar spinal cord dorsal column FMA:258180 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_834 UBERON:0005842 dorsal funiculus of lumbar segment of spinal cord dorsal white column of lumbar segment of spinal cord lumbar segment of dorsal funiculus of spinal cord lumbar segment of gracile fasciculus of spinal cord lumbar spinal cord posterior column FMA:258180 lumbar segment of dorsal funiculus of spinal cord FMA:258180 dorsal white column of lumbar segment of spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_834 lumbar spinal cord posterior column FMA:258180 dorsal funiculus of lumbar segment of spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy FMA:258180 lumbar segment of gracile fasciculus of spinal cord sacral spinal cord FMA:256623 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1275 SCTID:244438003 UBERON:0005843 ncithesaurus:Sacral_Spinal_Cord sacral segment of spinal cord sacral segments of spinal cord [1-5] segmenta sacralia medullae spinalis [1-5] FMA:256623 FMA:TA segmenta sacralia medullae spinalis [1-5] FMA:256623 sacral segment of spinal cord FMA:256623 sacral segments of spinal cord [1-5] spinal cord segment FMA:62420 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2665 SCTID:278748001 UBERON:0005844 axial part of spinal cord axial regional part of spinal cord here we use segment to refer to cervical, lumbar etc rather than each of the 31 segments of the human spine segment of spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2665 axial regional part of spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2665 axial part of spinal cord FMA:62420 segment of spinal cord caudal segment of spinal cord FMA:256635 SCTID:278753006 UBERON:0005845 coccygeal segment of spinal cord coccygeal segments of spinal cord [1-3] for spinal cord segments, we treat coccygeal/caudal as synonyms - we only differentiate where bone is concerned segmenta coccygea medullae spinalis [1-3] FMA:256635 FMA:TA segmenta coccygea medullae spinalis [1-3] FMA:256635 coccygeal segment of spinal cord FMA:256635 coccygeal segments of spinal cord [1-3] thoracic spinal cord lateral column NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1439 UBERON:0005847 NIF_GrossAnatomy sacral spinal cord lateral column NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1587 UBERON:0005848 NIF_GrossAnatomy cervical spinal cord lateral column NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_729 UBERON:0005849 NIF_GrossAnatomy lumbar spinal cord lateral column NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_828 UBERON:0005850 NIF_GrossAnatomy thoracic spinal cord ventral column NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1448 UBERON:0005852 NIF_GrossAnatomy sacral spinal cord ventral column NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1520 UBERON:0005853 NIF_GrossAnatomy cervical spinal cord ventral column NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1660 UBERON:0005854 cervical spinal cord anterior column NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1660 cervical spinal cord anterior column NIF_GrossAnatomy lumbar spinal cord ventral column NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_840 UBERON:0005855 NIF_GrossAnatomy mesenchymal condensation EHDAA2:0003148 EHDAA:8979 EMAPA:25351 UBERON:0005856 mesenchyme condensation EMAPA:25351 mesenchyme condensation cartilaginous condensation AEO:0000147 EHDAA2:0003147 EMAPA:25353 UBERON:0005863 VAO:0000092 XAO:0004022 cartilage condensation cartilagenous condensation chondrogenic condensation EMAPA:25353 cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0003147 cartilagenous condensation pre-muscle condensation AEO:0000149 EHDAA2:0003149 UBERON:0005865 pre-cartilage condensation A closely packed aggregation of mesenchymal cells just prior to their differentiation into embryonic cartilage. AEO:0000150 EHDAA2:0003150 UBERON:0005866 EHDAA2 A closely packed aggregation of mesenchymal cells just prior to their differentiation into embryonic cartilage. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/precartilage mandibular prominence EHDAA2:0001061 EHDAA:5871 EMAPA:17355 The mandibular prominence is an embryological structure which gives rise to the lower portion of the face. The mandible and lower lip derive from it. It is innervated by the mandibular nerve. UBERON:0005867 mandibular process mandibular swelling ncithesaurus:Mandibular_Prominence The mandibular prominence is an embryological structure which gives rise to the lower portion of the face. The mandible and lower lip derive from it. It is innervated by the mandibular nerve. Wikipedia:Mandibular_prominence UBERON:cjm mandibular swelling Wikipedia:Mandibular_prominence mandibular process maxillary prominence Continuous with the dorsal end of the mandibular arch, and growing forward from its cephalic border, is a triangular process, the maxillary process (or maxillary prominence), the ventral extremity of which is separated from the mandibular arch by a '>' shaped notch. The maxillary process forms the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and in it are ossified the zygomatic bone and the greater part of the maxilla; it meets with the lateral nasal process, from which, however, it is separated for a time by a groove, the naso-optic furrow, that extends from the furrow encircling the eyeball to the olfactory pit. The maxillary processes ultimately fuse with the lateral nasal and globular processes, and form the lateral parts of the upper lip and the posterior boundaries of the nares. It is innervated by the maxillary nerve. EHDAA2:0001070 EHDAA:5877 EMAPA:17359 SCTID:346355001 UBERON:0005868 maxillary process maxillary process of embryo ncithesaurus:Maxillary_Prominence EHDAA2:0001070 maxillary process Continuous with the dorsal end of the mandibular arch, and growing forward from its cephalic border, is a triangular process, the maxillary process (or maxillary prominence), the ventral extremity of which is separated from the mandibular arch by a '>' shaped notch. The maxillary process forms the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and in it are ossified the zygomatic bone and the greater part of the maxilla; it meets with the lateral nasal process, from which, however, it is separated for a time by a groove, the naso-optic furrow, that extends from the furrow encircling the eyeball to the olfactory pit. The maxillary processes ultimately fuse with the lateral nasal and globular processes, and form the lateral parts of the upper lip and the posterior boundaries of the nares. It is innervated by the maxillary nerve. Wikipedia:Maxillary_prominence SCTID:346355001 maxillary process of embryo maxillary process of inferior nasal concha FMA:54741 From the lower border of the inferior nasal concha, a thin lamina, the maxillary process, curves downward and lateralward; it articulates with the maxilla and forms a part of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus. UBERON:0005869 maxillary process of inferior concha maxillary process of inferior nasal turbinate maxillary process of inferior turbinate processus maxillaris (concha nasalis inferior) processus maxillaris conchae nasalis inferioris FMA:54741 maxillary process of inferior nasal turbinate FMA:54741 FMA:TA processus maxillaris conchae nasalis inferioris FMA:54741 maxillary process of inferior turbinate From the lower border of the inferior nasal concha, a thin lamina, the maxillary process, curves downward and lateralward; it articulates with the maxilla and forms a part of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus. Wikipedia:Maxillary_process_of_inferior_nasal_concha FMA:54741 maxillary process of inferior concha FMA:54741 processus maxillaris (concha nasalis inferior) olfactory pit AAO:0011068 By the upgrowth of the surrounding parts the olfactory areas are converted into pits, the olfactory pits, which indent the fronto-nasal process and divide it into a medial and two lateral nasal processes[WP]. an indentation of the olfactory placode which ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx[GO]. EFO:0003496 EHDAA2:0001295 EHDAA:4772 EMAPA:16800 SCTID:361485001 UBERON:0005870 XAO:0000275 nasal pit we represent the relationship as develops from, though in fact the pit is formed as an indentation in the placode By the upgrowth of the surrounding parts the olfactory areas are converted into pits, the olfactory pits, which indent the fronto-nasal process and divide it into a medial and two lateral nasal processes[WP]. an indentation of the olfactory placode which ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx[GO]. GO:0060166 Wikipedia:Olfactory_pit XAO:0000275 nasal pit palatine process of maxilla FMA:52896 SCTID:368870009 The palatine process of the maxilla (palatal process), thick and strong, is horizontal and projects medialward from the nasal surface of the bone. It forms a considerable part of the floor of the nose and the roof of the mouth and is much thicker in front than behind. Its inferior surface is concave, rough and uneven, and forms, with the palatine process of the opposite bone, the anterior three-fourths of the hard palate. It is perforated by numerous foramina for the passage of the nutrient vessels; is channelled at the back part of its lateral border by a groove, sometimes a canal, for the transmission of the descending palatine vessels and the anterior palatine nerve from the spheno-palatine ganglion; and presents little depressions for the lodgement of the palatine glands. When the two maxillae are articulated, a funnel-shaped opening, the incisive foramen, is seen in the middle line, immediately behind the incisor teeth. In this opening the orifices of two lateral canals are visible; they are named the incisive canals or foramina of Stenson; through each of them passes the terminal branch of the descending palatine artery and the nasopalatine nerve. Occasionally two additional canals are present in the middle line; they are termed the foramina of Scarpa, and when present transmit the nasopalatine nerves, the left passing through the anterior, and the right through the posterior canal. On the under surface of the palatine process, a delicate linear suture, well seen in young skulls, may sometimes be noticed extending lateralward and forward on either side from the incisive foramen to the interval between the lateral incisor and the canine tooth. The small part in front of this suture constitutes the premaxilla (os incisivum), which in most vertebrates forms an independent bone; it includes the whole thickness of the alveolus, the corresponding part of the floor of the nose and the anterior nasal spine, and contains the sockets of the incisor teeth. The upper surface of the palatine process is concave from side to side, smooth, and forms the greater part of the floor of the nasal cavity. It presents, close to its medial margin, the upper orifice of the incisive canal. The lateral border of the process is incorporated with the rest of the bone. The medial border is thicker in front than behind, and is raised above into a ridge, the nasal crest, which, with the corresponding ridge of the opposite bone, forms a groove for the reception of the vomer. The front part of this ridge rises to a considerable height, and is named the incisor crest; it is prolonged forward into a sharp process, which forms, together with a similar process of the opposite bone, the anterior nasal spine. The posterior border is serrated for articulation with the horizontal part of the palatine bone. UBERON:0005871 palatal process palatine process processus palatinus (maxilla) Wikipedia:Palatine_process_of_maxilla palatal process FMA:52896 processus palatinus (maxilla) Wikipedia:Palatine_process_of_maxilla palatine process The palatine process of the maxilla (palatal process), thick and strong, is horizontal and projects medialward from the nasal surface of the bone. It forms a considerable part of the floor of the nose and the roof of the mouth and is much thicker in front than behind. Its inferior surface is concave, rough and uneven, and forms, with the palatine process of the opposite bone, the anterior three-fourths of the hard palate. It is perforated by numerous foramina for the passage of the nutrient vessels; is channelled at the back part of its lateral border by a groove, sometimes a canal, for the transmission of the descending palatine vessels and the anterior palatine nerve from the spheno-palatine ganglion; and presents little depressions for the lodgement of the palatine glands. When the two maxillae are articulated, a funnel-shaped opening, the incisive foramen, is seen in the middle line, immediately behind the incisor teeth. In this opening the orifices of two lateral canals are visible; they are named the incisive canals or foramina of Stenson; through each of them passes the terminal branch of the descending palatine artery and the nasopalatine nerve. Occasionally two additional canals are present in the middle line; they are termed the foramina of Scarpa, and when present transmit the nasopalatine nerves, the left passing through the anterior, and the right through the posterior canal. On the under surface of the palatine process, a delicate linear suture, well seen in young skulls, may sometimes be noticed extending lateralward and forward on either side from the incisive foramen to the interval between the lateral incisor and the canine tooth. The small part in front of this suture constitutes the premaxilla (os incisivum), which in most vertebrates forms an independent bone; it includes the whole thickness of the alveolus, the corresponding part of the floor of the nose and the anterior nasal spine, and contains the sockets of the incisor teeth. The upper surface of the palatine process is concave from side to side, smooth, and forms the greater part of the floor of the nasal cavity. It presents, close to its medial margin, the upper orifice of the incisive canal. The lateral border of the process is incorporated with the rest of the bone. The medial border is thicker in front than behind, and is raised above into a ridge, the nasal crest, which, with the corresponding ridge of the opposite bone, forms a groove for the reception of the vomer. The front part of this ridge rises to a considerable height, and is named the incisor crest; it is prolonged forward into a sharp process, which forms, together with a similar process of the opposite bone, the anterior nasal spine. The posterior border is serrated for articulation with the horizontal part of the palatine bone. Wikipedia:Palatine_process_of_maxilla 1st arch branchial groove EHDAA2:0000008 EHDAA:575 EMAPA:16119 OG:0000969 UBERON:0005872 2nd arch branchial groove EHDAA2:0000054 EHDAA:613 EMAPA:16396 OG:0000972 UBERON:0005873 3rd arch branchial groove EHDAA2:0000071 EHDAA:1082 EMAPA:16581 OG:0000973 UBERON:0005874 4th arch branchial groove EHDAA2:0000088 EHDAA:1665 EMAPA:16761 OG:0000968 UBERON:0005875 genital tubercle A genital tubercle is a body of tissue present in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It forms in the ventral, caudal region of mammalian embryos of both sexes, and eventually develops into a phallus. In the human fetus the genital tubercle develops around week 4 of gestation, and by week 9 becomes recognizably either a clitoris or penis. This should not be confused with the sinus tubercle which is a proliferation of endoderm induced by paramesonephic ducts. Even after the phallus is developed, the term genital tubercle remains, but only as the terminal end of it[2], which develops into either the glans penis or the glans clitoridis. The genital tubercle is sensitive to dihydrotestosterone and rich in 5-alpha-reductase, so that the amount of fetal testosterone present after the second month is a major determinant of phallus size at birth.[WP]. EHDAA2:0000705 EHDAA:5925 EMAPA:17382 SCTID:308798005 UBERON:0005876 todo - add only in taxon mammalia constraint A genital tubercle is a body of tissue present in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It forms in the ventral, caudal region of mammalian embryos of both sexes, and eventually develops into a phallus. In the human fetus the genital tubercle develops around week 4 of gestation, and by week 9 becomes recognizably either a clitoris or penis. This should not be confused with the sinus tubercle which is a proliferation of endoderm induced by paramesonephic ducts. Even after the phallus is developed, the term genital tubercle remains, but only as the terminal end of it[2], which develops into either the glans penis or the glans clitoridis. The genital tubercle is sensitive to dihydrotestosterone and rich in 5-alpha-reductase, so that the amount of fetal testosterone present after the second month is a major determinant of phallus size at birth.[WP]. Wikipedia:Genital_tubercle branchial groove AAO:0010623 UBERON:0005879 branchial cleft ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Groove pharyngeal cleft pharyngeal groove the counterpart of the branchial pouch on the ectodermal side. The first pharyngeal groove produces the external auditory meatus.[2] The rest (2, 3, and 4) are overlapped by the growing 2nd pharyngeal arch, and form the floor of the depression termed the cervical sinus, which opens ventrally, and finally obliterated[WP]. todo - check cleft vs groove Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_groove branchial cleft Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_groove the counterpart of the branchial pouch on the ectodermal side. The first pharyngeal groove produces the external auditory meatus.[2] The rest (2, 3, and 4) are overlapped by the growing 2nd pharyngeal arch, and form the floor of the depression termed the cervical sinus, which opens ventrally, and finally obliterated[WP]. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_groove pharyngeal groove AAO:0010623 Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_groove pharyngeal cleft prepollex AAO:0000852 UBERON:0005880 a rudimentary additional digit on the preaxial side of the thumb of certain amphibians and mammals[dictionary.com]. A prepollex does not contain phalanges nor does it articulate with a metacarpal. It articulates with elements of the carpal (wrist) skeleton[AAO:DB]. Two or more elements located ventral and medial to the metacarpal of digit II(I). The proximal prepollex is small and round whereas distal prepollex 1 is usually large and wedge-shaped. When more elements are present, they are smaller than previous elements. cartilago pre-pollicis not homologous to digit 1 of tetrapods. TODO: add articulation relations pseudothumb AAO:0000852 cartilago pre-pollicis AAO:0000852 AAO:Fabrezi_and_Alberch_1996 AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 a rudimentary additional digit on the preaxial side of the thumb of certain amphibians and mammals[dictionary.com]. A prepollex does not contain phalanges nor does it articulate with a metacarpal. It articulates with elements of the carpal (wrist) skeleton[AAO:DB]. Two or more elements located ventral and medial to the metacarpal of digit II(I). The proximal prepollex is small and round whereas distal prepollex 1 is usually large and wedge-shaped. When more elements are present, they are smaller than previous elements. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.1038 pseudothumb limb outgrowth UBERON:0005881 encompasses digits and prepollex alar plate UBERON:0005882 alar lamina spinal cord alar column spinal cord alar lamina the mantle layer of the neural tube that lies dorsal to the sulcus limitans and contains primarily sensory neurons and interneurons involved in communication of sensory impulses; the alar plate develops into the dorsal horn in the grey matter of the spinal cord. MP:0009692 Wikipedia:Alar_plate the mantle layer of the neural tube that lies dorsal to the sulcus limitans and contains primarily sensory neurons and interneurons involved in communication of sensory impulses; the alar plate develops into the dorsal horn in the grey matter of the spinal cord. Wikipedia:Alar_lamina alar lamina MP:0009692 spinal cord alar column MP:0009692 spinal cord alar lamina neural tube lateral wall mantle layer EHDAA2:0001261 TODO - expand subtypes post EHDAA2-revision, check lateral wall UBERON:0005883 hyoid arch skeleton AAO:0010370 UBERON:0005884 XAO:0003177 ZFA:0001276 pharyngeal arch 2 skeleton ZFA:0001276 pharyngeal arch 2 skeleton pharyngeal arch 3-7 skeleton UBERON:0005886 XAO:0003180 ZFA:0000095 branchial arch skeleton XAO:0003180 branchial arch skeleton XAO ZFA zygote cortex AAO:0010327 EMAPA:18427 UBERON:0005889 XAO:0000216 cortex todo - request from GO XAO:0000216 cortex gonad germinal epithelium BTO:0004524 EHDAA2:0000706 EMAPA:17384 EV:0200046 OG:0000629 UBERON:0005890 coelomic epithelium germinal epithelium EHDAA2:0000706 germinal epithelium EMAPA:17384 coelomic epithelium coelomic epithelium EHDAA2:0004049 The epithelial lining of the coelom. UBERON:0005891 XAO:0000329 The epithelial lining of the coelom. Wikipedia:Coelomic_epithelium XAO:0000329 mesonephric early distal tubule AAO:0010391 The mesonephric equivalent of the ascending limb, or straight distal segment, of metanephric nephrons. UBERON:0005892 XAO:0000333 mesonephric ascending limb mesonephric straight distal segment The mesonephric equivalent of the ascending limb, or straight distal segment, of metanephric nephrons. XB:curator XAO:0000333 mesonephric ascending limb XAO:0000333 mesonephric straight distal segment leg bone MA:0000670 MESH:A.02.835.232.500 UBERON:0005893 locomotive weight-bearing appendage A leg is a limb on which an animal walks and stands (GO:0035110). Functional grouping, currently encompasses vertebrate and insect legs UBERON:0005894 leg A leg is a limb on which an animal walks and stands (GO:0035110). GO:0035110 Wikipedia:Leg insect leg FBbt:00004640 MAT:0000095 MIAA:0000095 TGMA:0000164 The walking appendages of each segment of the ventral adult external thorax[FBbt]. A leg derived from an imaginal disc[GO]. UBERON:0005895 imaginal disc-derived leg GO:0007480 imaginal disc-derived leg FBbt:00004640 GO:0007480 The walking appendages of each segment of the ventral adult external thorax[FBbt]. A leg derived from an imaginal disc[GO]. jointed/prehensile appendage A jointed or prehensible appendage used for locomotion or manipulation. Examples: human arm, human leg, octopus tentacle, insect limb[Wikipedia]. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. For example a leg, arm or some types of fin[GO]. AEO:0000172 BTO:0001492 Extremitaet MESH:A.01.378 UBERON:0005896 extremity limb ncithesaurus:Extremities BTO:0001492 Extremitaet AEO:0000172 BTO:0001492 GO:0035108 limb A jointed or prehensible appendage used for locomotion or manipulation. Examples: human arm, human leg, octopus tentacle, insect limb[Wikipedia]. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. For example a leg, arm or some types of fin[GO]. GO:0035108 Wikipedia:Limb_(anatomy) hand bone MA:0000619 SCTID:265809008 UBERON:0005897 foot bone GAID:192 MA:0000643 MESH:A.02.835.232.300 SCTID:361371005 UBERON:0005899 occipital region AAO:0010199 Anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the cranium and forms the margin of the foramen magnum and occipital condyles. SCTID:362618001 TAO:0001414 TODO - check UBERON:0005902 XAO:0003173 ZFA:0001414 basicranial region ZFA:0001414 basicranial region Anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the cranium and forms the margin of the foramen magnum and occipital condyles. TAO:0001414 duct of seminal vesicle EMAPA:29282 FMA:19473 SCTID:279675008 UBERON:0005903 ductus excretorius (vesicula seminalis) ductus excretorius glandulae vesiculosae excretory duct of seminal gland seminal vesicle duct FMA:19473 FMA:TA ductus excretorius glandulae vesiculosae FMA:19473 ductus excretorius (vesicula seminalis) FMA:19473 excretory duct of seminal gland FMA:19473 seminal vesicle duct duct of male reproductive system UBERON:0005904 insect labrum A mouthpart of insects. BTO:0004104 FBbt:00004522 HAO:0000456 TADS:0000039 UBERON:0005905 insect labium labium labrum BTO:0004104 labium BTO:0004104 insect labium BTO:0004104 labrum A mouthpart of insects. Wikipedia:Insect_mouthparts#Labrum serous sac FMA:9689 Organ with organ cavity, which has as parts a serous membrane and a serous cavity . Examples: pleural sac, pericardial sac, tendon sheath, bursa.[FMA] SCTID:362890006 UBERON:0005906 FMA:9689 Organ with organ cavity, which has as parts a serous membrane and a serous cavity . Examples: pleural sac, pericardial sac, tendon sheath, bursa.[FMA] conjunctival sac EMAPA:18233 FMA:20291 SCTID:362531001 Serous sac, which has as parts the conjunctiva and the cavity of conjunctiva. Examples: There are only two conjunctival sacs, the right and the left.[FMA] UBERON:0005908 FMA:20291 FMA:FMA Serous sac, which has as parts the conjunctiva and the cavity of conjunctiva. Examples: There are only two conjunctival sacs, the right and the left.[FMA] transitional epithelium BTO:0003906 FMA:63914 MESH:A.10.272.850 Multilaminar epithelium, which of consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells, in contact with a basement membrane, that can undergo distention and contraction without losing its integrity and consistency. Examples: urothelium.[FMA] SCTID:30117005 UBERON:0005910 epithelium transitionale ncithesaurus:Transitional_Epithelium see comments for urothelium urothelium FMA:63914 epithelium transitionale EMAPA:28089 Wikipedia:Transitional_epithelium urothelium FMA:63914 FMA:FMA Multilaminar epithelium, which of consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells, in contact with a basement membrane, that can undergo distention and contraction without losing its integrity and consistency. Examples: urothelium.[FMA] Wikipedia:Transitional_epithelium endo-epithelium Epithelium that derives from the endoderm. Examples: urothelium, transitional epithelium of ureter, epithelium of prostatic gland.[FMA] FMA:69065 UBERON:0005911 Epithelium that derives from the endoderm. Examples: urothelium, transitional epithelium of ureter, epithelium of prostatic gland.[FMA] FMA:69065 FMA:FMA transitional epithelium of major calyx FMA:263266 UBERON:0005912 urothelium of major calyx OBOL:automatic urothelium of major calyx zone of bone organ FMA:10483 UBERON:0005913 bone organ zone FMA:10483 bone organ zone supreme nasal concha FMA:57457 SCTID:361935003 UBERON:0005919 a thin bony plate occasionally found projecting from the inner wall of the ethmoid labyrinth, above the bony superior nasal concha, and the mucous membrane covering the plate. concha nasi suprema highest nasal concha supreme nasal turbinate supreme turbinate FMA:57457 FMA:TA concha nasi suprema FMA:57457 highest nasal concha FMA:57457 supreme turbinate FMA:57457 supreme nasal turbinate a thin bony plate occasionally found projecting from the inner wall of the ethmoid labyrinth, above the bony superior nasal concha, and the mucous membrane covering the plate. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/supreme+nasal+concha superior nasal concha FMA:57458 SCTID:361934004 The back part of the medial surface of the labyrinth of ethmoid is subdivided by a narrow oblique fissure, the superior meatus of the nose, bounded above by a thin, curved plate, the superior nasal concha. The bone found in superior nasal concha is part of the ethmoid bone. UBERON:0005920 superior concha superior nasal turbinate superior turbinate FMA:57458 superior turbinate Wikipedia:Superior_nasal_concha superior concha The back part of the medial surface of the labyrinth of ethmoid is subdivided by a narrow oblique fissure, the superior meatus of the nose, bounded above by a thin, curved plate, the superior nasal concha. The bone found in superior nasal concha is part of the ethmoid bone. Wikipedia:Superior_nasal_concha FMA:57458 superior nasal turbinate middle nasal concha FMA:57459 SCTID:361933005 The medial surface of the labyrinth of ethmoid consists of a thin lamella, which descends from the under surface of the cribriform plate, and ends below in a free, convoluted margin, the middle nasal concha. It is rough, and marked above by numerous grooves, directed nearly vertically downward from the cribriform plate; they lodge branches of the olfactory nerves, which are distributed to the mucous membrane covering the superior nasal concha. UBERON:0005921 middle concha middle nasal turbinate middle turbinate The medial surface of the labyrinth of ethmoid consists of a thin lamella, which descends from the under surface of the cribriform plate, and ends below in a free, convoluted margin, the middle nasal concha. It is rough, and marked above by numerous grooves, directed nearly vertically downward from the cribriform plate; they lodge branches of the olfactory nerves, which are distributed to the mucous membrane covering the superior nasal concha. Wikipedia:Middle_nasal_concha FMA:57459 middle turbinate FMA:57459 middle nasal turbinate Wikipedia:Middle_nasal_concha middle concha inferior nasal concha FMA:54736 SCTID:361932000 The inferior nasal concha (Inferior Turbinated Bone) is one of the turbinates in the nose. It extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity [Fig. 1] and consists of a of spongy bone, curled upon itself like a scroll. Each inferior nasal concha is considered a facial pair of bones since they arise from the maxillae bones and projects horizontally into the nasal cavity. They are also termed 'inferior nasal turbinates' because they function similar to that of a turbine. As the air passes through the turbinates, the air is churned against these mucosa-lined bones in order to receive warmth, moisture and cleansing. Superior to inferior nasal concha are the middle nasal concha and superior nasal concha which arise from the cranial portion of the skull. Hence, these two are considered as a part of the cranial bones. It has two surfaces, two borders, and two extremities. UBERON:0005922 inferior concha inferior nasal turbinate inferior turbinate inferior turbinated ncithesaurus:Inferior_Turbinate note that in FMA this is not classified with the other turbinates. In Uberon we subdivide the turbinates into the ethmoturbinates and the inferior turbinate. TODO: check ethmoidal process of inferior nasal concha Wikipedia:Inferior_nasal_concha inferior concha FMA The inferior nasal concha (Inferior Turbinated Bone) is one of the turbinates in the nose. It extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity [Fig. 1] and consists of a of spongy bone, curled upon itself like a scroll. Each inferior nasal concha is considered a facial pair of bones since they arise from the maxillae bones and projects horizontally into the nasal cavity. They are also termed 'inferior nasal turbinates' because they function similar to that of a turbine. As the air passes through the turbinates, the air is churned against these mucosa-lined bones in order to receive warmth, moisture and cleansing. Superior to inferior nasal concha are the middle nasal concha and superior nasal concha which arise from the cranial portion of the skull. Hence, these two are considered as a part of the cranial bones. It has two surfaces, two borders, and two extremities. Wikipedia:Inferior_nasal_concha FMA:54736 inferior turbinate Wikipedia:Inferior_nasal_concha inferior turbinated ISBN10:1588903958 FMA:54736 inferior nasal turbinate ethmoidal process of inferior nasal concha Behind the lacrimal process of the inferior nasal conchae lies a broad, thin plate, the ethmoidal process, which ascends to join the uncinate process of the ethmoid; from its lower border a thin lamina, the maxillary process, curves downward and lateralward; it articulates with the maxilla and forms a part of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus. FMA:54742 UBERON:0005925 ethmoidal process of inferior concha ethmoidal process of inferior nasal turbinate ethmoidal process of inferior turbinate processus ethmoidalis (concha nasalis inferior) processus ethmoidalis conchae nasalis inferioris FMA:54742 processus ethmoidalis (concha nasalis inferior) FMA:54742 ethmoidal process of inferior concha Behind the lacrimal process of the inferior nasal conchae lies a broad, thin plate, the ethmoidal process, which ascends to join the uncinate process of the ethmoid; from its lower border a thin lamina, the maxillary process, curves downward and lateralward; it articulates with the maxilla and forms a part of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus. Wikipedia:Ethmoidal_process_of_inferior_nasal_concha FMA:54742 FMA:TA processus ethmoidalis conchae nasalis inferioris FMA:54742 ethmoidal process of inferior turbinate FMA:54742 ethmoidal process of inferior nasal turbinate external naris AAO:0000024 AAO:0010358 EHDAA2:0001275 EHDAA:9085 EMAPA:17848 FMA:59645 Fish have two pairs of external nostrils. There is a case for classifying ZFA:0001427 here as well as anterior naris. MA:0001320 OG:0000544 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViCLpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:276165005 Surface structure that provides one of the small external openings of the head that give passage to air for breathing. TAO:0001427 UBERON:0005928 XAO:0003033 ZFA:0001427 anterior naris blowhole external nares ncithesaurus:Nostril nostril external nares MA ZFA:0001427 anterior naris Wikipedia:Blowhole_(anatomy) blowhole ZFA OMD:nostril Surface structure that provides one of the small external openings of the head that give passage to air for breathing. Wikipedia:Nostril FMA:59645 XAO:0003033 nostril primary choana EHDAA:9087 EMAPA:17851 MA:0001322 TODO - check. MA says part_of external naris. UBERON:0005931 initial opening of the nasal pits and olfactory sac of the embryo into the rostral part of the primordial oronasal cavity, before the formation of the secondary palate. http://www.drugs.com/dict/primary-choana.html initial opening of the nasal pits and olfactory sac of the embryo into the rostral part of the primordial oronasal cavity, before the formation of the secondary palate. bulb of hair follicle EMAPA:18770 FMA:70666 MA:0000161 MA:0000783 SCTID:361360009 UBERON:0005932 coat hair bulb hair bulb hair follicle bulb ncithesaurus:Hair_Bulb see https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3213510&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 FMA:70666 hair follicle bulb MA:0000161 coat hair bulb FMA:70666 hair bulb hair root sheath EMAPA:18772 MA:0000162 MA:0000784 UBERON:0005933 see https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3213510&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 hair inner root sheath BTO:0003971 FMA:70935 MA:0000779 MA:0000785 The cells of the inner root sheath are interlocked with those of the cuticle of the hair, firmly anchoring the hair in the follicle. The inner root sheath must grow at the same rate as the hair, or faster as it molds and guides the shaft in its passage outward[BTO]. the multilayered tube composed of terminally differentiated hair follicle keratinocytes that is surrounded by the outer root sheath; the layers of the inner root sheath include the companion layer, Henle's layer, Huxley's layer and the inner root sheath cuticle[MP]. UBERON:0005941 hair follicle inner root sheath inner root sheath inner root sheath of hair follicle inner sheath of hair follicle internal root sheath of hair follicle FMA:70935 internal root sheath of hair follicle Keratin.com:http://www.keratin.com/ MP:0010685 The cells of the inner root sheath are interlocked with those of the cuticle of the hair, firmly anchoring the hair in the follicle. The inner root sheath must grow at the same rate as the hair, or faster as it molds and guides the shaft in its passage outward[BTO]. the multilayered tube composed of terminally differentiated hair follicle keratinocytes that is surrounded by the outer root sheath; the layers of the inner root sheath include the companion layer, Henle's layer, Huxley's layer and the inner root sheath cuticle[MP]. https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3213510&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 MP:0010685 hair follicle inner root sheath FMA:70935 inner sheath of hair follicle BTO:0003971 inner root sheath FMA:70935 inner root sheath of hair follicle hair outer root sheath BTO:0003969 FMA:70943 It surrounds the hair follicle like a sleeve all the way to the bulb. The outer root sheath is essentially a stratified epithelium that is contiguous with the epidermis. MA:0000780 MA:0000786 ORS UBERON:0005942 external root sheath of hair follicle hair follicle outer root sheath outer root sheath outer root sheath of hair follicle It surrounds the hair follicle like a sleeve all the way to the bulb. The outer root sheath is essentially a stratified epithelium that is contiguous with the epidermis. Keratin.com:http://www.keratin.com/ https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3213510&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 FMA:70943 external root sheath of hair follicle FMA:70943 outer root sheath of hair follicle BTO:0003969 hair follicle outer root sheath BTO:0003969 outer root sheath BTO:0003969 ORS hair root sheath matrix MA:0000781 UBERON:0005943 axial skeleton AAO:0000963 EMAPA:17214 EMAPA:18043 FMA:71221 MA:0000308 SCTID:361725000 Subdivision of skeleton which consists of skull, set of all vertebrae, set of all ribs and sternum[FMA]. UBERON:0005944 VAO:0000056 XAO:0004011 ncithesaurus:Axial_Skeleton note that in versions of FMA prior to v3, axial skeleton did _not_ include the skull FMA:71221 Subdivision of skeleton which consists of skull, set of all vertebrae, set of all ribs and sternum[FMA]. Wikipedia:Axial_skeleton neurocranial trabecula EFO:0003677 UBERON:0005945 ZFA:0001321 neurocranial trabeculae trabecula trabecular cartilage ZFA:0001321 neurocranial trabeculae ZFA:0001321 trabecular cartilage ZFA:0001321 trabecula outflow tract of atrium FMA:14141 UBERON:0005946 outflow part of atrium FMA:14141 outflow part of atrium outflow part of right ventricle FMA:7216 Outflow part of ventricle which is continuous with the pulmonary trunk[FNA]. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is an infundibular extension of the ventricular cavity which connects to the pulmonary artery[WP]. RVOT SCTID:244379003 UBERON:0005953 conus arteriosus (infundibulum) infundibulum of right ventricle outflow tract of right ventricle pulmonary conus FMA:7216 conus arteriosus (infundibulum) FMA:7216 infundibulum of right ventricle FMA:7216 Outflow part of ventricle which is continuous with the pulmonary trunk[FNA]. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is an infundibular extension of the ventricular cavity which connects to the pulmonary artery[WP]. FMA:7216 pulmonary conus FMA:7216 outflow tract of right ventricle outflow part of left ventricle FMA:9473 LVOT Outflow part of ventricle which is continuous with the aorta[FMA]. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), which connects to the aorta, is nearly indistinguishable from the rest of the ventricle[WP]. SCTID:264070001 UBERON:0005956 aortic vestibule left ventricular outflow outflow tract of left ventricle vestibulum aortae FMA:9473 outflow tract of left ventricle FMA:9473 left ventricular outflow FMA:9473 Outflow part of ventricle which is continuous with the aorta[FMA]. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), which connects to the aorta, is nearly indistinguishable from the rest of the ventricle[WP]. FMA:9473 FMA:TA vestibulum aortae FMA:9473 aortic vestibule outflow part of right atrium FMA:9550 Outflow part of atrium which consists of wall and cavity of the outflow part of right atrium and the tricuspid valve.[FMA] UBERON:0005965 main part of right atrium outflow tract of right atrium FMA:9550 FMA:FMA Outflow part of atrium which consists of wall and cavity of the outflow part of right atrium and the tricuspid valve.[FMA] FMA:9550 main part of right atrium FMA:9550 outflow tract of right atrium outflow part of left atrium FMA:9551 UBERON:0005966 main part of left atrium outflow tract of left atrium FMA:9551 outflow tract of left atrium FMA:9551 main part of left atrium conotruncal ridge EHDAA2:0000194 EHDAA:1914 EMAPA:17332 EMAPA:17867 OG:0001385 One of the pair of spiral mesenchymal swellings in the primordial ventricular outflow tract, that eventually fuse to form the conotruncal septum, dividing the subvalvular outflow tract and contributing to the membranous interventricular septum[MP] UBERON:0005967 aortico-pulmonary spiral ridges bulbar ridge conotruncal cushion endocardial ridge outflow tract cushion outflow tract endocardial cushion MP:0010585 conotruncal cushion MP:0010585 outflow tract cushion MP:0010585 bulbar ridge MP:0010585 endocardial ridge MP:0010585 aortico-pulmonary spiral ridges MP:0010585 outflow tract endocardial cushion MP:0010585 One of the pair of spiral mesenchymal swellings in the primordial ventricular outflow tract, that eventually fuse to form the conotruncal septum, dividing the subvalvular outflow tract and contributing to the membranous interventricular septum[MP] PMID:8823298 infundibulum of hair follicle FMA:70722 SCTID:319522000 UBERON:0005968 dermal piliary canal hair follicle infundibulum ncithesaurus:Hair_Follicle_Infundibulum FMA:70722 hair follicle infundibulum FMA:70722 dermal piliary canal reticulum trabeculare BTO:0001605 EFO:0003077 EV:0100352 GAID:897 Hueck's ligament MESH:A.09.371.060.932 TODO check syns - ligaments The trabecular meshwork is an area of tissue in the eye located around the base of the cornea, near the ciliary body, and is responsible for draining the aqueous humor from the eye via the anterior chamber (the chamber on the front of the eye covered by the cornea). The tissue is spongy and lined by trabeculocytes; it allows fluid to drain into a set of tubes called Schlemm's canal flowing into the blood system[WP]. A porelike structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor circulates to the canal of Schlemm.[GAID] the pore-like structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor circulates[MP]. UBERON:0004028 UBERON:0005969 cribiform ligament iridis ligamentum peactin-tum iridis ligamentum pectinatum ligamentum pectinatum anguli iridocornealis ligamentum pectinatum iridis ncithesaurus:Trabecular_Meshwork pectinate ligament pectinate ligament of iris scleral trabeculae scleral trabecular scleral trabecule scribiform ligament trabecular mesh trabecular meshwork trabecular meshwork of the eye Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork scribiform ligament Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork trabecular mesh Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork ligamentum pectinatum iridis BTO:0001605 Hueck's ligament BTO:0001605 ligamentum pectinatum anguli iridocornealis BTO:0001605 trabecular meshwork Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork scleral trabecule BTO:0001605 pectinate ligament of iris Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork scleral trabeculae Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork cribiform ligament MP:0005203 The trabecular meshwork is an area of tissue in the eye located around the base of the cornea, near the ciliary body, and is responsible for draining the aqueous humor from the eye via the anterior chamber (the chamber on the front of the eye covered by the cornea). The tissue is spongy and lined by trabeculocytes; it allows fluid to drain into a set of tubes called Schlemm's canal flowing into the blood system[WP]. A porelike structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor circulates to the canal of Schlemm.[GAID] the pore-like structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor circulates[MP]. Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork ligamentum peactin-tum iridis Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork iridis Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork ligamentum pectinatum Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork trabecular meshwork of the eye Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork scleral trabecular BTO:0001605 pectinate ligament brain commissure UBERON:0005970 amniotic fold EMAPA:16076 UBERON:0005971 the folded edge of the amnion where it rises over and finally encloses the embryo[TFD]. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/amniotic+fold the folded edge of the amnion where it rises over and finally encloses the embryo[TFD]. tunnel of Corti A triangular, fluid-filled space normally found between the inner and outer rows of supporting pillar cells in the organ of Corti. UBERON:0005972 A triangular, fluid-filled space normally found between the inner and outer rows of supporting pillar cells in the organ of Corti. MP:0003151 blood-inner ear barrier UBERON:0005973 the function of the group of barriers and transport systems which regulate the transport of various substances from blood to inner ear tissue and maintain the microhomeostasis and functional integrity of the inner ear; the endothelial cells of the inner ear blood capillaries, linked to each other by tight junctions, represent the main component of the blood-inner ear barrier MP:0004999 the function of the group of barriers and transport systems which regulate the transport of various substances from blood to inner ear tissue and maintain the microhomeostasis and functional integrity of the inner ear; the endothelial cells of the inner ear blood capillaries, linked to each other by tight junctions, represent the main component of the blood-inner ear barrier posterior cerebellomedullary cistern A space between the cerebellum and the dorsal surface of the medulla[MP]. The cisterna magna (or cerebellomedullary cistern) is one of three principal openings in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater layers of the meninges surrounding the brain. The openings are collectively referred to as cisterns. The cisterna magna is located between the cerebellum and the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata. Cerebrospinal fluid produced in the fourth ventricle drains into the cisterna magna via the lateral apertures and median aperture. The two other principal cisterns are the pontine cistern located between the pons and the medulla, and the interpeduncular cistern located between the cerebral peduncles. Cerebral spinal fluid can also be obtained by puncture of the cisterna magna (cistern puncture). FMA:83721 GAID:690 MESH:A.08.186.566.166.686.351 SCTID:280391002 UBERON:0005974 cisterna cerebellomedullaris posterior cisterna magna ncithesaurus:Cisterna_Magna A space between the cerebellum and the dorsal surface of the medulla[MP]. The cisterna magna (or cerebellomedullary cistern) is one of three principal openings in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater layers of the meninges surrounding the brain. The openings are collectively referred to as cisterns. The cisterna magna is located between the cerebellum and the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata. Cerebrospinal fluid produced in the fourth ventricle drains into the cisterna magna via the lateral apertures and median aperture. The two other principal cisterns are the pontine cistern located between the pons and the medulla, and the interpeduncular cistern located between the cerebral peduncles. Cerebral spinal fluid can also be obtained by puncture of the cisterna magna (cistern puncture). MP:0009036 Wikipedia:Cisterna_magna MP:0009033 cisterna cerebellomedullaris posterior MP:0009033 cisterna magna hair follicle bulge BTO:0004904 FMA:70735 UBERON:0005975 bulge of hair follicle the area located in the bottom of the permanent portion of a resting (telogen) hair follicle where the cells of the external root sheath of the hair follicle are contiguous with the basal layer of the epidermis; this portion of the follicle is involved in the generation of a new hair at the onset of the hair growth cycle (anagen) and contains the hair follicle stem cells FMA:70735 bulge of hair follicle MP:0009759 the area located in the bottom of the permanent portion of a resting (telogen) hair follicle where the cells of the external root sheath of the hair follicle are contiguous with the basal layer of the epidermis; this portion of the follicle is involved in the generation of a new hair at the onset of the hair growth cycle (anagen) and contains the hair follicle stem cells ansiform lobule crus I . ABA:ANcr1 FMA:72524 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081209 TODO - check UBERON:0005976 crus II of the ansiform lobule (HVII) crus primum lobuli ansiformis cerebelli [h vii a] first crus of ansiform lobule of cerebellum [h vii a] hemispheric lobule viibi lobulus ansiform crus II lobulus semilunaris inferior lobulus semilunaris superior cerebelli posterior superior lobule semilunar lobule-2 (superior) superior semilunar lobule superior semilunar lobule superior semilunar lobule of cerebellum FMA:72524 first crus of ansiform lobule of cerebellum [h vii a] FMA:72524 FMA:TA crus primum lobuli ansiformis cerebelli [h vii a] . MP:0010002 FMA:72524 FMA:TA lobulus semilunaris superior cerebelli FMA:72524 posterior superior lobule FMA:72524 superior semilunar lobule of cerebellum NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081209 crus II of the ansiform lobule (HVII) NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081209 hemispheric lobule viibi FMA:72524 superior semilunar lobule NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081209 lobulus semilunaris inferior FMA:72524 superior semilunar lobule NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081209 lobulus ansiform crus II FMA:72524 semilunar lobule-2 (superior) ansiform lobule crus II . ABA:ANcr2 FMA:72525 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081208 TODO - check UBERON:0005977 crus I of the ansiform lobule (HVII) crus secundum lobuli ansiformis cerebelli [h vii a hemispheric lobule viia inferior semilunar lobule inferior semilunar lobule of cerebellum lobulus ansiform crus I lobulus semilunaris inferior cerebelli lobulus semilunaris superior posterior inferior lobule second crus of ansiform lobule of cerebellum [h vii a] semilunar lobule-2 (inferior) NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081208 crus I of the ansiform lobule (HVII) NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081208 lobulus ansiform crus I . MP:0010003 FMA:72525 inferior semilunar lobule FMA:72525 FMA:TA crus secundum lobuli ansiformis cerebelli [h vii a FMA:72525 inferior semilunar lobule of cerebellum FMA:72525 second crus of ansiform lobule of cerebellum [h vii a] FMA:72525 posterior inferior lobule FMA:72525 semilunar lobule-2 (inferior) FMA:72525 FMA:TA lobulus semilunaris inferior cerebelli NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081208 hemispheric lobule viia NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081208 lobulus semilunaris superior olfactory bulb outer nerve layer UBERON:0005978 the outermost layer of the olfactory bulb; consists primarily of olfactory afferent axons and ensheathing glia MP:0010057 the outermost layer of the olfactory bulb; consists primarily of olfactory afferent axons and ensheathing glia crista terminalis FMA:9236 SCTID:277693004 UBERON:0005979 crista terminalis atrii dextri crista terminalis cordis crista terminalis of right atrium the vertical crest of the interior wall of the right atrium that lies to the right of the sinus of the vena cava and separates this from the remainder of the right atrium FMA:9236 crista terminalis of right atrium FMA:9236 crista terminalis cordis FMA:9236 FMA:TA crista terminalis atrii dextri MP:0010495 the vertical crest of the interior wall of the right atrium that lies to the right of the sinus of the vena cava and separates this from the remainder of the right atrium pectinate muscle FMA:12226 SCTID:277718001 UBERON:0005980 musculi pectinati musculus pectinatus the prominent ridges of atrial myocardium located on the inner surface of most of the right atrium and both the right and left auricular regions[MP]. Wikipedia:Musculi_pectinati musculi pectinati FMA:12226 musculus pectinatus MP:0010496 Wikipedia:Musculi_pectinati the prominent ridges of atrial myocardium located on the inner surface of most of the right atrium and both the right and left auricular regions[MP]. vena cava sinus FMA:13246 UBERON:0005981 cavity of inflow part of right atrium posterior right atrial cavity sinus venarum cavarum the portion of the cavity of the right atrium of the heart that receives the blood from the vena cavae and is separated from the rest of the atrium by the crista terminalis MP:0010497 the portion of the cavity of the right atrium of the heart that receives the blood from the vena cavae and is separated from the rest of the atrium by the crista terminalis FMA:13246 posterior right atrial cavity FMA:13246 cavity of inflow part of right atrium FMA:13246 sinus venarum cavarum Bachmann's bundle UBERON:0005982 anterior interatrial band the impulse conduction tract that originates in the sinoatrial node and transmits signal to the left atrium MP:0010517 the impulse conduction tract that originates in the sinoatrial node and transmits signal to the left atrium UBERON:gg anterior interatrial band heart layer UBERON:0005983 the laminar structure of the heart MP:0010545 the laminar structure of the heart subendocardium layer UBERON:0005984 the layer of loose fibrous tissue located between the endocardium and myocardium which contains the nerves and the impulse-conducting system (Purkinje fibers) of the heart MP:0010546 the layer of loose fibrous tissue located between the endocardium and myocardium which contains the nerves and the impulse-conducting system (Purkinje fibers) of the heart coronary vessel MESH:A.07.231.114.269 TODO - change relation from part_of UBERON:0005985 any of the arteries or veins that supply blood to the heart or return blood from the heart muscles to the circulation MP:0010551 any of the arteries or veins that supply blood to the heart or return blood from the heart muscles to the circulation left branch of atrioventricular bundle FMA:9487 Subdivision of conducting system of heart which enters the septal myocardium of left ventricle and is continuous with the anterior, septal and posterior divisions of the left branch of the atrioventricular bundle[FMA]. the left branch of the atrioventricular bundle that separates at the bundle of His, descends the septal wall of the left ventricle and connects to the terminal Purkinje fiber[MP]. UBERON:0005986 crus sinistrum (fasciculi atrioventricularis) left bundle branch left posterior branch FMA FMA:9487 crus sinistrum (fasciculi atrioventricularis) FMA:9487 MP:0010566 Subdivision of conducting system of heart which enters the septal myocardium of left ventricle and is continuous with the anterior, septal and posterior divisions of the left branch of the atrioventricular bundle[FMA]. the left branch of the atrioventricular bundle that separates at the bundle of His, descends the septal wall of the left ventricle and connects to the terminal Purkinje fiber[MP]. MP:0010566 left posterior branch FMA:9487 left bundle branch right branch of atrioventricular bundle FMA:9486 Subdivision of conducting system of heart which enters the septal myocardium of right ventricle to reach the anterior papillary muscle and then subendocardially to the apex of the heart[FMA]. the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle that separates just below the bundle of His, descends the septal wall of the right ventricle and connects to the terminal Purkinje fibers[MP]. UBERON:0005987 crus dextrum (fasciculi atrioventricularis) right bundle right bundle branch FMA:9486 right bundle branch FMA:9486 MP:0010567 Subdivision of conducting system of heart which enters the septal myocardium of right ventricle to reach the anterior papillary muscle and then subendocardially to the apex of the heart[FMA]. the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle that separates just below the bundle of His, descends the septal wall of the right ventricle and connects to the terminal Purkinje fibers[MP]. FMA:9486 MP:0010567 right bundle FMA:9486 crus dextrum (fasciculi atrioventricularis) FMA atrium myocardial trabecula UBERON:0005988 atrial trabecula atrium myocardial trabeculae the supporting bundles of muscular fibers lining the walls of the atria trabecula of atrium MP:0010581 the supporting bundles of muscular fibers lining the walls of the atria MP:0010581 atrium myocardial trabeculae atrioventricular septum FMA:7136 SCTID:280151006 UBERON:0005989 membranous atrioventricular septum the wall of the heart that separates the right atrium and left ventricle; and is located just above the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve Wikipedia MP:0010592 the wall of the heart that separates the right atrium and left ventricle; and is located just above the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve FMA:7136 membranous atrioventricular septum aortic valve cusp FMA:7251 SCTID:362026005 UBERON:0005990 aortic semilunar valvule aortic valvular cusp cusp of aortic valve semilunar valvule of aortic valve the three fibrous triangular components and associated flap of the aortic valve MP:0010595 the three fibrous triangular components and associated flap of the aortic valve FMA:7251 aortic valvular cusp FMA:7251 semilunar valvule of aortic valve FMA:7251 cusp of aortic valve FMA:7251 aortic semilunar valvule aortic valve anulus FMA:9502 UBERON:0005991 anulus of aortic valve aortic anulus aortic valvar anulus fibrous ring of aortic valve the fibrous ring of the aortic valve that attaches the cusps of aortic valve to the wall of left ventricle, and which consists of portions of the fibrous scallops of the posterior, right anterior and left anterior cusps FMA:9502 aortic valvar anulus FMA:9502 anulus of aortic valve MP:0010598 the fibrous ring of the aortic valve that attaches the cusps of aortic valve to the wall of left ventricle, and which consists of portions of the fibrous scallops of the posterior, right anterior and left anterior cusps FMA:9502 fibrous ring of aortic valve FMA:9502 aortic anulus pulmonary valve cusp FMA:7248 UBERON:0005992 cusp of pulmonary valve pulmonary semilunar valvule pulmonary valvular cusp semilunar cusp of pulmonary valve semilunar valvule of pulmonary valve the three fibrous triangular components and associated flap of the pulmonary valve MP:0010602 the three fibrous triangular components and associated flap of the pulmonary valve FMA:7248 cusp of pulmonary valve FMA:7248 pulmonary semilunar valvule FMA:7248 semilunar valvule of pulmonary valve FMA:7248 semilunar cusp of pulmonary valve FMA:7248 pulmonary valvular cusp pulmonary valve anulus FMA:9503 UBERON:0005993 anulus of pulmonary valve fibrous ring of pulmonary valve pulmonary anulus pulmonary valvar anulus the fibrous ring of the pulmonary valve that attaches the cusps of pulmonary valve to the wall of right ventricle, and which consists of portions of the fibrous scallops of the anterior, right posterior and left posterior cusps FMA:9503 fibrous ring of pulmonary valve FMA:9503 anulus of pulmonary valve MP:0010606 the fibrous ring of the pulmonary valve that attaches the cusps of pulmonary valve to the wall of right ventricle, and which consists of portions of the fibrous scallops of the anterior, right posterior and left posterior cusps FMA:9503 pulmonary valvar anulus FMA:9503 pulmonary anulus chordae tendineae FMA:12225 GAID:564 MESH:A.07.541.510.240 UBERON:0005994 chorda tendinea ncithesaurus:Chordae_Tendineae the tendinous strands that connect the papillary muscles on the wall of the ventricles to the leaflets of the atrioventricular valves; the chordae tendineae serve to prevent the AV valves from prolapsing back into the atria FMA:12225 chorda tendinea MP:0010608 Wikipedia:Chordae_tendineae the tendinous strands that connect the papillary muscles on the wall of the ventricles to the leaflets of the atrioventricular valves; the chordae tendineae serve to prevent the AV valves from prolapsing back into the atria mitral valve anulus FMA:9498 UBERON:0005995 anulus of mitral valve fibrous ring of mitral valve mitral anulus mitral valvar anulus the fibrous ring of the mitral valve that attaches the cusps of mitral valve to the heart, and which consists of portions of the fibrous scallops of the anterior and posterior cusps MP:0010613 the fibrous ring of the mitral valve that attaches the cusps of mitral valve to the heart, and which consists of portions of the fibrous scallops of the anterior and posterior cusps FMA:9498 anulus of mitral valve FMA:9498 mitral anulus FMA:9498 fibrous ring of mitral valve FMA:9498 mitral valvar anulus mitral valve cusp TODO - add generic parent UBERON:0005996 the two fibrous components and associated flaps of the mitral valve MP:0010614 the two fibrous components and associated flaps of the mitral valve tricuspid valve anulus FMA:9500 UBERON:0005997 anulus of tricuspid valve fibrous ring of tricuspid valve the fibrous ring of the tricuspid valve that attaches the cusps of tricuspid valve to the heart, and which consists of portions of the fibrous scallops of the anterior cusp (infundibular cusp), the posterior cusp (marginal cusp), and the septal cusp (medial cusp) tricuspid anulus tricuspid valvar anulus FMA:9500 tricuspid anulus MP:0010621 the fibrous ring of the tricuspid valve that attaches the cusps of tricuspid valve to the heart, and which consists of portions of the fibrous scallops of the anterior cusp (infundibular cusp), the posterior cusp (marginal cusp), and the septal cusp (medial cusp) FMA:9500 fibrous ring of tricuspid valve FMA:9500 tricuspid valvar anulus FMA:9500 anulus of tricuspid valve tricuspid valve cusp FMA:7240 SCTID:261417002 TODO - check UBERON:0005998 cuspis septalis valvae atrioventricularis dextrae septal cusp of right atrioventricular valve septal cusp of tricuspid valve septal leaflet of tricuspid valve septal tricuspid leaflet the three fibrous triangular components and associated flaps of the tricuspid valve FMA:7240 FMA:TA cuspis septalis valvae atrioventricularis dextrae FMA:7240 septal leaflet of tricuspid valve FMA:7240 septal tricuspid leaflet MP:0010622 the three fibrous triangular components and associated flaps of the tricuspid valve FMA:7240 septal cusp of tricuspid valve FMA:7240 septal cusp of right atrioventricular valve aorticopulmonary septum UBERON:0005999 the spiral septum that separates the truncus arteriosus into a ventral pulmonary trunk and the dorsal aorta MP:0010650 the spiral septum that separates the truncus arteriosus into a ventral pulmonary trunk and the dorsal aorta intersomitic artery UBERON:0006001 XAO:0004165 the small branching sprouts of the dorsal aorta that grow across the medial surface of the somite, turn right angles to grow over that surface and then fuse with other sprouts and form the vertebral arteries adjacent to the neural tube; the intersomitic arteries supply the body wall and persist in the adult as the posterior intercostal, subcostal and the lumbar arteries MP:0010662 the small branching sprouts of the dorsal aorta that grow across the medial surface of the somite, turn right angles to grow over that surface and then fuse with other sprouts and form the vertebral arteries adjacent to the neural tube; the intersomitic arteries supply the body wall and persist in the adult as the posterior intercostal, subcostal and the lumbar arteries vitelline artery EHDAA2:0002208 EMAPA:16207 UBERON:0006002 the paired arteries that carry blood to the yolk sac from the dorsal aorta; the vitelline arteries give rise to the celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery in the adult MP:0010664 Wikipedia:Vitelline_arteries the paired arteries that carry blood to the yolk sac from the dorsal aorta; the vitelline arteries give rise to the celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery in the adult skin adnexa UBERON:0006003 the tissue or structures associated with or embedded in the skin such as hair and hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and claws or nails MP:0010678 the tissue or structures associated with or embedded in the skin such as hair and hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and claws or nails hair follicle matrix region FMA:70772 UBERON:0006004 germinal matrix of hair bulb lower part of bulb of hair follicle lower zone of bulb of hair follicle the bulb region adjacent to the dermal papilla that contains rapidly proliferating matrix cells that give rise to the various cell lineages of the hair shaft and inner root sheath FMA FMA MP:0010686 the bulb region adjacent to the dermal papilla that contains rapidly proliferating matrix cells that give rise to the various cell lineages of the hair shaft and inner root sheath FMA:70772 germinal matrix of hair bulb FMA:70772 lower zone of bulb of hair follicle FMA:70772 lower part of bulb of hair follicle hair follicle isthmus FMA:70723 UBERON:0006005 isthmus of hair follicle ncithesaurus:Hair_Follicle_Isthmus the middle part of the hair follicle that extends from the sebaceous duct to the bulge MP:0010694 the middle part of the hair follicle that extends from the sebaceous duct to the bulge FMA:70723 isthmus of hair follicle metoptic pilar UBERON:0006006 posterior border of the optic nerve foramen. MP:0010705 posterior border of the optic nerve foramen. pre-Botzinger complex MA:0002577 Pre-Bötzinger Complex UBERON:0006007 preBötC the MP class implies this is part of both the medulla oblongata and the PSNS, which violates the spatial disjointness constraint. We weaken this to continuous_with here. the group of interneurons within the medulla oblongata's ventral respiratory group that are important for the generation of ventilatory (inspiratory) rhythmogenesis[MP]. The Pre-Bötzinger Complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem, which is essential to the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals[WP]. Pre-Bötzinger Complex Wikipedia:Pre-botzinger_complex MP:0010745 Wikipedia:Pre-botzinger_complex the group of interneurons within the medulla oblongata's ventral respiratory group that are important for the generation of ventilatory (inspiratory) rhythmogenesis[MP]. The Pre-Bötzinger Complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem, which is essential to the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals[WP]. Wikipedia Wikipedia:Pre-botzinger_complex preBötC fibrous ring of heart BTO:0003628 FMA:9497 Lower's ring The right and left fibrous rings of heart (anulus fibrosus cordis) surround the atrioventricular and arterial orifices, and are stronger upon the left than on the right side of the heart. The right fibrous ring is known as the anulus fibrosus dexter cordis, and the left is known as the anulus fibrosus sinister cordis. The atrioventricular rings serve for the attachment of the muscular fibers of the atria and ventricles, and for the attachment of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves. The left atrioventricular ring is closely connected, by its right margin, with the aortic arterial ring; between these and the right atrioventricular ring is a triangular mass of fibrous tissue, the trigonum fibrosum, which represents the os cordis seen in the heart of some of the larger animals, as the ox and elephant. Lastly, there is the tendinous band, already referred to, the posterior surface of the conus arteriosus. The fibrous rings surrounding the arterial orifices serve for the attachment of the great vessels and semilunar valves, they are known as The aortic annulus. Each ring receives, by its ventricular margin, the attachment of some of the muscular fibers of the ventricles; its opposite margin presents three deep semicircular notches, to which the middle coat of the artery is firmly fixed. The attachment of the artery to its fibrous ring is strengthened by the external coat and serous membrane externally, and by the endocardium internally. From the margins of the semicircular notches the fibrous structure of the ring is continued into the segments of the valves. The middle coat of the artery in this situation is thin, and the vessel is dilated to form the sinuses of the aorta and pulmonary artery. UBERON:0006008 annulus fibrosus cordis anulus fibrosus cordis anulus fibrosus of heart aortic annulus coronary tendon fibrous ring of heart Wikipedia:Fibrous_rings_of_heart annulus fibrosus cordis BTO:0003628 Lower's ring Wikipedia:Fibrous_rings_of_heart aortic annulus Wikipedia:Fibrous_rings_of_heart fibrous ring of heart The right and left fibrous rings of heart (anulus fibrosus cordis) surround the atrioventricular and arterial orifices, and are stronger upon the left than on the right side of the heart. The right fibrous ring is known as the anulus fibrosus dexter cordis, and the left is known as the anulus fibrosus sinister cordis. The atrioventricular rings serve for the attachment of the muscular fibers of the atria and ventricles, and for the attachment of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves. The left atrioventricular ring is closely connected, by its right margin, with the aortic arterial ring; between these and the right atrioventricular ring is a triangular mass of fibrous tissue, the trigonum fibrosum, which represents the os cordis seen in the heart of some of the larger animals, as the ox and elephant. Lastly, there is the tendinous band, already referred to, the posterior surface of the conus arteriosus. The fibrous rings surrounding the arterial orifices serve for the attachment of the great vessels and semilunar valves, they are known as The aortic annulus. Each ring receives, by its ventricular margin, the attachment of some of the muscular fibers of the ventricles; its opposite margin presents three deep semicircular notches, to which the middle coat of the artery is firmly fixed. The attachment of the artery to its fibrous ring is strengthened by the external coat and serous membrane externally, and by the endocardium internally. From the margins of the semicircular notches the fibrous structure of the ring is continued into the segments of the valves. The middle coat of the artery in this situation is thin, and the vessel is dilated to form the sinuses of the aorta and pulmonary artery. Wikipedia:Fibrous_rings_of_heart Wikipedia:Fibrous_rings_of_heart anulus fibrosus cordis FMA:9497 anulus fibrosus of heart BTO:0003628 coronary tendon cusp of cardiac valve FMA:7232 Organ component which has as its parts the cusp proper, lunule and nodule of semilunar valvule[FMA]. The cusps of the heart valves serve to seal the heart valves when closed. There are three cusps for each valve except for the mitral valve, which has only two (hence its alternate name, "bicuspid valve"). "Nodules" are located at the tip of the valve, to form a tighter seal[WP]. SCTID:30822008 UBERON:0006009 cardiac valve cusp cardiac valvular cusp cardiac valvule cardial valve cusp ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Valve_Cusp semilunar valvule FMA:7232 cardiac valvular cusp FMA:7232 cardiac valve cusp FMA:7232 Organ component which has as its parts the cusp proper, lunule and nodule of semilunar valvule[FMA]. The cusps of the heart valves serve to seal the heart valves when closed. There are three cusps for each valve except for the mitral valve, which has only two (hence its alternate name, "bicuspid valve"). "Nodules" are located at the tip of the valve, to form a tighter seal[WP]. Wikipedia:Cusps_of_heart_valves FMA:7232 cardiac valvule FMA:7232 semilunar valvule hyaloid canal FMA:58837 Hyaloid canal is a small transparent canal running through the vitreous body from the optical nerve disc to the lens; in foetus it contains a prolongation of the central artery of the retina, the hyaloid artery. Other names: Cloquet's canal, Stilling's canal. The function of the canal is to provide an adjustable reservoir of mobile liquid which may be easily and rapidly displaced backwards in positive accommodation, forwards in negative accommodation[WP]. a passage running from in front of the optic disk to the lens of the eye; in the fetus, it transmits the hyaloid artery[TFD]. SCTID:362506002 UBERON:0006010 canal of cloquet cloquet's canal in FMA, this is_a FMA:67388 portion of vitreous humor stilling's canal FMA:58837 canal of cloquet FMA:58837 cloquet's canal Hyaloid canal is a small transparent canal running through the vitreous body from the optical nerve disc to the lens; in foetus it contains a prolongation of the central artery of the retina, the hyaloid artery. Other names: Cloquet's canal, Stilling's canal. The function of the canal is to provide an adjustable reservoir of mobile liquid which may be easily and rapidly displaced backwards in positive accommodation, forwards in negative accommodation[WP]. a passage running from in front of the optic disk to the lens of the eye; in the fetus, it transmits the hyaloid artery[TFD]. Wikipedia:Hyaloid_canal http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Hyaloid+canal FMA:58837 stilling's canal hyaloid vein UBERON:0006011 Vein internal to the eye. XAO:0004156 ZFA:0005047 hyaloid veins ZFA:0005047 hyaloid veins Vein internal to the eye. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-010205-5 interdigital region 2 BTO:0004670 UBERON:0006012 interdigit interdigit region hand interdigital region 2 MA:0000627 OG:0000991 UBERON:0006013 hand interdigit region MA:0000627 hand interdigit region foot interdigital region 2 MA:0000651 OG:0000992 UBERON:0006014 foot interdigit region MA:0000651 foot interdigit region webbed interdigital region Interdigital webbing is the presence of membranes of skin between the digits. Normally in mammals, webbing is present in the embryo but resorbed later in development, but in various mammal species it occasionally persists in adulthood.[1] In humans, it can be found in those suffering from LEOPARD syndrome and from Aarskog-Scott syndrome. Webbing between the digits of the hindfoot is also present in several mammals that spend part of their time in the water.[3] Webbing accommodates movement in the water[WP]. UBERON:0006015 interdigital webbing syndactylous interdigital region web Interdigital webbing is the presence of membranes of skin between the digits. Normally in mammals, webbing is present in the embryo but resorbed later in development, but in various mammal species it occasionally persists in adulthood.[1] In humans, it can be found in those suffering from LEOPARD syndrome and from Aarskog-Scott syndrome. Webbing between the digits of the hindfoot is also present in several mammals that spend part of their time in the water.[3] Webbing accommodates movement in the water[WP]. Wikipedia:Interdigital_webbing interdigital region between digits 1 and 2 UBERON:0006016 interdigital region between digits 2 and 3 UBERON:0006019 interdigital region between digits 3 and 4 UBERON:0006022 interdigital region between digits 4 and 5 UBERON:0006025 interdigital region between fingers 1 and 2 EHDAA2:0000844 EHDAA:6298 EMAPA:17445 UBERON:0006026 interdigital region between fingers 2 and 3 EHDAA2:0000847 EHDAA:6304 EMAPA:17448 UBERON:0006029 interdigital region between fingers 3 and 4 EHDAA2:0000850 EHDAA:6310 EMAPA:17451 UBERON:0006032 interdigital region between fingers 4 and 5 EHDAA2:0000853 EHDAA:6316 EMAPA:17454 UBERON:0006035 interdigital region between toes 1 and 2 EHDAA2:0000856 EHDAA:6148 EMAPA:17476 UBERON:0006038 interdigital region between toes 2 and 3 EHDAA2:0000859 EHDAA:6154 EMAPA:17479 UBERON:0006041 interdigital region between toes 3 and 4 EHDAA2:0000862 EHDAA:6160 EMAPA:17482 UBERON:0006044 interdigital region between toes 4 and 5 EHDAA2:0000865 EHDAA:6166 EMAPA:17485 UBERON:0006047 digit 1 UBERON:0006048 comment: This class represents all instances of the 1st digit of the in human and mouse, and all homologues of this digit in other vertebrates. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2553264/ digit 2 UBERON:0006049 comment: This class represents all instances of the 2nd digit of the in human and mouse, and all homologues of this digit in other vertebrates. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2553264/ digit 3 UBERON:0006050 comment: This class represents all instances of the 3rd digit of the in human and mouse, and all homologues of this digit in other vertebrates. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2553264/ digit 4 UBERON:0006051 comment: This class represents all instances of the 4th digit of the in human and mouse, and all homologues of this digit in other vertebrates. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2553264/ digit 5 UBERON:0006052 comment: This class represents all instances of the 5th digit of the in human and mouse, and all homologues of this digit in other vertebrates. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2553264/ surface of occiput FMA:46479 The occiput is the anatomical term for the posterior (back) portion of the head. UBERON:0006054 galen:Occiput occiput occiput surface regio occipitalis (capitis) The occiput is the anatomical term for the posterior (back) portion of the head. Wikipedia:Occiput FMA:46479 regio occipitalis (capitis) FMA:46479 occiput surface FMA:46479 occiput posterior surface of head UBERON:0006056 multi-segment region UBERON:0006057 multi-limb segment region UBERON:0006058 falx cerebri EMAPA:18551 FMA:83967 SCTID:279275004 The falx cerebri, also known as the cerebral falx, so named from its sickle-like form, is a strong, arched fold of dura mater which descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres. It is narrow in front, where it is attached to the crista galli of the ethmoid; and broad behind, where it is connected with the upper surface of the tentorium cerebelli. Its upper margin is convex, and attached to the inner surface of the skull in the middle line, as far back as the internal occipital protuberance; it contains the superior sagittal sinus. Its lower margin is free and concave, and contains the inferior sagittal sinus. The falx cerebri is known to calcify with age. UBERON:0006059 cerebral falx ncithesaurus:Falx_Cerebri FMA:83967 cerebral falx The falx cerebri, also known as the cerebral falx, so named from its sickle-like form, is a strong, arched fold of dura mater which descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres. It is narrow in front, where it is attached to the crista galli of the ethmoid; and broad behind, where it is connected with the upper surface of the tentorium cerebelli. Its upper margin is convex, and attached to the inner surface of the skull in the middle line, as far back as the internal occipital protuberance; it contains the superior sagittal sinus. Its lower margin is free and concave, and contains the inferior sagittal sinus. The falx cerebri is known to calcify with age. Wikipedia:Falx_cerebri conotruncus EMAPA:16221 EMAPA:16338 The distal portion of Bulbus cordis that forms an outflow channel and gives rise to the proximal conus cordis. UBERON:0006060 rostral half of bulbus cordis The distal portion of Bulbus cordis that forms an outflow channel and gives rise to the proximal conus cordis. UBERON:gg EMAPA:16221 rostral half of bulbus cordis process of vertebra FMA:24530 UBERON:0006061 todo review w.r.t cartilage vs bone vertebral process FMA:24530 vertebral process articular process of vertebra AAO:0000710 FMA:11952 Paired processes at the cephalic and caudal ends of the neural arch. They function as interlocking structures between adjacent vertebrae, and limit dorsoventral flexion and lateral movement of the column in the trunk region[AAO]. The articular processes or zygapophyses of a vertebra, in human anatomy contain two superior and two inferior, spring from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae. These stick out of an end of a vertebra to lock with a zygapophysis on the next vertebra, to make the backbone more stable. The superior processes project upward from a lower vertebra, and their articular surfaces are directed more or less backward. The inferior processes project downward from a higher vertebra, and their articular surfaces are directed more or less forward and outward. The articular surfaces are coated with hyaline cartilage. SCTID:317570004 UBERON:0006062 ZFA:0001603 articular process processus articularis (zygapophysis) todo - class as endochondral bone, check species zygapophysis Wikipedia:Articular_processes zygapophysis AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 Paired processes at the cephalic and caudal ends of the neural arch. They function as interlocking structures between adjacent vertebrae, and limit dorsoventral flexion and lateral movement of the column in the trunk region[AAO]. The articular processes or zygapophyses of a vertebra, in human anatomy contain two superior and two inferior, spring from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae. These stick out of an end of a vertebra to lock with a zygapophysis on the next vertebra, to make the backbone more stable. The superior processes project upward from a lower vertebra, and their articular surfaces are directed more or less backward. The inferior processes project downward from a higher vertebra, and their articular surfaces are directed more or less forward and outward. The articular surfaces are coated with hyaline cartilage. Wikipedia:Articular_processes Wikipedia:Articular_processes articular process FMA:11952 processus articularis (zygapophysis) cartilaginous neural arch BTO:0001763 One of the cartilaginous structures surrounding the embryonic spinal cord, formed by the dorsal growth of the dorsolateral arcualia; it is the primordium of the vertebral arch. UBERON:0006063 BTO:0001763 One of the cartilaginous structures surrounding the embryonic spinal cord, formed by the dorsal growth of the dorsolateral arcualia; it is the primordium of the vertebral arch. hemal arch AAO:0000726 Bony canal attached to the ventral surface or the vertebral centrum that encloses and protects the caudal artery and vein ventrally. The arch consists of right and left halves, which are fused ventrally to give a V- or Y-shape to the ventral aspect of the vertebra[AAO]. Hemal arches extend ventrally from the centra of caudal and transitional vertebrae to enclose the caudal artery and vein. In cyprinids, the hemal arch forms directly in membrane bone[ZFA]. TODO - add connection to neural arch UBERON:0006065 ZFA:0000519 haemal arch ventral arch ventral arcocentrum AAO:0000726 ventral arch ZFA:0000519 ventral arcocentrum AAO:0000726 ZFA:0000519 haemal arch AAO:0000726 Bony canal attached to the ventral surface or the vertebral centrum that encloses and protects the caudal artery and vein ventrally. The arch consists of right and left halves, which are fused ventrally to give a V- or Y-shape to the ventral aspect of the vertebra[AAO]. Hemal arches extend ventrally from the centra of caudal and transitional vertebrae to enclose the caudal artery and vein. In cyprinids, the hemal arch forms directly in membrane bone[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Haemal_arch ZFIN:curator musculature of hindlimb zeugopod FMA:50211 UBERON:0006067 leg musculature muscle group of leg set of muscles of leg FMA:50211 set of muscles of leg FMA:50211 muscle group of leg FMA:50211 leg musculature bone of tail MA:0000696 UBERON:0006068 tail bone MA:0000696 tail bone coccygeal vertebra FMA:12527 MA:0001420 OpenCyc:Mx4rv9IEzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361774004 UBERON:0006070 caudal vertebra coccygea coccygeal segment fused tail vertebra galen:CoccygealVertebra ncithesaurus:Coccygeal_Vertebra todo - check why this is in MA as a separate class FMA:12527 caudal vertebra MA:0001420 coccygea UBERON:cjm fused tail vertebra caudal region UBERON:0006071 XAO:0000087 merge with tail? postsacral region tail region AAO:0000082 postsacral region AAO:0000082 tail region cervical region of vertebral column AAO:0000092 BTO:0004148 EHDAA2:0000238 EHDAA:5051 EMAPA:17215 FMA:24138 SCTID:260488005 That portion of the spine comprising the cervical vertebrae. The neck area of the spine. UBERON:0006072 cervical spinal column cervical spine cervical vertebral column ncithesaurus:Cervical_Spine FMA:24138 cervical vertebral column Medical_Dictionary:http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ That portion of the spine comprising the cervical vertebrae. The neck area of the spine. FMA:24138 cervical spine FMA:24138 cervical spinal column thoracic region of vertebral column AAO:0000612 BTO:0004150 EHDAA2:0002013 EHDAA:5063 EMAPA:17396 FMA:9140 SCTID:243931006 That part of the spine comprising the thoracic vertebrae. UBERON:0006073 columna vertebralis thoracicus ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Spine thoracic spine thoracic vertebral column FMA:9140 thoracic vertebral column FMA:9140 thoracic spine Medical_Dictionary:http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ That part of the spine comprising the thoracic vertebrae. FMA:9140 columna vertebralis thoracicus lumbar region of vertebral column BTO:0004147 EHDAA2:0001037 EHDAA:5055 EMAPA:17393 FMA:16203 GAID:31 SCTID:243932004 That portion of the spine comprising the lumbar vertebrae. UBERON:0006074 lumbar spine lumbar vertebral column ncithesaurus:Lumbar_Spine BTO:0004147 lumbar spine FMA:16203 lumbar vertebral column Medical_Dictionary:http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ That portion of the spine comprising the lumbar vertebrae. sacral region of vertebral column AAO:0000724 EHDAA2:0001772 EHDAA:5059 EMAPA:17676 GAID:32 UBERON:0006075 caudal region of vertebral column AAO:0000082 Region of the vertebral column posterior to the caudal-sacral region, that may consists of two or three to more than 100 vertebrae. These vertebrae exhibit a gradual reduction in the sizes of their transverse processes and zygapophyses, but these structures are never entirely absent. All caudal vertebrae bear haemal arches. UBERON:0006076 caudal region postsacral region tail region AAO:0000082 tail region AAO:0000082 caudal region AAO:0000082 postsacral region AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 Region of the vertebral column posterior to the caudal-sacral region, that may consists of two or three to more than 100 vertebrae. These vertebrae exhibit a gradual reduction in the sizes of their transverse processes and zygapophyses, but these structures are never entirely absent. All caudal vertebrae bear haemal arches. subdivision of vertebral column FMA:16201 UBERON:0006077 vertebral column subdivision FMA:16201 vertebral column subdivision subdivision of spinal cord lateral column UBERON:0006078 subdivision of spinal cord dorsal column FMA:258190 UBERON:0006079 segment of dorsal funiculus of spinal cord FMA:258190 segment of dorsal funiculus of spinal cord segment of white matter of spinal cord FMA:258174 UBERON:0006080 fundus of gallbladder FMA:14536 SCTID:245391004 The fundus of gallbladder is the portion of the gallbladder which lies the farthest from the cystic duct. It is covered with peritoneum. A traditional cholecystectomy is most commonly performed from the infundibulum to the fundus. It's at the same level as the transpyloric plane. UBERON:0006081 fundus of the gallbladder gallbladder fundus gallbladder fundus ncithesaurus:Gallbladder_Fundus Wikipedia:Fundus_of_gallbladder fundus of the gallbladder FMA:14536 gallbladder fundus Wikipedia:Fundus_of_gallbladder gallbladder fundus The fundus of gallbladder is the portion of the gallbladder which lies the farthest from the cystic duct. It is covered with peritoneum. A traditional cholecystectomy is most commonly performed from the infundibulum to the fundus. It's at the same level as the transpyloric plane. Wikipedia:Fundus_of_gallbladder fundus of urinary bladder EHDAA2:0000582 EHDAA:9330 EMAPA:18322 FMA:15908 MA:0001694 OG:0001184 SCTID:362226002 The fundus of the urinary bladder is the base of the bladder, formed by the posterior wall. It is lymphatically drained by the external iliac lymph nodes. The peritoneum lies superior to the fundus[WP]. UBERON:0006082 base of urinary bladder fundus of bladder fundus vesicae ncithesaurus:Bladder_Fundus urinary bladder fundus urinary bladder fundus region FMA:15908 fundus of bladder FMA:15908 FMA:TA fundus vesicae FMA:15908 base of urinary bladder FMA:15908 urinary bladder fundus MA:0001694 urinary bladder fundus region The fundus of the urinary bladder is the base of the bladder, formed by the posterior wall. It is lymphatically drained by the external iliac lymph nodes. The peritoneum lies superior to the fundus[WP]. Wikipedia:Fundus_of_the_urinary_bladder#Fundus Perirhinal cortex ABA:PERI BM:Tel-Cx-PRh BTO:0004355 EFO:0001978 MA:0000912 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005006 Perirhinal area UBERON:0006083 perirhinal cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005006 Perirhinal area NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005006 perirhinal cortex stria medullaris . BM:Die-SM FMA:62080 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1066 SCTID:362368004 UBERON:0006086 stria habenularis stria medullaris (wenzel - wenzel) stria medullaris of thalamus stria medullaris thalami stria medullaris thalamica NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1066 stria medullaris thalamica NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1066 stria medullaris (wenzel - wenzel) . NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1066 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1066 stria medullaris thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1066 stria habenularis FMA:62080 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1066 stria medullaris of thalamus internal arcuate fiber bundle FMA:72629 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1091 UBERON:0006087 arcuate fibers medial lemniscus fibrae arcuatae internae internal arcuate fibers internal arcuate fibres internal arcuate tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1091 internal arcuate fibers FMA:72629 internal arcuate tract FMA:72629 internal arcuate fibers FMA:72629 FMA:TA fibrae arcuatae internae FMA:72629 internal arcuate fibres NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1091 arcuate fibers medial lemniscus inferior parietal cortex Component of the parietal lobe. The inferior parietal cortex label includes the inferior parietal gyrus and the angular gyrus and lies inferior to the superior parietal gyrus. The rostral and caudal boundaries were the supramarginal gyrus and the parieto-occipital incisure respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the superior parietal gyrus and the middle temporal gyrus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). EFO:0001951 FMA:77536 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1194 SCTID:362336007 UBERON:0006088 inferior parietal cortex inferior parietal lobule FMA:77536 inferior parietal lobule NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1194 inferior parietal cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1194 inferior parietal lobule Component of the parietal lobe. The inferior parietal cortex label includes the inferior parietal gyrus and the angular gyrus and lies inferior to the superior parietal gyrus. The rostral and caudal boundaries were the supramarginal gyrus and the parieto-occipital incisure respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the superior parietal gyrus and the middle temporal gyrus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1194 dorsal external arcuate fiber bundle FMA:72630 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1250 UBERON:0006089 dorsal external arcuate fiber bundle dorsal external arcuate fibers dorsal external arcuate tract dorsal superficial arcuate fibers external arcuate fibers NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1250 dorsal external arcuate fiber bundle NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1250 dorsal superficial arcuate fibers FMA:72630 dorsal superficial arcuate fibers FMA:72630 dorsal external arcuate fibers FMA:72630 dorsal external arcuate tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1250 dorsal external arcuate fibers NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1250 external arcuate fibers glossopharyngeal nerve fiber bundle FMA:72627 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1274 UBERON:0006090 central part of glossopharyngeal nerve glossopharyngeal nerve fiber bundle glossopharyngeal nerve fibers glossopharyngeal nerve tract ninth cranial nerve fibers FMA:72627 glossopharyngeal nerve fibers NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1274 glossopharyngeal nerve fiber bundle FMA:72627 glossopharyngeal nerve tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1274 central part of glossopharyngeal nerve FMA:72627 central part of glossopharyngeal nerve NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1274 glossopharyngeal nerve fibers NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1274 ninth cranial nerve fibers FMA:72627 ninth cranial nerve fibers inferior horn of the lateral ventricle FMA:83701 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1292 SCTID:362315005 The part of the lateral ventricle extending downward and anteriorly in the temporal lobe. UBERON:0006091 cornu inferius ventriculi lateralis inferior horn of lateral ventricle inferior horn of the lateral ventricle temporal horn of lateral ventricle FMA:83701 FMA:TA cornu inferius ventriculi lateralis FMA:83701 inferior horn of lateral ventricle NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1292 temporal horn of lateral ventricle NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1292 inferior horn of the lateral ventricle NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1292 The part of the lateral ventricle extending downward and anteriorly in the temporal lobe. cuneus cortex Component of the occipital lobe. The rostral boundary was the first coronal slice above the calcarine sulcus where the cuneus cortex becomes visible whereas the caudal boundary was the last slice where the calcarine sulcus was visualized. The medial boundary was the most medial portion of the occipital and parietal cortices. The superio-lateral boundary was the parieto-occipital fissure whereas the inferolateral boundary was the pericalcarine cortex (Christine Fennema-Notestine). FMA:61903 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1396 SCTID:279199007 UBERON:0006092 cuneate lobule cuneus cuneus cortex cuneus gyrus cuneus of hemisphere NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1396 cuneus gyrus FMA:61903 cuneus of hemisphere NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1396 cuneate lobule FMA:61903 cuneate lobule NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1396 cuneus Component of the occipital lobe. The rostral boundary was the first coronal slice above the calcarine sulcus where the cuneus cortex becomes visible whereas the caudal boundary was the last slice where the calcarine sulcus was visualized. The medial boundary was the most medial portion of the occipital and parietal cortices. The superio-lateral boundary was the parieto-occipital fissure whereas the inferolateral boundary was the pericalcarine cortex (Christine Fennema-Notestine). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1396 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1396 cuneus of hemisphere FMA:61903 cuneus gyrus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1396 cuneus cortex precuneus cortex Component of the pareital lobe. The rostral boundary was the posterior extent of the paracentral lobule whereas the caudal boundary was the lingual gyrus. The medial and lateral boundaries were the parieto-occipital fissure and the superior parietal gyrus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). FMA:61900 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1446 SCTID:279200005 UBERON:0006093 precuneate lobule precuneus precuneus cortex quadrate lobule FMA:61900 quadrate lobule FMA:61900 precuneate lobule NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1446 precuneate lobule NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1446 precuneus Component of the pareital lobe. The rostral boundary was the posterior extent of the paracentral lobule whereas the caudal boundary was the lingual gyrus. The medial and lateral boundaries were the parieto-occipital fissure and the superior parietal gyrus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1446 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1446 precuneus cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1446 quadrate lobule superior parietal cortex Copmonent of the parietal lobe. The rostral and caudal boundaries of the superior parietal cortex were the precentral gyrus and lateral occipital cortex respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the precuneus and/or cuneus cortex and the infererior parietal cortex respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). FMA:61899 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1450 SCTID:279168006 UBERON:0006094 superior parietal cortex superior parietal gyrus superior parietal lobule superior portion of parietal gyrus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1450 superior parietal gyrus Copmonent of the parietal lobe. The rostral and caudal boundaries of the superior parietal cortex were the precentral gyrus and lateral occipital cortex respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the precuneus and/or cuneus cortex and the infererior parietal cortex respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1450 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1450 superior parietal cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1450 superior portion of parietal gyrus FMA:61899 superior portion of parietal gyrus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1450 superior parietal lobule FMA:61899 superior parietal gyrus anterior transverse termporal area 41 Brodmann's area 41 FMA:68638 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1582 UBERON:0006095 anterior transverse temporal area 41 anterior transverse termporal area 41 area 41 of Brodmann brodmann area 41 principle auditory receptive areas NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1582 anterior transverse termporal area 41 FMA:68638 brodmann area 41 FMA:68638 area 41 of Brodmann NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1582 area 41 of Brodmann FMA:68638 anterior transverse temporal area 41 Brodmann's area 41 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1582 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1582 principle auditory receptive areas posterior transverse termporal area 42 Brodmann's area 42 FMA:68639 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1589 UBERON:0006096 area 42 of Brodmann auditory association area brodmann area 42 posterior transverse temporal area 42 posterior transverse termporal area 42 Brodmann's area 42 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1589 FMA:68639 area 42 of Brodmann NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1589 auditory association area FMA:68639 posterior transverse temporal area 42 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1589 posterior transverse termporal area 42 FMA:68639 brodmann area 42 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1589 area 42 of Brodmann ventral external arcuate fiber bundle FMA:72631 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1628 UBERON:0006097 ventral external arcuate fiber bundle ventral external arcuate fibers ventral external arcuate tract FMA:72631 ventral external arcuate tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1628 ventral external arcuate fiber bundle FMA:72631 ventral external arcuate fibers NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1628 ventral external arcuate fibers basal nuclear complex BM:Tel-BG Basal ganglia EV:0100182 FMA:84013 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.105 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1629 The deep nuclei found in the basal forebrain. UBERON:0006098 basal ganglia basal ganglia set basal nuclear complex basal nuclei basal nuclei of the forebrain Basal ganglia NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1629 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1629 basal nuclei NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1629 basal nuclei of the forebrain FMA:84013 basal ganglia set NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1629 basal nuclear complex FMA:84013 basal ganglia NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1629 The deep nuclei found in the basal forebrain. Brodmann (1909) area 1 . Area postcentralis intermedia B09-1 Brodmann (1909) area 1 Brodmann area 1 Brodmann's area 1 FMA:68597 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1732 UBERON:0006099 area 1 of Brodmann area 1 of Brodmann-1909 intermediate postcentral intermediate postcentral area NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1732 intermediate postcentral Brodmann's area 1 FMA:68597 Brodmann (1909) area 1 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1732 Brodmann area 1 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1732 B09-1 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1732 Area postcentralis intermedia NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1732 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1732 area 1 of Brodmann-1909 FMA:68597 area 1 of Brodmann . NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1732 FMA:68597 intermediate postcentral area Brodmann (1909) area 3 . Area postcentralis oralis B09-3 Brodmann (1909) area 3 Brodmann area 3 Brodmann's area 3 FMA:68599 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1734 UBERON:0006100 area 3 of Brodmann area 3 of Brodmann-1909 rostral postcentral rostral postcentral area NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1734 rostral postcentral Brodmann (1909) area 3 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1734 Brodmann area 3 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1734 FMA:68599 area 3 of Brodmann B09-3 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1734 Brodmann's area 3 FMA:68599 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1734 area 3 of Brodmann-1909 Area postcentralis oralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1734 . NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1734 FMA:68599 rostral postcentral area Brodmann (1909) area 24 . Area cingularis anterior ventralis B09-24 Brodmann (1909) area 24 Brodmann area 24 FMA:68621 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1755 UBERON:0006101 area 24 of Brodmann area 24 of Brodmann-1909 ventral anterior cingulate Brodmann (1909) area 24 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1755 . NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1755 Area cingularis anterior ventralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1755 B09-24 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1755 FMA:68621 area 24 of Brodmann NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1755 ventral anterior cingulate NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1755 area 24 of Brodmann-1909 Brodmann area 24 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1755 Brodmann (1909) area 35 Area perirhinalis B09-35 BTO:0004356 Brodmann (1909) area 35 Brodmann Area 35 Brodmann area 35, perirhinal Brodmann's area 35 Brodmann.35 FMA:68632 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1768 SCTID:384790006 UBERON:0006102 area 35 of Brodmann area 35 of Brodmann-1909 perirhinal area 35 Brodmann (1909) area 35 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1768 Brodmann's area 35 FMA:68632 Brodmann Area 35 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1768 Brodmann.35 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1768 FMA:68632 perirhinal area 35 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1768 area 35 of Brodmann-1909 B09-35 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1768 Area perirhinalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1768 Brodmann area 35, perirhinal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1768 FMA:68632 area 35 of Brodmann Brodmann (1909) area 36 Area ectorhinalis B09-36 BTO:0004357 Brodmann (1909) area 36 Brodmann area 36 Brodmann.36 FMA:68633 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1769 UBERON:0006104 area 36 of Brodmann area 36 of Brodmann-1909 ectorhinal ectorhinal area 36 FMA:68633 ectorhinal area 36 Brodmann area 36 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1769 FMA:68633 area 36 of Brodmann Brodmann.36 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1769 Brodmann (1909) area 36 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1769 B09-36 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1769 Area ectorhinalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1769 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1769 ectorhinal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1769 area 36 of Brodmann-1909 basis modioli FMA:75640 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2522 UBERON:0006105 basis modioli cochleae true FMA:75640 FMA:TA basis modioli cochleae cochlear canal FMA:75371 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2553 SCTID:279779009 UBERON:0006106 cochlear canal spiral canal of cochlea wall of cochlea NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2553 spiral canal of cochlea NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2553 cochlear canal FMA:75371 wall of cochlea basolateral amygdaloid nuclear complex BL Basolateral nuclear complex FMA:84016 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2679 UBERON:0006107 amygdalar basolateral nucleus amygdaloid basolateral complex basolateral amygdaloid nuclear complex basolateral nuclear group basolateral nuclei of amygdala pars basolateralis (Corpus amygdaloideum) vicarious cortex BL NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2679 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2679 basolateral amygdaloid nuclear complex FMA:84016 amygdaloid basolateral complex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2679 vicarious cortex Basolateral nuclear complex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2679 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2679 amygdalar basolateral nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2679 pars basolateralis (Corpus amygdaloideum) ABA FMA:84016 basolateral nuclei of amygdala NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2679 amygdaloid basolateral complex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2679 basolateral nuclear group FMA:84016 basolateral nuclear group FMA:84016 vicarious cortex corticomedial nuclear complex CMA FMA:84015 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2680 UBERON:0006108 amygdalar corticomedial nucleus corticomedial nuclear complex corticomedial nuclear group corticomedial nuclei of amygdala pars corticomedialis (Corpus amygdaloideum) FMA:84015 corticomedial nuclear group NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2680 amygdalar corticomedial nucleus FMA:84015 corticomedial nuclei of amygdala NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2680 corticomedial nuclear complex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2680 pars corticomedialis (Corpus amygdaloideum) CMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2680 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2680 corticomedial nuclear group lateral occipital cortex Component of the occipital lobe. The rostral and caudal boundaries of the lateral occipital cortex were the superior parietal gyrus and as the last visible portion of occipital cortex respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the cuneus/pericalcarine cortex and the inferior temporal/inferior parietal gyri respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). FMA:61902 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_735 SCTID:369218006 UBERON:0006114 gyrus occipitalis medius (mai) gyrus occipitalis secundus lateral occipital cortex lateral occipital gyrus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_735 lateral occipital gyrus FMA:61902 gyrus occipitalis medius (mai) FMA:61902 gyrus occipitalis secundus Component of the occipital lobe. The rostral and caudal boundaries of the lateral occipital cortex were the superior parietal gyrus and as the last visible portion of occipital cortex respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the cuneus/pericalcarine cortex and the inferior temporal/inferior parietal gyri respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_735 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_735 lateral occipital cortex posterior column of fornix FMA:61969 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_754 SCTID:369116002 UBERON:0006115 crus fornicis crus of fornix posterior column of fornix posterior column of fornix of forebrain posterior crus of fornix posterior pillar of fornix FMA:61969 posterior crus of fornix FMA:61969 posterior pillar of fornix NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_754 posterior crus of fornix FMA:61969 posterior column of fornix of forebrain NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_754 crus of fornix NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_754 posterior pillar of fornix FMA:61969 crus of fornix FMA:61969 FMA:TA crus fornicis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_754 posterior column of fornix vagal nerve fiber bundle FMA:72628 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_765 UBERON:0006116 central part of vagus nerve tenth cranial nerve fibers vagal nerve fiber bundle vagal nerve fibers vagal nerve tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_765 central part of vagus nerve FMA:72628 vagal nerve tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_765 vagal nerve fiber bundle NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_765 tenth cranial nerve fibers FMA:72628 vagal nerve fibers FMA:72628 central part of vagus nerve NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_765 vagal nerve fibers FMA:72628 tenth cranial nerve fibers accessory nerve fiber bundle FMA:72626 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_916 UBERON:0006117 accessory nerve fiber bundle accessory nerve fibers accessory nerve tract eleventh cranial nerve fibers FMA:72626 accessory nerve tract FMA:72626 eleventh cranial nerve fibers NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_916 accessory nerve fiber bundle NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_916 accessory nerve fibers FMA:72626 accessory nerve fibers lamina I of gray matter of spinal cord FMA:68862 Lamina marginalis Layer of Waldeyer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100203 Rexed lamina I Rexed layer 1 Spinal lamina I UBERON:0006118 lamina i of gray matter of spinal cord lamina marginalis lamina spinalis i layer of waldeyer rexed lamina i spinal lamina i FMA:68862 lamina marginalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100203 Spinal lamina I FMA:68862 rexed lamina i NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100203 Rexed lamina I FMA:68862 layer of waldeyer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100203 lamina i of gray matter of spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100203 Rexed layer 1 FMA:68862 spinal lamina i Lamina marginalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100203 Layer of Waldeyer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100203 FMA:68862 FMA:TA lamina spinalis i subbrachial nucleus FMA:77494 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005003 UBERON:0006119 subbrachial nucleus tegmental area of tsai FMA:77494 tegmental area of tsai NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005003 subbrachial nucleus superior colliculus superficial gray layer ABA:SCsg FMA:72407 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005034 UBERON:0006120 lamina II of superior colliculus lamina colliculi superioris ii layer II of superior colliculus outer gray layer of superior colliculus stratum griseum superficiale colliculi superioris stratum griseum superficiale of superior colliculus superficial gray layer of superior colliculus superficial grey layer of superior colliculus superior colliculus superficial gray layer ABA FMA:72407 superficial gray layer of superior colliculus FMA:72407 layer II of superior colliculus FMA:72407 outer gray layer of superior colliculus Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit stratum griseum superficiale of superior colliculus FMA:72407 superficial grey layer of superior colliculus Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit lamina II of superior colliculus ABA FMA:72407 FMA:TA stratum griseum superficiale colliculi superioris FMA:72407 FMA:TA lamina colliculi superioris ii NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005034 superior colliculus superficial gray layer hemispheric lobule VIII Biventer 1 (HVIII) Biventral Lobule FMA:72526 Lobulus Biventer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081211 Paraflocculus Dorsalis UBERON:0006121 biventer lobule biventral lobule biventral lobule [h viii] cuneiform lobe dorsal parafloccularis [h viii b] dorsal paraflocculus hemispheric lobule viii lobulus biventer [h viii] lobulus parafloccularis dorsalis [h viii b] FMA:72526 biventer lobule FMA:72526 dorsal paraflocculus FMA:72526 cuneiform lobe FMA:72526 FMA:TA lobulus biventer [h viii] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081211 hemispheric lobule viii FMA:72526 dorsal parafloccularis [h viii b] FMA:72526 biventral lobule [h viii] Biventral Lobule NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081211 Biventer 1 (HVIII) NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081211 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081211 Paraflocculus Dorsalis FMA:72526 FMA:TA lobulus parafloccularis dorsalis [h viii b] FMA:72526 biventral lobule Lobulus Biventer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081211 retrorubral area A8 FMA:66581 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090301 UBERON:0006122 a8 anterior basal segmental arterial trunk retrorubral area trunk of anterior basal segmental artery A8 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090301 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090301 retrorubral area FMA:66581 a8 FMA:66581 trunk of anterior basal segmental artery FMA:66581 anterior basal segmental arterial trunk horizontal limb of the diagonal band Diagonal band horizontal limb FMA:77611 Horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090303 UBERON:0006123 hDBB horizontal limb of diagonal band horizontal limb of the diagonal band Horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090303 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090303 hDBB NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090303 horizontal limb of the diagonal band FMA:77611 horizontal limb of diagonal band Diagonal band horizontal limb NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090303 vertical limb of the diagonal band FMA:77612 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090304 UBERON:0006124 Vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca vertical limb of diagonal band vertical limb of the diagonal band NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090304 vertical limb of the diagonal band NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090304 Vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca FMA:77612 vertical limb of diagonal band subdivision of diagonal band FMA:77610 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090302 UBERON:0006125 diagonal band subdivision regional part of diagonal band NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090302 regional part of diagonal band FMA:77610 diagonal band subdivision funiculus of spinal cord FMA:77460 UBERON:0006127 spinal cord funiculus white column of spinal cord FMA:77460 spinal cord funiculus FMA:77460 white column of spinal cord funiculus of neuraxis FMA:76738 The cerebrospinal nerves consist of numerous nerve fibers collected together and enclosed in membranous sheaths. A small bundle of fibers, enclosed in a tubular sheath, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or fasciculi, which are bound together in a common membranous investment. Examples include: Anterior funiculus of the spinal cord Lateral funiculus of the spinal cord Posterior funiculus of the spinal cord Funiculus solitarius of the medulla Funiculus separans UBERON:0006133 The cerebrospinal nerves consist of numerous nerve fibers collected together and enclosed in membranous sheaths. A small bundle of fibers, enclosed in a tubular sheath, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or fasciculi, which are bound together in a common membranous investment. Examples include: Anterior funiculus of the spinal cord Lateral funiculus of the spinal cord Posterior funiculus of the spinal cord Funiculus solitarius of the medulla Funiculus separans Wikipedia:Funiculus_%28neurology%29 nerve fiber A threadlike extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath (if existence) in the nervous system. There are nerve fibers in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. A nerve fiber may be myelinated and/or unmyelinated. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin by oligodendroglia cells is formed. Schwann cells form myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Schwann cells also make a thin covering in an axon without myelin (in the PNS). A peripheral nerve fiber contains an axon, myelin sheath, schwann cells and its endoneurium. There are no endoneurium and schwann cells in the central nervous system FMA:5914 MESH:A.08.663.542 SCTID:88545005 UBERON:0006134 nerve fibre neurofibra neurofibrum A threadlike extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath (if existence) in the nervous system. There are nerve fibers in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. A nerve fiber may be myelinated and/or unmyelinated. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin by oligodendroglia cells is formed. Schwann cells form myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Schwann cells also make a thin covering in an axon without myelin (in the PNS). A peripheral nerve fiber contains an axon, myelin sheath, schwann cells and its endoneurium. There are no endoneurium and schwann cells in the central nervous system Wikipedia:Nerve_fiber FMA:5914 nerve fibre FMA:5914 neurofibrum FMA:5914 FMA:TA neurofibra myelinated nerve fiber FMA:5915 GAID:745 MESH:A.08.663.542.512 SCTID:362296008 UBERON:0006135 consider adding link to UBERON:0002316 ncithesaurus:Myelinated_Nerve_Fiber unmyelinated nerve fiber FMA:5916 GAID:767 MESH:A.08.663.542.756 SCTID:46920005 UBERON:0006136 ncithesaurus:Unmyelinated_Nerve_Fiber non-myelinated nerve fiber FMA:5916 non-myelinated nerve fiber proper palmar digital artery FMA:70804 MA:0001959 The proper palmar digital arteries travel along the sides of the phalanges (along the contiguous sides of the index, middle, ring, and little fingers), each artery lying just below its corresponding digital nerve. Alternative names for these arteries are: proper volar digital arteries, collateral digital arteries, arteriae digitales palmares propriae, or aa. digitales volares propriae. They anastomose freely in the subcutaneous tissue of the finger tips and by smaller branches near the interphalangeal joints. Each also gives off a couple of dorsal branches which anastomose with the dorsal digital arteries, and supply the soft parts on the back of the second and third phalanges, including the matrix of the fingernail. The proper palmar digital artery for the medial side of the little finger arises directly from the ulnar artery deep to the palmaris brevis muscle, but the rest arise from the common palmar digital arteries. UBERON:0006137 arteriae digitales palmares propriae proper palmal digital arteries proper palmar digital arteries proper palmar digital arteries set proper volar digital arteries proper volar digital artery the MA term, even though plural, represents the singular, as it is an isa child of artery MA:0001959 proper palmal digital arteries FMA:70804 proper palmar digital arteries set Wikipedia:Proper_palmar_digital_arteries proper volar digital artery MA:0001959 proper palmar digital arteries FMA:70804 FMA:TA arteriae digitales palmares propriae The proper palmar digital arteries travel along the sides of the phalanges (along the contiguous sides of the index, middle, ring, and little fingers), each artery lying just below its corresponding digital nerve. Alternative names for these arteries are: proper volar digital arteries, collateral digital arteries, arteriae digitales palmares propriae, or aa. digitales volares propriae. They anastomose freely in the subcutaneous tissue of the finger tips and by smaller branches near the interphalangeal joints. Each also gives off a couple of dorsal branches which anastomose with the dorsal digital arteries, and supply the soft parts on the back of the second and third phalanges, including the matrix of the fingernail. The proper palmar digital artery for the medial side of the little finger arises directly from the ulnar artery deep to the palmaris brevis muscle, but the rest arise from the common palmar digital arteries. Wikipedia:Proper_palmar_digital_arteries Wikipedia:Proper_palmar_digital_arteries proper volar digital arteries plantar digital artery FMA:43971 SCTID:230727008 UBERON:0006138 plantar digital vein FMA:44517 The plantar digital veins arise from plexuses on the plantar surfaces of the digits, and, after sending intercapitular veins to join the dorsal digital veins, unite to form four metatarsal veins. UBERON:0006139 The plantar digital veins arise from plexuses on the plantar surfaces of the digits, and, after sending intercapitular veins to join the dorsal digital veins, unite to form four metatarsal veins. Wikipedia:Plantar_digital_veins palmar digital vein FMA:70895 SCTID:83229009 The palmar digital veins (or volar digital veins) on each finger are connected to the dorsal digital veins by oblique intercapitular veins. Some sources distinguish between the "proper palmar digital veins", which are more distal, and the "common palmar digital veins", which are more proximal. UBERON:0006140 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gray574.png/200px-Gray574.png palmar digital veins palmar digital veins set venae digitales palmares volar digital veins FMA:70895 FMA:TA venae digitales palmares FMA:70895 palmar digital veins The palmar digital veins (or volar digital veins) on each finger are connected to the dorsal digital veins by oblique intercapitular veins. Some sources distinguish between the "proper palmar digital veins", which are more distal, and the "common palmar digital veins", which are more proximal. Wikipedia:Palmar_digital_veins FMA:70895 palmar digital veins set Wikipedia:Palmar_digital_veins volar digital veins palmar digital artery UBERON:0006141 common plantar digital vein MA:0002134 UBERON:0006142 common plantar vein MA:0002134 common plantar vein proper plantar digital vein MA:0002138 UBERON:0006143 proper plantar vein MA:0002138 proper plantar vein medial plantar digital vein MA:0002172 UBERON:0006144 medial plantar vein MA:0002172 medial plantar vein dorsal digital artery of foot FMA:44660 SCTID:230173000 The dorsal digital arteries of foot are small arteries which supply the toes. UBERON:0006145 The dorsal digital arteries of foot are small arteries which supply the toes. Wikipedia:Dorsal_digital_arteries_of_foot dorsal digital artery of hand Dorsal digital arteries arise from the bifurcation of dorsal metacarpal arteries. They travel along the sides and dorsal aspects of the phalanges of the middle finger, ring finger, and little finger. They communicate with the proper palmar digital arteries. They run with the dorsal digital nerves of ulnar nerve and dorsal digital nerves of radial nerve. SCTID:91793005 UBERON:0006146 dorsal digital artery Dorsal digital arteries arise from the bifurcation of dorsal metacarpal arteries. They travel along the sides and dorsal aspects of the phalanges of the middle finger, ring finger, and little finger. They communicate with the proper palmar digital arteries. They run with the dorsal digital nerves of ulnar nerve and dorsal digital nerves of radial nerve. Wikipedia:Dorsal_digital_arteries Wikipedia:Dorsal_digital_arteries dorsal digital artery dorsal digital artery FMA:70801 UBERON:0006163 arteriae digitales dorsales dorsal digital arteries dorsal digital arteries set FMA:70801 FMA:TA arteriae digitales dorsales FMA:70801 dorsal digital arteries set FMA:70801 dorsal digital arteries forelimb common dorsal digital arteries MA:0001954 UBERON:0006164 median dorsal digital artery for digit 1 MA:0001955 UBERON:0006165 median dorsal digital artery for digit 01 MA:0001955 median dorsal digital artery for digit 01 lateral dorsal digital artery for digit 5 MA:0001956 UBERON:0006166 lateral dorsal digital artery for digit 05 MA:0001956 lateral dorsal digital artery for digit 05 forelimb proper dorsal digital arteries MA:0001958 UBERON:0006167 hindlimb common dorsal digital arteries MA:0001965 UBERON:0006168 hindlimb proper dorsal digital arteries MA:0001967 UBERON:0006169 mesonephric capsule The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. UBERON:0006170 GO:0061285 GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. renal sinus FMA:15611 SCTID:362222000 UBERON:0006171 rectal diverticulum The rectal diverticulum is an outgrowth of the cloaca and links the pronephric kidney to the exterior UBERON:0006172 XAO:0001015 GO:0039009 The rectal diverticulum is an outgrowth of the cloaca and links the pronephric kidney to the exterior pronephric proximal tubule A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephros UBERON:0006173 pronephros proximal tubule GO:0039011 pronephros proximal tubule A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephros GO:0039011 pronephric sinus AAO:0011092 The pronephric sinus is an ill-defined capillary network that lies between the pronephric tubules UBERON:0006174 XAO:0000385 todo - check relationship to renal sinus, improve definition GO:0039012 The pronephric sinus is an ill-defined capillary network that lies between the pronephric tubules pronephric distal tubule A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephros UBERON:0006175 A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephros GO:0039013 mesonephric glomerular mesangium The mesonephric glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells in the mesonephros, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus UBERON:0006182 GO:0061247 The mesonephric glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells in the mesonephros, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus mesonephric glomerular capillary . UBERON:0006183 . GO:0061249 mesonephric connecting tubule The mesonephric connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the mesonephric nephron; it connects the distal tubule to the collecting duct in the mesonephros UBERON:0006189 GO:0061272 The mesonephric connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the mesonephric nephron; it connects the distal tubule to the collecting duct in the mesonephros mesonephric distal tubule The mesonephric distal tubule is a mesonephric nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the mesonephric connecting tubule UBERON:0006190 note that ZFA has terms for developing tubule GO:0061273 The mesonephric distal tubule is a mesonephric nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the mesonephric connecting tubule mesonephric proximal tubule The mesonephric proximal tubule extends from the capsule to the distal tubule UBERON:0006192 note that ZFA has terms for developing tubule GO:0061275 The mesonephric proximal tubule extends from the capsule to the distal tubule renal sinus of right kidney FMA:17621 UBERON:0006194 right renal sinus FMA:17621 right renal sinus renal sinus of left kidney FMA:17622 UBERON:0006195 left renal sinus FMA:17622 left renal sinus mesonephric sinus AAO:0011063 UBERON:0006196 XAO:0000381 todo - check relationship to renal sinus, add definition auricular vein UBERON:0006197 ncithesaurus:Auricular_Vein dorsal intercostal artery FMA:76998 MA:0001943 SCTID:198427009 The highest intercostal artery (supreme intercostal artery, superior intercostal artery) is an artery in the human body that usually gives rise to the first and second posterior intercostal arteries, which supply blood to their corresponding intercostal space. It usually arises from the costocervical trunk, which is a branch of the subclavian artery. UBERON:0006198 classes unified on basis of spatial anatomy ontology synonyms dorsal branch of superior intercostal artery superior intercostal artery supreme intercostal artery FMA:76998 Wikipedia:Highest_intercostal_artery superior intercostal artery dorsal branch of superior intercostal artery http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?dorsal+branch+of+the+superior+intercostal+artery The highest intercostal artery (supreme intercostal artery, superior intercostal artery) is an artery in the human body that usually gives rise to the first and second posterior intercostal arteries, which supply blood to their corresponding intercostal space. It usually arises from the costocervical trunk, which is a branch of the subclavian artery. Wikipedia:Highest_intercostal_artery FMA:76998 Wikipedia:Highest_intercostal_artery supreme intercostal artery caudal auricular vein FMA:50851 MA:0002090 SCTID:150188002 The posterior auricular vein begins upon the side of the head, in a plexus which communicates with the tributaries of the occipital vein and superficial temporal veins. It descends behind the auricula, and joins the posterior division of the posterior facial vein to form the external jugular. It receive the stylomastoid vein, and some tributaries from the cranial surface of the auricula. UBERON:0006199 classes unified on basis of spatial anatomy ontology synonyms ncithesaurus:Posterior_Auricular_Vein posterior auricular vein The posterior auricular vein begins upon the side of the head, in a plexus which communicates with the tributaries of the occipital vein and superficial temporal veins. It descends behind the auricula, and joins the posterior division of the posterior facial vein to form the external jugular. It receive the stylomastoid vein, and some tributaries from the cranial surface of the auricula. Wikipedia:Posterior_auricular_vein FMA/obol FMA:50851 posterior auricular vein FMA/obol caudal humeral circumflex vein FMA:71216 MA:0002091 UBERON:0006200 classes unified on basis of spatial anatomy ontology synonyms posterior circumflex humeral vein posterior humeral circumflex vein vena circumflexa humeri posterior FMA/obol FMA/obol FMA:71216 posterior circumflex humeral vein FMA:71216 posterior humeral circumflex vein FMA:71216 FMA:TA vena circumflexa humeri posterior dorsal cerebral vein FMA:50978 MA:0002103 SCTID:244393005 UBERON:0006201 classes unified on basis of spatial anatomy ontology synonyms superior cerebral vein FMA:50978 superior cerebral vein ventral labial vein FMA:52541 MA:0002260 SCTID:422955002 The inferior labial vein is the vein receiving blood from the lower lip. UBERON:0006202 classes unified on basis of spatial anatomy ontology synonyms inferior labial vein FMA:52541 inferior labial vein The inferior labial vein is the vein receiving blood from the lower lip. Wikipedia:Inferior_labial_vein FMA/obol conchal part of pinna FMA:61006 UBERON:0006203 concha concha auriculae concha of auricle concha of pinna ncithesaurus:Concha FMA:61006 concha FMA:61006 concha of auricle FMA:61006 concha of pinna FMA:61006 FMA:TA concha auriculae inguinal ligament FMA:19855 Poupart's ligament SCTID:361900000 UBERON:0006204 Vesalius' ligament a band running from the pubic tubercle to the anterior superior iliac spine. Its anatomy is very important for operating on hernia patients. It forms the base of the inguinal canal through which an indirect inguinal hernia may develop. The inguinal ligament runs from the anterior superior iliac spine of the ilium to the pubic tubercle of the pubic bone. It is formed by the external abdominal oblique aponeurosis and is continuous with the fascia lata of the thigh. fallopian ligament FMA:19855 Poupart's ligament Wikipedia:Inguinal_ligament FMA:19855 Vesalius' ligament Wikipedia:Inguinal_ligament a band running from the pubic tubercle to the anterior superior iliac spine. Its anatomy is very important for operating on hernia patients. It forms the base of the inguinal canal through which an indirect inguinal hernia may develop. The inguinal ligament runs from the anterior superior iliac spine of the ilium to the pubic tubercle of the pubic bone. It is formed by the external abdominal oblique aponeurosis and is continuous with the fascia lata of the thigh. FMA:19855 Wikipedia:Inguinal_ligament fallopian ligament pectineal ligament FMA:20188 SCTID:256661003 UBERON:0006205 cooper's ligament (groin) ligamentum pectineale we include a disjointness axiom to avoid confusion that may arise from the synonyms 'ligamentum pectineale' and 'ligamentum pectinum' FMA:20188 cooper's ligament (groin) FMA:20188 ligamentum pectineale iridocorneal angle FMA:58577 SCTID:244498000 UBERON:0006206 acute angle occurring between the iris and the cornea at the periphery of the anterior chamber of the eye[MP]. anterior chamber angle FMA:58577 anterior chamber angle MP:0004221 acute angle occurring between the iris and the cornea at the periphery of the anterior chamber of the eye[MP]. aortico-pulmonary spiral septum EHDAA2:0000136 EHDAA:2592 EMAPA:16827 OG:0000502 The aorticopulmonary septum is developmentally formed from neural crest, specifically the cardiac neural crest, and actively separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries and fuses with the interventricular septum within the heart during development. The actual mechanism of septation of the outflow tract is poorly understood, but is recognized as a dynamic process with contributions from contractile, hemodynamic, and extracellular matrix interactions. UBERON:0006207 aortic septum aortico-pulmonary septum aorticopulmonary septum spiral septum Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum aortic septum The aorticopulmonary septum is developmentally formed from neural crest, specifically the cardiac neural crest, and actively separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries and fuses with the interventricular septum within the heart during development. The actual mechanism of septation of the outflow tract is poorly understood, but is recognized as a dynamic process with contributions from contractile, hemodynamic, and extracellular matrix interactions. Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum Wikipedia Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum aorticopulmonary septum Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum aortico-pulmonary septum EMAPA Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum spiral septum auditory hillocks EHDAA2:0000155 EHDAA:4685 EMAPA:17280 OG:0001364 UBERON:0006208 basioccipital cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000164 EHDAA:7141 EMAPA:18337 OG:0001124 UBERON:0006209 EHDAA2 body-wall mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000179 EHDAA:3217 EMAPA:16893 UBERON:0006210 buccopharyngeal membrane EHDAA2:0000189 EHDAA:536 EMAPA:16259 OG:0000380 SCTID:361412007 The region where the crescentic masses of the ectoderm and endoderm come into direct contact with each other constitutes a thin membrane, the buccopharyngeal membrane (or oropharyngeal membrane), which forms a septum between the primitive mouth and pharynx. In front of the buccopharyngeal area, where the lateral crescents of mesoderm fuse in the middle line, the pericardium is afterward developed, and this region is therefore designated the pericardial area. UBERON:0006211 oropharyngeal membrane EHDAA2 The region where the crescentic masses of the ectoderm and endoderm come into direct contact with each other constitutes a thin membrane, the buccopharyngeal membrane (or oropharyngeal membrane), which forms a septum between the primitive mouth and pharynx. In front of the buccopharyngeal area, where the lateral crescents of mesoderm fuse in the middle line, the pericardium is afterward developed, and this region is therefore designated the pericardial area. Wikipedia:Buccopharyngeal_membrane Wikipedia:Buccopharyngeal_membrane oropharyngeal membrane bulbo-ventricular groove EHDAA2:0000195 EHDAA:766 EMAPA:16693 UBERON:0006212 carpus cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000221 EHDAA:8544 EMAPA:18102 OG:0001123 UBERON:0006213 carpus pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000222 EHDAA:6324 EMAPA:17724 OG:0000955 UBERON:0006214 rhombic lip EHDAA2:0000229 EMAPA:17074 The interface between the dorsal neuroepithelium and the roof plate of the fourth ventricle. The source of a number of migratory neuron populations of the hindbrain. UBERON:0006215 XAO:0004135 ZFA:0001440 cerebellum primordium dorsal part of alar plate of metencephalon EMAPA:17074 dorsal part of alar plate of metencephalon The interface between the dorsal neuroepithelium and the roof plate of the fourth ventricle. The source of a number of migratory neuron populations of the hindbrain. ZFIN:curator EMAPA:17074 cerebellum primordium cervical sinus EHDAA2:0000078 EHDAA2:0000239 EMAPA:17526 The mandibular and hyoid arches grow more rapidly than those behind them, with the result that the latter become, to a certain extent, telescoped within the former, and a deep depression, the cervical sinus, is formed on either side of the neck. This sinus is bounded in front by the hyoid arch, and behind by the thoracic wall; it is ultimately obliterated by the fusion of its walls. UBERON:0006216 The mandibular and hyoid arches grow more rapidly than those behind them, with the result that the latter become, to a certain extent, telescoped within the former, and a deep depression, the cervical sinus, is formed on either side of the neck. This sinus is bounded in front by the hyoid arch, and behind by the thoracic wall; it is ultimately obliterated by the fusion of its walls. Wikipedia:Cervical_sinus cloacal membrane EHDAA2:0000257 EHDAA:214 EHDAA:2933 EMAPA:16832 OG:0001198 SCTID:308826008 The cloacal membrane is the membrane that covers the embryonic cloaca when still in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It is formed by ectoderm and endoderm coming into contact with each other. After separation of the cloaca into the urogenital and anal parts, the cloacal membrane, in turn, is separated into a urogenital membrane and an anal membrane. UBERON:0006217 ncithesaurus:Cloacal_Membrane The cloacal membrane is the membrane that covers the embryonic cloaca when still in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It is formed by ectoderm and endoderm coming into contact with each other. After separation of the cloaca into the urogenital and anal parts, the cloacal membrane, in turn, is separated into a urogenital membrane and an anal membrane. Wikipedia:Cloacal_membrane Wikipedia common atrial chamber EHDAA2:0000268 EHDAA:1267 EMAPA:16225 EMAPA:16342 EMAPA:16689 UBERON:0006218 deltoid pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0000340 EHDAA:6002 EMAPA:17749 UBERON:0006219 diencephalic part of interventricular foramen EHDAA2:0000384 EHDAA:3476 EMAPA:16643 EMAPA:16901 OG:0000808 UBERON:0006220 future diencephalon EFO:0003442 EHDAA2:0000386 EHDAA:844 EMAPA:16514 UBERON:0006222 ZFA:0000574 dorsal meso-oesophagus EHDAA2:0000412 EHDAA:2945 EMAPA:16704 EMAPA:16837 EMAPA:18865 MA:0001570 UBERON:0006223 elbow joint primordium EHDAA2:0000431 EHDAA:8483 EMAPA:17710 UBERON:0006224 endocardial tissue EHDAA2:0000435 EMAPA:17868 UBERON:0006225 consider merging with endocardium endolymphatic appendage EHDAA2:0000437 EMAPA:16994 EMAPA:17283 OG:0000373 UBERON:0006226 ethmoid bone primordium EHDAA2:0000456 EHDAA:8363 EMAPA:18023 UBERON:0006227 check UBERON:0007215 EHDAA2 exoccipital pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000457 EHDAA:8355 EMAPA:18014 OG:0000963 UBERON:0006228 extrinsic ocular muscle EHDAA2:0000482 EHDAA:5729 EMAPA:18234 UBERON:0006229 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 extrinsic ocular pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0000483 EHDAA:2925 EMAPA:17845 UBERON:0006230 facial bones primordia EHDAA2:0000488 EHDAA:9552 EMAPA:18024 UBERON:0006231 facio-acoustic VII-VIII preganglion complex EHDAA2:0000496 EHDAA:1477 EMAPA:16660 OG:0000715 UBERON:0006232 EHDAA2 female genital tubercle EHDAA2:0000500 EHDAA:8118 EMAPA:18680 OG:0000666 UBERON:0006233 femur pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000508 EMAPA:17502 OG:0000951 UBERON:0006234 foregut-midgut junction EHDAA2:0000569 EHDAA:526 EMAPA:16363 OG:0000291 UBERON:0006235 frontal bone primordium EHDAA2:0000577 EHDAA:9540 EMAPA:18017 UBERON:0006236 future brain EFO:0003431 EHDAA2:0000591 EHDAA:300 EHDAA:830 EMAPA:16089 EMAPA:16471 UBERON:0006238 ZFA:0000146 obsoleted in EHDAA2 presumptive brain ZFA:0000146 presumptive brain future central tendon EHDAA2:0000593 EHDAA:4118 EMAPA:25035 UBERON:0006239 future forebrain EFO:0003423 EHDAA:2643 EMAPA:16640 TODO. Add relationships to neural plate (both ZFA and EMAPA time this with the neural plate) UBERON:0006240 ZFA:0000062 presumptive forebrain prosencephalon ZFA:0000062 presumptive forebrain future spinal cord EFO:0003438 EHDAA2:0000674 EHDAA:898 EMAPA:16092 EMAPA:16525 EMAPA:16755 UBERON:0006241 ZFA:0000417 presumptive spinal cord ZFA:0000417 presumptive spinal cord gall bladder primordium EHDAA2:0000700 EHDAA:3047 EMAPA:16713 EMAPA:16842 UBERON:0006242 XAO:0004205 glossopharyngeal IX preganglion EHDAA2:0000713 EHDAA:1479 EMAPA:16661 UBERON:0006243 hip joint primordium EHDAA2:0000785 EHDAA:8462 EMAPA:17739 UBERON:0006244 humerus cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000787 EHDAA:6240 EMAPA:17713 OG:0001120 UBERON:0006245 humerus pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000788 EHDAA:4192 EMAPA:17427 OG:0000950 UBERON:0006246 iliac cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000809 EHDAA:9568 EMAPA:18029 EMAPA:18347 OG:0001126 UBERON:0006247 incus pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000813 EHDAA:9024 EMAPA:17825 OG:0000957 UBERON:0006248 inferior recess EHDAA2:0000825 EHDAA:6083 EMAPA:18048 UBERON:0006249 infundibular recess of 3rd ventricle EHDAA2:0000827 EHDAA:4479 EMAPA:16648 EMAPA:16899 UBERON:0006250 interparietal bone primordium EHDAA2:0000881 EMAPA:18018 UBERON:0006251 intersubcardinal venous anastomosis EHDAA2:0000883 EHDAA:3452 EMAPA:16828 UBERON:0006252 intraretinal space EHDAA2:0000889 EHDAA:4761 EMAPA:16676 EMAPA:17170 OG:0000534 UBERON:0006253 ischial cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000890 EHDAA:9570 EMAPA:26930 UBERON:0006254 ischial pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000891 EHDAA:7153 EMAPA:18348 OG:0000962 UBERON:0006255 knee joint primordium EHDAA2:0000897 EHDAA:8467 EMAPA:17740 UBERON:0006256 laryngo-tracheal groove EHDAA2:0000909 EHDAA2:0004073 EMAPA:16739 SCTID:361426003 UBERON:0006257 lateral plate mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000919 EHDAA:379 EMAPA:16179 UBERON:0006258 todo - merge Obol Obol lens pit EHDAA2:0000981 EHDAA:3809 EMAPA:16799 OG:0000806 UBERON:0006259 a pitlike depression in the ectoderm of the lens placode where the primordial lens is developing[TFD]. ncithesaurus:Lens_Pit a pitlike depression in the ectoderm of the lens placode where the primordial lens is developing[TFD]. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lens+pit lingual swelling EHDAA2:0000996 EMAPA:17186 OG:0000449 UBERON:0006260 male genital tubercle EHDAA2:0001048 EHDAA:8138 EMAPA:17969 OG:0000667 UBERON:0006261 malleus pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001055 EHDAA:9026 EMAPA:17826 OG:0000958 UBERON:0006262 Meckel's cartilage pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001074 EMAPA:17358 OG:0001121 UBERON:0006263 mouth-foregut junction EHDAA2:0001205 EHDAA:534 EMAPA:16258 OG:0000592 UBERON:0006264 mural trophectoderm EHDAA2:0001206 EHDAA:58 EMAPA:16047 OG:0000597 Trophectoderm that surrounds blastocyst cavity. UBERON:0006265 PMID:16341078 Trophectoderm that surrounds blastocyst cavity. nasolacrimal groove EHDAA2:0001238 EHDAA:4770 EMAPA:16679 OG:0001307 On the nasal surface of the body of the maxilla, in front of the opening of the sinus is a deep groove, the lacrimal groove (or lacrimal sulcus), which is converted into the nasolacrimal canal, by the lacrimal bone and inferior nasal concha; this canal opens into the inferior meatus of the nose and transmits the nasolacrimal duct. UBERON:0006266 ncithesaurus:Nasolacrimal_Groove On the nasal surface of the body of the maxilla, in front of the opening of the sinus is a deep groove, the lacrimal groove (or lacrimal sulcus), which is converted into the nasolacrimal canal, by the lacrimal bone and inferior nasal concha; this canal opens into the inferior meatus of the nose and transmits the nasolacrimal duct. Wikipedia:Lacrimal_groove notochordal plate EHDAA2:0001278 EHDAA:264 EMAPA:16101 OG:0001212 UBERON:0006267 ncithesaurus:Notochordal_Plate notochordal process EHDAA2:0001279 EHDAA:224 EMAPA:16102 OG:0001213 UBERON:0006268 ncithesaurus:Notochordal_Process optic foramen EHDAA2:0001312 EHDAA:10646 EMAPA:18716 OG:0001408 UBERON:0006269 optic pit EHDAA2:0001316 EHDAA:944 EMAPA:16325 OG:0001162 UBERON:0006270 orbital fissure EHDAA2:0001328 EHDAA:10648 EMAPA:18717 SCTID:280546005 UBERON:0006271 oronasal cavity EHDAA2:0001331 EHDAA:5882 EMAPA:17200 In humans, the oronasal membrane ruptures during the seventh week, producing a single, large oronasal cavity OG:0001352 UBERON:0006272 In humans, the oronasal membrane ruptures during the seventh week, producing a single, large oronasal cavity http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martini10/chapter24/custom3/deluxe-content.html otic pit EHDAA2:0001336 EHDAA:929 EMAPA:16536 OG:0001147 UBERON:0006273 ncithesaurus:Otic_Pit parietal bone primordium EHDAA2:0001404 EHDAA:9544 EMAPA:18019 UBERON:0006274 pericardio-peritoneal canal EHDAA2:0001440 EHDAA:636 EMAPA:16282 OG:0000564 SCTID:361428002 UBERON:0006275 ncithesaurus:Pericardioperitoneal_Canal perioptic mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001444 EHDAA:4751 EMAPA:17167 UBERON:0006276 pleuropericardial canals EHDAA2:0001479 EHDAA:4122 EMAPA:17704 UBERON:0006277 pleuropericardial folds EHDAA2:0001480 EHDAA:4126 EMAPA:17706 UBERON:0006278 pleuroperitoneal canal EHDAA2:0001481 EHDAA:4128 EMAPA:17707 EMAPA:25031 SCTID:361413002 UBERON:0006279 polar trophectoderm EHDAA2:0001484 EHDAA:60 EMAPA:16048 OG:0000980 Trophectoderm that surrounds the inner cell mass (ICM). UBERON:0006280 PMID:16341078 Trophectoderm that surrounds the inner cell mass (ICM). EMAPA EHDAA2 pre-hepatic part EHDAA2:0001492 EHDAA:8701 EMAPA:18422 UBERON:0006281 primary head vein EHDAA2:0001498 EHDAA:818 EMAPA:16242 UBERON:0006282 primitive ventricle of heart EHDAA2:0001531 EMAPA:16233 EMAPA:16350 SCTID:361524003 UBERON:0006283 primitive ventricle EHDAA2:0001531 primitive ventricle EMAPA prosencephalic vesicle EHDAA2:0001571 EHDAA:1356 EMAPA:16521 OG:0000644 UBERON:0006284 todo - all vesicles pubic cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001574 EHDAA:9572 EMAPA:18349 EMAPA:26928 UBERON:0006285 radius cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001585 EHDAA:7267 EMAPA:18054 OG:0001318 UBERON:0006286 radius-ulna pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001587 EHDAA:4178 EMAPA:17420 OG:0000949 UBERON:0006287 rib cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001716 EHDAA:8347 EMAPA:17678 OG:0001122 UBERON:0006288 rib pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001717 EHDAA:6026 EMAPA:17397 OG:0000681 UBERON:0006289 scapula cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001777 EHDAA:8368 EMAPA:18343 OG:0001125 UBERON:0006290 scapula pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001778 EHDAA:6041 EMAPA:18027 OG:0000960 UBERON:0006291 shoulder joint primordium EHDAA2:0001836 EHDAA:8493 EMAPA:17712 UBERON:0006292 spleen primordium A dense syncitial-like mesenchymal thickening in the dorsal mesogastrium. EHDAA2:0001904 EHDAA:3003 EMAPA:18535 EMAPA:18659 UBERON:0006293 XAO:0000326 left spleen primordium splenic primordium todo - check difference between splenic and spleen in EMAPA XAO EHDAA2:0001904 splenic primordium XAO:0000326 left spleen primordium EHDAA2-modified A dense syncitial-like mesenchymal thickening in the dorsal mesogastrium. ISBN:0123747295 XAO stapes pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001910 EHDAA:5699 EMAPA:17827 OG:0000956 UBERON:0006294 sternebral bone pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001912 EHDAA:9565 EMAPA:18345 OG:0000961 UBERON:0006295 subcardinal vein EHDAA2:0001932 EHDAA:2631 EMAPA:16829 OG:0001336 SCTID:308830006 UBERON:0006296 ncithesaurus:Subcardinal_Vein sublingual gland primordium EHDAA2:0001935 EHDAA:7989 EMAPA:17752 UBERON:0006297 submandibular gland primordium EHDAA2:0001939 EHDAA:9255 EMAPA:17755 UBERON:0006298 superior recess EHDAA2:0001958 EHDAA:2343 EMAPA:18049 UBERON:0006299 supracardinal vein EHDAA2:0001964 EHDAA:7492 EMAPA:16830 Either of two veins in the mammalian embryo and various adult lower vertebrate forms located in the thoracic and abdominal regions dorsolateral to and on either side of the descending aorta and giving rise to the azygos and hemiazygos veins and a part of the inferior vena cava[MW]. These veins drain the body wall via the segmental intercostal veins, thus taking over the function of the posterior cardinals[ISBN] SCTID:308829001 UBERON:0006300 ncithesaurus:Supracardinal_Vein Either of two veins in the mammalian embryo and various adult lower vertebrate forms located in the thoracic and abdominal regions dorsolateral to and on either side of the descending aorta and giving rise to the azygos and hemiazygos veins and a part of the inferior vena cava[MW]. These veins drain the body wall via the segmental intercostal veins, thus taking over the function of the posterior cardinals[ISBN] ISBN-10:0443065837 http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/supracardinal%20vein telencephalic part of interventricular foramen EHDAA2:0001980 EHDAA:5474 EMAPA:16654 EMAPA:16915 OG:0000809 UBERON:0006301 tracheal diverticulum EHDAA2:0002072 EMAPA:16740 UBERON:0006303 trigeminal V preganglion EHDAA2:0002089 EHDAA:924 EMAPA:16663 UBERON:0006304 tunica vasculosa lentis EHDAA2:0002097 EHDAA:5705 EMAPA:18235 OG:0000978 UBERON:0006305 an extensive capillary network, spreading over the posterior and lateral surfaces of the lens of the eye. It disappears shortly after birth. Wikipedia:Tunica_vasculosa_lentis an extensive capillary network, spreading over the posterior and lateral surfaces of the lens of the eye. It disappears shortly after birth. ulna cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0002098 EHDAA:7269 EMAPA:18055 OG:0001155 UBERON:0006306 urogenital membrane During the 7th week the urorectal septum divides the cloacal membrane into a urogenital membrane (ventrally) and an anal membrane (dorsally) [http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/ugenital/genitexterne01.html] EHDAA2:0002141 EHDAA2:0004025 EHDAA:7011 EMAPA:17210 EMAPA:17378 OG:0001187 SCTID:172994001 UBERON:0006307 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 vagal X nerve trunk EHDAA2:0002160 EHDAA:4659 EMAPA:17272 OG:0000736 UBERON:0006308 venous vitelline plexus EHDAA2:0002172 EHDAA:1945 EMAPA:17020 UBERON:0006309 vitelline venous plexus EHDAA2:0002210 EHDAA:1945 EMAPA:17020 UBERON:0006310 chamber of eyeball BTO:0002085 Chamber of eyeball[FMA] FMA:58071 MA:0002459 SCTID:280540004 UBERON:0006311 eye chamber eyeball chamber ncithesaurus:Chamber_of_the_Eye MA:0002459 eye chamber Chamber of eyeball[FMA] FMA:58071 FMA:58071 eyeball chamber ocular refractive media MA:0001911 UBERON:0006312 bodily fluid GAID:266 Liquid components of living organisms. includes fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not. MESH:A.12.207 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_20 UBERON:0006314 body fluid consider merging with parent class galen:BodyFluid GAID:266 body fluid Liquid components of living organisms. includes fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not. MESH:A.12.207 Wikipedia:Body_fluid orbitalis muscle An orbitalis muscle is a rudimentary nonstriated muscle (smooth muscle) that crosses from the infraorbital groove and sphenomaxillary fissure and intimately united with the periosteum of the orbit. It is often called Muller's muscle. One characteristic of Horner's Syndrome is enophthalmos (retraction of the eyeball into the orbit due to paralysis of the orbitalis muscle that spans the inferior orbital fissure). Its function is eyeball protrusion. FMA:49034 MA:0001274 SCTID:368790005 UBERON:0006318 musculus orbitalis ncithesaurus:Orbitalis_Muscle orbital muscle orbital muscle of muller orbitalis orbitalis subclass of 'muscle layer' in FMA FMA:49034 FMA:TA musculus orbitalis FMA:49034 orbital muscle Wikipedia:Orbitalis_muscle orbitalis An orbitalis muscle is a rudimentary nonstriated muscle (smooth muscle) that crosses from the infraorbital groove and sphenomaxillary fissure and intimately united with the periosteum of the orbit. It is often called Muller's muscle. One characteristic of Horner's Syndrome is enophthalmos (retraction of the eyeball into the orbit due to paralysis of the orbitalis muscle that spans the inferior orbital fissure). Its function is eyeball protrusion. Wikipedia:Orbitalis_muscle FMA:49034 orbitalis FMA:49034 orbital muscle of muller spinal cord reticular nucleus FMA:73909 MA:0001123 UBERON:0006319 spinal reticular nucleus FMA:73909 spinal reticular nucleus inferior oblique extraocular muscle FMA:49040 MA:0001276 OG:0001132 SCTID:181156006 UBERON:0006320 ZFA:0000861 inferior oblique obliquus inferior FMA:49040 obliquus inferior FMA:49040 inferior oblique superior oblique extraocular muscle FMA:49039 MA:0001277 OG:0001131 SCTID:181155005 UBERON:0006321 ZFA:0000738 obliquus superior superior oblique FMA:49039 obliquus superior FMA:49039 superior oblique inferior rectus extraocular muscle FMA:49036 MA:0001279 OG:0001130 SCTID:181154009 UBERON:0006322 ZFA:0000457 inferior rectus FMA:49036 inferior rectus superior rectus extraocular muscle FMA:49035 MA:0001282 OG:0001128 SCTID:181153003 UBERON:0006323 ZFA:0000345 superior rectus FMA:49035 superior rectus laryngeal intrinsic ligament FMA:72058 MA:0001757 SCTID:279557001 UBERON:0006325 intrinsic ligament of larynx FMA:72058 intrinsic ligament of larynx base of arytenoid FMA:55349 MA:0001761 SCTID:279532006 UBERON:0006326 arytenoid cartilage base base of arytenoid base of arytenoid cartilage FMA:55349 base of arytenoid cartilage FMA:55349 arytenoid cartilage base FMA:55349 base of arytenoid laryngeal extrinsic muscle FMA:55225 MA:0001769 SCTID:244808004 UBERON:0006327 extrinsic muscle of larynx FMA:55225 extrinsic muscle of larynx laryngeal intrinsic muscle FMA:55226 MA:0001770 SCTID:244810002 UBERON:0006328 intrinsic muscle of larynx FMA:55226 intrinsic muscle of larynx superior pharyngeal constrictor FMA:46621 MA:0002280 SCTID:244800006 UBERON:0006329 constrictor muscle of pharynx superior musculus constrictor pharyngis superior superior constrictor superior constrictor of pharynx superior constrictor pharyngeus FMA:46621 superior constrictor pharyngeus FMA:46621 constrictor muscle of pharynx superior FMA:46621 superior constrictor of pharynx FMA:46621 superior constrictor FMA:46621 FMA:TA musculus constrictor pharyngis superior anterior lingual gland FMA:59796 MA:0002701 SCTID:362179003 UBERON:0006330 anterior lingual salivary gland lingual salivary gland ncithesaurus:Lingual_Salivary_Gland FMA:59796 anterior lingual salivary gland FMA:59796 lingual salivary gland brainstem nucleus MA:0000821 UBERON:0006331 nasal capsule AAO:0000313 EMAPA:17852 MA:0000283 Multi-tissue structure composed of connective tissue that surrounds, the internal portions of the olfactory epithelium[ZFA]. The cartilage surrounding the developing nasal cavity of an embryo[TFD]. Structure that has both respiratory and olfactory functions and lies anterior to the braincase, in the foremost section of the cranium[AAO]. UBERON:0006332 ZFA:0005507 todo - check this. split? AAO:0000313 Multi-tissue structure composed of connective tissue that surrounds, the internal portions of the olfactory epithelium[ZFA]. The cartilage surrounding the developing nasal cavity of an embryo[TFD]. Structure that has both respiratory and olfactory functions and lies anterior to the braincase, in the foremost section of the cranium[AAO]. ZFA:0005507 http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/nasal+capsule MA ZFA snout MA:0001910 SCTID:41127006 Surface structure that is the region of the head in front of and between the orbits, and above the lower jaw. Nares are located on the snout. UBERON:0006333 ZFA:0005496 muzzle MA:0001910 muzzle Surface structure that is the region of the head in front of and between the orbits, and above the lower jaw. Nares are located on the snout. ZFA:0005496 posterior lateral line AAO:0011024 EFO:0003595 One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) UBERON:0006334 XAO:0000465 ZFA:0000944 check XAO/AAO pll ZFA:0000944 pll XAO One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) ZFA:0000944 unspecified UBERON:0006336 XAO:0003003 ZFA:0001093 true distal early tubule AAO:0011034 EMAPA:27788 EMAPA:28007 EMAPA:28390 Portion of the renal tubule which is just posterior to the proximal straight tubule. UBERON:0006337 XAO:0000287 ZFA:0005293 in XAO this is pronephric; in ZFA it is an adult structure. we treat it here as generic. consider placing XAO under proneprhic subclass. check relationship with EDCT. Portion of the renal tubule which is just posterior to the proximal straight tubule. ZFA:0005293 lateral ventricle choroid plexus stroma MA:0000963 UBERON:0006338 editors note: definitions should be fixed to use generic stroma class third ventricle choroid plexus stroma MA:0000881 UBERON:0006339 fourth ventricle choroid plexus stroma MA:0000985 UBERON:0006340 outer renal medulla peritubular capillary MA:0002589 UBERON:0006341 left hepatic recess EMAPA:18047 MA:0000444 UBERON:0006342 right hepatic recess EMAPA:18050 MA:0000450 UBERON:0006343 stapedial artery A small artery in the embryo that passes through the ring of the stapes and is later obliterated (in humans). EHDAA2:0001908 EMAPA:17313 MA:0002044 SCTID:361518009 UBERON:0006345 ncithesaurus:Stapedial_Artery A small artery in the embryo that passes through the ring of the stapes and is later obliterated (in humans). http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Stapedial_artery Wikipedia communicating artery EMAPA:18598 MA:0001938 UBERON:0006347 ncithesaurus:Communicating_Artery epigastric artery EMAPA:18750 MA:0001948 MESH:A.07.231.114.330 SCTID:261400009 UBERON:0006349 ncithesaurus:Epigastric_Artery principal vein of forelimb EMAPA:17018 MA:0002199 UBERON:0006351 principal vein of hindlimb EMAPA:17019 MA:0002200 UBERON:0006353 superior vesical vein EMAPA:18646 MA:0002227 UBERON:0006355 epigastric vein EMAPA:18759 MA:0002114 UBERON:0006356 ncithesaurus:Epigastric_Vein vasa hyaloidea propria EMAPA:18236 MA:0001285 UBERON:0006358 mesoduodenum EMAPA:17183 EMAPA:17198 EMAPA:19082 MA:0001556 UBERON:0006359 intermolar eminence EMAPA:18273 EMAPA:18876 MA:0001590 UBERON:0006360 ureteric tip EMAPA:27605 EMAPA:27625 EMAPA:27694 EMAPA:27749 MA:0002601 UBERON:0006364 perihilar interstitium EMAPA:28083 MA:0002618 UBERON:0006373 part of afferent arteriole forming the juxtaglomerular complex EMAPA:28269 MA:0002580 UBERON:0006374 renin-producing cells MA:0002580 renin-producing cells premacula segment of distal straight tubule . EMAPA:28331 EMAPA:29683 EMAPA:31379 MA:0002628 UBERON:0006376 kidney medulla loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop renal medulla loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment renal medulla thick ascending limb MA:th renal medulla thick ascending limb MA MA:th kidney medulla loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment MA:th medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop . PMID:14595018 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3123600&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 MA MA MA:th renal medulla loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment remnant of Rathke's pouch EMAPA:17518 MA:0000857 UBERON:0006377 hypophyseal cleft MA:0000857 hypophyseal cleft vibrissa BTO:0003488 EMAPA:17529 FMA:53670 MA:0000163 MESH:A.13.950 UBERON:0006378 hair of nose hair of vestibular part of nose nose hair specialized hairs (or, in certain bird species, specialized feathers) usually employed for tactile sensation. Vibrissae hair grow around the nostrils, above the lips, and on other parts of the face of most mammals, as well as on the forelegs and feet of some animals. Vibrissae are usually thicker and stiffer than other types of hair. Vibrissae consist of inert material and contain no nerves, but do have special sensory cells associated with them. Vibrissae are different from other hairs mainly because they are implanted in a special follicle sealed by a capsule of blood, called a blood sinus. Touching a vibrissa causes it to bend, and the blood in the sinus is pushed to one side or the other. The blood amplifies the movement and allows the mechanoreceptors at the base of the vibrissa to detect extremely small deflections[WP]. todo - add distinct subclasses for whisker, hair of nose, etc whisker FMA:53670 hair of vestibular part of nose MA:0000163 whisker FMA:53670 hair of nose Wikipedia FMA FMA:53670 nose hair Wikipedia:Whiskers https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3213510&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 specialized hairs (or, in certain bird species, specialized feathers) usually employed for tactile sensation. Vibrissae hair grow around the nostrils, above the lips, and on other parts of the face of most mammals, as well as on the forelegs and feet of some animals. Vibrissae are usually thicker and stiffer than other types of hair. Vibrissae consist of inert material and contain no nerves, but do have special sensory cells associated with them. Vibrissae are different from other hairs mainly because they are implanted in a special follicle sealed by a capsule of blood, called a blood sinus. Touching a vibrissa causes it to bend, and the blood in the sinus is pushed to one side or the other. The blood amplifies the movement and allows the mechanoreceptors at the base of the vibrissa to detect extremely small deflections[WP]. basisphenoid bone AAO:0000040 EMAPA:18706 Endochondral ossification of the ventromedial portion of the braincase. MA:0001463 SCTID:95945003 UBERON:0006428 basisphenoid AAO:0000040 Endochondral ossification of the ventromedial portion of the braincase. AAO:0000040 basisphenoid cjm xiphoid cartilage AAO:0000940 EMAPA:18725 FMA:32574 MA:0001884 UBERON:0006430 cartilage of xiphoid process ensiform cartilage xiphoid cartilage xiphoid process cartilage FMA:32574 xiphoid process cartilage FMA:32574 cartilage of xiphoid process Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process ensiform cartilage xiphoid process bone FMA:32577 GAID:248 UBERON:0006431 bone tissue of xiphoid process xiphoid bone FMA:32577 bone tissue of xiphoid process Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process xiphoid bone os penis EMAPA:29769 MA:0000406 SCTID:27962002 UBERON:0006435 a bone found in the penis of most mammals. It is absent in humans, but present in other primates, such as the closely-related chimpanzee. The bone aids in sexual intercourse[WP]. baculum penile bone penis bone Wikipedia:Baculum penile bone Wikipedia:Baculum baculum Wikipedia:Baculum penis bone Wikipedia:Baculum a bone found in the penis of most mammals. It is absent in humans, but present in other primates, such as the closely-related chimpanzee. The bone aids in sexual intercourse[WP]. principal artery to forelimb EMAPA:16811 MA:0002024 UBERON:0006436 principal artery to hindlimb EMAPA:16812 MA:0002025 UBERON:0006438 os clitoris EMAPA:30823 MA:0000387 UBERON:0006440 baubellum os clitoridis Wikipedia:Baculum baubellum Wikipedia:Baculum os clitoridis hepatic recess UBERON:0006442 prinicipal vein of limb UBERON:0006443 annulus fibrosus A ring of fibrous or fibrocartilaginous tissue (as of an intervertebral disk or surrounding an orifice of the heart). BTO:0003627 FMA:76704 UBERON:0006444 anulus fibrosus fibrous ring FMA:76704 anulus fibrosus A ring of fibrous or fibrocartilaginous tissue (as of an intervertebral disk or surrounding an orifice of the heart). BTO:0003627 BTO:0003627 fibrous ring caudal middle frontal gyrus Component of the middle frontal gyrus. The rostral boundary of the middle frontal gyrus was the rostral extent of the middle frontal gyrus whereas the caudal boundary was the precentral gyrus. The medial and lateral boundaries were designated as the superior frontal sulcus and the inferior frontal sulcus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). FMA:70688 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1083 UBERON:0006445 caudal middle frontal gyrus posterior part of middle frontal gyrus FMA:70688 posterior part of middle frontal gyrus Component of the middle frontal gyrus. The rostral boundary of the middle frontal gyrus was the rostral extent of the middle frontal gyrus whereas the caudal boundary was the precentral gyrus. The medial and lateral boundaries were designated as the superior frontal sulcus and the inferior frontal sulcus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1083 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1083 caudal middle frontal gyrus rostral middle frontal gyrus Component of the middle frontal gyrus The rostral boundary is the first appearance of the superior frontal sulcus whereas the caudal boundary is the middle frontal gyrus. The medial and lateral boundaries are the superior frontal sulcus and the inferior frontal sulcus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). FMA:70687 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1090 UBERON:0006446 anterior part of middle frontal gyrus rostral middle frontal gyrus FMA:70687 anterior part of middle frontal gyrus Component of the middle frontal gyrus The rostral boundary is the first appearance of the superior frontal sulcus whereas the caudal boundary is the middle frontal gyrus. The medial and lateral boundaries are the superior frontal sulcus and the inferior frontal sulcus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1090 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1090 rostral middle frontal gyrus fifth lumbar spinal cord segment FMA:71191 L5 segment L5 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1251 SCTID:278775008 UBERON:0006447 fifth lumbar spinal cord segment FMA:71191 L5 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1251 fifth lumbar spinal cord segment L5 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1251 first lumbar spinal cord segment FMA:71187 L1 segment L1 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1336 SCTID:278776009 UBERON:0006448 first lumbar spinal cord segment L1 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1336 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1336 first lumbar spinal cord segment FMA:71187 L1 segment third lumbar spinal cord segment FMA:71189 L3 segment L3 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1340 SCTID:278778005 UBERON:0006449 third lumbar spinal cord segment L3 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1340 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1340 third lumbar spinal cord segment FMA:71189 L3 segment second lumbar spinal cord segment FMA:71188 L2 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1345 SCTID:278777000 UBERON:0006450 l2 segment second lumbar spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1345 second lumbar spinal cord segment FMA:71188 l2 segment L2 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1345 fourth lumbar spinal cord segment FMA:71190 L4 segment L4 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1352 SCTID:278779002 UBERON:0006451 FMA:71190 L4 segment L4 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1352 fourth thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71170 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1378 SCTID:278766006 T4 segment T4 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006452 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1378 T4 spinal cord segment FMA:71170 T4 segment fifth thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71171 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1383 SCTID:278767002 T5 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006453 fifth thoracic spinal cord segment t5 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1383 fifth thoracic spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1383 T5 spinal cord segment FMA:71171 t5 segment sixth thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71172 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1387 SCTID:278768007 T6 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006454 sixth thoracic spinal cord segment t6 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1387 T6 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1387 sixth thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71172 t6 segment seventh thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71173 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1392 SCTID:278769004 T7 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006455 seventh thoracic spinal cord segment t7 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1392 seventh thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71173 t7 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1392 T7 spinal cord segment eighth thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71174 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1398 SCTID:278770003 T8 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006456 eighth thoracic spinal cord segment t8 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1398 T8 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1398 eighth thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71174 t8 segment first thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:62421 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1452 SCTID:278762008 T1 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006457 first thoracic spinal cord segment t1 segment FMA:62421 t1 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1452 T1 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1452 first thoracic spinal cord segment second thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:62422 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1454 SCTID:278763003 T2 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006458 second thoracic spinal cord segment t2 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1454 T2 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1454 second thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:62422 t2 segment third thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71169 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1458 SCTID:278764009 T3 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006459 t3 segment third thoracic spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1458 T3 spinal cord segment FMA:71169 t3 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1458 third thoracic spinal cord segment first sacral spinal cord segment FMA:256625 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1532 S1 segment S1 spinal cord segment SCTID:278780004 UBERON:0006460 first sacral spinal cord segment FMA:256625 S1 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1532 S1 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1532 first sacral spinal cord segment second sacral spinal cord segment FMA:256627 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1539 S2 segment S2 spinal cord segment SCTID:278781000 UBERON:0006461 second sacral spinal cord segment FMA:256627 S2 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1539 second sacral spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1539 S2 spinal cord segment third sacral spinal cord segment FMA:256629 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1544 S3 segment S3 spinal cord segment SCTID:278782007 UBERON:0006462 third sacral spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1544 third sacral spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1544 S3 spinal cord segment FMA:256629 S3 segment fourth sacral spinal cord segment FMA:256631 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1548 S4 segment S4 spinal cord segment SCTID:278783002 UBERON:0006463 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1548 S4 spinal cord segment FMA:256631 S4 segment fifth sacral spinal cord segment FMA:256633 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1553 S5 segment S5 spinal cord segment SCTID:278784008 UBERON:0006464 fifth sacral spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1553 S5 spinal cord segment FMA:256633 S5 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1553 fifth sacral spinal cord segment ninth thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71175 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1584 SCTID:278771004 T9 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006465 ninth thoracic spinal cord segment t9 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1584 T9 spinal cord segment FMA:71175 t9 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1584 ninth thoracic spinal cord segment tenth thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71176 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1591 SCTID:278772006 T10 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006466 t10 segment tenth thoracic spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1591 tenth thoracic spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1591 T10 spinal cord segment FMA:71176 t10 segment eleventh thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71177 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1596 SCTID:278773001 T11 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006467 eleventh thoracic spinal cord segment t11 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1596 eleventh thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71177 t11 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1596 T11 spinal cord segment twelfth thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71178 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1598 SCTID:278774007 T12 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006468 t12 segment twelfth thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71178 t12 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1598 T12 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1598 twelfth thoracic spinal cord segment first cervical spinal cord segment C1 segment C1 spinal cord segment FMA:71179 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1694 SCTID:278754000 UBERON:0006469 first cervical spinal cord segment C1 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1694 C1 segment FMA:71179 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1694 first cervical spinal cord segment eighth cervical spinal cord segment C8 segment C8 spinal cord segment FMA:71186 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1696 SCTID:278761001 UBERON:0006470 eighth cervical spinal cord segment C8 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1696 C8 segment FMA:71186 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1696 eighth cervical spinal cord segment brodmann (1909) area 5 Area praeparietalis B09-5 Brodmann area 5 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in somatosensory processing and association. Brodmann area 5, preparietal FMA:68601 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1736 SCTID:384764008 UBERON:0006471 area 5 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 5 brodmann area 5 preparietal area 5 preparietal area 5 secondary somatosensory cortex FMA:68601 brodmann area 5 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1736 area 5 of Brodmann-1909 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1736 brodmann (1909) area 5 Brodmann area 5, preparietal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1736 Brodmann area 5 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in somatosensory processing and association. Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_5 Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_5 secondary somatosensory cortex Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_5 preparietal area 5 FMA:68601 preparietal area 5 Area praeparietalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1736 B09-5 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1736 brodmann (1909) area 6 Area frontalis agranularis B09-6 Brodmann area 6, agranular frontal Brodmann area 6, or BA6, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to the primary motor cortex, it is composed of the premotor cortex and, medially, the supplementary motor area, or SMA. This large area of the frontal cortex is believed to play a role in the planning of complex, coordinated movements. Brodmann area 6 is also called agranular frontal area 6 in humans because it lacks an internal granular cortical layer (layer IV). It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined precentral region of cerebral cortex. In the human brain, it is located on the portions of the precentral gyrus that are not occupied by the gigantopyramidal area 4; furthermore, BA6 extends onto the caudal portions of the superior frontal and middle frontal gyri. It extends from the cingulate sulcus on the medial aspect of the hemisphere to the lateral sulcus on the lateral aspect. It is bounded rostrally by the granular frontal region and caudally by the gigantopyramidal area 4 (Brodmann, 1909). FMA:68602 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1737 SCTID:384765009 UBERON:0006472 agranular frontal area 6 agranular frontal area 6 area 6 of Brodmann-1909 area 6 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 6 brodmann area 6 frontal belt NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1737 brodmann (1909) area 6 FMA:68602 frontal belt Area frontalis agranularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1737 FMA:68602 area 6 of brodmann NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1737 area 6 of Brodmann-1909 Brodmann area 6, agranular frontal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1737 B09-6 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1737 FMA:68602 agranular frontal area 6 FMA:68602 brodmann area 6 Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_6 agranular frontal area 6 Brodmann area 6, or BA6, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to the primary motor cortex, it is composed of the premotor cortex and, medially, the supplementary motor area, or SMA. This large area of the frontal cortex is believed to play a role in the planning of complex, coordinated movements. Brodmann area 6 is also called agranular frontal area 6 in humans because it lacks an internal granular cortical layer (layer IV). It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined precentral region of cerebral cortex. In the human brain, it is located on the portions of the precentral gyrus that are not occupied by the gigantopyramidal area 4; furthermore, BA6 extends onto the caudal portions of the superior frontal and middle frontal gyri. It extends from the cingulate sulcus on the medial aspect of the hemisphere to the lateral sulcus on the lateral aspect. It is bounded rostrally by the granular frontal region and caudally by the gigantopyramidal area 4 (Brodmann, 1909). Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_6 brodmann (1909) area 18 . Area parastriata B09-18 Brodmann area 18, parastriate FMA:68615 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1749 SCTID:384773000 UBERON:0006473 area 18 of Brodmann-1909 area 18 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 18 brodmann area 18 brodmann's area 18 parastriate area 18 secondary visual area visual area ii Area parastriata NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1749 B09-18 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1749 FMA:68615 brodmann area 18 FMA:68615 brodmann's area 18 FMA:68615 parastriate area 18 . NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1749 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1749 brodmann (1909) area 18 Brodmann area 18, parastriate NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1749 FMA:68615 area 18 of brodmann FMA:68615 visual area ii NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1749 area 18 of Brodmann-1909 FMA:68615 secondary visual area brodmann (1909) area 30 Area retrolimbica agranularis B09-30 Brodmann area 30, agranular retrolimbic FMA:68627 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1764 SCTID:384784007 UBERON:0006474 agranular retrolimbic area 30 area 30 of Brodmann-1909 area 30 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 30 brodmann area 30 brodmann's area 30 B09-30 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1764 Area retrolimbica agranularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1764 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1764 brodmann (1909) area 30 Brodmann area 30, agranular retrolimbic NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1764 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1764 area 30 of Brodmann-1909 FMA:68627 brodmann area 30 FMA:68627 area 30 of brodmann FMA:68627 brodmann's area 30 FMA:68627 agranular retrolimbic area 30 brodmann (1909) area 31 Area cingularis posterior dorsalis B09-31 Brodmann area 31, dorsal posterior cingulate FMA:68628 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1765 SCTID:384785008 UBERON:0006475 area 31 of Brodmann-1909 area 31 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 31 brodmann area 31 brodmann's area 31 cinguloparietal transition area dorsal posterior cingulate area 31 FMA:68628 brodmann's area 31 Brodmann area 31, dorsal posterior cingulate NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1765 FMA:68628 dorsal posterior cingulate area 31 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1765 brodmann (1909) area 31 FMA:68628 area 31 of brodmann Area cingularis posterior dorsalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1765 B09-31 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1765 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1765 area 31 of Brodmann-1909 FMA:68628 brodmann area 31 FMA:68628 cinguloparietal transition area brodmann (1909) area 33 Area praegenualis B09-33 Brodmann area 33, pregenual FMA:68630 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1766 SCTID:384788005 UBERON:0006476 area 33 of Brodmann-1909 area 33 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 33 brodmann area 33 brodmann's area 33 pregenual area 33 FMA:68630 brodmann's area 33 B09-33 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1766 FMA:68630 brodmann area 33 Area praegenualis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1766 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1766 brodmann (1909) area 33 FMA:68630 area 33 of brodmann FMA:68630 pregenual area 33 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1766 area 33 of Brodmann-1909 Brodmann area 33, pregenual NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1766 brodmann (1909) area 34 Area entorhinalis dorsalis B09-34 Brodmann area 34, dorsal entorhinal FMA:68631 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1767 SCTID:384789002 UBERON:0006477 area 34 of Brodmann-1909 area 34 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 34 brodmann area 34 dorsal entorhinal area 34 Area entorhinalis dorsalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1767 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1767 area 34 of Brodmann-1909 FMA:68631 brodmann area 34 FMA:68631 area 34 of brodmann FMA:68631 dorsal entorhinal area 34 B09-34 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1767 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1767 brodmann (1909) area 34 Brodmann area 34, dorsal entorhinal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1767 brodmann (1909) area 37 Area occipitotemporalis B09-37 Brodmann area 37, occipitotemporal FMA:68634 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1770 SCTID:384792003 UBERON:0006478 area 37 0f brodmann area 37 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 37 brodmann area 37 occipitotemporal area 37 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1770 brodmann (1909) area 37 FMA:68634 occipitotemporal area 37 Area occipitotemporalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1770 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1770 area 37 of Brodmann-1909 B09-37 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1770 FMA:68634 brodmann area 37 FMA:68634 area 37 0f brodmann Brodmann area 37, occipitotemporal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1770 brodmann (1909) area 38 Area temporopolaris B09-38 Brodmann area 38, temporopolar FMA:68635 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1771 SCTID:384793008 UBERON:0006479 area 38 of Brodmann-1909 area 38 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 38 brodmann area 38 temporopolar area 38 FMA:68635 brodmann area 38 Brodmann area 38, temporopolar NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1771 FMA:68635 temporopolar area 38 B09-38 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1771 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1771 area 38 of Brodmann-1909 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1771 brodmann (1909) area 38 FMA:68635 area 38 of brodmann Area temporopolaris NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1771 brodmann (1909) area 39 Area angularis B09-39 Brodmann area 39, angular FMA:68636 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1772 SCTID:384794002 UBERON:0006480 angular area 39 area 39 of Brodmann-1909 area 39 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 39 brodmann area 39 FMA:68636 angular area 39 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1772 area 39 of Brodmann-1909 B09-39 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1772 FMA:68636 brodmann area 39 Brodmann area 39, angular NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1772 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1772 brodmann (1909) area 39 Area angularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1772 FMA:68636 area 39 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 44 Area opercularis B09-44 Brodmann area 44, opercular FMA:68641 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1776 SCTID:384803008 UBERON:0006481 area 44 of Brodmann-1909 area 44 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 44 brodmann area 44 opercular area 44 FMA:68641 opercular area 44 FMA:68641 area 44 of brodmann NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1776 brodmann (1909) area 44 FMA:68641 brodmann area 44 Brodmann area 44, opercular NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1776 B09-44 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1776 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1776 area 44 of Brodmann-1909 Area opercularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1776 brodmann (1909) area 45 Area triangularis B09-45 Brodmann area 45, triangular FMA:68642 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1777 SCTID:384805001 UBERON:0006482 area 45 of Brodmann-1909 area 45 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 45 brodmann area 45 triangular area 45 FMA:68642 area 45 of brodmann NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1777 brodmann (1909) area 45 FMA:68642 triangular area 45 B09-45 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1777 Brodmann area 45, triangular NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1777 Area triangularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1777 FMA:68642 brodmann area 45 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1777 area 45 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 46 Area frontalis media B09-46 Brodmann area 46, middle frontal Brodmann area 46, or BA46, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It is between BA10 and BA45. BA46 is known as middle frontal area 46. In the human it occupies approximately the middle third of the middle frontal gyrus and the most rostral portion of the inferior frontal gyrus. Brodmann area 46 roughly corresponds with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), although the borders of area 46 are based on cytoarchitecture rather than function. The DLPFC also encompasses part of granular frontal area 9, directly adjacent on the dorsal surface of the cortex. Cytoarchitecturally, BA46 is bounded dorsally by the granular frontal area 9, rostroventrally by the frontopolar area 10 and caudally by the triangular area 45 (Brodmann-1909). There is some discrepancy between the extent of BA8 (Brodmann-1905) and the same area as described by Walker (1940) FMA:68643 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1778 SCTID:384806000 UBERON:0006483 area 46 of Brodmann-1909 area 46 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 46 brodmann area 46 middle frontal area 46 middle frontal area 46 FMA:68643 area 46 of brodmann FMA:68643 brodmann area 46 Brodmann area 46, middle frontal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1778 Area frontalis media NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1778 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1778 area 46 of Brodmann-1909 FMA:68643 middle frontal area 46 Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_46 middle frontal area 46 Brodmann area 46, or BA46, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It is between BA10 and BA45. BA46 is known as middle frontal area 46. In the human it occupies approximately the middle third of the middle frontal gyrus and the most rostral portion of the inferior frontal gyrus. Brodmann area 46 roughly corresponds with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), although the borders of area 46 are based on cytoarchitecture rather than function. The DLPFC also encompasses part of granular frontal area 9, directly adjacent on the dorsal surface of the cortex. Cytoarchitecturally, BA46 is bounded dorsally by the granular frontal area 9, rostroventrally by the frontopolar area 10 and caudally by the triangular area 45 (Brodmann-1909). There is some discrepancy between the extent of BA8 (Brodmann-1905) and the same area as described by Walker (1940) Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_46 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1778 brodmann (1909) area 46 B09-46 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1778 brodmann (1909) area 47 Area orbitalis B09-47 Brodmann area 47, orbital FMA:68644 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1779 SCTID:384807009 UBERON:0006484 area 47 of Brodmann-1909 area 47 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 47 brodmann area 47 orbital area 47 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1779 area 47 of Brodmann-1909 FMA:68644 area 47 of brodmann NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1779 brodmann (1909) area 47 FMA:68644 orbital area 47 Brodmann area 47, orbital NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1779 B09-47 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1779 Area orbitalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1779 FMA:68644 brodmann area 47 brodmann (1909) area 48 Area retrosubicularis B09-48 Brodmann area 48, retrosubicular FMA:81151 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1791 SCTID:384808004 UBERON:0006485 area 48 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 48 brodmann area 48 brodmann's area 48 retrosubicular area 48 FMA:81151 retrosubicular area 48 FMA:81151 area 48 of brodmann FMA:81151 brodmann's area 48 FMA:81151 brodmann area 48 B09-48 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1791 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1791 brodmann (1909) area 48 Brodmann area 48, retrosubicular NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1791 Area retrosubicularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1791 brodmann (1909) area 52 Area parainsularis B09-52 Brodmann area 52, parainsular FMA:81153 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1792 SCTID:384809007 UBERON:0006486 area 52 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 52 brodmann area 52 parainsular area 52 B09-52 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1792 FMA:81153 parainsular area 52 Area parainsularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1792 FMA:81153 brodmann area 52 FMA:81153 area 52 of brodmann Brodmann area 52, parainsular NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1792 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1792 brodmann (1909) area 52 hadjikhani et al. (1998) visuotopic area v2d NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4055 UBERON:0006487 hadjikhani et al. (1998) visuotopic area v2d NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4055 hadjikhani et al. (1998) visuotopic area v2d third cervical spinal cord segment C3 segment C3 spinal cord segment FMA:71181 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_744 SCTID:278756003 UBERON:0006488 third cervical spinal cord segment C3 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_744 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_744 third cervical spinal cord segment C3 segment FMA:71181 second cervical spinal cord segment C2 segment C2 spinal cord segment FMA:71180 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_752 SCTID:278755004 UBERON:0006489 second cervical spinal cord segment C2 segment FMA:71180 C2 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_752 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_752 second cervical spinal cord segment fourth cervical spinal cord segment C4 segment C4 spinal cord segment FMA:71182 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_753 SCTID:278757007 UBERON:0006490 forth cervical spinal cord segment C4 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_753 C4 segment FMA:71182 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_753 forth cervical spinal cord segment fifth cervical spinal cord segment C5 segment C5 spinal cord segment FMA:71183 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_760 SCTID:278758002 UBERON:0006491 fifth cervical spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_760 fifth cervical spinal cord segment C5 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_760 C5 segment FMA:71183 sixth cervical spinal cord segment C6 segment C6 spinal cord segment FMA:71184 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_766 SCTID:278759005 UBERON:0006492 sixth cervical spinal cord segment C6 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_766 C6 segment FMA:71184 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_766 sixth cervical spinal cord segment seventh cervical spinal cord segment C7 segment C7 spinal cord segment FMA:71185 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_773 SCTID:278760000 UBERON:0006493 seventh cervical spinal cord segment C7 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_773 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_773 seventh cervical spinal cord segment C7 segment FMA:71185 apex of arytenoid FMA:55348 MA:0001760 SCTID:279534007 UBERON:0006494 apex of arytenoid cartilage arytenoid cartilage apex FMA:55348 apex of arytenoid cartilage FMA:55348 arytenoid cartilage apex osseus cochlear canal FMA:75666 MA:0001183 UBERON:0006495 osseous cochlear canal FMA:75666 osseous cochlear canal external acoustic meatus osseus part FMA:61290 MA:0001235 UBERON:0006496 osseous external acoustic tube osseous part of external acoustic meatus FMA:61290 osseous part of external acoustic meatus FMA:61290 osseous external acoustic tube foot interosseus muscle FMA:37456 MA:0002302 SCTID:181714004 UBERON:0006497 foot interosseous interosseous of foot ncithesaurus:Foot_Interosseous_Muscle FMA:37456 foot interosseous FMA:37456 interosseous of foot dorsal foot interosseus muscle FMA:37457 MA:0002303 UBERON:0006499 dorsal interosseous of foot ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Foot_Interosseous_Muscle FMA:37457 dorsal interosseous of foot plantar foot interosseus muscle FMA:37458 MA:0002304 UBERON:0006502 ncithesaurus:Plantar_Foot_Interosseus_Muscle plantar interosseous of foot FMA:37458 plantar interosseous of foot palmar hand interosseus muscle FMA:37419 MA:0002315 UBERON:0006505 ncithesaurus:Palmar_Hand_Interosseus_Muscle palmar interosseous of hand FMA:37419 palmar interosseous of hand interosseus muscle UBERON:0006508 pallidum ABA:PAL FMA:83684 MA:0000889 Part of what are called the basal ganglia of the brain which consist of the globus pallidus and the ventral pallidum. UBERON:0006514 neuraxis pallidum pallidum of neuraxis ABA Part of what are called the basal ganglia of the brain which consist of the globus pallidus and the ventral pallidum. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11614 FMA:83684 pallidum of neuraxis FMA:83684 neuraxis pallidum dorsal pallidum BTO:0004376 FMA:77619 UBERON:0006516 dorsal globus pallidus BTO:0004376 dorsal globus pallidus kidney calyx EMAPA:18676 GAID:427 MA:0000369 MESH:A.05.810.453.537.503 Recesses of the kidney pelvis which divides into two wide, cup-shaped major renal calices, with each major calix subdivided into 7 to 14 minor calices. Urine empties into a minor calix from collecting tubules, then passes through the major calix, renal pelvis, and ureter to enter the urinary bladder. (From Moore, Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 3d ed, p211) UBERON:0006517 calyx ncithesaurus:Renal_Calyx renal calyx EMAPA:18676 calyx MA:0000369 renal calyx MESH:A.05.810.453.537.503 Recesses of the kidney pelvis which divides into two wide, cup-shaped major renal calices, with each major calix subdivided into 7 to 14 minor calices. Urine empties into a minor calix from collecting tubules, then passes through the major calix, renal pelvis, and ureter to enter the urinary bladder. (From Moore, Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 3d ed, p211) right lung lobe MA:0001791 SCTID:272654004 UBERON:0006518 lobe of the right lung ncithesaurus:Lobe_of_the_Right_Lung lobe of the right lung ncithesaurus:Lobe_of_the_Right_Lung alveolar system BTO:0000136 EMAPA:19001 EMAPA:19003 EMAPA:19005 EMAPA:19007 EMAPA:19009 MA:0000416 System pertaining to a bronchus and alveoli. UBERON:0006524 bronchoalveolar system pulmonary alveolar system MP:0010899 pulmonary alveolar system BTO:0000136 System pertaining to a bronchus and alveoli. BTO:0000136 bronchoalveolar system left lung alveolar system MA:0001775 UBERON:0006525 right lung alveolar system MA:0001784 UBERON:0006526 seminal fluid BTO:0001232 FMA:62967 MA:0002523 MAT:0000057 MIAA:0000057 The fluid portion of the semen, in which the spermatozoa are suspended[BTO]. UBERON:0006530 ncithesaurus:Seminal_Fluid prostate fluid prostatic fluid seminal fluid seminal plasma BTO:0001232 seminal fluid BTO:0001232 The fluid portion of the semen, in which the spermatozoa are suspended[BTO]. BTO:0001232 seminal plasma BTO:0001232 prostate fluid BTO:0001232 prostatic fluid oculomotor muscle MA:0002432 MESH:A.02.633.567.700 UBERON:0006531 ncithesaurus:Oculomotor_Muscle oblique extraocular muscle MA:0001275 UBERON:0006532 rectus extraocular muscle MA:0001278 UBERON:0006533 renal convoluted tubule MA:0001665 SCTID:361333002 UBERON:0006534 convoluted tubule ncithesaurus:Convoluted_Tubule skin fluid/secretion MA:0002537 UBERON:0006535 skin fluid skin secretion male reproductive system fluid/secretion MA:0002521 UBERON:0006536 male reproductive system fluid male reproductive system secretion female reproductive system fluid/secretion MA:0002510 UBERON:0006537 female reproductive system fluid female reproductive system secretion respiratory system fluid/secretion MA:0002533 UBERON:0006538 respiratory system fluid respiratory system secretion mammary gland fluid/secretion MA:0002505 UBERON:0006539 lactiferous gland fluid lactiferous gland secretion mammary gland fluid mammary gland secretion exocrine gland fluid/secretion BTO:0002977 MA:0002504 Secretion discharged by an exocrine gland to an external or internal surface of the body. UBERON:0006540 exocrine gland fluid exocrine gland secretion external secretion BTO:0002977 external secretion BTO:0002977 Secretion discharged by an exocrine gland to an external or internal surface of the body. BTO outer medulla inner stripe loop of henle EMAPA:29679 MA:0002627 UBERON:0006541 outer medulla outer stripe loop of henle EMAPA:29665 MA:0002630 UBERON:0006542 kidney vasculature EMAPA:28457 UBERON:0006544 ZFA:0005305 renal duct A tube in the kidney that collect and transport urine. UBERON:0006553 ZFA:0005289 in ZFA this is defined as part of mesonephros A tube in the kidney that collect and transport urine. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-071029-9 urinary system structure SCTID:122489005 UBERON:0006554 editor note: note that we do not explicitly exclude entities such as WBbt:0005777 (excretory duct) here, but they will be automatically classified under this class after reasoning excretory tube UBERON:0006555 lymphatic part of lymphoid system AAO:0010522 EFO:0000870 EMAPA:18248 FMA:7162 MA:0002961 MESH:A.15.382.520 SCTID:362597000 UBERON:0006558 lymphatic system lymphatic tree system FMA:7162 lymphatic tree system FMA:7162 MA:0002435 lymphatic system non-lymphatic part of lymphoid system FMA:74623 UBERON:0006561 non-lymphatic lymphoid system FMA:74623 non-lymphatic lymphoid system pharynx AAO:0000967 FBbt:00005380 MAT:0000049 MIAA:0000049 SCTID:181211006 The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth[GO]. This is a dubious grouping class that collects structures as diverse as the vertebrate pharynx (which is a subclass - UBERON:0001042) and the nematode pharynx. This portion of the ontology should be revised, but this should be done in sync with GO, from which this grouping arises UBERON:0006562 WBbt:0003681 GO:0060465 The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth[GO]. tunica media of pulmonary trunk FMA:85030 Tunica media of artery which is continuous with the myocardium of right ventricle.[FMA] UBERON:0006563 FMA:85030 FMA:FMA Tunica media of artery which is continuous with the myocardium of right ventricle.[FMA] superficial palmar arch FMA:22834 MA:0002127 SCTID:362051006 Superficial palmar arch UBERON:0006564 arcus palmaris superficialis ncithesaurus:Superficial_Palmar_Arch superficial palmar arterial arch FMA:22834 FMA:TA arcus palmaris superficialis FMA:22834 Superficial palmar arch FMA:22834 superficial palmar arterial arch female urethral meatus External urethral orifice (female) FMA:85266 Female urethral meatus MA:0002639 UBERON:0006565 external orifice of female urethra ostium urethrae externum (urethra feminina) FMA:85266 FMA:TA ostium urethrae externum (urethra feminina) External urethral orifice (female) FMA:85266 FMA:85266 external orifice of female urethra FMA:85266 Female urethral meatus left ventricle myocardium FMA:9558 Left ventricular myocardium MA:0002983 Myocardium of ventricle which is continuous with the tunica media of aorta.[FMA] SCTID:362021000 UBERON:0006566 myocardium of left ventricle FMA:9558 myocardium of left ventricle FMA:9558 FMA:FMA Myocardium of ventricle which is continuous with the tunica media of aorta.[FMA] FMA:9558 Left ventricular myocardium right ventricle myocardium FMA:9535 MA:0002984 Myocardium of ventricle which is continuous with the tunica media of the pulmonary trunk.[FMA] Right ventricular myocardium SCTID:362020004 UBERON:0006567 myocardium of right ventricle FMA:9535 Right ventricular myocardium FMA:9535 FMA:FMA Myocardium of ventricle which is continuous with the tunica media of the pulmonary trunk.[FMA] FMA:9535 myocardium of right ventricle hypothalamic nucleus BTO:0002449 FMA:258762 MA:0002426 SCTID:279304003 UBERON:0006568 nucleus of hypothalamus FMA:258762 nucleus of hypothalamus diencephalic nucleus UBERON:0006569 ZFA:0001659 trabecula carnea of right ventricle FMA:7270 SCTID:192373001 UBERON:0006570 trabeculae carneae (ventriculus dexter) FMA:7270 trabeculae carneae (ventriculus dexter) trabecula carnea of left ventricle FMA:7271 SCTID:190344008 UBERON:0006571 trabeculae carneae (ventriculus sinister) FMA:7271 trabeculae carneae (ventriculus sinister) pectinate line EMAPA:19159 FMA also has FMA:29321 but it's not clear how this differs FMA:75383 Hilton's 'white line' SCTID:245445008 The pectinate line (anocutaneous line, dentate line, anorectal junction) is a line which divides the upper 2/3rds and lower 1/3rd of the anal canal. Developmentally, this line represents the hindgut-proctodeum junction. It is an important anatomical landmark, and several distinctions can be made based upon the location of a structure relative to this line: UBERON:0006574 Wikipedia:Pectinate_line dentate line ncithesaurus:Pectinate_Line pectinate line of anal canal recto-anal junction site of anal membrane Wikipedia:Pectinate_line recto-anal junction Wikipedia:Pectinate_line dentate line EMAPA:19159 Hilton's 'white line' EMAPA:19159 site of anal membrane FMA:75383 pectinate line of anal canal The pectinate line (anocutaneous line, dentate line, anorectal junction) is a line which divides the upper 2/3rds and lower 1/3rd of the anal canal. Developmentally, this line represents the hindgut-proctodeum junction. It is an important anatomical landmark, and several distinctions can be made based upon the location of a structure relative to this line: Wikipedia:Pectinate_line mantle A fold or lobe or pair of lobes of the body wall of a mollusk or brachiopod that in shell-bearing forms lines the shell and bears shell-secreting glands. BTO:0000825 UBERON:0006575 mantle tissue pallium A fold or lobe or pair of lobes of the body wall of a mollusk or brachiopod that in shell-bearing forms lines the shell and bears shell-secreting glands. BTO:0000825 Wipikedia:Mantle_(mollusc) Wipikedia:Mantle_(mollusc) pallium BTO:0000825 mantle tissue mantle cavity BTO:0000826 UBERON:0006580 Within the shell is a fleshy layer of tissue called the mantle; there is a cavity (the mantle cavity) between the mantle and the body wall proper. BTO:0000826 Within the shell is a fleshy layer of tissue called the mantle; there is a cavity (the mantle cavity) between the mantle and the body wall proper. mantle muscle BTO:0000827 UBERON:0006581 statolith Acellular mineralized structure located in the statocyst (balance organ) of some aquatic invertebrates[WP,CJM]. UBERON:0006582 Acellular mineralized structure located in the statocyst (balance organ) of some aquatic invertebrates[WP,CJM]. UBERON:cjm statocyst Acellular mineralized structure located in the statocyst (balance organ) of some aquatic invertebrates[WP]. UBERON:0006583 todo - add statolith organ Acellular mineralized structure located in the statocyst (balance organ) of some aquatic invertebrates[WP]. Wikipedia:Statocyst vestibular organ NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2519 UBERON:0006585 balance organ UBERON:cjm balance organ otolymph MA:0002527 UBERON:0006586 ncithesaurus:Otolymph ligamentum venosum FMA:14080 SCTID:80391004 The ligamentum venosum is the fibrous remnant of the ductus venosus of the fetal circulation. Usually, it is attached to the left branch of the portal vein within the porta hepatis (gateway to the liver). It may be continuous with the round ligament of liver (ligamentum teres hepatis). It is invested by the peritoneal folds of the lesser omentum within a fissure on the inferior surface of the liver between the caudate and main parts of the left lobe. UBERON:0006587 ligament of arantius ligamentum venosum (ductus venosus) ligamentum venosum of liver ligamentum venosus FMA:14080 ligament of arantius Wikipedia:Ligamentum_venosum ligamentum venosus FMA:14080 ligamentum venosum (ductus venosus) FMA FMA:14080 ligamentum venosum of liver The ligamentum venosum is the fibrous remnant of the ductus venosus of the fetal circulation. Usually, it is attached to the left branch of the portal vein within the porta hepatis (gateway to the liver). It may be continuous with the round ligament of liver (ligamentum teres hepatis). It is invested by the peritoneal folds of the lesser omentum within a fissure on the inferior surface of the liver between the caudate and main parts of the left lobe. Wikipedia:Ligamentum_venosum round ligament of liver FMA:14079 SCTID:262209009 UBERON:0006588 a degenerative string of tissue that exists in the free edge of the falciform ligament of the liver. Anatomically, the round ligament divides the left part of the liver into medial and lateral sections. The round ligament represents the remnant of the fetal left umbilical vein. The round ligament therefore only exists in mammals. Prenatally and for a month or two after birth, the left umbilical vein is patent, subsequently degenerating to fibrous tissue, the round ligament. The umbilical vein/round ligament inserts around the umbilicus and is an important landmark of the inner surface of the anterior abdominal wall[WP]. ligamentum teres ligamentum teres hepatis ligamentum teres hepatitis ligamentum teres of liver ncithesaurus:Round_Ligament_of_the_Liver Wikipedia:Round_ligament_of_liver ligamentum teres FMA:14079 FMA:TA ligamentum teres hepatis FMA:14079 ligamentum teres of liver Wikipedia:Round_ligament_of_liver ligamentum teres hepatitis Wikipedia:Round_ligament_of_liver a degenerative string of tissue that exists in the free edge of the falciform ligament of the liver. Anatomically, the round ligament divides the left part of the liver into medial and lateral sections. The round ligament represents the remnant of the fetal left umbilical vein. The round ligament therefore only exists in mammals. Prenatally and for a month or two after birth, the left umbilical vein is patent, subsequently degenerating to fibrous tissue, the round ligament. The umbilical vein/round ligament inserts around the umbilicus and is an important landmark of the inner surface of the anterior abdominal wall[WP]. Wikipedia round ligament of uterus FMA:20420 GAID:130 Hunter's ligament SCTID:245495009 The round ligament of the uterus originates at the uterine horns, in the parametrium. It leaves the pelvis via the deep inguinal ring, passes through the inguinal canal and continues on to the labia majora where its fibers spread and mix with the tissue of the mons pubis[WP]. A fibromuscular band that attaches to the uterus and then passes along the broad ligament, out through the inguinal ring, and into the labium majus[MESH]. UBERON:0006589 ligamentum teres of uterus ligamentum teres uteri ncithesaurus:Round_Ligament_of_the_Uterus round ligament round ligament of the uterus MESH:A.02.513.803 The round ligament of the uterus originates at the uterine horns, in the parametrium. It leaves the pelvis via the deep inguinal ring, passes through the inguinal canal and continues on to the labia majora where its fibers spread and mix with the tissue of the mons pubis[WP]. A fibromuscular band that attaches to the uterus and then passes along the broad ligament, out through the inguinal ring, and into the labium majus[MESH]. Wikipedia:Round_ligament_of_uterus Wikipedia:Round_ligament_of_uterus round ligament of the uterus FMA:20420 Hunter's ligament GAID:130 round ligament Wikipedia FMA Wikipedia:Round_ligament_of_uterus ligamentum teres uteri vestigial embryonic structure Anatomical structure which is a remnant of an embryonic structure in the postnatal period. Examples: median umbilical ligament, paroohoron, prostatic utricle, ligamentum arteriosum.[FMA] FMA:16558 UBERON:0006590 Anatomical structure which is a remnant of an embryonic structure in the postnatal period. Examples: median umbilical ligament, paroohoron, prostatic utricle, ligamentum arteriosum.[FMA] FMA:16558 FMA:FMA transformed artery FMA:14076 UBERON:0006591 transformed vein FMA:14078 UBERON:0006592 chorda gubernaculum A portion of the gubernaculum testis and round ligament that develops in the body wall of the embryo. BTO:0002814 UBERON:0006594 A portion of the gubernaculum testis and round ligament that develops in the body wall of the embryo. Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource presumptive endoderm AAO:0000471 EFO:0003437 UBERON:0006595 ZFA:0000416 presumptive blood AAO:0000468 EFO:0003439 UBERON:0006596 ZFA:0000568 quadrate AAO:0000525 EFO:0003547 In snakes, the quadrate bone has become elongated and very mobile, and contributes greatly to their ability to swallow very large prey items. In mammals the articular and quadrate bones have migrated to the middle ear and are known as the malleus and incus. In fact, paleontologists regard this modification as the defining characteristic of mammalian hearing structures.[1] This migration was first described by Reichert in 1837. In pig embryos he discovered that the mandible ossifies on the side of Meckel's cartilage, while the posterior part of that cartilage is ossified and then detaches from the rest of the cartilage to enter the middle ear where it becomes the malleus OG:0000689 The quadrate is the dorsal bone in the jaw joint with the anguloarticular of the lower jaw. Ossification of the quadrate, a cartilage bone, begins as a posteriorly projecting membranous spine between the symplectic cartilage and the preopercle (5.1 mm NL). The body of the quadrate ossifies first at the ball-and-socket articulation with the anguloarticular (6.5 mm). The adult quadrate is shaped roughly like an inverted triangle with a long, posteriorly projecting spine off its posteroventral edge. The presence of a posteroventral or posterior process of the quadrate is a synapomorphy of Teleostei. UBERON:0006597 ZFA:0000621 quadrate - incus quadrate bone Wikipedia:Incus The quadrate is the dorsal bone in the jaw joint with the anguloarticular of the lower jaw. Ossification of the quadrate, a cartilage bone, begins as a posteriorly projecting membranous spine between the symplectic cartilage and the preopercle (5.1 mm NL). The body of the quadrate ossifies first at the ball-and-socket articulation with the anguloarticular (6.5 mm). The adult quadrate is shaped roughly like an inverted triangle with a long, posteriorly projecting spine off its posteroventral edge. The presence of a posteroventral or posterior process of the quadrate is a synapomorphy of Teleostei. ZFA:0000621 AAO:0000525 quadrate bone OG:0000689 quadrate - incus presumptive structure AAO:0000479 UBERON:0006598 ZFA:0001116 presumptive structures ZFA:0001116 presumptive structures presumptive hypochord AAO:0000474 EFO:0003453 UBERON:0006599 ZFA:0001217 presumptive enteric nervous system AAO:0000472 EFO:0003462 UBERON:0006600 ZFA:0001334 presumptive ectoderm AAO:0000470 EFO:0003466 Presumptive structure at the animal poll of the blastula that will develop into ectoderm via the epiblast. Determined by fate mapping. UBERON:0006601 XAO:0004132 ZFA:0001376 note: AAO:0000473 presumptive epidermis ZFA:0001376 presumptive epidermis Presumptive structure at the animal poll of the blastula that will develop into ectoderm via the epiblast. Determined by fate mapping. ZFA:0001376 presumptive mesoderm AAO:0000476 EFO:0003467 UBERON:0006603 ZFA:0001377 lamina orbitonasalis AAO:0000262 Cranial cartilage which is bilaterally paired and develops as a dorsal plate-like projection of the anterolateral ethmoid plate, which are oriented perpendicular to the ethmoid plate. It fuses dorsally to the taenia marginalis anterior, and it joins the ethmoid cartilage medially. UBERON:0006604 ZFA:0001503 laminas orbitonasalis ZFA:0001503 laminas orbitonasalis Cranial cartilage which is bilaterally paired and develops as a dorsal plate-like projection of the anterolateral ethmoid plate, which are oriented perpendicular to the ethmoid plate. It fuses dorsally to the taenia marginalis anterior, and it joins the ethmoid cartilage medially. ZFA:0001503 tectum synoticum AAO:0000602 AAO:0010129 UBERON:0006605 Unpaired thin dorsal sheet of cartilage that partially covers the posterior chondrocranium. ZFA:0001506 Unpaired thin dorsal sheet of cartilage that partially covers the posterior chondrocranium. ZFA:0001506 mandibular symphysis AAO:0000277 FMA:75779 Joint that articulates the left and right dentary bones. Mandibular symphysis is unpaired[TAO]. The external surface of the mandible is marked in the median line by a faint ridge, indicating the symphysis menti, mandibular symphysis, or line of junction of the two pieces of which the bone is composed at an early period of life. This ridge divides below and encloses a triangular eminence, the mental protuberance, the base of which is depressed in the center but raised on either side to form the mental tubercle. It serves as the origin for the Geniohyoid and the Genioglossus[WP] MA:0001490 UBERON:0006606 ZFA:0005488 mental symphysis symphysis menti todo - check Wikipedia:Symphysis_menti mental symphysis Joint that articulates the left and right dentary bones. Mandibular symphysis is unpaired[TAO]. The external surface of the mandible is marked in the median line by a faint ridge, indicating the symphysis menti, mandibular symphysis, or line of junction of the two pieces of which the bone is composed at an early period of life. This ridge divides below and encloses a triangular eminence, the mental protuberance, the base of which is depressed in the center but raised on either side to form the mental tubercle. It serves as the origin for the Geniohyoid and the Genioglossus[WP] Wikipedia:Symphysis_menti ZFA:0005488 MA:0001490 symphysis menti MA medial umbilical ligament FMA:14077 The medial umbilical ligament is a paired structure found in human anatomy. It is on the deep surface of the anterior abdominal wall, and is covered by the medial umbilical folds. UBERON:0006607 ligamentum umbilicale mediale medial umbilical fold medial umbilical ligaments Wikipedia:Medial_umbilical_ligament medial umbilical ligaments The medial umbilical ligament is a paired structure found in human anatomy. It is on the deep surface of the anterior abdominal wall, and is covered by the medial umbilical folds. Wikipedia:Medial_umbilical_ligament Wikipedia:Medial_umbilical_ligament medial umbilical fold FMA:14077 ligamentum umbilicale mediale corpus cavernosum clitoridis BTO:0002018 FMA:20172 The corpus cavernosum clitoridis is one of a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in the clitoris during clitoral erection. This is homologous to the corpus cavernosum penis in the male; the body of the clitoris contains erectile tissue in a pair of corpora cavernosa (literally "cave-like bodies"), with a recognisably similar structure. UBERON:0006608 cavernous body of clitoris clitoral corpus cavernosum corpus cavernosum BTO:0002018 cavernous body of clitoris BTO:0002018 corpus cavernosum BTO:0002018 clitoral corpus cavernosum The corpus cavernosum clitoridis is one of a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in the clitoris during clitoral erection. This is homologous to the corpus cavernosum penis in the male; the body of the clitoris contains erectile tissue in a pair of corpora cavernosa (literally "cave-like bodies"), with a recognisably similar structure. Wikipedia:Corpus_cavernosum_of_clitoris corpus cavernosum SCTID:245468004 UBERON:0006609 tunica albuginea UBERON:0006610 White covering over one of: penis, testicles or ovaries. ncithesaurus:Tunica_Albuginea White covering over one of: penis, testicles or ovaries. Wikipedia:Tunica_albuginea exoskeleton BTO:0004659 Exoskeleton or shell, including those of mollusks, turtles, insects and crustaceans. UBERON:0006611 shell BTO:0004659 shell Exoskeleton or shell, including those of mollusks, turtles, insects and crustaceans. Wikipedia:Exoskeleton shell UBERON:0006612 ncithesaurus:Shell aponeurosis AEO:0000092 Aponeuroses are layers of flat broad tendons. They have a shiny, whitish-silvery color, and are histologically similar to tendons, but are very sparingly supplied with blood vessels and nerves. When dissected, aponeuroses are papery, and peel off by sections. The primary regions with thick aponeurosis is in the ventral abdominal region, the dorsal lumbar region, and in the palmar region. Their primary function is to join muscles and the body parts the muscles act upon. EHDAA2:0003092 FMA:9722 SCTID:331712004 UBERON:0006614 aponeuroses aponeurotic ncithesaurus:Aponeurosis Wikipedia:Aponeurosis aponeuroses Aponeuroses are layers of flat broad tendons. They have a shiny, whitish-silvery color, and are histologically similar to tendons, but are very sparingly supplied with blood vessels and nerves. When dissected, aponeuroses are papery, and peel off by sections. The primary regions with thick aponeurosis is in the ventral abdominal region, the dorsal lumbar region, and in the palmar region. Their primary function is to join muscles and the body parts the muscles act upon. Wikipedia:Aponeurosis Wikipedia:Aponeurosis aponeurotic venous sinus EMAPA:18633 MA:0000070 SCTID:341586007 UBERON:0006615 ncithesaurus:Venous_Sinus todo - add subclasses right external ear FMA:53643 SCTID:368567003 UBERON:0006616 right auricular region FMA:53643 right auricular region left external ear FMA:53644 SCTID:368589004 UBERON:0006617 left auricular region FMA:53644 left auricular region atrium auricular region A small conical pouch projections located on the upper anterior portion of each atrium of the heart. FMA:77110 MA:0002955 UBERON:0006618 atrial auricle auricle of heart auricula atrii heart atrium auriclular region A small conical pouch projections located on the upper anterior portion of each atrium of the heart. MP:0010489 FMA:77110 auricle of heart MP:0010489 heart atrium auriclular region EHDAA2 FMA:77110 FMA:TA auricula atrii MP:0010489 atrial auricle left atrium auricular region EHDAA2:0000276 EHDAA:5343 EMAPA:16816 FMA:7219 MA:0001869 OG:0001229 UBERON:0006630 left atrial appendage left auricle left auricular region FMA:7219 left auricle EMAPA:16816 left auricular region MA:0001869 left atrial appendage right atrium auricular region EHDAA2:0000291 EHDAA:5352 EMAPA:16824 FMA:7218 MA:0001870 OG:0001232 UBERON:0006631 right atrial appendage right auricle right auricular region EMAPA:16824 right auricular region FMA:7218 right auricle MA:0001870 right atrial appendage musculo-phrenic artery EMAPA:19215 FMA:10645 SCTID:244242003 UBERON:0006632 coracoid process EMAPA:25121 FMA:13455 The coracoid process is a small hook-like structure on the lateral edge of the superior anterior portion of the scapula. Pointing laterally forward, it, together with the acromion, serves to stabilize the shoulder joint. It is palpable in the deltopectoral groove between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles. It is the site of attachment for several structures: * The pectoralis minor muscle - to 3rd to 5th ribs. * The short head of biceps brachii muscle - to Radial tuberosity. * The coracobrachialis muscle - to medial humerus. * The coracoclavicular ligament - to the clavicle. (The ligament is formed by the conoid ligament and trapezoid ligament.) * The coracoacromial ligament - to the acromion[WP]. UBERON:0006633 coracoid process of the scapula The coracoid process is a small hook-like structure on the lateral edge of the superior anterior portion of the scapula. Pointing laterally forward, it, together with the acromion, serves to stabilize the shoulder joint. It is palpable in the deltopectoral groove between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles. It is the site of attachment for several structures: * The pectoralis minor muscle - to 3rd to 5th ribs. * The short head of biceps brachii muscle - to Radial tuberosity. * The coracobrachialis muscle - to medial humerus. * The coracoclavicular ligament - to the clavicle. (The ligament is formed by the conoid ligament and trapezoid ligament.) * The coracoacromial ligament - to the acromion[WP]. Wikipedia:Coracoid_process Wikipedia:Coracoid_process coracoid process of the scapula lingual vein AAO:0010514 EMAPA:19312 FMA:14326 SCTID:181375007 The lingual veins begin on the dorsum, sides, and under surface of the tongue, and, passing backward along the course of the lingual artery, end in the internal jugular vein. The vena comitans of the hypoglossal nerve (ranine vein), a branch of considerable size, begins below the tip of the tongue, and may join the lingual; generally, however, it passes backward on the Hyoglossus, and joins the common facial. UBERON:0006634 deep lingual veins lingual vein ranine ranine vein Wikipedia:Lingual_veins ranine vein Wikipedia:Lingual_veins ranine Wikipedia:Lingual_veins deep lingual veins Wikipedia:Lingual_veins lingual vein The lingual veins begin on the dorsum, sides, and under surface of the tongue, and, passing backward along the course of the lingual artery, end in the internal jugular vein. The vena comitans of the hypoglossal nerve (ranine vein), a branch of considerable size, begins below the tip of the tongue, and may join the lingual; generally, however, it passes backward on the Hyoglossus, and joins the common facial. Wikipedia:Lingual_veins anterior abdominal wall EHDAA:5976 EMAPA:17744 FMA:14627 OG:0000764 SCTID:362696003 UBERON:0006635 lumbar artery EMAPA:19096 FMA:14735 Lumbar arterial tree SCTID:244285007 The lumbar arteries are in series with the intercostals. They are usually four in number on either side, and arise from the back of the aorta, opposite the bodies of the upper four lumbar vertebrC&. A fifth pair, small in size, is occasionally present: they arise from the middle sacral artery. They run lateralward and backward on the bodies of the lumbar vertebrC&, behind the sympathetic trunk, to the intervals between the adjacent transverse processes, and are then continued into the abdominal wall. The arteries of the right side pass behind the inferior vena cava, and the upper two on each side run behind the corresponding crus of the diaphragm. The arteries of both sides pass beneath the tendinous arches which give origin to the Psoas major, and are then continued behind this muscle and the lumbar plexus. They now cross the Quadratus lumborum, the upper three arteries running behind, the last usually in front of the muscle. At the lateral border of the Quadratus lumborum they pierce the posterior aponeurosis of the Transversus abdominis and are carried forward between this muscle and the Obliquus internus. They anastomose with the lower intercostal, the subcostal, the iliolumbar, the deep iliac circumflex, and the inferior epigastric arteries. UBERON:0006636 arteria lumbalis lumbar artery ncithesaurus:Lumbar_Artery The lumbar arteries are in series with the intercostals. They are usually four in number on either side, and arise from the back of the aorta, opposite the bodies of the upper four lumbar vertebrC&. A fifth pair, small in size, is occasionally present: they arise from the middle sacral artery. They run lateralward and backward on the bodies of the lumbar vertebrC&, behind the sympathetic trunk, to the intervals between the adjacent transverse processes, and are then continued into the abdominal wall. The arteries of the right side pass behind the inferior vena cava, and the upper two on each side run behind the corresponding crus of the diaphragm. The arteries of both sides pass beneath the tendinous arches which give origin to the Psoas major, and are then continued behind this muscle and the lumbar plexus. They now cross the Quadratus lumborum, the upper three arteries running behind, the last usually in front of the muscle. At the lateral border of the Quadratus lumborum they pierce the posterior aponeurosis of the Transversus abdominis and are carried forward between this muscle and the Obliquus internus. They anastomose with the lower intercostal, the subcostal, the iliolumbar, the deep iliac circumflex, and the inferior epigastric arteries. Wikipedia:Lumbar_arteries Wikipedia:Lumbar_arteries arteria lumbalis FMA:14735 Lumbar arterial tree Wikipedia:Lumbar_arteries lumbar artery coeliac trunk EHDAA2:0004519 EMAPA:19212 FMA:14812 Haller's tripus The celiac artery, also known as the celiac trunk, is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta. Branching from the aorta 'anterior to the upper part of T12' vertebra in humans, it is one of three anterior/ midline branches of the abdominal aorta. UBERON:0006637 arteria celiaca celiac axis celiac trunk coeliac axis coeliac trunck coeliac trunk coeliac trunk coeliaco-mesenteric trunk galen:CeliacTrunk truncus coeliacus FMA:14812 Haller's tripus Wikipedia:Celiac_artery truncus coeliacus FMA:14812 coeliac trunk Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac trunck Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac trunk FMA:14812 coeliaco-mesenteric trunk Wikipedia:Celiac_artery celiac axis Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac axis Wikipedia:Celiac_artery celiac trunk Wikipedia:Celiac_artery arteria celiaca The celiac artery, also known as the celiac trunk, is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta. Branching from the aorta 'anterior to the upper part of T12' vertebra in humans, it is one of three anterior/ midline branches of the abdominal aorta. Wikipedia:Celiac_artery median umbilical ligament EMAPA:29637 FMA:16568 SCTID:89583000 The median umbilical ligament is a structure in human anatomy. It is a shrivelled piece of tissue that represents the remnant of the embryonic urachus. It extends from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus, on the deep surface of the anterior abdominal wall. It is unpaired. It is covered by the median umbilical fold Lateral to this structure are the medial umbilical ligament (which is a different structure, not to be confused) and the lateral umbilical ligament. UBERON:0006638 median umbilical fold middle umbilical ligament The median umbilical ligament is a structure in human anatomy. It is a shrivelled piece of tissue that represents the remnant of the embryonic urachus. It extends from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus, on the deep surface of the anterior abdominal wall. It is unpaired. It is covered by the median umbilical fold Lateral to this structure are the medial umbilical ligament (which is a different structure, not to be confused) and the lateral umbilical ligament. Wikipedia:Median_umbilical_ligament Wikipedia:Median_umbilical_ligament middle umbilical ligament Wikipedia:Median_umbilical_ligament median umbilical fold crus penis Crus of penis EMAPA:19294 FMA:18248 For their anterior three-fourths the corpora cavernosa penis lie in intimate apposition with one another, but behind they diverge in the form of two tapering processes, known as the crura, which are firmly connected to the ischial rami. Traced from behind forward, each crus begins by a blunt-pointed process in front of the tuberosity of the ischium, along the perineal surface of the conjoined (ischiopubic) ramus. Just before it meets its fellow it presents a slight enlargement, named by Georg Ludwig Kobelt (1804-1857) the bulb of the corpus cavernosum penis. Beyond this point the crus undergoes a constriction and merges into the corpus cavernosum proper, which retains a uniform diameter to its anterior end. SCTID:362270006 UBERON:0006639 crura of penis Wikipedia:Crus_of_penis crura of penis For their anterior three-fourths the corpora cavernosa penis lie in intimate apposition with one another, but behind they diverge in the form of two tapering processes, known as the crura, which are firmly connected to the ischial rami. Traced from behind forward, each crus begins by a blunt-pointed process in front of the tuberosity of the ischium, along the perineal surface of the conjoined (ischiopubic) ramus. Just before it meets its fellow it presents a slight enlargement, named by Georg Ludwig Kobelt (1804-1857) the bulb of the corpus cavernosum penis. Beyond this point the crus undergoes a constriction and merges into the corpus cavernosum proper, which retains a uniform diameter to its anterior end. Wikipedia:Crus_of_penis Crus of penis FMA:18248 crus of clitoris Clitoris crus EMAPA:19169 EMAPA:30821 FMA:20175 SCTID:279860002 The clitoral crura are an internal portion of the clitoris. A single one is called a clitoral crus. They are shaped like an inverted "V" with the vertex of the "V" connecting to the clitoral body. They are near the vestibular bulbs, also known as the clitoral bulbs. They are to the left and right of the urethra, urethral sponge, and vagina and extend back toward the pubic bone. The clitoral crura contain muscles called the ischiocavernosi. "Crus" basically translates as "leg", thus "crura" as "legs". Each clitoral crus connects to the rami of the pubis and the ischium. The crura, like the rest of the clitoris, are composed of two corpus cavernosa muscles, which are made up of erectile tissue. UBERON:0006640 crura of clitoris crus clitoridis crus of clitoris Wikipedia:Clitoral_crura crura of clitoris Clitoris crus FMA:20175 The clitoral crura are an internal portion of the clitoris. A single one is called a clitoral crus. They are shaped like an inverted "V" with the vertex of the "V" connecting to the clitoral body. They are near the vestibular bulbs, also known as the clitoral bulbs. They are to the left and right of the urethra, urethral sponge, and vagina and extend back toward the pubic bone. The clitoral crura contain muscles called the ischiocavernosi. "Crus" basically translates as "leg", thus "crura" as "legs". Each clitoral crus connects to the rami of the pubis and the ischium. The crura, like the rest of the clitoris, are composed of two corpus cavernosa muscles, which are made up of erectile tissue. Wikipedia:Clitoral_crura Wikipedia:Clitoral_crura crus clitoridis Wikipedia:Clitoral_crura crus of clitoris appendix epididymis EMAPA:19086 FMA:18268 On the head of the epididymis is a small stalked appendage (sometimes duplicated). It is named the appendix of the epididymis (or pedunculated hydatid), and is usually regarded as a detached efferent duct. This structure is derived from the Wolffian duct as opposed to the appendix testis which is derived from the mullerian duct remnant. UBERON:0006641 appendix epididymis appendix of the epididymis epididymal appendix epididymis appendix On the head of the epididymis is a small stalked appendage (sometimes duplicated). It is named the appendix of the epididymis (or pedunculated hydatid), and is usually regarded as a detached efferent duct. This structure is derived from the Wolffian duct as opposed to the appendix testis which is derived from the mullerian duct remnant. Wikipedia:Appendix_of_epididymidis Wikipedia:Appendix_of_epididymidis appendix epididymis FMA:18268 epididymal appendix FMA:18268 epididymis appendix Wikipedia:Appendix_of_epididymidis appendix of the epididymis muscle layer of oviduct EMAPA:29046 FMA:18318 Muscle layer of fallopian tube Muscle layer of oviduct Muscular coat of uterine tube Muscular layer of uterine tube Muscularis of uterine tube Tunica muscularis (Tuba uterina) UBERON:0006642 Uterine tubal muscularis tunica muscularis tubae uterinae FMA:18318 Muscular coat of uterine tube FMA:18318 Muscle layer of fallopian tube FMA:18318 Uterine tubal muscularis FMA:18318 Muscle layer of oviduct FMA:18318 Tunica muscularis (Tuba uterina) FMA:18318 Muscular layer of uterine tube FMA:18318 Muscularis of uterine tube FMA:18318 FMA:TA tunica muscularis tubae uterinae tunica albuginea of testis EHDAA2:0002096 EHDAA:9388 EMAPA:19289 FMA:19843 OG:0000801 SCTID:279604006 The Tunica Albuginea is the fibrous covering of the testis. It is a dense blue-white membrane, composed of bundles of white fibrous tissue which interlace in every direction. It is covered by the tunica vaginalis, except at the points of attachment of the epididymis to the testis, and along its posterior border, where the spermatic vessels enter the gland. It is applied to the tunica vasculosa over the glandular substance of the testis, and, at its posterior border, is reflected into the interior of the gland, forming an incomplete vertical septum, called the mediastinum testis (corpus Highmori). Tunica albuginea (testis) UBERON:0006643 tunica albuginea %28testicles%29 The Tunica Albuginea is the fibrous covering of the testis. It is a dense blue-white membrane, composed of bundles of white fibrous tissue which interlace in every direction. It is covered by the tunica vaginalis, except at the points of attachment of the epididymis to the testis, and along its posterior border, where the spermatic vessels enter the gland. It is applied to the tunica vasculosa over the glandular substance of the testis, and, at its posterior border, is reflected into the interior of the gland, forming an incomplete vertical septum, called the mediastinum testis (corpus Highmori). Wikipedia:Tunica_albuginea_of_testis FMA:19843 Tunica albuginea (testis) Wikipedia:Tunica_albuginea_of_testis tunica albuginea %28testicles%29 tunica albuginea of ovary EMAPA:30522 FMA:18630 SCTID:258409003 The tunica albuginea is the fibrous envelope of the corpora cavernosa penis. It is comprised of approximately 5% elastin, an extensible tissue that is primarily made up of the amino acids glycine, valine, alanine, and proline. The majority of the remaining tissue is comprised of collagen, which is made up of lysine, proline, glycine, alanine, and other amino acids . The tunica albuginea is directly involved in maintaining an erection; that is due to Buck's fascia constricting the deep dorsal vein of the penis, preventing blood from leaving and thus sustaining the erect state. The trabeculC& of the tunica albuginea are more delicate, nearly uniform in size, and the meshes between them smaller than in the corpora cavernosa penis: their long diameters, for the most part, corresponding with that of the penis. The external envelope or outer coat of the corpus spongiosum is formed partly of unstriped muscular fibers, and a layer of the same tissue immediately surrounds the canal of the urethra. UBERON:0006644 The tunica albuginea is the fibrous envelope of the corpora cavernosa penis. It is comprised of approximately 5% elastin, an extensible tissue that is primarily made up of the amino acids glycine, valine, alanine, and proline. The majority of the remaining tissue is comprised of collagen, which is made up of lysine, proline, glycine, alanine, and other amino acids . The tunica albuginea is directly involved in maintaining an erection; that is due to Buck's fascia constricting the deep dorsal vein of the penis, preventing blood from leaving and thus sustaining the erect state. The trabeculC& of the tunica albuginea are more delicate, nearly uniform in size, and the meshes between them smaller than in the corpora cavernosa penis: their long diameters, for the most part, corresponding with that of the penis. The external envelope or outer coat of the corpus spongiosum is formed partly of unstriped muscular fibers, and a layer of the same tissue immediately surrounds the canal of the urethra. Wikipedia:Tunica_albuginea_%28penis%29 adventitia of epididymis EMAPA:30443 FMA:19136 UBERON:0006645 epididymis adventitia FMA:19136 epididymis adventitia muscle layer of epididymis EMAPA:30447 EMAPA:30747 FMA:19149 UBERON:0006646 adventitia of ductus deferens Adventitia of ductus deferens Adventitia of vas deferens Deferent ductal adventitia EMAPA:29767 FMA:19238 Tunica adventitia (Ductus deferens) UBERON:0006647 tunica adventitia ductus deferentis Deferent ductal adventitia FMA:19238 FMA:19238 FMA:TA tunica adventitia ductus deferentis Adventitia of vas deferens FMA:19238 Adventitia of ductus deferens FMA:19238 FMA:19238 Tunica adventitia (Ductus deferens) adventitia of seminal vesicle Adventitia of seminal gland EMAPA:29775 FMA:19403 SCTID:252406002 Seminal vesicle adventitia Tunica adventitia (Vesicula seminalis) UBERON:0006648 tunica adventitia glandulae vesiculosae FMA:19403 Tunica adventitia (Vesicula seminalis) FMA:19403 FMA:TA tunica adventitia glandulae vesiculosae Adventitia of seminal gland FMA:19403 FMA:19403 Seminal vesicle adventitia suspensory ligament of ovary EMAPA:19085 FMA:19822 SCTID:279917007 Some sources consider it a part of the broad ligament of uterus[2] while other sources just consider it a "termination" of the ligament.[3] UBERON:0006649 infundibulopelvic fold infundibulopelvic ligament is a fold of peritoneum that extends out from the ovary to the wall of the pelvis. FMA:19822 infundibulopelvic fold FMA:19822 infundibulopelvic ligament FMA Obol Wikipedia Wikipedia:Suspensory_ligament_of_ovary is a fold of peritoneum that extends out from the ovary to the wall of the pelvis. tunica vaginalis testis EMAPA:19179 FMA:19844 The tunica vaginalis is the serous covering of the testis. It is a pouch of serous membrane, derived from the saccus vaginalis of the peritoneum, which in the fetus preceded the descent of the testis from the abdomen into the scrotum. After its descent, that portion of the pouch which extends from the abdominal inguinal ring to near the upper part of the gland becomes obliterated; the lower portion remains as a shut sac, which invests the surface of the testis, and is reflected on to the internal surface of the scrotum; hence it may be described as consisting of a visceral and a parietal lamina. UBERON:0006650 lamina parietalis lamina visceralis tunica vaginalis testis The tunica vaginalis is the serous covering of the testis. It is a pouch of serous membrane, derived from the saccus vaginalis of the peritoneum, which in the fetus preceded the descent of the testis from the abdomen into the scrotum. After its descent, that portion of the pouch which extends from the abdominal inguinal ring to near the upper part of the gland becomes obliterated; the lower portion remains as a shut sac, which invests the surface of the testis, and is reflected on to the internal surface of the scrotum; hence it may be described as consisting of a visceral and a parietal lamina. Wikipedia:Tunica_vaginalis Wikipedia:Tunica_vaginalis lamina parietalis Wikipedia:Tunica_vaginalis tunica vaginalis testis Wikipedia:Tunica_vaginalis lamina visceralis appendix testis EMAPA:19087 FMA:19846 SCTID:279601003 Testis appendix The appendix testis is a vestigial remnant of the Mullerian duct, present on the upper pole of the testis and attached to the tunica vaginalis. It is present about 90% of the time. UBERON:0006651 appendices testis appendix of the testis appendix testis FMA:19846 Testis appendix The appendix testis is a vestigial remnant of the Mullerian duct, present on the upper pole of the testis and attached to the tunica vaginalis. It is present about 90% of the time. Wikipedia:Appendix_of_testis Wikipedia:Appendix_of_testis appendix of the testis Wikipedia:Appendix_of_testis appendix testis Wikipedia:Appendix_of_testis appendices testis muscular layer of vagina EMAPA:30997 FMA:19976 Muscular coat of vagina UBERON:0006652 tunica muscularis vaginae FMA:19976 FMA:TA tunica muscularis vaginae FMA:19976 Muscular coat of vagina glans clitoris BTO:0003117 EMAPA:19170 EMAPA:30829 Erectile tissue at the end of the clitoris, which is continuous with the intermediate part of the vestibulovaginal bulbs[BTO]. The clitoral glans (glans clitoridis) is an external portion of the clitoris[WP]. FMA:19999 UBERON:0006653 clitoris glans glans clitoridis glans clitoris ncithesaurus:Glans_Clitoris FMA:19999 clitoris glans Wikipedia:Clitoral_glans glans clitoris Wikipedia:Clitoral_glans glans clitoridis BTO:0003117 Erectile tissue at the end of the clitoris, which is continuous with the intermediate part of the vestibulovaginal bulbs[BTO]. The clitoral glans (glans clitoridis) is an external portion of the clitoris[WP]. Wikipedia:Clitoral_glans perineal body EMAPA:17892 EMAPA:18921 FMA:20274 SCTID:367754000 The perineal body (or central tendon of perineum) is a pyramidal fibromuscular mass in the middle line of the perineum at the junction between the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle . It is found in both males and females. In males, it is found between the bulb of penis and the anus; in females, is found between the vagina and anus, and about 1.25 cm in front of the latter. The perineal body is essential for the integrity of the pelvic floor, particularly in females. Its rupture during delivery leads to widening of the gap between the anterior free borders of levator ani muscle of both sides, thus predisposing the woman to prolapse of the uterus, rectum, or even the urinary bladder. UBERON:0006654 central tendinous point central tendinous point of the perineum central tendon of perineum central tendon of perineum FMA:20274 central tendon of perineum Wikipedia:Perineal_body central tendinous point Wikipedia:Perineal_body central tendinous point of the perineum Wikipedia:Perineal_body central tendon of perineum The perineal body (or central tendon of perineum) is a pyramidal fibromuscular mass in the middle line of the perineum at the junction between the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle . It is found in both males and females. In males, it is found between the bulb of penis and the anus; in females, is found between the vagina and anus, and about 1.25 cm in front of the latter. The perineal body is essential for the integrity of the pelvic floor, particularly in females. Its rupture during delivery leads to widening of the gap between the anterior free borders of levator ani muscle of both sides, thus predisposing the woman to prolapse of the uterus, rectum, or even the urinary bladder. Wikipedia:Perineal_body septum of scrotum EMAPA:29745 FMA:20729 SCTID:279591002 Scrotal septum UBERON:0006655 FMA:20729 Scrotal septum deep dorsal vein of penis EMAPA:19219 FMA:21354 SCTID:55433007 UBERON:0006656 FMA/obol glenoid fossa AAO:0000749 Cavitus glenoidalis Cavity for the articulation of the forelimb formed by the scapula, coracoid, and clavicle. EMAPA:25122 FMA:23275 Glenoid cavity Glenoid cavity of scapula UBERON:0006657 cavitas glenoidalis scapulae glenoid cavity ncithesaurus:Glenoid_Fossa FMA:23275 FMA:TA cavitas glenoidalis scapulae FMA:23275 Glenoid cavity FMA:23275 Glenoid cavity of scapula Cavitus glenoidalis FMA:23275 AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 Cavity for the articulation of the forelimb formed by the scapula, coracoid, and clavicle. AAO:0000749 glenoid cavity inter-phalangeal joint FMA:42765 UBERON:0006658 galen:InterphalangealJoint interphalangeal joint galen:InterphalangealJoint interphalangeal joint cruciate ligament EMAPA:19010 FMA:44611 One of a pair of ligaments arranged like a letter X.[1] They occur in several joints of the body, such as the knee. In a fashion similar to the cords in a toy Jacob's ladder, the crossed ligaments stabilize the joint while allowing a very large range of motion[WP]. UBERON:0006659 cruciform ligament galen:CruciateLigament One of a pair of ligaments arranged like a letter X.[1] They occur in several joints of the body, such as the knee. In a fashion similar to the cords in a toy Jacob's ladder, the crossed ligaments stabilize the joint while allowing a very large range of motion[WP]. Wikipedia:Cruciate_ligament Wikipedia:Cruciate_ligament cruciform ligament muscle layer FMA:45634 TODO - add subclasses UBERON:0006660 muscular layer muscularis layer ncithesaurus:Muscle_Layer FMA:45634 muscularis layer OBOL:automatic muscular layer epicranial aponeurosis EMAPA:19210 Epicranial aponeurosis Epicranius aponeurosis FMA:46768 Galea aponeurotica SCTID:368677009 The galea aponeurotica (epicranial aponeurosis, aponeurosis epicranialis) is a tough layer of dense fibrous tissue which covers the upper part of the cranium; behind, it is attached, in the interval between its union with the Occipitales, to the external occipital protuberance and highest nuchal lines of the occipital bone; in front, it forms a short and narrow prolongation between its union with the Frontales. On either side it gives origin to the Auriculares anterior and superior; in this situation it loses its aponeurotic character, and is continued over the temporal fascia to the zygomatic arch as a layer of laminated areolar tissue. It is closely connected to the integument by the firm, dense, fibro-fatty layer which forms the superficial fascia of the scalp: it is attached to the pericranium by loose cellular tissue, which allows the aponeurosis, carrying with it the integument to move through a considerable distance. UBERON:0006661 aponeurosis epicranialis cranial aponeurosis epicranial aponeurosis galea aponeurosis galeal aponeurosis Wikipedia:Galea_aponeurotica epicranial aponeurosis Wikipedia:Galea_aponeurotica galeal aponeurosis Wikipedia:Galea_aponeurotica cranial aponeurosis Wikipedia:Galea_aponeurotica galea aponeurosis The galea aponeurotica (epicranial aponeurosis, aponeurosis epicranialis) is a tough layer of dense fibrous tissue which covers the upper part of the cranium; behind, it is attached, in the interval between its union with the Occipitales, to the external occipital protuberance and highest nuchal lines of the occipital bone; in front, it forms a short and narrow prolongation between its union with the Frontales. On either side it gives origin to the Auriculares anterior and superior; in this situation it loses its aponeurotic character, and is continued over the temporal fascia to the zygomatic arch as a layer of laminated areolar tissue. It is closely connected to the integument by the firm, dense, fibro-fatty layer which forms the superficial fascia of the scalp: it is attached to the pericranium by loose cellular tissue, which allows the aponeurosis, carrying with it the integument to move through a considerable distance. Wikipedia:Galea_aponeurotica FMA:46768 Galea aponeurotica Epicranius aponeurosis FMA:46768 FMA:46768 FMA:TA aponeurosis epicranialis Epicranial aponeurosis FMA:46768 musculo-phrenic vein EMAPA:19222 FMA:4732 SCTID:1895000 UBERON:0006662 FMA/obol hemiazygos vein EHDAA2:0004534 EMAPA:18251 FMA:4944 SCTID:244408009 The hemiazygos vein (vena azygos minor inferior) is a vein running superiorly in the lower thoracic region, just to the left side of the vertebral column. UBERON:0006663 hemi-azygos vein hemiazygos hemiazygos veins hemiazygous vein hemiazygous vein inferior hemi-azygos vein vena hemiazygos FMA:4944 hemi-azygos vein FMA:4944 FMA:TA vena hemiazygos Wikipedia:Hemiazygos_vein hemiazygous vein ISBN-10:0443065837 Wikipedia:Hemiazygos_vein hemiazygos The hemiazygos vein (vena azygos minor inferior) is a vein running superiorly in the lower thoracic region, just to the left side of the vertebral column. Wikipedia:Hemiazygos_vein FMA:4944 hemiazygous vein FMA:4944 inferior hemi-azygos vein Wikipedia:Hemiazygos_vein hemiazygos veins FMA/obol greater palatine artery EMAPA:18754 FMA:49795 MA:0001993 SCTID:312163002 The greater palatine artery is a terminal branch of the maxillary artery. It branches off of the maxillary artery in the pterygopalatine fossa and descends through the greater palatine foramen along with the greater palatine nerve and supplies the hard palate. It also anastomosis through the incisive canal with the sphenopalatine artery to supply the nasal cavity. UBERON:0006664 todo - check for synonymy between greater and major The greater palatine artery is a terminal branch of the maxillary artery. It branches off of the maxillary artery in the pterygopalatine fossa and descends through the greater palatine foramen along with the greater palatine nerve and supplies the hard palate. It also anastomosis through the incisive canal with the sphenopalatine artery to supply the nasal cavity. Wikipedia:Greater_palatine_artery accessory hemiazygos vein Accessory hemi-azygos vein EMAPA:19217 FMA:5011 Superior hemi-azygos vein The accessory hemiazygos vein (vena azygos minor superior) is a vein on the left side of the vertebral column that generally drains the fifth through eighth intercostal spaces on the left side of the body[WP]. UBERON:0006665 Vena azygos accessoria todo - add superclass vena hemiazygos accessoria Accessory hemi-azygos vein FMA:5011 FMA:5011 Superior hemi-azygos vein FMA:5011 FMA:TA vena hemiazygos accessoria FMA:5011 Vena azygos accessoria The accessory hemiazygos vein (vena azygos minor superior) is a vein on the left side of the vertebral column that generally drains the fifth through eighth intercostal spaces on the left side of the body[WP]. Wikipedia:Accessory_hemiazygos_vein FMA/obol great cerebral vein of Galen EMAPA:19311 FMA:50993 UBERON:0006666 great cerebral vein of Galen ncithesaurus:Great_Cerebral_Vein_of_Galen vein of Galen FMA:50993 vein of Galen FMA:50993 great cerebral vein of Galen pituitary fossa EMAPA:19195 FMA:54721 SCTID:264194004 UBERON:0006667 hypophyseal fossa pituitary fossa FMA:54721 hypophyseal fossa FMA:54721 pituitary fossa carotid canal EMAPA:18707 FMA:55805 On the interior surface of the temporal bone, behind the rough surface of the apex, is the large circular aperture of the carotid canal, which ascends at first vertically, and then, making a bend, runs horizontally forward and medialward. It transmits into the cranium, the internal carotid artery, and the carotid plexus of nerves. Sympathetics to the head also pass through the carotid canal. They have several motor functions: raise the eyelid (superior tarsal muscle), dilate pupil, innervate sweat glands of face and scalp and constricts blood vessels in head[WP]. UBERON:0006668 On the interior surface of the temporal bone, behind the rough surface of the apex, is the large circular aperture of the carotid canal, which ascends at first vertically, and then, making a bend, runs horizontally forward and medialward. It transmits into the cranium, the internal carotid artery, and the carotid plexus of nerves. Sympathetics to the head also pass through the carotid canal. They have several motor functions: raise the eyelid (superior tarsal muscle), dilate pupil, innervate sweat glands of face and scalp and constricts blood vessels in head[WP]. Wikipedia:Carotid_canal alveolar canal EMAPA:25099 FMA:57743 The infratemporal surface of the maxilla is pierced about its center by the apertures of the alveolar canals, which transmit the posterior superior alveolar vessels and nerves[WP]. UBERON:0006669 The infratemporal surface of the maxilla is pierced about its center by the apertures of the alveolar canals, which transmit the posterior superior alveolar vessels and nerves[WP]. Wikipedia:Alveolar_canals EMAPA central tendon EMAPA:17702 FMA:58279 OG:0001399 SCTID:244943002 UBERON:0006670 central tendon of diaphragm centrum tendineum centrum tendineum diaphragmatis ncithesaurus:Central_Tendon_of_the_Diaphragm FMA:58279 FMA:TA centrum tendineum diaphragmatis FMA:58279 centrum tendineum FMA:58279 central tendon of diaphragm orbital fat pad EMAPA:19152 FMA:59005 Intraorbital fat pad Orbital fat Retrobulbar fat SCTID:363656009 UBERON:0006671 FMA:59005 Retrobulbar fat FMA:59005 Orbital fat FMA:59005 Intraorbital fat pad incisive canal EMAPA:19034 FMA:59107 UBERON:0006672 mandibular canal EMAPA:19161 FMA:59473 SCTID:368876003 UBERON:0006673 inguinal ring EMAPA:19172 EMAPA:29307 FMA:65075 SCTID:278830004 UBERON:0006674 venous valve EMAPA:17010 EMAPA:17328 FMA:68095 UBERON:0006675 Valve of vein FMA:68095 Valve of vein muscularis mucosa BTO:0004839 FMA:68413 SCTID:370140002 The lamina muscularis mucosae (or muscularis mucosa) is the thin layer of smooth muscle found in most parts of the gastrointestinal tract, located outside the lamina propria mucosae and separating it from the submucosa. In the gastrointestinal tract, the term mucosa or "mucous membrane" refers to the combination of epithelium, lamina propria, and (where it occurs) muscularis mucosa. The etymology suggests this since the Latin names translate to "the mucosa's own special layer" (lamina propria mucosae) and "muscular layer of the mucosa" (lamina muscularis mucosae). The muscularis mucosa is composed of several thin layers of smooth muscle fibers oriented in different ways which keeps the mucosal surface and underlying glands in a constant state of gentle agitation to expel contents of glandular crypts and enhance contact between epithelium and the contents of the lumen. UBERON:0006676 galen:MuscularisMucosae laminar muscularis mucosa muscularis mucosae ncithesaurus:Muscularis_Mucosa Wikipedia:Muscularis_mucosae laminar muscularis mucosa FMA:68413 muscularis mucosae The lamina muscularis mucosae (or muscularis mucosa) is the thin layer of smooth muscle found in most parts of the gastrointestinal tract, located outside the lamina propria mucosae and separating it from the submucosa. In the gastrointestinal tract, the term mucosa or "mucous membrane" refers to the combination of epithelium, lamina propria, and (where it occurs) muscularis mucosa. The etymology suggests this since the Latin names translate to "the mucosa's own special layer" (lamina propria mucosae) and "muscular layer of the mucosa" (lamina muscularis mucosae). The muscularis mucosa is composed of several thin layers of smooth muscle fibers oriented in different ways which keeps the mucosal surface and underlying glands in a constant state of gentle agitation to expel contents of glandular crypts and enhance contact between epithelium and the contents of the lumen. Wikipedia:Muscularis_mucosae surface of epithelium FMA:70997 UBERON:0006677 epithelium surface FMA:70997 epithelium surface foramen secundum EHDAA2:0001828 EMAPA:17863 FMA:71105 OG:0001471 SCTID:308854001 UBERON:0006678 a foramen in the septum primum. ncithesaurus:Foramen_Secundum ostium secundum EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Foramen_secundum a foramen in the septum primum. SCTID:308854001 ostium secundum carina tracheae Carina EMAPA:18407 FMA:7465 In anatomy, the carina is a cartilaginous ridge within the trachea that runs anteroposteriorly between the two primary bronchi at the site of the tracheal bifurcation at the lower end of the trachea (usually at the level of the 4th to 5th thoracic vertebrae). The mucous membrane of the carina is the most sensitive area of the trachea and larynx for triggering a cough reflex. Widening and distortion of the carina is a serious sign because it usually indicates carcinoma of the lymph nodes around the region where the trachea divides. Tracheobronchial injury, an injury to the airways, occurs within 2.5 cm of the carina 40b80% of the time. SCTID:181214003 Tracheal carina UBERON:0006679 bifurcation of the trachea carina %28anatomy%29 carina of trachea ncithesaurus:Carina Wikipedia:Carina_of_trachea bifurcation of the trachea Carina FMA:7465 Wikipedia:Carina_of_trachea carina of trachea FMA:7465 Tracheal carina Wikipedia:Carina_of_trachea carina %28anatomy%29 In anatomy, the carina is a cartilaginous ridge within the trachea that runs anteroposteriorly between the two primary bronchi at the site of the tracheal bifurcation at the lower end of the trachea (usually at the level of the 4th to 5th thoracic vertebrae). The mucous membrane of the carina is the most sensitive area of the trachea and larynx for triggering a cough reflex. Widening and distortion of the carina is a serious sign because it usually indicates carcinoma of the lymph nodes around the region where the trachea divides. Tracheobronchial injury, an injury to the airways, occurs within 2.5 cm of the carina 40b80% of the time. Wikipedia:Carina_of_trachea trachealis A smooth muscle tissue that bridges the gap between free ends of C-shaped cartilages at the posterior border of the trachea, adjacent to the esophagus. A primary function of the trachealis is to constrict the windpipe, allowing for higher velocity of air in the windpipe during coughing[WP, modified]. EMAPA:19193 FMA:7466 Tracheal muscle Trachealis muscle UBERON:0006680 FMA:7466 Tracheal muscle FMA:7466 Trachealis muscle A smooth muscle tissue that bridges the gap between free ends of C-shaped cartilages at the posterior border of the trachea, adjacent to the esophagus. A primary function of the trachealis is to constrict the windpipe, allowing for higher velocity of air in the windpipe during coughing[WP, modified]. Wikipedia:Trachealis_muscle interthalamic adhesion EMAPA:18546 FMA:74869 Interthalamic connection Middle commissure UBERON:0006681 FMA:74869 Interthalamic connection FMA:74869 Middle commissure hypoglossal canal EMAPA:19012 FMA:75370 SCTID:139380001 UBERON:0006682 posterior fontanelle EMAPA:19200 FMA:75440 UBERON:0006683 sphenoidal fontanelle EMAPA:19229 FMA:75441 UBERON:0006684 pharyngeal tubercle EMAPA:19250 FMA:75746 UBERON:0006685 spinal vein EMAPA:18255 FMA:76735 SCTID:181376008 Spinal vein UBERON:0006686 vena spinalis FMA:76735 FMA:TA vena spinalis FMA:76735 Spinal vein median sacral vein EMAPA:26064 FMA:77168 UBERON:0006687 FMA/obol sublingual caruncle EMAPA:18961 FMA:77273 SCTID:85139009 The sublingual caruncle is a site on either side of the frenulum linguae on the sublingual surface of the tongue. There it denotes the site at which the submandibular gland empties into the oral cavity. UBERON:0006688 The sublingual caruncle is a site on either side of the frenulum linguae on the sublingual surface of the tongue. There it denotes the site at which the submandibular gland empties into the oral cavity. Wikipedia:Sublingual_caruncle frenulum of tongue EMAPA:18656 EMAPA:18874 FMA:54659 The frenulum of tongue (or lingual frenulum) is the frenulum of the tongue, a small fold of mucous membrane extending from the floor of the mouth to the midline of the underside of the tongue. UBERON:0006689 frenulum lingu%c3%a6 frenulum linguae frenulum of the tongue lingual frenulum lingual frenum tongue frenulum Wikipedia:Frenulum_of_tongue frenulum linguae Wikipedia:Frenulum_of_tongue frenulum lingu%c3%a6 Wikipedia:Frenulum_of_tongue lingual frenulum Wikipedia:Frenulum_of_tongue lingual frenum FMA:54659 tongue frenulum The frenulum of tongue (or lingual frenulum) is the frenulum of the tongue, a small fold of mucous membrane extending from the floor of the mouth to the midline of the underside of the tongue. Wikipedia:Frenulum_of_tongue Wikipedia:Frenulum_of_tongue frenulum of the tongue deep dorsal vein of clitoris EMAPA:19218 FMA:77504 SCTID:25834009 UBERON:0006690 FMA/obol tentorium cerebelli Cerebellar tentorium EMAPA:18210 FMA:83966 OG:0001298 SCTID:244428008 The tentorium cerebelli or cerebellar tentorium is an extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes. UBERON:0006691 infratentorial neoplasms ncithesaurus:Tentorium_Cerebelli supratentorial neoplasms Wikipedia:Tentorium_cerebelli supratentorial neoplasms Wikipedia:Tentorium_cerebelli infratentorial neoplasms The tentorium cerebelli or cerebellar tentorium is an extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes. Wikipedia:Tentorium_cerebelli Cerebellar tentorium FMA:83966 vertebral canal AAO:0000693 EMAPA:25440 EMAPA:25448 EMAPA:25456 EMAPA:25464 EMAPA:25472 EMAPA:25480 EMAPA:25488 EMAPA:25496 EMAPA:25504 EMAPA:25512 EMAPA:25520 EMAPA:25528 EMAPA:25536 EMAPA:25544 EMAPA:25552 EMAPA:25560 EMAPA:25568 EMAPA:25576 EMAPA:25584 EMAPA:25592 EMAPA:25600 EMAPA:25608 EMAPA:25616 EMAPA:25624 EMAPA:25632 EMAPA:25640 EMAPA:25648 EMAPA:25656 EMAPA:25664 EMAPA:25672 EMAPA:25680 EMAPA:25688 EMAPA:25731 EMAPA:25738 EMAPA:25745 EMAPA:25752 EMAPA:25759 EMAPA:26521 EMAPA:26537 FMA:9680 GAID:242 The spinal canal (or vertebral canal or spinal cavity) is the space in vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. It is a process of the dorsal human body cavity. This canal is enclosed within the vertebral foramen of the vertebrae. In the intervertebral spaces, the canal is protected by the ligamentum flavum posteriorly and the posterior longitudinal ligament anteriorly. The outermost layer of the meninges, the dura mater, is closely associated with the arachnoid which in turn is loosely connected to the innermost layer of the meninges, the pia mater. The meninges divide the spinal canal into the epidural space and the subarachnoid space. The pia mater is closely attached to the spinal cord. A subdural space is generally only present due to trauma and/or pathological situations. The subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and contains the vessels that supply the spinal cord, namely the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries, accompanied by a corresponding spinal veins. The spinal arteries form anastomoses known as the vasocorona of the spinal cord. The epidural space contains loose fatty tissue, and a network of large, thin-walled blood vessels called the anterior vertebral venous plexus and the posterior vertebral venous plexus The spinal canal was first described by Jean Fernel. UBERON:0006692 foramen vertebrale ncithesaurus:Vertebral_Canal neural canal spinal canal spinal cavity todo - check neural vs vertebral cabal vertebral canal AAO:0000693 spinal canal The spinal canal (or vertebral canal or spinal cavity) is the space in vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. It is a process of the dorsal human body cavity. This canal is enclosed within the vertebral foramen of the vertebrae. In the intervertebral spaces, the canal is protected by the ligamentum flavum posteriorly and the posterior longitudinal ligament anteriorly. The outermost layer of the meninges, the dura mater, is closely associated with the arachnoid which in turn is loosely connected to the innermost layer of the meninges, the pia mater. The meninges divide the spinal canal into the epidural space and the subarachnoid space. The pia mater is closely attached to the spinal cord. A subdural space is generally only present due to trauma and/or pathological situations. The subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and contains the vessels that supply the spinal cord, namely the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries, accompanied by a corresponding spinal veins. The spinal arteries form anastomoses known as the vasocorona of the spinal cord. The epidural space contains loose fatty tissue, and a network of large, thin-walled blood vessels called the anterior vertebral venous plexus and the posterior vertebral venous plexus The spinal canal was first described by Jean Fernel. Wikipedia:Spinal_canal Wikipedia:Spinal_canal vertebral canal Wikipedia:Spinal_canal spinal cavity AAO:0000693 foramen vertebrale AAO:0000693 neural canal protein-based cuticle An example of this is found in Caenorhabditis elegans UBERON:0006693 An example of this is found in Caenorhabditis elegans GO:0007592 cerebellum vasculature UBERON:0006694 mammillary axonal complex The mammillary axonal complex is formed by the axons from the lateral, medial mammillary and the dorsal premammillary nuclei which share a branching pattern. Every neuron gives off one axonal stem that bifurcates into 2 branches. One of the branches is directed dorsally to the thalamus and another caudally to the midbrain[GO]. UBERON:0006695 GO:0061373 The mammillary axonal complex is formed by the axons from the lateral, medial mammillary and the dorsal premammillary nuclei which share a branching pattern. Every neuron gives off one axonal stem that bifurcates into 2 branches. One of the branches is directed dorsally to the thalamus and another caudally to the midbrain[GO]. mammillothalamic axonal tract The mammillothalamic tract is the collection of axons that connects the two major subdivisions of the diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus) and closes the diencephalic circuit[GO]. UBERON:0006696 GO:0061374 The mammillothalamic tract is the collection of axons that connects the two major subdivisions of the diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus) and closes the diencephalic circuit[GO]. mammillotectal axonal tract The mammillotectal tract is the collection of axons that connects the ventral diencephalon to the superior colliculus. UBERON:0006697 GO:0061375 The mammillotectal tract is the collection of axons that connects the ventral diencephalon to the superior colliculus. mammillotegmental axonal tract The mammillotegmental tract is the collection of axons that connects the ventral diencephalon to the tegmentum and pons UBERON:0006698 The mammillotegmental tract is the collection of axons that connects the ventral diencephalon to the tegmentum and pons GO:0061376 foramen caecum of tongue FMA:54828 SCTID:368738001 The dorsum of the tongue is convex and marked by a median sulcus, which divides it into symmetrical halves; this sulcus ends behind, about 2.5 cm from the root of the organ, in a depression, the foramen cecum, from which a shallow groove, the sulcus terminalis, runs lateral and anterior on either side to the margin of the tongue. The foramen cecum is the point of attachment of the thyroglossal duct and is formed during the embryological descent of the thyroid gland. UBERON:0006699 consider merging with FC of thyroid foramen cecum of tongue foramen of morgagni morand's foramen FMA:54828 foramen of morgagni FMA:54828 foramen cecum of tongue FMA:54828 morand's foramen The dorsum of the tongue is convex and marked by a median sulcus, which divides it into symmetrical halves; this sulcus ends behind, about 2.5 cm from the root of the organ, in a depression, the foramen cecum, from which a shallow groove, the sulcus terminalis, runs lateral and anterior on either side to the margin of the tongue. The foramen cecum is the point of attachment of the thyroglossal duct and is formed during the embryological descent of the thyroid gland. Wikipedia:Foramen_cecum_%28tongue%29 foramen cecum of frontal bone FMA:57443 The frontal crest of the frontal bone ends below in a small notch which is converted into a foramen, the foramen cecum, by articulation with the ethmoid. This foramen varies in size in different subjects, and is frequently impervious; when open, it transmits a vein from the nose to the superior sagittal sinus. This has clinical importance in that infections of the nose and nearby areas can be transmitted to the meninges and brain from what is known as the danger triangle of the face. UBERON:0006713 todo - check if this is what the FMA ID really denotes The frontal crest of the frontal bone ends below in a small notch which is converted into a foramen, the foramen cecum, by articulation with the ethmoid. This foramen varies in size in different subjects, and is frequently impervious; when open, it transmits a vein from the nose to the superior sagittal sinus. This has clinical importance in that infections of the nose and nearby areas can be transmitted to the meninges and brain from what is known as the danger triangle of the face. Wikipedia:Foramen_cecum_%28frontal_bone%29 tibiofibula AAO:0000902 Paired, endochondral bones formed by the fusion of the tibia and fibula. They form the shanks, extending from the knees to the ankles. UBERON:0006714 XAO:0003213 os cruris tibia-fibula tibiofibula AAO:0000902 os cruris XAO:0003213 tibia-fibula AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 Paired, endochondral bones formed by the fusion of the tibia and fibula. They form the shanks, extending from the knees to the ankles. radio-ulna AAO:0000901 Paired, long bones of endochondral origin formed by the fusion of the radius and ulna. UBERON:0006715 XAO:0003209 radioulna radius-ulna XAO:0003209 radius-ulna XAO:0003209 radioulna AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 Paired, long bones of endochondral origin formed by the fusion of the radius and ulna. carpus/tarsus The carpus (wrist) and tarsus (ankle) of land vertebrates primitively had three rows of carpal or tarsal bones. Often some of these have become lost or fused in evolution[WP]. UBERON:0006716 The carpus (wrist) and tarsus (ankle) of land vertebrates primitively had three rows of carpal or tarsal bones. Often some of these have become lost or fused in evolution[WP]. Wikipedia:Carpus_and_tarsus_of_land_vertebrates skeleton of autopod UBERON:0006717 medial pterygoid muscle FMA:49011 MA:0002361 SCTID:244771003 The medial pterygoid (or internal pterygoid muscle), is a thick, quadrilateral muscle of mastication. The mandibular branch of the fifth cranial nerve, the trigeminal nerve, innervates the medial pterygoid muscle. UBERON:0006718 internal pterygoid medial pteregoid pterygoid medialis pterygoidei internus pterygoideus internus pterygoideus medial Wikipedia:Medial_pterygoid_muscle internal pterygoid MA:0002361 pterygoid medialis Wikipedia:Medial_pterygoid_muscle pterygoideus medial Wikipedia:Medial_pterygoid_muscle pterygoideus internus Wikipedia:Medial_pterygoid_muscle medial pteregoid The medial pterygoid (or internal pterygoid muscle), is a thick, quadrilateral muscle of mastication. The mandibular branch of the fifth cranial nerve, the trigeminal nerve, innervates the medial pterygoid muscle. Wikipedia:Medial_pterygoid_muscle Wikipedia:Medial_pterygoid_muscle pterygoidei internus lateral pterygoid muscle EMAPA:25140 FMA:49015 MA:0002360 SCTID:244772005 The lateral pterygoid (or external pterygoid) is a muscle of mastication with two heads. UBERON:0006719 external pterygoid muscle lateral pteregoid lateral pteregoid muscle lateral pterygoid lateral pterygoid musculus pterygoides lateralis ncithesaurus:External_Pterygoid_Muscle pterygoid lateralis pterygoideus externus pterygoideus externus muscle pterygoideus lateral FMA:49015 lateral pterygoid MA:0002360 pterygoid lateralis Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle lateral pteregoid Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle pterygoideus externus Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle external pterygoid muscle Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle pterygoideus lateral FMA:49015 musculus pterygoides lateralis Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle lateral pteregoid muscle Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle pterygoideus externus muscle The lateral pterygoid (or external pterygoid) is a muscle of mastication with two heads. Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle lateral pterygoid pterygoid muscle EMAPA:25139 GAID:147 MESH:A.02.633.567.600.700 SCTID:244770002 UBERON:0006720 alisphenoid bone FMA:52868 MA:0002772 SCTID:361298007 UBERON:0006721 ala major (os sphenoidale) alisphenoid bone greater wing of sphenoid bone greater wing of sphenoidal bone MA FMA:52868 greater wing of sphenoidal bone FMA:52868 ala major (os sphenoidale) MA:0002772 alisphenoid bone MA:0002772 greater wing of sphenoid bone MA ISBN10:1588903958 manubrium of malleus FMA:52760 MA:0002985 SCTID:264091009 The handle of the malleus; the portion that extends downward, inward, and backward from the neck of the malleus; it is embedded throughout its length in the tympanic membrane. UBERON:0006722 handle of malleus malleal manubrium malleus handle malleus handle malleus manubrium manubrium mallei manubrium of malleus manubrium of malleus The handle of the malleus; the portion that extends downward, inward, and backward from the neck of the malleus; it is embedded throughout its length in the tympanic membrane. http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?manubrium+of+malleus FMA:52760 manubrium of malleus MA:0002985 manubrium of malleus MA:0002985 malleal manubrium MA:0002985 malleus handle MA:0002985 handle of malleus FMA:52760 malleus handle MA:0002985 malleus manubrium MA:0002985 manubrium mallei cochlear modiolus BTO:0001693 FMA:61278 MA:0001182 SCTID:361314007 UBERON:0006723 a conical shaped central axis in the cochlea. It consists of spongy bone and the cochlea turns approximately 2.5 times around it. The spiral ganglion is situated inside it. cochlea modiolus modiolus modiolus of cochlea ncithesaurus:Modiolus FMA:61278 modiolus of cochlea FMA:61278 cochlea modiolus Wikipedia:Modiolus_(cochlea) a conical shaped central axis in the cochlea. It consists of spongy bone and the cochlea turns approximately 2.5 times around it. The spiral ganglion is situated inside it. MA:0001182 modiolus osseus spiral lamina FMA:77710 MA:0001184 UBERON:0006724 lamina modioli cochleae lamina of modiolus cochleae lamina of modiolus of cochlea osseous spiral lamina of cochlea FMA:77710 FMA:TA lamina modioli cochleae FMA:77710 osseous spiral lamina of cochlea FMA:77710 lamina of modiolus cochleae FMA:77710 lamina of modiolus of cochlea spiral ligament FMA:77834 MA:0001192 Note that this is not classified as a ligament in FMA UBERON:0006725 spiral ligament of cochlear duct FMA:77834 spiral ligament of cochlear duct outer canthus EHDAA2:0000910 EHDAA:9039 FMA:59315 MA:0001264 UBERON:0006726 lateral angle of eye lateral canthus lateral canthus of eye lateral palpebral commissure ncithesaurus:Outer_Canthus see also FMA:59321 FMA:59315 lateral palpebral commissure FMA:59321 lateral canthus of eye MA:0001264 lateral canthus FMA:59321 lateral angle of eye liver left lateral lobe FMA:14501 MA:0001641 SCTID:271288003 UBERON:0006727 lateral segment of left lobe of liver lateral segment of liver segmentum laterale (lobus hepatis sinister) FMA:14501 segmentum laterale (lobus hepatis sinister) FMA:14501 lateral segment of left lobe of liver FMA:14501 lateral segment of liver liver left medial lobe FMA:14500 MA:0001642 SCTID:271085007 UBERON:0006728 medial segment of left lobe of liver medial segment of liver segmentum mediale (lobus hepatis sinister) FMA:14500 segmentum mediale (lobus hepatis sinister) FMA:14500 medial segment of left lobe of liver FMA:14500 medial segment of liver liver perisinusoidal space Disse's space FMA:63162 MA:0002497 SCTID:17779003 UBERON:0006729 hepatic perisinusoidal space perisinusoidal space of Disse space of Disse FMA:63162 perisinusoidal space of Disse Disse's space FMA:63162 FMA:63162 space of Disse FMA:63162 hepatic perisinusoidal space canthus Canthus (pl. canthi, palpebral commissures) is either corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet. The bicanthal plane is the transversal plane linking both canthi and defines the upper boundary of the midface. FMA:59222 SCTID:181145006 UBERON:0006742 bicanthal bicanthal plane canthi canthoplasty canthorum canthus %28anatomy%29 lateral palpebral commissure medial palpebral commissure palpebral commissure palpebral commissures Wikipedia:Canthus medial palpebral commissure Wikipedia:Canthus canthus %28anatomy%29 Wikipedia:Canthus palpebral commissures Wikipedia:Canthus lateral palpebral commissure Wikipedia:Canthus bicanthal plane Wikipedia:Canthus bicanthal FMA:59222 palpebral commissure Wikipedia:Canthus canthorum Canthus (pl. canthi, palpebral commissures) is either corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet. The bicanthal plane is the transversal plane linking both canthi and defines the upper boundary of the midface. Wikipedia:Canthus Wikipedia:Canthus canthi Wikipedia:Canthus canthoplasty paleodentate of dentate nucleus FMA:72540 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1490 PDT UBERON:0006743 paleodentate of dentate nucleus paleodentate portion of dentate nucleus FMA:72540 paleodentate portion of dentate nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1490 PDT NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1490 paleodentate of dentate nucleus superior parathyroid gland EHDAA2:0001954 EHDAA:3870 EHDAA:9135 FMA:55558 SCTID:245540001 UBERON:0006749 ncithesaurus:Superior_Parathyroid_Gland inferior parathyroid gland EHDAA2:0000821 EHDAA:3864 EHDAA:9127 FMA:55559 SCTID:245542009 UBERON:0006755 ncithesaurus:Inferior_Parathyroid_Gland http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/845125-overview tuberculum impar During the third week of embryological development there appears, immediately behind the ventral ends of the two halves of the mandibular arch, a rounded swelling named the tuberculum impar, which was described by His as undergoing enlargement to form the buccal part of the tongue. More recent researches, however, show that this part of the tongue is mainly, if not entirely, developed from a pair of lateral swellings which rise from the inner surface of the mandibular arch and meet in the middle line. The site of their meeting remains post-embryonically as the median sulcus of the tongue. The tuberculum impar is said to form the central part of the tongue immediately in front of the foramen cecum, but Hammar insists that it is purely a transitory structure and forms no part of the adult tongue[WP, Gray's]. EHDAA2:0001081 EMAPA:17187 OG:0000730 SCTID:308821003 The thyroid initially develops caudal to the tuberculum impar . This embryonic swelling arises from the first pharyngeal arch and occurs midline on the floor of the developing pharynx, eventually helping form the tongue as the 2 lateral lingual swellings overgrow it. [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/845125-overview] UBERON:0006756 median lingual swelling median tongue bud During the third week of embryological development there appears, immediately behind the ventral ends of the two halves of the mandibular arch, a rounded swelling named the tuberculum impar, which was described by His as undergoing enlargement to form the buccal part of the tongue. More recent researches, however, show that this part of the tongue is mainly, if not entirely, developed from a pair of lateral swellings which rise from the inner surface of the mandibular arch and meet in the middle line. The site of their meeting remains post-embryonically as the median sulcus of the tongue. The tuberculum impar is said to form the central part of the tongue immediately in front of the foramen cecum, but Hammar insists that it is purely a transitory structure and forms no part of the adult tongue[WP, Gray's]. Wikipedia:Tuberculum_impar EHDAA2:0001081 median lingual swelling http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/845125-overview median tongue bud lateral lingual swelling During the third week there appears, immediately behind the ventral ends of the two halves of the mandibular arch, a rounded swelling named the tuberculum impar, which was described by His as undergoing enlargement to form the buccal part of the tongue. More recent researches, however, show that this part of the tongue is mainly, if not entirely, developed from a pair of lateral swellings (or distal tongue bud) which rise from the inner surface of the mandibular arch and meet in the middle line. EHDAA2:0000911 EMAPA:17189 OG:0000731 UBERON:0006757 lateral swellings tuberculum laterale During the third week there appears, immediately behind the ventral ends of the two halves of the mandibular arch, a rounded swelling named the tuberculum impar, which was described by His as undergoing enlargement to form the buccal part of the tongue. More recent researches, however, show that this part of the tongue is mainly, if not entirely, developed from a pair of lateral swellings (or distal tongue bud) which rise from the inner surface of the mandibular arch and meet in the middle line. Wikipedia:Lateral_lingual_swelling Wikipedia:Lateral_lingual_swelling tuberculum laterale Wikipedia:Lateral_lingual_swelling lateral swellings corneo-scleral junction EFO:0001403 FMA:58342 GAID:896 MESH:A.09.371.060.217.659 SCTID:63716004 The corneal limbus is the border of the cornea and the sclera (the white of the eye). The limbus is a common site for the occurrence of corneal epithelial neoplasm. Limbus contains radially oriented fibrovascular ridges known as the palisades of Vogt that may harbour a stem cell population[WP]. An annular transitional zone, approximately 1 mm wide, between the cornea and the bulbar conjunctiva and sclera. It is highly vascular and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea. It is ophthalmologically significant in that it appears on the outer surface of the eyeball as a slight furrow, marking the line between the clear cornea and the sclera. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)[MeSH] UBERON:0006761 ZFA:0005570 corneal limbus corneal limbus corneoscleral junction limbus corneae sclerocorneal junction sclerocorneal limbus FMA:58342 sclerocorneal junction Wikipedia:Corneal_limbus limbus corneae GAID:896 sclerocorneal limbus GAID:896 corneoscleral junction The corneal limbus is the border of the cornea and the sclera (the white of the eye). The limbus is a common site for the occurrence of corneal epithelial neoplasm. Limbus contains radially oriented fibrovascular ridges known as the palisades of Vogt that may harbour a stem cell population[WP]. An annular transitional zone, approximately 1 mm wide, between the cornea and the bulbar conjunctiva and sclera. It is highly vascular and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea. It is ophthalmologically significant in that it appears on the outer surface of the eyeball as a slight furrow, marking the line between the clear cornea and the sclera. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)[MeSH] Wikipedia:Corneal_limbus FMA:58342 corneal limbus GAID:896 corneal limbus suspensory ligament of lens FMA:58838 SCTID:362524000 The zonule of Zinn (Zinn's membrane, ciliary zonule) is a ring of fibrous strands connecting the ciliary body with the crystalline lens of the eye. The zonule of Zinn is split into two layers: a thin layer, which lines the hyaloid fossa, and a thicker layer, which is a collection of zonular fibers. Together, the fibers are known as the suspensory ligament of the lens[WP]. Modified or toughened vitreous that suspend the lens at the equator to the non-pigmented epithelium of the ciliary zone. In zebrafish, dorsal zonules are thickened as compared to ventral zonules. In both dorsal and ventral regions, these fibers delimit the vitreous body aqueous humor boundary[ZFA]. UBERON:0006762 ZFA:0005573 Zinn's membrane ciliary zonule ciliary zonule suspensory ligament of the lens zonula zonula ciliaris zonular fiber zonule zonule of Zinn zonules Wikipedia:Zonule_of_Zinn zonule ZFA ZFA:0005573 zonules FMA Wikipedia:Zonule_of_Zinn zonular fiber Wikipedia:Zonule_of_Zinn suspensory ligament of the lens FMA:58838 ciliary zonule Wikipedia:Zonule_of_Zinn ciliary zonule Wikipedia:Zonule_of_Zinn zonula Obol FMA:58838 zonule of Zinn ZFA Wikipedia:Zonule_of_Zinn zonula ciliaris FMA:58838 Zinn's membrane The zonule of Zinn (Zinn's membrane, ciliary zonule) is a ring of fibrous strands connecting the ciliary body with the crystalline lens of the eye. The zonule of Zinn is split into two layers: a thin layer, which lines the hyaloid fossa, and a thicker layer, which is a collection of zonular fibers. Together, the fibers are known as the suspensory ligament of the lens[WP]. Modified or toughened vitreous that suspend the lens at the equator to the non-pigmented epithelium of the ciliary zone. In zebrafish, dorsal zonules are thickened as compared to ventral zonules. In both dorsal and ventral regions, these fibers delimit the vitreous body aqueous humor boundary[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Zonule_of_Zinn epithelium of conjunctiva BTO:0005131 EFO:0001916 FMA:62131 UBERON:0006763 conjunctiva epithelium conjunctival epithelium ncithesaurus:Conjunctival_Epithelium BTO:0005131 conjunctival epithelium BTO FMA:62131 conjunctiva epithelium anterior communicating artery EHDAA2:0000586 EMAPA:18599 FMA:50169 In human anatomy, the anterior communicating artery is a blood vessel of the brain that connects the left and right anterior cerebral arteries. The anterior communicating artery connects the two anterior cerebral arteries across the commencement of the longitudinal fissure. Sometimes this vessel is wanting, the two arteries joining together to form a single trunk, which afterward divides; or it may be wholly, or partially, divided into two. Its length averages about 4 mm, but varies greatly. It gives off some of the anteromedial ganglionic vessels, but these are principally derived from the anterior cerebral artery. It is part of the cerebral arterial circle, also known as the circle of Willis. SCTID:181311009 UBERON:0006764 ncithesaurus:Anterior_Communicating_Artery In human anatomy, the anterior communicating artery is a blood vessel of the brain that connects the left and right anterior cerebral arteries. The anterior communicating artery connects the two anterior cerebral arteries across the commencement of the longitudinal fissure. Sometimes this vessel is wanting, the two arteries joining together to form a single trunk, which afterward divides; or it may be wholly, or partially, divided into two. Its length averages about 4 mm, but varies greatly. It gives off some of the anteromedial ganglionic vessels, but these are principally derived from the anterior cerebral artery. It is part of the cerebral arterial circle, also known as the circle of Willis. Wikipedia:Anterior_communicating_artery left anterior vena cava EMAPA:18418 UBERON:0006765 right anterior vena cava EMAPA:18419 FMA:4720 The mouse has both left and right anterior vena cava. adult humans only have a right. Postnatally the left regresses and becomes non-functional (Wessels and Sedmera 2003). Note that FMA:4720 is equivalent to both anterior vena cava and right anterior vena cava UBERON:0006766 head of femur AAO:0000892 FMA:32851 MESH:A.02.835.232.500.247.343 SCTID:361791000 The hemispheric articular surface at the upper extremity of the thigh bone[Stedman, 26th ed]. The femur head is the highest part of the thigh bone. It is supported by the neck of the femur. The head is globular and forms rather more than a hemisphere, is directed upward, medialward, and a little forward, the greater part of its convexity being above and in front. Its surface is smooth, coated with cartilage in the fresh state, except over an ovoid depression, the fovea capitis femoris, which is situated a little below and behind the center of the head, and gives attachment to the ligament of head of femur. If there is a fracture of the neck of the femur, the blood supply through the ligament becomes crucial. In orthopedic surgery, the head of the femur is important because it can undergo avascular necrosis and consequent osteochondritis dissecans. The head is removed in total hip replacement surgery [WP]. UBERON:0006767 acetabular head capital femoral epiphysis caput femoris femoral head femur head galen:FemoralHead ncithesaurus:Head_of_the_Femur MESH:A.02.835.232.500.247.343 The hemispheric articular surface at the upper extremity of the thigh bone[Stedman, 26th ed]. The femur head is the highest part of the thigh bone. It is supported by the neck of the femur. The head is globular and forms rather more than a hemisphere, is directed upward, medialward, and a little forward, the greater part of its convexity being above and in front. Its surface is smooth, coated with cartilage in the fresh state, except over an ovoid depression, the fovea capitis femoris, which is situated a little below and behind the center of the head, and gives attachment to the ligament of head of femur. If there is a fracture of the neck of the femur, the blood supply through the ligament becomes crucial. In orthopedic surgery, the head of the femur is important because it can undergo avascular necrosis and consequent osteochondritis dissecans. The head is removed in total hip replacement surgery [WP]. Wikipedia:Femur_head FMA:32851 femoral head AAO:0000892 acetabular head capital femoral epiphysis http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/capital+femoral+epiphysis AAO:0000892 Wikipedia:Femur_head caput femoris MESH:A.02.835.232.500.247.343 femur head epiphyseal line FMA:9918 SCTID:333108008 UBERON:0006768 epiphysial junction line of bony union FMA:9918 epiphysial junction FMA:9918 line of bony union apophysis FMA:75428 SCTID:65000005 UBERON:0006770 long bone epiphyseal plate proliferative zone MA:0002976 UBERON:0006771 epiphyseal plate proliferative zone germinal layer of the epiphyseal plate where cells are actively dividing as well as producing extracellular matrix[MP]. zone of proliferation MP:0003662 germinal layer of the epiphyseal plate where cells are actively dividing as well as producing extracellular matrix[MP]. MA:0002976 zone of proliferation long bone epiphyseal plate hypertrophic zone MA:0002977 UBERON:0006772 epiphyseal plate hypertrophic zone maturation zone note that there is also MA:0002849 zone of hypertrophic chondrocytes MA:0002977 zone of hypertrophic chondrocytes MA:0002977 maturation zone long bone epiphyseal plate ossification zone UBERON:0006773 epiphyseal plate ossification zone layer of the epiphyseal plate where new bone matrix is deposited[MP]. MP:0006399 layer of the epiphyseal plate where new bone matrix is deposited[MP]. zone of epiphyseal plate UBERON:0006775 annular epiphysis FMA:75792 UBERON:0006776 anular epiphysis note that here epiphysis means deriving from a separate ossification center secondary growth centers occurring as rings at the periphery of the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body. FMA:75792 anular epiphysis http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/epiphysis secondary growth centers occurring as rings at the periphery of the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body. tectal plate FMA:77488 The term "tectal plate" (or "quadrigeminal plate") is used to describe the junction of the gray and white matter in the embryo. (NeuroNames ancil-453) UBERON:0006777 embryologic structure that is formed by two longitudinal eminences, one on each alar plate of the midbrain. These eminences become the superior colliculus and inferior colliculus ( Carpenter-1983 )] lamina quadrigemina quadrigeminal plate embryologic structure that is formed by two longitudinal eminences, one on each alar plate of the midbrain. These eminences become the superior colliculus and inferior colliculus ( Carpenter-1983 )] http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?type=a&ID=453 FMA:77488 quadrigeminal plate FMA:77488 FMA:TA lamina quadrigemina superficial white layer of superior colliculus ABA:SCop FMA:71112 UBERON:0006779 lamina III of superior colliculus lamina colliculi superioris iii layer III of superior colliculus optic layer optic layer of superior colliculus stratum opticum colliculi superioris superficial white matter layer of superior collilculus that consists mainly of axions from the optic nerve. FMA:71112 FMA:TA stratum opticum colliculi superioris Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit lamina III of superior colliculus FMA:71112 optic layer ABA FMA:71112 optic layer of superior colliculus Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit superficial white matter layer of superior collilculus that consists mainly of axions from the optic nerve. FMA:71112 layer III of superior colliculus ABA FMA:71112 FMA:TA lamina colliculi superioris iii zonal layer of superior colliculus ABA:SCzo FMA:72406 UBERON:0006780 a thin layer consisting of small myelinated axons together with marginal and horizontal cells. lamina I of superior colliculus lamina colliculi superioris i layer I of superior colliculus stratum zonale of superior colliculus ABA Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit a thin layer consisting of small myelinated axons together with marginal and horizontal cells. Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit lamina I of superior colliculus FMA:72406 FMA:TA lamina colliculi superioris i FMA:72406 layer I of superior colliculus FMA:72406 stratum zonale of superior colliculus ABA stratum lemnisci of superior colliculus FMA:72408 UBERON:0006782 layer of superior colliculus NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005033 The microstructure of the optic tectum / superior colliculus varies across species. As a general rule, there is always a clear distinction between superficial layers, which receive input primarily from the visual system and show primarily visual responses, and deeper layers, which receive many types of input and project to numerous motor-related brain areas. The distinction between these two zones is so clear and consistent that some anatomists have suggested that they should be considered separate brain structures. In mammals, neuroanatomists conventionally identify seven layers[WP]. UBERON:0006783 The microstructure of the optic tectum / superior colliculus varies across species. As a general rule, there is always a clear distinction between superficial layers, which receive input primarily from the visual system and show primarily visual responses, and deeper layers, which receive many types of input and project to numerous motor-related brain areas. The distinction between these two zones is so clear and consistent that some anatomists have suggested that they should be considered separate brain structures. In mammals, neuroanatomists conventionally identify seven layers[WP]. Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit gray matter layer of superior colliculus FMA:77870 UBERON:0006785 white matter layer of superior colliculus FMA:83899 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1023 UBERON:0006786 middle white layer of superior colliculus FMA:71113 UBERON:0006787 ZFA:0001351 intermediate white layer intermediate white layer of superior colliculus lamina V of superior colliculus lamina colliculi superioris v layer V of superior colliculus stratum album intermediale of superior colliculus stratum medullare intermedium colliculi superioris FMA:71113 FMA:TA stratum medullare intermedium colliculi superioris FMA:71113 layer V of superior colliculus FMA:71113 intermediate white layer of superior colliculus Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit lamina V of superior colliculus FMA:71113 intermediate white layer Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit stratum album intermediale of superior colliculus FMA:71113 FMA:TA lamina colliculi superioris v middle gray layer of superior colliculus FMA:72409 UBERON:0006788 ZFA:0001350 intermediate gray layer intermediate grey layer of superior colliculus lamina IV of superior colliculus lamina colliculi superioris iv layer IV of superior colliculus stratum griseum intermediale of superior colliculus stratum griseum intermedium colliculi superioris Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit stratum griseum intermediale of superior colliculus FMA:72409 layer IV of superior colliculus Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit lamina IV of superior colliculus FMA:72409 intermediate grey layer of superior colliculus FMA:72409 FMA:TA stratum griseum intermedium colliculi superioris FMA:72409 intermediate gray layer FMA:72409 FMA:TA lamina colliculi superioris iv deep gray layer of superior colliculus FMA:72410 UBERON:0006789 deep grey layer of superior colliculus lamina VI of superior colliculus lamina colliculi superioris vi layer VI of superior colliculus stratum griseum profundum colliculi superioris stratum griseum profundum of superior colliculus FMA:72410 layer VI of superior colliculus FMA:72410 FMA:TA lamina colliculi superioris vi FMA:72410 FMA:TA stratum griseum profundum colliculi superioris Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit lamina VI of superior colliculus Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit stratum griseum profundum of superior colliculus FMA:72410 deep grey layer of superior colliculus deep white layer of superior colliculus FMA:72416 UBERON:0006790 ZFA:0000494 deep white matter layer of superior collilculus that consists entirely of fibers. lamina VII of superior colliculus lamina colliculi superioris vii layer VII of superior colliculus stratum album profundum of superior colliculus FMA:72416 layer VII of superior colliculus Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit deep white matter layer of superior collilculus that consists entirely of fibers. Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit lamina VII of superior colliculus FMA:72416 FMA:TA lamina colliculi superioris vii Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit stratum album profundum of superior colliculus superficial layer of superior colliculus BM:MB-Tec-SCS UBERON:0006791 ZFA:0000686 intermediate layer of superior colliculus BM:MB-Tec-SCI UBERON:0006792 ZFA:0000327 deep layer of superior colliculus BM:MB-Tec-SCD UBERON:0006793 visual processing part of nervous system GAID:1233 UBERON:0006794 optic lobe GAID:1233 optic lobe arthropod optic lobe A region of the adult brain that processes the visual information from the compound eyes. FBbt:00003701 UBERON:0006795 optic lobe FBbt:00003701 optic lobe A region of the adult brain that processes the visual information from the compound eyes. FBC:gg ISBN:978-3-11-014898-5 cephalopod optic lobe Large lobes of the brain associated with the eyes. In octopods and some squids the optic lobes may be separated from the rest of the brain by an optic stalk of varying length. In Octopus the optic lobes contain 92 million cells compared with only 42 million in the main central mass of the brain (J. Young, 1963) . UBERON:0006796 optic lobe Large lobes of the brain associated with the eyes. In octopods and some squids the optic lobes may be separated from the rest of the brain by an optic stalk of varying length. In Octopus the optic lobes contain 92 million cells compared with only 42 million in the main central mass of the brain (J. Young, 1963) . http://tolweb.org/accessory/Cephalopoda_Glossary?acc_id=587 optic lobe efferent nerve A group of neurons that provides a nervous signal to a tissue. AEO:0000202 EHDAA2:0003231 UBERON:0006798 A group of neurons that provides a nervous signal to a tissue. AEO:JB glandular epithelium BTO:0002991 Epithelium composed of secretory cells. UBERON:0006799 ncithesaurus:Glandular_Epithelium Epithelium composed of secretory cells. Online_Medical_Dictionary:http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ anatomical line AAO:0010267 AEO:0000008 BILA:0000008 CARO:0000008 EHDAA2:0003008 FMA:9657 HAO:0000008 Non-material anatomical entity of one dimension, which forms a boundary of an anatomical surface or is a modulation of an anatomical surface. TGMA:0001828 UBERON:0006800 XAO:0004003 ZFA:0001689 CARO:MAH Non-material anatomical entity of one dimension, which forms a boundary of an anatomical surface or is a modulation of an anatomical surface. head of humerus AAO:0000838 FMA:13304 Hemispherical ball located at the lower end of the humerus that stands out prominently from the surrounding structures toward the flexor surface of the forelimb and fits into the socket joint of the olecranon process. SCTID:181924000 UBERON:0006801 eminentia capitata galen:HeadOfHumerus humeral head ncithesaurus:Head_of_the_Humerus radial condyle AAO:0000838 Hemispherical ball located at the lower end of the humerus that stands out prominently from the surrounding structures toward the flexor surface of the forelimb and fits into the socket joint of the olecranon process. FMA:13304 humeral head AAO:0000838 radial condyle AAO:0000838 eminentia capitata acetabular rim AAO:0000864 Cartilaginous ring that forms the entire acetabular margin. FMA:16941 UBERON:0006802 AAO:0000864 Cartilaginous ring that forms the entire acetabular margin. obturator foramen AAO:0000863 FMA:16999 SCTID:361777006 The obturator foramen is the hole created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and muscles pass. UBERON:0006803 foramen obturatorium ncithesaurus:Obturator_Foramen The obturator foramen is the hole created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and muscles pass. Wikipedia:Obturator_foramen FMA:16999 foramen obturatorium AAO reticular tissue AAO:0000542 FMA:20116 Loose connective tissue which consists of an irregular network of cells and reticular fibers and is spatially associated with myeloid and lymphoid cells. Examples: stroma of bone marrow, stroma of spleen, stroma of lymph node.[FMA] SCTID:57987007 UBERON:0006804 reticular connective tissue textus connectivus reticularis FMA:20116 FMA:FMA Loose connective tissue which consists of an irregular network of cells and reticular fibers and is spatially associated with myeloid and lymphoid cells. Examples: stroma of bone marrow, stroma of spleen, stroma of lymph node.[FMA] FMA:20116 reticular connective tissue FMA:20116 textus connectivus reticularis sternal end of clavicle AAO:0000812 FMA:23297 Medial end of the clavicle, which usually lies on the ventral side of the epicoracoid cartilage, just posterior to the epicoracoid bridge. SCTID:181920009 UBERON:0006805 extremitas medialis extremitas sternalis (Clavicula) medial end medial end of clavicle AAO:0000812 extremitas medialis FMA:23297 extremitas sternalis (Clavicula) AAO:0000812 Medial end of the clavicle, which usually lies on the ventral side of the epicoracoid cartilage, just posterior to the epicoracoid bridge. FMA:23297 medial end of clavicle AAO:0000812 medial end medial epicondyle of humerus AAO:0000782 FMA:23441 SCTID:181929005 The medial epicondyle of the humerus, larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle, is directed a little backward. In birds, where the arm is somewhat rotated compared to other tetrapods, it is called ventral epicondyle of the humerus. It gives attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow-joint, to the Pronator teres, and to a common tendon of origin of some of the Flexor muscles of the forearm. The ulnar nerve runs in a groove on the back of this epicondyle[WP]. Rounded projection at the distal head of the humerus and medial to the humeral head, which serves as a place of attachment for the flexor muscles antogonistic to those that attach to the lateral epicondyle[AAO]. UBERON:0006806 elbow pit epicondylus medialis (Humerus) epicondylus medialis humeri medial epicondyle of humerus Wikipedia:Medial_epicondyle_of_the_humerus medial epicondyle of humerus Wikipedia:Medial_epicondyle_of_the_humerus elbow pit AAO:0000782 epicondylus medialis humeri FMA:23441 epicondylus medialis (Humerus) AAO:0000782 The medial epicondyle of the humerus, larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle, is directed a little backward. In birds, where the arm is somewhat rotated compared to other tetrapods, it is called ventral epicondyle of the humerus. It gives attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow-joint, to the Pronator teres, and to a common tendon of origin of some of the Flexor muscles of the forearm. The ulnar nerve runs in a groove on the back of this epicondyle[WP]. Rounded projection at the distal head of the humerus and medial to the humeral head, which serves as a place of attachment for the flexor muscles antogonistic to those that attach to the lateral epicondyle[AAO]. Wikipedia:Medial_epicondyle_of_the_humerus lateral epicondyle of humerus AAO:0000758 FMA:23442 Rounded projection at the distal head of the humerus (larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle) and lateral to the humeral head, which serves as a place of attachment for the mm extensor antebrachii et carpi radialis, extensor digitorum communis, and in part to the m extensor antebrachii et carpi ulnaris. SCTID:181933003 UBERON:0006807 epicondylus lateralis (Humerus) epicondylus lateralis humeri AAO:0000758 Rounded projection at the distal head of the humerus (larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle) and lateral to the humeral head, which serves as a place of attachment for the mm extensor antebrachii et carpi radialis, extensor digitorum communis, and in part to the m extensor antebrachii et carpi ulnaris. FMA:23442 epicondylus lateralis (Humerus) AAO:0000758 epicondylus lateralis humeri supporting connective tissue AAO:0000571 FMA:37374 Specialized connective tissue is a connective tissue, which consists of osteocytes and chondrocytes, the intercellular matrix of which is chondrified or calcified.[FMA] UBERON:0006809 made obsolete because FMA:37374 is a General anatomical term rather than a true class in the FMA specialized connective tissue true FMA:37374 specialized connective tissue FMA:37374 FMA:FMA Specialized connective tissue is a connective tissue, which consists of osteocytes and chondrocytes, the intercellular matrix of which is chondrified or calcified.[FMA] olecranon AAO:0000843 FMA:39795 SCTID:181949001 The olecranon is a large, thick, curved bony eminence of the forearm that projects behind the elbow. It is situated at the upper (proximal) end of the ulna, one of the two bones in the forearm. When the hand faces forward the olecranon faces towards the back (posteriorly). It is bent forward at the summit so as to present a prominent lip which is received into the olecranon fossa of the humerus in extension of the forearm. Its base is contracted where it joins the body and the narrowest part of the upper end of the ulna. Its posterior surface, directed backward, is triangular, smooth, subcutaneous, and covered by a bursa. Its superior surface is of quadrilateral form, marked behind by a rough impression for the insertion of the Triceps brachii; and in front, near the margin, by a slight transverse groove for the attachment of part of the posterior ligament of the elbow-joint. Its anterior surface is smooth, concave, and forms the upper part of the semilunar notch. Its borders present continuations of the groove on the margin of the superior surface; they serve for the attachment of ligaments, viz. , the back part of the ulnar collateral ligament medially, and the posterior ligament laterally. From the medial border a part of the Flexor carpi ulnaris arises; while to the lateral border the anconeus muscle is attached. UBERON:0006810 ncithesaurus:Olecranon olecranon process ulnar process The olecranon is a large, thick, curved bony eminence of the forearm that projects behind the elbow. It is situated at the upper (proximal) end of the ulna, one of the two bones in the forearm. When the hand faces forward the olecranon faces towards the back (posteriorly). It is bent forward at the summit so as to present a prominent lip which is received into the olecranon fossa of the humerus in extension of the forearm. Its base is contracted where it joins the body and the narrowest part of the upper end of the ulna. Its posterior surface, directed backward, is triangular, smooth, subcutaneous, and covered by a bursa. Its superior surface is of quadrilateral form, marked behind by a rough impression for the insertion of the Triceps brachii; and in front, near the margin, by a slight transverse groove for the attachment of part of the posterior ligament of the elbow-joint. Its anterior surface is smooth, concave, and forms the upper part of the semilunar notch. Its borders present continuations of the groove on the margin of the superior surface; they serve for the attachment of ligaments, viz. , the back part of the ulnar collateral ligament medially, and the posterior ligament laterally. From the medial border a part of the Flexor carpi ulnaris arises; while to the lateral border the anconeus muscle is attached. Wikipedia:Olecranon Wikipedia:Olecranon olecranon process AAO:0000843 ulnar process occipital condyle AAO:0000330 FMA:52861 The occipital condyles are undersurface facets of the occipital bone in vertebrates, which function in articulation with the superior facets of the atlas vertebra. The condyles are oval or reniform (kidney-shaped) in shape, and their anterior extremities, directed forward and medialward, are closer together than their posterior, and encroach on the basilar portion of the bone; the posterior extremities extend back to the level of the middle of the foramen magnum. The articular surfaces of the condyles are convex from before backward and from side to side, and look downward and lateralward. To their margins are attached the capsules of the atlantoC6ccipital articulations, and on the medial side of each is a rough impression or tubercle for the alar ligament. At the base of either condyle the bone is tunnelled by a short canal, the hypoglossal canal. UBERON:0006811 birds have a single occipital condyle[WP] The occipital condyles are undersurface facets of the occipital bone in vertebrates, which function in articulation with the superior facets of the atlas vertebra. The condyles are oval or reniform (kidney-shaped) in shape, and their anterior extremities, directed forward and medialward, are closer together than their posterior, and encroach on the basilar portion of the bone; the posterior extremities extend back to the level of the middle of the foramen magnum. The articular surfaces of the condyles are convex from before backward and from side to side, and look downward and lateralward. To their margins are attached the capsules of the atlantoC6ccipital articulations, and on the medial side of each is a rough impression or tubercle for the alar ligament. At the base of either condyle the bone is tunnelled by a short canal, the hypoglossal canal. Wikipedia:Occipital_condyle mental foramen AAO:0000298 FMA:53171 SCTID:244686000 The mental foramen is one of two holes ("foramina") located on the anterior surface of the mandible. It permits passage of the mental nerve and vessels. The mental foramen descends slightly in edentulous individuals. UBERON:0006812 foramen mentalis mental foramina The mental foramen is one of two holes ("foramina") located on the anterior surface of the mandible. It permits passage of the mental nerve and vessels. The mental foramen descends slightly in edentulous individuals. Wikipedia:Mental_foramen OBOL:automatic mental foramina Wikipedia:Mental_foramen foramen mentalis nasal skeleton AAO:0000320 FMA:60116 SCTID:281486007 Structural framework that provides support to the nasal sacs and ducts. UBERON:0006813 skeleton of nose FMA:60116 skeleton of nose FMA AAO:0000320 Structural framework that provides support to the nasal sacs and ducts. FMA areolar connective tissue AAO:0000027 FMA:63897 Loose connective tissue located at the outer and inner layers of organs. Examples: submucosal connective tissue, tunica adventitia of artery, papillary dermis, superficial fascia of dorsum of hand.[FMA] SCTID:68477002 UBERON:0006815 consider adding separate class for LCT loose areolar connective tissue loose connective tissue ncithesaurus:Loose_Connective_Tissue FMA:63897 FMA:FMA Loose connective tissue located at the outer and inner layers of organs. Examples: submucosal connective tissue, tunica adventitia of artery, papillary dermis, superficial fascia of dorsum of hand.[FMA] FMA FMA:63897 loose areolar connective tissue AAO:0000027 loose connective tissue body of sternum AAO - Proximal portion of the sternum, usually elaborated into a stylum that may be ossified. [AAO:0000939] AAO:0000939 FMA:7487 SCTID:361743001 The body of the sternum (gladiolus), considerably lengthier, narrower, and thinner than the manubrium, attains its greatest breadth close to the lower end. UBERON:0006820 body of the sternum gladiolus of sternum mesosternum sternal body FMA:7487 gladiolus of sternum FMA:7487 mesosternum The body of the sternum (gladiolus), considerably lengthier, narrower, and thinner than the manubrium, attains its greatest breadth close to the lower end. Wikipedia:Body_of_sternum FMA:7487 sternal body Wikipedia:Body_of_sternum body of the sternum cutaneous muscle AAO:0000119 FMA:74996 UBERON:0006821 ncithesaurus:Cutaneous_Muscle proximal epiphysis of ulna FMA:33751 SCTID:304590006 The head of ulna presents an articular surface, part of which, of an oval or semilunar form, is directed downward, and articulates with the upper surface of the triangular articular disk which separates it from the wrist-joint; the remaining portion, directed lateralward, is narrow, convex, and received into the ulnar notch of the radius. UBERON:0006822 caput ulnae galen:HeadOfUlna head of ulna proximal end of ulna upper end of ulna FMA:33751 upper end of ulna FMA:33751 head of ulna FMA:33751 FMA:TA caput ulnae The head of ulna presents an articular surface, part of which, of an oval or semilunar form, is directed downward, and articulates with the upper surface of the triangular articular disk which separates it from the wrist-joint; the remaining portion, directed lateralward, is narrow, convex, and received into the ulnar notch of the radius. Wikipedia:Head_of_ulna FMA:33751 proximal end of ulna trabecula carnea of atrium Dubious: Not present in any AO. Note that WP states that trabecular carnea are ventricular and 'They should not be confused with the pectinate muscles, which are present in the right[1] and left atria only' UBERON:0006828 the supporting bundles of muscular fibers lining the walls of the atria[MP]. MP:0010581 the supporting bundles of muscular fibers lining the walls of the atria[MP]. remnant of left anterior vena cava . The mouse has both left and right anterior vena cava. adult humans only have a right. Postnatally the left regresses and becomes non-functional (Wessels and Sedmera 2003). UBERON:0006829 . Wikipedia:Persistent_left_superior_vena_cava pre-tracheal muscle EMAPA:25142 MA:0001798 UBERON:0006831 pretracheal muscle MA:0001798 pretracheal muscle lumen of open tracheal system trachea FBbt:00007410 UBERON:0006832 tracheal lumen FBbt:00007410 tracheal lumen lumen of trachea FMA:7469 SCTID:197486000 UBERON:0006833 lumen of cartilaginous trachea tracheal lumen FMA:7469 tracheal lumen OBOL:automatic lumen of cartilaginous trachea uterus or analog An internal female reproductive organ that is the site of embryo development. FBbt:00004924 TADS:0000421 UBERON:0006834 WBbt:0006760 uterus FBbt:00004924 uterus arthropod oviduct A tube that connects ovary to the uterus. FBbt:00004911 TADS:0000415 UBERON:0006835 A tube that connects ovary to the uterus. TADS:0000415 FBbt medial tibial tarsal bone AAO: One of two element that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The tibiale constitutes the postaxial element. In salamanders this element is aproximatelly rounded, whereas in anurans it is an elongate, cylindrical bone with the proximal and distal heads fused to the heads of the fibulare. todo - check grouping AAO:0000912 MA:0001350 UBERON:0006836 tibiale AAO:0000912 MA:0001350 tibiale tegmen tympani AAO:0000116 FMA:56002 The Tegmental Wall or Roof (paries tegmentalis) is formed by a thin plate of bone, the tegmen tympani, which separates the cranial and tympanic cavities. It is situated on the anterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone close to its angle of junction with the squama temporalis; it is prolonged backward so as to roof in the tympanic antrum, and forward to cover in the semicanal for the Tensor tympani muscle. Its lateral edge corresponds with the remains of the petrosquamous suture[Grays] . UBERON:0006837 crista parotica crista prootica paries tegmentalis cavi tympani processus muscularis capsulae auditivae processus squamosus tegmental roof of tympanic cavity tegmental wall of tympanic cavity todo - check AAO; grouping is made on basis of related synonym. Crista parotica: seems to be the same as the crista prootica. However, since this lateral ridge of the otic capsule is frequently formed by the opisthotic, rather than the prootic, this may be a better name.; Crista prootica: a ledge or ridge which elaborates the dorsal surface of the prootic or, more generally, the roof of the otic capsule, laterally. The crista may extend posteriorly & laterally, continuous with the paroccipital process, and/or anteriorly or anteroventrally to protect cranial nerve foramina and form part of the fenestra ovalis/vestibuli. In basal tetrapodomorphs and tetrapods, the crista prootica forms the floor of the posttemporal fenestra. See The Prootic. In many tetrapods, the crista prootica is not ossified, or incompletely ossified. However, in frogs, the crista is the main strut joining the skull roofing bones (frontoparietals) with the squamosals. The crista prootica has a similarly expanded role in mammals where it forms an important part of the epitympanic recess and anchors the tympanohyal.[http://www.palaeos.com] FMA:56002 FMA:TA paries tegmentalis cavi tympani FMA:56002 tegmental roof of tympanic cavity FMA:56002 tegmental wall of tympanic cavity AAO:0000116 crista prootica http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Lists/Glossary/GlossaryCr.html AAO:0000116 processus muscularis capsulae auditivae The Tegmental Wall or Roof (paries tegmentalis) is formed by a thin plate of bone, the tegmen tympani, which separates the cranial and tympanic cavities. It is situated on the anterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone close to its angle of junction with the squama temporalis; it is prolonged backward so as to roof in the tympanic antrum, and forward to cover in the semicanal for the Tensor tympani muscle. Its lateral edge corresponds with the remains of the petrosquamous suture[Grays] . http://education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/subjects/subject/230 AAO:0000116 crista parotica AAO:0000116 processus squamosus anterior ramus of spinal nerve FMA:5982 The ventral ramus (anterior ramus, anterior branch, anterior divisions of the spinal nerves) supply the antero-lateral parts of the trunk, and the limbs; they are for the most part larger than the posterior divisions. In the thoracic region they remain distinct from each other and each innervates a narrow strip of muscle and skin along the sides, chest, ribs, and abdominal wall. These rami are called the intercostal nerves. In regions other than the thoracic, ventral rami converge with each other to form networks of nerves called nerve plexuses. Within each plexus, fibers from the various ventral rami branch and become redistributed so that each nerve exiting the plexus has fibers from several different spinal nerves. One advantage to having plexuses is that damage to a single spinal nerve will not completely paralyze a limb. There are four main plexuses formed by the ventral rami: The cervical plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves C1-C5. Branches of the cervical plexus, which include the phrenic nerve, innervate muscles of the neck, the diaphragm, and the skin of the neck and upper chest. The brachial plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves C5-T1. This plexus innervates the pectoral girdle and upper limb. The lumbar plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves L1-L4. The sacral plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves L4-S4. The lumbar and sacral plexuses innervate the pelvic girdle and lower limbs. The Ventral rami, including the sinuvertebral nerve branches, supply structures anterior to the facet joint, including the vertebral bodies, the discs and their ligaments and joints other spinal nerves to form the lumbo-sacral plexus. UBERON:0006838 anterior primary ramus of spinal nerve ramus anterior ventral ramus of spinal nerve FMA:5982 ventral ramus of spinal nerve The ventral ramus (anterior ramus, anterior branch, anterior divisions of the spinal nerves) supply the antero-lateral parts of the trunk, and the limbs; they are for the most part larger than the posterior divisions. In the thoracic region they remain distinct from each other and each innervates a narrow strip of muscle and skin along the sides, chest, ribs, and abdominal wall. These rami are called the intercostal nerves. In regions other than the thoracic, ventral rami converge with each other to form networks of nerves called nerve plexuses. Within each plexus, fibers from the various ventral rami branch and become redistributed so that each nerve exiting the plexus has fibers from several different spinal nerves. One advantage to having plexuses is that damage to a single spinal nerve will not completely paralyze a limb. There are four main plexuses formed by the ventral rami: The cervical plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves C1-C5. Branches of the cervical plexus, which include the phrenic nerve, innervate muscles of the neck, the diaphragm, and the skin of the neck and upper chest. The brachial plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves C5-T1. This plexus innervates the pectoral girdle and upper limb. The lumbar plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves L1-L4. The sacral plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves L4-S4. The lumbar and sacral plexuses innervate the pelvic girdle and lower limbs. The Ventral rami, including the sinuvertebral nerve branches, supply structures anterior to the facet joint, including the vertebral bodies, the discs and their ligaments and joints other spinal nerves to form the lumbo-sacral plexus. Wikipedia:Anterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve FMA:5982 ramus anterior FMA:5982 anterior primary ramus of spinal nerve posterior ramus of spinal nerve AAO:0010800 FMA:5983 The posterior (or dorsal) branches (or divisions) of the spinal nerves are as a rule smaller than the anterior divisions. They are also referred to as the dorsal rami. They are directed backward, and, with the exceptions of those of the first cervical, the fourth and fifth sacral, and the coccygeal, divide into medial and lateral branches for the supply of the muscles and skin of the posterior part of the trunk. Shortly after a spinal nerve exits the intervertebral foramen, it branches into the dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, and rami communicantes. Each of these latter three structures carries both sensory and motor information. Because each spinal nerve carries both sensory and motor information, spinal nerves are referred to as bmixed nerves. b Dorsal rami carry visceral motor, somatic motor, and sensory information to and from the skin and muscles of the back. Dorsal rami remain distinct from each other, and each innervates a narrow strip of skin and muscle along the back, more or less at the level from which the ramus leaves the spinal nerve. The smaller, posteriorly-directed major terminal branch (with the ventral primary ramus) of all 31 pairs of mixed spinal nerves, formed at the intervertebral foramen and turning abruptly posteriorly to divide into lateral and medial branches, both of which will supply the deep (true) muscles of the back. The medial branch (rami medialis) of the dorsal primary ramus also supplies articular branches to the zygopophyseal joints and the periosteum of the vertebral arch. In the neck and upper back, the medial branch continues through the deep and superficial back muscles to supply overlying skin; in the lower back, the lateral branch does this. Nomina Anatomica lists dorsal primary rami as "rami dorsales" for each group of spinal nerves: 1) cervical (nervorum cervicalium), 2) thoracic (nervorum thoracicorum), 3) lumbar (nervorum lumbalium), 4) sacral (nervorum sacralium), and 5) coccygeal (nervi coccygei). Synonyms: ramus dorsalis nervorum spinalium, ramus dorsalis, rami posteriores nervorum spinalium, dorsal branch, posterior primary division. UBERON:0006839 dorsal ramus dorsal ramus of spinal nerve posterior primary ramus ramus posterior FMA:5983 ramus posterior The posterior (or dorsal) branches (or divisions) of the spinal nerves are as a rule smaller than the anterior divisions. They are also referred to as the dorsal rami. They are directed backward, and, with the exceptions of those of the first cervical, the fourth and fifth sacral, and the coccygeal, divide into medial and lateral branches for the supply of the muscles and skin of the posterior part of the trunk. Shortly after a spinal nerve exits the intervertebral foramen, it branches into the dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, and rami communicantes. Each of these latter three structures carries both sensory and motor information. Because each spinal nerve carries both sensory and motor information, spinal nerves are referred to as bmixed nerves. b Dorsal rami carry visceral motor, somatic motor, and sensory information to and from the skin and muscles of the back. Dorsal rami remain distinct from each other, and each innervates a narrow strip of skin and muscle along the back, more or less at the level from which the ramus leaves the spinal nerve. The smaller, posteriorly-directed major terminal branch (with the ventral primary ramus) of all 31 pairs of mixed spinal nerves, formed at the intervertebral foramen and turning abruptly posteriorly to divide into lateral and medial branches, both of which will supply the deep (true) muscles of the back. The medial branch (rami medialis) of the dorsal primary ramus also supplies articular branches to the zygopophyseal joints and the periosteum of the vertebral arch. In the neck and upper back, the medial branch continues through the deep and superficial back muscles to supply overlying skin; in the lower back, the lateral branch does this. Nomina Anatomica lists dorsal primary rami as "rami dorsales" for each group of spinal nerves: 1) cervical (nervorum cervicalium), 2) thoracic (nervorum thoracicorum), 3) lumbar (nervorum lumbalium), 4) sacral (nervorum sacralium), and 5) coccygeal (nervi coccygei). Synonyms: ramus dorsalis nervorum spinalium, ramus dorsalis, rami posteriores nervorum spinalium, dorsal branch, posterior primary division. Wikipedia:Posterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve FMA:5983 dorsal ramus FMA:5983 posterior primary ramus FMA:5983 dorsal ramus of spinal nerve nucleus of lateral lemniscus ABA:NLL EV:0100265 FMA:84025 SCTID:369023003 UBERON:0006840 ZFA:0000380 lateral lemniscus nuclei not clear if the ZFA class denotes the same entity; check relationship to midbrain tegmentum - this leads to inconsistency with ABA. The FMA class should represnet the grouping, but there is no FMA class for the singular at the moment nuclei lemnisci lateralis nuclei of lateral lemniscus FMA:84025 FMA:TA nuclei lemnisci lateralis ABA ABA ZFA:0000380 lateral lemniscus nuclei FMA:84025 nuclei of lateral lemniscus ABA central vein of liver FMA:17544 SCTID:272023004 UBERON:0006841 Vein that is central to a lobule in the liver. ZFA:0005168 terminal branch of hepatic vein terminal hepatic venule vena centralis (Hepar) FMA:17544 vena centralis (Hepar) FMA:17544 terminal hepatic venule FMA:17544 terminal branch of hepatic vein Vein that is central to a lobule in the liver. ZFA:0005168 lymphatic capillary FMA:5028 Microvessel of the lymphatic system lined with a single layer of overlapping endothelial cells. UBERON:0006842 ZFA:0005252 lymph capillary ncithesaurus:Lymphatic_Capillary todo - check superclass Microvessel of the lymphatic system lined with a single layer of overlapping endothelial cells. ZFA:0005252 FMA:5028 lymph capillary root of cranial nerve FMA:52609 SCTID:280161004 UBERON:0006843 ZFA:0001663 cranial nerve root cranial neural root FMA:52609 cranial nerve root FMA:52609 cranial neural root cusp of tooth Acellular anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, prominence, or point that is part of the surface of a tooth. FMA:56481 SCTID:362107000 UBERON:0006844 ZFA:0005434 tooth cusp Acellular anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, prominence, or point that is part of the surface of a tooth. ZFA:0005434 FMA:56481 tooth cusp abductor muscle A muscle that moves a body part away from the sagittal plane/midline of the body[ZFA]. For example, the abductor muscles of the legs spread the legs away from the midline and away from one another. An abductor muscle opposes an adductor muscle[BTO]. BTO:0004642 FMA:74997 UBERON:0006845 ZFA:0005269 note that in FMA the Adbuctor muscle is a subclass of Relation. It's unclear what this actually means, we leave it here as a grouping for now A muscle that moves a body part away from the sagittal plane/midline of the body[ZFA]. For example, the abductor muscles of the legs spread the legs away from the midline and away from one another. An abductor muscle opposes an adductor muscle[BTO]. ZFA:0005269 groove AAO:0010276 AEO:0000161 Anatomical line that delineates a furrow or depression in an organ or tissue. EHDAA2:0003161 FMA:75037 UBERON:0006846 ZFA:0001690 Anatomical line that delineates a furrow or depression in an organ or tissue. ZFA:0001690 cerebellar commissure FMA:77522 UBERON:0006847 ZFA:0000490 commissura cerebelli ZFA:0000490 commissura cerebelli posterior pretectal nucleus ABA:PPT Diencephalic nucleus that is part of the superficial pretectum and is rostrally contiguous with the magnocellular superficial pretectal nucleus. Cells of the caudal pretectal nucleus are slightly smaller and less orderly around a central neuropil than those of the magnocellular superficial pretectal nucleus. From Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain. FMA:84355 UBERON:0006848 ZFA:0000631 caudal pretectal nuclei posterior pretectal nucleus ZFA:0000631 posterior pretectal nucleus ZFA:0000631 caudal pretectal nuclei Diencephalic nucleus that is part of the superficial pretectum and is rostrally contiguous with the magnocellular superficial pretectal nucleus. Cells of the caudal pretectal nucleus are slightly smaller and less orderly around a central neuropil than those of the magnocellular superficial pretectal nucleus. From Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain. ZFA:0000631 ABA ABA ABA scapula In tetrapods: bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle. In teleosts: Endochondral bone that is located medial to the cleithrum, and articulates ventrally with the coracoid, medially with the mesocoracoid when the later is present and posteriorly with the upper one to three proximal radials. The scapula develops from the scapulocoracoid cartilage and belongs to the primary pectoral girdle. It may be perforated by the scapular foramen or it may be notched ventrally and forms together with a similar notch of the coracoid the scapulocoracoid foramen. MESH:A.02.835.232.087.783 SCTID:302517007 TAO:0000583 UBERON:0006849 ZFA:0000583 note we create a specific subclass for tetrapod scapula scapulae ZFA ZFA ZFA In tetrapods: bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle. In teleosts: Endochondral bone that is located medial to the cleithrum, and articulates ventrally with the coracoid, medially with the mesocoracoid when the later is present and posteriorly with the upper one to three proximal radials. The scapula develops from the scapulocoracoid cartilage and belongs to the primary pectoral girdle. It may be perforated by the scapular foramen or it may be notched ventrally and forms together with a similar notch of the coracoid the scapulocoracoid foramen. TAO:curator ZFA:0000583 scapulae tetrapod pectoral girdle UBERON:0006850 true renal cortex peritubular capillary MA:0002590 UBERON:0006851 glomerular visceral epithelium EMAPA:28254 MA:0002607 UBERON:0006852 podocyte layer MA:0002607 podocyte layer renal cortex tubule EMAPA:18976 MA:0002609 UBERON:0006853 MA distal straight tubule postmacula segment . EMAPA:28402 MA:0002615 UBERON:0006854 cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop kidney cortex loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment renal cortex loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment renal cortex thick ascending limb MA:th kidney cortex loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment MA:th renal cortex loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment MA . https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3123598&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 MA:th cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop MA:th renal cortex thick ascending limb MA ureter muscle layer MA:0002654 UBERON:0006855 interrenal gland BTO:0000808 GAID:1227 MESH:A.13.530 Structures in fishes homologous to the cortical tissue of the mammalian adrenal gland; they are in close proximity to or imbedded in the head kidney. UBERON:0006856 ZFA:0001345 check isa - not a true gland? There are two types of interrenal cells identified (1) The noradrenaline type, which contain heterogeneous vesicles with electron-dense granules located asymmetrically within the vesicular membrane. (2) The adrenaline type, in which the vesicles are smaller and contain homogenous electron-lucent granules that are separated from the vesicular membrane by a visible -- halo http://dev.biologists.org/content/130/10/2107.full interrenal interrenal body http://dev.biologists.org/content/130/10/2107.full interrenal BTO:0000808 Structures in fishes homologous to the cortical tissue of the mammalian adrenal gland; they are in close proximity to or imbedded in the head kidney. ZFA:0001345 ZFA BTO:0000808 interrenal body ZFA interrenal primordium TAO:0001346 UBERON:0006857 ZFA:0001346 ZFIN:ZDB-ANAT-060131-24 ZFA Obol adrenal/interrenal gland OG:0001141 This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells[GO] UBERON:0006858 check isa - not a true gland? GO:0030325 This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells[GO] swim bladder bud Embryonic structure that forms from the anterior gut epithelium at the level of the second somite that then matures to form the swim bladder. TAO:0005335 UBERON:0006859 ZFA:0005335 Embryonic structure that forms from the anterior gut epithelium at the level of the second somite that then matures to form the swim bladder. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-090511-18 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-100202-11 swim bladder A thin membranous, sometimes alveolated sac in the dorsal portion of the abdominal cavity. Contains a varying mixture of gases, not identical to the composition of air. May be one, two or three chambered. May be connected to the gut by a tube, the ductus pneumaticus (then called physostomous) or unconnected (then called physoclistous). May function as one or more of:- hydrostatic organ, sound producing organ, sound receptor, respiratory organ. Found in Actinopterygii. Often lacking in bottom fishes. BTO:0001607 BTO:0002148 EFO:0003483 SCTID:64748009 TAO:0000076 UBERON:0006860 UBERON:0008980 ZFA:0000076 ZFIN:ZDB-ANAT-010921-495 gas bladder A thin membranous, sometimes alveolated sac in the dorsal portion of the abdominal cavity. Contains a varying mixture of gases, not identical to the composition of air. May be one, two or three chambered. May be connected to the gut by a tube, the ductus pneumaticus (then called physostomous) or unconnected (then called physoclistous). May function as one or more of:- hydrostatic organ, sound producing organ, sound receptor, respiratory organ. Found in Actinopterygii. Often lacking in bottom fishes. http://www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/S.htm ZFA:0000076 gas bladder http://www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/S.htm diaphysis proper FMA:32688 MA:0002803 Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between two metaphyses. The MA class is placed here because we assume it means diaphysis proper, because in MA epiphysis is not part of MA:0002803 UBERON:0006861 body proper of long bone long bone diaphysis shaft proper of long bone Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between two metaphyses. UBERON:cjm FMA:32688 body proper of long bone FMA:32688 shaft proper of long bone MA:0002803 long bone diaphysis diaphysis of femur FMA:32847 SCTID:182048009 UBERON:0006862 body of femur corpus femoris femoral diaphysis shaft of femur FMA:32847 FMA:TA corpus femoris FMA:32847 femoral diaphysis FMA:32847 body of femur FMA:32847 shaft of femur proximal metaphysis of femur FMA:32878 UBERON:0006863 distal metaphysis of femur FMA:32881 UBERON:0006864 metaphysis of femur FMA:32875 UBERON:0006865 femoral metaphysis FMA:32875 femoral metaphysis terminal part of digestive tract FBbt:00005756 UBERON:0006866 WBbt:0005773 anal part of perineum FMA:20347 SCTID:243995004 The anal triangle is the posterior part of the perineum. It contains the anal canal. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0006867 anal region anal triangle regio analis FMA:20347 anal region FMA:20347 anal triangle FMA:20347 FMA:TA regio analis The anal triangle is the posterior part of the perineum. It contains the anal canal. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anal_triangle seminal gland FBbt:00004958 UBERON:0006868 WBbt:0006870 electric organ A specialized tract of tissue (as in the electric eel) in which electricity is generated. BTO:0000376 GAID:1210 MESH:A.13.332 UBERON:0006869 todo - request go term for function assignment A specialized tract of tissue (as in the electric eel) in which electricity is generated. BTO:0000376 Wikipedia:Electric_organ endostyle An endostyle is a longitudinal ciliated groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx which produces mucus to gather food particles. It is found in urochordates and cephalochordates, and in the larvae of lampreys. It aids in transporting food to the esophagus. It is also called the hypopharyngeal groove. The endostyle in larval lampreys (ammocetes) metamorphoses into the thyroid gland in adults, and is regarded as being homologous to the thyroid gland in vertebrates. However, Dumont, et al. question whether the endostyle in ammocetes is homologous with that of the urochordates and cephalochordates. Since the endostyle is found in the three branches of chordates, it is presumed to have arisen in the common ancestor of these taxa, along with a shift to internal feeding for extracting suspended food from the water. BTO:0003173 Dumont, et al. question whether the endostyle in ammocetes is homologous with that of the urochordates and cephalochordates[WP]. UBERON:0006870 hypopharyngeal groove An endostyle is a longitudinal ciliated groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx which produces mucus to gather food particles. It is found in urochordates and cephalochordates, and in the larvae of lampreys. It aids in transporting food to the esophagus. It is also called the hypopharyngeal groove. The endostyle in larval lampreys (ammocetes) metamorphoses into the thyroid gland in adults, and is regarded as being homologous to the thyroid gland in vertebrates. However, Dumont, et al. question whether the endostyle in ammocetes is homologous with that of the urochordates and cephalochordates. Since the endostyle is found in the three branches of chordates, it is presumed to have arisen in the common ancestor of these taxa, along with a shift to internal feeding for extracting suspended food from the water. Wikipedia:Endostyle BTO:0003173 hypopharyngeal groove http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/ammocoetes.html Wikipedia:Endostyle footplate EHDAA:5143 EHDAA:6096 EMAPA:17249 UBERON:0006871 handplate apical ectodermal ridge EHDAA2:0000729 EMAPA:17247 UBERON:0006872 handplate EHDAA:4194 EHDAA:6242 EMAPA:17245 UBERON:0006875 vasculature of organ FMA:74612 UBERON:0006876 organ vasculature set of blood vessels of organ FMA:74612 set of blood vessels of organ FMA:74612 organ vasculature vasculature of liver EHDAA2:0003454 FMA:73748 UBERON:0006877 hepatic vasculature liver vascular system the EHDAA2 term and the FMA term may not be exact equivalents - check FMA:73748 hepatic vasculature EHDAA2:0003454 liver vascular system decidua parietalis BTO:0000334 FMA:86479 SCTID:255413006 The part of the decidua in the pregnant human female lining the uterus. UBERON:0006878 decidua vera ncithesaurus:Decidua_Parietalis BTO:0000334 decidua vera Fast_Health_Medical_Dictionary:http://www.fasthealth.com/dictionary/ The part of the decidua in the pregnant human female lining the uterus. mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm EFO:0003603 EHDAA2:0001118 EHDAA:655 EMAPA:16099 OG:0000185 UBERON:0006904 ZFA:0000998 head mesenchyme from head mesoderm mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm EHDAA:1057 mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm ZFA EHDAA2:0001118 head mesenchyme from head mesoderm mandibular process mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001062 EHDAA:5861 EHDAA:5873 EMAPA:17357 OG:0000425 UBERON:0006905 ala of nose FMA:59519 The lateral surface of the external nose ends below in a rounded eminence, the wing of the nose. It is elevated by the Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle[WP]. the tissue comprising the lateral boundary of the nose, inferiorly, surrounding the naris[EoM]. UBERON:0006906 ala nasi ala of the nose nasal ala wing of nose wing of the nose wings of the nose Wikipedia:Ala_of_nose wings of the nose Wikipedia:Ala_of_nose wing of the nose Wikipedia:Ala_of_nose wing of nose The lateral surface of the external nose ends below in a rounded eminence, the wing of the nose. It is elevated by the Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle[WP]. the tissue comprising the lateral boundary of the nose, inferiorly, surrounding the naris[EoM]. Wikipedia:Ala_of_nose http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajmg.a.32600/full Wikipedia:Ala_of_nose ala of the nose FMA:59519 nasal ala Wikipedia:Ala_of_nose ala nasi slow muscle tissue BTO:0002317 The darker-colored muscle tissue of some mammals, composed of slow twitch muscle fibers. The fast and slow skeletal muscles are different in terms of twitching speed (Fitts 1994), and they are believed to be derived from distinct myogenic precursors (Stockdale 1992) UBERON:0006907 red muscle slow muscle slow skeletal muscle tissue BTO:0002317 red muscle BTO:0002317 The darker-colored muscle tissue of some mammals, composed of slow twitch muscle fibers. BTO:0002317 slow muscle fast muscle tissue BTO:0002318 The fast and slow skeletal muscles are different in terms of twitching speed (Fitts 1994), and they are believed to be derived from distinct myogenic precursors (Stockdale 1992) The paler-colored muscle tissue of some mammals, composed of fast twitch muscle fibers. UBERON:0006908 fast muscle fast skeletal muscle tissue white muscle BTO:0002318 fast muscle BTO:0002318 The paler-colored muscle tissue of some mammals, composed of fast twitch muscle fibers. BTO:0002318 white muscle lumen of gut BTO:0000349 FMA:45677 UBERON:0006909 gut lumen FMA:45677 gut lumen digestive system fluid or secretion BTO:0000346 MA:0002512 UBERON:0006911 urinary bladder muscularis mucosa EMAPA:28619 MA:0002490 UBERON:0006912 muscularis mucosa of bladder muscularis mucosa of urinary bladder ncithesaurus:Bladder_Muscularis_Mucosa EMAPA:28619 muscularis mucosa of bladder OBOL:automatic muscularis mucosa of urinary bladder lip epithelium BTO:0004468 UBERON:0006913 ZFA:0005334 squamous epithelium BTO:0002072 Epithelium composed of flattened platelike cells. SCTID:40118003 UBERON:0006914 ncithesaurus:Squamous_Epithelium Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource Epithelium composed of flattened platelike cells. stratified squamous epithelium FMA:45563 Multilaminar epithelium which consists of more than one layer of squamous cells only one layer of which is in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, epithelium of wall of esophagus.[FMA] UBERON:0006915 epithelium stratificatum squamosum ncithesaurus:Stratified_Squamous_Epithelium FMA:45563 Multilaminar epithelium which consists of more than one layer of squamous cells only one layer of which is in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, epithelium of wall of esophagus.[FMA] FMA:45563 epithelium stratificatum squamosum non-keratinized epithelium of tongue FMA:62130 UBERON:0006916 parakeratinized epithelium of tongue FMA:74908 UBERON:0006918 tongue squamous epithelium MA:0002786 UBERON:0006919 note this is a singleton subclass of tongue epithelium in MA squamous epithelium of tongue OBOL:automatic squamous epithelium of tongue esophagus squamous epithelium BTO:0003635 MA introduces basal and squamous subtypes of esophagus epithelium; consider adding the FMA class 'epithelium of esophagus' here, because it is classified as squamous. BTO also has a singleton subclass MA:0001567 UBERON:0006920 squamous oesophageal epithelium MA:0001567 squamous oesophageal epithelium stomach squamous epithelium MA:0001611 UBERON:0006921 cervix squamous epithelium MA:0001725 UBERON:0006922 ncithesaurus:Cervix_Squamous_Epithelium vagina squamous epithelium MA:0001731 UBERON:0006923 note that this is a singleton subclass of vagina epithelium in MA stomach glandular epithelium MA:0002784 UBERON:0006924 digestive gland A gland, such as the liver or pancreas, that secretes into the alimentary canal substances necessary for digestion. AAO:0000130 BTO:0000345 UBERON:0006925 digestive system gland AAO:0000130 digestive system gland A gland, such as the liver or pancreas, that secretes into the alimentary canal substances necessary for digestion. The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language:Fourth_Edition._2000. glandular columnar epithelium FMA:64800 Simple columnar epithelium that constitutes the secretory part of a gland. Examples: epithelium of stomach, luminal epithelium of lactiferous duct.[FMA] UBERON:0006929 FMA:64800 FMA:FMA Simple columnar epithelium that constitutes the secretory part of a gland. Examples: epithelium of stomach, luminal epithelium of lactiferous duct.[FMA] glandular cuboidal epithelium FMA:66809 UBERON:0006930 stomach glandular region mucosa MA:0001614 UBERON:0006931 vestibular epithelium EHDAA2:0000834 FMA:75606 MA:0002892 UBERON:0006932 epithelium of vestibular labyrinth inner ear vestibular component epithelium vestibular sensory epithelium EHDAA2:0000834 inner ear vestibular component epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of vestibular labyrinth FMA:75606 vestibular sensory epithelium sensory epithelium FMA:62410 SCTID:309045006 Simple columnar epithelium made up of cells specialized to serve as sensory cells for the reception of external stimuli, as the sensory cells of the cochlea, vestibule, nasal mucosa, and tongue. UBERON:0006934 neuroepithelium note that the definition sourced from Dorlands say 'simple columnar', but FMA says atypical BTO:0000314 Simple columnar epithelium made up of cells specialized to serve as sensory cells for the reception of external stimuli, as the sensory cells of the cochlea, vestibule, nasal mucosa, and tongue. BTO:0000314 neuroepithelium crista ampullaris neuroepithelium FMA:75636 MA:0002870 UBERON:0006935 ampullary crest neuroepithelium epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth MA FMA FMA MA:0002870 ampullary crest neuroepithelium FMA:75636 epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth thymus subcapsular epithelium MA:0000769 UBERON:0006936 todo - check whether this is part of the thymus or borders it inner ear epithelium MA:0001189 UBERON:0006937 pinna surface epithelium EHDAA2:0001470 EHDAA:8983 EMAPA:17592 OG:0000632 UBERON:0006938 efferent duct AAO:0010532 EMAPA:18993 FMA:19081 MA:0000398 UBERON:0006946 efferent ductule ncithesaurus:Efferent_Ductule vasa efferentia EMAPA:18993 vasa efferentia FMA:19081 efferent ductule male genital duct FMA:55678 Organ with organ cavity which connects the rete testis to the prostatic urethra. Examples: There are only two male genital ducts, the right and the left male genital ducts.[FMA] UBERON:0006947 FMA:55678 Organ with organ cavity which connects the rete testis to the prostatic urethra. Examples: There are only two male genital ducts, the right and the left male genital ducts.[FMA] efferent duct epithelium FMA:19195 MA:0001734 UBERON:0006948 epithelium of efferent ductule of testis FMA:19195 epithelium of efferent ductule of testis cervical loop The cervical loop is the location on an enamel organ in a developing tooth where the outer enamel epithelium and the inner enamel epithelium join. The cervical loop is a histologic term indicating a specific epithelial structure at the apical side of the tooth germ, consisting of loosely aggregated stellate reticulum in the center surrounded by stratum intermedium. These tissues are enveloped by a basal layer of epithelium known on the outside of the tooth as outer enamel epithelium and on the inside as inner enamel epithelium. During root formation the inner layers of epithelium disappear and only the basal layers are left creating Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath (HERS). At this point it is usually referred to as HERS instead of the cervical loop to indicate the structural difference[WP]. UBERON:0006949 The cervical loop is the location on an enamel organ in a developing tooth where the outer enamel epithelium and the inner enamel epithelium join. The cervical loop is a histologic term indicating a specific epithelial structure at the apical side of the tooth germ, consisting of loosely aggregated stellate reticulum in the center surrounded by stratum intermedium. These tissues are enveloped by a basal layer of epithelium known on the outside of the tooth as outer enamel epithelium and on the inside as inner enamel epithelium. During root formation the inner layers of epithelium disappear and only the basal layers are left creating Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath (HERS). At this point it is usually referred to as HERS instead of the cervical loop to indicate the structural difference[WP]. Wikipedia:Cervical_loop stellate reticulum BTO:0003910 The stellate reticulum is a group of cells located in the center of the enamel organ of a developing tooth. These cells are star shaped and synthesize glycosaminoglycans. As glycosamingoglycans are produced, water is drawn in between the cells and stretch them apart. As they are moved further away from one another, the stellate reticulum maintain contact with one another through desmosomes, resulting in their unique appearance. stellate reticulum is lost after the first layer of dentin is laid down. this brings cells in inner enamel epithelium closer to blood vessels at the periphery[WP]. UBERON:0006950 UBERON:0007441 ncithesaurus:Stellate_Reticulum The stellate reticulum is a group of cells located in the center of the enamel organ of a developing tooth. These cells are star shaped and synthesize glycosaminoglycans. As glycosamingoglycans are produced, water is drawn in between the cells and stretch them apart. As they are moved further away from one another, the stellate reticulum maintain contact with one another through desmosomes, resulting in their unique appearance. stellate reticulum is lost after the first layer of dentin is laid down. this brings cells in inner enamel epithelium closer to blood vessels at the periphery[WP]. Wikipedia:Stellate_reticulum BTO inner dental epithelium BTO:0003463 Inner layer of the dental organ, composed of ameloblasts[ZFA]. The inner enamel epithelium, also known as the internal enamel epithelium, is a layer of cells located on the rim nearest the dental papilla of the enamel organ in a developing tooth. This layer is first seen during the bell stage. The location of the enamel organ where the outer and inner enamel epithelium join is called the cervical loop[WP]. UBERON:0006951 ZFA:0005136 inner enamel epithelium ncithesaurus:Inner_Enamel_Epithelium ZFA Inner layer of the dental organ, composed of ameloblasts[ZFA]. The inner enamel epithelium, also known as the internal enamel epithelium, is a layer of cells located on the rim nearest the dental papilla of the enamel organ in a developing tooth. This layer is first seen during the bell stage. The location of the enamel organ where the outer and inner enamel epithelium join is called the cervical loop[WP]. Wikipedia:Inner_enamel_epithelium ZFIN:curator ZFA:0005136 inner enamel epithelium outer dental epithelium BTO:0003462 Outer layer of the dental organ[ZFA]. a layer of cuboidal cells located on the periphery of the enamel organ in a developing tooth. This layer is first seen during the bell stage. UBERON:0006952 ZFA:0005137 external dental epithelium external enamel epithelium ncithesaurus:Outer_Enamel_Epithelium outer enamel epithelium Outer layer of the dental organ[ZFA]. a layer of cuboidal cells located on the periphery of the enamel organ in a developing tooth. This layer is first seen during the bell stage. Wikipedia:Outer_enamel_epithelium ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic outer enamel epithelium Wikipedia:Outer_enamel_epithelium external enamel epithelium BTO:0003462 external dental epithelium ZFA ejaculatory duct epithelium BTO:0002618 TADS:0000490 TODO: split off insect classes The ejaculatory duct epithelium is composed of cuboidal to columnar cells between or through which project the terminal parts of the ducts of the unicellular prostate glands. UBERON:0006953 PMID:1238970 The ejaculatory duct epithelium is composed of cuboidal to columnar cells between or through which project the terminal parts of the ducts of the unicellular prostate glands. mammary myoepithelium BTO:0002310 FMA:67798 UBERON:0006954 lactiferous ductal myo-epithelium myo-epithelium of lactiferous duct myoepithelium of lactiferous duct FMA FMA:67798 myo-epithelium of lactiferous duct FMA:67798 myoepithelium of lactiferous duct FMA:67798 lactiferous ductal myo-epithelium uterine epithelium BTO:0003082 UBERON:0006955 uterus epithelium BTO:0003082 uterus epithelium buccal mucosa BTO:0003833 FMA:59785 SCTID:16811007 The inner lining of the cheeks and lips. UBERON:0006956 ncithesaurus:Buccal_Mucosa Medical_Dictionary:http://www.medterms.com/ The inner lining of the cheeks and lips. submandibular gland primordium epithelium EHDAA2:0001940 EHDAA:9257 EMAPA:17756 UBERON:0006957 great vein of heart EHDAA2:0004508 FMA:4707 MA:0002131 SCTID:277728005 The Great Cardiac Vein (left coronary vein) begins at the apex of the heart and ascends along the anterior longitudinal sulcus to the base of the ventricles. It then curves to the left in the coronary sulcus, and reaching the back of the heart, opens into the left extremity of the coronary sinus. It receives tributaries from the left atrium and from both ventricles: one, the left marginal vein, is of considerable size, and ascends along the left margin of the heart. UBERON:0006958 great cardiac vein ncithesaurus:Great_Cardiac_Vein The Great Cardiac Vein (left coronary vein) begins at the apex of the heart and ascends along the anterior longitudinal sulcus to the base of the ventricles. It then curves to the left in the coronary sulcus, and reaching the back of the heart, opens into the left extremity of the coronary sinus. It receives tributaries from the left atrium and from both ventricles: one, the left marginal vein, is of considerable size, and ascends along the left margin of the heart. Wikipedia:Great_cardiac_vein FMA:4707 great cardiac vein mandible angular process MA:0002873 Mandibular angle UBERON:0006959 a process which protrudes from the ventral caudal angle of the mandible, and acts as the attachment of the digastric muscle. mandibular angle MA:0002873 mandibular angle a process which protrudes from the ventral caudal angle of the mandible, and acts as the attachment of the digastric muscle. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mandibular+angular+process FMA:59459 Mandibular angle ovary stroma EMAPA:28880 FMA:18626 MA:0002991 SCTID:259306002 The stroma of the ovary is a peculiar soft tissue, abundantly supplied with blood vessels, consisting for the most part of spindle-shaped cells with a small amount of ordinary connective tissue. These cells have been regarded by some anatomists as unstriped muscle cells, which, indeed, they most resemble; by others as connective-tissue cells. On the surface of the organ this tissue is much condensed, and forms a layer composed of short connective-tissue fibers, with fusiform cells between them. The stroma of the ovary may contain interstitial cells resembling those of the testis. UBERON:0006960 interstitial tissue of ovary ovary stroma stroma of the ovary stroma ovarica The stroma of the ovary is a peculiar soft tissue, abundantly supplied with blood vessels, consisting for the most part of spindle-shaped cells with a small amount of ordinary connective tissue. These cells have been regarded by some anatomists as unstriped muscle cells, which, indeed, they most resemble; by others as connective-tissue cells. On the surface of the organ this tissue is much condensed, and forms a layer composed of short connective-tissue fibers, with fusiform cells between them. The stroma of the ovary may contain interstitial cells resembling those of the testis. Wikipedia:Stroma_of_ovary MA:0002991 ovary stroma FMA Wikipedia:Stroma_of_ovary stroma of the ovary FMA:18626 interstitial tissue of ovary FMA:18626 stroma ovarica pars distalis of adenohypophysis AAO:0010542 BTO:0001787 EHDAA2:0001416 EHDAA:7532 EMAPA:17515 FMA:74630 MA:0000854 OG:0000244 The distal part of adenohypophysis: the part that makes up the main body of the gland. UBERON:0006964 ZFA:0001195 anterior lobe pars anterior pars anterior of adenohypophysis pars distalis pars distalis (glandula pituitaria) pars distalis adenohypophyseos pars distalis adenohypophysis pars distalis lobi anterioris hypophyseos pars distalis of anterior lobe of pituitary gland pars glandularis pars glandularis of adenohypophysis BTO:0001787 pars distalis adenohypophyseos EHDAA2:0001416 MA:0000854 ZFA:0001195 pars anterior FMA:74630 pars glandularis of adenohypophysis FMA:74630 FMA:TA pars distalis (glandula pituitaria) MA:0000854 anterior lobe MA:0000854 pars glandularis MA:0000854 pars distalis FMA:74630 pars distalis of anterior lobe of pituitary gland FMA:74630 FMA:TA pars distalis adenohypophysis Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource The distal part of adenohypophysis: the part that makes up the main body of the gland. Wikipedia:Pars_distalis BTO:0001787 pars distalis lobi anterioris hypophyseos FMA:74630 pars anterior of adenohypophysis vascular cord EFO:0003709 The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis[GO]. The vascular cord is composed of angioblast or vascular endothelial cells in a solid linear mass called a cord. The cord then undergoes tubulogenesis to form the lumen of the vessels[ZFA]. UBERON:0006965 ZFA:0005077 GO:0072360 The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis[GO]. The vascular cord is composed of angioblast or vascular endothelial cells in a solid linear mass called a cord. The cord then undergoes tubulogenesis to form the lumen of the vessels[ZFA]. ZFA:0005077 heart capillary . UBERON:0006966 . GO:0003248 horn GAID:1225 MESH:A.13.507 UBERON:0006967 a pointed projection of the skin on the head of various animals, consisting of a covering of horn (keratin and other proteins) surrounding a core of living bone. :Horn_(anatomy) a pointed projection of the skin on the head of various animals, consisting of a covering of horn (keratin and other proteins) surrounding a core of living bone. ISBN10:9780716717553 keratin sheath of horn UBERON:0006968 cranial appendage UBERON:0006969 bony core of horn UBERON:0006970 antler Antlers are the usually large, branching bony appendages on the heads of most deer species. BTO:0001684 GAID:1226 MESH:A.13.507.288 SCTID:410034008 UBERON:0006971 Antlers are the usually large, branching bony appendages on the heads of most deer species. Wikipedia:Antler nephridium An exceretory tubule that usually opens to the exterior by a nephridiopore. The inner end of the tubule may be blind, ending in flame cells (protonephridium) or may open into the coelom through a ciliated funnel (metanephridium). BTO:0000923 UBERON:0006972 An exceretory tubule that usually opens to the exterior by a nephridiopore. The inner end of the tubule may be blind, ending in flame cells (protonephridium) or may open into the coelom through a ciliated funnel (metanephridium). Wikipedia:Nephridium protonephridium BILA:0000126 UBERON:0006973 a network of dead-end tubules lacking internal openings found in the Phylums Platyhelminthes, kinorhyncha and Rotifera. The ends are called flame cells (if cilliated) or solenocytes (if flagellated); they function in osmoregulation and ionoregulation. The terminal cells are located at the blind end of the protonephridium. Each cell has one or more cilia and their beating inside the protonephridial tube creates an outward going current and hence a partial pressurization in the blind of the tube. Because of this pressurization drives waste fluids from the inside of the animal, they are pulled through small perforations in the terminal cells and into the protonephridium. The perforations in the terminal cell are large enough for small molecules to pass, but larger proteins are retained within the animal. From the bottom of the protonephridium the solutes are led through the tube, formed by the canal cells, and exits the animal from a small opening formed by the nephridiopore. Selective reabsorption of useful molecules by the canal cells occurs as the solutes pass down the tubule. Protonephridia are generally found in basal organisms such as flatworms. Protonephridia likely first arose as a way to cope with a hypotonic environment by removing excess water from the organism (osmoregulation). Their use as excretory/ionoregulatory structures likely arose secondarily. Wikipedia:Nephridium#Metanephridia a network of dead-end tubules lacking internal openings found in the Phylums Platyhelminthes, kinorhyncha and Rotifera. The ends are called flame cells (if cilliated) or solenocytes (if flagellated); they function in osmoregulation and ionoregulation. The terminal cells are located at the blind end of the protonephridium. Each cell has one or more cilia and their beating inside the protonephridial tube creates an outward going current and hence a partial pressurization in the blind of the tube. Because of this pressurization drives waste fluids from the inside of the animal, they are pulled through small perforations in the terminal cells and into the protonephridium. The perforations in the terminal cell are large enough for small molecules to pass, but larger proteins are retained within the animal. From the bottom of the protonephridium the solutes are led through the tube, formed by the canal cells, and exits the animal from a small opening formed by the nephridiopore. Selective reabsorption of useful molecules by the canal cells occurs as the solutes pass down the tubule. Protonephridia are generally found in basal organisms such as flatworms. Protonephridia likely first arose as a way to cope with a hypotonic environment by removing excess water from the organism (osmoregulation). Their use as excretory/ionoregulatory structures likely arose secondarily. metanephridium BILA:0000127 UBERON:0006974 a type of excretory gland or nephridium found in many types of invertebrates such as Annelids, Arthropods and Molluscs. It typically consists of a ciliated funnel opening into the body cavity or coelom connected to a duct which may be variously glandularized, folded or expanded (vesiculate) and which typically opens to the organism's exterior. These ciliated tubules pump water carrying surplus ions, metabolic waste, toxins from food, and useless hormones out of the organism through openings known as nephrostomes. This waste is passed out of the body at the nephridiopore. The primary urine produced by filtration of blood (or a similar functioning fluid) is modified into secondary urine through selective reabsorption by the cells lining the metanephridium. In many earthworms the nephridial ducts open into the digestive tract instead, a condition known as enteronephry. Wikipedia:Nephridium#Metanephridia a type of excretory gland or nephridium found in many types of invertebrates such as Annelids, Arthropods and Molluscs. It typically consists of a ciliated funnel opening into the body cavity or coelom connected to a duct which may be variously glandularized, folded or expanded (vesiculate) and which typically opens to the organism's exterior. These ciliated tubules pump water carrying surplus ions, metabolic waste, toxins from food, and useless hormones out of the organism through openings known as nephrostomes. This waste is passed out of the body at the nephridiopore. The primary urine produced by filtration of blood (or a similar functioning fluid) is modified into secondary urine through selective reabsorption by the cells lining the metanephridium. In many earthworms the nephridial ducts open into the digestive tract instead, a condition known as enteronephry. peptonephridium BTO:0004280 Organs opening into the buccal cavity of pharynx (supposedly modified nephridia) of invertebrates. UBERON:0006976 esophageal appendage oesophageal appendage BTO:0004280 Organs opening into the buccal cavity of pharynx (supposedly modified nephridia) of invertebrates. BTO:0004280 esophageal appendage BTO:0004280 oesophageal appendage anatomical point AAO:0010266 AEO:0000009 BILA:0000009 CARO:0000009 EHDAA2:0003009 FMA:9658 Non-material anatomical entity of zero dimension, which forms a boundary of an anatomical line or surface. UBERON:0006983 CARO:MAH Non-material anatomical entity of zero dimension, which forms a boundary of an anatomical line or surface. anatomical surface AAO:0010270 BILA:0000010 CARO:0000010 EHDAA2:0003192 FMA:24137 ID:0000000 Non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions, that is demarcated by anatomical lines or points on the external or internal surfaces of anatomical structures. UBERON:0006984 ncithesaurus:Anatomic_Surface CARO:MAH Non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions, that is demarcated by anatomical lines or points on the external or internal surfaces of anatomical structures. cardiac mesoderm AAO:0011021 BILA:0000051 EHDAA:385 OG:0001641 SCTID:360387000 UBERON:0007005 XAO:0000235 cardiogenic mesoderm heart primordia the splanchnic mesoderm in the cardiogenic region where the heart develops; it gives rise to endocardial heart tubes that fuse to form the primordial cardiac tube, the heart primordium. XAO:0000235 heart primordia http://www.drugs.com/dict/cardiogenic-mesoderm.html the splanchnic mesoderm in the cardiogenic region where the heart develops; it gives rise to endocardial heart tubes that fuse to form the primordial cardiac tube, the heart primordium. cardiogenic mesoderm http://www.drugs.com/dict/cardiogenic-mesoderm.html blastomere BILA:0000052 CL:0000353 FMA:72551 OG:0001221 UBERON:0007006 XAO:0003016 ZFA:0000093 a type of cell produced by division of the egg after fertilization. true Wikipedia:Blastomere a type of cell produced by division of the egg after fertilization. cleaving embryo BILA:0000058 UBERON:0007010 juvenile organism BILA:0000076 UBERON:0007021 juvenile adult organism BILA:0000078 FBbt:00003004 HAO:0000087 UBERON:0007023 adult galen:Adult ncithesaurus:Adult primitive gut BILA:0000084 UBERON:0007026 surface AEO:0000154 BILA:0000118 EHDAA2:0003154 UBERON:0007029 galen:Surface ncithesaurus:Surface skin BILA:0000118 skin photosensory system BILA:0000140 UBERON:0007036 mechanosensory system BILA:0000142 UBERON:0007037 visceral muculature BILA:0000132 UBERON:0007094 somatic musculature BILA:0000133 UBERON:0007095 cardiac musculature BILA:0000134 UBERON:0007096 chordo neural hinge EFO:0003623 In mouse and chick, the derivative of the NSB (with a minor contribution from the CLE), the `chordo-neural-hinge'(CNH) (Cambray and Wilson, 2007; Catala et al., 1995; Charrier et al., 1999), contains progenitors for the ventral neural tube, somites and notochord (Cambray and Wilson, 2002; McGrew et al., 2008). The CNH is continuous with the most recently formed neural tube and notochord (Fig. 2C-D′). By contrast, the tissue immediately caudal to the CNH exclusively produces somites in mouse and chick (McGrew et al., 2008). OG:0001382 Portion of tissue that is posterior to the developing notochord during tail bud extension. UBERON:0007097 XAO:0000108 ZFA:0001082 Portion of tissue that is posterior to the developing notochord during tail bud extension. ZFA:0001082 http://dev.biologists.org/content/136/10/1591.full mandibular neural crest Cranial neural crest that migrates into the mandibular arch. UBERON:0007098 XAO:0000024 ZFA:0007064 Cranial neural crest that migrates into the mandibular arch. ZFA:0007064 hyoid neural crest Cranial neural crest that migrates into the hyoid arch. UBERON:0007099 XAO:0000025 ZFA:0007065 Cranial neural crest that migrates into the hyoid arch. ZFA:0007065 circulatory organ A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood[GO]. FBbt:00003154 TADS:0000147 UBERON:0007100 adult heart dorsal tube editor note: we need to find the appropriate GO process to use for the definition - 'blood circulation' may not apply to invertebrates; 'circulatory system process' is circular. Note we cannot use a part_of-based definition as this results in the iris and all vascular elements being categorized as circulatory organs heart FBbt:00003154 adult heart GO:0007507 heart Wikipedia:Heart dorsal tube A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood[GO]. GO:0007507 vitelline duct EMAPA:26139 GAID:1314 In the human embryo, the vitelline duct, also known as the omphalomesenteric duct, is a long narrow tube that joins the yolk-sac to the midgut lumen of the developing fetus. It appears at the end of the fourth week, when the yolk-sac presents the appearance of a small pear-shaped vesicle (the umbilical vesicle). The vesicle can be seen in the afterbirth as a small, somewhat oval-shaped body whose diameter varies from 1 mm to 5 mm. It is situated between the amnion and the chorion and may lie on or at a varying distance from the placenta. Generally, the duct fully obliterates (narrows and disappears) during the seventh week, but a failure of the duct to close is termed a vitelline fistula. This results in discharge of meconium from the umbilicus. About two per cent of fetuses exhibit a type of vitelline fistula characterized by persistence of the proximal part of the vitelline duct as a diverticulum protruding from the small intestine, Meckel's diverticulum, which is situated about two feet above the ileocecal junction, and may be attached by a fibrous cord to the abdominal wall at the umbilicus. Sometimes a narrowing of the lumen of the ileum is seen opposite the site of attachment of the duct. MESH:A.16.254.891 UBERON:0007105 Wikipedia:Vitelline_duct embryonic yolk stalk omphalomesenteric duct yolk duct yolk-stalk MESH:A.16.254.891 omphalomesenteric duct Wikipedia:Vitelline_duct omphalomesenteric duct In the human embryo, the vitelline duct, also known as the omphalomesenteric duct, is a long narrow tube that joins the yolk-sac to the midgut lumen of the developing fetus. It appears at the end of the fourth week, when the yolk-sac presents the appearance of a small pear-shaped vesicle (the umbilical vesicle). The vesicle can be seen in the afterbirth as a small, somewhat oval-shaped body whose diameter varies from 1 mm to 5 mm. It is situated between the amnion and the chorion and may lie on or at a varying distance from the placenta. Generally, the duct fully obliterates (narrows and disappears) during the seventh week, but a failure of the duct to close is termed a vitelline fistula. This results in discharge of meconium from the umbilicus. About two per cent of fetuses exhibit a type of vitelline fistula characterized by persistence of the proximal part of the vitelline duct as a diverticulum protruding from the small intestine, Meckel's diverticulum, which is situated about two feet above the ileocecal junction, and may be attached by a fibrous cord to the abdominal wall at the umbilicus. Sometimes a narrowing of the lumen of the ileum is seen opposite the site of attachment of the duct. Wikipedia:Vitelline_duct Wikipedia:Vitelline_duct embryonic yolk stalk Wikipedia:Vitelline_duct yolk duct Wikipedia:Vitelline_duct yolk-stalk chorionic villus BTO:0001161 MESH:A.16.254.403.473.200 One of the minute vascular projections of the fetal chorion that combines with maternal uterine tissue to form the placenta. UBERON:0007106 chorionic villi chorionic villous chorionic villus ncithesaurus:Chorionic_Villus placental villi placental villus BTO Wikipedia:Chorionic_villi chorionic villous Obol GAID:1300 placental villus MESH:A.16.254.403.473.200 chorionic villi GAID:1300 chorionic villus BTO:0001161 One of the minute vascular projections of the fetal chorion that combines with maternal uterine tissue to form the placenta. Wikipedia:Chorionic_villi GAID:1300 placental villi vernix caseosa An unctuous substance composed of sebum and desquamated epithelial cells, which covers the skin of the fetus. GAID:1174 MESH:A.12.200.946 UBERON:0007108 ncithesaurus:Vernix_Caseosa vernix caseosa MESH:A.12.200.946 vernix caseosa An unctuous substance composed of sebum and desquamated epithelial cells, which covers the skin of the fetus. MESH:A.12.200.946 meconium A dark greenish mass that accumulates in the bowel during fetal life and is discharged shortly after birth. BTO:0000838 UBERON:0007109 ncithesaurus:Meconium A dark greenish mass that accumulates in the bowel during fetal life and is discharged shortly after birth. BTO:0000838 douglas' pouch FMA:14728 GAID:20 MESH:A.01.047.025.600.225 SCTID:181447009 The rectouterine pouch (or rectouterine excavation, rectovaginal, Ehrhardt-Cole Recess or Pouch of Douglas) is the extension of the peritoneal cavity between the rectum and back wall of the uterus in the female human body. The rectouterine pouch is used in the treatment of end-stage renal failure in patients who are treated by peritoneal dialysis. The tip of the dialysis catheter is placed into the deepest point of the pouch. In women it is the deepest point of the peritoneal cavity, posterior to (behind) the uterus and anterior to (in front of) rectum. (The pouch on the other side of the uterus is the vesicouterine excavation. ) It is near the posterior fornix of the vagina. In men, the region corresponding to the rectouterine pouch is the rectovesical excavation, which lies between the urinary bladder and rectum. (There is no equivalent to the vesicouterine excavation.) UBERON:0007111 cul de sac of dougla cul-de-sac of dougla douglas cul-de-sac douglas pouch douglas' cul de sac douglas' cul-de-sac douglas' pouch excavatio recto-uterina excavatio rectouterina recto-uterine pouch rectouterine pouch FMA:14728 excavatio recto-uterina MESH:A.01.047.025.600.225 douglas' cul-de-sac MESH:A.01.047.025.600.225 cul-de-sac of dougla MESH:A.01.047.025.600.225 douglas' cul de sac MESH:A.01.047.025.600.225 douglas cul-de-sac FMA:14728 FMA:TA excavatio rectouterina MESH:A.01.047.025.600.225 douglas' pouch The rectouterine pouch (or rectouterine excavation, rectovaginal, Ehrhardt-Cole Recess or Pouch of Douglas) is the extension of the peritoneal cavity between the rectum and back wall of the uterus in the female human body. The rectouterine pouch is used in the treatment of end-stage renal failure in patients who are treated by peritoneal dialysis. The tip of the dialysis catheter is placed into the deepest point of the pouch. In women it is the deepest point of the peritoneal cavity, posterior to (behind) the uterus and anterior to (in front of) rectum. (The pouch on the other side of the uterus is the vesicouterine excavation. ) It is near the posterior fornix of the vagina. In men, the region corresponding to the rectouterine pouch is the rectovesical excavation, which lies between the urinary bladder and rectum. (There is no equivalent to the vesicouterine excavation.) Wikipedia:Recto-uterine_pouch FMA:14728 MESH:A.01.047.025.600.225 rectouterine pouch MESH:A.01.047.025.600.225 douglas pouch MESH:A.01.047.025.600.225 cul de sac of dougla FMA:14728 recto-uterine pouch venom BTO:0001439 MESH:A.12.200.935 Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. UBERON:0007113 venom MESH:A.12.200.935 Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. MESH:A.12.200.935 venom deciduous tooth FMA:55655 GAID:1266 GAT in FMA MESH:A.14.254.860.700 SCTID:245612004 The 20 teeth of the first dentition, which are shed and replaced by the permanent teeth, usually by the age of six years. All deciduous teeth are normally expected to erupt by the age of two and a half years. UBERON:0007115 deciduous teeth deciduous tooth ncithesaurus:Temporary_Tooth primary teeth temporary tooth MESH:A.14.254.860.700 The 20 teeth of the first dentition, which are shed and replaced by the permanent teeth, usually by the age of six years. All deciduous teeth are normally expected to erupt by the age of two and a half years. GAID:1266 primary teeth FMA:55655 temporary tooth FMA:55655 deciduous tooth GAID:1266 deciduous teeth primary dentition FMA:75151 GAID:1252 MESH:A.14.254.245 UBERON:0007116 baby teeth deciduous dentition deciduous teeth dentes decidui milk teeth primary teeth set of deciduous teeth set of primary teeth GAID:1252 deciduous dentition FMA:75151 deciduous teeth FMA:75151 primary teeth FMA:75151 FMA:TA dentes decidui FMA:75151 milk teeth FMA:75151 baby teeth FMA:75151 set of deciduous teeth FMA:75151 set of primary teeth umbilicus FMA:61584 GAID:29 MESH:A.01.047.849 SCTID:243961003 The pit in the center of the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered in the fetus. UBERON:0007118 galen:Umbilicus navel ncithesaurus:Umbilicus umbilical part of abdomen umbilical region FMA:61584 navel FMA:61584 umbilical part of abdomen MESH:A.01.047.849 The pit in the center of the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered in the fetus. FMA:61584 umbilical region neck of femur FMA:42385 GAID:201 MESH:A.02.835.232.500.247.510 SCTID:361792007 The femur neck or neck of the femur is a flattened pyramidal process of bone, connecting the femoral head with the femoral shaft, and forming with the latter a wide angle opening medialward. UBERON:0007119 femoral neck femoral neck femur neck galen:NeckOfFemur ncithesaurus:Femoral_Neck neck of femur neck of the femur The femur neck or neck of the femur is a flattened pyramidal process of bone, connecting the femoral head with the femoral shaft, and forming with the latter a wide angle opening medialward. Wikipedia:Femur_neck Wikipedia:Femur_neck neck of femur Wikipedia:Femur_neck neck of the femur FMA:42385 femoral neck Wikipedia:Femur_neck femur neck Wikipedia:Femur_neck femoral neck premolar tooth FMA:55637 GAID:1261 MESH:A.14.254.860.150 SCTID:304572005 The premolar teeth or bicuspids are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth. In humans, there are two premolars per quadrant, making eight premolars total in the mouth. They have at least two cusps. Premolars can be considered as a 'transitional tooth' during chewing, or mastication. It has properties of both the anterior canines and posterior molars, and so food can be transferred from the canines to the premolars and finally to the molars for grinding, instead of directly from the canines to the molars. The premolars in humans are the maxillary first premolar, maxillary second premolar, mandibular first premolar, and the mandibular second premolar. There is always one large buccal cusp, especially so in the mandibular first premolar. The lower second premolar almost always presents with two lingual cusps. Premolar teeth by definition are permanent teeth distal to the canines preceded by deciduous molars. In primitive mammals there are four premolars per quadrant. The most mesial two have been lost in Catarrhines. Paleontologists refer to human premolars as Pm3 and Pm4. UBERON:0007120 bicuspid bicuspid teeth bicuspid tooth bicuspids biscuspid dens premolaris dentes premolares first bicuspid first premolar mandibular bicuspid maxillary bicuspid maxillary premolar ncithesaurus:Bicuspid_Tooth pm3 %28dentistry%29 pr%c3%a6molares praemolares premolar teeth premolar tooth premolars second bicuspid second premolar secondary premolar tooth Wikipedia:Premolar bicuspids Wikipedia:Premolar biscuspid Wikipedia:Premolar dens premolaris The premolar teeth or bicuspids are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth. In humans, there are two premolars per quadrant, making eight premolars total in the mouth. They have at least two cusps. Premolars can be considered as a 'transitional tooth' during chewing, or mastication. It has properties of both the anterior canines and posterior molars, and so food can be transferred from the canines to the premolars and finally to the molars for grinding, instead of directly from the canines to the molars. The premolars in humans are the maxillary first premolar, maxillary second premolar, mandibular first premolar, and the mandibular second premolar. There is always one large buccal cusp, especially so in the mandibular first premolar. The lower second premolar almost always presents with two lingual cusps. Premolar teeth by definition are permanent teeth distal to the canines preceded by deciduous molars. In primitive mammals there are four premolars per quadrant. The most mesial two have been lost in Catarrhines. Paleontologists refer to human premolars as Pm3 and Pm4. Wikipedia:Premolar Wikipedia:Premolar premolar tooth Wikipedia:Premolar first bicuspid Wikipedia:Premolar bicuspid tooth Wikipedia:Premolar pr%c3%a6molares Wikipedia:Premolar first premolar Wikipedia:Premolar premolar teeth Wikipedia:Premolar maxillary premolar Wikipedia:Premolar pm3 %28dentistry%29 Wikipedia:Premolar praemolares Wikipedia:Premolar mandibular bicuspid Wikipedia:Premolar maxillary bicuspid Wikipedia:Premolar second bicuspid Wikipedia:Premolar premolars Wikipedia:Premolar bicuspid teeth Wikipedia:Premolar bicuspid Wikipedia:Premolar dentes premolares Wikipedia:Premolar second premolar FMA:55637 secondary premolar tooth dermatome segment of skin A dermatome is an area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve. There are eight cervical nerves, twelve thoracic nerves, five lumbar nerves and five sacral nerves. Each of these nerves relays sensation (including pain) from a particular region of skin to the brain[WP]. FMA:80301 UBERON:0007121 A dermatome is an area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve. There are eight cervical nerves, twelve thoracic nerves, five lumbar nerves and five sacral nerves. Each of these nerves relays sensation (including pain) from a particular region of skin to the brain[WP]. Wikipedia:Dermatome_(anatomy) pharyngeal pouch 1 1st arch branchial pouch 1st arch branchial pouch endoderm AAO:0011114 EFO:0003631 EHDAA2:0000016 EMAPA:16124 OG:0000970 SCTID:345248006 The endoderm lines the future auditory tube (Pharyngotympanic Eustachian tube) , middle ear, mastoid antrum, and inner layer of the tympanic membrane. & origin of Mandibular nerve & Maxillary artery[WP]. The first pouch lies between the first and second arches[PMID] UBERON:0005718 UBERON:0007122 XAO:0000102 ZFA:0001128 first arch pharyngeal pouch first visceral pouch ncithesaurus:First_Pharyngeal_Pouch pharyngeal pouches 1 visceral pouch 1 we use adjacency relations rather than part_of, as in EHDAA2 ZFA:0001128 pharyngeal pouches 1 XAO:0000102 first visceral pouch XAO:0000102 visceral pouch 1 1st arch branchial pouch EHDAA2:0000013 1st arch branchial pouch endoderm EHDAA2:0000016 PMID:16313389 The endoderm lines the future auditory tube (Pharyngotympanic Eustachian tube) , middle ear, mastoid antrum, and inner layer of the tympanic membrane. & origin of Mandibular nerve & Maxillary artery[WP]. The first pouch lies between the first and second arches[PMID] Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)#First_pouch OBOL:automatic first arch pharyngeal pouch pharyngeal pouch 2 2nd arch branchial pouch 2nd arch branchial pouch endoderm AAO:0011115 EFO:0003633 EHDAA2:0000060 EHDAA2:0000061 EMAPA:16275 OG:0000967 SCTID:345349000 The second pouch between the second and third arches. Contributes to the middle ear, epithelial lining of Crypts (spaces) of the palatine tonsils, supplied by the facial nerve[WP] UBERON:0005715 UBERON:0007123 XAO:0000247 ZFA:0001130 ncithesaurus:Second_Pharyngeal_Pouch pharyngeal pouches 2 second arch pharyngeal pouch second visceral pouch visceral pouch 2 ZFA:0001130 pharyngeal pouches 2 XAO:0000247 visceral pouch 2 XAO:0000247 second visceral pouch 2nd arch branchial pouch endoderm EHDAA2:0000061 2nd arch branchial pouch EHDAA2:0000060 PMID:16313389 The second pouch between the second and third arches. Contributes to the middle ear, epithelial lining of Crypts (spaces) of the palatine tonsils, supplied by the facial nerve[WP] Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)#Second_pouch OBOL:automatic second arch pharyngeal pouch pharyngeal pouch 3 3rd arch branchial pouch 3rd arch branchial pouch endoderm AAO:0011116 EFO:0003634 EHDAA2:0000076 EHDAA2:0000077 EMAPA:16586 OG:0000966 SCTID:345450001 The third pouch possesses Dorsal and Ventral wings. Derivatives of the dorsal wings include the inferior parathyroid glands, while the ventral wings fuse to form the cytoreticular cells of the thymus. The main nerve supply to the derivatives of this pouch is Cranial Nerve IX, glossopharyngeal nerve[WP]. The third pouch lies between the third and fourth arches[PMID]. UBERON:0005716 UBERON:0007124 XAO:0000251 ZFA:0001131 ncithesaurus:Third_Pharyngeal_Pouch pharyngeal pouches 3 third arch pharyngeal pouch third visceral pouch visceral pouch 3 XAO:0000251 third visceral pouch OBOL:automatic third arch pharyngeal pouch 3rd arch branchial pouch EHDAA2:0000076 3rd arch branchial pouch endoderm EHDAA2:0000077 ZFA:0001131 pharyngeal pouches 3 PMID:16313389 The third pouch possesses Dorsal and Ventral wings. Derivatives of the dorsal wings include the inferior parathyroid glands, while the ventral wings fuse to form the cytoreticular cells of the thymus. The main nerve supply to the derivatives of this pouch is Cranial Nerve IX, glossopharyngeal nerve[WP]. The third pouch lies between the third and fourth arches[PMID]. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)#Third_pouch XAO:0000251 visceral pouch 3 pharyngeal pouch 4 4th arch branchial pouch 4th arch branchial pouch endoderm A pouch that is situated between the 4th and 5th pharyngeal arch[Bard]. Derivatives include: superior parathyroid glands and ultimobranchial body which forms the parafollicular C-Cells of the thyroid gland. Musculature and cartilage of larynx (along with the sixth pharyngeal pouch)[WP] AAO:0011117 EFO:0003637 EHDAA2:0000090 EHDAA2:0000091 EMAPA:16766 OG:0000971 SCTID:362858001 UBERON:0007125 XAO:0000254 ZFA:0001134 fourth arch pharyngeal pouch fourth pharyngeal pouch fourth visceral pouch ncithesaurus:Fourth_Pharyngeal_Pouch pharyngeal pouches 4 todo - check relationships visceral pouch 4 A pouch that is situated between the 4th and 5th pharyngeal arch[Bard]. Derivatives include: superior parathyroid glands and ultimobranchial body which forms the parafollicular C-Cells of the thyroid gland. Musculature and cartilage of larynx (along with the sixth pharyngeal pouch)[WP] PMID:16313389 Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)#Fourth_pouch OG:0000971 fourth pharyngeal pouch 4th arch branchial pouch endoderm EHDAA2:0000091 ZFA:0001134 pharyngeal pouches 4 XAO:0000254 visceral pouch 4 4th arch branchial pouch EHDAA2:0000090 XAO:0000254 fourth visceral pouch OBOL:automatic fourth arch pharyngeal pouch pharyngeal pouch 5 5th pharyngeal pouch 5th visceral pouch AAO:0011118 EFO:0003636 OG:0001206 Rudimentary structure, becomes part of the fourth pouch contributing to thyroid C-cells[WP]. UBERON:0007126 XAO:0000255 ZFA:0001133 fifth pharyngeal pouch fifth visceral pouch fifth visceral pouch ncithesaurus:Fifth_Pharyngeal_Pouch pharyngeal pouches 5 visceral pouch 5 5th visceral pouch OG:0001206 Rudimentary structure, becomes part of the fourth pouch contributing to thyroid C-cells[WP]. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)#Fifth_pouch OG:0001206 fifth pharyngeal pouch OG:0001206 fifth visceral pouch 5th pharyngeal pouch OG:0001206 XAO:0000255 fifth visceral pouch ZFA:0001133 pharyngeal pouches 5 XAO:0000255 visceral pouch 5 pharyngeal pouch 6 AAO:0011119 Along with the fourth pouch, contributes to the formation of the musculature and cartilage of the larynx[WP]. EFO:0003635 UBERON:0007127 XAO:0000265 ZFA:0001132 pharyngeal pouches 6 sixth visceral pouch visceral pouch 6 Along with the fourth pouch, contributes to the formation of the musculature and cartilage of the larynx[WP]. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)#Sixth_pouch XAO:0000265 sixth visceral pouch ZFA:0001132 pharyngeal pouches 6 XAO:0000265 visceral pouch 6 glomeral mesenchyme Portion of tissue that consists of the precursors of the pronephric glomus or glomerulus; derived from the medial portion of the pronephric intermediate mesoderm. UBERON:0007128 XAO:0000110 corpuscle glomerulus XAO:0000110 corpuscle XAO:0000110 glomerulus ISBN:0815318960 Portion of tissue that consists of the precursors of the pronephric glomus or glomerulus; derived from the medial portion of the pronephric intermediate mesoderm. head kidney TAO:0000669 The zebrafish head kidney consists of fused bilateral lobes located in the anterior part of the kidney. It is analogous to the mammalian bone marrow and the primary site of definitive hematopoiesis. UBERON:0007132 ZFA:0000669 anterior kidney kidney marrow ZFA:0000669 anterior kidney The zebrafish head kidney consists of fused bilateral lobes located in the anterior part of the kidney. It is analogous to the mammalian bone marrow and the primary site of definitive hematopoiesis. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-040923-1 ZFA:0000669 kidney marrow trunk ganglion EFO:0000901 Ganglion which is located in the trunk. MAT:0000344 MIAA:0000344 TAO:0001573 UBERON:0007134 ZFA:0001573 body ganglion trunk ganglia ZFA:0001573 trunk ganglia MAT:0000344 body ganglion Ganglion which is located in the trunk. ZFIN:curator neural keel An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section. EFO:0003497 TAO:0000131 UBERON:0007135 ZFA:0000131 ZFIN:ZDB-ANAT-010921-559 presumptive central nervous system ZFA:0000131 presumptive central nervous system An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 rectouterine fold FMA:16533 SCTID:361301006 These folds of the rectouterine excavation are named the sacrogenital or rectouterine folds. They contain a considerable amount of fibrous tissue and non-striped muscular fibers which are attached to the front of the sacrum and constitute the uterosacral ligaments. UBERON:0007136 fold of douglas plica rectouterina posterior ligament of uterus recto-uterine fold rectovaginal fold FMA:16533 posterior ligament of uterus FMA:16533 rectovaginal fold FMA:16533 FMA:TA plica rectouterina FMA:16533 recto-uterine fold FMA:16533 fold of douglas These folds of the rectouterine excavation are named the sacrogenital or rectouterine folds. They contain a considerable amount of fibrous tissue and non-striped muscular fibers which are attached to the front of the sacrum and constitute the uterosacral ligaments. Wikipedia:Recto-uterine_fold parietal mesothelium MA:0000566 Mesothelium overs the body walls is called the parietal mesothelium UBERON:0007140 Mesothelium overs the body walls is called the parietal mesothelium http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelium visceral mesothelium MA:0000567 Mesothelium that covers the internal organs is called visceral mesothelium UBERON:0007141 Mesothelium that covers the internal organs is called visceral mesothelium http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelium left internal carotid artery EMAPA:16329 FMA:4062 SCTID:161452006 UBERON:0007142 arteria caritis interna sinistra FMA:4062 arteria caritis interna sinistra right internal carotid artery EMAPA:16330 FMA:3949 SCTID:161251001 UBERON:0007143 arteria carotis interna dextra FMA:3949 arteria carotis interna dextra tail of embryo EMAPA:16748 FMA:85540 UBERON:0007144 embryo tail FMA:85540 embryo tail dome of diaphragm EMAPA:18046 FMA:13332 SCTID:244940004 UBERON:0007145 diaphragm dome FMA:13332 diaphragm dome posterior spinal artery EMAPA:18243 FMA:50522 SCTID:181330009 UBERON:0007146 dorsal spinal artery ncithesaurus:Posterior_Spinal_Artery FMA:50522 dorsal spinal artery lumen of midgut EMAPA:18377 FMA:54366 UBERON:0007147 midgut lumen FMA:54366 midgut lumen lumen of hindgut EMAPA:18396 FMA:54367 UBERON:0007148 hindgut lumen FMA:54367 hindgut lumen inferior thyroid artery EMAPA:18623 FMA:10662 SCTID:303419004 UBERON:0007149 ncithesaurus:Inferior_Thyroid_Artery superior thyroid artery EMAPA:18624 FMA:49472 SCTID:244218002 UBERON:0007150 ncithesaurus:Superior_Thyroid_Artery leaflets of mitral valve EMAPA:18628 FMA:7241 Leaf of cardiac valve which has as its parts the anterior, and posterior leaflets that is attached to the chorda tendinea of left ventricle and to the frbrous ring of mitral valve.[FMA] SCTID:244353007 UBERON:0007151 mitral valve leaflet mitral valvular leaflet FMA:7241 mitral valvular leaflet FMA:7241 FMA:FMA Leaf of cardiac valve which has as its parts the anterior, and posterior leaflets that is attached to the chorda tendinea of left ventricle and to the frbrous ring of mitral valve.[FMA] FMA:7241 mitral valve leaflet inferior sagittal sinus EMAPA:18635 FMA:50768 SCTID:279260007 UBERON:0007152 ncithesaurus:Inferior_Sagittal_Sinus superior epigastric artery EMAPA:18752 FMA:10646 SCTID:244287004 UBERON:0007153 inferior epigastric vein EMAPA:18760 FMA:21162 SCTID:286872000 UBERON:0007154 ncithesaurus:Deep_Epigastric_Vein superior epigastric vein EMAPA:18761 FMA:4731 SCTID:286596001 UBERON:0007155 FMA/obol inferior thyroid vein EMAPA:18763 FMA:4728 SCTID:303423007 UBERON:0007156 inferior thyroid venous tree vena thyroidea inferioris FMA:4728 inferior thyroid venous tree FMA:4728 vena thyroidea inferioris superior thyroid vein EMAPA:18764 FMA:14323 SCTID:303421009 UBERON:0007157 lumen of anal canal EMAPA:18836 FMA:17357 UBERON:0007158 anal canal lumen FMA:17357 anal canal lumen lumen of colon EMAPA:18945 FMA:18374 SCTID:362156004 UBERON:0007159 colon lumen FMA:18374 colon lumen inferior petrosal sinus EMAPA:19234 FMA:50770 SCTID:279263009 UBERON:0007160 sinus petrosal inferior FMA:50770 sinus petrosal inferior medial arcuate ligament EMAPA:19237 FMA:58282 UBERON:0007161 lateral arcuate ligament EMAPA:19238 FMA:58283 UBERON:0007162 superior meatus EMAPA:19276 FMA:53138 FMA:57480 The superior meatus, the smallest of the three meatuses of the nose, occupies the middle third of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. It lies between the superior nasal conchC& and middle nasal conchC&; the sphenopalatine foramen opens into it behind, and the posterior ethmoidal cells in front. The sphenoidal sinus opens into a recess, the sphenoethmoidal recess, which is placed above and behind the superior concha. UBERON:0007163 superior nasal meatus todo - check FMA Wikipedia:Superior_nasal_meatus superior nasal meatus The superior meatus, the smallest of the three meatuses of the nose, occupies the middle third of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. It lies between the superior nasal conchC& and middle nasal conchC&; the sphenopalatine foramen opens into it behind, and the posterior ethmoidal cells in front. The sphenoidal sinus opens into a recess, the sphenoethmoidal recess, which is placed above and behind the superior concha. Wikipedia:Superior_nasal_meatus distal radio-ulnar joint EMAPA:19316 FMA:35290 SCTID:182170009 UBERON:0007164 articulation radioulnaris distalis distal radioulnar joint inferior radioulnar joint FMA:35290 distal radioulnar joint FMA:35290 articulation radioulnaris distalis FMA:35290 inferior radioulnar joint proximal radio-ulnar joint EMAPA:19317 FMA:38860 SCTID:361837005 UBERON:0007165 superior radioulnar joint FMA:38860 superior radioulnar joint left dome of diaphragm EMAPA:25047 FMA:13334 SCTID:244941000 UBERON:0007166 left dome of diaphragm viewed radiologically FMA:13334 left dome of diaphragm viewed radiologically right dome of diaphragm EMAPA:25048 FMA:13333 SCTID:244942007 UBERON:0007167 right dome of diaphragm viewed radiologically FMA:13333 right dome of diaphragm viewed radiologically long head of biceps brachii EMAPA:25054 FMA:37683 The long head originates on the supraglenoid tubercle just above the shoulder joint from where its tendon passes down along the intertubercular groove of the humerus into the joint capsule of the shoulder joint. [1] When the humerus is in motion, the tendon of the long head is held firmly in place in the intertubercular groove by the greater and lesser tubercles and the overlying transverse humeral ligament. During the motion from external to internal rotation, the tendon is forced medially against the lesser tubercle and superiorly against the transverse ligament. UBERON:0007168 caput longum (musculus biceps brachii) The long head originates on the supraglenoid tubercle just above the shoulder joint from where its tendon passes down along the intertubercular groove of the humerus into the joint capsule of the shoulder joint. [1] When the humerus is in motion, the tendon of the long head is held firmly in place in the intertubercular groove by the greater and lesser tubercles and the overlying transverse humeral ligament. During the motion from external to internal rotation, the tendon is forced medially against the lesser tubercle and superiorly against the transverse ligament. Wikipedia:Biceps_brachii_muscle#Origin_and_insertion FMA:37683 caput longum (musculus biceps brachii) short head of biceps brachii EMAPA:25055 FMA:37682 Proximally (towards the body), the short head of the biceps attaches to (originates from) the coracoid process at the top of the scapula. UBERON:0007169 Proximally (towards the body), the short head of the biceps attaches to (originates from) the coracoid process at the top of the scapula. Wikipedia:Biceps_brachii_muscle#Origin_and_insertion squamous part of occipital bone EMAPA:25113 FMA:52860 SCTID:139077005 UBERON:0007170 occipital squama squama of occipital bone FMA:52860 occipital squama FMA:52860 squama of occipital bone border of scapula EMAPA:25124 FMA:23797 UBERON:0007171 scapular border FMA:23797 scapular border angle of scapula EMAPA:25125 FMA:23800 UBERON:0007172 scapular angle FMA:23800 scapular angle lateral border of scapula EMAPA:25126 FMA:23239 UBERON:0007173 axillary border of scapula lateral border of scapula margo lateralis (scapula) margo lateralis scapulae FMA:23239 FMA:TA margo lateralis scapulae FMA:23239 axillary border of scapula FMA:23239 margo lateralis (scapula) FMA:23239 lateral border of scapula medial part of scapula EMAPA:25127 FMA:23242 SCTID:368187009 UBERON:0007174 margo medialis (scapula) margo medialis scapulae medial border of scapula vertebral border of scapula FMA:23242 FMA:TA margo medialis scapulae FMA:23242 margo medialis (scapula) FMA:23242 medial border of scapula FMA:23242 vertebral border of scapula inferior angle of scapula EMAPA:25128 FMA:13315 UBERON:0007175 angulus inferior (scapula) FMA:13315 angulus inferior (scapula) superior angle of scapula EMAPA:25129 FMA:23248 UBERON:0007176 angulus superior (scapula) FMA:23248 angulus superior (scapula) lamina propria of mucosa of colon EMAPA:27395 FMA:15657 SCTID:113284008 UBERON:0007177 colonic lamina propria lamina propria of colonic mucosa lamina propria of colonic mucous membrane FMA:15657 lamina propria of colonic mucous membrane FMA:15657 colonic lamina propria FMA:15657 lamina propria of colonic mucosa muscularis mucosa of mucosa of colon EMAPA:27399 FMA:15656 SCTID:885000 UBERON:0007178 lamina muscularis of colonic mucosa lamina muscularis of colonic mucous membrane FMA:15656 lamina muscularis of colonic mucosa FMA:15656 lamina muscularis of colonic mucous membrane basal cell layer of urothelium EMAPA:28806 FMA:84154 UBERON:0007179 basal cell layer of uroepithelium FMA:84154 basal cell layer of uroepithelium atretic follicle of ovary EMAPA:29874 FMA:18697 SCTID:259073003 UBERON:0007180 folliculus atreticus (Ovarium) FMA:18697 folliculus atreticus (Ovarium) serosa of infundibulum of uterine tube EMAPA:29903 FMA:18324 UBERON:0007181 serosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube serosa of infundibulum of oviduct FMA:18324 serosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube FMA:18324 serosa of infundibulum of oviduct muscle layer of infundibulum of uterine tube EMAPA:31264 FMA:18336 UBERON:0007182 muscle layer of infundibulum of fallopian tube muscle layer of infundibulum of oviduct muscularis of infundibulum of uterine tube FMA:18336 muscularis of infundibulum of uterine tube FMA:18336 muscle layer of infundibulum of fallopian tube FMA:18336 muscle layer of infundibulum of oviduct pericardio-peritoneal canal mesothelium EHDAA2:0001442 EMAPA:16284 OG:0000447 UBERON:0007185 pericardial visceral mesothelium EMAPA:16589 FMA:19741 OG:0000778 UBERON:0007186 pericardial parietal mesothelium EMAPA:16588 FMA:19742 UBERON:0007187 mesothelium of serous pericardium BTO:0003157 EMAPA:16133 FMA:18149 SCTID:67300002 UBERON:0007188 mesothelium of pericardium pericardial mesothelium serous pericardium mesothelium FMA:18149 serous pericardium mesothelium FMA:18149 mesothelium of pericardium FMA:18149 pericardial mesothelium paracentral gyrus FMA:77537 UBERON:0007190 anterior paracentral gyrus FMA:77537 UBERON:0007191 posterior paracentral gyrus FMA:77538 UBERON:0007192 orbital gyrus FMA:256194 SCTID:280372002 UBERON:0007193 vesicular gland BTO:0003717 MA:0000405 The vesicular gland is part of the male reproductive system. The vesicular gland contributes fluids, energy substrates, and buffers to semen. It can be found near the Coagulating gland, which also belongs to the reproductive system. UBERON:0007194 ncithesaurus:Vesicular_Gland todo - check this agaist seminal vesicle BTO:0003717 The vesicular gland is part of the male reproductive system. The vesicular gland contributes fluids, energy substrates, and buffers to semen. It can be found near the Coagulating gland, which also belongs to the reproductive system. stroma of bone marrow FMA:21426 The stroma of the bone marrow is all tissue not directly involved in the primary function of hematopoiesis. The yellow bone marrow belongs here, and makes the majority of the bone marrow stroma, in addition to stromal cells located in the red bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow is found in the Medullary cavity. Still, the stroma is indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, since it provides the hematopoietic microenvironment that facilitates hematopoiesis by the parenchymal cells. For instance, they generate colony stimulating factors, affecting hematopoiesis. UBERON:0007195 bone marrow stroma FMA:21426 bone marrow stroma The stroma of the bone marrow is all tissue not directly involved in the primary function of hematopoiesis. The yellow bone marrow belongs here, and makes the majority of the bone marrow stroma, in addition to stromal cells located in the red bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow is found in the Medullary cavity. Still, the stroma is indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, since it provides the hematopoietic microenvironment that facilitates hematopoiesis by the parenchymal cells. For instance, they generate colony stimulating factors, affecting hematopoiesis. Wikipedia:Bone_marrow#Stroma tracheobronchial tree FMA:7393 SCTID:361384001 UBERON:0007196 the structure from the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles that forms the airways that supply air to the lungs. The lining of the tracheobronchial tree consists of ciliated columnar epithelial cells. Wikipedia:Tracheobronchial_tree the structure from the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles that forms the airways that supply air to the lungs. The lining of the tracheobronchial tree consists of ciliated columnar epithelial cells. Wikipedia hermaphroditic organism AAO:0010035 BILA:0000029 CARO:0000029 HAO:0000029 Multi-cellular organism that can produce both male and female gametes. TADS:0000601 UBERON:0007197 WBbt:0007849 dioecious organism hermaphrodite WBbt:0007849 hermaphrodite CARO:MAH Multi-cellular organism that can produce both male and female gametes. BILA:0000029 dioecious organism hermaphrodite anatomical structure AEO:0000177 An anatomical structure present only in hermaphrodites. EHDAA2:0003177 UBERON:0007198 WBbt:0005758 hermaphrodite-specific WBbt:0005758 hermaphrodite-specific An anatomical structure present only in hermaphrodites. JB:DEF brachiocephalic vasculature UBERON:0007204 mesenchyme derived from head neural crest EFO:0003572 EHDAA2:0000735 EMAPA:16169 UBERON:0007213 ZFA:0000787 head mesenchyme from neural crest EHDAA2:0000735 head mesenchyme from neural crest mesenchyme derived from trunk neural crest EHDAA2:0002093 EMAPA:16182 UBERON:0007214 ZFA:0000999 trunk mesenchyme from neural crest EHDAA2:0002093 trunk mesenchyme from neural crest trabecula cranii A paired cartilaginous element appearing in the preotic section of the head at the border between the brain and visceral structures (The Trabecula cranii: development and homology of an enigmatic vertebrate head structure - Cerny et al 2006) Paired thin medially aligned bar of cartilage that extends from the anterior end of the chondrocranium to just anterior to the anterior end of the notochord. The posterior ends of the trabeculae cranii are continuous with the parachordal cartilages, and they enclose the hypophyseal fenestra. TAO:0001507 UBERON:0007215 ZFA:0001507 trabeculae cranii ZFA:0001507 trabeculae cranii Paired thin medially aligned bar of cartilage that extends from the anterior end of the chondrocranium to just anterior to the anterior end of the notochord. The posterior ends of the trabeculae cranii are continuous with the parachordal cartilages, and they enclose the hypophyseal fenestra. ZFIN:curator late embryonic stage EV:0300011 EVM:2990031 FBdv:00005333 MIAA:0000399 OGES:000023 SCTID:367619004 UBERON:0007220 embryo late (growth) stage embryo late growth stage embryo late stage fetal stage fetus fetus stage MIAA:0000399 fetus BTO:0000449 embryo late growth stage MIAA:0000399 embryo late (growth) stage UBERON:cjm fetal stage BTO:0000449 embryo late stage UBERON:cjm fetus stage neonate stage BTO:0001762 EV:0300037 NIF_Organism:birnlex_695 OGES:000025 Of or pertaining to the period of time immediately following birth, or to the newborn. UBERON:0007221 infant stage neonatal stage OBOL:automatic neonatal stage Of or pertaining to the period of time immediately following birth, or to the newborn. Wikipedia:Infant http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neonatal UBERON:cjm infant stage late adult stage EV:0300123 NIF_Organism:birnlex_691 UBERON:0007222 elderly elderly stage geriatric geriatric stage ncithesaurus:Elderly EV:0300123 elderly stage EV:0300123 geriatric EV:0300123 elderly EV:0300123 geriatric stage osseus cochlea MA:0000239 The osseous cochlea is the bony foundation that forms the small shell arrangement for the cochlear nerve. UBERON:0007223 todo - check this. in MA, cochlea is not part of the bony labyrinth The osseous cochlea is the bony foundation that forms the small shell arrangement for the cochlear nerve. http://www.innerbody.com/image_nerv14/nerv175.html medial entorhinal cortex BTO:0004346 MA:0000922 The entorhinal cortex (EC) is an important memory center in the brain. In rodents, the EC is located at the caudal end of the temporal lobe. In primates it is located at the rostral end of the temporal lobe and stretches dorsolaterally. It is usually divided into medial and lateral regions with three bands with distinct properties and connectivity running perpendicular across the whole area. UBERON:0007224 BTO:0004347 The entorhinal cortex (EC) is an important memory center in the brain. In rodents, the EC is located at the caudal end of the temporal lobe. In primates it is located at the rostral end of the temporal lobe and stretches dorsolaterally. It is usually divided into medial and lateral regions with three bands with distinct properties and connectivity running perpendicular across the whole area. lateral entorhinal cortex ABA:ENTl BTO:0004347 Entorhinal area, lateral part MA:0000911 The entorhinal cortex (EC) is an important memory center in the brain. In rodents, the EC is located at the caudal end of the temporal lobe. In primates it is located at the rostral end of the temporal lobe and stretches dorsolaterally. It is usually divided into medial and lateral regions with three bands with distinct properties and connectivity running perpendicular across the whole area. UBERON:0007225 ABA:ENTl Entorhinal area, lateral part BTO:0004347 The entorhinal cortex (EC) is an important memory center in the brain. In rodents, the EC is located at the caudal end of the temporal lobe. In primates it is located at the rostral end of the temporal lobe and stretches dorsolaterally. It is usually divided into medial and lateral regions with three bands with distinct properties and connectivity running perpendicular across the whole area. superior vestibular nucleus ABA:SUV BM:Me-VS-VSS BTO:0004372 Bechterew's nucleus EV:0100257 FMA:54617 The superior vestibular nucleus is the dorso-lateral part of the vestibular nucleus and receives collaterals and terminals from the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve. Its axons terminate in much the same manner as do those from the lateral nucleus. UBERON:0007227 ncithesaurus:Superior_Vestibular_Nucleus nucleus of Bechterew ABA Bechterew's nucleus Wikipedia:Superior_vestibular_nucleus ABA The superior vestibular nucleus is the dorso-lateral part of the vestibular nucleus and receives collaterals and terminals from the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve. Its axons terminate in much the same manner as do those from the lateral nucleus. Wikipedia:Superior_vestibular_nucleus ABA FMA:54617 nucleus of Bechterew vestibular nucleus EV:0100254 FMA:54602 In Terminologia Anatomica they are grouped in both the pons and medulla. SCTID:362462004 The vestibular nuclei are the cranial nuclei for the vestibular nerve. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0007228 ncithesaurus:Vestibular_Nucleus vestibular nucleus of acoustic nerve vestibular nucleus of eighth cranial nerve FMA:54602 vestibular nucleus of eighth cranial nerve FMA:54602 vestibular nucleus of acoustic nerve The vestibular nuclei are the cranial nuclei for the vestibular nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vestibular_nucleus lateral vestibular nucleus ABA:LAV BM:Me-VS-VSL BTO:0004370 Deiter's nucleus Deiters' nucleus FMA:54614 GAID:603 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.810.428.600.800.800 SCTID:280176007 The lateral vestibular nucleus (Deitersbs nucleus) is the continuation upward and lateralward of the principal nucleus, and in it terminate many of the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve. UBERON:0007230 lateral nucleus of Deiters ncithesaurus:Lateral_Vestibular_Nucleus nucleus of Deiters ABA FMA:54614 lateral nucleus of Deiters ABA FMA:54614 nucleus of Deiters ABA The lateral vestibular nucleus (Deitersbs nucleus) is the continuation upward and lateralward of the principal nucleus, and in it terminate many of the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve. Wikipedia:Lateral_vestibular_nucleus Deiter's nucleus FMA:54614 Deiters' nucleus FMA:54614 2 cell stage EMAPA:16036 NF stage 2 (2-cell) UBERON:0007232 XAO:1000011 ZFS:0000002 two-cell stage OBOL:automatic two-cell stage NF stage 2 (2-cell) XAO:1000011 4 cell stage NF stage 3 (4-cell) UBERON:0007233 XAO:1000013 ZFS:0000003 four-cell stage NF stage 3 (4-cell) XAO:1000013 OBOL:automatic four-cell stage 4-8 cell stage EMAPA:16037 UBERON:0007234 four-eight cell stage OBOL:automatic four-eight cell stage 8 cell stage NF stage 4 (8-cell) UBERON:0007236 XAO:1000014 ZFS:0000004 eight-cell stage NF stage 4 (8-cell) XAO:1000014 OBOL:automatic eight-cell stage 1st arch mandibular component EHDAA2:0000031 EHDAA:583 EMAPA:16382 UBERON:0007237 1st arch maxillary component EHDAA2:0000038 EHDAA:595 EMAPA:16388 UBERON:0007238 tunica media of artery EV:0100029 FMA:14273 SCTID:84300001 UBERON:0007239 arterial media tunica media (arteriae) FMA:14273 tunica media (arteriae) EV:0100029 arterial media tunica adventitia of artery EV:0100030 FMA:14274 SCTID:113261001 UBERON:0007240 arterial adventitia tunica externa (adventitia)(arteriae) FMA FMA:14274 tunica externa (adventitia)(arteriae) EV:0100030 arterial adventitia tunica adventitia of vein EV:0100034 FMA:14355 SCTID:13202006 UBERON:0007241 tunica externa (adventitia)(venae) venous adventitia FMA:14355 tunica externa (adventitia)(venae) EV:0100034 venous adventitia tunica intima of vein EV:0100032 FMA:14353 SCTID:2436009 UBERON:0007242 tunica interna (intima)(venae) venous intima EV:0100032 venous intima FMA:14353 tunica interna (intima)(venae) tunica media of vein EV:0100033 FMA:14354 SCTID:42049001 UBERON:0007243 tunica media (venae) venous media EV:0100033 venous media FMA:14354 tunica media (venae) inferior olivary nucleus BTO:0003844 EMAPA:19241 OG:0001380 SCTID:369066005 The inferior olivary nucleus is the largest nucleus situated in the olivary body, part of the medulla oblongata. UBERON:0007244 inferior olive The inferior olivary nucleus is the largest nucleus situated in the olivary body, part of the medulla oblongata. Wikipedia:Inferior_olivary_nucleus Wikipedia:Inferior_olivary_nucleus inferior olive nuclear complex of neuraxis FMA:84059 Internal gray matter component which consists of an assemblage of nuclei of neuraxis. Example: cerebellar nuclear complex, Vestibular nuclear complex.[FMA] UBERON:0007245 todo - move existing complex classes currently under nucleus to be under this class FMA:84059 FMA:FMA Internal gray matter component which consists of an assemblage of nuclei of neuraxis. Example: cerebellar nuclear complex, Vestibular nuclear complex.[FMA] superior olivary nucleus FMA:72246 MA:0001026 OG:0001381 SCTID:369024009 UBERON:0007247 nucleus of superior olivary complex superior olive FMA:72246 nucleus of superior olivary complex MA:0001026 superior olive dorsal accessory inferior olivary nucleus FMA:72593 SCTID:369068006 The inferior olivary nucleus that is the smallest, and appears on transverse section as a curved lamina behind the primary olivary nucleus UBERON:0007249 dorsal accessory olivary nucleus inferior olivary complex, dorsal accessory olive inferior olive, dorsal nucleus nucleus olivaris accessorius posterior posterior accessory olivary nucleus FMA:72593 inferior olive, dorsal nucleus The inferior olivary nucleus that is the smallest, and appears on transverse section as a curved lamina behind the primary olivary nucleus Wikipedia:Olivary_body#Olivary_nuclei FMA:72593 FMA:TA nucleus olivaris accessorius posterior FMA:72593 dorsal accessory olivary nucleus FMA:72593 posterior accessory olivary nucleus FMA:72593 inferior olivary complex, dorsal accessory olive lingual tonsil FMA:54836 SCTID:276957006 The lingual tonsils are rounded masses of lymphatic tissue that cover the posterior region of the tongue. They are on the dorsal surface at the base of the tongue. Their lymphatic tissue are dense and nodular, their surface is covered with stratified squamous epithelium which invaginates as a single crypt into each lingual tonsil. They are partially surrounded by connective tissue placing them in the group of Partially-Encapsulated Lymphatic Organs, tonsils, the only one of its kind. They have associated mucous glands which are drained by ducts directly into the single tonsillar crypt. UBERON:0007250 ncithesaurus:Lingual_Tonsil The lingual tonsils are rounded masses of lymphatic tissue that cover the posterior region of the tongue. They are on the dorsal surface at the base of the tongue. Their lymphatic tissue are dense and nodular, their surface is covered with stratified squamous epithelium which invaginates as a single crypt into each lingual tonsil. They are partially surrounded by connective tissue placing them in the group of Partially-Encapsulated Lymphatic Organs, tonsils, the only one of its kind. They have associated mucous glands which are drained by ducts directly into the single tonsillar crypt. Wikipedia:Lingual_tonsils preoptic nucleus EV:0100226 UBERON:0007251 intervertebral disk of cervical vertebra EMAPA:19415 FMA:13895 SCTID:68818006 UBERON:0007252 cervical intervertebral disc intervertebral disc of cervical region EMAPA:19415 intervertebral disc of cervical region FMA:13895 cervical intervertebral disc intervertebral disk of thoracic vertebra EMAPA:19489 FMA:10455 UBERON:0007254 intervertebral disc of thoracic region EMAPA:19489 intervertebral disc of thoracic region intervertebral disk of lumbar vertebra EMAPA:19468 FMA:13894 UBERON:0007255 intervertebral disc of lumbar region EMAPA:19468 intervertebral disc of lumbar region intervertebral disk of sacral vertebra EMAPA:19575 UBERON:0007257 intervertebral disc of sacral region EMAPA:19575 intervertebral disc of sacral region intervertebral disk of third cervical vertebra C3 intervertebral disk EMAPA:19422 FMA:13896 UBERON:0007260 intervertebral disk, C3-C4 FMA:13896 intervertebral disk, C3-C4 C3 intervertebral disk FMA:13896 intervertebral disk of fourth cervical vertebra EMAPA:19425 FMA:13897 SCTID:361748005 UBERON:0007261 intervertebral disc of fourth cervical vertebra intervertebral disk, C4-C5 FMA:13897 intervertebral disc of fourth cervical vertebra FMA:13897 intervertebral disk, C4-C5 intervertebral disk of fifth cervical vertebra EMAPA:19428 FMA:13898 SCTID:361749002 UBERON:0007262 intervertebral disc of fifth cervical vertebra intervertebral disk, C5-C6 FMA:13898 intervertebral disk, C5-C6 FMA:13898 intervertebral disc of fifth cervical vertebra intervertebral disk of sixth cervical vertebra EMAPA:19460 FMA:13899 UBERON:0007263 intervertebral disk, C6-C7 FMA:13899 intervertebral disk, C6-C7 intervertebral disk of seventh cervical vertebra EMAPA:19463 FMA:13900 UBERON:0007264 intervertebral disk, C7-T1 FMA:13900 intervertebral disk, C7-T1 intervertebral disk of axis C2 disk C2 intervertebral disk EMAPA:19419 FMA:25058 UBERON:0007265 intervertebral disc of second cervical vertebra intervertebral disk of second cervical vertebra intervertebral disk, C2-C3 second cervical intervertebral disk FMA:25058 intervertebral disc of second cervical vertebra C2 disk FMA:25058 FMA:25058 second cervical intervertebral disk C2 intervertebral disk FMA:25058 FMA:25058 intervertebral disk of second cervical vertebra FMA:25058 intervertebral disk, C2-C3 intervertebral disk of atlas C1 disk C1 intervertebral disk EMAPA:19416 FMA:25058 UBERON:0007266 first cervical intervertebral disk intervertebral disc of first cervical vertebra intervertebral disk of first cervical vertebra intervertebral disk, C1-C2 trachea pre-cartilage rings EHDAA2:0002070 EHDAA:7082 EMAPA:18699 UBERON:0007267 cartilaginous ring of trachea EMAPA:18699 cartilaginous ring of trachea upper esophageal sphincter The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) (also called the Pharyngoesophageal sphincter) refers to the superior portion of the esophagus. Unlike the lower esophageal sphincter, it consists of striated muscle and is under conscious control. The primary muscle of the UES is the cricopharyngeus portion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor. During swallowing the upper esophageal sphincter opens so the bolus can pass into the esophagus. A secondary role of the UES is to reduce backflow from the esophagus into the pharynx. UBERON:0007268 Wikipedia:Upper_esophageal_sphincter ncithesaurus:Upper_Esophageal_Sphincter upper oesophageal sphincter The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) (also called the Pharyngoesophageal sphincter) refers to the superior portion of the esophagus. Unlike the lower esophageal sphincter, it consists of striated muscle and is under conscious control. The primary muscle of the UES is the cricopharyngeus portion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor. During swallowing the upper esophageal sphincter opens so the bolus can pass into the esophagus. A secondary role of the UES is to reduce backflow from the esophagus into the pharynx. Wikipedia:Upper_esophageal_sphincter Wikipedia:Upper_esophageal_sphincter upper oesophageal sphincter fore limb/fin musculature EFO:0003540 UBERON:0007269 ZFA:0000563 pectoral fin musculature ZFA:0000563 pectoral fin musculature hind limb/fin musculature UBERON:0007270 ZFA:0000258 pelvic fin musculature ZFA:0000258 pelvic fin musculature limb/fin musculature UBERON:0007271 ZFA:0000207 fin musculature ZFA:0000207 fin musculature fore limb/fin skeleton EFO:0003594 UBERON:0007272 ZFA:0000943 pectoral fin skeleton ZFA:0000943 pectoral fin skeleton hind limb/fin skeleton UBERON:0007273 ZFA:0001387 pelvic fin skeleton ZFA:0001387 pelvic fin skeleton crista of ampulla of anterior semicircular duct of membranous laybrinth FMA:75610 UBERON:0007274 XAO:0004137 ZFA:0000619 anterior crista ampullaris anterior cristae anterior semicircular canal sensory patch anterior semicircular canal sensory patches rostral crista todo - unvetted ZFA:0000619 anterior crista ampullaris ZFA:0000619 anterior semicircular canal sensory patch ZFA:0000619 anterior cristae ZFA:0000619 rostral crista ZFA:0000619 anterior semicircular canal sensory patches crista of ampulla of posterior semicircular duct of membranous laybrinth FMA:75611 UBERON:0007275 XAO:0004133 ZFA:0000566 caudal crista posterior crista ampullaris posterior cristae posterior semicircular canal sensory patch posterior semicircular canal sensory patches todo - unvetted ZFA:0000566 posterior crista ampullaris ZFA:0000566 caudal crista ZFA:0000566 posterior cristae ZFA:0000566 posterior semicircular canal sensory patches ZFA:0000566 posterior semicircular canal sensory patch crista of ampulla of lateral semicircular duct of membranous laybrinth FMA:75612 UBERON:0007276 ZFA:0000166 lateral crista ampullaris lateral cristae lateral semicircular canal sensory patch lateral semicircular canal sensory patches todo - unvetted ZFA:0000166 lateral crista ampullaris ZFA:0000166 lateral cristae ZFA:0000166 lateral semicircular canal sensory patches ZFA:0000166 lateral semicircular canal sensory patch presumptive hindbrain EFO:0003440 UBERON:0007277 ZFA:0000569 presumptive sinus venosus UBERON:0007278 ZFA:0001722 presumptive atrioventricular canal UBERON:0007279 ZFA:0001723 presumptive endocardium UBERON:0007280 ZFA:0001724 presumptive midbrain hindbrain boundary EFO:0003446 UBERON:0007281 XAO:0004086 ZFA:0001187 presumptive segmental plate EFO:0003421 UBERON:0007282 ZFA:0000053 presumptive shield EFO:0003444 UBERON:0007283 ZFA:0001121 presumptive neural plate EFO:0003424 UBERON:0007284 ZFA:0000063 presumptive paraxial mesoderm EFO:0003443 UBERON:0007285 XAO:0004134 ZFA:0000591 presumptive floor plate EFO:0003454 UBERON:0007286 ZFA:0001218 presumptive bulbus arteriosus UBERON:0007287 ZFA:0001712 presumptive forebrain midbrain boundary EFO:0003463 UBERON:0007288 ZFA:0001368 presumptive rhombomere 1 UBERON:0007289 ZFA:0001207 presumptive rhombomere 3 EFO:0003451 UBERON:0007290 ZFA:0001213 presumptive rhombomere 4 EFO:0003450 UBERON:0007291 ZFA:0001212 presumptive rhombomere 5 EFO:0003449 UBERON:0007292 ZFA:0001211 presumptive rhombomere 6 EFO:0003448 UBERON:0007293 ZFA:0001210 presumptive rhombomere 7 EFO:0003447 UBERON:0007294 ZFA:0001209 presumptive rhombomere 8 EFO:0003452 UBERON:0007295 ZFA:0001214 presumptive rhombomere 2 UBERON:0007296 ZFA:0001208 presumptive pronephric mesoderm EFO:0003619 UBERON:0007297 ZFA:0001070 nephron primordium ZFA:0001070 nephron primordium pronephric proximal convoluted tubule UBERON:0007298 ZFA:0001620 choroid plexus of tectal ventricle UBERON:0007299 ZFA:0001445 choroid plexus tectal ventricle ZFA:0001445 choroid plexus tectal ventricle fore limb/fin blood vessel UBERON:0007300 ZFA:0005301 pectoral fin blood vessel ZFA:0005301 pectoral fin blood vessel limb/fin blood vessel UBERON:0007301 ZFA:0005299 fin blood vessel ZFA:0005299 fin blood vessel fore limb/fin vasculature UBERON:0007302 ZFA:0005096 pectoral fin vasculature ZFA:0005096 pectoral fin vasculature pharyngeal vasculature UBERON:0007303 ZFA:0005003 branchial vasculature ZFA:0005003 branchial vasculature limb/fin vasculature UBERON:0007304 ZFA:0005095 fin vasculature ZFA:0005095 fin vasculature pronephric glomerular capillary UBERON:0007306 ZFA:0005309 pronephric glomerular basement membrane UBERON:0007307 ZFA:0005313 pronephric distal early tubule UBERON:0007308 ZFA:0001622 sputum BTO:0001297 GAID:1171 MA:0002536 MESH:A.12.200.808 Matter ejected from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea, through the mouth. UBERON:0007311 expectoration ncithesaurus:Sputum Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource Matter ejected from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea, through the mouth. BTO:0001297 expectoration pudendal artery MA:0002028 SCTID:277968003 UBERON:0007312 superior external pudendal artery MA:0002029 UBERON:0007314 internal pudendal artery FMA:18835 SCTID:244309002 The internal pudendal artery is an artery that branches off the internal iliac artery, providing blood to the external genitalia. The internal pudendal artery is the terminal branch of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. It is smaller in the female than in the male. UBERON:0007315 internal pudendal vessels internal pudic artery Wikipedia:Internal_pudendal_artery internal pudic artery Wikipedia:Internal_pudendal_artery internal pudendal vessels The internal pudendal artery is an artery that branches off the internal iliac artery, providing blood to the external genitalia. The internal pudendal artery is the terminal branch of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. It is smaller in the female than in the male. Wikipedia:Internal_pudendal_artery deep external pudendal artery FMA:20739 SCTID:31708008 The deep external pudendal artery (deep external pudic artery), more deeply seated than the superficial external pudendal artery, passes medialward across the Pectineus and the Adductor longus muscles; it is covered by the fascia lata, which it pierces at the medial side of the thigh, and is distributed, in the male, to the integument of the scrotum and perineum, in the female to the labium majus; its branches anastomose with the scrotal (or labial) branches of the perineal artery. UBERON:0007316 The deep external pudendal artery (deep external pudic artery), more deeply seated than the superficial external pudendal artery, passes medialward across the Pectineus and the Adductor longus muscles; it is covered by the fascia lata, which it pierces at the medial side of the thigh, and is distributed, in the male, to the integument of the scrotum and perineum, in the female to the labium majus; its branches anastomose with the scrotal (or labial) branches of the perineal artery. Wikipedia:Deep_external_pudendal_artery superficial external pudendal artery FMA:20738 SCTID:47954000 The superficial external pudendal artery (superficial external pudic artery) arises from the medial side of the femoral artery, close to the superficial epigastric artery and superficial iliac circumflex artery. UBERON:0007317 The superficial external pudendal artery (superficial external pudic artery) arises from the medial side of the femoral artery, close to the superficial epigastric artery and superficial iliac circumflex artery. Wikipedia:Superficial_external_pudendal_artery saphenous vein BTO:0001808 Either of two main superficial veins of the leg, one larger than the other, that begin at the foot. MA:0002215 MESH:A.07.231.908.819 UBERON:0007318 ncithesaurus:Saphenous_Vein BTO:0001808 Either of two main superficial veins of the leg, one larger than the other, that begin at the foot. medial saphenous vein FMA:44322 MA:0002173 UBERON:0007319 medial accessory saphenous vein todo - check FMA/obol FMA:44322 medial accessory saphenous vein FMA/obol lateral saphenous vein FMA:44321 MA:0002161 UBERON:0007321 lateral accessory saphenous vein todo - check FMA:44321 lateral accessory saphenous vein FMA/obol FMA/obol pancreatic lobe FMA:16012 MA:0000721 UBERON:0007324 lobulus pancreaticus pancreatic lobule todo - check FMA:16012 lobulus pancreaticus FMA:16012 pancreatic lobule pancreatic duct A duct that is part of the pancreas and connected to the duodenum. EHDAA:9194 FMA:10419 MA:0000124 SCTID:181278006 TAO:0001372 UBERON:0007329 ZFA:0001372 duct of pancreas note that this class groups together accessory and main pancreatic ducts. pancreas duct OBOL:automatic pancreas duct OBOL:automatic duct of pancreas A duct that is part of the pancreas and connected to the duodenum. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Pancreatic_duct ZFA rhamphotheca The horny sheath, or rhamphotheca, is produced by the outer layers of the Malpighian cells, and resembles in structure other horny parts, as claws, nails, and spurs. The horny sheath of the bill sometimes consists of a number of pieces more or less separate. In the Ostriches and Tinamous there is a lateral pair and an unpaired piece for each jaw; in the Tubinares on the upper jaw at least one pair of lateral or maxillary pieces, an unpaired piece which covers the culmen and is continued into the prolonged nasal tubes, and an apical hook, strongly curved and pointed: each half of the under jaw is covered by one ventral, one dorsal, and one terminal piece, the latter partly fusing with that of the other side into a strong scoop. UBERON:0007330 horny sheath The horny sheath, or rhamphotheca, is produced by the outer layers of the Malpighian cells, and resembles in structure other horny parts, as claws, nails, and spurs. The horny sheath of the bill sometimes consists of a number of pieces more or less separate. In the Ostriches and Tinamous there is a lateral pair and an unpaired piece for each jaw; in the Tubinares on the upper jaw at least one pair of lateral or maxillary pieces, an unpaired piece which covers the culmen and is continued into the prolonged nasal tubes, and an apical hook, strongly curved and pointed: each half of the under jaw is covered by one ventral, one dorsal, and one terminal piece, the latter partly fusing with that of the other side into a strong scoop. http://www.thewonderofbirds.com/biology/bill-beak/ maxillary rhamphotheca UBERON:0007331 gnathotheca maxillary beak mandibular rhamphotheca UBERON:0007332 gnathotheca mandibular beak avian pallium BTO:0003399 In the anatomy of animals, an avian pallium is the dorsal telencephalon of a bird's brain. Pallium of avian species tend to be relatively large, comprising ~75% of the telencephalic volume. UBERON:0007333 In the anatomy of animals, an avian pallium is the dorsal telencephalon of a bird's brain. Pallium of avian species tend to be relatively large, comprising ~75% of the telencephalic volume. Wikipedia:Avian_pallium nidopallium BTO:0003389 The nidopallium, meaning nested pallium, is the region of the avian brain that is used mostly for some types of executive functions but also other higher cognitive tasks. The region was renamed to nidopallium in 2002 during the Avian Brain Nomenclature Consortium because the prior name suggested that the region was used for more primitive functions. UBERON:0007334 nested pallium The nidopallium, meaning nested pallium, is the region of the avian brain that is used mostly for some types of executive functions but also other higher cognitive tasks. The region was renamed to nidopallium in 2002 during the Avian Brain Nomenclature Consortium because the prior name suggested that the region was used for more primitive functions. Wikipedia:Nidopallium http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_Brain_Nomenclature_Consortium BTO:0003389 nested pallium hyperpallium BTO:0003400 Birds have a unique pallial structure known as the hyperpallium, once called the hyperstriatum. UBERON:0007347 hyperstriatum BTO:0003400 hyperstriatum Birds have a unique pallial structure known as the hyperpallium, once called the hyperstriatum. Wikipedia:Hyperpallium mesopallium BTO:0003405 UBERON:0007349 middle pallium BTO:0003405 middle pallium arcopallium BM:ARCO BTO:0003408 The arcopallium refers to regions of the avian brain which partially overlap regions homologous to the amygdala of mammals. These regions have formerly been referred to as archistriatum, and before this epistriatum or amygdaloid complex[1], and a recent change of nomenclature has divided the region into the arcopallium and posterior pallial amygdala.[2] The new nomenclature, adopted in 2004, reflects a modern understanding that the avian brain is broadly similar to the mammalian brain, containing large regions homologous to the mammalian neocortex, claustrum, and pallial amygdala. The outdated nomenclature it replaced perceived the avian brain as consisting almost entirely of enlarged basal ganglia, to which more complex outer layers had been added during a progress toward mammalian intelligence. UBERON:0007350 arched pallium archistriatum BTO:0003408 arched pallium BM:ARCO archistriatum http://www.avianbrain.org/archistriatum.html The arcopallium refers to regions of the avian brain which partially overlap regions homologous to the amygdala of mammals. These regions have formerly been referred to as archistriatum, and before this epistriatum or amygdaloid complex[1], and a recent change of nomenclature has divided the region into the arcopallium and posterior pallial amygdala.[2] The new nomenclature, adopted in 2004, reflects a modern understanding that the avian brain is broadly similar to the mammalian brain, containing large regions homologous to the mammalian neocortex, claustrum, and pallial amygdala. The outdated nomenclature it replaced perceived the avian brain as consisting almost entirely of enlarged basal ganglia, to which more complex outer layers had been added during a progress toward mammalian intelligence. Wikipedia:Arcopallium nucleus isthmo-opticus BTO:0003411 UBERON:0007351 nucleus isthmoopticus BTO:0003411 nucleus isthmoopticus stria vascularis vasculature UBERON:0007352 blood vessels supplying the stria vascularis in the cochlea of the inner ear. MP:0004368 blood vessels supplying the stria vascularis in the cochlea of the inner ear. cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube FMA:60096 The cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube, about 24 mm. in length, is formed of a triangular plate of elastic fibrocartilage, the apex of which is attached to the margin of the medial end of the osseous portion of the tube, while its base lies directly under the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, where it forms an elevation, the torus tubarius or cushion, behind the pharyngeal orifice of the tube. The upper edge of the cartilage is curled upon itself, being bent laterally so as to present on transverse section the appearance of a hook; a groove or furrow is thus produced, which is open below and laterally, and this part of the canal is completed by fibrous membrane. The cartilage lies in a groove between the petrous part of the temporal and the great wing of the sphenoid; this groove ends opposite the middle of the medial pterygoid plate. The cartilaginous and bony portions of the tube are not in the same plane, the former inclining downward a little more than the latter. The diameter of the tube is not uniform throughout, being greatest at the pharyngeal orifice, least at the junction of the bony and cartilaginous portions, and again increased toward the tympanic cavity; the narrowest part of the tube is termed the isthmus. The position and relations of the pharyngeal orifice are described with the nasal part of the pharynx. The mucous membrane of the tube is continuous in front with that of the nasal part of the pharynx, and behind with that of the tympanic cavity; it is covered with ciliated epithelium and is thin in the osseous portion, while in the cartilaginous portion it contains many mucous glands and near the pharyngeal orifice a considerable amount of adenoid tissue, which has been named by Gerlach the tube tonsil. The tube is opened during deglutition by the Salpingopharyngeus and Dilatator tubC&. The latter arises from the hook of the cartilage and from the membranous part of the tube, and blends below with the Tensor veli palatini. UBERON:0007354 cartilage of auditory tube cartilage of eustachian tube cartilago tubae auditivae cartilago tubae auditoriae pharyngotympanic tube cartilage The cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube, about 24 mm. in length, is formed of a triangular plate of elastic fibrocartilage, the apex of which is attached to the margin of the medial end of the osseous portion of the tube, while its base lies directly under the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, where it forms an elevation, the torus tubarius or cushion, behind the pharyngeal orifice of the tube. The upper edge of the cartilage is curled upon itself, being bent laterally so as to present on transverse section the appearance of a hook; a groove or furrow is thus produced, which is open below and laterally, and this part of the canal is completed by fibrous membrane. The cartilage lies in a groove between the petrous part of the temporal and the great wing of the sphenoid; this groove ends opposite the middle of the medial pterygoid plate. The cartilaginous and bony portions of the tube are not in the same plane, the former inclining downward a little more than the latter. The diameter of the tube is not uniform throughout, being greatest at the pharyngeal orifice, least at the junction of the bony and cartilaginous portions, and again increased toward the tympanic cavity; the narrowest part of the tube is termed the isthmus. The position and relations of the pharyngeal orifice are described with the nasal part of the pharynx. The mucous membrane of the tube is continuous in front with that of the nasal part of the pharynx, and behind with that of the tympanic cavity; it is covered with ciliated epithelium and is thin in the osseous portion, while in the cartilaginous portion it contains many mucous glands and near the pharyngeal orifice a considerable amount of adenoid tissue, which has been named by Gerlach the tube tonsil. The tube is opened during deglutition by the Salpingopharyngeus and Dilatator tubC&. The latter arises from the hook of the cartilage and from the membranous part of the tube, and blends below with the Tensor veli palatini. Wikipedia:Cartilage_of_pharyngotympanic_tube FMA:60096 FMA:TA cartilago tubae auditivae FMA:60096 cartilage of eustachian tube FMA:60096 cartilage of auditory tube FMA:60096 FMA:TA cartilago tubae auditoriae FMA:60096 pharyngotympanic tube cartilage bony part of pharyngotympanic tube FMA:60057 The bony part of pharyngotympanic tube is about 12 mm. in length. It begins in the carotid wall of the tympanic cavity, below the septum canalis musculotubarii, and, gradually narrowing, ends at the angle of junction of the squama and the petrous portion of the temporal bone, its extremity presenting a jagged margin which serves for the attachment of the cartilaginous portion. UBERON:0007355 bony part of auditory tube bony part of eustachian tube osseous portion osseous portion of eustachian tube pars ossea (tuba auditiva) pars ossea (tuba auditoria) FMA:60057 pars ossea (tuba auditoria) FMA:60057 osseous portion of eustachian tube The bony part of pharyngotympanic tube is about 12 mm. in length. It begins in the carotid wall of the tympanic cavity, below the septum canalis musculotubarii, and, gradually narrowing, ends at the angle of junction of the squama and the petrous portion of the temporal bone, its extremity presenting a jagged margin which serves for the attachment of the cartilaginous portion. Wikipedia:Bony_part_of_pharyngotympanic_tube FMA:60057 pars ossea (tuba auditiva) FMA:60057 bony part of eustachian tube FMA:60057 bony part of auditory tube Wikipedia:Bony_part_of_pharyngotympanic_tube osseous portion crop A pouched enlargement of the gullet of many birds that serves as a receptacle for food and for its preliminary maceration. BTO:0000301 SCTID:68028003 TODO - BTO says part of pharynx, WP says part_of esophagus UBERON:0007356 A pouched enlargement of the gullet of many birds that serves as a receptacle for food and for its preliminary maceration. BTO:0000301 Wikipedia:Crop_(anatomy)#Birds proventriculus BTO:0001136 GAID:1239 MESH:A.13.853.710 SCTID:63897003 The glandular or true stomach of a bird that is situated between the crop and gizzard. UBERON:0007357 BTO:0001136 The glandular or true stomach of a bird that is situated between the crop and gizzard. Wikipedia:Proventriculus abomasum BTO:0000024 GAID:1241 MESH:A.13.869.106 SCTID:410028001 The fourth stomach of ruminating animals. It is also called the "true" stomach. It is an elongated pear-shaped sac lying on the floor of the abdomen, on the right-hand side, and roughly between the seventh and twelfth ribs. It leads to the beginning of the small intestine. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed) UBERON:0007358 fourth stomach maw read rennet-bag Wikipedia:Abomasum maw MESH:A.13.869.106 The fourth stomach of ruminating animals. It is also called the "true" stomach. It is an elongated pear-shaped sac lying on the floor of the abdomen, on the right-hand side, and roughly between the seventh and twelfth ribs. It leads to the beginning of the small intestine. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed) Wikipedia:Abomasum BTO:0000024 fourth stomach Wikipedia:Abomasum read Wikipedia:Abomasum rennet-bag ruminant forestomach Any of the first three stomachs of a ruminant, i.e., the rumen, reticulum, or omasum. BTO:0000480 UBERON:0007359 forestomach BTO:0000480 forestomach Any of the first three stomachs of a ruminant, i.e., the rumen, reticulum, or omasum. BTO:0000480 ruminant reticulum BTO:0000347 MESH:A.13.869.697 SCTID:23703003 The second stomach of ruminants. It lies almost in the midline in the front of the abdomen, in contact with the liver and diaphragm and communicates freely with the RUMEN via the ruminoreticular orifice. The lining of the reticulum is raised into folds forming a honeycomb pattern over the surface. (From Concise Veterinary Dictionary, 1988) UBERON:0007361 reticulum BTO:0000347 reticulum MESH:A.13.869.697 The second stomach of ruminants. It lies almost in the midline in the front of the abdomen, in contact with the liver and diaphragm and communicates freely with the RUMEN via the ruminoreticular orifice. The lining of the reticulum is raised into folds forming a honeycomb pattern over the surface. (From Concise Veterinary Dictionary, 1988) Wikipedia:Reticulum_(anatomy) omasum BTO:0000348 GAID:1242 MESH:A.13.869.524 The third stomach of ruminants, situated on the right side of the abdomen at a higher level than the fourth stomach and between this latter and the second stomach, with both of which it communicates. From its inner surface project large numbers of leaves or folia, each of which possesses roughened surfaces. In the center of each folium is a band of muscle fibers which produces a rasping movement of the leaf when it contracts. One leaf rubs against those on either side of it, and large particles of food material are ground down between the rough surfaces, preparatory to further digestion in the succeeeding parts of the alimentary canal. (Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed) UBERON:0007362 omasum MESH:A.13.869.524 The third stomach of ruminants, situated on the right side of the abdomen at a higher level than the fourth stomach and between this latter and the second stomach, with both of which it communicates. From its inner surface project large numbers of leaves or folia, each of which possesses roughened surfaces. In the center of each folium is a band of muscle fibers which produces a rasping movement of the leaf when it contracts. One leaf rubs against those on either side of it, and large particles of food material are ground down between the rough surfaces, preparatory to further digestion in the succeeeding parts of the alimentary canal. (Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed) Wikipedia:Omasum MESH:A.13.869.524 omasum reticulorumen BTO:0001168 UBERON:0007364 first chamber in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals. It is composed of the rumen and reticulum. The reticulum differs from the rumen with regard to the texture of its lining. The rumen wall is covered in small finger like projections called papillae, which are flattened, approximately 0.5 cm in length and 0.3 cm wide in cattle. The reticulum is lined with ridges that form a hexagonal honeycomb pattern. The ridges are approximately 0.1 - 0.2 mm wide and are raised 0.5 cm above the reticulum wall. The hexagons in the reticulum are approximately 2-5 cm wide in cattle. Despite the differences in the texture of the lining of the two parts of the reticulorumen, it represents one functional space. Microbial fermentation degrades ingested carbohydrates in the reticulorumen to the volatile fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate, and proteins to short peptides, amino acids and ammonia. This fermentation is anaerobic and allows the microbes in the reticulorumen to derive the energy and amino nitrogen in order that they can reproduce. Ruminants absorb the volatile fatty acids across the reticulorumen wall and use them for energy, while the microbes eventually flow out of the rumen into the remainder of the alimentary canal, where they are eventually digested and absorbed. The reticulum, at approximately 5-20 litres, is considerably smaller in capacity than the rumen, which is approximately 100-200 litres in cattle. The oesophageal groove, which links the oesophagus and the omasum is located in the reticulum[WP]. Wikipedia:Reticulorumen first chamber in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals. It is composed of the rumen and reticulum. The reticulum differs from the rumen with regard to the texture of its lining. The rumen wall is covered in small finger like projections called papillae, which are flattened, approximately 0.5 cm in length and 0.3 cm wide in cattle. The reticulum is lined with ridges that form a hexagonal honeycomb pattern. The ridges are approximately 0.1 - 0.2 mm wide and are raised 0.5 cm above the reticulum wall. The hexagons in the reticulum are approximately 2-5 cm wide in cattle. Despite the differences in the texture of the lining of the two parts of the reticulorumen, it represents one functional space. Microbial fermentation degrades ingested carbohydrates in the reticulorumen to the volatile fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate, and proteins to short peptides, amino acids and ammonia. This fermentation is anaerobic and allows the microbes in the reticulorumen to derive the energy and amino nitrogen in order that they can reproduce. Ruminants absorb the volatile fatty acids across the reticulorumen wall and use them for energy, while the microbes eventually flow out of the rumen into the remainder of the alimentary canal, where they are eventually digested and absorbed. The reticulum, at approximately 5-20 litres, is considerably smaller in capacity than the rumen, which is approximately 100-200 litres in cattle. The oesophageal groove, which links the oesophagus and the omasum is located in the reticulum[WP]. rumen BTO:0001194 GAID:1244 MESH:A.13.869.804 SCTID:45138000 The first stomach of ruminants. It lies on the left side of the body, occupying the whole of the left side of the abdomen and even stretching across the median plane of the body to the right side. It is capacious, divided into an upper and a lower sac, each of which has a blind sac at its posterior extremity. The rumen is lined by mucous membrane containing no digestive glands, but mucus-secreting glands are present in large numbers. Coarse, partially chewed food is stored and churned in the rumen until the animal finds circumstances convenient for rumination. When this occurs, little balls of food are regurgitated through the esophagus into the mouth, and are subjected to a second more thorough mastication, swallowed, and passed on into other parts of the compound stomach. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed). UBERON:0007365 paunch MESH:A.13.869.804 The first stomach of ruminants. It lies on the left side of the body, occupying the whole of the left side of the abdomen and even stretching across the median plane of the body to the right side. It is capacious, divided into an upper and a lower sac, each of which has a blind sac at its posterior extremity. The rumen is lined by mucous membrane containing no digestive glands, but mucus-secreting glands are present in large numbers. Coarse, partially chewed food is stored and churned in the rumen until the animal finds circumstances convenient for rumination. When this occurs, little balls of food are regurgitated through the esophagus into the mouth, and are subjected to a second more thorough mastication, swallowed, and passed on into other parts of the compound stomach. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed). Wikipedia:Rumen BTO:0001194 paunch ruminant stomach GAID:1240 MESH:A.13.869 UBERON:0007366 surface of tongue FMA:54647 UBERON:0007367 tongue surface FMA:54647 tongue surface superior surface of tongue FMA:54646 UBERON:0007371 dorsal surface of tongue FMA:54646 dorsal surface of tongue inferior surface of tongue FMA:54648 SCTID:362100003 UBERON:0007373 ventral surface of tongue FMA:54648 ventral surface of tongue incus cartilage condensation EMAPA:18228 UBERON:0007374 palate AAO:0010535 SCTID:181227004 UBERON:0007375 outer epithelial layer FBbt:00004993 HAO:0000298 TADS:0000109 The epidermis is the entire outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species[GO]. The epidermis of a more complex invertebrate is just one-layer deep, and may be protected by a non-cellular cuticle. The epidermis of a higher vertebrate has many layers, and the outer layers are reinforced with keratin and then die[WP]. UBERON:0007376 WBbt:0005733 epidermis hypodermis outer epidermal layer GO:0008544 epidermis GO:0008544 WBbt:0005733 hypodermis The epidermis is the entire outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species[GO]. The epidermis of a more complex invertebrate is just one-layer deep, and may be protected by a non-cellular cuticle. The epidermis of a higher vertebrate has many layers, and the outer layers are reinforced with keratin and then die[WP]. Wikipedia:Epidermis_(zoology) Wikipedia:Epidermis_(zoology) stratum compactum AAO:0010600 Portion of the dermis characterized by a well-arranged, plywood-like, collagenous network. TAO:0001182 UBERON:0007377 ZFA:0001182 connective tissue in the skin is usually diffuse and irregular, although in some species collagen bundles are arranged in a distinct ordered layer in the dermis dermal deep region ZFA:0001182 dermal deep region ISBN10:0073040584 Portion of the dermis characterized by a well-arranged, plywood-like, collagenous network. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-040726-12 egg yolk AAO:0010579 BTO:0000371 MESH:A.16.631.325 The yellow spheroidal mass of stored food that forms the inner portion of the egg of a bird or reptile and is surrounded by the white. UBERON:0007378 ncithesaurus:Egg_Yolk yolk BTO:0000371 The yellow spheroidal mass of stored food that forms the inner portion of the egg of a bird or reptile and is surrounded by the white. Wikipedia:Yolk BTO:0000371 yolk egg BTO:0000369 The hard-shelled reproductive body produced by a bird and especially by the common domestic chicken; also: its contents used as food. UBERON:0007379 BTO:0000369 The hard-shelled reproductive body produced by a bird and especially by the common domestic chicken; also: its contents used as food. Wikipedia:Egg_(biology) dermal scale AAO:0010056 Dermal bone that is thin, flexible, and platelike, and that develops in overlapping skinfolds that cover the body and often the head of fish and the bases of the fins. TAO:0000277 UBERON:0007380 VAO:0000048 ZFA:0000277 fish scale scales Dermal bone that is thin, flexible, and platelike, and that develops in overlapping skinfolds that cover the body and often the head of fish and the bases of the fins. TAO:curator Wikipedia:Scale_(zoology)#Fish_scales Wikipedia:Scale_(zoology)#Fish_scales fish scale ZFA:0000277 scales epidermal scale . UBERON:0007381 . Wikipedia:Reptile_scales enveloping layer of ectoderm EFO:0003425 EVL Outermost monolayer of cells surrounding the embryo that become very flattened in the blastula and give rise to the periderm. Originallu this tissue is one cell layer thick but in most vertebrates it soon becomes a two layered structure. The outer layer gives rise to the periderm. TAO:0000086 UBERON:0007383 ZFA:0000086 enveloping layer EVL ZFA:0000086 ISBN:9780878932504 Outermost monolayer of cells surrounding the embryo that become very flattened in the blastula and give rise to the periderm. Originallu this tissue is one cell layer thick but in most vertebrates it soon becomes a two layered structure. The outer layer gives rise to the periderm. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 enveloping layer limb/fin lymph vessel UBERON:0007384 ZFA:0005300 fore limb/fin lymph vessel TAO:0005302 UBERON:0007385 ZFA:0005302 hind limb/fin lymph vessel UBERON:0007386 limb/fin fin cartilage TAO:0001543 UBERON:0007389 ZFA:0001543 fore limb/fin cartilage TAO:0000257 UBERON:0007390 ZFA:0000257 hind limb/fin cartilage TAO:0001459 UBERON:0007391 ZFA:0001459 midbrain raphe nuclei ABA:RAmb BTO:0003387 FMA:77787 Midline nuclei found in the midbrain, includes the dorsal raphe nucleus and the rostral linear nucleus of raphe. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1676 UBERON:0007412 midbrain raphe midbrain raphe nuclei nuclei raphes tegmenti mesencephali raphe nuclei of tegmentum of midbrain raphe nucleus set of raphe nuclei of tegmentum of midbrain todo - check. note BTO class is placed here as it is placed in hindbrain Wikipedia NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1676 midbrain raphe nuclei ABA FMA:77787 set of raphe nuclei of tegmentum of midbrain ABA FMA:77787 FMA:TA nuclei raphes tegmenti mesencephali FMA:77787 raphe nuclei of tegmentum of midbrain BTO:0003387 raphe nucleus Midline nuclei found in the midbrain, includes the dorsal raphe nucleus and the rostral linear nucleus of raphe. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1676 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1676 midbrain raphe nucleus of pontine reticular formation ABA:PRNr FMA:72245 UBERON:0007413 pontine reticular formation nucleus FMA:72245 pontine reticular formation nucleus nucleus of midbrain tegmentum FMA:258768 UBERON:0007414 nucleus of midbrain reticular formation ABA:MRN FMA:62443 UBERON:0007415 midbrain reticular formation nucleus midbrain reticular nucleus ABA:MRN midbrain reticular nucleus FMA:62443 midbrain reticular formation nucleus cerebellar peduncle FMA:272298 MA:0002742 SCTID:362417003 UBERON:0007416 FMA peduncle of neuraxis FMA:83860 UBERON:0007417 neuraxis peduncle FMA:83860 neuraxis peduncle decussation of neuraxis FMA:83858 UBERON:0007418 neuraxis decussation FMA:83858 neuraxis decussation decussation of diencephalon FMA:62446 UBERON:0007425 diencephalon decussation FMA:62446 diencephalon decussation FMA Obol stratum intermedium BTO:0005009 The stratum intermedium in a developing tooth is a layer of two or three cells between the inner enamel epithelium and the newly forming cells of the stellate reticulum. It first appears during the early bell stage of tooth development, at around the 14th week of intrauterine life (in humans). The stratum intermedium has a notably high alkaline phosphatase activity. This layer, along with the inner enamel epithelium, is responsible for the tooth enamel formation. It is a part of the dental (enamel) organ. UBERON:0007440 ncithesaurus:Stratum_Intermedium The stratum intermedium in a developing tooth is a layer of two or three cells between the inner enamel epithelium and the newly forming cells of the stellate reticulum. It first appears during the early bell stage of tooth development, at around the 14th week of intrauterine life (in humans). The stratum intermedium has a notably high alkaline phosphatase activity. This layer, along with the inner enamel epithelium, is responsible for the tooth enamel formation. It is a part of the dental (enamel) organ. Wikipedia:Stratum_intermedium BTO cavity of vesicle AEO:0000079 EHDAA2:0003079 The space within an epithelial sphere. UBERON:0007473 AEO:JB The space within an epithelial sphere. matrix-based tissue A tissue whose predominant feature is extracellular matrix which may or may not be highly hydrated or calcified. AEO:0000081 EHDAA2:0003081 EHDAA2:0003081 UBERON:0007475 AEO A tissue whose predominant feature is extracellular matrix which may or may not be highly hydrated or calcified. AEO:JB fluid-based anatomical entity AEO:0000095 EHDAA2:0003095 EHDAA2:0003095 Fluid anatomical entity containing cells. UBERON:0007486 AEO AEO:JB Fluid anatomical entity containing cells. keratin-based acellular structure AEO:0000099 Acellular anatomical structure whose predominant constituent is keratin. EHDAA2:0003099 UBERON:0007490 AEO AEO:JB Acellular anatomical structure whose predominant constituent is keratin. chitin-based acellular structure AEO:0000100 Acellular anatomical structure whose predominant constituent is chitin. EHDAA2:0003100 UBERON:0007491 AEO:JB Acellular anatomical structure whose predominant constituent is chitin. AEO epithelial placode A colunar domain of epithelium that will develop into another tissue. AEO:0000112 EHDAA2:0003112 UBERON:0007497 A colunar domain of epithelium that will develop into another tissue. AEO:JB AEO epithelial sac AEO:0000115 An epithelial tube that is open at one end only. EHDAA2:0003115 UBERON:0007499 AEO:JB An epithelial tube that is open at one end only. AEO epithelial tube open at both ends AEO:0000116 An epithelial tube open at both ends that allows fluid flow. EHDAA2:0003116 UBERON:0007500 AEO AEO:JB An epithelial tube open at both ends that allows fluid flow. arborizing epithelial duct system A collection of connected epithelial tubes with a single portal. AEO:0000117 EHDAA2:0003117 EHDAA2:0003117 UBERON:0007501 arborising epithelial duct system AEO:0000117 arborising epithelial duct system AEO A collection of connected epithelial tubes with a single portal. AEO:JB epithelial plexus A complex of interlinking epithelial tubules. AEO:0000118 EHDAA2:0003118 EHDAA2:0003118 UBERON:0007502 A complex of interlinking epithelial tubules. AEO:JB AEO epithelial vesicle A closed epithelium with a lumen. AEO:0000119 EHDAA2:0003119 EHDAA2:0003119 UBERON:0007503 AEO A closed epithelium with a lumen. AEO:JB smooth muscle sphincter A ring of smooth muscle cells whose contraction closes the opening of the ring. AEO:0000143 EHDAA2:0003143 SCTID:362915001 UBERON:0007521 A ring of smooth muscle cells whose contraction closes the opening of the ring. AEO:JB AEO striated muscle sphincter A ring of striated muscle cells whose contraction closes the opening of the ring. AEO:0000144 EHDAA2:0003144 UBERON:0007522 A ring of striated muscle cells whose contraction closes the opening of the ring. AEO:JB AEO dense mesenchyme tissue AEO:0000146 EHDAA2:0003146 Mesenchyme with little extracellular matrix. UBERON:0007524 AEO AEO:JB Mesenchyme with little extracellular matrix. loose mesenchyme tissue AEO:0000151 EHDAA2:0003151 Mesenchyme whose cells are embedded in obvious amounts of extracellular matrix. UBERON:0007529 AEO AEO:JB Mesenchyme whose cells are embedded in obvious amounts of extracellular matrix. migrating mesenchyme population AEO:0000152 EHDAA2:0003152 EHDAA2:0003152 Mesenchymal cells that are migrating. UBERON:0007530 AEO:JB Mesenchymal cells that are migrating. surface sense organ AEO:0000173 EHDAA2:0003173 UBERON:0007540 obsoleted due to incorrect logical definition. A new class with the same name may be created in the future. true regenerating anatomical structure AEO:0000200 An anatomical structure that, as part of its normal physiology, undergoes regeneration. Examples include endometrium and antlers. EHDAA2:0003233 EHDAA2:0003233 UBERON:0007567 XAO:0004059 ZFA:0005147 regenerating tissue ZFA:0005147 regenerating tissue AEO AEO:JB An anatomical structure that, as part of its normal physiology, undergoes regeneration. Examples include endometrium and antlers. migrating epithelium AEO:0000206 An epithelium that extends its surface area by peripheral movement. EHDAA2:0003251 EHDAA2:0003251 UBERON:0007573 AEO AEO:JB An epithelium that extends its surface area by peripheral movement. apical epidermal cap TAO:0005148 UBERON:0007574 ZFA:0005148 ZFIN:ZDB-ANAT-070928-184 apical epidermal caps ZFA ZFA:0005148 apical epidermal caps ciliated columnar oviduct epithelium FMA:62016 MA:0001719 UBERON:0007589 in FMA, epithelium of uterine tube is a subclass of ciliated columnar epithelium. MA introduces subtypes: ciliated columnar and cuboidal. We map the FMA type according to its relationships, not its label FMA MA cuboidal oviduct epithelium MA:0001720 UBERON:0007590 MA ciliated columnar epithelium FMA:64798 Simple columnar epithelium in which the luminal side of the cells bears cilia. Examples: epithelium of trachea, epithelium of uterine tube.[FMA] UBERON:0007592 FMA:64798 Simple columnar epithelium in which the luminal side of the cells bears cilia. Examples: epithelium of trachea, epithelium of uterine tube.[FMA] FMA ciliated epithelium UBERON:0007601 stratified columnar epithelium FMA:45564 Multilaminar epithelium which consists of more than one layer of columnar cells, only one layer of which is in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: ciliated stratified columnar epithelium, epithelium of lactiferous sinus.[FMA] UBERON:0007602 epithelium stratificatum columnare ncithesaurus:Stratified_Columnar_Epithelium FMA FMA:45564 Multilaminar epithelium which consists of more than one layer of columnar cells, only one layer of which is in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: ciliated stratified columnar epithelium, epithelium of lactiferous sinus.[FMA] FMA:45564 epithelium stratificatum columnare stratified cuboidal epithelium FMA:63912 Stratified cuboidal epithelia is a rare type of epithelial tissue composed of cuboidally shaped cells arranged in multiple layers. They protect areas such as ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands. UBERON:0007603 epithelium stratificatum cuboideum ncithesaurus:Stratified_Cuboidal_Epithelium Stratified cuboidal epithelia is a rare type of epithelial tissue composed of cuboidally shaped cells arranged in multiple layers. They protect areas such as ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands. Wikipedia:Stratified_cuboidal_epithelium FMA:63912 epithelium stratificatum cuboideum FMA ciliated stratified columnar epithelium FMA:67521 UBERON:0007606 FMA small intestine villus MA:0001563 UBERON:0007607 MA tibial artery GAID:514 MA:0002067 MESH:A.07.231.114.895 SCTID:181351007 The anterior and posterior arteries created at the bifurcation of the popliteal artery. The anterior tibial artery begins at the lower border of the popliteus muscle and lies along the tibia at the distal part of the leg to surface superficially anterior to the ankle joint. Its branches are distributed throughout the leg, ankle, and foot. The posterior tibial artery begins at the lower border of the popliteus muscle, lies behind the tibia in the lower part of its course, and is found situated between the medial malleolus and the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity. Its branches are distributed throughout the leg and foot. UBERON:0007610 ncithesaurus:Tibial_Artery MESH MESH:A.07.231.114.895 The anterior and posterior arteries created at the bifurcation of the popliteal artery. The anterior tibial artery begins at the lower border of the popliteus muscle and lies along the tibia at the distal part of the leg to surface superficially anterior to the ankle joint. Its branches are distributed throughout the leg, ankle, and foot. The posterior tibial artery begins at the lower border of the popliteus muscle, lies behind the tibia in the lower part of its course, and is found situated between the medial malleolus and the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity. Its branches are distributed throughout the leg and foot. extensor digitorum communis A muscle on the back of the forearm that extends the fingers and wrist. BTO:0001343 FMA:38500 MA:0002293 UBERON:0007612 extensor digitorum ncithesaurus:Extensor_Digitorum_Communis FMA:38500 extensor digitorum BTO A muscle on the back of the forearm that extends the fingers and wrist. BTO:0001343 Wikipedia:Extensor_digitorum_muscle BTO extensor digitorum lateralis MA:0002294 Origin distal to extensor digitorum communis. The part of this muscle that gives a tendon to the 5th digit is comparable to the extensor digiti quinti proprius of the human [ISBN10:9780716717553] UBERON:0007613 ncithesaurus:Extensor_Digitorum_Lateralis BTO ISBN10:9780716717553 extensor digiti minimi FMA:38503 The extensor minimi digiti (extensor digiti quinti proprius) is a slender muscle of the forearm, placed on the ulnar side of the Extensor digitorum communis, with which it is generally connected. It arises from the common Extensor tendon by a thin tendinous slip, from the intermuscular septa between it and the adjacent muscles. Its tendon runs through a compartment of the dorsal carpal ligament behind the distal radio-ulnar joint, then divides into two as it crosses the hand, and finally joins the expansion of the Extensor digitorum communis tendon on the dorsum of the first phalanx of the little finger[WP]. The tendon of insertion is sometimes divided and gives a slip to the fourth digit. An ulnar slip has been observed to end on the base of the fifth metacarpal, thus exactly reproducing the arrangement of the serially homologous slip known as peroneus tertius in the leg. The muscle may be absent in rare cases, but fusion with extensor digitorum is frequent, in which case the tendon comes from the common extensor. UBERON:0007614 extensor digiti minimi extensor digiti minimi %28hand%29 extensor digiti quinti proprius The extensor minimi digiti (extensor digiti quinti proprius) is a slender muscle of the forearm, placed on the ulnar side of the Extensor digitorum communis, with which it is generally connected. It arises from the common Extensor tendon by a thin tendinous slip, from the intermuscular septa between it and the adjacent muscles. Its tendon runs through a compartment of the dorsal carpal ligament behind the distal radio-ulnar joint, then divides into two as it crosses the hand, and finally joins the expansion of the Extensor digitorum communis tendon on the dorsum of the first phalanx of the little finger[WP]. Wikipedia:Extensor_digiti_minimi_muscle http://www.anatomyatlases.org/AnatomicVariants/MuscularSystem/Text/E/14Extensor.shtml Wikipedia:Extensor_digiti_minimi_muscle extensor digiti minimi %28hand%29 Wikipedia:Extensor_digiti_minimi_muscle extensor digiti quinti proprius http://www.anatomyatlases.org/AnatomicVariants/MuscularSystem/Text/E/14Extensor.shtml Wikipedia:Extensor_digiti_minimi_muscle extensor digiti minimi prostate gland ventral lobe BTO:0000490 MA:0001740 Prostate gland lobe that in the mouse has the following characteristics: grossly, clear, gelatinous, and leaf-like; originates ventrally and wraps incompletely around the urethra dorsally, bilaterally. Simple columnar epithelium with the least amount of infolding. Secretory cells are oval and have slightly foamy cytoplasm; nuclei and basal nucleoli are inconspicuous. The secretion is pale and homogeneous. The stroma is thin UBERON:0007615 PMID:15163300 Prostate gland lobe that in the mouse has the following characteristics: grossly, clear, gelatinous, and leaf-like; originates ventrally and wraps incompletely around the urethra dorsally, bilaterally. Simple columnar epithelium with the least amount of infolding. Secretory cells are oval and have slightly foamy cytoplasm; nuclei and basal nucleoli are inconspicuous. The secretion is pale and homogeneous. The stroma is thin MA PMID:15163300 synovial tissue A thin, loose vascular connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints and the sheaths protecting tendons (particularly flexor tendons in the hands and feet) where they pass over bony prominences. Synovial tissue contains synovial cells, which secrete a viscous liquid called synovial fluid; this liquid contains protein and hyaluronic acid and serves as a lubricant and nutrient for the joint cartilage surfaces[BTO]. Synovial tissue can be found in tendons (tissues that connect muscle to bone), bursae (fluid-filled, cushioning sacs found in spaces between tendons, ligaments, and bones), and the cavity (hollow enclosed area) that separates the bones of a freely movable joint, such as the knee or elbow[BTO]. BTO:0001338 UBERON:0007616 BTO A thin, loose vascular connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints and the sheaths protecting tendons (particularly flexor tendons in the hands and feet) where they pass over bony prominences. Synovial tissue contains synovial cells, which secrete a viscous liquid called synovial fluid; this liquid contains protein and hyaluronic acid and serves as a lubricant and nutrient for the joint cartilage surfaces[BTO]. Synovial tissue can be found in tendons (tissues that connect muscle to bone), bursae (fluid-filled, cushioning sacs found in spaces between tendons, ligaments, and bones), and the cavity (hollow enclosed area) that separates the bones of a freely movable joint, such as the knee or elbow[BTO]. BTO:0001338 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/578563/synovial-tissue synovial cavity of joint FMA:11356 UBERON:0007617 articular cavity (synovial joint) cavitas articularis (junctura synovialis) cavity of synovial joint FMA:11356 articular cavity (synovial joint) FMA:11356 cavity of synovial joint FMA:11356 cavitas articularis (junctura synovialis) synovial cavity of hip joint EMAPA:19021 FMA:9701 UBERON:0007618 FMA limiting membrane of retina MA does treat internal/external limiting membranes as layers - these are classified as laminae. We do not follow this convention. However, we do following MA is grouping these terms together MA:0001318 SCTID:280667001 UBERON:0007619 retina lamina MA:0001318 retina lamina UBERON pecten oculi UBERON:0007622 a comb-like structure of blood vessels belonging to the choroid in the eye of a bird or reptile. It is non-sensory and is a pigmented structure that projects into the vitreous body from the point where the optic nerve enters the eyeball. The pecten is believed to both nourish the retina and control the pH of the vitreous body. Wikipedia:Pecten_oculi a comb-like structure of blood vessels belonging to the choroid in the eye of a bird or reptile. It is non-sensory and is a pigmented structure that projects into the vitreous body from the point where the optic nerve enters the eyeball. The pecten is believed to both nourish the retina and control the pH of the vitreous body. comb and wattle A wattle is a fleshy dewlap or caruncle hanging from various parts of the head or neck in several groups of birds, goats and other animals. In some birds the caruncle is erectile tissue. GAID:1207 MESH:A.13.242 UBERON:0007623 comb wattle wattles and comb A wattle is a fleshy dewlap or caruncle hanging from various parts of the head or neck in several groups of birds, goats and other animals. In some birds the caruncle is erectile tissue. Wikipedia:Wattle_(anatomy) GAID GAID:1207 wattle GAID:1207 wattles and comb GAID:1207 comb pigment epithelium of eye epithelial layer of the retina, ciliary body, or iris composed of cells containing pigment granules. GAID:907 MESH:A.09.371.670 UBERON:0007625 eye pigment epithelium MESH:A.09.371.670 eye pigment epithelium epithelial layer of the retina, ciliary body, or iris composed of cells containing pigment granules. MP:0005200 subparaventricular zone ABA:SBPV MA:0000842 UBERON:0007626 ABA MA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA magnocellular nucleus ABA:MA MA:0000928 UBERON:0007627 ABA ABA lateral septal complex ABA:LSX FMA:61878 MA:0000933 UBERON:0007628 todo - split nucleus and complex ABA MA medial septal complex ABA:MSC FMA:61879 MA:0000934 UBERON:0007629 MA ABA septohippocampal nucleus ABA:SH MA:0000939 UBERON:0007630 MA ABA ABA accessory olfactory bulb glomerular layer ABA:AOBgl MA:0000967 UBERON:0007631 ABA barrington's nucleus ABA:B MA:0001011 UBERON:0007632 ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA MA MA ABA ABA nucleus of trapezoid body ABA:NTB BM:NTB FMA:84023 MA:0001018 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_745 SCTID:362405000 UBERON:0007633 consider splitting into nucleus and complex ABA MA ABA ABA MA ABA ABA ABA ABA parabrachial nucleus ABA:PB BM:PB MA:0001019 UBERON:0007634 MA ABA MA ABA ABA nucleus of medulla oblongata FMA:258772 SCTID:304943004 UBERON:0007635 hippocampus stratum lucidum A cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the CA3 field of the HIPPOCAMPUS that is deep to the Stratum pyramidale hippocampi and superficial to the Stratum radiatum (Hof-2000). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4108 UBERON:0007637 ncithesaurus:Stratum_Lucidum stratum lucidum A cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the CA3 field of the HIPPOCAMPUS that is deep to the Stratum pyramidale hippocampi and superficial to the Stratum radiatum (Hof-2000). Wikipedia:Stratum_lucidum_of_hippocampus nif_annot:NeuroNames_defSource NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4108 stratum lucidum NIF_GrossAnatomy hippocampus alveus FMA:83867 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1510 Regional part of fornix consisting of a thin layer of white matter on the surface of the hippocampal formation, bordering the wall of the lateral ventricle and composed of white, myelinated fibers. The alveus arises from cell bodies in the subiculum and hippocampus, and eventually merges with the fimbria of the hippocampus. The fimbria goes on to become the fornix (MM: 2006-10-26). SCTID:369094002 UBERON:0007639 alveus alveus of hippocampus ncithesaurus:Alveus neuraxis alveus todo - check xref: ncithesaurus:Alveus FMA:83867 alveus of hippocampus FMA:83867 neuraxis alveus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1510 Regional part of fornix consisting of a thin layer of white matter on the surface of the hippocampal formation, bordering the wall of the lateral ventricle and composed of white, myelinated fibers. The alveus arises from cell bodies in the subiculum and hippocampus, and eventually merges with the fimbria of the hippocampus. The fimbria goes on to become the fornix (MM: 2006-10-26). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1510 alveus Wikipedia hippocampus stratum lacunosum moleculare A cytoarchitectural term denoting the outermost layer of the hippocampus (Stephan-75) (NeuroNames). FMA:83149 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1359 UBERON:0007640 lacunar-molecular layer of hippocampus stratum lacunosum moleculare stratum lacunosum-moleculare NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1359 stratum lacunosum moleculare A cytoarchitectural term denoting the outermost layer of the hippocampus (Stephan-75) (NeuroNames). nif_annot:NeuroNames_defSource FMA:83149 lacunar-molecular layer of hippocampus ABA:ABA stratum lacunosum-moleculare trigeminal nuclear complex BM:V FMA:71248 In MA and FMA this is part of the pons / pontime tegmentum. We weaken this to overlaps to avoid inconsistency. In NIF this is a composite structure spanning multiple regions, which is more appropriate. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4096 The sensory trigeminal nerve nuclei are the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extend through the whole of the midbrain, pons and medulla. There is also a distinct trigeminal motor nucleus that is medial to the chief sensory nucleus[WP]. UBERON:0007641 trigeminal nuclei FMA The sensory trigeminal nerve nuclei are the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extend through the whole of the midbrain, pons and medulla. There is also a distinct trigeminal motor nucleus that is medial to the chief sensory nucleus[WP]. Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nerve_nuclei FMA FMA:71248 trigeminal nuclei ligamentum arteriosum Botallo's duct Botallo's ligament FMA:13421 Harvey's ligament SCTID:198009004 UBERON:0007642 a small ligament attached to the superior surface of the pulmonary trunk and the inferior surface of the aortic arch. It is a nonfunctional vestige of the ductus arteriosus, and is formed within three weeks of birth. The ligamentum arteriosum is closely related to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the left vagus nerve. After splitting from the left vagus nerve, the left recurrent laryngeal loops around the aortic arch posterior to the ligamentum arteriosum, after which it ascends to the larynx[WP]. arterial ligament Wikipedia:Ligamentum_arteriosum arterial ligament Botallo's ligament FMA:13421 Botallo's duct FMA:13421 FMA FMA:13421 Harvey's ligament Wikipedia:Ligamentum_arteriosum a small ligament attached to the superior surface of the pulmonary trunk and the inferior surface of the aortic arch. It is a nonfunctional vestige of the ductus arteriosus, and is formed within three weeks of birth. The ligamentum arteriosum is closely related to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the left vagus nerve. After splitting from the left vagus nerve, the left recurrent laryngeal loops around the aortic arch posterior to the ligamentum arteriosum, after which it ascends to the larynx[WP]. node of ligamentum arteriosum Botallo's node FMA:74033 UBERON:0007643 an inconstant lymph node of the anterior mediastinal group located adjacent to the ligamentum arteriosum. ligamentum arteriosum node lymph node of ligamentum arteriosum nodus ligamenti arteriosi UBERON:cjm lymph node of ligamentum arteriosum Botallo's node FMA:74033 FMA:74033 ligamentum arteriosum node http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?node+of+ligamentum+arteriosum nodus ligamenti arteriosi an inconstant lymph node of the anterior mediastinal group located adjacent to the ligamentum arteriosum. http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?node+of+ligamentum+arteriosum FMA thoracic lymph node A lymph node that is part of a thorax. Includes lymph nodes of the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes FMA:12772 SCTID:196374005 UBERON:0007644 lymph node of thorax ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Lymph_Node FMA A lymph node that is part of a thorax. Includes lymph nodes of the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes Obol:automatic Wikipedia:Lymph_node#Lymph_nodes_of_the_thorax FMA:12772 lymph node of thorax future meninx UBERON:0007645 endomeninx UBERON:0007646 the layer of embryonic mesoderm from which the arachnoid coat and pia mater of the brain develop. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/endomeninx the layer of embryonic mesoderm from which the arachnoid coat and pia mater of the brain develop. ectomeninx UBERON:0007647 the layer of mesoderm from which the dura mater and much of the membrane bone of the skull develop in the higher vertebrate embryo. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/ectomeninx the layer of mesoderm from which the dura mater and much of the membrane bone of the skull develop in the higher vertebrate embryo. esophagogastric junction BTO:0004364 FMA:9434 GAID:292 MESH:A.03.365.414 SCTID:362130006 UBERON:0007650 cardioesophageal junction esophageal sphincter esophagogastric junction gastroesophageal junction ncithesaurus:Gastroesophageal_Junction the junction between the esophagus and the stomach epithelium tFD http://www.thefreedictionary.com/esophagogastric+junction the junction between the esophagus and the stomach epithelium MESH:A.03.365.414 esophagogastric junction MESH FMA:9434 gastroesophageal junction FMA:9434 cardioesophageal junction MESH:A.03.365.414 esophageal sphincter anatomical junction Anatomical structure in which parts of two or more anatomical structures establish physical continuity with one another or intermingle their component parts. Examples: gastroesophageal junction, line alba, knee joint.[FMA] FMA:5898 SCTID:91833003 UBERON:0007651 Anatomical structure in which parts of two or more anatomical structures establish physical continuity with one another or intermingle their component parts. Examples: gastroesophageal junction, line alba, knee joint.[FMA] FMA:5898 FMA esophageal sphincter SCTID:277765007 UBERON:0007652 ZFA:0000415 editor note - check for specific subtypes across species. Note mammals have upper and lower, but lower is really part of cardia and thus is not classified under here oesophagial sphincter ZFA:0000415 oesophagial sphincter capillary loop nephron Developing nephron where the developing glomerular capsule has been invaded by a glomerular capillary loop called the glomerular tuft. EMAPA:28506 TODO UBERON:0007653 ZFA:0005590 developing capillary loop stage nephron stage III nephron http://www.gudmap.org/Organ_Summaries/Metanephros/Capillary_loop.html stage III nephron ZFA Developing nephron where the developing glomerular capsule has been invaded by a glomerular capillary loop called the glomerular tuft. ZFIN:curator EMAPA:28506 developing capillary loop stage nephron maturing nephron EMAPA:28485 TODO UBERON:0007654 stage IV nephron EMAPA:28485 stage IV nephron EMAPA lateral recess of fourth ventricle EMAPA:17257 FMA:78470 SCTID:369283008 The lateral recess is a projection of the fourth ventricle which extends into the inferior cerebellar peduncle of the brainstem. The lateral aperture, an opening in each extremity of the lateral recess, provides a conduit for cerebrospinal fluid to flow from the brain's ventricular system into the subarachnoid space. UBERON:0007656 lateral recess The lateral recess is a projection of the fourth ventricle which extends into the inferior cerebellar peduncle of the brainstem. The lateral aperture, an opening in each extremity of the lateral recess, provides a conduit for cerebrospinal fluid to flow from the brain's ventricular system into the subarachnoid space. Wikipedia:Lateral_recess EMAPA:17257 lateral recess FMA EMAPA anular ligament of radius EMAPA:19322 FMA:38872 SCTID:182394000 The anular ligament (orbicular ligament) is a strong band of fibers, which encircles the head of the radius (bone), and retains it in contact with the radial notch of the ulna UBERON:0007657 annular ligament of radius anular ligament ligamentum anulare radii orbicular ligament of radius The anular ligament (orbicular ligament) is a strong band of fibers, which encircles the head of the radius (bone), and retains it in contact with the radial notch of the ulna Wikipedia:Anular_ligament_of_radius FMA FMA FMA:38872 orbicular ligament of radius EMAPA:19322 anular ligament FMA:38872 annular ligament of radius FMA:38872 FMA:TA ligamentum anulare radii intersegmental vein EMAPA:26056 FMA:76965 ISV SCTID:361448009 UBERON:0007679 ZFA:0001057 a vein receiving blood from adjacent bronchopulmonary segments; it emerges from the inferior margin of a segment to become a tributary of a branch of a pulmonary vein[web]. Primary intersegmental vessels that are contacted by secondary angiogenic sprouts from the posterior cardinal vein and take on the characteristics of veins. These eventually link with other secondary sprouts from the posterior cardinal vein to form the parachordal vessel[ZFA]. intersegmental pulmonary vein segmental vein ISV ZFA:0001057 FMA EMAPA:26056 segmental vein FMA:76965 intersegmental pulmonary vein ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-030908-4 a vein receiving blood from adjacent bronchopulmonary segments; it emerges from the inferior margin of a segment to become a tributary of a branch of a pulmonary vein[web]. Primary intersegmental vessels that are contacted by secondary angiogenic sprouts from the posterior cardinal vein and take on the characteristics of veins. These eventually link with other secondary sprouts from the posterior cardinal vein to form the parachordal vessel[ZFA]. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=97310 facial neural crest Cranial neural crest that is part of the facial region. EMAPA:16311 OG:0001209 UBERON:0007681 ZFA:0000875 Cranial neural crest that is part of the facial region. ZFA:0000875 EMAPA ZFA OG lateral mesenchyme derived from mesoderm EFO:0003590 EMAPA:16409 UBERON:0007683 ZFA:0000905 ZFA uriniferous tubule FMA:17691 UBERON:0007684 functional unit of the kidney that forms urine, consisting of two parts, the nephron and the collecting tubule. FMA ISBN10:0073040584 functional unit of the kidney that forms urine, consisting of two parts, the nephron and the collecting tubule. region of nephron tubule FMA:17692 UBERON:0007685 note - consider moving MA:0000377 renal tubule here, as it includes the various segments (proximal etc) as subclasses, not parts renal tubule region FMA:17692 renal tubule region Hatschek's pit UBERON:0007686 an unpaired kidney whose duct opens into the anterior pharynx. It can be seen as a deep ciliated fossa on the dorsal midline of the buccal cavity (mouth). Among other things, it secrets mucus which entraps food particles from the water[WP]. Wikipedia:Hatschek's_pit an unpaired kidney whose duct opens into the anterior pharynx. It can be seen as a deep ciliated fossa on the dorsal midline of the buccal cavity (mouth). Among other things, it secrets mucus which entraps food particles from the water[WP]. kidney field UBERON:0007687 kidney anlage region of the embryo into the area in which the kidney rudiment will develop. GO:0072004 GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 region of the embryo into the area in which the kidney rudiment will develop. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 kidney anlage anlage AEO:0000170 Anlagen are populations of contiguous cells, typically arranged in one plane, that are morphologically indistinct, but that already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue. EHDAA2:0003170 FBbt:00005426 UBERON:0007688 field Anlagen are populations of contiguous cells, typically arranged in one plane, that are morphologically indistinct, but that already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue. FBbt:00005426 JB:DEF Wikipedia:Anlage_(biology) FBbt EHDAA2 thyroid diverticulum UBERON:0007689 endodermal bud derived from the endodermal epithelium of the embryonic pharyngeal floor[MP]. The thyroid diverticulum is the embryological structure from which thyroid follicular cells derive. It grows from the floor of the pharnyx[WP]. MP:0004662 Wikipedia:Thyroid_diverticulum endodermal bud derived from the endodermal epithelium of the embryonic pharyngeal floor[MP]. The thyroid diverticulum is the embryological structure from which thyroid follicular cells derive. It grows from the floor of the pharnyx[WP]. early pharyngeal endoderm . EFO:0003626 EHDAA2:0001457 EHDAA:962 UBERON:0007690 ZFA:0001104 early pharyngeal arch endoderm pharyngeal arch endoderm pharyngeal endoderm pharyngeal region endoderm relation conflict: ZFA vs EHDAA2. Note EHDAA2 term renamed to 'early PA endoderm' EHDAA2:0001457 early pharyngeal arch endoderm ZFA cjm . http://dev.biologists.org/content/128/22/4573.full ZFA:0001104 pharyngeal endoderm ZFA EHDAA2:0001456 pharyngeal region endoderm EHDAA2 gustatory pore FMA:63589 SCTID:368724008 The minute opening of a taste bud on the surface of the oral mucosa through which the gustatory hairs of the specialised neuroepithelial gustatory cells project. UBERON:0007691 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Taste_bud.svg ncithesaurus:Taste_Pore porus gustatorius taste pore FMA FMA http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?gustatory+pore porus gustatorius The minute opening of a taste bud on the surface of the oral mucosa through which the gustatory hairs of the specialised neuroepithelial gustatory cells project. http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?gustatory+pore FMA:63589 taste pore nucleus of thalamus BTO:0002452 FMA:256693 MA:0002992 SCTID:279115000 UBERON:0007692 nuclear complex of thalamus todo - consider splitting nucleus and complex FMA:256693 nuclear complex of thalamus caroticotympanic artery FMA:49828 SCTID:148470005 The caroticotympanic branch (tympanic branch) is small; it enters the tympanic cavity through a minute foramen in the carotid canal, and anastomoses with the anterior tympanic branch of the internal maxillary, and with the stylomastoid artery. UBERON:0007693 caroticotympanic branch FMA http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/content/full/21/3/572 The caroticotympanic branch (tympanic branch) is small; it enters the tympanic cavity through a minute foramen in the carotid canal, and anastomoses with the anterior tympanic branch of the internal maxillary, and with the stylomastoid artery. Wikipedia:Caroticotympanic_arteries Wikipedia:Caroticotympanic_arteries caroticotympanic branch tract of spinal cord FMA:75683 UBERON:0007699 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Cord_Tract spinal cord tract FMA FMA:75683 spinal cord tract tract of brain FMA:83848 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1649 UBERON:0007702 brain tract todo - check NIF placement FMA FMA:83848 brain tract spinothalamic tract SCTID:280417000 UBERON:0007703 a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the spinal cord towards target cells in the thalamus. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the spinothalamic tract, one of the major routes of nociceptive signaling[GO]. Wikipedia:Spinothalamic_tract a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the spinal cord towards target cells in the thalamus. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the spinothalamic tract, one of the major routes of nociceptive signaling[GO]. superior cerebellar peduncle of midbrain NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1162 Regional part of superior cerebellar peduncle, located in the midbrain, consisting of a large bundle of fibers largely projecting from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the midbrain and thalamus. It is continuous with the superior cerebellar peduncle of the pons. (MM). SCPMB UBERON:0007707 superior cerebellar peduncle of midbrain NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1162 Regional part of superior cerebellar peduncle, located in the midbrain, consisting of a large bundle of fibers largely projecting from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the midbrain and thalamus. It is continuous with the superior cerebellar peduncle of the pons. (MM). NIF NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1162 superior cerebellar peduncle of midbrain NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1162 SCPMB superior cerebellar peduncle of pons FMA:72495 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1726 NeuroNames:1007150190 SCPP UBERON:0007709 note that FMA:72495 most likely denotes this class rather than the more generic parent, due to the part of relationship to pontine tegmentum. superior cerebellar peduncle of pons NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1726 superior cerebellar peduncle of pons NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1726 SCPP intermediate nucleus of lateral lemniscus ABA:NLLh FMA:77485 UBERON:0007710 nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, horizontal part todo - check ABA:NLLh nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, horizontal part sixth cervical dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25159 FMA:6319 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2608 UBERON:0007711 sixth cervical dorsal root ganglia sixth cervical dorsal root ganglion sixth cervical spinal ganglion NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2608 sixth cervical dorsal root ganglion NIF_GrossAnatomy FMA:6319 sixth cervical spinal ganglion FMA:6319 sixth cervical dorsal root ganglia fourth thoracic spinal ganglion EMAPA:25177 FMA:6324 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2614 UBERON:0007712 forth thoracic dorsal root ganglion fourth thoracic dorsal root ganglion NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2614 forth thoracic dorsal root ganglion UBERON:cjm fourth thoracic dorsal root ganglion FMA FMA:6324 fourth thoracic dorsal root ganglion fourth sacral spinal ganglion EMAPA:25173 FMA:6345 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2631 UBERON:0007713 forth sacral dorsal root ganglion fourth sacral dorsal root ganglion FMA:6345 fourth sacral dorsal root ganglion FMA UBERON:cjm fourth sacral dorsal root ganglion NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2631 forth sacral dorsal root ganglion cervical subsegment of spinal cord FMA:256653 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1688 SCTID:278749009 UBERON:0007714 segment part of cervical spinal cord FMA NIF NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1688 segment part of cervical spinal cord thoracic subsegment of spinal cord FMA:256655 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_892 UBERON:0007715 segment part of thoracic spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_892 segment part of thoracic spinal cord FMA NIF lumbar subsegment of spinal cord FMA:256657 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1652 SCTID:278751008 UBERON:0007716 segment part of lumbar spinal cord FMA NIF NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1652 segment part of lumbar spinal cord sacral subsegment of spinal cord FMA:256659 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1512 SCTID:278752001 UBERON:0007717 segment part of sacral spinal cord FMA NIF NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1512 segment part of sacral spinal cord principal artery to limb UBERON:0007718 MA os penis/os clitoris UBERON:0007719 baculum Wikipedia Wikipedia interphalangeal joint of toe FMA:35225 MESH:A.02.835.583.378.900 SCTID:182225005 The interphalangeal articulations of the foot (articulations of the phalanges) are ginglymoid joints, and each has a plantar and two collateral ligaments. The arrangement of these ligaments is similar to that in the metatarsophalangeal articulations: the Extensor tendons supply the places of dorsal ligaments. UBERON:0007721 foot interphalangeal joint interphalangeal joint of foot ncithesaurus:Interphalangeal_Joint_of_the_Foot toe joint FMA:35225 interphalangeal joint of foot The interphalangeal articulations of the foot (articulations of the phalanges) are ginglymoid joints, and each has a plantar and two collateral ligaments. The arrangement of these ligaments is similar to that in the metatarsophalangeal articulations: the Extensor tendons supply the places of dorsal ligaments. Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_foot MESH:A.02.835.583.378.900 toe joint MESH:A.02.835.583.378.900 foot interphalangeal joint FMA interphalangeal joint of finger FMA:35285 IP joint SCTID:303280009 The interphalangeal articulations of hand are hinge-joints of the phalanges of the hand. There are two sets (except in the thumb): "proximal interphalangeal joints" (PIP), those between the first (also called proximal) and second (intermediate) phalanges "distal interphalangeal joints" (DIP), those between the second and third (distal) phalanges A similar group of articulations also function in the toes. UBERON:0007722 interphalangeal joint of hand ncithesaurus:Interphalangeal_Joint_of_the_Hand The interphalangeal articulations of hand are hinge-joints of the phalanges of the hand. There are two sets (except in the thumb): "proximal interphalangeal joints" (PIP), those between the first (also called proximal) and second (intermediate) phalanges "distal interphalangeal joints" (DIP), those between the second and third (distal) phalanges A similar group of articulations also function in the toes. Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand FMA FMA:35285 IP joint FMA:35285 interphalangeal joint of hand interphalangeal joint of thumb EMAPA:25058 FMA:35312 SCTID:182192008 UBERON:0007723 interphalangeal joint of first digit of hand FMA FMA FMA:35312 interphalangeal joint of first digit of hand interphalangeal joint of big toe EMAPA:26430 FMA:35353 SCTID:363671008 UBERON:0007724 interphalangeal joint of first digit of foot interphalangeal joint of great toe FMA:35353 interphalangeal joint of great toe FMA FMA:35353 interphalangeal joint of first digit of foot FMA interphalangeal joint of second toe EMAPA:26448 FMA:35356 UBERON:0007725 interphalangeal joint of second digit of foot FMA FMA:35356 interphalangeal joint of second digit of foot FMA interphalangeal joint of third toe EMAPA:26454 FMA:35359 UBERON:0007726 interphalangeal joint of third digit of foot FMA:35359 interphalangeal joint of third digit of foot FMA FMA interphalangeal joint of fourth toe EMAPA:26466 FMA:35362 UBERON:0007727 interphalangeal joint of fourth digit of foot FMA FMA:35362 interphalangeal joint of fourth digit of foot EMAPA interphalangeal joint of little toe EMAPA:26478 FMA:35365 UBERON:0007728 interphalangeal joint of fifth digit of foot interphalangeal joint of fifth toe FMA FMA:35365 interphalangeal joint of fifth toe FMA:35365 interphalangeal joint of fifth digit of foot FMA interphalangeal joint of index finger EMAPA:25061 FMA:35397 UBERON:0007729 interphalangeal joint of second digit of hand interphalangeal joint of second finger FMA:35397 interphalangeal joint of second finger EMAPA FMA FMA:35397 interphalangeal joint of second digit of hand interphalangeal joint of middle finger EMAPA:25064 FMA:35400 UBERON:0007730 interphalangeal joint of third digit of hand interphalangeal joint of third finger FMA:35400 interphalangeal joint of third finger EMAPA FMA FMA:35400 interphalangeal joint of third digit of hand interphalangeal joint of ring finger EMAPA:25067 FMA:35403 UBERON:0007731 interphalangeal joint of fourth digit of hand interphalangeal joint of fourth finger EMAPA FMA:35403 interphalangeal joint of fourth finger FMA:35403 interphalangeal joint of fourth digit of hand FMA interphalangeal joint of little finger EMAPA:25070 FMA:35407 UBERON:0007732 interphalangeal joint of fifth digit of hand interphalangeal joint of fifth finger FMA EMAPA FMA:35407 interphalangeal joint of fifth digit of hand FMA:35407 interphalangeal joint of fifth finger metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb EMAPA:25057 FMA:35249 SCTID:361844001 UBERON:0007735 metacarpophalangeal joint of first digit of hand FMA:35249 metacarpophalangeal joint of first digit of hand metacarpophalangeal joint of index finger EMAPA:25060 FMA:35252 SCTID:361845000 UBERON:0007738 metacarpophalangeal joint of second digit of hand metacarpophalangeal joint of second finger FMA:35252 metacarpophalangeal joint of second digit of hand FMA:35252 metacarpophalangeal joint of second finger metacarpophalangeal joint of middle finger EMAPA:25063 FMA:35255 SCTID:361846004 UBERON:0007741 metacarpophalangeal joint of third digit of hand metacarpophalangeal joint of third finger FMA:35255 metacarpophalangeal joint of third finger FMA:35255 metacarpophalangeal joint of third digit of hand metacarpophalangeal joint of ring finger EMAPA:25066 FMA:35258 SCTID:361847008 UBERON:0007744 metacarpophalangeal joint of fourth digit of hand metacarpophalangeal joint of fourth finger FMA:35258 metacarpophalangeal joint of fourth digit of hand FMA:35258 metacarpophalangeal joint of fourth finger metacarpophalangeal joint of little finger EMAPA:25069 FMA:35261 SCTID:361848003 UBERON:0007747 metacarpophalangeal joint of fifth digit of hand metacarpophalangeal joint of fifth finger FMA:35261 metacarpophalangeal joint of fifth digit of hand FMA:35261 metacarpophalangeal joint of fifth finger metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe EMAPA:26436 FMA:35228 UBERON:0007750 metatarsophalangeal joint of first digit of foot metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe note the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect FMA:35228 metatarsophalangeal joint of first digit of foot FMA:35228 metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe metatarsophalangeal joint of second toe EMAPA:26442 FMA:35231 SCTID:361869001 UBERON:0007753 metatarsophalangeal joint of second digit of foot note the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect FMA:35231 metatarsophalangeal joint of second digit of foot metatarsophalangeal joint of third toe EMAPA:26460 FMA:35234 SCTID:361870000 UBERON:0007756 metatarsophalangeal joint of third digit of foot note the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect FMA:35234 metatarsophalangeal joint of third digit of foot metatarsophalangeal joint of fourth toe EMAPA:26472 FMA:35237 SCTID:361871001 UBERON:0007759 metatarsophalangeal joint of fourth digit of foot note the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect FMA:35237 metatarsophalangeal joint of fourth digit of foot metatarsophalangeal joint of little toe EMAPA:26484 FMA:35240 SCTID:361872008 UBERON:0007762 metatarsophalangeal joint of fifth digit of foot metatarsophalangeal joint of fifth toe note the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect FMA FMA FMA:35240 metatarsophalangeal joint of fifth digit of foot FMA:35240 metatarsophalangeal joint of fifth toe cerebellum culmen ABA splits culmen into IV and V and IV-V ABA:CUL FMA:83886 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_926 SCTID:279384001 UBERON:0007763 culmen neuraxis culmen ABA FMA MA:0001001 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_926 culmen FMA:83886 neuraxis culmen paramedian reticular nucleus ABA:PMR FMA:72583 The paramedian reticular nucleus (in Terminologia Anatomica, or paramedian medullary reticular group in NeuroNames) sends its connections to the spinal cord in a mostly ipsilateral manner, although there is some decussation. It projects to the vermis in the anterior lobe, the pyramis and the uvula. The paramedian nucleus also projects to the contralateral PRN, the gigantocellular nucleus, and the nucleus ambiguous. The paramedian reticular formation is adjacent to the abducens (VI)nucleus in the pons and adjacent to the oculomotor nucleus(III) in the midbrain. The paramedian nucleus receives afferents mostly from the fastigial nucleus in the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex; however, the projections from the spinal cord are very sparse. The descending afferent connections come mostly from the frontal and parietal lobes; however the pontine reticular formation also sends projections to the paramedian reticular nucleus. There are also very sparse innervations from the superior colliculus. Lesions in the paramedian reticular nucleus have been shown to cause a stereotyped increase in the random patterns of motion in rats. The paramedian nuclei on either side of the brain stem have been shown to mediate the horizontal eye movements on their ipsilateral sides. It seems possible that that the random motion patterns of the above rats were caused by an inability to mediate their horizontal eye movements. UBERON:0007764 nucleus reticularis paramedianus todo - check ventral paramedian reticular nucleus FMA Wikipedia:Paramedian_reticular_nucleus nucleus reticularis paramedianus FMA:72583 ventral paramedian reticular nucleus The paramedian reticular nucleus (in Terminologia Anatomica, or paramedian medullary reticular group in NeuroNames) sends its connections to the spinal cord in a mostly ipsilateral manner, although there is some decussation. It projects to the vermis in the anterior lobe, the pyramis and the uvula. The paramedian nucleus also projects to the contralateral PRN, the gigantocellular nucleus, and the nucleus ambiguous. The paramedian reticular formation is adjacent to the abducens (VI)nucleus in the pons and adjacent to the oculomotor nucleus(III) in the midbrain. The paramedian nucleus receives afferents mostly from the fastigial nucleus in the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex; however, the projections from the spinal cord are very sparse. The descending afferent connections come mostly from the frontal and parietal lobes; however the pontine reticular formation also sends projections to the paramedian reticular nucleus. There are also very sparse innervations from the superior colliculus. Lesions in the paramedian reticular nucleus have been shown to cause a stereotyped increase in the random patterns of motion in rats. The paramedian nuclei on either side of the brain stem have been shown to mediate the horizontal eye movements on their ipsilateral sides. It seems possible that that the random motion patterns of the above rats were caused by an inability to mediate their horizontal eye movements. Wikipedia:Paramedian_reticular_nucleus dorsal premammillary nucleus ABA:PMd FMA:77006 UBERON:0007767 ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ventral premammillary nucleus ABA:PMv FMA:77007 UBERON:0007768 ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA medial preoptic region ABA:MPO MA:0000839 UBERON:0007769 medial preoptic area MA ABA:MPO medial preoptic area osphradium BTO:0004995 The osphradium is the olfactory organ in certain molluscs, linked with the respiration organ. The main function of this is to test incoming water for silt and other possible food particles. It is used by all members of the Genus Conus. UBERON:0007770 BTO BTO:0004995 The osphradium is the olfactory organ in certain molluscs, linked with the respiration organ. The main function of this is to test incoming water for silt and other possible food particles. It is used by all members of the Genus Conus. Wikipedia:Osphradium epidermis gland FMA:59153 UBERON:0007771 gland of epidermis FMA:59153 gland of epidermis scrotal sweat FMA:73266 UBERON:0007772 sweat of scrotum FMA:73266 sweat of scrotum FMA scrotal sweat gland EMAPA:29743 UBERON:0007773 secondary dentition FMA:75152 GAID:1251 MESH:A.14.254.237 The teeth of adulthood that either replace or are added to the complement of deciduous teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed) UBERON:0007774 adult dentition dentes permanentes permanent dentition permanent teeth secondary dentition set of permanent teeth set of secondary teeth FMA:75152 set of permanent teeth MESH:A.14.254.237 The teeth of adulthood that either replace or are added to the complement of deciduous teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed) GAID:1251 secondary dentition GAID:1251 permanent dentition GAID:1251 adult dentition FMA:75152 permanent teeth FMA FMA:75152 set of secondary teeth FMA:75152 FMA:TA dentes permanentes secondary tooth FMA:55654 GAT in FMA SCTID:245563006 UBERON:0007775 ncithesaurus:Permanent_Tooth permanent tooth FMA:55654 permanent tooth unerupted tooth A normal developing tooth which has not yet perforated the oral mucosa or one that fails to erupt in the normal sequence or time interval expected for the type of tooth in a given gender, age, or population group. GAID:1268 MESH:A.14.254.860.715 UBERON:0007776 unerupted teeth GAID GAID:1268 unerupted teeth A normal developing tooth which has not yet perforated the oral mucosa or one that fails to erupt in the normal sequence or time interval expected for the type of tooth in a given gender, age, or population group. MESH:A.14.254.860.715 umbilical vein endothelium BTO:0001416 UBERON:0007777 BTO BTO umbilical artery endothelium BTO:0000857 UBERON:0007778 BTO BTO transudate Body substance in liquid state, which is derived from plasma by passage through the (intact) wall of capillaries without further processing by secretory cells or glands. FMA:12276 GAID:1195 MESH:A.12.383 UBERON:0007779 ncithesaurus:Transudate Body substance in liquid state, which is derived from plasma by passage through the (intact) wall of capillaries without further processing by secretory cells or glands. FMA:12276 FMA exudate Exudates are fluids, cells, or other cellular substances that are slowly discharged from blood vessels usually from inflamed tissues. MESH:A.12.383 UBERON:0007780 ncithesaurus:Exudate transudates and exudate GAID:1195 transudates and exudate Exudates are fluids, cells, or other cellular substances that are slowly discharged from blood vessels usually from inflamed tissues. MESH:A.12.383 labyrinthine fluid Fluids found within the osseous labyrinth (PERILYMPH) and the membranous labyrinth (ENDOLYMPH) of the inner ear. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th American ed, p1328, 1332) GAID:1183 MESH:A.12.207.571 UBERON:0007793 labyrinthine fluid MESH MESH:A.12.207.571 labyrinthine fluid Fluids found within the osseous labyrinth (PERILYMPH) and the membranous labyrinth (ENDOLYMPH) of the inner ear. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th American ed, p1328, 1332) MESH:A.12.207.571 serous fluid FMA:20932 Transudate contained in a serous sac. UBERON:0007794 FMA:20932 Transudate contained in a serous sac. FMA ascitic fluid BTO:0000091 GAID:1175 MESH:A.12.207.119 The serous fluid which accumulates in the peritoneal cavity in ascites. UBERON:0007795 ascites ascites fluid todo - move to pathological anatomical entity ontology BTO MESH:A.12.207.119 The serous fluid which accumulates in the peritoneal cavity in ascites. BTO:0000091 ascites fluid BTO:0000091 ascites vascular system BTO:0001085 EHDAA2:0004520 MA:0002718 UBERON:0007798 in both MA and BTO, the arterial system and venous sytem are subtypes of the vascular system ncithesaurus:Vascular_System MA mixed dentition GAID:1250 MESH:A.14.254.229 SCTID:245545006 The complement of teeth in the jaws after the eruption of some of the permanent teeth but before all the deciduous teeth are absent. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed) UBERON:0007799 transitional dentition MESH:A.14.254.229 The complement of teeth in the jaws after the eruption of some of the permanent teeth but before all the deciduous teeth are absent. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed) GAID:1250 transitional dentition GAID proatlas UBERON:0007800 a small, paired bony element (more rarely, having fused parts) located between the skull and the atlas in tuataras, crocodiles, chameleons, and many fossil reptiles; it is uncommon in turtles and mammals (hedgehog). The proatlas apparently develops from the ossified neural part of the sclerotome. Externally it resembles the neural arch of the vertebra, since it articulates anteriorly with the lateral occipital bone and posteriorly with the anterior articular process of the atlas. a small, paired bony element (more rarely, having fused parts) located between the skull and the atlas in tuataras, crocodiles, chameleons, and many fossil reptiles; it is uncommon in turtles and mammals (hedgehog). The proatlas apparently develops from the ossified neural part of the sclerotome. Externally it resembles the neural arch of the vertebra, since it articulates anteriorly with the lateral occipital bone and posteriorly with the anterior articular process of the atlas. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Proatlas pygostyle Pygostyle refers to a number of the final few caudal vertebrae fused into a single ossification, supporting the tail feathers and musculature. In modern birds, the rectrices attach to these[WP]. SCTID:416894001 UBERON:0007801 Wikipedia Pygostyle refers to a number of the final few caudal vertebrae fused into a single ossification, supporting the tail feathers and musculature. In modern birds, the rectrices attach to these[WP]. Wikipedia:Pygostyle uropygial gland A large gland at the base of a bird's tail that secretes an oil used in preening. BTO:0001420 SCTID:48626006 The gland is found near the base of the tail and is shaped into two symmetric parts. The oil of each part of the gland is secreted through the surface of the skin through a grease nipple-like nub. A bird will typically transfer this oil to its feathers by rubbing its head against the oil and then around the rest of the body. Tailward areas are usually preened utilizing the beak. Not all birds have a uropygial gland. Exceptions include the emu, ostrich, and bustards. These typically find other means to stay clean and dry, such as taking a dust bath UBERON:0007802 oil gland BTO BTO A large gland at the base of a bird's tail that secretes an oil used in preening. BTO:0001420 Wikipedia:Uropygial_gland BTO:0001420 oil gland Wikipedia preen oil UBERON:0007803 sclerotic ring Sclerotic rings are rings of bone found in the eyes of several groups of vertebrate animals, except for mammals and crocodilians. They can be made up of single bones or small bones together. They are believed to have a role in supporting the eye, especially in animals whose eyes are not spherical, or which live underwater. Fossil sclerotic rings are known for a variety of extinct animals, including ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs, but are often not preserved[WP]. UBERON:0007804 Sclerotic rings are rings of bone found in the eyes of several groups of vertebrate animals, except for mammals and crocodilians. They can be made up of single bones or small bones together. They are believed to have a role in supporting the eye, especially in animals whose eyes are not spherical, or which live underwater. Fossil sclerotic rings are known for a variety of extinct animals, including ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs, but are often not preserved[WP]. Wikipedia:Sclerotic_ring synsacrum AAO:0000740 SCTID:67943001 The synsacrum is a skeletal structure, mainly described in birds and dinosaurs, in which the sacrum is extended by incorporation of additional fused or partially-fused caudal or lumbar vertebrae. The ilium of the pelvis is attached to the synsacrum and, in some species, may also be fused to it. Together with the pelvis this forms a rigid structure which carries the weight of the hind end of the animal. In living and some prehistoric birds, posterior to the synsacrum there are usually only a few free caudal vertebrae, on the end of which lies the pygostyle[WP]. Complex of synostotically fused vertebrae supporting the pelvic girdle. In anurans, the synsacrum is formed by two vertebrae and the urostyle is fused to its posterior end[AAO]. UBERON:0007805 AAO:Pugener_2002 The synsacrum is a skeletal structure, mainly described in birds and dinosaurs, in which the sacrum is extended by incorporation of additional fused or partially-fused caudal or lumbar vertebrae. The ilium of the pelvis is attached to the synsacrum and, in some species, may also be fused to it. Together with the pelvis this forms a rigid structure which carries the weight of the hind end of the animal. In living and some prehistoric birds, posterior to the synsacrum there are usually only a few free caudal vertebrae, on the end of which lies the pygostyle[WP]. Complex of synostotically fused vertebrae supporting the pelvic girdle. In anurans, the synsacrum is formed by two vertebrae and the urostyle is fused to its posterior end[AAO]. Wikipedia:Synsacrum AAO connecting stalk A bridge of mesoderm connecting the caudal end of the young embryo with the trophoblastic tissues; the precursor of the umbilical cord. BTO:0004705 UBERON:0007806 ncithesaurus:Connecting_Stalk todo - this is currently defined as a bridge of mesoderm, but in EHDAA2 is extraembryonic structure split into mesoderm and blood vessels EHDAA2 A bridge of mesoderm connecting the caudal end of the young embryo with the trophoblastic tissues; the precursor of the umbilical cord. Medical_Dictionary:http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ EHDAA2 connecting stalk blood vessels EHDAA2:0000313 UBERON:0007807 EHDAA2 abdominal adipose tissue Adipose tissue located inside the peritoneal cavity, packed in between internal organs and torso. An excess of visceral fat is known as central obesity, or belly fat, the pot belly or beer belly effect, in which the abdomen protrudes excessively. BTO:0004041 UBERON:0007808 abdominal fat intra-abdominal fat organ fat visceral adipose tissue visceral fat BTO BTO:0004041 intra-abdominal fat BTO BTO:0004041 visceral fat Adipose tissue located inside the peritoneal cavity, packed in between internal organs and torso. An excess of visceral fat is known as central obesity, or belly fat, the pot belly or beer belly effect, in which the abdomen protrudes excessively. BTO:0004041 BTO:0004041 organ fat BTO:0004041 visceral adipose tissue BTO:0004041 abdominal fat fascia of Camper Camper's fascia FMA:19922 The superficial layer (fascia of Camper) is a thick superficial layer of the anterior abdominal wall. It is areolar in texture, and contains in its meshes a varying quantity of adipose tissue. It is found superficial to Scarpa's fascia. . UBERON:0007809 adipose layer of superficial fascia of abdomen camper's fascia fascia investiens intermedia abdominis fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue of abdomen fatty layer of superficial fascia of abdomen intermediate investing fascia of abdomen panniculus adiposus telae subcutaneae abdominis superficial layer of superficial fascia of abdomen FMA:19922 adipose layer of superficial fascia of abdomen FMA:19922 camper's fascia FMA:19922 fatty layer of superficial fascia of abdomen FMA:19922 FMA:TA fascia investiens intermedia abdominis FMA:19922 intermediate investing fascia of abdomen Wikipedia FMA The superficial layer (fascia of Camper) is a thick superficial layer of the anterior abdominal wall. It is areolar in texture, and contains in its meshes a varying quantity of adipose tissue. It is found superficial to Scarpa's fascia. . Wikipedia:Fascia_of_Camper FMA:19922 FMA:TA panniculus adiposus telae subcutaneae abdominis FMA:19922 superficial layer of superficial fascia of abdomen Camper's fascia Wikipedia:Fascia_of_Camper FMA:19922 fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue of abdomen head and neck EV:0100009 MA:0000006 SCTID:361355005 UBERON:0007811 galen:HeadAndNeck ncithesaurus:Head_and_Neck MA post-anal tail BILA:0000117 EHDAA2:0003109 MA:0000008 UBERON:0007812 XAO:0003026 ZFA:0001117 major alar cartilage FMA:59504 SCTID:361928006 The greater alar cartilage (lower lateral cartilage) is a thin, flexible plate, situated immediately below the preceding, and bent upon itself in such a manner as to form the medial wall and lateral wall of the naris of its own side. The portion which forms the medial wall (crus mediale) is loosely connected with the corresponding portion of the opposite cartilage, the two forming, together with the thickened integument and subjacent tissue, the septum mobile nasi. The part which forms the lateral wall (crus laterale) is curved to correspond with the ala of the nose; it is oval and flattened, narrow behind, where it is connected with the frontal process of the maxilla by a tough fibrous membrane, in which are found three or four small cartilaginous plates, the lesser alar cartilages (cartilagines alares minores; sesamoid cartilages). Above, it is connected by fibrous tissue to the lateral cartilage and front part of the cartilage of the septum; below, it falls short of the margin of the naris, the ala being completed by fatty and fibrous tissue covered by skin. In front, the greater alar cartilages are separated by a notch which corresponds with the apex of the nose. UBERON:0007818 cartilago alaris major greater alar cartilage FMA:59504 greater alar cartilage FMA:59504 cartilago alaris major The greater alar cartilage (lower lateral cartilage) is a thin, flexible plate, situated immediately below the preceding, and bent upon itself in such a manner as to form the medial wall and lateral wall of the naris of its own side. The portion which forms the medial wall (crus mediale) is loosely connected with the corresponding portion of the opposite cartilage, the two forming, together with the thickened integument and subjacent tissue, the septum mobile nasi. The part which forms the lateral wall (crus laterale) is curved to correspond with the ala of the nose; it is oval and flattened, narrow behind, where it is connected with the frontal process of the maxilla by a tough fibrous membrane, in which are found three or four small cartilaginous plates, the lesser alar cartilages (cartilagines alares minores; sesamoid cartilages). Above, it is connected by fibrous tissue to the lateral cartilage and front part of the cartilage of the septum; below, it falls short of the margin of the naris, the ala being completed by fatty and fibrous tissue covered by skin. In front, the greater alar cartilages are separated by a notch which corresponds with the apex of the nose. Wikipedia:Greater_alar_cartilage FMA minor alar cartilage FMA:59507 The part which forms the lateral wall is curved to correspond with the ala of the nose; it is oval and flattened, narrow behind, where it is connected with the frontal process of the maxilla by a tough fibrous membrane, in which are found three or four small cartilaginous plates, the lesser alar cartilages. UBERON:0007819 lesser alar cartilage The part which forms the lateral wall is curved to correspond with the ala of the nose; it is oval and flattened, narrow behind, where it is connected with the frontal process of the maxilla by a tough fibrous membrane, in which are found three or four small cartilaginous plates, the lesser alar cartilages. Wikipedia:Lesser_alar_cartilages FMA:59507 lesser alar cartilage FMA accessory nasal cartilage FMA:59510 UBERON:0007820 FMA lateral nasal cartilage FMA:59511 SCTID:278944009 The lateral cartilage (upper lateral cartilage) is situated below the inferior margin of the nasal bone, and is flattened, and triangular in shape.[WP]. UBERON:0007821 FMA The lateral cartilage (upper lateral cartilage) is situated below the inferior margin of the nasal bone, and is flattened, and triangular in shape.[WP]. Wikipedia:Lateral_nasal_cartilage vomeronasal cartilage FMA:59514 Huschke's cartilage Jacobson's cartilage SCTID:368123006 The vomeronasal cartilage (or Jacobson's cartilage) is a narrow strip of cartilage, low on the medial wall of the nasal cavity. It lies between the cartilaginous nasal septum and the vomer. The cartilage lies below, but is not connected to, the rudimentary vomeronasal organ of Jacobson. Ludwig Levin Jacobson (1783-1843), a Danish anatomist, named this structure in 1809. UBERON:0007822 FMA:59514 Jacobson's cartilage FMA:59514 Huschke's cartilage The vomeronasal cartilage (or Jacobson's cartilage) is a narrow strip of cartilage, low on the medial wall of the nasal cavity. It lies between the cartilaginous nasal septum and the vomer. The cartilage lies below, but is not connected to, the rudimentary vomeronasal organ of Jacobson. Ludwig Levin Jacobson (1783-1843), a Danish anatomist, named this structure in 1809. Wikipedia:Vomeronasal_cartilage FMA limb/fin girdle Subdivision of limb or fin, which is the proximal segment, and links the limb or fin to the body[FMA,modified]. UBERON:0007823 FMA:24874 Subdivision of limb or fin, which is the proximal segment, and links the limb or fin to the body[FMA,modified]. limb girdle FMA:24874 Subdivision of limb, which is the proximal segment of a limb and links the free limb to the trunk; it is demarcated by the plane of the surfaces of the glenoid and acetabular fossae from the free limb; together with the free limb, it constitutes the limb. Examples: There are only four instances, right and left pectoral girdles and right and left pelvic girdles. UBERON:0007824 FMA FMA FMA:24874 Subdivision of limb, which is the proximal segment of a limb and links the free limb to the trunk; it is demarcated by the plane of the surfaces of the glenoid and acetabular fossae from the free limb; together with the free limb, it constitutes the limb. Examples: There are only four instances, right and left pectoral girdles and right and left pelvic girdles. reticular membrane of spiral organ FMA:77849 MA:0001194 UBERON:0007825 reticular lamina reticular lamina of spiral organ reticular lamina of spiral organ of cochlea Obol Obol:automatic reticular lamina of spiral organ Obol:automatic reticular lamina of spiral organ of cochlea MA MA:0001194 reticular lamina peritoneal mesentery A double layer composed of peritoneum that attaches the visceral organs to the body wall. FMA:20570 TAO:0005129 UBERON:0007826 XAO:0000138 ZFA:0005129 A double layer composed of peritoneum that attaches the visceral organs to the body wall. ZFIN:curator ZFA FMA external nose FMA:59515 SCTID:265785009 Subdivision of face, the exterior of the nose, which consists of a root, dorsum, tip, columella, and right and left alae. UBERON:0007827 ncithesaurus:External_Nose FMA FMA:59515 Subdivision of face, the exterior of the nose, which consists of a root, dorsum, tip, columella, and right and left alae. girdle bone/zone MA:0000291 UBERON:0007828 girdle bone MA MA:0000291 girdle bone pectoral girdle bone MA:0000292 UBERON:0007829 MA pelvic girdle bone/zone MA:0000293 UBERON:0007830 pelvic girdle bone typically the ilium, ischium and pubis. These can alternately be considered individual bones, or zones of a single fused bone MA MA:0000293 pelvic girdle bone skeleton of pectoral girdle AAO:0000422 EFO:0000946 EHDAA2:0001420 EMAPA:18025 FMA:24141 MAT:0000181 MIAA:0000181 OG:0001156 TAO:0000407 UBERON:0007831 XAO:0003063 ZFA:0000407 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pectoral_girdle_front_diagram.svg/200px-Pectoral_girdle_front_diagram.svg.png ncithesaurus:Shoulder_Girdle pectoral girdle pectoral girdle skeleton todo - check EMAPA XAO FMA:24141 pectoral girdle skeleton ZFA ZFA ZFA:0000407 pectoral girdle skeleton of pelvic girdle AAO:0000426 AAO:0000768 EFO:0000947 EHDAA2:0001426 EHDAA:7149 EHDAA:8324 EMAPA:18028 FMA:87592 MAT:0000182 MIAA:0000182 OG:0000305 Skeletal structure which is part of the hindlimb/fin . TAO:0000565 UBERON:0007832 XAO:0003064 ZFA:0000565 galen:PelvicGirdle http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/pectoralgirdles.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gray242.png/200px-Gray242.png pelvic girdle pelvic girdle skeleton ZFA:0000565 pelvic girdle ZFA Skeletal structure which is part of the hindlimb/fin . Wikipedia:Pelvic_girdle ZFA XAO Obol:automatic pelvic girdle skeleton osseus semicircular canal MA:0000250 UBERON:0007833 consider adding FMA:60186 osseous semicircular canal MA Obol:automatic osseous semicircular canal checkme MA lumbar spinal cord ventral commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1326 UBERON:0007834 lumbar spinal cord anterior commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1326 lumbar spinal cord anterior commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy sacral spinal cord ventral commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1528 UBERON:0007835 sacral spinal cord anterior commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1528 sacral spinal cord anterior commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy cervical spinal cord ventral commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1552 UBERON:0007836 cervical spinal cord anterior commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1552 cervical spinal cord anterior commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy thoracic spinal cord ventral commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1556 UBERON:0007837 thoracic spinal cord anterior commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1556 thoracic spinal cord anterior commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy spinal cord white commissure FMA:77033 SCTID:423957000 UBERON:0007838 white commissure of spinal cord FMA FMA:77033 white commissure of spinal cord spinal cord dorsal white commissure FMA:77034 SCTID:424400007 UBERON:0007840 commissura alba posterior medullae spinalis dorsal white commissure of spinal cord posterior white commissure of spinal cord FMA:77034 FMA:TA commissura alba posterior medullae spinalis FMA:77034 posterior white commissure of spinal cord FMA:77034 dorsal white commissure of spinal cord FMA furcula The following theropods have been found to have furculae: dromaeosaurids (including a new North American species of Velociraptor), Oviraptorids, Tyrannosaurids, Troodontids, Coelophysids and Allosauroids. UBERON:0007841 a forked bone found in birds, formed by the fusion of the two clavicles. In birds, its function is the strengthening of the thoracic skeleton to withstand the rigors of flight. fused clavicle wishbone http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes5.htm Wikipedia:Furcula wishbone Wikipedia:Furcula a forked bone found in birds, formed by the fusion of the two clavicles. In birds, its function is the strengthening of the thoracic skeleton to withstand the rigors of flight. membrane bone EHDAA2:0003085 UBERON:0007842 VAO:0000023 XAO:0004014 VAO uncinate process of ribs AAO:0000741 Extensions of bone that in birds project caudally from the vertical segment of each rib[WP]. Posteriorly directed process (occasionally directed anteriorly) usually associated with the rib (sometimes with the transverse process) of the third vertebra; they provide the origin of the mm serratus superior, medius, and inferior[AAO]. SCTID:306373001 UBERON:0007843 WP: Although bony uncinate processes are unique to birds, cartilaginous uncinate processes are present in crocodiles. The uncinate process has also been reported in Sphenodon, Caudipteryx, oviraptorids, Confuciusornis and Chaoyangia however it does not occur in Archaeopteryx uncinate process AAO AAO:Pugener_2002 Extensions of bone that in birds project caudally from the vertical segment of each rib[WP]. Posteriorly directed process (occasionally directed anteriorly) usually associated with the rib (sometimes with the transverse process) of the third vertebra; they provide the origin of the mm serratus superior, medius, and inferior[AAO]. Wikipedia:Uncinate_processes_of_ribs AAO:0000741 uncinate process cartilaginous element FMA:55107 Skeletal element that is composed of cartilage tissue and may be permanent or transient. UBERON:0007844 VAO:0000000 XAO:0004013 cartilage cartilage organ chondrogenic element todo - add subtypes VAO VAO Skeletal element that is composed of cartilage tissue and may be permanent or transient. VAO:curator FMA:55107 cartilage organ VAO:0000000 chondrogenic element VAO VAO:0000000 cartilage regular connective tissue Connective tissue, which consists of fibroblasts, the intercellular matrix of which contains a regular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: bone (tissue), cartilage (tissue), dense regular collagenous tissue. FMA:20103 UBERON:0007845 Connective tissue, which consists of fibroblasts, the intercellular matrix of which contains a regular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: bone (tissue), cartilage (tissue), dense regular collagenous tissue. FMA:20103 FMA dense regular collagenous tissue FMA:64781 Regular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which consists predominantly of collagen fiber bundles arranged in parallel arrays[FMA]. Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts)[VAP] SCTID:22560007 UBERON:0007846 VAO:0000050 XAO:0004030 dense fibrous connective tissue dense regular collagenous connective tissue dense regular connective tissue ncithesaurus:Regular_Dense_Connective_Tissue typus regularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus) FMA FMA:64781 dense regular collagenous connective tissue FMA:64781 typus regularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus) FMA:64781 VAO:0000050 dense regular connective tissue FMA:64781 dense fibrous connective tissue FMA:64781 Regular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which consists predominantly of collagen fiber bundles arranged in parallel arrays[FMA]. Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts)[VAP] VAO:0000050 perichordal tissue AAO:0010446 Derived from cells surrounding the notochord (possibly the slerotome). Disparate from (not derived from) notochord. Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the notochord; includes a layer of elastin. UBERON:0007862 VAO:0000054 XAO:0004050 ZFA:0001633 notochord perichordal connective tissue perichordal sheath perichordal sheath tissue Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the notochord; includes a layer of elastin. VAO:curator VAO:curator notochord VAO:curator perichordal sheath ZFA:0001633 perichordal connective tissue VAO VAO VAO:curator perichordal sheath tissue head or neck bone MA:0000569 UBERON:0007914 MA MA central carpal bone A small bone occasionally found at the dorsal aspect of the wrist between the scaphoid, capitate, and trapezoid; it is developed as an independent cartilage in early foetal life but usually becomes fused with the scaphoid; it occurs normally in most monkeys. FMA xref is a 'general anatomical term' FMA:77232 MA:0001344 SCTID:26987000 UBERON:0007958 central bone centrale os carpi centrale os centrale os centrale carpi A small bone occasionally found at the dorsal aspect of the wrist between the scaphoid, capitate, and trapezoid; it is developed as an independent cartilage in early foetal life but usually becomes fused with the scaphoid; it occurs normally in most monkeys. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=63518 MA:0001344 centrale http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8251/1/8251.pdf os carpi centrale central bone http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=63518 MA falciform carpal bone MA:0001345 UBERON:0007959 os falciform os falciforme todo - check relationship to radial sesamoid UBERON:cjm os falciforme UBERON:cjm os falciform MA scapholunate MA:0001346 The combined scaphoid and lunate bones. UBERON:0007960 intermedioradial carpal bone scapholunate bone scapholunatum UBERON:cjm scapholunate bone MA:0001346 intermedioradial carpal bone UBERON:cjm scapholunatum The combined scaphoid and lunate bones. UBERON:cjm MA proximal sesamoid bone of foot MA:0001376 UBERON:0007990 MA MA proximal sesamoid bone of hand MA:0001377 UBERON:0007991 MA MA ulnar sesamoid bone MA:0001379 UBERON:0007993 MA MA sesamoid bone of hand FMA:42353 SCTID:368448000 UBERON:0007997 FMA sesamoid bone of foot FMA:45096 SCTID:244675002 UBERON:0008000 FMA FMA irregular bone FMA:7477 SCTID:421560006 The irregular bones are bones which, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as long bone, short bone, flat bone or sesamoid bone. Irregular bones serve various purposes in the body, such as protection of nervous tissue, affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment (as with the sacrum), and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment (such as the hyoid bone). They consist of cancellous tissue enclosed within a thin layer of compact bone. The irregular bones are: the vertebrC&, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid. UBERON:0008001 ncithesaurus:Irregular_Bone The irregular bones are bones which, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as long bone, short bone, flat bone or sesamoid bone. Irregular bones serve various purposes in the body, such as protection of nervous tissue, affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment (as with the sacrum), and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment (such as the hyoid bone). They consist of cancellous tissue enclosed within a thin layer of compact bone. The irregular bones are: the vertebrC&, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid. Wikipedia:Irregular_bone FMA joint of girdle MA:0001505 UBERON:0008114 girdle join OBOL:automatic girdle join MA surface of cartilage FMA:76668 UBERON:0008115 cartilage surface FMA:76668 cartilage surface joint articular surface MA:0001518 UBERON:0008124 note that FMA has multiple "Articular surface of X" classes, with no way to group them MA hypertrophic cartilage zone MA:0002849 UBERON:0008187 see also VAO:0000098 MA tendon of biceps brachii EMAPA:25053 FMA:38152 UBERON:0008188 biceps brachii tendon FMA FMA:38152 biceps brachii tendon tendon of triceps brachii FMA:38380 UBERON:0008192 triceps brachii tendon FMA FMA:38380 triceps brachii tendon pneumatized bone FMA:7478 SCTID:333008005 UBERON:0008193 a bone that is hollow or contains many air cells, such as the mastoid process of the temporal bone[TMD]. Skeletal pneumaticity is the presence of air spaces within bones. Skeletal pneumaticity exists only in synapsids and archosaurs. It is generally produced during development by excavation of bone by pneumatic diverticula (air sacs) from an air-filled space such as the lungs or nasal cavity. Pneumatization is highly variable between individuals, and bones not normally pneumatized can become pneumatized in pathological development. Pneumatization occurs in the skulls of mammals, crocodilians and birds among extant groups, as well as extinct archosaurs including the dinosaurs and pterosaurs. Pneumatic spaces include the paranasal sinuses and some of the mastoid cells[WP]. editor note: subclasses of this should be checked for taxonomic consistency galen:PneumaticBone hollow bone os pneumaticum pneumatic bone FMA Wikipedia:Skeletal_pneumaticity a bone that is hollow or contains many air cells, such as the mastoid process of the temporal bone[TMD]. Skeletal pneumaticity is the presence of air spaces within bones. Skeletal pneumaticity exists only in synapsids and archosaurs. It is generally produced during development by excavation of bone by pneumatic diverticula (air sacs) from an air-filled space such as the lungs or nasal cavity. Pneumatization is highly variable between individuals, and bones not normally pneumatized can become pneumatized in pathological development. Pneumatization occurs in the skulls of mammals, crocodilians and birds among extant groups, as well as extinct archosaurs including the dinosaurs and pterosaurs. Pneumatic spaces include the paranasal sinuses and some of the mastoid cells[WP]. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=11303 FMA:7478 os pneumaticum FMA:7478 pneumatic bone tibiotarsus The tibiotarsus is the large bone between the femur and the tarsometatarsus in the leg of a bird. It is the fusion of the proximal part of the tarsus with the tibia. A similar structure also occurred in the Mesozoic Heterodontosauridae. These small ornithischian dinosaurs were unrelated to birds and the similarity of their foot bones is best explained by convergent evolution. UBERON:0008194 The tibiotarsus is the large bone between the femur and the tarsometatarsus in the leg of a bird. It is the fusion of the proximal part of the tarsus with the tibia. A similar structure also occurred in the Mesozoic Heterodontosauridae. These small ornithischian dinosaurs were unrelated to birds and the similarity of their foot bones is best explained by convergent evolution. Wikipedia:Tibiotarsus tarsometatarsus The tarsometatarsus is a bone that is found in the lower leg of certain tetrapods, namely birds. It is formed from the fusion of several bones found in other types of animals, and homologous to the mammalian tarsal (ankle) and metatarsal (foot) bones. Despite this, the tarsometatarsus of birds is often referred to as just the tarsus or metatarsus. UBERON:0008195 The tarsometatarsus is a bone that is found in the lower leg of certain tetrapods, namely birds. It is formed from the fusion of several bones found in other types of animals, and homologous to the mammalian tarsal (ankle) and metatarsal (foot) bones. Despite this, the tarsometatarsus of birds is often referred to as just the tarsus or metatarsus. Wikipedia:Tibiotarsus muscle of pectoral girdle FMA:37347 UBERON:0008196 muscle of shoulder girdle pectoral girdle muscle FMA:37347 pectoral girdle muscle FMA FMA:37347 muscle of shoulder girdle nail plate MA:0002708 SCTID:372177002 The nail plate is the hard and translucent portion of the nail, composed of keratin. UBERON:0008198 ncithesaurus:Nail_Plate MA The nail plate is the hard and translucent portion of the nail, composed of keratin. Wikipedia:Nail_plate https://github.com/cmungall/uberon/issues/20 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3307500&group_id=36855&atid=440764 chin FMA:46495 GAID:67 In the human anatomy, the chin is the lowermost part of the face. It is formed by the lower front of the mandible. People show a wide variety of chin structures. See Cleft chin. The chin developed as a point of muscular attachment facilitating minute movements of the lips associated with speech. In human evolution, the chin is a cladistic apomorphy, partially defining anatomically modern Humans as distinct from archaic forms. MESH:A.01.456.505.259 SCTID:362632004 UBERON:0008199 chin %28anatomy%29 chins galen:Chin mental part of face mental region mental region of face regio mentalis FMA:46495 mental region MESH MESH Wikipedia:Chin chins FMA:46495 FMA:TA regio mentalis FMA:46495 mental part of face Wikipedia:Chin chin %28anatomy%29 In the human anatomy, the chin is the lowermost part of the face. It is formed by the lower front of the mandible. People show a wide variety of chin structures. See Cleft chin. The chin developed as a point of muscular attachment facilitating minute movements of the lips associated with speech. In human evolution, the chin is a cladistic apomorphy, partially defining anatomically modern Humans as distinct from archaic forms. Wikipedia:Chin FMA:46495 mental region of face forehead FMA:63864 GAID:74 MESH:A.01.456.505.580 SCTID:362614004 The part of the face above the eyes[MESH]. In human anatomy, the forehead is the fore part of the head. It is, formally, an area of the head bounded by three features, two of the skull and one of the scalp. The top of the forehead is marked by the hairline, the edge of the area where hair on the scalp grows. The bottom of the forehead is marked by the supraorbital ridge, the bone feature of the skull above the eyes. The two sides of the forehead are marked by the temporal ridge, a bone feature that links the supraorbital ridge to the coronal suture line and beyond[WP]. UBERON:0008200 fore head galen:Forehead Wikipedia:Forehead fore head MESH:A.01.456.505.580 The part of the face above the eyes[MESH]. In human anatomy, the forehead is the fore part of the head. It is, formally, an area of the head bounded by three features, two of the skull and one of the scalp. The top of the forehead is marked by the hairline, the edge of the area where hair on the scalp grows. The bottom of the forehead is marked by the supraorbital ridge, the bone feature of the skull above the eyes. The two sides of the forehead are marked by the temporal ridge, a bone feature that links the supraorbital ridge to the coronal suture line and beyond[WP]. Wikipedia:Forehead FMA scute A bony external plate or scale, as on the shell of a turtle, the skin of crocodilians, the feet of some birds. Scutes are similar to scales and serve the same function. Unlike the scales of fish and snakes, which are formed from the epidermis, scutes are formed in the lower vascular layer of the skin and the epidermal element is only the top surface. Forming in the living dermis, the scutes produce a horny outer layer, that is superficially similar to that of scales. Scutes will usually not overlap as snake scales (but see the pangolin). The outer keratin layer is shed piecemeal, and not in one continuous layer of skin as seen in snakes or lizards. The dermal base may contain bone and produce dermal armour. Scutes with a bony base are properly called osteoderms. Dermal scutes are also found in the feet of birds and tails of some mammals, and are believed to be the primitive form of dermal armour in reptiles. The term is also used to describe the heavy armour of the armadillo and the extinct glyptodon, and is occasionally used as an alternative to scales in describing snakes or certain fishes, such as sturgeons[WP]. UBERON:0008201 scuta scutae scutum Wikipedia:Scute scutae Wikipedia:Scute scutum A bony external plate or scale, as on the shell of a turtle, the skin of crocodilians, the feet of some birds. Scutes are similar to scales and serve the same function. Unlike the scales of fish and snakes, which are formed from the epidermis, scutes are formed in the lower vascular layer of the skin and the epidermal element is only the top surface. Forming in the living dermis, the scutes produce a horny outer layer, that is superficially similar to that of scales. Scutes will usually not overlap as snake scales (but see the pangolin). The outer keratin layer is shed piecemeal, and not in one continuous layer of skin as seen in snakes or lizards. The dermal base may contain bone and produce dermal armour. Scutes with a bony base are properly called osteoderms. Dermal scutes are also found in the feet of birds and tails of some mammals, and are believed to be the primitive form of dermal armour in reptiles. The term is also used to describe the heavy armour of the armadillo and the extinct glyptodon, and is occasionally used as an alternative to scales in describing snakes or certain fishes, such as sturgeons[WP]. Wikipedia:Scute Wikipedia:Scute scuta bone of hip region MA:0000655 UBERON:0008202 in MA, this includes the femur. i.e. pelvic girdle bone or femur MA MA pelvic cavity FMA:9738 SCTID:281903009 The pelvic cavity is a body cavity that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis and which primarily contains reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, and the rectum. The pelvis is a marvel of physiology and is deceptively complex. It contains the lower urinary tract, reproductive system, lower digestive tract, major arteries and veins, muscle systems, nerve systems and bone systems. They all have to work together in a little crowded "house". It can be affected by many different diseases and by many drugs in many different ways. One part may impact upon another, for example constipation may overload the rectum and compress the urinary bladder, or childbirth might damage the pudendal nerves and later lead to anal weakness. UBERON:0008203 space of pelvic compartment FMA:9738 space of pelvic compartment FMA The pelvic cavity is a body cavity that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis and which primarily contains reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, and the rectum. The pelvis is a marvel of physiology and is deceptively complex. It contains the lower urinary tract, reproductive system, lower digestive tract, major arteries and veins, muscle systems, nerve systems and bone systems. They all have to work together in a little crowded "house". It can be affected by many different diseases and by many drugs in many different ways. One part may impact upon another, for example constipation may overload the rectum and compress the urinary bladder, or childbirth might damage the pudendal nerves and later lead to anal weakness. Wikipedia:Pelvic_cavity FMA head and neck musculature MA:0000571 UBERON:0008229 head or neck muscle MA:0000571 head or neck muscle MA MA tibialis BTO:0000864 Either of two muscles of the calf of the leg. MA:0002425 UBERON:0008230 ncithesaurus:Tibialis BTO Either of two muscles of the calf of the leg. Fast_Health_Medical_Dictionary:http://www.fasthealth.com/dictionary/ upper back FMA:24217 MA:0000028 SCTID:362666008 Subdivision of thorax, which in humans is the posterior part of the thorax and is demarcated from the chest by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage and the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column; together with the chest, it constitutes the thorax. UBERON:0008231 dorsum of thorax posterior part of thorax thoracic back thoracic part of back FMA:24217 posterior part of thorax FMA:24217 thoracic part of back FMA:24217 Subdivision of thorax, which in humans is the posterior part of the thorax and is demarcated from the chest by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage and the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column; together with the chest, it constitutes the thorax. MA FMA:24217 dorsum of thorax FMA:24217 thoracic back lower back muscle MA:0000502 SCTID:317178000 UBERON:0008242 MA MA upper back muscle MA:0000508 SCTID:305071003 UBERON:0008243 MA MA pennate muscle A pennate muscle (also called a penniform muscle) is a muscle with fascicles that attach obliquely (in a slanting position) to its tendon. These types of muscles generally allow better stabilization and force production but less flexibility. Individual muscle fibers are formed into bundles of fasciculi and these bundles of fasciculi are formed into bundles of fascicles which compose the entire muscle itself. In a pennate muscle, the fascicles will form an angle with its central tendon. If all the fascicles are on the same side of the tendon, the pennate muscle is called unipennate. Examples of this include certain muscles in the hand. If there are fascicles on both sides of the central tendon, the pennate muscle is called bipennate. The rectus femoris, a large muscle in the quadriceps, is typical. If the central tendon branches within a pennate muscle, the muscle is called multipennate, as seen in the deltoid muscle in the shoulder. FMA:74993 UBERON:0008245 Wikipedia:Pennate_muscle note the FMA class does not denote a muscle organ. todo: add child classes A pennate muscle (also called a penniform muscle) is a muscle with fascicles that attach obliquely (in a slanting position) to its tendon. These types of muscles generally allow better stabilization and force production but less flexibility. Individual muscle fibers are formed into bundles of fasciculi and these bundles of fasciculi are formed into bundles of fascicles which compose the entire muscle itself. In a pennate muscle, the fascicles will form an angle with its central tendon. If all the fascicles are on the same side of the tendon, the pennate muscle is called unipennate. Examples of this include certain muscles in the hand. If there are fascicles on both sides of the central tendon, the pennate muscle is called bipennate. The rectus femoris, a large muscle in the quadriceps, is typical. If the central tendon branches within a pennate muscle, the muscle is called multipennate, as seen in the deltoid muscle in the shoulder. Wikipedia:Pennate_muscle pyloric stomach BTO:0002121 The mouth of a starfish is located on the underside of the body, and opens through a short esophagus into firstly a cardiac stomach, and then, a second, pyloric stomach. Each arm also contains two pyloric caeca, long hollow tubes branching outwards from the pyloric stomach. Each pyloric caecum is lined by a series of digestive glands, which secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from the food. A short intestine runs from the upper surface of the pyloric stomach to open at an anus in the center of the upper body UBERON:0008246 The mouth of a starfish is located on the underside of the body, and opens through a short esophagus into firstly a cardiac stomach, and then, a second, pyloric stomach. Each arm also contains two pyloric caeca, long hollow tubes branching outwards from the pyloric stomach. Each pyloric caecum is lined by a series of digestive glands, which secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from the food. A short intestine runs from the upper surface of the pyloric stomach to open at an anus in the center of the upper body Wikipedia:Starfish tube foot BTO:0001919 One of the numerous external, fluid-filled muscular tubes of echinoderms, such as the starfish or sea urchin, serving as organs of locomotion, food handling, and respiration[BTO]. Tube feet consist of two parts: ampulla and podia. Ampulla contain both circular muscles and longitudinal muscle, whereas the podia contain the latter only. Thus the podia use suction to attach to the substratum[WP]. UBERON:0008247 tube feet Wikipedia:Tube_feet tube feet BTO:0001919 One of the numerous external, fluid-filled muscular tubes of echinoderms, such as the starfish or sea urchin, serving as organs of locomotion, food handling, and respiration[BTO]. Tube feet consist of two parts: ampulla and podia. Ampulla contain both circular muscles and longitudinal muscle, whereas the podia contain the latter only. Thus the podia use suction to attach to the substratum[WP]. Wikipedia:Tube_feet pyloric cecum BTO:0002121 The pyloric ceca (or digestive glands) and the cardiac stomach produce digestive enzymes in starfishes. Digested material is absorbed through the pyloric ceca for transport to the rest of the body. Each pyloric cecum extends the length of each arm. UBERON:0008248 pyloric caecum BTO:0002120 pyloric caecum BTO:0002120 The pyloric ceca (or digestive glands) and the cardiac stomach produce digestive enzymes in starfishes. Digested material is absorbed through the pyloric ceca for transport to the rest of the body. Each pyloric cecum extends the length of each arm. cardiac stomach BTO:0002122 In starfishes the cardiac stomach is connected to a pyloric stomach which is located above it. Food can be brought into the stomach through the mouth or, in many species, the cardiac stomach can be extended out through the mouth to digest food outside the body. Suspension-feeding starfish use their tube feet to pass food to the mouth. UBERON:0008250 BTO:0002122 In starfishes the cardiac stomach is connected to a pyloric stomach which is located above it. Food can be brought into the stomach through the mouth or, in many species, the cardiac stomach can be extended out through the mouth to digest food outside the body. Suspension-feeding starfish use their tube feet to pass food to the mouth. water vascular system BTO:0002125 The water vascular system is a hydraulic system used by echinoderms, such as sea stars and sea urchins, for locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration.[1] The system is composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet. Echinoderms move by alternately contracting muscles that force water into the tube feet, causing them to extend and push against the ground, then relaxing to allow the feet to retract.[WP]. UBERON:0008251 The water vascular system is a hydraulic system used by echinoderms, such as sea stars and sea urchins, for locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration.[1] The system is composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet. Echinoderms move by alternately contracting muscles that force water into the tube feet, causing them to extend and push against the ground, then relaxing to allow the feet to retract.[WP]. Wikipedia:Water_vascular_system tube foot ampulla BTO:0002124 The constant contraction of ampulla (to extend and retract the tube feet) helps to move a starfish. The ampullae are teeth like structures surrounding the radial canal. UBERON:0008252 BTO BTO:0002124 The constant contraction of ampulla (to extend and retract the tube feet) helps to move a starfish. The ampullae are teeth like structures surrounding the radial canal. Aristotle's lantern Aristotles lantern BTO:0001923 UBERON:0008253 Within the mouth of a sea urchin is an elaborate five-sided jaw structure called Aristotles lantern that can be partially extruded from the mouth. It is able to grind up calcareous exoskeletons of plants and animals. Aristotles lantern BTO:0001923 BTO BTO:0001923 Wikipedia:Aristotle's_lantern#Digestion Within the mouth of a sea urchin is an elaborate five-sided jaw structure called Aristotles lantern that can be partially extruded from the mouth. It is able to grind up calcareous exoskeletons of plants and animals. styliform cartilage UBERON:0008254 shaft of skeletal tissue that articulates with the lateral border of the carpus. checkme ISBN-10:0226313379 shaft of skeletal tissue that articulates with the lateral border of the carpus. right clavicle FMA:13322 UBERON:0008255 FMA left clavicle FMA:13323 UBERON:0008256 FMA radial sesamoid In the giant panda, a large digitlike preaxial element that articulates with the scapholunatum and the medial border of the first metacarpal. UBERON:0008257 os sesamoideum radiale ISBN-10:0226313379 os sesamoideum radiale ISBN-10:0226313379 In the giant panda, a large digitlike preaxial element that articulates with the scapholunatum and the medial border of the first metacarpal. oral surface UBERON:0008258 actinal side actinal surface aboral surface UBERON:0008259 abactinal side abactinal surface spine appendage UBERON:0008260 a hard, thorny or needle-like structure which occurs on various animals. Animals such as porcupines and sea urchins grow spines as a self-defense mechanism. Spines are often formed of keratin. Other animals with spines are hedgehogs, spiny mice and at least two ornithischian dinosaurs. spine Wikipedia:Spine_(zoology) a hard, thorny or needle-like structure which occurs on various animals. Animals such as porcupines and sea urchins grow spines as a self-defense mechanism. Spines are often formed of keratin. Other animals with spines are hedgehogs, spiny mice and at least two ornithischian dinosaurs. pedicellaria UBERON:0008261 a small wrench or claw-shaped structure commonly found on Echinoderms, particularly in sea stars (class Asteroidea) and sea urchins (class Echinoidea). Pedicellariae are poorly understood but in some taxa, they are thought to keep the body surface clear of algae, encrusting organisms, and other debris in conjunction with the ciliated epidermis present in all echinoderms. Pedicellariae in some taxa, such as the deep-sea Brisingida, and the Antarctic Labidiaster are known to function in food capture. In forcipulate sea stars, each pedicellaria is typically composed three forceps-like valves. Other asteroids can have pedicellariae composed of only two components. In some asteroid sea stars pedicellariae are present around the base of a spine or on the surface of the animal's body. In other sea stars, they are present in pits on the abactinal, marginal, or actinal surface; oftentimes on the adambulacral plate adjacent to the tube foot furrow. pedicellariae Wikipedia:Pedicellaria pedicellariae Wikipedia:Pedicellaria a small wrench or claw-shaped structure commonly found on Echinoderms, particularly in sea stars (class Asteroidea) and sea urchins (class Echinoidea). Pedicellariae are poorly understood but in some taxa, they are thought to keep the body surface clear of algae, encrusting organisms, and other debris in conjunction with the ciliated epidermis present in all echinoderms. Pedicellariae in some taxa, such as the deep-sea Brisingida, and the Antarctic Labidiaster are known to function in food capture. In forcipulate sea stars, each pedicellaria is typically composed three forceps-like valves. Other asteroids can have pedicellariae composed of only two components. In some asteroid sea stars pedicellariae are present around the base of a spine or on the surface of the animal's body. In other sea stars, they are present in pits on the abactinal, marginal, or actinal surface; oftentimes on the adambulacral plate adjacent to the tube foot furrow. ambulacral area UBERON:0008262 inter-ambulacral area UBERON:0008263 echinopluteus larval stage Larval stage in echinoderms characterized by a planktonic and feeding larval form that possesses limb-like outgrowths bearing ciliated bands. UBERON:0008264 pluteus larval stage Larval stage in echinoderms characterized by a planktonic and feeding larval form that possesses limb-like outgrowths bearing ciliated bands. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-echinopluteuslarva.html echinopluteus larva A planktonic and feeding larval form that possesses limb-like outgrowths bearing ciliated bands. UBERON:0008265 pluteus larva A planktonic and feeding larval form that possesses limb-like outgrowths bearing ciliated bands. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-echinopluteuslarva.html periodontal ligament BTO:0001020 GAID:1259 MA:0002467 PDL SCTID:245775004 The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the root of a tooth, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone. It extends from the base of the gingival mucosa to the fundus of the bony socket, and its main function is to hold the tooth in its socket[BTO]. It consist of cells, extracellular compartment of fibers. The cells are fibroblast, epithelial, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, bone and cementum cells. The extracellular compartment consists of collagen fibers bundles embedded in ground substance. The PDL substance has been estimated to be 70% water and is thought to have a significant effect on the tooth's ability to withstand stress loads[WP]. UBERON:0008266 alveolar periosteum alveolodental ligament alveolodental membrane desmodontium note FMA treats periodontium and periodontal ligament as the same odontoperiosteum paradentium peridental membrane peridontal membrane peridontium BTO:0001020 alveolar periosteum BTO:0001020 alveolodental ligament BTO:0001020 odontoperiosteum BTO:0001020 peridental membrane BTO:0001020 alveolodental membrane BTO:0001020 peridontium BTO:0001020 paradentium BTO:0001020 peridontal membrane BTO FMA-moved BTO:0001020 The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the root of a tooth, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone. It extends from the base of the gingival mucosa to the fundus of the bony socket, and its main function is to hold the tooth in its socket[BTO]. It consist of cells, extracellular compartment of fibers. The cells are fibroblast, epithelial, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, bone and cementum cells. The extracellular compartment consists of collagen fibers bundles embedded in ground substance. The PDL substance has been estimated to be 70% water and is thought to have a significant effect on the tooth's ability to withstand stress loads[WP]. Wikipedia:Periodontal_ligament https://github.com/cmungall/uberon/issues/21 PDL Wikipedia:Periodontal_ligament BTO:0001020 desmodontium left supracardinal vein SCTID:361449001 The left thoracic supracardinal vein loses its connection with the left posterior cardinal veins and left sinus horn and subsequently drains into the right supracardinal system. UBERON:0008267 ISBN-10:0443065837 The left thoracic supracardinal vein loses its connection with the left posterior cardinal veins and left sinus horn and subsequently drains into the right supracardinal system. right supracardinal vein EHDAA2:0004539 SCTID:361450001 The right supracardinal vein loses its connection with the posterior cardinal vein and makes a new anastomosis with the segments of the superior vena cava derived from the anterior cardinal vein, becoming the azygos vein. UBERON:0008268 ISBN-10:0443065837 The right supracardinal vein loses its connection with the posterior cardinal vein and makes a new anastomosis with the segments of the superior vena cava derived from the anterior cardinal vein, becoming the azygos vein. nacre UBERON:0008269 an organic-inorganic composite material produced by some mollusks as an inner shell layer; it is also what makes up pearls. It is very strong, resilient, and iridescent. Nacre is found in some ancient lineages of bivalve gastropod and cephalopod. The inner layer in the great majority of mollusk shells is porcellaneous, not nacreous, frequently resulting in a non-iridescent shine or less commonly in non-nacreous iridescence such as flame structure (e.g. conch pearl). Pearls and the inside layer of pearl oyster and freshwater pearl mussel shells are made of nacre. Many other families of mollusk also have a nacreous inner shell layer, including marine gastropods such as the Haliotidae, the Trochidae and the Turbinidae. Nacre is composed of hexagonal platelets of aragonite (a form of calcium carbonate) 10-20 µm wide and 0.5 µm thick arranged in a continuous parallel lamina. These layers are separated by sheets of organic matrix composed of elastic biopolymers (such as chitin, lustrin and silk-like proteins)[WP]. mother of pearl Wikipedia:Nacre mother of pearl Wikipedia:Nacre an organic-inorganic composite material produced by some mollusks as an inner shell layer; it is also what makes up pearls. It is very strong, resilient, and iridescent. Nacre is found in some ancient lineages of bivalve gastropod and cephalopod. The inner layer in the great majority of mollusk shells is porcellaneous, not nacreous, frequently resulting in a non-iridescent shine or less commonly in non-nacreous iridescence such as flame structure (e.g. conch pearl). Pearls and the inside layer of pearl oyster and freshwater pearl mussel shells are made of nacre. Many other families of mollusk also have a nacreous inner shell layer, including marine gastropods such as the Haliotidae, the Trochidae and the Turbinidae. Nacre is composed of hexagonal platelets of aragonite (a form of calcium carbonate) 10-20 µm wide and 0.5 µm thick arranged in a continuous parallel lamina. These layers are separated by sheets of organic matrix composed of elastic biopolymers (such as chitin, lustrin and silk-like proteins)[WP]. mollusc shell UBERON:0008270 a calcareous exoskeleton which encloses, supports and protects the soft parts of an animal in the phylum Mollusca, which includes snails, clams, tusk shells, and several other classes. Not all shelled molluscs live in the sea, many live on the land and in freshwater. Wikipedia:Mollusc_shell a calcareous exoskeleton which encloses, supports and protects the soft parts of an animal in the phylum Mollusca, which includes snails, clams, tusk shells, and several other classes. Not all shelled molluscs live in the sea, many live on the land and in freshwater. turtle shell The upper shell of the turtle is called the carapace. The lower shell that encases the belly is called the plastron. The carapace and plastron are joined together on the turtle's sides by bony structures called bridges. The inner layer of a turtle's shell is made up of about 60 bones that include portions of the backbone and the ribs, meaning the turtle cannot crawl out of its shell. In most turtles, the outer layer of the shell is covered by horny scales called scutes that are part of its outer skin, or epidermis. Scutes are made up of a fibrous protein called keratin that also makes up the scales of other reptiles. These scutes overlap the seams between the shell bones and add strength to the shell. Some turtles do not have horny scutes. For example, the leatherback sea turtle and the soft-shelled turtles have shells covered with leathery skin instead[WP]. UBERON:0008271 The upper shell of the turtle is called the carapace. The lower shell that encases the belly is called the plastron. The carapace and plastron are joined together on the turtle's sides by bony structures called bridges. The inner layer of a turtle's shell is made up of about 60 bones that include portions of the backbone and the ribs, meaning the turtle cannot crawl out of its shell. In most turtles, the outer layer of the shell is covered by horny scales called scutes that are part of its outer skin, or epidermis. Scutes are made up of a fibrous protein called keratin that also makes up the scales of other reptiles. These scutes overlap the seams between the shell bones and add strength to the shell. Some turtles do not have horny scutes. For example, the leatherback sea turtle and the soft-shelled turtles have shells covered with leathery skin instead[WP]. Wikipedia:Turtle_shell#Shell mollusc venom MESH:D.24.185.926.580.590 UBERON:0008274 Venoms from mollusks, including the Conus and Octopus species. The venoms contain proteins, enzymes, choline derivatives, slow-reacting substances, and several characterized polypeptide toxins that affect the nervous system. Mollusk venoms include cephalotoxin, venerup in, maculotoxin, surugatoxin, conotoxins, and murexine. conus venom mollusc venom mollusk venom octopus venom snail venom MESH:D.24.185.926.580.590 mollusk venom MESH MESH:D.24.185.926.580.590 mollusc venom MESH:D.24.185.926.580.590 Venoms from mollusks, including the Conus and Octopus species. The venoms contain proteins, enzymes, choline derivatives, slow-reacting substances, and several characterized polypeptide toxins that affect the nervous system. Mollusk venoms include cephalotoxin, venerup in, maculotoxin, surugatoxin, conotoxins, and murexine. MESH:D.24.185.926.580.590 conus venom MESH:D.24.185.926.580.590 snail venom MESH:D.24.185.926.580.590 octopus venom carapace BTO:0001701 The carapace is the dorsal (back), convex part of the shell structure of a turtle, consisting primarily of the animal's broad ribcage. The spine and ribs are fused to bony plates beneath the skin which interlock to form a hard shell. Exterior to the skin the shell is covered by scutes, which are horny plates made of keratin that protect the shell from scrapes and bruises. A keel, a ridge that runs from front to the back of the animal is present in some turtles. Turtles can survive surprisingly severe injuries to the carapace, and even deep cracks or missing portions can fill in with bone and heal. The softshell turtles, pig-nose turtle and leatherback sea turtle lack scutes and the bony carapace is covered only by skin. UBERON:0008275 note BTO class is more general The carapace is the dorsal (back), convex part of the shell structure of a turtle, consisting primarily of the animal's broad ribcage. The spine and ribs are fused to bony plates beneath the skin which interlock to form a hard shell. Exterior to the skin the shell is covered by scutes, which are horny plates made of keratin that protect the shell from scrapes and bruises. A keel, a ridge that runs from front to the back of the animal is present in some turtles. Turtles can survive surprisingly severe injuries to the carapace, and even deep cracks or missing portions can fill in with bone and heal. The softshell turtles, pig-nose turtle and leatherback sea turtle lack scutes and the bony carapace is covered only by skin. Wikipedia:Carapace#Turtles_and_tortoises plastron BTO:0001701 SCTID:64243001 The plastron is the nearly flat part of the shell structure of a turtle or tortoise, what one would call the belly, similar in composition to the carapace; with an external layer of horny material divided into plates called scutes and an underlying layer of interlocking bones. In certain families there is a hinge between the pectoral and abdominal scutes allowing the turtle to almost completely enclose itself. In certain species the sex of a testudine can be told by whether the plastron is concave, male or convex, female. This is because of the mating position. The plastral scutes join along a central seam down the middle of the plastron. The relative lengths of the seam segments can be used to help identify a species of turtle or tortoise. There are six laterally symmetric pairs of scutes on the plastron: gular, humeral, pectoral, abdominal, femoral, and anal (going from the head to the tail down the seam); the abdominal and gular scute seams are approximately the same length, and the femoral and pectoral seams are approximately the same length[WP]. UBERON:0008276 note BTO class is more general The plastron is the nearly flat part of the shell structure of a turtle or tortoise, what one would call the belly, similar in composition to the carapace; with an external layer of horny material divided into plates called scutes and an underlying layer of interlocking bones. In certain families there is a hinge between the pectoral and abdominal scutes allowing the turtle to almost completely enclose itself. In certain species the sex of a testudine can be told by whether the plastron is concave, male or convex, female. This is because of the mating position. The plastral scutes join along a central seam down the middle of the plastron. The relative lengths of the seam segments can be used to help identify a species of turtle or tortoise. There are six laterally symmetric pairs of scutes on the plastron: gular, humeral, pectoral, abdominal, femoral, and anal (going from the head to the tail down the seam); the abdominal and gular scute seams are approximately the same length, and the femoral and pectoral seams are approximately the same length[WP]. Wikipedia:Plastron cnida UBERON:0008277 cniade cniade nematocyst BTO:0000918 One of the stinging organelles of coelenterates used in catching prey. UBERON:0008278 BTO:0000918 One of the stinging organelles of coelenterates used in catching prey. spirocyst UBERON:0008279 cnidarian venom MESH:D.24.185.926.580.230 UBERON:0008280 Venoms from jellyfish, corals, SEA ANEMONES, etc. They contain hemo-, cardio-, dermo- , and neurotoxic substances and probably ENZYMES. They include palytoxin, sarcophine, and anthopleurine. chironex venom cnidarian venom jellyfish venom portuguese man of war venom portuguese man-of-war venom sea anemone venom MESH:D.24.185.926.580.230 chironex venom MESH:D.24.185.926.580.230 portuguese man-of-war venom MESH:D.24.185.926.580.230 Venoms from jellyfish, corals, SEA ANEMONES, etc. They contain hemo-, cardio-, dermo- , and neurotoxic substances and probably ENZYMES. They include palytoxin, sarcophine, and anthopleurine. MESH:D.24.185.926.580.230 cnidarian venom MESH MESH:D.24.185.926.580.230 sea anemone venom MESH:D.24.185.926.580.230 jellyfish venom MESH:D.24.185.926.580.230 portuguese man of war venom tooth bud A knoblike tooth primordium developing into an enamel organ surrounded by a dental sac and encasing the dental papilla. BTO:0001838 SCTID:53301001 UBERON:0008281 ncithesaurus:Tooth_Bud A knoblike tooth primordium developing into an enamel organ surrounded by a dental sac and encasing the dental papilla. BTO:0001838 columnella BTO:0000277 UBERON:0008283 a central anatomical feature of a coiled snail shell or gastropod shell. It is often only clearly visible as a structure when the shell is broken, or sliced in half vertically, or in an X-ray. columella muscle BTO:0000277 columella muscle Wikipedia:Columella_(gastropod) a central anatomical feature of a coiled snail shell or gastropod shell. It is often only clearly visible as a structure when the shell is broken, or sliced in half vertically, or in an X-ray. columnella muscle BTO:0000277 The muscle of the central column or axis of a spiral univalve shell. UBERON:0008284 columella muscle BTO:0000277 columella muscle BTO:0000277 The muscle of the central column or axis of a spiral univalve shell. Wikipedia:Columella_(gastropod)#Columellar_muscles rumen epithelium BTO:0001195 The rumen epithelium is the tissue which lines the largest of the four fore stomachs in the ruminant animal -cows and sheep. Rumen epithelial cells are important because they are responsible for the absorption of nutrients from the rumen into the blood. UBERON:0008285 BTO:0001195 PMID:10764086 The rumen epithelium is the tissue which lines the largest of the four fore stomachs in the ruminant animal -cows and sheep. Rumen epithelial cells are important because they are responsible for the absorption of nutrients from the rumen into the blood. feather calamus BTO:0001608 The hollow basal portion of a feather below the vane[BTO]. At the base of the feather, the rachis expands to form the hollow tubular calamus (or quill) which inserts into a follicle in the skin. The basal part of the calamus is without vanes. This part is embedded within the skin follicle and has an opening at the base (proximal umbilicus) and a small opening on the side (distal umbilicus)[WP]. UBERON:0008286 feather quill BTO BTO:0001608 The hollow basal portion of a feather below the vane[BTO]. At the base of the feather, the rachis expands to form the hollow tubular calamus (or quill) which inserts into a follicle in the skin. The basal part of the calamus is without vanes. This part is embedded within the skin follicle and has an opening at the base (proximal umbilicus) and a small opening on the side (distal umbilicus)[WP]. BTO:0001608 feather quill feather vane UBERON:0008287 feather rachis UBERON:0008288 afterfeather UBERON:0008290 down feature UBERON:0008291 vaned feature UBERON:0008292 filoplume feature UBERON:0008293 filoplume feather barb One of a series of branches fused to the rachis (stem) of a feather. The barbs themselves also have branches called barbules, which have hooks that lock the barbs together[WP]. UBERON:0008294 barb One of a series of branches fused to the rachis (stem) of a feather. The barbs themselves also have branches called barbules, which have hooks that lock the barbs together[WP]. Wikipedia:Barb_(feather) barb feather barbule UBERON:0008295 femoral muscle BTO:0002542 Origin: anterior and lateral surfaces of femur; insertion: patella, common tendon of quadriceps femoris; innervation: femoral; action, extends leg. UBERON:0008296 crureus intermediate great muscle intermediate vastus muscle musculus vastus intermedius BTO:0002542 crureus BTO:0002542 musculus vastus intermedius BTO BTO:0002542 intermediate great muscle BTO:0002542 Origin: anterior and lateral surfaces of femur; insertion: patella, common tendon of quadriceps femoris; innervation: femoral; action, extends leg. BTO:0002542 intermediate vastus muscle pennaceous feature Pennaceous feathers are also known as contour feathers. This type of feather is present in most modern birds, and has been shown in some species of maniraptoran dinosaurs. Pennaceous feathers have a central shaft (or rachis) with vanes spreading to either side. These vanes are composed of a high number of flattened barbs, that are connected to one another with barbules. The barbules are tiny strands that criss-cross on the flattened side s of the barbs. This forms a kind of miniature velcro-like mesh that holds all the barbs together, stabilizing the vanes. Flight feathers (remiges and rectrices) are specialized types of pennaceous feathers, adapted for high loadings and often strongly asymmetric for improved flight performance[WP]. UBERON:0008297 Pennaceous feathers are also known as contour feathers. This type of feather is present in most modern birds, and has been shown in some species of maniraptoran dinosaurs. Pennaceous feathers have a central shaft (or rachis) with vanes spreading to either side. These vanes are composed of a high number of flattened barbs, that are connected to one another with barbules. The barbules are tiny strands that criss-cross on the flattened side s of the barbs. This forms a kind of miniature velcro-like mesh that holds all the barbs together, stabilizing the vanes. Flight feathers (remiges and rectrices) are specialized types of pennaceous feathers, adapted for high loadings and often strongly asymmetric for improved flight performance[WP]. Wikipedia:Pennaceous_feather inner chondrogenic layer of perichondrium BTO:0005090 The perichondrium consists of two separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer. The chondrogenic layer remains undifferentiated and can form chondroblasts or chondrocytes. UBERON:0008304 The perichondrium consists of two separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer. The chondrogenic layer remains undifferentiated and can form chondroblasts or chondrocytes. Wikipedia:The_Free_Encyclopedia BTO outer fibrous layer of perichondrium BTO:0005091 The perichondrium consists of two separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer. The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, which produce collagenous fibers. UBERON:0008305 The perichondrium consists of two separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer. The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, which produce collagenous fibers. Wikipedia:The_Free_Encyclopedia BTO heart endothelium BTO:0004293 UBERON:0008307 nasopharyngeal gland FMA:55076 SCTID:178973008 UBERON:0008310 penile bulb artery BTO:0005087 FMA:20864 SCTID:293338009 UBERON:0008311 a short vessel of large caliber which arises from the internal pudendal between the two layers of fascia of the urogenital diaphragm; it passes medialward, pierces the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, and gives off branches which ramify in the bulb of the urethra and in the posterior part of the corpus spongiosum. It gives off a small branch to the bulbo-urethral gland. arteria bulbi penis artery of bulb of penis bulbourethral artery Obol BTO:0005087 arteria bulbi penis Wikipedia:Bulbourethral_artery a short vessel of large caliber which arises from the internal pudendal between the two layers of fascia of the urogenital diaphragm; it passes medialward, pierces the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, and gives off branches which ramify in the bulb of the urethra and in the posterior part of the corpus spongiosum. It gives off a small branch to the bulbo-urethral gland. Obol BTO:0005087 bulbourethral artery FMA:20864 artery of bulb of penis FMA BTO common penile artery BTO:0005085 FMA:66318 SCTID:282044005 The artery that serves blood to the penis. It subdivides into three arteries, the bulbourethral artery, the dorsal artery of the penis and the cavernosal artery. UBERON:0008320 penile artery todo - split generic structure from arterial tree BTO The artery that serves blood to the penis. It subdivides into three arteries, the bulbourethral artery, the dorsal artery of the penis and the cavernosal artery. Wikipedia:Penile_artery FMA BTO:0005085 penile artery deep artery of penis BTO:0005086 FMA:19794 SCTID:244293007 The deep artery of the penis (artery to the corpus cavernosum), one of the terminal branches of the internal pudendal, arises from that vessel while it is situated between the two fasciC& of the urogenital diaphragm (deep perineal pouch). It pierces the inferior fascia, and, entering the crus penis obliquely, runs forward in the center of the corpus cavernosum penis, to which its branches are distributed. UBERON:0008321 arteria cavernosa penis arteria profunda penis cavernosal artery deep penile artery Obol The deep artery of the penis (artery to the corpus cavernosum), one of the terminal branches of the internal pudendal, arises from that vessel while it is situated between the two fasciC& of the urogenital diaphragm (deep perineal pouch). It pierces the inferior fascia, and, entering the crus penis obliquely, runs forward in the center of the corpus cavernosum penis, to which its branches are distributed. Wikipedia:Deep_artery_of_the_penis BTO:0005086 arteria profunda penis FMA BTO BTO:0005086 arteria cavernosa penis FMA:19794 deep penile artery BTO:0005086 cavernosal artery FMA deep artery of clitoris FMA:20870 SCTID:244297008 The deep artery of clitoris is a branch of the internal pudendal artery. UBERON:0008322 Obol FMA FMA The deep artery of clitoris is a branch of the internal pudendal artery. Wikipedia:Deep_artery_of_clitoris dorsal artery of clitoris FMA:20867 SCTID:244298003 UBERON:0008323 MA FMA FMA erectile tissue UBERON:0008324 vestibulum vaginae BTO:0003145 FMA:19970 The space posterior to the glans clitoridis and between the labia minora, containing the openings of the vagina, urethra, and ducts of the greater vestibular glands. UBERON:0008330 vaginal introitus vaginal vestibule vestibule of vagina vestibule of vagina vestibulum pudendi FMA:19970 vestibule of vagina FMA BTO:0003145 vestibule of vagina BTO:0003145 vestibulum pudendi BTO BTO:0003145 The space posterior to the glans clitoridis and between the labia minora, containing the openings of the vagina, urethra, and ducts of the greater vestibular glands. Wikipedia:Vulval_vestibule FMA BTO:0003145 vaginal introitus FMA:19970 vaginal vestibule clitoral smooth muscle BTO:0005000 UBERON:0008331 clitoris smooth muscle BTO:0005000 clitoris smooth muscle BTO BTO hilum of neuraxis FMA:83871 UBERON:0008332 neuraxis hilum FMA:83871 neuraxis hilum hilum of inferior olivary complex BTO:0002300 FMA:72612 The white core of the inferior olivary nucleus of the medulla oblongata, most prominent medially. UBERON:0008333 hilum nuclei olivaris caudalis hilum nuclei olivaris inferioris hilum of caudal olivary nucleus hilum of inferior olivary nucleus hilum of inferior olivary nucleus inferior olivary hilum inferior olive hilum FMA:TA hilum nuclei olivaris inferioris FMA BTO BTO:0002300 hilum nuclei olivaris caudalis FMA:72612 hilum of inferior olivary nucleus FMA:72612 inferior olive hilum FMA Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource The white core of the inferior olivary nucleus of the medulla oblongata, most prominent medially. BTO:0002300 hilum of caudal olivary nucleus BTO:0002300 hilum of inferior olivary nucleus FMA:72612 inferior olivary hilum subarachnoid sulcus FMA:75759 UBERON:0008334 ventrolateral sulcus of medulla oblongata A longitudinal sulcus on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata, lateral to the pyramid, from which emerge the fibers of the hypoglossal nerve. BTO:0002777 FMA:83797 UBERON:0008335 anterolateral groove of medulla oblongata anterolateral sulcus of medulla sulcus anterolateralis medullae oblongatae sulcus anterolateralis medullae oblongatae sulcus ventrolateralis medullae spinalis ventrolateral fissure of medulla ventrolateral sulcus ventrolateral sulcus of medulla ventrolateral sulcus of spinal cord BTO FMA:83797 anterolateral sulcus of medulla BTO:0002777 sulcus ventrolateralis medullae spinalis FMA:83797 ventrolateral sulcus BTO:0002777 sulcus anterolateralis medullae oblongatae BTO:0002777 ventrolateral sulcus of spinal cord FMA:83797 ventrolateral fissure of medulla A longitudinal sulcus on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata, lateral to the pyramid, from which emerge the fibers of the hypoglossal nerve. Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource FMA FMA:TA sulcus anterolateralis medullae oblongatae FMA:83797 ventrolateral sulcus of medulla BTO:0002777 anterolateral groove of medulla oblongata inguinal part of abdomen BTO:0003358 FMA:24040 GAID:27 MESH:A.01.047.365 SCTID:243962005 The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. UBERON:0008337 galen treats inguinal region and groin as distinct galen:InguinalRegion groin iliac fossa viewed surgically iliac region iliac region inguen inguen inguinal region inguinal region ncithesaurus:Inguinal_Region MESH:A.01.047.365 The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. FMA:24040 groin FMA:24040 inguinal region BTO:0003358 inguinal region FMA:24040 iliac fossa viewed surgically FMA:24040 iliac region BTO:0003358 inguen FMA:TA inguen BTO:0003358 iliac region plantar part of foot BTO:0005078 FMA:25000 SCTID:57999000 The sole is the bottom of the foot. In humans is the sole of the foot anatomically referred to as the plantar aspect. The equivalent surface in ungulates is the hoof. UBERON:0008338 galen:SoleOfFoot ncithesaurus:Plantar_Region pelma planta plantar region regio plantaris sole sole of foot sole of foot sole of the foot soles of the feet The sole is the bottom of the foot. In humans is the sole of the foot anatomically referred to as the plantar aspect. The equivalent surface in ungulates is the hoof. Wikipedia:Sole_%28foot%29 Wikipedia:Sole_%28foot%29 sole of the foot Wikipedia:Sole_%28foot%29 pelma FMA:25000 sole FMA:25000 sole of foot FMA:TA regio plantaris Wikipedia:Sole_%28foot%29 sole of foot Wikipedia:Sole_%28foot%29 soles of the feet FMA:25000 plantar region FMA FMA:TA planta microvascular endothelium BTO:0003122 UBERON:0008339 BTO nasal bridge A saddle-shaped area that includes the nasal root and the lateral aspects of the nose. It lies between the glabella and the inferior boundary of the nasal bone, and extends laterally to the inner canth[WP]. MA:0002874 UBERON:0008340 A saddle-shaped area that includes the nasal root and the lateral aspects of the nose. It lies between the glabella and the inferior boundary of the nasal bone, and extends laterally to the inner canth[WP]. Wikipedia:Nasal_bridge http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajmg.a.32600/full MA AEO columella nasi FMA:59725 UBERON:0008341 columella the tissue that links the nasal tip to the nasal base, and separates the nares. It is the inferior margin of the nasal septum[EoM]. FMA:59725 columella http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajmg.a.32600/full the tissue that links the nasal tip to the nasal base, and separates the nares. It is the inferior margin of the nasal septum[EoM]. FMA intestinal villus of duodenum FMA:63300 UBERON:0008342 FMA FMA intestinal villus of jejunum FMA:63301 UBERON:0008343 FMA FMA intestinal villus of ileum FMA:63302 UBERON:0008344 FMA FMA ileal epithelium FMA:17233 SCTID:47046000 UBERON:0008345 epithelium of ileum FMA:17233 epithelium of ileum FMA duodenal epithelium FMA:17231 SCTID:66036002 UBERON:0008346 epithelium of duodenum FMA:17231 epithelium of duodenum FMA amnion epithelium BTO:0000897 UBERON:0008359 breast epithelium BTO:0001428 UBERON:0008367 tracheobronchial epithelium BTO:0002925 Epithelium pertaining to the trachea and bronchi. UBERON:0008397 bronchotracheal epithelium BTO:0002925 bronchotracheal epithelium BTO Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckMedicus Epithelium pertaining to the trachea and bronchi. proximale tubular epithelium BTO:0003576 The cells lining the proximal tubule are cuboidal epithelial cells with deep basal membrane invaginations that provide a large basal surface area. The long microvilli (the brush border) lining the tubule lumen, maximize luminal surface area and make these cells ideally suited for both reabsorptive and secretory functions. UBERON:0008404 proximale tubule epithelium :_Chapter_3 Renal_Physiology:Section_7 The cells lining the proximal tubule are cuboidal epithelial cells with deep basal membrane invaginations that provide a large basal surface area. The long microvilli (the brush border) lining the tubule lumen, maximize luminal surface area and make these cells ideally suited for both reabsorptive and secretory functions. BTO BTO:0003576 proximale tubule epithelium distal tubular epithelium BTO:0003948 UBERON:0008408 distal tubule epithelium BTO BTO:0003948 distal tubule epithelium buccal epithelium BTO:0004803 UBERON:0008420 BTO inguinal mammary gland MA:0000790 SCTID:66519003 UBERON:0008424 MA MA mammary ridge A bandlike thickening of ectoderm in the embryo extending from just below the axilla to the inguinal region and giving rise to the mammary glands[Stedmans]. One of two parallel lines, formed by thickenings of the epidermis (the mammary ridge) along the ventral surface of mammals of both sexes. They extend from the upper limbs (arms) to the lower limbs (legs) and are developed in the embryo. They give rise to the mammary glands and nipples but are otherwise usually not visible in the adult. The first manifestation of the mammary gland in many mammals is an elevated ridge or milk line, which then fragments into individual buds in specific regions lateral of the dorsal midline. These buds are either located in the thoracic region in primates, in the inguinal area in ungulates or along the entire length of the trunk in rodents and pigs. In humans, milk lines appear in the seventh week of embryonic development. After initial development of the milk lines they go into remission. Nipples develop on the milk lines of mammals. Most humans have two nipples, but in some cases more than two will develop. In most cases, these 'third nipples'—and sometimes fourth nipple—grow along the milk line[WP]. EMAPA:18541 UBERON:0008425 mammary fold milk line split ridge and milk line? Wikipedia:Milk_line milk line http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mammary+ridge mammary fold A bandlike thickening of ectoderm in the embryo extending from just below the axilla to the inguinal region and giving rise to the mammary glands[Stedmans]. One of two parallel lines, formed by thickenings of the epidermis (the mammary ridge) along the ventral surface of mammals of both sexes. They extend from the upper limbs (arms) to the lower limbs (legs) and are developed in the embryo. They give rise to the mammary glands and nipples but are otherwise usually not visible in the adult. The first manifestation of the mammary gland in many mammals is an elevated ridge or milk line, which then fragments into individual buds in specific regions lateral of the dorsal midline. These buds are either located in the thoracic region in primates, in the inguinal area in ungulates or along the entire length of the trunk in rodents and pigs. In humans, milk lines appear in the seventh week of embryonic development. After initial development of the milk lines they go into remission. Nipples develop on the milk lines of mammals. Most humans have two nipples, but in some cases more than two will develop. In most cases, these 'third nipples'—and sometimes fourth nipple—grow along the milk line[WP]. Wikipedia:Milk_line http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mammary%20ridge transverse foramen of atlas FMA:23998 SCTID:281220001 UBERON:0008426 foramen transversarium of atlas FMA:23998 foramen transversarium of atlas transverse foramen of axis FMA:23999 SCTID:281221002 UBERON:0008427 foramen transversarium of axis FMA:23999 foramen transversarium of axis ceratoglossus FMA:46720 UBERON:0008428 ceratoglossus muscle main, posterior part of hyoglossus muscle (vs. chondroglossus) arising from the greater horn of the hyoid bone. musculus ceratoglossus http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=56655 musculus ceratoglossus FMA http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=56655 main, posterior part of hyoglossus muscle (vs. chondroglossus) arising from the greater horn of the hyoid bone. ceratoglossus muscle http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=56655 cervical vertebral foramen FMA:13480 SCTID:280833008 UBERON:0008429 lumbar vertebral foramen FMA:24826 SCTID:280835001 UBERON:0008430 sacral foramen FMA:31749 UBERON:0008431 thoracic vertebral foramen FMA:9143 SCTID:280834002 UBERON:0008432 lumbar vertebral arch FMA:16076 SCTID:312766000 UBERON:0008433 arch of lumbar vertebra FMA:16076 arch of lumbar vertebra cervical vertebral arch FMA:23893 SCTID:165269004 UBERON:0008434 arch of cervical vertebra FMA:23893 arch of cervical vertebra vertebral arch of sacral segment FMA:32401 UBERON:0008435 thoracic vertebral arch FMA:9151 SCTID:312764002 UBERON:0008436 arch of thoracic vertebra FMA:9151 arch of thoracic vertebra posterior arch of atlas FMA:23977 In a cervical vertebra, the posterior arch forms about two-fifths of the circumference of the ring: it ends behind in the posterior tubercle, which is the rudiment of a spinous process and gives origin to the Recti capitis posteriores minores. SCTID:181892007 UBERON:0008437 posterior arch FMA FMA Wikipedia:Posterior_arch posterior arch In a cervical vertebra, the posterior arch forms about two-fifths of the circumference of the ring: it ends behind in the posterior tubercle, which is the rudiment of a spinous process and gives origin to the Recti capitis posteriores minores. Wikipedia:Posterior_arch webbed interdigital region of forelimb UBERON:0008438 webbed interdigital region of hindlimb UBERON:0008439 toe web Obol:automatic toe web webbed autpod UBERON:0008440 webbed hand AAO:0010120 UBERON:0008441 webbed foot AAO:0010121 UBERON:0008442 webbed digit UBERON:0008443 webbed forelimb digit UBERON:0008444 webbed finger Obol:automatic webbed finger webbed hindlimb digit UBERON:0008445 webbed toe Obol:automatic webbed toe flexor pollicis longus muscle FMA:38481 SCTID:361818001 The flexor pollicis longus (FPL, Latin flexor, bender; pollicis, thumb; longus, long) is a muscle in the forearm and hand that flexes the thumb. It lies in the same plane as the flexor digitorum profundus. This muscle is unique to humans, being 'either rudimentary or absent' in other primates. UBERON:0008446 flexor pollicis flexor pollicis longus The flexor pollicis longus (FPL, Latin flexor, bender; pollicis, thumb; longus, long) is a muscle in the forearm and hand that flexes the thumb. It lies in the same plane as the flexor digitorum profundus. This muscle is unique to humans, being 'either rudimentary or absent' in other primates. Wikipedia:Flexor_pollicis_longus_muscle Wikipedia:Flexor_pollicis_longus_muscle flexor pollicis Wikipedia:Flexor_pollicis_longus_muscle flexor pollicis longus Wikipedia intertarsal articulation FMA:44281 GAID:259 Intertarsal articulations are the joints of the tarsus. The specific intertarsal articulations are: Talocalcaneal articulation Talocalcaneonavicular articulation Calcaneocuboid articulation Cuneonavicular articulation Cuboideonavicular articulation Intercuneiform articulation Cuneocuboid articulation MESH:A.02.835.583.378.831 UBERON:0008447 articulationes intertarsale articulationes intertarseae intermetatarsal joint intertarsal intertarsal articulation intertarsal joint ncithesaurus:Tarsal_Joint tarsal joint tarsal joints MESH:A.02.835.583.378.831 intermetatarsal joint GAID MESH:A.02.835.583.378.831 intertarsal joint MESH:A.02.835.583.378.831 tarsal joint Wikipedia:Intertarsal_articulations intertarsal Wikipedia:Intertarsal_articulations intertarsal articulation MESH:A.02.835.583.378.831 articulationes intertarseae Wikipedia:Intertarsal_articulations tarsal joints MESH:A.02.835.583.378.831 articulationes intertarsale Intertarsal articulations are the joints of the tarsus. The specific intertarsal articulations are: Talocalcaneal articulation Talocalcaneonavicular articulation Calcaneocuboid articulation Cuneonavicular articulation Cuboideonavicular articulation Intercuneiform articulation Cuneocuboid articulation Wikipedia:Intertarsal_articulations trochlear notch FMA:23619 The semilunar notch of the ulna (trochlear notch of ulna, greater sigmoid cavity) is a large depression, formed by the olecranon and the coronoid process, and serving for articulation with the trochlea of the humerus. About the middle of either side of this notch is an indentation, which contracts it somewhat, and indicates the junction of the olecranon and the coronoid process. The notch is concave from above downward, and divided into a medial and a lateral portion by a smooth ridge running from the summit of the olecranon to the tip of the coronoid process. The medial portion is the larger, and is slightly concave transversely; the lateral is convex above, slightly concave below. UBERON:0008449 incisura trochlearis semilunar notch semilunar notch of ulna FMA:23619 semilunar notch of ulna Wikipedia:Trochlear_notch semilunar notch FMA The semilunar notch of the ulna (trochlear notch of ulna, greater sigmoid cavity) is a large depression, formed by the olecranon and the coronoid process, and serving for articulation with the trochlea of the humerus. About the middle of either side of this notch is an indentation, which contracts it somewhat, and indicates the junction of the olecranon and the coronoid process. The notch is concave from above downward, and divided into a medial and a lateral portion by a smooth ridge running from the summit of the olecranon to the tip of the coronoid process. The medial portion is the larger, and is slightly concave transversely; the lateral is convex above, slightly concave below. Wikipedia:Trochlear_notch Wikipedia:Trochlear_notch incisura trochlearis psoas A powerful flexor of the thigh at the hip joint (psoas major) and a weak flexor of the trunk and lumbar spinal column (psoas minor). Psoas is derived from the Greek "psoa", the plural meaning "muscles of the loin". It is a common site of infection manifesting as abscess (PSOAS ABSCESS). The psoas muscles and their fibers are also used frequently in experiments in muscle physiology. BTO:0001140 MA:0002553 MESH:A.02.633.567.825 UBERON:0008450 galen:Psoas BTO A powerful flexor of the thigh at the hip joint (psoas major) and a weak flexor of the trunk and lumbar spinal column (psoas minor). Psoas is derived from the Greek "psoa", the plural meaning "muscles of the loin". It is a common site of infection manifesting as abscess (PSOAS ABSCESS). The psoas muscles and their fibers are also used frequently in experiments in muscle physiology. MESH:A.02.633.567.825 rectus capitis anterior FMA:46312 SCTID:244838005 The rectus capitis anterior (rectus capitis anticus minor) is a short, flat muscle, situated immediately behind the upper part of the Longus capitis. It arises from the anterior surface of the lateral mass of the atlas, and from the root of its transverse process, and passing obliquely upward and medialward, is inserted into the inferior surface of the basilar part of the occipital bone immediately in front of the foramen magnum. UBERON:0008453 anterior rectus capitis anterior rectus capitis muscle anterior vertebral muscle recti capitis anteriores rectus capitis rectus capitis anterior rectus capitis anterior muscle rectus capitus anterior rectus capitus anterior muscle Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_anterior_muscle recti capitis anteriores The rectus capitis anterior (rectus capitis anticus minor) is a short, flat muscle, situated immediately behind the upper part of the Longus capitis. It arises from the anterior surface of the lateral mass of the atlas, and from the root of its transverse process, and passing obliquely upward and medialward, is inserted into the inferior surface of the basilar part of the occipital bone immediately in front of the foramen magnum. Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_anterior_muscle Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_anterior_muscle rectus capitus anterior Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_anterior_muscle rectus capitus anterior muscle FMA Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_anterior_muscle rectus capitis Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_anterior_muscle rectus capitis anterior Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_anterior_muscle anterior rectus capitis muscle Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_anterior_muscle rectus capitis anterior muscle Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_anterior_muscle anterior vertebral muscle FMA:46312 anterior rectus capitis rectus capitis posterior major FMA:32525 SCTID:245994002 The Rectus capitis posterior major (Rectus capitis posticus major) arises by a pointed tendon from the spinous process of the axis, and, becoming broader as it ascends, is inserted into the lateral part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the surface of the bone immediately below the line. As the muscles of the two sides pass upward and lateralward, they leave between them a triangular space, in which the Recti capitis posteriores minores are seen. Its main actions are to extend and rotate the atlanto-occipital joint. UBERON:0008454 greater posterior rectus capitis recti capitis posteriores major rectus capitis posterior major rectus capitis posterior major muscle rectus capitus posterior major rectus capitus posterior major muscle rectus posterior major Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_major_muscle recti capitis posteriores major Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_major_muscle rectus capitus posterior major Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_major_muscle rectus capitis posterior major muscle FMA:32525 greater posterior rectus capitis Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_major_muscle rectus posterior major The Rectus capitis posterior major (Rectus capitis posticus major) arises by a pointed tendon from the spinous process of the axis, and, becoming broader as it ascends, is inserted into the lateral part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the surface of the bone immediately below the line. As the muscles of the two sides pass upward and lateralward, they leave between them a triangular space, in which the Recti capitis posteriores minores are seen. Its main actions are to extend and rotate the atlanto-occipital joint. Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_major_muscle FMA Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_major_muscle rectus capitis posterior major Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_major_muscle rectus capitus posterior major muscle rectus capitis posterior minor FMA:32526 SCTID:245995001 The Rectus capitis posterior minor (Rectus capitis posticus minor) arises by a narrow pointed tendon from the tubercle on the posterior arch of the atlas, and, widening as it ascends, is inserted into the medial part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the surface between it and the foramen magnum, and also takes some attachment to the spinal dura. The synergists are the rectus capitus posterior major and Obliquus capitis. Connective tissue bridges were noted at the atlanto-occipital junction between the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and the dorsal spinal dura. The perpendicular arrangement of these fibers appears to restrict dural movement toward the spinal cord. The ligamentum nuchae was found to be continuous with the posterior cervical spinal dura and the lateral portion of the occipital bone. Anatomic structures innervated by cervical nerves C1-C3 have the potential to cause headache pain. Included are the joint complexes of the upper 3 cervical segments, the dura mater, and spinal cord. The dura-muscular, dura-ligamentous connections in the upper cervical spine and occipital areas may provide anatomic and physiologic answers to the cause of the cervicogenic headache. This proposal would further explain manipulation's efficacy in the treatment of cervicogenic headache . UBERON:0008455 lesser posterior rectus capitis recti capitis posteriores minores rectus capitis posterior minor rectus capitis posterior minor muscle rectus capitus posterior minor rectus capitus posterior minor muscle rectus posterior minor The Rectus capitis posterior minor (Rectus capitis posticus minor) arises by a narrow pointed tendon from the tubercle on the posterior arch of the atlas, and, widening as it ascends, is inserted into the medial part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the surface between it and the foramen magnum, and also takes some attachment to the spinal dura. The synergists are the rectus capitus posterior major and Obliquus capitis. Connective tissue bridges were noted at the atlanto-occipital junction between the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and the dorsal spinal dura. The perpendicular arrangement of these fibers appears to restrict dural movement toward the spinal cord. The ligamentum nuchae was found to be continuous with the posterior cervical spinal dura and the lateral portion of the occipital bone. Anatomic structures innervated by cervical nerves C1-C3 have the potential to cause headache pain. Included are the joint complexes of the upper 3 cervical segments, the dura mater, and spinal cord. The dura-muscular, dura-ligamentous connections in the upper cervical spine and occipital areas may provide anatomic and physiologic answers to the cause of the cervicogenic headache. This proposal would further explain manipulation's efficacy in the treatment of cervicogenic headache . Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_minor_muscle Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_minor_muscle rectus posterior minor Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_minor_muscle rectus capitus posterior minor muscle Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_minor_muscle rectus capitis posterior minor Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_minor_muscle recti capitis posteriores minores FMA:32526 lesser posterior rectus capitis FMA Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_minor_muscle rectus capitus posterior minor Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_minor_muscle rectus capitis posterior minor muscle superior articular process of lumbar vertebra FMA:16126 SCTID:305677003 UBERON:0008456 cranial articular process of lumbar vertebra FMA:16126 cranial articular process of lumbar vertebra superior articular process of sacral vertebra FMA:16215 UBERON:0008457 articular process of sacral segment processus articularis superior (os sacrum) processus articularis superior ossis sacri superior articular process of sacral segment superior articular process of sacrum FMA:TA processus articularis superior ossis sacri FMA:16215 articular process of sacral segment FMA:16215 processus articularis superior (os sacrum) FMA:16215 superior articular process of sacrum FMA:16215 superior articular process of sacral segment superior articular process of cervical vertebra FMA:23969 SCTID:57767002 UBERON:0008459 superior articular process of thoracic vertebra FMA:9155 SCTID:367801006 UBERON:0008460 cranial articular process of thoracic vertebra processus articularis (zygapophysis) thoracicus superior superior apophyseal process superior zygapophysis FMA:9155 processus articularis (zygapophysis) thoracicus superior FMA:9155 superior apophyseal process FMA:9155 superior zygapophysis FMA:9155 cranial articular process of thoracic vertebra inferior articular process of lumbar vertebra FMA:16127 SCTID:306283004 UBERON:0008461 caudal articular process of lumbar vertebra FMA:16127 caudal articular process of lumbar vertebra inferior articular process of cervical vertebra FMA:23970 SCTID:61633005 UBERON:0008462 inferior articular process of thoracic vertebra FMA:9156 SCTID:367814007 UBERON:0008463 caudal articular process of thoracic vertebra inferior apophyseal process inferior zygapophysis processus articularis (zygapophysis) thoracicus inferior FMA:9156 caudal articular process of thoracic vertebra FMA:9156 inferior apophyseal process FMA:9156 processus articularis (zygapophysis) thoracicus inferior FMA:9156 inferior zygapophysis abductor hallucis muscle FMA:37448 SCTID:181723001 The Abductor hallucis lies along the medial border of the foot and covers the origins of the plantar vessels and nerves. It arises from the medial process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus, from the laciniate ligament, from the plantar aponeurosis, and from the intermuscular septum between it and the Flexor digitorum brevis. The fibers end in a tendon, which is inserted, together with the medial tendon of the Flexor hallucis brevis, into the tibial side of the base of the first phalanx of the great toe. UBERON:0008464 Wikipedia:Abductor_hallucis_muscle abductor hallucis The Abductor hallucis lies along the medial border of the foot and covers the origins of the plantar vessels and nerves. It arises from the medial process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus, from the laciniate ligament, from the plantar aponeurosis, and from the intermuscular septum between it and the Flexor digitorum brevis. The fibers end in a tendon, which is inserted, together with the medial tendon of the Flexor hallucis brevis, into the tibial side of the base of the first phalanx of the great toe. Wikipedia:Abductor_hallucis_muscle Wikipedia:Abductor_hallucis_muscle abductor hallucis abductor pollicis brevis muscle FMA:37373 SCTID:181648007 The abductor pollicis brevis is a muscle in the hand that functions as an abductor of the thumb. UBERON:0008465 Wikipedia:Abductor_pollicis_brevis_muscle abductor brevis abductor pollicis brevis Wikipedia:Abductor_pollicis_brevis_muscle abductor pollicis brevis Wikipedia:Abductor_pollicis_brevis_muscle abductor brevis The abductor pollicis brevis is a muscle in the hand that functions as an abductor of the thumb. Wikipedia:Abductor_pollicis_brevis_muscle cremaster muscle EMAPA:31250 FMA:21531 SCTID:244948006 The cremaster muscle is a muscle that covers the testis. UBERON:0008488 cremaster cremaster muscle cremasteric muscle muscle of riolan (cremaster) musculus cremaster musculus cremaster <male> ncithesaurus:Cremaster_Muscle Wikipedia:Cremaster_muscle cremaster muscle Wikipedia:Cremaster_muscle cremasteric muscle FMA:21531 cremaster FMA:21531 muscle of riolan (cremaster) FMA:TA musculus cremaster <male> EMAPA The cremaster muscle is a muscle that covers the testis. Wikipedia:Cremaster_muscle FMA:TA musculus cremaster gluteus minimus FMA:22317 SCTID:181676004 The gluteus minimus (or glutC&us minimus), the smallest of the three gluteal muscles, is situated immediately beneath the gluteus medius. UBERON:0008521 glut%c3%a6us minimus glutaeus minimus gluteus minimus gluteus minimus muscle Wikipedia:Gluteus_minimus_muscle glut%c3%a6us minimus Wikipedia:Gluteus_minimus_muscle glutaeus minimus FMA Wikipedia:Gluteus_minimus_muscle gluteus minimus The gluteus minimus (or glutC&us minimus), the smallest of the three gluteal muscles, is situated immediately beneath the gluteus medius. Wikipedia:Gluteus_minimus_muscle FMA FMA nasal muscle FMA:73758 SCTID:244730009 UBERON:0008522 muscle of nose ncithesaurus:Nasal_Muscle Obol:automatic muscle of nose FMA infrahyoid muscle FMA:13338 SCTID:244829008 The infrahyoid muscles are a group of four pairs of muscles in the anterior part of the neck. (The term infrahyoid refers to the region below to the hyoid bone in the neck. ) Collectively, they are referred to as the strap muscles, because the muscles are long and flat much like a strap. UBERON:0008523 infrahyoid infrahyoid muscle infrahyoidala strap muscle strap muscles Wikipedia:Infrahyoid_muscles infrahyoid muscle Wikipedia:Infrahyoid_muscles infrahyoidala FMA The infrahyoid muscles are a group of four pairs of muscles in the anterior part of the neck. (The term infrahyoid refers to the region below to the hyoid bone in the neck. ) Collectively, they are referred to as the strap muscles, because the muscles are long and flat much like a strap. Wikipedia:Infrahyoid_muscles Wikipedia:Infrahyoid_muscles strap muscle Wikipedia:Infrahyoid_muscles infrahyoid Wikipedia:Infrahyoid_muscles strap muscles piriformis FMA:19082 The piriformis (from Latin piriformis = "pear shaped") is a muscle in the gluteal region of the lower limb. UBERON:0008529 m.piriformis musculus piriformis piriform muscle piriformis Wikipedia:Piriformis_muscle musculus piriformis FMA FMA Wikipedia:Piriformis_muscle piriformis Wikipedia:Piriformis_muscle piriform muscle FMA:19082 m.piriformis The piriformis (from Latin piriformis = "pear shaped") is a muscle in the gluteal region of the lower limb. Wikipedia:Piriformis_muscle FMA quadratus femoris FMA:22321 The quadratus femoris is, as its name implies, a flat, quadrilateral skeletal muscle. Located on the posterior side of the hip joint, it is a strong lateral rotator and adductor of the thigh, but also acts to stabilize the femoral head in the Acetabulum. UBERON:0008537 quadratus femoris muscle Wikipedia:Quadratus_femoris_muscle quadratus femoris muscle FMA FMA The quadratus femoris is, as its name implies, a flat, quadrilateral skeletal muscle. Located on the posterior side of the hip joint, it is a strong lateral rotator and adductor of the thigh, but also acts to stabilize the femoral head in the Acetabulum. Wikipedia:Quadratus_femoris_muscle muscle of posterior compartment of thigh FMA:22427 The posterior fascial compartment of the thigh contains the knee flexors and hip extensors. It consists of the following muscles: biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus The muscles here (except for the short head of the biceps femoris) are the hamstrings. UBERON:0008538 posterior fascial compartment of thigh posterior femoral muscle posterior femoral muscles The posterior fascial compartment of the thigh contains the knee flexors and hip extensors. It consists of the following muscles: biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus The muscles here (except for the short head of the biceps femoris) are the hamstrings. Wikipedia:Posterior_compartment_of_thigh FMA:22427 posterior femoral muscle FMA Wikipedia:Posterior_compartment_of_thigh posterior fascial compartment of thigh Wikipedia:Posterior_compartment_of_thigh posterior femoral muscles splenius cervicis FMA:22681 The splenius cervicis (splenius colli) arises by a narrow tendinous band from the spinous processes of the third to the sixth thoracic vertebrae; it is inserted, by tendinous fasciculi, into the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the upper two or three cervical vertebrae. UBERON:0008544 splenius cervicis muscle FMA Wikipedia:Splenius_cervicis_muscle splenius cervicis muscle The splenius cervicis (splenius colli) arises by a narrow tendinous band from the spinous processes of the third to the sixth thoracic vertebrae; it is inserted, by tendinous fasciculi, into the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the upper two or three cervical vertebrae. Wikipedia:Splenius_cervicis_muscle iliocostalis cervicis FMA:22704 The iliocostalis is the muscle immediately lateral to the longissimus that is the nearest to the furrow that separates the epaxial muscles from the hypaxial. It lies very deep to the fleshy portion of the serratus ventralis (serratus anterior). UBERON:0008546 erector spinae - iliocostalis iliocostalis cervicis muscle iliocostalis lumborum iliocostalis muscle iliocostalis thoracis iliocostalis thoracis muscle The iliocostalis is the muscle immediately lateral to the longissimus that is the nearest to the furrow that separates the epaxial muscles from the hypaxial. It lies very deep to the fleshy portion of the serratus ventralis (serratus anterior). Wikipedia:Iliocostalis Wikipedia:Iliocostalis iliocostalis thoracis muscle Wikipedia:Iliocostalis iliocostalis cervicis muscle FMA Wikipedia:Iliocostalis iliocostalis thoracis Wikipedia:Iliocostalis iliocostalis muscle Wikipedia:Iliocostalis iliocostalis lumborum Wikipedia:Iliocostalis erector spinae - iliocostalis prevertebral muscle FMA:32514 The prevertebral muscles are the muscles located between the prevertebral fascia (older definition) and the vertebral column, i.e. , the longus capitis and longus colli muscles. It also includes the recti capitis anterior and lateralis. UBERON:0008549 flexor muscle of vertebral column FMA The prevertebral muscles are the muscles located between the prevertebral fascia (older definition) and the vertebral column, i.e. , the longus capitis and longus colli muscles. It also includes the recti capitis anterior and lateralis. Wikipedia:Prevertebral_muscles FMA:32514 flexor muscle of vertebral column suprahyoid muscle FMA:46290 SCTID:244824003 The term suprahyoid refers to the region above (superior to) the hyoid bone in the neck. The suprahyoid muscles include digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid. UBERON:0008571 suprahyoid suprahyoidala Wikipedia:Suprahyoid_muscles suprahyoidala Wikipedia:Suprahyoid_muscles suprahyoid The term suprahyoid refers to the region above (superior to) the hyoid bone in the neck. The suprahyoid muscles include digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid. Wikipedia:Suprahyoid_muscles FMA posterior crico-arytenoid FMA:46576 SCTID:244812005 The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles are extremely small, paired muscles that extend from the posterior cricoid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx. By rotating the arytenoid cartilages laterally, these muscles abduct the vocal cords and thereby open the rima glottidis. Their action opposes the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles. The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles receive innervation from the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X). Paralysis of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles may lead to asphyxiation as they are the only laryngeal muscles to open the true vocal folds, allowing inspiration and expiration. UBERON:0008572 cricoaryt%c3%a6noideus posterior cricoarytaenoideus posterior posterior cricoarytenoid muscle posterior cricoarytenoideus The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles are extremely small, paired muscles that extend from the posterior cricoid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx. By rotating the arytenoid cartilages laterally, these muscles abduct the vocal cords and thereby open the rima glottidis. Their action opposes the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles. The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles receive innervation from the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X). Paralysis of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles may lead to asphyxiation as they are the only laryngeal muscles to open the true vocal folds, allowing inspiration and expiration. Wikipedia:Posterior_cricoarytenoid_muscle FMA Wikipedia:Posterior_cricoarytenoid_muscle cricoarytaenoideus posterior FMA FMA:46576 posterior cricoarytenoideus Wikipedia:Posterior_cricoarytenoid_muscle cricoaryt%c3%a6noideus posterior Wikipedia:Posterior_cricoarytenoid_muscle posterior cricoarytenoid muscle lateral crico-arytenoid FMA:46579 SCTID:244813000 The lateral cricoarytenoid (also anterior cricoarytenoid) muscles extend from the lateral cricoid cartilage to the ipsilateral arytenoid cartilage. By rotating the arytenoid cartilages medially, these muscles adduct the vocal cords and thereby close the rima glottidis, protecting the airway. (Their action is antagonistic to that of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. ) The lateral cricoarytenoid muscles receive innervation from the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X). UBERON:0008573 cricoaryt%c3%a6noideus lateralis cricoaryt%c3%a6noideus lateralis muscle cricoarytaenoideus lateralis cricoarytaenoideus lateralis muscle lateral cricoarytenoid muscle lateral cricoarytenoideus FMA The lateral cricoarytenoid (also anterior cricoarytenoid) muscles extend from the lateral cricoid cartilage to the ipsilateral arytenoid cartilage. By rotating the arytenoid cartilages medially, these muscles adduct the vocal cords and thereby close the rima glottidis, protecting the airway. (Their action is antagonistic to that of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. ) The lateral cricoarytenoid muscles receive innervation from the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X). Wikipedia:Lateral_cricoarytenoid_muscle FMA Wikipedia:Lateral_cricoarytenoid_muscle cricoaryt%c3%a6noideus lateralis Wikipedia:Lateral_cricoarytenoid_muscle cricoaryt%c3%a6noideus lateralis muscle Wikipedia:Lateral_cricoarytenoid_muscle cricoarytaenoideus lateralis Wikipedia:Lateral_cricoarytenoid_muscle cricoarytaenoideus lateralis muscle FMA:46579 lateral cricoarytenoideus Wikipedia:Lateral_cricoarytenoid_muscle lateral cricoarytenoid muscle transverse arytenoid FMA:46582 The tranverse arytenoid crosses transversely between the two cartilages. It is an unpaired muscle running from one arytenoid to another to pull the arytenoids together. UBERON:0008574 tranverse arytenoid muscle Wikipedia:Transverse_arytenoid tranverse arytenoid muscle FMA The tranverse arytenoid crosses transversely between the two cartilages. It is an unpaired muscle running from one arytenoid to another to pull the arytenoids together. Wikipedia:Transverse_arytenoid FMA oblique arytenoid FMA:46583 The oblique arytenoid, the more superficial Arytenoid muscle, forms two fasciculi, which pass from the base of one cartilage to the apex of the opposite one, and therefore cross each other like the limbs of the letter X; a few fibers are continued around the lateral margin of the cartilage, and are prolonged into the aryepiglottic fold; they are sometimes described as a separate muscle, the Aryepiglotticus. The aryepiglottic muscle together with the transverse arytenoid and the thyroarytenoid work as a sphincter and close the larynx as we swallow or cough. Its innervation is by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (from vagus) just like all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle. UBERON:0008575 oblique arytenoid muscle FMA Wikipedia:Oblique_arytenoid oblique arytenoid muscle FMA The oblique arytenoid, the more superficial Arytenoid muscle, forms two fasciculi, which pass from the base of one cartilage to the apex of the opposite one, and therefore cross each other like the limbs of the letter X; a few fibers are continued around the lateral margin of the cartilage, and are prolonged into the aryepiglottic fold; they are sometimes described as a separate muscle, the Aryepiglotticus. The aryepiglottic muscle together with the transverse arytenoid and the thyroarytenoid work as a sphincter and close the larynx as we swallow or cough. Its innervation is by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (from vagus) just like all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle. Wikipedia:Oblique_arytenoid thyro-arytenoid FMA:46588 SCTID:91561000 The Thyroarytenoid is a broad, thin, muscle which lies parallel with and lateral to the vocal fold, and supports the wall of the ventricle and its appendix. It functions in fine tonal control of the vocal cords. UBERON:0008576 ncithesaurus:Thyroarytenoid_Muscle thyreoaryt%c3%a6noideus thyreoaryt%c3%a6noideus muscle thyreoarytaenoideus thyreoarytaenoideus muscle thyreoepiglotticus thyro-arytenoid %26 vocalis thyro-arytenoid muscle thyroaryt%c3%a6noideus thyroarytenoid thyroarytenoid muscle ventricularis ventricularis muscle FMA Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle thyroarytenoid muscle Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle ventricularis muscle Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle thyreoaryt%c3%a6noideus muscle FMA Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle thyreoarytaenoideus Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle thyro-arytenoid %26 vocalis Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle thyroaryt%c3%a6noideus Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle thyro-arytenoid muscle Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle thyreoarytaenoideus muscle Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle thyroarytenoid Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle ventricularis Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle thyreoepiglotticus Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle thyreoaryt%c3%a6noideus The Thyroarytenoid is a broad, thin, muscle which lies parallel with and lateral to the vocal fold, and supports the wall of the ventricle and its appendix. It functions in fine tonal control of the vocal cords. Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle vocalis FMA:46591 The vocal muscle is the upper portion of the thyroarytenoid muscle which is primarily involved in producing speech. UBERON:0008577 vocal muscle FMA FMA:46591 vocal muscle The vocal muscle is the upper portion of the thyroarytenoid muscle which is primarily involved in producing speech. Wikipedia:Vocal_muscle FMA superior longitudinal muscle of tongue FMA:46693 SCTID:244790006 The Longitudinalis linguC& superior (Superior lingualis) is a thin stratum of oblique and longitudinal fibers immediately underlying the mucous membrane on the dorsum of the tongue. UBERON:0008582 longitudinalis lingu%c3%a6 superior longitudinalis linguae superior musculus longitudinalis superior superior longitudinal muscle Wikipedia:Superior_longitudinal_muscle_of_tongue longitudinalis linguae superior The Longitudinalis linguC& superior (Superior lingualis) is a thin stratum of oblique and longitudinal fibers immediately underlying the mucous membrane on the dorsum of the tongue. Wikipedia:Superior_longitudinal_muscle_of_tongue Wikipedia:Superior_longitudinal_muscle_of_tongue longitudinalis lingu%c3%a6 superior Wikipedia:Superior_longitudinal_muscle_of_tongue superior longitudinal muscle FMA FMA:46693 musculus longitudinalis superior transverse muscle of tongue FMA:46695 SCTID:244792003 The Transversus linguC& (tansverse lingualis) is a muscle of the tongue. It consists of fibers which arise from the median fibrous septum and pass lateralward to be inserted into the submucous fibrous tissue at the sides of the tongue. UBERON:0008583 transverse lingual muscle transverse muscle transversus lingu%c3%a6 transversus linguae transversus muscle Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_tongue transverse muscle FMA Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_tongue transversus muscle Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_tongue transversus lingu%c3%a6 Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_tongue transversus linguae The Transversus linguC& (tansverse lingualis) is a muscle of the tongue. It consists of fibers which arise from the median fibrous septum and pass lateralward to be inserted into the submucous fibrous tissue at the sides of the tongue. Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_tongue FMA:46695 transverse lingual muscle vertical muscle of tongue FMA:46696 SCTID:244793008 The Verticalis linguC& (Vertical lingualis) is found only at the borders of the forepart of the tongue. Its fibers extend from the upper to the under surface of the organ. UBERON:0008584 vertical lingual muscle vertical muscle verticalis lingu%c3%a6 verticalis lingu%c3%a6 muscle verticalis linguae verticalis linguae muscle verticalis muscle Wikipedia:Vertical_muscle_of_tongue vertical muscle FMA Wikipedia:Vertical_muscle_of_tongue verticalis linguae muscle Wikipedia:Vertical_muscle_of_tongue verticalis lingu%c3%a6 muscle The Verticalis linguC& (Vertical lingualis) is found only at the borders of the forepart of the tongue. Its fibers extend from the upper to the under surface of the organ. Wikipedia:Vertical_muscle_of_tongue FMA:46696 vertical lingual muscle Wikipedia:Vertical_muscle_of_tongue verticalis lingu%c3%a6 Wikipedia:Vertical_muscle_of_tongue verticalis muscle Wikipedia:Vertical_muscle_of_tongue verticalis linguae levator veli palatini FMA:46727 The levator veli palatini is the elevator muscle of the velum palatinum in the human body. During swallowing, it contracts, elevating the soft palate to help prevent food from entering the nasopharynx. It is innervated via the pharyngeal plexus, primarily by the vagus nerve (CN X). The levator veli palatini (Levator palati) is a thick, rounded muscle situated lateral to the choanC&. It arises from the under surface of the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone and from the medial lamina of the cartilage of the auditory tube. After passing above the upper concave margin of the Constrictor pharyngis superior it spreads out in the palatine velum, its fibers extending obliquely downward and medially to the middle line, where they blend with those of the opposite side. UBERON:0008585 levator palati levator veli levator veli palatini muscle levator velum palatini muscle Wikipedia:Levator_veli_palatini levator veli palatini muscle FMA The levator veli palatini is the elevator muscle of the velum palatinum in the human body. During swallowing, it contracts, elevating the soft palate to help prevent food from entering the nasopharynx. It is innervated via the pharyngeal plexus, primarily by the vagus nerve (CN X). The levator veli palatini (Levator palati) is a thick, rounded muscle situated lateral to the choanC&. It arises from the under surface of the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone and from the medial lamina of the cartilage of the auditory tube. After passing above the upper concave margin of the Constrictor pharyngis superior it spreads out in the palatine velum, its fibers extending obliquely downward and medially to the middle line, where they blend with those of the opposite side. Wikipedia:Levator_veli_palatini Wikipedia:Levator_veli_palatini levator velum palatini muscle Wikipedia:Levator_veli_palatini levator palati Wikipedia:Levator_veli_palatini levator veli tensor veli palatini FMA:46730 The tensor veli palatini (tensor palati) is a broad, thin, ribbon-like muscle in the head that tenses the soft palate. UBERON:0008586 tensor palati tensor palati muscle tensor veli palatini Wikipedia:Tensor_veli_palatini_muscle tensor veli palatini FMA Wikipedia:Tensor_veli_palatini_muscle tensor palati muscle Wikipedia:Tensor_veli_palatini_muscle tensor palati The tensor veli palatini (tensor palati) is a broad, thin, ribbon-like muscle in the head that tenses the soft palate. Wikipedia:Tensor_veli_palatini_muscle procerus FMA:46769 The Procerus is a small pyramidal slip of muscle deep to the superior orbital nerve, artery and vein. UBERON:0008588 depressor glabellae procerus muscle pyramidalis nasi Wikipedia:Procerus_muscle depressor glabellae Wikipedia:Procerus_muscle procerus muscle The Procerus is a small pyramidal slip of muscle deep to the superior orbital nerve, artery and vein. Wikipedia:Procerus_muscle Wikipedia:Procerus_muscle pyramidalis nasi FMA depressor septi nasi FMA:46777 SCTID:244733006 The depressor septi (Depressor alE nasi) arises from the incisive fossa of the maxilla. Its fibers ascend to be inserted into the nasal septum and back part of the alar part of nasalis muscle. It lies between the mucous membrane and muscular structure of the lip. UBERON:0008589 depressor al%c3%a6 nasi depressor alae nasi depressor septi depressor septi nasi muscle Wikipedia:Depressor_septi_nasi_muscle depressor septi The depressor septi (Depressor alE nasi) arises from the incisive fossa of the maxilla. Its fibers ascend to be inserted into the nasal septum and back part of the alar part of nasalis muscle. It lies between the mucous membrane and muscular structure of the lip. Wikipedia:Depressor_septi_nasi_muscle Wikipedia:Depressor_septi_nasi_muscle depressor alae nasi Wikipedia:Depressor_septi_nasi_muscle depressor al%c3%a6 nasi FMA Wikipedia:Depressor_septi_nasi_muscle depressor septi nasi muscle depressor supercilii FMA:46798 The Depressor Supercilii is an eye muscle of the human body. The nature of this muscle is in some dispute. Few printed anatomies include it (Netter, et al. ) and many authorities consider it to be part of the orbicularis oculi muscle . On the other hand, many dermatologists, ophthalmologists and plastic surgeons hold that the depressor supercilli is a distinct muscle and has a definite, individual effect on the movement of the eybrow and skin of the glabella. UBERON:0008591 depressor supercilii muscle The Depressor Supercilii is an eye muscle of the human body. The nature of this muscle is in some dispute. Few printed anatomies include it (Netter, et al. ) and many authorities consider it to be part of the orbicularis oculi muscle . On the other hand, many dermatologists, ophthalmologists and plastic surgeons hold that the depressor supercilli is a distinct muscle and has a definite, individual effect on the movement of the eybrow and skin of the glabella. Wikipedia:Depressor_supercilii_muscle FMA Wikipedia:Depressor_supercilii_muscle depressor supercilii muscle levator labii superioris alaeque nasi FMA:46802 The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle is, translated from Latin, the "lifter of the upper lip and of the wing of the nose". It has the longest name of any muscle in an animal. UBERON:0008592 alaeque elvis muscle levator labii superioris alaequae nasi muscle levator labii superioris alaeque nasi The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle is, translated from Latin, the "lifter of the upper lip and of the wing of the nose". It has the longest name of any muscle in an animal. Wikipedia:Levator_labii_superioris_alaeque_nasi_muscle Wikipedia:Levator_labii_superioris_alaeque_nasi_muscle levator labii superioris alaequae nasi muscle Wikipedia:Levator_labii_superioris_alaeque_nasi_muscle alaeque FMA Wikipedia:Levator_labii_superioris_alaeque_nasi_muscle levator labii superioris alaeque nasi Wikipedia:Levator_labii_superioris_alaeque_nasi_muscle elvis muscle zygomaticus major FMA:46810 SCTID:244739005 The Zygomatic major is a muscle of the human body. It is a muscle of facial expression which draws the angle of the mouth superiorly and posteriorly. Like all muscles of facial expression, the zygomatic major is innervated by the facial nerve (Cranial Nerve VII). The Zygomaticus extends from each zygomatic arch to the corners of the mouth. It raises the corners of the mouth when a person smiles. Dimples may be caused by variations in the structure of this muscle. UBERON:0008593 ncithesaurus:Zygomaticus_Major zygomatic major zygomatic major muscle zygomatic muscle zygomaticcus major zygomaticus major Wikipedia:Zygomaticus_major_muscle zygomaticus major Wikipedia:Zygomaticus_major_muscle zygomatic major Wikipedia:Zygomaticus_major_muscle zygomaticcus major The Zygomatic major is a muscle of the human body. It is a muscle of facial expression which draws the angle of the mouth superiorly and posteriorly. Like all muscles of facial expression, the zygomatic major is innervated by the facial nerve (Cranial Nerve VII). The Zygomaticus extends from each zygomatic arch to the corners of the mouth. It raises the corners of the mouth when a person smiles. Dimples may be caused by variations in the structure of this muscle. Wikipedia:Zygomaticus_major_muscle FMA Wikipedia:Zygomaticus_major_muscle zygomatic major muscle Wikipedia:Zygomaticus_major_muscle zygomatic muscle zygomaticus minor FMA:46811 The zygomaticus minor is a muscle of facial expression. It originates from malar bone and continues with orbicularis oculi on the lateral face of the Levator labii superioris and then inserts into the outer part of the upper lip. Do not confuse this with the Zygomaticus major, which insets into the angle of the mouth. It draws the upper lip backward, upward, and outward (used in making sad facial expressions). &lt;/gallery&gt; Like all muscles of facial expression, it is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII). UBERON:0008594 ncithesaurus:Zygomaticus_Minor zygomaticus minor Wikipedia:Zygomaticus_minor_muscle zygomaticus minor FMA The zygomaticus minor is a muscle of facial expression. It originates from malar bone and continues with orbicularis oculi on the lateral face of the Levator labii superioris and then inserts into the outer part of the upper lip. Do not confuse this with the Zygomaticus major, which insets into the angle of the mouth. It draws the upper lip backward, upward, and outward (used in making sad facial expressions). &lt;/gallery&gt; Like all muscles of facial expression, it is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII). Wikipedia:Zygomaticus_minor_muscle levator anguli oris FMA:46822 The levator anguli oris (caninus) is a facial muscle of the mouth arising from the canine fossa, immediately below the infraorbital foramen. Its fibers are inserted into the angle of the mouth, intermingling with those of the Zygomaticus, Triangularis, and Orbicularis oris. UBERON:0008595 caninus caninus muscle levator anguli oris levator anguli oris muscle musculus levator anguli oris Wikipedia:Levator_anguli_oris levator anguli oris muscle The levator anguli oris (caninus) is a facial muscle of the mouth arising from the canine fossa, immediately below the infraorbital foramen. Its fibers are inserted into the angle of the mouth, intermingling with those of the Zygomaticus, Triangularis, and Orbicularis oris. Wikipedia:Levator_anguli_oris Wikipedia:Levator_anguli_oris caninus Wikipedia:Levator_anguli_oris caninus muscle Wikipedia:Levator_anguli_oris musculus levator anguli oris FMA Wikipedia:Levator_anguli_oris levator anguli oris mentalis FMA:46825 The Mentalis is a paired central muscle of the lower lip, situated at the tip of the chin. It raises and pushes up the lower lip, causing wrinkling of the chin, as in doubt or displeasure. It is ometimes referred to as the "pouting muscle. " Its fibers arise from the incisive fossa of the mandible, then course vertically downward to insert in the skin of the chin. A movement disorder of the mentalis muscle is Geniospasm which is a benign but socially excluding genetic disorder. UBERON:0008596 m mentalis mentalis muscle FMA Wikipedia:Mentalis m mentalis Wikipedia:Mentalis mentalis muscle The Mentalis is a paired central muscle of the lower lip, situated at the tip of the chin. It raises and pushes up the lower lip, causing wrinkling of the chin, as in doubt or displeasure. It is ometimes referred to as the "pouting muscle. " Its fibers arise from the incisive fossa of the mandible, then course vertically downward to insert in the skin of the chin. A movement disorder of the mentalis muscle is Geniospasm which is a benign but socially excluding genetic disorder. Wikipedia:Mentalis depressor anguli oris FMA:46828 The Depressor anguli oris (Triangularis) arises from the oblique line of the mandible, whence its fibers converge, to be inserted, by a narrow fasciculus, into the angle of the mouth. UBERON:0008597 depressor anguli oris triangularis triangularis muscle FMA Wikipedia:Depressor_anguli_oris_muscle triangularis Wikipedia:Depressor_anguli_oris_muscle depressor anguli oris The Depressor anguli oris (Triangularis) arises from the oblique line of the mandible, whence its fibers converge, to be inserted, by a narrow fasciculus, into the angle of the mouth. Wikipedia:Depressor_anguli_oris_muscle Wikipedia:Depressor_anguli_oris_muscle triangularis muscle risorius FMA:46838 The risorius arises in the fascia over the parotid gland and, passing horizontally forward, superficial to the platysma, inserts onto the skin at the angle of the mouth. It is a narrow bundle of fibers, broadest at its origin, but varies much in its size and form. UBERON:0008598 risorius muscle Wikipedia:Risorius risorius muscle FMA The risorius arises in the fascia over the parotid gland and, passing horizontally forward, superficial to the platysma, inserts onto the skin at the angle of the mouth. It is a narrow bundle of fibers, broadest at its origin, but varies much in its size and form. Wikipedia:Risorius helicis major FMA:48968 The Helicis major is a narrow vertical band situated upon the anterior margin of the helix. It arises below, from the spina helicis, and is inserted into the anterior border of the helix, just where it is about to curve backward. UBERON:0008603 FMA The Helicis major is a narrow vertical band situated upon the anterior margin of the helix. It arises below, from the spina helicis, and is inserted into the anterior border of the helix, just where it is about to curve backward. Wikipedia:Helicis_major FMA helicis minor FMA:48971 The Helicis minor is an oblique fasciculus, covering the crus helicis. UBERON:0008604 FMA The Helicis minor is an oblique fasciculus, covering the crus helicis. Wikipedia:Helicis_minor FMA tragicus FMA:48974 The Tragicus is a short, flattened vertical band on the lateral surface of the tragus. UBERON:0008605 FMA FMA The Tragicus is a short, flattened vertical band on the lateral surface of the tragus. Wikipedia:Tragicus antitragicus FMA:48980 The Antitragicus arises from the outer part of the antitragus, and is inserted into the cauda helicis and antihelix. UBERON:0008606 FMA The Antitragicus arises from the outer part of the antitragus, and is inserted into the cauda helicis and antihelix. Wikipedia:Antitragicus FMA transverse muscle of auricle FMA:48983 The transverse muscle of auricle is placed on the cranial surface of the pinna. It consists of scattered fibers, partly tendinous and partly muscular, extending from the eminentia conchae to the prominence corresponding with the scapha. UBERON:0008607 transverse muscle of pinna transversus auriculae transversus auricularis FMA:48983 transverse muscle of pinna FMA:48983 transversus auricularis FMA The transverse muscle of auricle is placed on the cranial surface of the pinna. It consists of scattered fibers, partly tendinous and partly muscular, extending from the eminentia conchae to the prominence corresponding with the scapha. Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_auricle Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_auricle transversus auriculae FMA oblique muscle of auricle FMA:48986 SCTID:244768006 The oblique muscle of auricle, on the cranial surface, consists of a few fibers extending from the upper and back part of the concha to the convexity immediately above it. UBERON:0008608 oblique muscle of pinna obliquus auricul%c3%a6 obliquus auriculae obliquus auricularis muscle FMA FMA:48986 oblique muscle of pinna FMA Wikipedia:Oblique_muscle_of_auricle obliquus auricul%c3%a6 Wikipedia:Oblique_muscle_of_auricle obliquus auriculae FMA:48986 obliquus auricularis muscle The oblique muscle of auricle, on the cranial surface, consists of a few fibers extending from the upper and back part of the concha to the convexity immediately above it. Wikipedia:Oblique_muscle_of_auricle transversus menti FMA:49080 The transversus menti, or transverse muscle of the chin, is a facial muscle that is often considered to be the superficial fibers of the depressor anguli oris muscle which cross to the other side of the face. UBERON:0008609 transverse menti transversus menti FMA FMA:49080 transverse menti Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_the_chin transversus menti The transversus menti, or transverse muscle of the chin, is a facial muscle that is often considered to be the superficial fibers of the depressor anguli oris muscle which cross to the other side of the face. Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_the_chin scalene muscle FMA:64829 SCTID:244843003 The scalene muscles (from greek ON:N1N;N7N=OO, "skew") are a group of three pairs of muscles in the lateral neck, namely the scalenus anterior, scalenus medius, and scalenus posterior. They are innervated by the spinal nerves C4-C8. UBERON:0008611 lateral cervical muscle lateral cervical muscles lateral vertebral muscle m scalenus ncithesaurus:Scalene_Muscle scalene muscle scalene muscles scalenes scaleni scalenus scalenus muscle FMA:64829 scalenus muscle FMA Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles scalene muscle Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles lateral cervical muscles Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles lateral cervical muscle Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles scalene muscles Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles scalenus Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles scalenes Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles scaleni Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles lateral vertebral muscle The scalene muscles (from greek ON:N1N;N7N=OO, "skew") are a group of three pairs of muscles in the lateral neck, namely the scalenus anterior, scalenus medius, and scalenus posterior. They are innervated by the spinal nerves C4-C8. Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles m scalenus muscle of pelvic diaphragm FMA:64856 The pelvic floor or pelvic diaphragm is composed of muscle fibers of the levator ani, the coccygeus, and associated connective tissue which span the area underneath the pelvis. The pelvic diaphragm is a muscular partition formed by the levatores ani and coccygei, with which may be included the parietal pelvic fascia on their upper and lower aspects. The pelvic floor separates the pelvic cavity above from the perineal region below. The right and left levator ani lie almost horizontally in the floor of the pelvis, separated by a narrow gap that transmits the urethra, vagina, and anal canal. The levator ani is usually considered in three parts: pubococcygeus, puborectalis, and iliococcygeus. The pubococcygeus, the main part of the levator, runs backward from the body of the pubis toward the coccyx and may be damaged during parturition. Some fibers are inserted into the prostate, urethra, and vagina. The right and left puborectalis unite behind the anorectal junction to form a muscular sling . Some regard them as a part of the sphincter ani externus. The iliococcygeus, the most posterior part of the levator ani, is often poorly developed. The coccygeus, situated behind the levator ani and frequently tendinous as much as muscular, extends from the ischial spine to the lateral margin of the sacrum and coccyx. The pelvic cavity of the true pelvis has the pelvic floor as its inferior border (and the pelvic brim as its superior border. ) The perineum has the pelvic floor as its superior border. Some sources do not consider "pelvic floor" and "pelvic diaphragm" to be identical, with the "diaphragm" consisting of only the levator ani and coccygeus, while the "floor" also includes the perineal membrane and deep perineal pouch. However, other sources include the fascia as part of the diaphragm. In practice, the two terms are often used interchangeably. Inferiorly, the pelvic floor extends into the anal triangle. UBERON:0008612 diaphragm of the pelvis muscle of pelvic floor ncithesaurus:Pelvic_Floor_Muscle pelvic diaphragm pelvic diaphragm muscle pelvic floor muscles pelvic muscles Wikipedia:Pelvic_floor pelvic muscles FMA:64856 muscle of pelvic floor Wikipedia:Pelvic_floor diaphragm of the pelvis Wikipedia:Pelvic_floor pelvic floor muscles The pelvic floor or pelvic diaphragm is composed of muscle fibers of the levator ani, the coccygeus, and associated connective tissue which span the area underneath the pelvis. The pelvic diaphragm is a muscular partition formed by the levatores ani and coccygei, with which may be included the parietal pelvic fascia on their upper and lower aspects. The pelvic floor separates the pelvic cavity above from the perineal region below. The right and left levator ani lie almost horizontally in the floor of the pelvis, separated by a narrow gap that transmits the urethra, vagina, and anal canal. The levator ani is usually considered in three parts: pubococcygeus, puborectalis, and iliococcygeus. The pubococcygeus, the main part of the levator, runs backward from the body of the pubis toward the coccyx and may be damaged during parturition. Some fibers are inserted into the prostate, urethra, and vagina. The right and left puborectalis unite behind the anorectal junction to form a muscular sling . Some regard them as a part of the sphincter ani externus. The iliococcygeus, the most posterior part of the levator ani, is often poorly developed. The coccygeus, situated behind the levator ani and frequently tendinous as much as muscular, extends from the ischial spine to the lateral margin of the sacrum and coccyx. The pelvic cavity of the true pelvis has the pelvic floor as its inferior border (and the pelvic brim as its superior border. ) The perineum has the pelvic floor as its superior border. Some sources do not consider "pelvic floor" and "pelvic diaphragm" to be identical, with the "diaphragm" consisting of only the levator ani and coccygeus, while the "floor" also includes the perineal membrane and deep perineal pouch. However, other sources include the fascia as part of the diaphragm. In practice, the two terms are often used interchangeably. Inferiorly, the pelvic floor extends into the anal triangle. Wikipedia:Pelvic_floor FMA:64856 pelvic diaphragm muscle Wikipedia:Pelvic_floor pelvic diaphragm FMA innermost intercostal muscle FMA:9758 SCTID:368054008 The Innermost intercostal muscle is a layer of intercostal muscle beneath the intercostal nerves and internal intercostal muscles. These are divided into transversus thoracis anteriorly, lateral muscle slips laterally and subcostalis posteriorly. UBERON:0008617 musculus intercostalis intimus FMA The Innermost intercostal muscle is a layer of intercostal muscle beneath the intercostal nerves and internal intercostal muscles. These are divided into transversus thoracis anteriorly, lateral muscle slips laterally and subcostalis posteriorly. Wikipedia:Innermost_intercostal_muscle Wikipedia:Innermost_intercostal_muscle musculus intercostalis intimus subcostal muscle FMA:9759 SCTID:244914005 The Subcostales (Infracostales) consist of muscular and aponeurotic fasciculi, which are usually well-developed only in the lower part of the thorax; each originates from the inner surface of one rib, and is inserted into the inner surface of the second or third rib above, near its angle. Their fibers run in the same direction as those of the Intercostales interni. UBERON:0008618 subcostal muscles subcostales subcostales muscle subcostales muscles subcostalis Wikipedia:Subcostalis_muscle subcostales muscle Wikipedia:Subcostalis_muscle subcostal muscles Wikipedia:Subcostalis_muscle subcostalis Wikipedia:Subcostalis_muscle subcostales muscles The Subcostales (Infracostales) consist of muscular and aponeurotic fasciculi, which are usually well-developed only in the lower part of the thorax; each originates from the inner surface of one rib, and is inserted into the inner surface of the second or third rib above, near its angle. Their fibers run in the same direction as those of the Intercostales interni. Wikipedia:Subcostalis_muscle FMA Wikipedia:Subcostalis_muscle subcostales scalenus anterior FMA:13385 The Scalenus anterior (Scalenus anticus), also known as anterior scalene muscle, lies deeply at the side of the neck, behind the Sternocleidomastoideus. It arises from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrC&, and descending, almost vertically, is inserted by a narrow, flat tendon into the scalene tubercle on the inner border of the first rib, and into the ridge on the upper surface of the rib in front of the subclavian groove. UBERON:0008622 anterior scalene scalenus anterior muscle scalenus anticus Wikipedia:Scalenus_anterior anterior scalene Wikipedia:Scalenus_anterior scalenus anterior muscle Wikipedia:Scalenus_anterior scalenus anticus The Scalenus anterior (Scalenus anticus), also known as anterior scalene muscle, lies deeply at the side of the neck, behind the Sternocleidomastoideus. It arises from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrC&, and descending, almost vertically, is inserted by a narrow, flat tendon into the scalene tubercle on the inner border of the first rib, and into the ridge on the upper surface of the rib in front of the subclavian groove. Wikipedia:Scalenus_anterior FMA stylohyoid FMA:9625 The stylohyoid muscle is a slender muscle, lying anterior, and superior of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. It shares this muscle's innervation by the facial nerve. UBERON:0008712 stylohyoid stylohyoideus stylohyoideus muscle stylohyoideus muscles Wikipedia:Stylohyoid_muscle stylohyoid FMA Wikipedia:Stylohyoid_muscle stylohyoideus muscles The stylohyoid muscle is a slender muscle, lying anterior, and superior of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. It shares this muscle's innervation by the facial nerve. Wikipedia:Stylohyoid_muscle Wikipedia:Stylohyoid_muscle stylohyoideus muscle Wikipedia:Stylohyoid_muscle stylohyoideus pectoral girdle and thoracic body wall skeletal muscle EHDAA2:0001422 UBERON:0008713 pre-muscle mass UBERON:0008714 pre muscle mass premuscle mass muscle tissue of prostate UBERON:0008715 ncithesaurus:Prostatic_Muscular_Tissue prostate gland muscle tissue prostate muscle tissue OBOL:automatic prostate gland muscle tissue OBOL:automatic prostate muscle tissue hilum of kidney FMA:15610 SCTID:279370006 UBERON:0008716 galen:HilumOfKidney renal hilum FMA:15610 renal hilum proximal epiphysis of tibia FMA:33113 SCTID:302526005 UBERON:0008772 head of tibia ncithesaurus:Head_of_the_Tibia proximal end of tibia upper end of tibia FMA:33113 head of tibia FMA:33113 upper end of tibia FMA:33113 proximal end of tibia proximal epiphysis of fibula FMA:33729 SCTID:182080006 UBERON:0008775 head of fibula ncithesaurus:Head_of_the_Fibula proximal end of fibula upper end of fibula FMA:33729 proximal end of fibula FMA:33729 head of fibula FMA:33729 upper end of fibula inner cell mass derived hypoblast EHDAA2:0000796 The hypoblast is a tissue type that forms from the inner cell mass. It lies beneath the epiblast and consists of small cuboidal cells. Extraembryonic endoderm is derived from hypoblast. UBERON:0008776 Wikipedia The hypoblast is a tissue type that forms from the inner cell mass. It lies beneath the epiblast and consists of small cuboidal cells. Extraembryonic endoderm is derived from hypoblast. Wikipedia:Hypoblast hypaxial musclulature AAO:0000228 UBERON:0008777 XAO:0003228 hypaxial muscle trunk muscles that lie ventral to the horizontal septum of the vertebrae. XAO:0003228 hypaxial muscle Wikipedia:Epaxial_and_Hypaxial_muscles trunk muscles that lie ventral to the horizontal septum of the vertebrae. XAO epaxial musclulature AAO:0000142 UBERON:0008778 XAO:0003229 epaxial muscle trunk muscles that lies dorsal to the horizontal septum. Wikipedia:Epaxial_and_Hypaxial_muscles trunk muscles that lies dorsal to the horizontal septum. XAO:0003229 epaxial muscle XAO subclavius FMA:13410 The Subclavius is a small triangular muscle, placed between the clavicle and the first rib. Along with the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles, the subclavius muscle makes up the anterior wall of the axilla. UBERON:0008779 ncithesaurus:Subclavius subclavicular muscle Wikipedia:Subclavius_muscle subclavicular muscle The Subclavius is a small triangular muscle, placed between the clavicle and the first rib. Along with the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles, the subclavius muscle makes up the anterior wall of the axilla. Wikipedia:Subclavius_muscle FMA inner cell mass derived epiblast EHDAA2:0000444 EHDAA:42 EHDAA:75 EMAPA:16050 UBERON:0008780 embryonic epiblast ncithesaurus:Epiblast Wikipedia MP:0003886 embryonic epiblast blastodisc derived epiblast TAO:0000018 UBERON:0008781 ZFA:0000018 part of blastodisc in BTO; indirect development in ZFA: df DEL df deep blastomere isa blastomere po blastodisc ZFA Wikipedia dorsal venous arch FMA:44356 MA:0002110 SCTID:231189006 The dorsal venous arch of the foot is a superficial vein that connects the small saphenous vein and the great saphenous vein. Anatomically, it is defined by where the dorsal veins of the first and fifth digit, respectively, meet the great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein. UBERON:0008783 arcus venosus dorsalis pedis dorsal venous arch of foot The dorsal venous arch of the foot is a superficial vein that connects the small saphenous vein and the great saphenous vein. Anatomically, it is defined by where the dorsal veins of the first and fifth digit, respectively, meet the great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein. Wikipedia:Dorsal_venous_arch_of_the_foot MA Wikipedia:Dorsal_venous_arch_of_the_foot arcus venosus dorsalis pedis FMA:44356 dorsal venous arch of foot lower limb segment FMA:24877 UBERON:0008784 free lower limb segment free lower limb subdivision segment of free lower limb subdivision of free lower limb FMA:24877 subdivision of free lower limb FMA:24877 free lower limb segment FMA:24877 segment of free lower limb FMA:24877 free lower limb subdivision upper limb segment FMA:24876 UBERON:0008785 free upper limb segment free upper limb subdivision segment of free upper limb subdivision of free upper limb FMA:24876 subdivision of free upper limb FMA:24876 free upper limb subdivision FMA:24876 segment of free upper limb FMA:24876 free upper limb segment third trochanter FMA:75824 The upper part of the gluteal tuberosity is often elongated into a roughened crest, on which a more or less well-marked, rounded tubercle, the third trochanter, is occasionally developed. UBERON:0008786 FMA The upper part of the gluteal tuberosity is often elongated into a roughened crest, on which a more or less well-marked, rounded tubercle, the third trochanter, is occasionally developed. Wikipedia:Third_trochanter Wikipedia fourth trochanter The fourth trochanter first appeared in the Erythrosuchidae, large basal archosaurian predators of the early Triassic period. This seemingly insignificant detail may have made the evolution of dinosaurs possible (all early dinosaurs and many later ones were bipeds), and may also be connected with the ability of the archosaurs or their immediate ancestors to survive the catastrophic Permian-Triassic extinction event[WP]. UBERON:0008787 a knob-like feature on the medial side of the femur that serves as a muscle attachment. Wikipedia Wikipedia:Fourth_trochanter a knob-like feature on the medial side of the femur that serves as a muscle attachment. posterior cranial fossa FMA:54368 GAID:85 MESH:A.01.456.830.200 The infratentorial compartment that contains the CEREBELLUM and BRAIN STEM. It is formed by the posterior third of the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid (SPHENOID BONE), by the occipital, the petrous, and mastoid portions of the TEMPORAL BONE, and the posterior inferior angle of the PARIETAL BONE. UBERON:0008788 ncithesaurus:Posterior_Fossa posterior fossa ncithesaurus:Posterior posterior fossa MESH:A.01.456.830.200 The infratentorial compartment that contains the CEREBELLUM and BRAIN STEM. It is formed by the posterior third of the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid (SPHENOID BONE), by the occipital, the petrous, and mastoid portions of the TEMPORAL BONE, and the posterior inferior angle of the PARIETAL BONE. Wikipedia:Posterior_cranial_fossa cranial fossa UBERON:0008789 any of the three large depressions in the posterior, middle, and anterior aspects of the floor of the cranial cavity editor note - todo - review the relationships for this and its subclasses; the relation should be bounded rather than part of, and contains should be used for the brain parts contained by the fossae any of the three large depressions in the posterior, middle, and anterior aspects of the floor of the cranial cavity http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/medical/cranial%20fossa rugal fold UBERON:0008790 a ridge or fold, such as the rugae of the stomach, which are large folds in the mucous membrane of that organ. ruga rugae Wikipedia:Rugae ruga Wikipedia:Rugae a ridge or fold, such as the rugae of the stomach, which are large folds in the mucous membrane of that organ. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Rugal+folds Wikipedia:Rugae rugae rugal fold of stomach FMA:15106 UBERON:0008791 gastric ruga(e) ruga of stomach FMA:15106 ruga of stomach FMA:15106 gastric ruga(e) rugal fold of vagina FMA:19991 UBERON:0008798 ruga of vagina vaginal ruga FMA:19991 ruga of vagina FMA:19991 vaginal ruga transverse palatine fold FMA:75652 UBERON:0008799 a masticatory vestige on the hard palate; one of several irregular, sometimes branching, crests of soft tissue that radiate from the region of the incisive papillae at their most anterior parts and extend a slight distance backward, crossing the hard palate and reaching laterally for variable distances. note that this class refers to the singular and the FMA class refers to the set. In future this class may be split. palatine fold palatine rugae plica palatina transversa plicae palatinae transversae ruga of palate ruga palatina rugae of palate rugae palatinae transverse palatine folds transverse palatine folds set transverse palatine ridge UBERON:cjm ruga of palate FMA:75652 transverse palatine folds set FMA:75652 palatine fold http://www.drugs.com/dict/transverse-palatine-fold.html transverse palatine ridge UBERON:cjm rugae of palate FMA:75652 FMA:TA plicae palatinae transversae http://www.drugs.com/dict/transverse-palatine-fold.html plica palatina transversa FMA:75652 FMA:TA rugae palatinae http://www.drugs.com/dict/transverse-palatine-fold.html ruga palatina FMA:75652 palatine rugae FMA:75652 transverse palatine folds a masticatory vestige on the hard palate; one of several irregular, sometimes branching, crests of soft tissue that radiate from the region of the incisive papillae at their most anterior parts and extend a slight distance backward, crossing the hard palate and reaching laterally for variable distances. http://www.drugs.com/dict/transverse-palatine-fold.html parietal endoderm EMAPA:16053 UBERON:0008800 distal endoderm primitive endoderm-derived tissue that lines the luminal surface of the mural trophectoderm[MP] EMAPA:16053 distal endoderm MP MP:0011187 PMID:19201946 primitive endoderm-derived tissue that lines the luminal surface of the mural trophectoderm[MP] parotid gland primordium EHDAA2:0001413 EHDAA:9246 UBERON:0008801 Obol cheek pouch A pocketlike fold of skin in the cheeks of various animals, such as squirrels, gophers, and monkeys, that functions as a means of carrying food. BTO:0002224 SCTID:31293007 UBERON:0008802 A pocketlike fold of skin in the cheeks of various animals, such as squirrels, gophers, and monkeys, that functions as a means of carrying food. BTO:0002224 BTO skin of cheek FMA:24759 SCTID:181472009 UBERON:0008803 cheek skin FMA:24759 cheek skin stylopharyngeus FMA:46664 The stylopharyngeus is a muscle in the head that stretches between the styloid process and the pharynx. UBERON:0008804 m stylopharyngeus musculus stylopharyngeus ncithesaurus:Stylopharyngeus stylopharyngeus muscle Wikipedia:Stylopharyngeus_muscle musculus stylopharyngeus The stylopharyngeus is a muscle in the head that stretches between the styloid process and the pharynx. Wikipedia:Stylopharyngeus_muscle Wikipedia:Stylopharyngeus_muscle m stylopharyngeus Wikipedia:Stylopharyngeus_muscle stylopharyngeus muscle Wikipedia FMA gingival groove FMA:74580 SCTID:245753001 The gingival sulcus is an area of potential space between a tooth and the surrounding gingival tissue and is lined by sulcular epithelium. The depth of the sulcus (Latin for groove) is bounded by two entities: apically by the gingival fibers of the connective tissue attachment and coronally by the free gingival margin. UBERON:0008805 gingival sulcus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Gingival_sulcus.PNG sulcus gingivalis FMA:TA sulcus gingivalis The gingival sulcus is an area of potential space between a tooth and the surrounding gingival tissue and is lined by sulcular epithelium. The depth of the sulcus (Latin for groove) is bounded by two entities: apically by the gingival fibers of the connective tissue attachment and coronally by the free gingival margin. Wikipedia:Gingival_sulcus FMA:74580 gingival sulcus buccal funnel UBERON:0008806 suctorial disc suctorial disk coagulating gland BTO:0000265 EMAPA:29794 MA:0000402 SCTID:78779004 UBERON:0008807 anterior prostate gland ncithesaurus:Coagulating_Gland prostate gland anterior lobe EMAPA MA EMAPA:29794 anterior prostate gland MA:0000402 prostate gland anterior lobe BTO MA prostate gland dorsolateral lobe MA:0001739 UBERON:0008808 MA foramina of scarpa In the maxilla, occasionally two additional canals are present in the middle line of the palatine process; they are termed the foramina of Scarpa, and when present transmit the nasopalatine nerves, the left passing through the anterior, and the right through the posterior canal. UBERON:0008809 Wikipedia:Foramina_of_Scarpa foramina of scarpa Wikipedia:Foramina_of_Scarpa foramina of scarpa In the maxilla, occasionally two additional canals are present in the middle line of the palatine process; they are termed the foramina of Scarpa, and when present transmit the nasopalatine nerves, the left passing through the anterior, and the right through the posterior canal. Wikipedia:Foramina_of_Scarpa nasopalatine nerve FMA:52797 One branch of the posterior superior nasal branches (trigeminal, maxillary branch), longer and larger than the others, is named the nasopalatine nerve (sometimes called the long sphenopalatine nerve). It enters the nasal cavity through the sphenopalatine foramen, passes across the roof of the nasal cavity below the orifice of the sphenoidal sinus to reach the septum, and then runs obliquely downward and forward between the periosteum and mucous membrane of the lower part of the septum. It descends to the roof of the mouth through the incisive canal and communicates with the corresponding nerve of the opposite side and with the greater palatine nerve. It supplies the palatal structures around the upper central and lateral incisors and the canines (the upper front six teeth). It also furnishes a few filaments to the mucous membrane of the nasal septum. The medial superior posterior nasal branches of maxillary nerve usually branches from the nasopalatine nerve. Scarpa's nerve UBERON:0008810 naso-palatine nerve nasopalatine nasopalatine nerves FMA:52797 Scarpa's nerve FMA Wikipedia:Nasopalatine_nerve naso-palatine nerve Wikipedia:Nasopalatine_nerve nasopalatine Wikipedia:Nasopalatine_nerve nasopalatine nerves One branch of the posterior superior nasal branches (trigeminal, maxillary branch), longer and larger than the others, is named the nasopalatine nerve (sometimes called the long sphenopalatine nerve). It enters the nasal cavity through the sphenopalatine foramen, passes across the roof of the nasal cavity below the orifice of the sphenoidal sinus to reach the septum, and then runs obliquely downward and forward between the periosteum and mucous membrane of the lower part of the septum. It descends to the roof of the mouth through the incisive canal and communicates with the corresponding nerve of the opposite side and with the greater palatine nerve. It supplies the palatal structures around the upper central and lateral incisors and the canines (the upper front six teeth). It also furnishes a few filaments to the mucous membrane of the nasal septum. The medial superior posterior nasal branches of maxillary nerve usually branches from the nasopalatine nerve. Wikipedia:Nasopalatine_nerve intromittent organ AAO:0010255 FBbt:00004850 HAO:0000091 TGMA:0000585 UBERON:0008811 aedeagus an external organ of a male organism that is specialized to deliver sperm during copulation. Intromittent organs are found most often in terrestrial species, as most aquatic species fertilize their eggs externally, although there are exceptions[WP]. this is a broad grouping class connecting a number of different analagous organs by their function. We place the insect aedeagus here rather than penis, although this is somewhat arbitrary given the broadness of the current definition FBbt:00004850 aedeagus Wikipedia:Intromittent_organ an external organ of a male organism that is specialized to deliver sperm during copulation. Intromittent organs are found most often in terrestrial species, as most aquatic species fertilize their eggs externally, although there are exceptions[WP]. hemipenis UBERON:0008812 hemipenes one of a pair of intromittent organs of male squamates. Hemipenes are usually held inverted, within the body, and are everted for reproduction via erectile tissue like that in the human penis. Only one is used at a time, and some evidence indicates males alternate use between copulations. The hemipenis itself has a variety of shapes, depending on species. Often the hemipenis bears spines or hooks, in order to anchor the male within the female. Some species even have forked hemipenes (each hemipenis has two tips). Due to being everted and inverted, hemipenes do not have a completely enclosed channel for the conduction of sperm, but rather a seminal groove which seals as the erectile tissue expands Wikipedia Wikipedia:Hemipenis one of a pair of intromittent organs of male squamates. Hemipenes are usually held inverted, within the body, and are everted for reproduction via erectile tissue like that in the human penis. Only one is used at a time, and some evidence indicates males alternate use between copulations. The hemipenis itself has a variety of shapes, depending on species. Often the hemipenis bears spines or hooks, in order to anchor the male within the female. Some species even have forked hemipenes (each hemipenis has two tips). Due to being everted and inverted, hemipenes do not have a completely enclosed channel for the conduction of sperm, but rather a seminal groove which seals as the erectile tissue expands Wikipedia:Hemipenis hemipenes helicotrema FMA:61275 SCTID:279775003 Scarpa's orifice The part of the cochlear labyrinth where the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli meet. It is the main component of the cochlear apex. The hair cells in this area best detect low frequency sounds. UBERON:0008813 apex of cochlea cochlear apex ncithesaurus:Helicotrema FMA Wikipedia Wikipedia:Cochlea apex of cochlea FMA:61275 Scarpa's orifice The part of the cochlear labyrinth where the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli meet. It is the main component of the cochlear apex. The hair cells in this area best detect low frequency sounds. Wikipedia:Helicotrema Wikipedia:Cochlea cochlear apex pharyngeal system A transient embryonic complex that is specific to vertebrates. It comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear. GO:0060037 UBERON:0008814 ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Apparatus pharyngeal apparatus A transient embryonic complex that is specific to vertebrates. It comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear. GO:0060037 GOC:dph pharyngeal slit UBERON:0008815 filter-feeding organs found in non-vertebrate chordates (lancelets and tunicates) and hemichordates living in aquatic environments. These repeated segments are controlled by similar developmental mechanisms. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_slit filter-feeding organs found in non-vertebrate chordates (lancelets and tunicates) and hemichordates living in aquatic environments. These repeated segments are controlled by similar developmental mechanisms. embryonic head FBbt:00000155 UBERON:0008816 thymus primordium endoderm UBERON:0008817 PMID:16313389 superior mediastinum FMA:9827 SCTID:362687003 The superior mediastinum is that portion of the interpleural space which lies between the manubrium sterni in front, and the upper thoracic vertebrae behind. UBERON:0008818 ncithesaurus:Superior_Mediastinum superior mediastinal part of chest FMA FMA:9827 superior mediastinal part of chest The superior mediastinum is that portion of the interpleural space which lies between the manubrium sterni in front, and the upper thoracic vertebrae behind. Wikipedia:Superior_mediastinum inferior mediastinum Anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. FMA:9828 SCTID:243950006 UBERON:0008819 inferior mediastinal part of chest FMA-propagated FMA Anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. Wikipedia:Inferior_mediastinum FMA:9828 inferior mediastinal part of chest anterior mediastinum FMA:9838 SCTID:261048003 The anterior mediastinum exists only on the left side where the left pleura diverges from the mid-sternal line. It is narrow, above, but widens out a little below. UBERON:0008820 anterior mediastinal part of chest ncithesaurus:Anterior_Mediastinum FMA The anterior mediastinum exists only on the left side where the left pleura diverges from the mid-sternal line. It is narrow, above, but widens out a little below. Wikipedia:Anterior_mediastinum FMA:9838 anterior mediastinal part of chest middle mediastinum FMA:9839 SCTID:362688008 The middle mediastinum is the broadest part of the interpleural space. It is made up of the pericardial sac and its contents. UBERON:0008821 middle mediastinal part of chest ncithesaurus:Middle_Mediastinum The middle mediastinum is the broadest part of the interpleural space. It is made up of the pericardial sac and its contents. Wikipedia:Middle_mediastinum FMA:9839 middle mediastinal part of chest FMA posterior mediastinum FMA:9840 SCTID:243957009 The posterior mediastinum is an irregular triangular space running parallel with the vertebral column. UBERON:0008822 ncithesaurus:Posterior_Mediastinum posterior mediastinal part of chest FMA FMA:9840 posterior mediastinal part of chest The posterior mediastinum is an irregular triangular space running parallel with the vertebral column. Wikipedia:Posterior_mediastinum vertebrate brain UBERON:0008823 note that a reasoner should automatically classify all the vertebrate ontology brain classes here ZFA duct of epididymis FMA:18297 MA:0001735 SCTID:279623004 UBERON:0008824 epididymal duct epididymis duct ncithesaurus:Duct_of_the_Epididymis FMA MA:0001735 epididymal duct FMA:18297 epididymis duct FMA pulmonary surfactant FMA:62780 MA:0002534 Secretion produced by Type 2 pulmonary alveolar cell. UBERON:0008826 alveolar surfactant MA FMA:62780 alveolar surfactant FMA:62780 Secretion produced by Type 2 pulmonary alveolar cell. forestomach MA:0001606 UBERON:0008827 ncithesaurus:Forestomach MA presphenoid bone MA:0001470 SCTID:95949009 The anterior part of the body of the sphenoid bone in front of the basisphenoid. It is usually a separate bone in the young or fetus, but becomes a part of the sphenoid in the adult. UBERON:0008828 presphenoidal bone todo - account for developmental change MA SCTID:95949009 presphenoidal bone The anterior part of the body of the sphenoid bone in front of the basisphenoid. It is usually a separate bone in the young or fetus, but becomes a part of the sphenoid in the adult. Wikipedia:Ossification_of_sphenoid#Presphenoid http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Presphenoid+bone MA cerebellum external granule cell layer MA:0000994 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_797 UBERON:0008829 todo - check relationship to cerebellum transient layer of the cerebellar cortex present during development which is composed of dividing and migrating granule cells[MP]. The granule neurons migrate from the exterior layer to form an inner layer known as the internal granule layer. The external granular layer ceases to exist in the mature cerebellum, leaving only granule cells in the internal granule layer MP:0000874 Wikipedia:Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum#Development transient layer of the cerebellar cortex present during development which is composed of dividing and migrating granule cells[MP]. The granule neurons migrate from the exterior layer to form an inner layer known as the internal granule layer. The external granular layer ceases to exist in the mature cerebellum, leaving only granule cells in the internal granule layer MA cerebellum internal granule cell layer MA:0000995 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_790 UBERON:0008830 MA inner spiral sulcus FMA:77850 MA:0001197 UBERON:0008831 a concavity in the floor of the cochlear duct formed by the overhanging vestibular lip. internal spiral sulcus part_of spiral sulcus in MA sulcus spiralis internus FMA a concavity in the floor of the cochlear duct formed by the overhanging vestibular lip. http://www.drugs.com/dict/inner-spiral-sulcus.html http://www.drugs.com/dict/inner-spiral-sulcus.html sulcus spiralis internus MA:0001197 internal spiral sulcus outer spiral sulcus FMA:77851 MA:0001196 UBERON:0008832 a concavity in the outer wall of the cochlear duct between the spiral prominence and the spiral organ. external spiral sulcus part_of spiral sulcus in MA sulcus spiralis externus http://www.drugs.com/dict/outer-spiral-sulcus.html sulcus spiralis externus MA:0001196 external spiral sulcus FMA a concavity in the outer wall of the cochlear duct between the spiral prominence and the spiral organ. http://www.drugs.com/dict/outer-spiral-sulcus.html great auricular nerve FMA:6872 MA:0001232 SCTID:181110003 The great auricular nerve originates from the cervical plexus, composed of branches of spinal nerves C2 and C3. It provides sensory innervation for the skin over parotid gland and mastoid process, and both surfaces of the outer ear. UBERON:0008833 Wikipedia:Great_auricular_nerve auricular nerve great auricular greater auricular nerve todo - check MA grouping; in MA this is part_of pinna - should this be a different relationship? The great auricular nerve originates from the cervical plexus, composed of branches of spinal nerves C2 and C3. It provides sensory innervation for the skin over parotid gland and mastoid process, and both surfaces of the outer ear. Wikipedia:Great_auricular_nerve FMA Wikipedia:Great_auricular_nerve greater auricular nerve Wikipedia:Great_auricular_nerve great auricular MA:0001232 auricular nerve FMA prostomium BTO:0004198 The first body segment in annelids worms. It is in front of (but does not include) the mouth, being usually a small shelf- or lip-like extension over the dorsal side of the mouth. It sometimes bears antennae and eyes. By feeding, it often functions like a kind of overlip. The shape and composition of prostomium are important for annelid systematics. UBERON:0008834 acron Wikipedia The first body segment in annelids worms. It is in front of (but does not include) the mouth, being usually a small shelf- or lip-like extension over the dorsal side of the mouth. It sometimes bears antennae and eyes. By feeding, it often functions like a kind of overlip. The shape and composition of prostomium are important for annelid systematics. Wikipedia:Prostomium BTO:0004198 acron hepatic diverticulum AAO:0011057 EHDAA2:0000740 EHDAA:1530 The first morphological sign of the embryonic liver is the formation of the hepatic diverticulum, an out-pocket of thickened ventral foregut epithelium adjacent to the developing heart. The anterior portion of the hepatic diverticulum gives rise to the liver and intrahepatic biliary tree, while the posterior portion forms the gall bladder and extrahepatic bile duct. UBERON:0008835 XAO:0000101 liver diverticulum ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Diverticulum The first morphological sign of the embryonic liver is the formation of the hepatic diverticulum, an out-pocket of thickened ventral foregut epithelium adjacent to the developing heart. The anterior portion of the hepatic diverticulum gives rise to the liver and intrahepatic biliary tree, while the posterior portion forms the gall bladder and extrahepatic bile duct. Wikipedia:Hepatic_diverticulum http://www.stembook.org/node/512 EHDAA2 XAO XAO:0000101 liver diverticulum liver bud BTO:0001642 UBERON:0008836 http://www.stembook.org/node/512 palmar/plantar part of autopod UBERON:0008837 autopod pad UBERON:0008838 digital pad digital pads EMAPA:18489 digital pads EMAPA:18489 digital pad palmar pad EMAPA:18489 UBERON:0008839 note that the EMAPA term refers to the plural palmar pads cjm EMAPA EMAPA:18489 palmar pads plantar pad EMAPA:18507 UBERON:0008840 plantar pads cjm EMAPA:18507 plantar pads EMAPA suspensory ligament A ligament that supports a body part, especially an organ. UBERON:0008841 A ligament that supports a body part, especially an organ. Wikipedia:Suspensory_ligament suspensory ligament of testis The cranial atrophic portion of the urogenital ridge attached to the cranial pole of the intraabdominal embryonic testis UBERON:0008842 The cranial atrophic portion of the urogenital ridge attached to the cranial pole of the intraabdominal embryonic testis Wikipedia:Scrotal_ligament http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=49790 Obol Obol gubernaculum testis BTO:0002813 EMAPA:19089 FMA:20421 Hunter's gubernaculum SCTID:299983007 The fetal ligament attached to the inferior end of the epididymis and testis and, at its other end, to the bottom of the scrotum; it is present during, and is thought to guide, the descent of the testis into the scrotum and then atrophies. The upper part of the gubernaculum degenerates; The lower part persists as the gubernaculum testis ("scrotal ligament"). This ligament secures the testis to the most inferior portion of the scrotum, tethering it in place and limiting the degree to which the testis can move within the scrotum[WP] UBERON:0008843 BTO:0002813 The fetal ligament attached to the inferior end of the epididymis and testis and, at its other end, to the bottom of the scrotum; it is present during, and is thought to guide, the descent of the testis into the scrotum and then atrophies. BTO:0002813 Hunter's gubernaculum gubernaculum (female) The upper part of the gubernaculum, together with the ovarian artery and vein form the suspensory ligament of the ovary,[1] which suspends the ovary from the pelvic wall.; The lower gubernaculum has two vestigial remnants in females, the ovarian ligament and the round ligament of the uterus (ligamentum teres uteri) which respectively serve to support the ovaries and uterus in the pelvis UBERON:0008844 nonskeletal ligament FMA:25625 Ligament organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi which may be admixed with smooth muscle. Examples: ligament of liver, ovarian ligament. SCTID:410746001 UBERON:0008845 FMA FMA:25625 Ligament organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi which may be admixed with smooth muscle. Examples: ligament of liver, ovarian ligament. skeletal ligament AAO:0010444 AEO:0000090 EHDAA2:0003232 EV:0100144 FMA:25624 GAID:118 Ligament organ that primarily consists of regular dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi; connects bone and cartilage organs. Examples: sutural ligament, ligament of pinna, tarsal ligament. MESH:A.02.513 SCTID:410744003 TAO:0001682 UBERON:0008846 VAO:0000072 ZFA:0001675 articular larua articular ligament fibrous ligament http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Knee_diagram.svg/200px-Knee_diagram.svg.png ligament true ligament Wikipedia:Ligament fibrous ligament VAO:0000072 ZFA:0001675 ligament Wikipedia:Ligament articular ligament Wikipedia:Ligament true ligament Wikipedia:Ligament articular larua FMA FMA:25624 Ligament organ that primarily consists of regular dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi; connects bone and cartilage organs. Examples: sutural ligament, ligament of pinna, tarsal ligament. ovarian ligament FMA:55422 SCTID:279915004 The ligament runs in the broad ligament of the uterus, which is a fold of peritoneum rather than a fibrous ligament. Specifically, it is located in the parametrium UBERON:0008847 a fibrous ligament that connects the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus. ligament of ovary ligamentum ovarii proprium proper ovarian ligament Wikipedia:Ovarian_ligament a fibrous ligament that connects the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus. FMA FMA:TA ligamentum ovarii proprium Wikipedia FMA:55422 proper ovarian ligament FMA:55422 ligament of ovary cranial suspensory ligament Connects the cranial tip of the future gonad to the dorsocranial abdominal cavity. EMAPA:30068 UBERON:0008848 todo - check - add cranial ovarian susp ligaments EMAPA Obol ectoplacental cavity EMAPA:16080 UBERON:0008851 closed space within the ectoplacental cone, formed by the fusion of the parts of the amniotic fold that separate it from the amniotic cavity[MP]. a developmental cavity that exists in some mammals and is derived by division of the proamniotic space; it is further removed from the embryo than the amniotic cavity in some mammals epamniotic cavity MP:0011207 closed space within the ectoplacental cone, formed by the fusion of the parts of the amniotic fold that separate it from the amniotic cavity[MP]. a developmental cavity that exists in some mammals and is derived by division of the proamniotic space; it is further removed from the embryo than the amniotic cavity in some mammals http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?s=epamniotic+cavity EMAPA epamniotic cavity http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?s=epamniotic+cavity visceral yolk sac TODO - check UBERON:0008852 extraembryonic tissue membrane, formed from the visceral endoderm and the extraembryonic mesoderm, which is located ventral to the embryonic disc and is connected to the presumptive midgut of the embryo; the yolk that it contains is the site of embryonic hematopoiesis and vitelline circulation is involved in early embryonic circulation; it is the origin of the primordial germ cells secondary yolk sac umbilical vesicle vitelline sac yolk sac MP:0001718 extraembryonic tissue membrane, formed from the visceral endoderm and the extraembryonic mesoderm, which is located ventral to the embryonic disc and is connected to the presumptive midgut of the embryo; the yolk that it contains is the site of embryonic hematopoiesis and vitelline circulation is involved in early embryonic circulation; it is the origin of the primordial germ cells MP:0001718 umbilical vesicle MP:0001718 vitelline sac MP:0001718 yolk sac MP:0001718 secondary yolk sac abnormal parietal yolk sac morphology EHDAA2:0003237 UBERON:0008853 primary yolk sac tissue that consists of two cellular layers (parietal endoderm and trophoblast) separated by a relatively thick nonvascular basement membrane (Reichert's membrane), and acts as a protective layer to supports and facilitates transport of nutrients between the uterine tissue and the yolk sac cavity. MP:0011203 primary yolk sac MP:0011203 PMID:1150659 PMID:21123814 tissue that consists of two cellular layers (parietal endoderm and trophoblast) separated by a relatively thick nonvascular basement membrane (Reichert's membrane), and acts as a protective layer to supports and facilitates transport of nutrients between the uterine tissue and the yolk sac cavity. root of molar tooth FMA:85302 UBERON:0008854 molar root molar tooth root the part of a molar tooth that is implanted in the gum; mandibular and maxillary molars usually have two and three roots, respectively. FMA:85302 molar tooth root FMA MP:0011165 the part of a molar tooth that is implanted in the gum; mandibular and maxillary molars usually have two and three roots, respectively. FMA:85302 molar root placenta metrial gland MA:0001723 UBERON:0008855 group of granular epithelial cells in the uterine muscle beneath the placenta that develops during pregnancy in rodents and some other species. MP MP:0010777 group of granular epithelial cells in the uterine muscle beneath the placenta that develops during pregnancy in rodents and some other species. MP:0010777 stomach muscularis externa FMA:14909 SCTID:362132003 UBERON:0008856 gastric muscularis muscularis externa of stomach the smooth muscle layer of the stomach wall that functions to churn and mix food and gastric secretions as well as to move food along the digestive tract to the intestines todo - logical def tunica muscularis (gaster) FMA MP:0010779 the smooth muscle layer of the stomach wall that functions to churn and mix food and gastric secretions as well as to move food along the digestive tract to the intestines FMA:14909 muscularis externa of stomach MP FMA:14909 tunica muscularis (gaster) FMA:14909 gastric muscularis stomach smooth muscle circular layer FMA:14911 MA:0001628 SCTID:2746007 UBERON:0008857 circular layer of gastric muscularis stratum circulare (tunica muscularis)(gaster) the middle layer of the muscularis; it is continuous with the circular layer of the esophagus, but is absent in the fundus and lies concentric to the longitudinal axis of the stomach; the circular layer is normally tonically constricted forming a functional pyloric sphincter, which controls the movement of chyme into the duodenum todo - check FMA:14911 circular layer of gastric muscularis FMA:14911 stratum circulare (tunica muscularis)(gaster) MP MP:0010780 the middle layer of the muscularis; it is continuous with the circular layer of the esophagus, but is absent in the fundus and lies concentric to the longitudinal axis of the stomach; the circular layer is normally tonically constricted forming a functional pyloric sphincter, which controls the movement of chyme into the duodenum pyloric canal FMA:14580 SCTID:245417002 UBERON:0008858 the short narrow part of the stomach extending from the pyloric antrum to the pyloric sphincter FMA MP:0010791 the short narrow part of the stomach extending from the pyloric antrum to the pyloric sphincter UBERON cardiac gastric gland FMA:14920 SCTID:8894005 UBERON:0008859 fundic gland ncithesaurus:Fundic_Gland the gastric glands in the cardiac region of the stomach; cardiac glands are fewer in number than in the fundus and body, and secrete mucin which coats the stomach and protects it MP:0010795 the gastric glands in the cardiac region of the stomach; cardiac glands are fewer in number than in the fundus and body, and secrete mucin which coats the stomach and protects it MP:0010795 fundic gland Obol MP intermediate gastric gland UBERON:0008860 any of the branched tubular glands in the mucosa of the fundus and body of the stomach that secrete most of the digestive substances secreted by the stomach MP MP:0010796 any of the branched tubular glands in the mucosa of the fundus and body of the stomach that secrete most of the digestive substances secreted by the stomach MP pyloric gastric gland SCTID:70710007 UBERON:0008861 the gastric glands in the pyloric region of the stomach; the pyloric glands secrete mucin, which coats the stomach and protects it, and hormones such as gastrin and enkephalin MP MP:0010797 the gastric glands in the pyloric region of the stomach; the pyloric glands secrete mucin, which coats the stomach and protects it, and hormones such as gastrin and enkephalin stomach smooth muscle inner oblique layer UBERON:0008862 the innermost layer of the muscularis; it is not present in all sections of the stomach but is clearly seen in the fundus and near the lesser curvature of the corpus; the oblique fibers disappear distally (towards the pyloric antrum); the oblique layer is responsible for creating the motion that churns and physically breaks down the food MP:0010804 the innermost layer of the muscularis; it is not present in all sections of the stomach but is clearly seen in the fundus and near the lesser curvature of the corpus; the oblique fibers disappear distally (towards the pyloric antrum); the oblique layer is responsible for creating the motion that churns and physically breaks down the food stomach smooth muscle outer longitudinal layer UBERON:0008863 the most superficial layer of the muscularis; it has two sections, a longitudinal layer that is common with the esophagus and ends in the corpus, and a longitudinal layer that originates in the corpus and spreads into the duodenum MP:0010805 the most superficial layer of the muscularis; it has two sections, a longitudinal layer that is common with the esophagus and ends in the corpus, and a longitudinal layer that originates in the corpus and spreads into the duodenum enamel knot UBERON:0008866 a transient cluster of cells in the central part of the dental epithelium facing the dental mesenchyme, which acts as an organizing center, providing positional information for tooth morphogenesis and regulating the growth of tooth cusps MP:0010864 a transient cluster of cells in the central part of the dental epithelium facing the dental mesenchyme, which acts as an organizing center, providing positional information for tooth morphogenesis and regulating the growth of tooth cusps MP trabecular network of bone MP:0010867 UBERON:0008867 bone trabecula ncithesaurus:Bone_Trabeculae the network of intersecting plates and spicules in cancellous bone which form a meshwork of intercommunicating spaces filled with blood vessels and marrow; in mature bone, the trabeculae are aligned in parallel with the lines of major compressive or tensile force MP MP:0010867 bone trabecula MP:0010867 the network of intersecting plates and spicules in cancellous bone which form a meshwork of intercommunicating spaces filled with blood vessels and marrow; in mature bone, the trabeculae are aligned in parallel with the lines of major compressive or tensile force pulmonary alveolar parenchyma UBERON:0008870 the distinguishing cell types of the lung alveolar tissue, including pulmonary epithelial cells (pneumocytes), alveolar capillary endothelial cells, interstitial cells (fibroblasts) and alveolar macrophages MP MP:0010901 the distinguishing cell types of the lung alveolar tissue, including pulmonary epithelial cells (pneumocytes), alveolar capillary endothelial cells, interstitial cells (fibroblasts) and alveolar macrophages pulmonary alveolus wall . UBERON:0008872 MP . MP:0010903 alveolar pore UBERON:0008873 the openings in the alveolar septum that permit air flow between adjacent alveoli MP MP:0010904 the openings in the alveolar septum that permit air flow between adjacent alveoli pulmonary acinus FMA:7313 SCTID:361365004 UBERON:0008874 ncithesaurus:Pulmonary_Acinus primary pulmonary lobule the part of the airway consisting of a respiratory bronchiole and all of its branches MP:0010911 Wikipedia:Acinus#The_Lungs the part of the airway consisting of a respiratory bronchiole and all of its branches MP FMA:7313 primary pulmonary lobule hypodermis fat layer UBERON:0008875 the superficial portion of the subcutaneous tissue which is specialized for fat storage MP:0011156 the superficial portion of the subcutaneous tissue which is specialized for fat storage MP hypodermis muscle layer UBERON:0008876 the skeletal muscle layer in the superficial fascia MP MP:0011157 the skeletal muscle layer in the superficial fascia epidermal-dermal junction FMA:70963 UBERON:0008877 dermal-epidermal junction the multi-layer basement membrane between the dermis and epidermis that serves to adhere the dermis and epidermis, provide mechanical support for the epidermis, and forms a barrier to cells and large molecules across the junction MP MP:0011159 the multi-layer basement membrane between the dermis and epidermis that serves to adhere the dermis and epidermis, provide mechanical support for the epidermis, and forms a barrier to cells and large molecules across the junction FMA:70963 dermal-epidermal junction palmar part of hand FMA:24920 UBERON:0008878 front of hand ncithesaurus:Palmar_Region palm palm of hand palmar region regio palmaris FMA FMA:24920 front of hand FMA:24920 palmar region FMA:24920 palm of hand FMA:24920 palm FMA:TA regio palmaris ligament of pinna FMA:61035 MA:0001228 SCTID:362548009 UBERON:0008879 auricular ligament ligament of auricle pinna ligament subclasses (anterior, superior, posterior) can be added on request FMA:61035 pinna ligament FMA MA FMA:61035 ligament of auricle MA:0001228 auricular ligament annelid pygidium Rearmost segment of annelid worms. UBERON:0008880 Wikipedia Rearmost segment of annelid worms. Wikipedia:Annelid#Segmentation rostral migratory stream BTO:0003412 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1702 RMS UBERON:0008881 Unique telencephalic subventricular zones that extend from the lateral ventricles into the olfactory bulbs. Newly produced GABAergic interneurons migrate along the RMS and settle in the bulb[NIF]. In rodents, the anterior region of the SVZ produces neuroblasts that migrate in chain toward the olfactory bulb along the so-called rostral migratory stream (RMS)[BTO]. the transient structure formed by neurons migrating from the subventricular zone into the olfactory bulbs[MP] he rostral migratory stream (RMS) or rostral migratory pathway is a pathway, found in the brain of some animals, along which neuronal precursors that originated in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the brain migrate to reach the main olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into interneurons. Neurogenesis has been shown to occur in the SVZ into adulthood[WP] rostral migratory pathway Wikipedia:Rostral_migratory_stream rostral migratory pathway BTO MP-modified MP:0004279 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1702 PMID:12453055 Unique telencephalic subventricular zones that extend from the lateral ventricles into the olfactory bulbs. Newly produced GABAergic interneurons migrate along the RMS and settle in the bulb[NIF]. In rodents, the anterior region of the SVZ produces neuroblasts that migrate in chain toward the olfactory bulb along the so-called rostral migratory stream (RMS)[BTO]. the transient structure formed by neurons migrating from the subventricular zone into the olfactory bulbs[MP] he rostral migratory stream (RMS) or rostral migratory pathway is a pathway, found in the brain of some animals, along which neuronal precursors that originated in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the brain migrate to reach the main olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into interneurons. Neurogenesis has been shown to occur in the SVZ into adulthood[WP] [Wikipedia:Rostral_migratory_stream BTO BTO:0003412 RMS spinal cord commissure The nerve fiber tracts that span the midline of the spinal cord UBERON:0008882 MP:0009694 The nerve fiber tracts that span the midline of the spinal cord osteoid FMA:66830 UBERON:0008883 XAO:0004035 ncithesaurus:Osteoid prebone tissue request from GO? unmineralized, organic portion of the bone matrix that forms prior to the maturation of bone tissue. Osteoblasts begin the process of forming bone tissue by secreting the osteoid as several specific proteins. When the osteoid becomes mineralized, it and the adjacent bone cells have developed into new bone tissue FMA:66830 prebone tissue Wikipedia:Osteoid unmineralized, organic portion of the bone matrix that forms prior to the maturation of bone tissue. Osteoblasts begin the process of forming bone tissue by secreting the osteoid as several specific proteins. When the osteoid becomes mineralized, it and the adjacent bone cells have developed into new bone tissue left putamen FMA:72829 UBERON:0008884 right putamen FMA:72828 UBERON:0008885 pulmonary vascular system FMA:45621 Subdivision of cardiovascular system which has as its parts the pulmonary arterial and venous tree organs. UBERON:0008886 pulmonary circulatory system FMA Obol FMA:45621 Subdivision of cardiovascular system which has as its parts the pulmonary arterial and venous tree organs. Wikipedia:Pulmonary_circulation FMA:45621 pulmonary circulatory system rectal venous plexus FMA:18933 The hemorrhoidal plexus (or rectal venous plexus) surrounds the rectum, and communicates in front with the vesical venous plexus in the male, and the uterovaginal plexus in the female. A free communication between the portal and systemic venous systems is established through the hemorrhoidal plexus. UBERON:0008887 haemorrhoidal plexus hemorrhoidal plexus ncithesaurus:Hemorrhoidal_Plexus The hemorrhoidal plexus (or rectal venous plexus) surrounds the rectum, and communicates in front with the vesical venous plexus in the male, and the uterovaginal plexus in the female. A free communication between the portal and systemic venous systems is established through the hemorrhoidal plexus. Wikipedia:Rectal_venous_plexus Wikipedia:Rectal_venous_plexus haemorrhoidal plexus Wikipedia:Rectal_venous_plexus hemorrhoidal plexus FMA vesical venous plexus FMA:18934 SCTID:31510008 The vesical plexus envelops the lower part of the bladder and the base of the prostate and communicates with the pudendal and prostatic plexuses. It is drained, by means of several vesical veins, into the hypogastric veins. UBERON:0008888 The vesical plexus envelops the lower part of the bladder and the base of the prostate and communicates with the pudendal and prostatic plexuses. It is drained, by means of several vesical veins, into the hypogastric veins. Wikipedia:Vesical_venous_plexus FMA uterine venous plexus FMA:29712 SCTID:294553007 The uterine plexuses lie along the sides and superior angles of the uterus between the two layers of the broad ligament, and communicate with the ovarian and vaginal plexuses. They are drained by a pair of uterine veins on either side: these arise from the lower part of the plexuses, opposite the external orifice of the uterus, and open into the corresponding hypogastric vein. UBERON:0008889 uterine plexus Wikipedia:Uterine_venous_plexus uterine plexus The uterine plexuses lie along the sides and superior angles of the uterus between the two layers of the broad ligament, and communicate with the ovarian and vaginal plexuses. They are drained by a pair of uterine veins on either side: these arise from the lower part of the plexuses, opposite the external orifice of the uterus, and open into the corresponding hypogastric vein. Wikipedia:Uterine_venous_plexus FMA external gill AAO:0010174 BTO:0004689 External gills are the gills of an animal, most typically an amphibian, that are exposed to the environment, rather than set inside the pharynx and covered by gill slits, as they are in most fishes. UBERON:0008891 XAO:0000120 BTO:0004689 External gills are the gills of an animal, most typically an amphibian, that are exposed to the environment, rather than set inside the pharynx and covered by gill slits, as they are in most fishes. XAO BTO internal gill AAO:0010176 UBERON:0008892 AAO gill precursor A primordium or bud that develops into a gill. UBERON:0008894 XAO:0000448 ZFA:0001107 gill primordium internal gill bud XAO:0000448 gill primordium XAO XAO ZFA:0001107 internal gill bud ZFA XAO pharyngeal arch skeleton UBERON:0008895 branchial arch skeleton gill arch skeleton merge with viscerocranium? pharyngeal arch 3-7 AAO:0010362 SCTID:308766004 TAO:0001597 UBERON:0008896 XAO:0000099 ZFA:0001613 branchial arch branchial arches branchial bar branchial bars gill arch gill arches 1-5 visceral arches 3-7 ZFA:0001613 branchial arch ZFA ZFA:0001613 branchial bar ZFA:0001613 visceral arches 3-7 ZFA:0001613 branchial arches ZFA:0001613 gill arches 1-5 ZFA ZFA:0001613 branchial bars ZFA:0001613 gill arch fin AAO:0010374 An external membranous process of an aquatic animal as a fish used in propelling or guiding the body. BTO:0004649 EFO:0000875 MAT:0000087 MIAA:0000087 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjcBZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:73003005 TAO:0000108 UBERON:0008897 XAO:0000002 ZFA:0000108 An external membranous process of an aquatic animal as a fish used in propelling or guiding the body. BTO:0004649 Wikipedia:Fin lateral recess of third vetricle Lateral protrusion of the third ventricle. TAO:0000231 UBERON:0008902 ZFA:0000231 lateral recess lateral recess of diencephalic ventricle ZFA ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-091221-27 lateral recess of diencephalic ventricle Lateral protrusion of the third ventricle. ZFIN:curator ZFA:0000231 lateral recess ZFA neuromast AAO:0001004 TAO:0000243 UBERON:0008904 Volcano-shaped lateral line sensory organ located in characteristic positions within the skin epithelium and containing hair cells and their support elements. (Also see Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) ZFA:0000243 lateral line neuromast lateral line organ neuromasts ZFA ZFA Volcano-shaped lateral line sensory organ located in characteristic positions within the skin epithelium and containing hair cells and their support elements. (Also see Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 ZFA:0000243 neuromasts ZFA:0000243 lateral line organ ZFA:0000243 lateral line neuromast lateral line nerve AAO:0010077 Cranial nerves that carry afferent and efferent fibers for the lateral line system. TAO:0001479 UBERON:0008906 ZFA:0001479 lateral line nerves NBK53175 ZFA:0001479 lateral line nerves Cranial nerves that carry afferent and efferent fibers for the lateral line system. ZFIN:curator AAO ZFA dermal bone AAO:0010769 Skeletal element that forms superficially in the organism, usually in association with the ectoderm. UBERON:0008907 VAO:0000130 XAO:0004015 ZFA:0001590 todo ZFA Skeletal element that forms superficially in the organism, usually in association with the ectoderm. VAO:0000130 VAO:curator VAO perichordal bone tissue AAO:0010777 Replacement bone that forms within the connective tissue surrounding the notochord. TAO:0001639 UBERON:0008909 ZFA:0001629 perichordal bone perichordal bones renamed to perichordal bone tissue ZFA:0001629 perichordal bones ZFA ZFA:0001629 perichordal bone Replacement bone that forms within the connective tissue surrounding the notochord. ZFIN:curator chondral bone tissue AAO:0010774 Replacement bone that forms within or surrounding a cartilaginous skeletal element. UBERON:0008911 ZFA:0001693 chondral bone renamed to perichordal bone tissue ZFA:0001693 chondral bone ZFA Replacement bone that forms within or surrounding a cartilaginous skeletal element. zfin:curator perichondral bone tissue AAO:0010779 Replacement bone that forms within the connective tissue surrounding cartilage. TAO:0001638 UBERON:0008913 ZFA:0001630 perichondral bone perichondral bones ZFA:0001630 perichondral bones ZFA ZFA:0001630 perichondral bone ZFA Replacement bone that forms within the connective tissue surrounding cartilage. ZFIN:curator pore AAO:0010441 An anatomical space that is an opening, usually at the end of a canal or duct, on the surface of the integument or the lining of an internal anatomical space. TAO:0001791 UBERON:0008915 ZFA:0005449 ZFA An anatomical space that is an opening, usually at the end of a canal or duct, on the surface of the integument or the lining of an internal anatomical space. TAO:curator ampullary organ AAO:0001006 Organ that consists of receptor cells located within an epidermal invagination and functions as an electroreceptor. TAO:0002104 UBERON:0008917 ampullary electroreceptor organ TAO Organ that consists of receptor cells located within an epidermal invagination and functions as an electroreceptor. TAO:wd TAO:0002104 ampullary electroreceptor organ ampulla of Lorenzini The ampullae of Lorenzini are special sensing organs called electroreceptors, forming a network of jelly-filled pores... Each ampulla consists of a jelly-filled canal opening to the surface by a pore in the skin and ending blindly in a cluster of small pockets full of special jelly. The ampullae are mostly clustered into groups inside the body, each cluster having ampullae connecting with different parts of the skin, but preserving a left-right symmetry. The canal lengths vary from animal to animal, but the distribution of the pores is generally specific to each species. The ampullae pores are plainly visible as dark spots in the skin. They provide fish with a sixth sense capable of detecting electromagnetic fields as well as temperature gradients[WP]. UBERON:0008918 ampullae of Lorenzini http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Electroreceptors_in_a_sharks_head.svg Wikipedia Wikipedia:Ampullae_of_Lorenzini ampullae of Lorenzini The ampullae of Lorenzini are special sensing organs called electroreceptors, forming a network of jelly-filled pores... Each ampulla consists of a jelly-filled canal opening to the surface by a pore in the skin and ending blindly in a cluster of small pockets full of special jelly. The ampullae are mostly clustered into groups inside the body, each cluster having ampullae connecting with different parts of the skin, but preserving a left-right symmetry. The canal lengths vary from animal to animal, but the distribution of the pores is generally specific to each species. The ampullae pores are plainly visible as dark spots in the skin. They provide fish with a sixth sense capable of detecting electromagnetic fields as well as temperature gradients[WP]. Wikipedia:Ampullae_of_Lorenzini mesenchyme from somatopleure . EHDAA2:0001120 UBERON:0008919 somatopleuric mesenchyme EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Somatopleuric_mesenchyme somatopleuric mesenchyme . Wikipedia:Somatopleuric_mesenchyme mesenchyme from splanchnopleure . EHDAA2:0001122 UBERON:0008920 splanchnopleuric mesenchyme . Wikipedia:Splanchopleuric_mesenchyme EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Splanchopleuric_mesenchyme splanchnopleuric mesenchyme EHDAA2 substratum of layer of retina . UBERON:0008921 . UBERON:CL_meeting_20110725 http://retina.anatomy.upenn.edu/~lance/eye/retina_gross.html sublaminar layer S1 A retinal neural layer that is immediately adjacent to the inner nuclear layer and comprises 20 percent of the inner plexiform layer of retina. CP:0000113 UBERON:0008922 A retinal neural layer that is immediately adjacent to the inner nuclear layer and comprises 20 percent of the inner plexiform layer of retina. GOC:tfm sublaminar layer S2 A retinal neural layer that is immediately adjacent to the S1 and S3 layers and comprises 20 percent of the inner plexiform layer of retina. CP:0000114 UBERON:0008923 A retinal neural layer that is immediately adjacent to the S1 and S3 layers and comprises 20 percent of the inner plexiform layer of retina. GOC:tfm sublaminar layer S3 A retinal neural layer that is immediately adjacent to the S2 and S4 layers and comprises 20 percent of the inner plexiform layer of retina. CP:0000115 UBERON:0008924 A retinal neural layer that is immediately adjacent to the S2 and S4 layers and comprises 20 percent of the inner plexiform layer of retina. GOC:tfm sublaminar layer S4 A retinal neural layer that is immediately adjacent to the S3 and S5 layer and comprises 20 percent of the inner plexiform layer of retina. CP:0000116 UBERON:0008925 A retinal neural layer that is immediately adjacent to the S3 and S5 layer and comprises 20 percent of the inner plexiform layer of retina. GOC:tfm sublaminar layer S5 A retinal neural layer that is immediately adjacent to the retinal ganglion cell layer and comprises 20 percent of the ganglion plexiform layer of retina. CP:0000117 UBERON:0008926 A retinal neural layer that is immediately adjacent to the retinal ganglion cell layer and comprises 20 percent of the ganglion plexiform layer of retina. GOC:tfm sublaminar layers S1 or S2 CP:0000118 One of sublaminar layers S1 or S2. TODO - change label from 'and' to 'or' UBERON:0008927 GOC:tfm One of sublaminar layers S1 or S2. sublaminar layers S2 or S3 CP:0000119 One of sublaminar layers S2 or S3. TODO - change label from 'and' to 'or' UBERON:0008928 GOC:tfm One of sublaminar layers S2 or S3. sublaminar layers S4 or S5 CP:0000120 One of sublaminar layers S4 or S5. TODO - change label from 'and' to 'or' UBERON:0008929 GOC:tfm One of sublaminar layers S4 or S5. somatosensory cortex Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving general sensations. It lies posterior to the central sulcus. BTO:0004353 GAID:681 MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.213.670.675 SCTID:279252006 UBERON:0008930 somesthetic area Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving general sensations. It lies posterior to the central sulcus. MESH:A.08.186.211.730.885.213.670.675 BTO:0004353 somesthetic area BTO primary somatosensory cortex ABA disjointness - Removed relationship: part_of UBERON:0001870 MA:0000908 UBERON:0008933 MA ABA disjointness - Removed relationship: part_of UBERON:0001870 MA secondary somatosensory cortex MA:0000918 UBERON:0008934 MA albumen gland BTO:0000054 The posterior oviduct opens into the large white albumen gland which adds a layer of albumen to the zygote before it reaches the egg capsule gland. UBERON:0008935 BTO BTO:0000054 The posterior oviduct opens into the large white albumen gland which adds a layer of albumen to the zygote before it reaches the egg capsule gland. gastropod genital pore A small opening on the side of the head in some gastropods through which the penis is protruded. BTO:0004684 UBERON:0008936 genital orifice genital pore BTO:0004684 genital pore BTO:0004684 genital orifice A small opening on the side of the head in some gastropods through which the penis is protruded. BTO:0004684 BTO visceral hump BTO:0001448 Mollusks have three distinct divisions of their body. The head contains the sensory equipment (eyes, antennae, etc) and the primitive brain. The visceral hump, which is the main body, contains most of the organs, including a complete digestive and excretory tract as well as the reproductive organs. The visceral hump also includes the two external flaps of tissue, which are known as the mantle. UBERON:0008937 visceral sac BTO:0001448 visceral sac BTO:0001448 Mollusks have three distinct divisions of their body. The head contains the sensory equipment (eyes, antennae, etc) and the primitive brain. The visceral hump, which is the main body, contains most of the organs, including a complete digestive and excretory tract as well as the reproductive organs. The visceral hump also includes the two external flaps of tissue, which are known as the mantle. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630349/visceral-hump pedal ganglion BTO:0001012 The pedal ganglia mainly are necessary for coordination of locomotion of a snail. UBERON:0008939 BTO BTO:0001012 The pedal ganglia mainly are necessary for coordination of locomotion of a snail. BTO parietal ganglion BTO:0001841 The lateral ganglia of a snail nervous system are called parietal ganglia. They innerve pallial cavity, gills and skin. UBERON:0008940 BTO BTO BTO:0001841 The lateral ganglia of a snail nervous system are called parietal ganglia. They innerve pallial cavity, gills and skin. pleural ganglion BTO:0001842 The pallial cavity's nerve knots are called pleural ganglia. They innerve primarily the mantle or a snail. UBERON:0008941 BTO BTO:0001842 The pallial cavity's nerve knots are called pleural ganglia. They innerve primarily the mantle or a snail. BTO gastropod cerebral ganglion BTO:0001843 The cerebral ganglia are primarily sensual centres, that compute information from the eyes as well as from the tactile and position sensors (statocystes). Besides coordination they also serve the locational memory of a snail. UBERON:0008942 cerebral ganglion BTO:0001843 The cerebral ganglia are primarily sensual centres, that compute information from the eyes as well as from the tactile and position sensors (statocystes). Besides coordination they also serve the locational memory of a snail. BTO:0001843 cerebral ganglion BTO headfoot BTO:0003509 The head-foot is the part you see most easily in slugs and snails. It is mostly a muscular organ covered in cilia and rich in mucous cells, which the mollusc uses to move around, it normally tapers to a tail at one end and has a head incorporated in the front. The head includes a mouth, eyes and tentacles, the last two may be much reduced or even absent. In those species with shells the head-foot can be drawn into the shell. UBERON:0008943 BTO:0003509 The head-foot is the part you see most easily in slugs and snails. It is mostly a muscular organ covered in cilia and rich in mucous cells, which the mollusc uses to move around, it normally tapers to a tail at one end and has a head incorporated in the front. The head includes a mouth, eyes and tentacles, the last two may be much reduced or even absent. In those species with shells the head-foot can be drawn into the shell. albumen Albumen is the clear liquid contained within an egg and consists of water and proteins, among which are ovomucin and ovomucoid. It protects the egg yolk and provides additional nutrition for the growth of the embryo. GO:0097099 UBERON:0008944 egg white ncithesaurus:Egg_White GO:0097099 egg white Albumen is the clear liquid contained within an egg and consists of water and proteins, among which are ovomucin and ovomucoid. It protects the egg yolk and provides additional nutrition for the growth of the embryo. GO:0097099 Wikipedia:Albumen https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3357613&group_id=36855&atid=440764 extraembryonic endoderm . EHDAA2:0000473 EHDAA:105 UBERON:0008945 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 . http://www.ana.ed.ac.uk/database/humat/notes/extraemb/mesoder.htm EHDAA2 lung parenchyma FMA:27360 SCTID:201712001 UBERON:0008946 respiratory portion of lung FMA FMA FMA:27360 respiratory portion of lung respiratory primordium EHDAA2:0004069 UBERON:0008947 ncithesaurus:Respiratory_Primordium Obol upper lobe of lung FMA:7334 SCTID:303548008 UBERON:0008948 cranial lobe of lung lobus superior lobus superior pulmonis ncithesaurus:Lung_Upper_Lobe superior lobe of lung FMA:7334 superior lobe of lung FMA UBERON:cjm cranial lobe of lung FMA:TA lobus superior pulmonis FMA:7334 lobus superior lower lobe of lung FMA:7335 SCTID:303549000 UBERON:0008949 inferior lobe of lung lobus inferior lobus inferior pulmonis ncithesaurus:Lung_Lower_Lobe FMA UBERON:cjm lobus inferior pulmonis UBERON:cjm lobus inferior UBERON:cjm inferior lobe of lung azygous lobe of lung The azygous lobe of the lung is an accessory lobe of the right lung. It is rare and usually associated with an abnormality of the azygous vein. It is produced by an aberrant position of the azygous vein near the hilum of the lung. It divides the right superior lobe near the apex of the lung down to the hilum in roughly the median plane. The fissure created, the meso-azygous fissure, is lined by both visceral and parietal pleura. The lobe lies superomedial to the fissure. UBERON:0008950 The azygous lobe of the lung is an accessory lobe of the right lung. It is rare and usually associated with an abnormality of the azygous vein. It is produced by an aberrant position of the azygous vein near the hilum of the lung. It divides the right superior lobe near the apex of the lung down to the hilum in roughly the median plane. The fissure created, the meso-azygous fissure, is lined by both visceral and parietal pleura. The lobe lies superomedial to the fissure. http://www.e-radiography.net/radpath/a/azygoslobe.htm http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk left lung lobe EHDAA:2981 SCTID:272655003 UBERON:0008951 lobe of left lung lobe of the left lung ncithesaurus:Lobe_of_the_Left_Lung upper lobe of left lung EHDAA2:0000953 EHDAA:4957 FMA:7370 SCTID:361984006 The lobe of the left lung that is closest to the head. UBERON:0008952 left lung cranial lobe left upper lobe left upper lobe of lung lobus superior pulmonis sinistri ncithesaurus:Upper_Lobe_of_the_Left_Lung superior lobe of left lung The lobe of the left lung that is closest to the head. UBERON:cjm FMA:7370 superior lobe of left lung FMA FMA:7370 left upper lobe of lung FMA:7370 left upper lobe FMA:TA lobus superior pulmonis sinistri EHDAA2:0000953 left lung cranial lobe lower lobe of left lung EHDAA2:0000945 EHDAA:4949 FMA:7371 SCTID:361989001 UBERON:0008953 inferior lobe of left lung left lower lobe left lower lobe of lung left lung caudal lobe lobus inferior (pulmo sinister) lobus inferior pulmonis sinistri ncithesaurus:Lower_Lobe_of_the_Left_Lung FMA:7371 left lower lobe FMA:TA lobus inferior pulmonis sinistri FMA:7371 inferior lobe of left lung FMA:7371 lobus inferior (pulmo sinister) FMA FMA:7371 left lower lobe of lung EHDAA2:0000945 left lung caudal lobe lingula of left lung FMA:7433 SCTID:184916009 UBERON:0008954 galen:MiddleLobeOfLeftLung left pulmonary lingula lingula of lung middle lobe of left lung ncithesaurus:Lingula the lingula of the left lung in humans is not normally considered a true lobe FMA:7433 left pulmonary lingula galen:MiddleLobeOfLeftLung middle lobe of left lung FMA:7433 lingula of lung middle lobe/projection of lung SCTID:362900002 UBERON:0008955 galen:MiddleLobeOfLung middle lobe of lung galen:MiddleLobeOfLung middle lobe of lung involucrum UBERON:0008956 a layer of new bone growth outside existing bone seen in pyogenic osteomyelitis. It results from the stripping off of the periosteum by the accumulation of pus within the bone, and new bone growing from the periosteum. Wikipedia:Involucrum a layer of new bone growth outside existing bone seen in pyogenic osteomyelitis. It results from the stripping off of the periosteum by the accumulation of pus within the bone, and new bone growing from the periosteum. Wikipedia sequestrum UBERON:0008957 a piece of dead bone that has become separated during the process of necrosis from normal/sound bone.. Wikipedia:Sequestrum a piece of dead bone that has become separated during the process of necrosis from normal/sound bone.. Wikipedia cetacean involucrum UBERON:0008958 Wikipedia auditory bulla In extant primates, the structure is found in tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises UBERON:0008959 a hollow bony structure on the ventral, posterior portion of the skull of placental mammals that encloses parts of the middle and inner ear. In most species, it is formed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone. tympanic bulla Wikipedia:Auditory_bulla a hollow bony structure on the ventral, posterior portion of the skull of placental mammals that encloses parts of the middle and inner ear. In most species, it is formed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone. melon organ The melon is an ovoid-shaped, fatty organ found in the forehead of all toothed whales (odontocetes), including dolphins and porpoises (Cranford et al., 1996; Harper, C. J., et al., 2008) and believed to be used in echolocation UBERON:0008960 The melon is an ovoid-shaped, fatty organ found in the forehead of all toothed whales (odontocetes), including dolphins and porpoises (Cranford et al., 1996; Harper, C. J., et al., 2008) and believed to be used in echolocation Wikipedia:Melon_(whale) parabronchus UBERON:0008961 parabronchia tertiary bronchi in the avian lung. The domestic fowl has some 500 parabronchi each 1 to 2 mm diameter with the wall of each containing the complex respiratory epithelium. parabronchia http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/parabronchi tertiary bronchi in the avian lung. The domestic fowl has some 500 parabronchi each 1 to 2 mm diameter with the wall of each containing the complex respiratory epithelium. forelimb bone MA:0000612 SCTID:371195002 UBERON:0008962 MA MA hoof BTO:0003994 SCTID:410026002 The hoof is the integument of the foot. Like skin, the integument of the foot has three layers, namely the epidermis, dermis, and SC tissue. The tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick horny (keratin) covering. The hoof consists of a hard or rubbery sole, and a hard wall formed by a thick nail rolled around the tip of the toe. The weight of the animal is normally borne by both the sole and the edge of the hoof wall. Hooves grow continuously, and are constantly worn down by use. UBERON:0008963 The tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick horny (keratin) covering. The hoof consists of a hard or rubbery sole, and a hard wall formed by a thick nail rolled around the tip of the toe. The weight of the animal is normally borne by both the sole and the edge of the hoof wall. Hooves grow continuously, and are constantly worn down by use. Wikipedia:Hoof abdominal ganglion of visceral hump BTO:0000022 The visceral sacs nerve knot is called visceral ganglion. In contrary to the mostly paired other ganglia this nerve knot is unpaired. The visceral ganglion innerves the pallial organs as well as the inner organs. UBERON:0008964 abdominal ganglion visceral ganglion BTO:0000022 The visceral sacs nerve knot is called visceral ganglion. In contrary to the mostly paired other ganglia this nerve knot is unpaired. The visceral ganglion innerves the pallial organs as well as the inner organs. BTO:0000022 visceral ganglion BTO BTO:0000022 abdominal ganglion BTO centrum semiovale BTO:0000229 FMA:61939 SCTID:369198002 The semioval center is the white matter found underneath the grey matter on the surface of the cerebrum. The term is synonymous with cerebral white matter. The white matter, located in each hemisphere between the cerebral cortex and nuclei, as a whole has a semioval shape. It consists of cortical projection fibers, association fibers and cortical fibers. UBERON:0008967 medullary center note that WP suggests a merge with cerebral white matter semioval center white matter of cerebrum BTO BTO The semioval center is the white matter found underneath the grey matter on the surface of the cerebrum. The term is synonymous with cerebral white matter. The white matter, located in each hemisphere between the cerebral cortex and nuclei, as a whole has a semioval shape. It consists of cortical projection fibers, association fibers and cortical fibers. Wikipedia:Semioval_center BTO:0000229 semioval center FMA:61939 white matter of cerebrum FMA:61939 medullary center dental follicle BTO:0000337 SCTID:110975002 The structure within the developing alveolar bone of the jaws enclosing the tooth germ. UBERON:0008969 tooth follicle BTO:0000337 The structure within the developing alveolar bone of the jaws enclosing the tooth germ. BTO:0000337 tooth follicle BTO BTO left colon BTO:0000646 SCTID:362164005 The distal portion of the colon; it develops embryonically from the hindgut and functions in the storage and elimination of waste. UBERON:0008971 distal colon ncithesaurus:Left_Colon BTO BTO BTO:0000646 distal colon BTO:0000646 The distal portion of the colon; it develops embryonically from the hindgut and functions in the storage and elimination of waste. right colon BTO:0000649 SCTID:362161002 The proximal portion of the colon, extending from the ileocecal valve usually to a point proximal to the left colic flexure; it develops embryonically from the terminal portion of the midgut and functions in absorption. UBERON:0008972 ncithesaurus:Right_Colon proximal colon BTO:0000649 proximal colon BTO BTO BTO:0000649 The proximal portion of the colon, extending from the ileocecal valve usually to a point proximal to the left colic flexure; it develops embryonically from the terminal portion of the midgut and functions in absorption. apocrine gland A gland whose discharged secretion contains part of the secreting cells. BTO:0001162 SCTID:361698000 UBERON:0008974 BTO A gland whose discharged secretion contains part of the secreting cells. BTO:0001162 shell gland BTO:0001241 SCTID:14478002 UBERON:0008975 BTO venom gland BTO:0001440 SCTID:362181001 The venom gland of snakes is in actual fact a modified salivary gland and is linked to the groove in the fangs by a duct. UBERON:0008976 poison gland BTO BTO:0001440 The venom gland of snakes is in actual fact a modified salivary gland and is linked to the groove in the fangs by a duct. BTO:0001440 poison gland BTO pes anserinus BTO:0001507 SCTID:360767004 The pes anserinus is the insertion of the conjoined tendons of three muscles onto the anteromedial (front and inside) surface of the proximal extremity of the tibia. UBERON:0008977 pes anserine BTO The pes anserinus is the insertion of the conjoined tendons of three muscles onto the anteromedial (front and inside) surface of the proximal extremity of the tibia. Wikipedia:Pes_anserinus_%28leg%29 BTO Wikipedia:Pes_anserinus_%28leg%29 pes anserine anal sac BTO:0001681 In carnivores, either of two sacs found between the internal and external anal sphincters, lined with sebaceous glands and in some species with apocrine glands. SCTID:362169000 UBERON:0008978 BTO:0001681 In carnivores, either of two sacs found between the internal and external anal sphincters, lined with sebaceous glands and in some species with apocrine glands. BTO BTO carcass A dead body. BTO:0001965 SCTID:127853004 UBERON:0008979 cadaver dead body BTO BTO:0001965 dead body A dead body. BTO:0001965 BTO:0001965 cadaver rhinencephalon BTO:0002785 SCTID:361576004 The olfactory region of the brain, located in the cerebrum. UBERON:0008981 olfactory brain BTO:0002785 olfactory brain BTO BTO BTO BTO:0002785 The olfactory region of the brain, located in the cerebrum. fascia A sheet of connective tissue covering or binding together body structures as muscles. BTO:0002930 FMA:30318 SCTID:181772008 UBERON:0008982 ncithesaurus:Fascia A sheet of connective tissue covering or binding together body structures as muscles. BTO:0002930 BTO renal parenchyma BTO:0003604 FMA:15574 SCTID:29704000 The functional tissue of the kidney, consisting of the nephrons. UBERON:0008987 kidney parenchyma FMA FMA BTO BTO:0003604 kidney parenchyma BTO:0003604 The functional tissue of the kidney, consisting of the nephrons. esophageal gland BTO:0003634 FMA:9404 One of the racemose glands in the walls of the esophagus that in humans are small and serve principally to lubricate the food but in some birds secrete a milky fluid on which the young are fed. SCTID:322749003 UBERON:0008989 ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Gland BTO:0003634 One of the racemose glands in the walls of the esophagus that in humans are small and serve principally to lubricate the food but in some birds secrete a milky fluid on which the young are fed. BTO BTO chorion frondosum BTO:0003677 SCTID:37333001 The part of the chorion where the villi persist, forming the foetal part of the placenta. UBERON:0008992 shaggy chorion BTO:0003677 The part of the chorion where the villi persist, forming the foetal part of the placenta. BTO BTO BTO:0003677 shaggy chorion habenular nucleus BTO:0003685 SCTID:279303009 The gray matter of the habenula, composed of a small-celled medial and a larger-celled lateral habenular nucleus; both nuclei receive fibres from basal forebrain regions (septum, basal nucleus, lateral preoptic nucleus); the lateral habenular nucleus receives an additional projection from the medial segment of the globus pallidus. Both nuclei project by way of the retroflex fasciculus to the interpeduncular nucleus and a medial zone of the midbrain tegmentum. UBERON:0008993 ganglion habenulae nucleus habenulae BTO:0003685 nucleus habenulae BTO:0003685 The gray matter of the habenula, composed of a small-celled medial and a larger-celled lateral habenular nucleus; both nuclei receive fibres from basal forebrain regions (septum, basal nucleus, lateral preoptic nucleus); the lateral habenular nucleus receives an additional projection from the medial segment of the globus pallidus. Both nuclei project by way of the retroflex fasciculus to the interpeduncular nucleus and a medial zone of the midbrain tegmentum. BTO:0003685 ganglion habenulae BTO BTO glandular stomach BTO:0003791 SCTID:27633001 Stomach found in horses; includes cardiac, proper gastric and pyloric glandular zones. UBERON:0008994 ncithesaurus:Glandular_Stomach stomachus glandularis BTO:0003791 stomachus glandularis BTO BTO:0003791 Stomach found in horses; includes cardiac, proper gastric and pyloric glandular zones. cerebellar nucleus BTO:0003835 Four accumulations of gray substance embedded in the white substance of the cerebellum, comprising the nucleus dentatus, nucleus emboliformis, nucleus globosus, and nucleus fastigii. SCTID:279220006 UBERON:0008995 BTO:0003835 Four accumulations of gray substance embedded in the white substance of the cerebellum, comprising the nucleus dentatus, nucleus emboliformis, nucleus globosus, and nucleus fastigii. BTO BTO nucleus dentatus BTO:0003836 SCTID:279221005 UBERON:0008996 BTO nucleus fastigii BTO:0003839 SCTID:279224002 UBERON:0008997 BTO cerebrovascular system BTO:0003840 SCTID:362029003 System pertaining to blood vessels in the brain. UBERON:0008998 BTO:0003840 System pertaining to blood vessels in the brain. BTO hoof lamina BTO:0003997 SCTID:370743008 The tissues which attach the third phalanx to the hoof wall. UBERON:0008999 hoof laminae BTO BTO:0003997 hoof laminae BTO:0003997 The tissues which attach the third phalanx to the hoof wall. ischial spine A bony process projecting backward and medialward from the posterior border of the ischium. BTO:0004149 FMA:17028 SCTID:18074002 UBERON:0009000 A bony process projecting backward and medialward from the posterior border of the ischium. BTO:0004149 BTO placental membrane BTO:0004196 SCTID:256591004 The membrane separating the fetal from the maternal blood in the placenta; sometimes inappropriately called the placental barrier. UBERON:0009002 ncithesaurus:Placental_Membrane placental barrier BTO:0004196 The membrane separating the fetal from the maternal blood in the placenta; sometimes inappropriately called the placental barrier. BTO:0004196 placental barrier BTO BTO femorotibial joint BTO:0004396 One of the two primary bendings of a typical leg, pertains to the femur and the tibia. SCTID:182203004 UBERON:0009005 BTO BTO:0004396 One of the two primary bendings of a typical leg, pertains to the femur and the tibia. BTO deep inguinal lymph node BTO:0004548 FMA:44225 One of several small inconstant lymph nodes, proximal, intermediate and distal deep to the fascia lata and medial to the femoral vein; they receive lymph from the deep structures of the lower limb, from the glans penis and from superficial inguinal nodes; efferents pass to the external iliac nodes. SCTID:65266007 UBERON:0009006 nodi lymphatici inguinales profundi BTO BTO:0004548 nodi lymphatici inguinales profundi BTO:0004548 One of several small inconstant lymph nodes, proximal, intermediate and distal deep to the fascia lata and medial to the femoral vein; they receive lymph from the deep structures of the lower limb, from the glans penis and from superficial inguinal nodes; efferents pass to the external iliac nodes. superficial inguinal lymph node A group of 12-20 lymph nodes that lie in the subcutaneous tissue below the inguinal ligament and along the terminal part of the great saphenous vein; they drain the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the lower abdominal wall, perineum, buttocks, external genitalia, and lower limbs. BTO:0004549 FMA:5036 SCTID:113340006 UBERON:0009007 BTO A group of 12-20 lymph nodes that lie in the subcutaneous tissue below the inguinal ligament and along the terminal part of the great saphenous vein; they drain the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the lower abdominal wall, perineum, buttocks, external genitalia, and lower limbs. BTO:0004549 carotid sinus nerve BTO:0004978 Carotid branch of glossopharyngeal nerve. FMA:53488 SCTID:50624003 UBERON:0009009 BTO:0004978 Carotid branch of glossopharyngeal nerve. BTO FMA periurethral tissue BTO:0005081 SCTID:256880003 Tissue around the urethra. UBERON:0009010 BTO:0005081 Tissue around the urethra. white fibrocartilage MA:0000486 SCTID:3008003 UBERON:0009013 UBERON lower back skin MA:0000504 SCTID:286601005 UBERON:0009014 MA upper back skin MA:0000510 SCTID:304890003 UBERON:0009015 MA ciliary stroma MA:0001239 SCTID:280868008 UBERON:0009016 MA left uterine horn MA:0001727 SCTID:245482004 UBERON:0009020 right uterine horn MA:0001728 SCTID:245481006 UBERON:0009022 adrenal gland X zone A wide juxta-medullary layer of cells in the adrenal glands of young mature virgin female mice. MA:0001888 SCTID:24306004 UBERON:0009024 juvenile zone MA MA:0001888 juvenile zone A wide juxta-medullary layer of cells in the adrenal glands of young mature virgin female mice. http://www.jstor.org/pss/82802 MA gastroepiploic artery Abdominal artery that follows the curvature of the stomach. The right gasteroepiploic artery is frequently used in coronary artery bypass grafting, myocardial revascularization, and other vascular reconstruction. MA:0001962 MESH:A.07.231.114.379 SCTID:261401008 UBERON:0009025 ncithesaurus:Gastroepiploic_Artery Abdominal artery that follows the curvature of the stomach. The right gasteroepiploic artery is frequently used in coronary artery bypass grafting, myocardial revascularization, and other vascular reconstruction. MESH:A.07.231.114.379 MA iliac circumflex artery MA:0001975 SCTID:244327004 UBERON:0009026 ncithesaurus:Circumflex_Iliac_Artery MA vesical artery MA:0002078 SCTID:244307000 UBERON:0009027 MA pudendal vein MA:0002202 SCTID:395225000 UBERON:0009029 MA left pulmonary vein MA:0002207 SCTID:304057004 UBERON:0009030 ncithesaurus:Left_Pulmonary_Vein MA right pulmonary vein MA:0002208 SCTID:304056008 UBERON:0009032 ncithesaurus:Right_Pulmonary_Vein MA stomach region MA:0002561 SCTID:245415005 UBERON:0009034 renal straight tubule MA:0002634 SCTID:245151008 UBERON:0009035 todo - add relationships MA sulcus ampullaris FMA:74584 MA:0002835 SCTID:368954006 UBERON:0009038 ampullary groove ampullary sulcus the groove on the external surface of the ampulla of each semicircular duct where the nerve enters the ampullary crest. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?s=ampullary+groove the groove on the external surface of the ampulla of each semicircular duct where the nerve enters the ampullary crest. MA FMA FMA:74584 ampullary groove lymph node germinal center MA:0002989 SCTID:16733004 UBERON:0009039 ncithesaurus:Lymph_Node_Germinal_Center MA MA deep circumflex iliac artery FMA:20687 The deep circumflex iliac artery (or deep iliac circumflex artery) is an artery in the pelvis that travels along the iliac crest of the pelvic bone. UBERON:0009040 arteria circumflexa ilium profunda deep iliac circumflex deep iliac circumflex artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Gray586.png ncithesaurus:Deep_Circumflex_Iliac_Artery The deep circumflex iliac artery (or deep iliac circumflex artery) is an artery in the pelvis that travels along the iliac crest of the pelvic bone. Wikipedia:Deep_circumflex_iliac_artery FMA Wikipedia:Deep_circumflex_iliac_artery deep iliac circumflex artery FMA Wikipedia:Deep_circumflex_iliac_artery arteria circumflexa ilium profunda Wikipedia:Deep_circumflex_iliac_artery deep iliac circumflex superficial circumflex iliac artery FMA:20737 The superficial iliac circumflex artery (or superficial circumflex iliac), the smallest of the cutaneous branches of the femoral artery, arises close to the superficial epigastric artery, and, piercing the fascia lata, runs lateralward, parallel with the inguinal ligament, as far as the crest of the ilium. It divides into branches which supply the integument of the groin, the superficial fascia, and the superficial subinguinal lymph glands, anastomosing with the deep iliac circumflex, the superior gluteal and lateral femoral circumflex arteries. UBERON:0009041 arteria circumflexa ilium superficialis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Gray548.png iliac circumflex artery ncithesaurus:Superficial_Circumflex_Iliac_Artery superficial circumflex iliac artery FMA Wikipedia:Superficial_iliac_circumflex_artery superficial circumflex iliac artery The superficial iliac circumflex artery (or superficial circumflex iliac), the smallest of the cutaneous branches of the femoral artery, arises close to the superficial epigastric artery, and, piercing the fascia lata, runs lateralward, parallel with the inguinal ligament, as far as the crest of the ilium. It divides into branches which supply the integument of the groin, the superficial fascia, and the superficial subinguinal lymph glands, anastomosing with the deep iliac circumflex, the superior gluteal and lateral femoral circumflex arteries. Wikipedia:Superficial_iliac_circumflex_artery Wikipedia:Superficial_iliac_circumflex_artery arteria circumflexa ilium superficialis Wikipedia:Superficial_iliac_circumflex_artery iliac circumflex artery FMA FMA prostatic venous plexus FMA:29711 The prostatic veins form a well-marked prostatic plexus which lies partly in the fascial sheath of the prostate and partly between the sheath and the prostatic capsule. It communicates with the pudendal and vesical plexuses. UBERON:0009042 pudendal venous plexus The prostatic veins form a well-marked prostatic plexus which lies partly in the fascial sheath of the prostate and partly between the sheath and the prostatic capsule. It communicates with the pudendal and vesical plexuses. Wikipedia:Prostatic_venous_plexus FMA:29711 pudendal venous plexus FMA pudendal venous plexus SCTID:65326006 The pudendal plexus (vesicoprostatic plexus) lies behind the arcuate pubic ligament and the lower part of the pubic symphysis, and in front of the bladder and prostate. Its chief tributary is the deep dorsal vein of the penis, but it also receives branches from the front of the bladder and prostate. It communicates with the vesical plexus and with the internal pudendal vein and drains into the vesical and hypogastric veins. UBERON:0009044 The pudendal plexus (vesicoprostatic plexus) lies behind the arcuate pubic ligament and the lower part of the pubic symphysis, and in front of the bladder and prostate. Its chief tributary is the deep dorsal vein of the penis, but it also receives branches from the front of the bladder and prostate. It communicates with the vesical plexus and with the internal pudendal vein and drains into the vesical and hypogastric veins. Wikipedia:Pudendal_plexus_(veins) SCTID inferior external pudendal vein MA:0002203 UBERON:0009046 MA superior external pudendal vein MA:0002204 UBERON:0009047 MA deep external pudendal vein FMA:44488 UBERON:0009048 superficial external pudendal vein FMA:21377 UBERON:0009049 nucleus of solitary tract . BM:Me-NS BTO:0003963 EV:0100288 FMA:256691 GAID:593 MA:0001052 MESH:A.08.186.211.132.810.406.750 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1429 UBERON:0009050 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray696.png/200px-Gray696.png ncithesaurus:Nucleus_of_the_Solitary_Tract ncithesaurus:Solitary_Nucleus nucleus of the tractus solitarius nucleus of tractus solitarius solitary nucleus solitary tract nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1429 nucleus of the tractus solitarius Wikipedia:Solitary_nucleus nucleus of tractus solitarius . Wikipedia:Solitary_nucleus gelatinous nucleus of solitary tract ABA:NTSge FMA:77463 UBERON:0009051 FMA medial nucleus of solitary tract ABA:NTSm FMA:229585 UBERON:0009052 FMA dorsal nucleus of trapezoid body NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2575 SCTID:369021001 UBERON:0009053 dorsal nucleus of trapezoid body NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2575 dorsal nucleus of trapezoid body open circulatory system The Open Circulatory System is a system in which fluid (called hemolymph) in a cavity called the hemocoel bathes the organs directly with oxygen and nutrients and there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid; this combined fluid is called hemolymph or haemolymph UBERON:0009054 GO closed circulatory system The circulatory systems of all vertebrates, as well as of annelids (for example, earthworms) and cephalopods (squid and octopus) are closed, just as in humans. Still, the systems of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds show various stages of the evolution of the circulatory system UBERON:0009055 GO two-pass circulatory system A closed circulatory system in which blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once. UBERON:0009056 A closed circulatory system in which blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once. GO:0035905 Wikipedia:Double_circulatory_system one-pass circulatory system A closed circulatory system in which blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once. UBERON:0009057 A closed circulatory system in which blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once. GO:0035907 faveolus A bellows-shaped respiratory unit extending from the outer wall of the lung into a central air space. Dunker (1978) coined the terms ediculae or faveoli to describe the unit structure of the reptilian parenchymal, which are analogous to mammalian alveoli, but are up to 1,000 times larger than alveoli of similar sized mammals[PMID:12625309] UBERON:0009058 edicula faveoli A bellows-shaped respiratory unit extending from the outer wall of the lung into a central air space. PMID:12869615 faveoli PMID:12625309 edicula air sac MESH:A.13.048 SCTID:49081009 Three distinct sets of organs perform respiration—the anterior air sacs (interclavicular, cervicals, and anterior thoracics), the lungs, and the posterior air sacs (posterior thoracics and abdominals). The posterior and anterior air sacs, typically nine, expand during inhalation. Air enters the bird via the trachea. Half of the inhaled air enters the posterior air sacs, the other half passes through the lungs and into the anterior air sacs. Air from the anterior air sacs empties directly into the trachea and out the bird's mouth or nares. The posterior air sacs empty their air into the lungs. Air passing through the lungs as the bird exhales is expelled via the trachea. Some taxonomic groups (Passeriformes) possess 7 air sacs, as the clavicular air sacs may interconnect or be fused with the cranial thoracic air sacs[WP] UBERON:0009060 any of the membranous air-filled extensions of the lungs of birds, which increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange in the lungs http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/BirdRespiration.svg any of the membranous air-filled extensions of the lungs of birds, which increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange in the lungs http://www.thefreedictionary.com/air+sac anterior air sac UBERON:0009061 posterior air sac UBERON:0009062 interclavicular air sac UBERON:0009063 cervical air sac SCTID:62426003 UBERON:0009064 anterior thoracic air sac UBERON:0009065 posterior thoracic air sac SCTID:10576005 UBERON:0009066 abdominal air sac SCTID:43701009 UBERON:0009067 mesobronchus UBERON:0009071 mesobronchi mesobronchi ventrobronchus UBERON:0009072 dorsobronchus UBERON:0009073 syrinx organ UBERON:0009074 avian vocal organ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Syrinx.jpg syrinx vocal organ of birds, located at the base of a trachea Wikipedia:Syrinx_(bird_anatomy) vocal organ of birds, located at the base of a trachea membrana tympaniformis UBERON:0009075 wall of syrinx Wikipedia:Syrinx_(bird_anatomy) wall of syrinx membrana tympaniformis lateralis UBERON:0009076 membrana tympaniformis medialis UBERON:0009077 pessulus A delicate bar of cartilage connecting the dorsal and ventral extremities of the first pair of bronchial cartilages in the syrinx of birds UBERON:0009078 A delicate bar of cartilage connecting the dorsal and ventral extremities of the first pair of bronchial cartilages in the syrinx of birds http://www.encyclo.co.uk/webster/P/64 inner medulla vasa recta descending limb KUPO:0001003 UBERON:0009089 KUPO outer medulla vasa recta descending limb KUPO:0001004 UBERON:0009090 KUPO vasa recta ascending limb KUPO:0001005 UBERON:0009091 KUPO inner medulla vasa recta ascending limb KUPO:0001006 UBERON:0009092 KUPO outer medulla vasa recta ascending limb KUPO:0001007 UBERON:0009093 KUPO tip of renal papilla KUPO:0001009 UBERON:0009095 papillary tip papillary tips KUPO:0001009 papillary tip KUPO KUPO:0001009 papillary tips gravid stage BTO:0004733 The adult stage at which the organism contains a developing embryo, fetus, or unborn offspring within the body. UBERON:0009096 gravid pregnant adult stage pregnant stage BTO BTO:0004733 pregnant stage BTO:0004733 gravid BTO:0004733 pregnant adult stage BTO:0004733 The adult stage at which the organism contains a developing embryo, fetus, or unborn offspring within the body. gravid organism An organism containing a developing embryo, fetus, or unborn offspring within the body. UBERON:0009097 pregnant organism An organism containing a developing embryo, fetus, or unborn offspring within the body. BTO:0004733 gravid uterus The uterus in pregnancy UBERON:0009098 ncithesaurus:Gravid_Uterus The uterus in pregnancy http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gravid+uterus typhlosole UBERON:0009099 an invagination of the intestinal epithelium that emanates from a lamina of mesenchymal cells located between the dorsal aorta and the upper intestine and constitute one of the two principal hematopoietic organs at the ammocoete stage of development. Wikipedia:Typhlosole an invagination of the intestinal epithelium that emanates from a lamina of mesenchymal cells located between the dorsal aorta and the upper intestine and constitute one of the two principal hematopoietic organs at the ammocoete stage of development. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2093943/ nephric fold Lymphocytes are also abundant in the lamprey kidney, where large populations are intermingled around the renal tubules UBERON:0009100 ammocoete UBERON:0009101 lamprey at larval stage supraneural body One of the primary immunological organs of the adult lamprey is the supraneural body. This structure lies dorsal to spinal column and becomes heavily populated with lymphocytes following after immune challenge [13–15]. The supraneural body from hematopoietically stimulated lampreys appears to be histologically-similar to ‘bone marrow’ in higher vertebrates and contains all blood cell lineages and their precursors, including lymphocytes at all stages of maturity[16]. UBERON:0009102 dorsal fat body pro-vertebral arch http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2093943/ pro-vertebral arch dorsal fat body http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2093943/ One of the primary immunological organs of the adult lamprey is the supraneural body. This structure lies dorsal to spinal column and becomes heavily populated with lymphocytes following after immune challenge [13–15]. The supraneural body from hematopoietically stimulated lampreys appears to be histologically-similar to ‘bone marrow’ in higher vertebrates and contains all blood cell lineages and their precursors, including lymphocytes at all stages of maturity[16]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2823822/#R16 thymic region UBERON:0009113 EHDAA2-modified MA-modified cervical thymus A cervical thymus is a pathological structure in a human - it can form during the migration of the thymus to its location in the mediastinum. Some mice have a cervical thymus. There are examples of cervical thymi in marsupials and prosimians[ISBN-10:0781714125] A mature thymus that is entirely part of the cervical region. UBERON:0009114 A mature thymus that is entirely part of the cervical region. UBERON:cjm thoracic thymus A mature thymus that is entirely part of thoracic region. UBERON:0009115 A mature thymus that is entirely part of thoracic region. UBERON:cjm thymoid A thymus-like lympho-epithelial structures, in the tips of the gill filaments and the neighbouring secondary lamellae (both within the gill basket) of lamprey larvae. Genes: FOXN1 UBERON:0009116 A thymus-like lympho-epithelial structures, in the tips of the gill filaments and the neighbouring secondary lamellae (both within the gill basket) of lamprey larvae. PMID:21293377 PMID:21293377 indifferent gonad A gonad prior to differentiating into a definitive testis or ovary. EHDAA2:0000716 UBERON:0009117 ncithesaurus:Indifferent_Gonad typically part of the embryo - however, in male tammar wallabies the gonads are indifferent at the neonatal stage[8827321] A gonad prior to differentiating into a definitive testis or ovary. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8981 marsupial pouch UBERON:0009118 pouch branchial basket UBERON:0009119 gill basket the network-like cartilaginous skeleton of the gill region of Petromyzontiformes and Holocephali http://www.briancoad.com/dictionary/DicPics/branchial%20basket.htm the network-like cartilaginous skeleton of the gill region of Petromyzontiformes and Holocephali gill basket http://www.briancoad.com/dictionary/DicPics/branchial%20basket.htm gill filament BTO:0002150 Portion of tissue that projects outward from the gill and is a thread-like, soft, red respiratory and excretory structure. TAO:0000667 UBERON:0009120 ZFA:0000667 gill filaments ZFA Portion of tissue that projects outward from the gill and is a thread-like, soft, red respiratory and excretory structure. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 http:www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/G.htm ZFA:0000667 gill filaments ZFA vomeronasal nerve AAO:0010608 BTO:0001351 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005018 Nerve carrying fibers from the vomeronasal organ to the accessory olfactory bulb[AAO]. originates in the olfactory epithelial cells of Jacobson's organ, and that passes through the submucous tissue of the nasal septum and the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to the olfactory bulb[BTO]. UBERON:0009121 in the human this disappears before birth ISBN10:0471888893 NIF_GrossAnatomy AAO AAO:DSM BTO:0001351 Nerve carrying fibers from the vomeronasal organ to the accessory olfactory bulb[AAO]. originates in the olfactory epithelial cells of Jacobson's organ, and that passes through the submucous tissue of the nasal septum and the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to the olfactory bulb[BTO]. adenohypophyseal placode Fate-mapping studies in amphibian, chick and mouse embryos (Eagleson et al., 1986; 1995; Couly and Le Douarin, 1985; Cobos et al., 2001; Osumi-Yamachita et al., 1994; Kawamura et al., 2002) have shown that the cells contributing to the adenohypophysis develop at the midline of the anterior neural ridge, which delineates the rostral boundary of the neural plate, a region devoid of neural crest. The anterior neural ridge also gives rise to the olfactory placodes and some forebrain tissues including the olfactory bulbs (reviewed in Papalopulu, 1995). Ablation of this region in chick embryos at the 2-4 somite stage confirmed these lineage analyses as it prevented formation of Rathke’s pouch and any further pituitary development (elAmraoui and Dubois, 1993). Upon head folding, the oral ectoderm cells of the adenohypophyseal placode invaginate towards the prospective ventral diencephalon to form Rathke’s pouch, the anlage of the adenohypophysis. Rathke’s pouch starts as an invagination of the oral ectoderm in response to inductive signals from the prospective diencephalon. The region of the diencephalon above the pouch is known as the infundibulum and forms the posterior lobe of the pituitary or neurohypohysis (Figure 3). While in most basal fish and tetrapods the adenohypophyseal anlagen invaginates to form Rathke’s pouch, in teleost fish the adenohypophyseal placode does not invaginate but rather maintains its initial organization forming a solid structure in the head (reviewed in Pogoda and Hammerschmidt; 2009) TAO:0001198 The adenohypophyseal placode forms the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and gives rise to the endocrine secretory cells of the pituitary UBERON:0009122 XAO:0004208 ZFA:0001198 pituitary placode ZFA:0001198 pituitary placode ZFA NBK53175 The adenohypophyseal placode forms the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and gives rise to the endocrine secretory cells of the pituitary http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53175/ otic cup UBERON:0009123 NBK53175 geniculate placode Rostralmost epibranchial placode. Associated with 1st branchial cleft. TAO:0001295 UBERON:0009124 XAO:0004211 ZFA:0001295 facial epibranchial placode facial placode NBK:NBK53175 Rostralmost epibranchial placode. Associated with 1st branchial cleft. XAO:0004211 facial epibranchial placode ZFA:0001295 facial placode ZFA petrosal placode Epibranchial placode between geniculate and nodose. Associated with 2nd branchial cleft. TAO:0001296 UBERON:0009125 XAO:0004212 ZFA:0001296 glossopharyngeal epibranchial placode glossopharyngeal placode Epibranchial placode between geniculate and nodose. Associated with 2nd branchial cleft. NBK:NBK53175 ZFA:0001296 glossopharyngeal placode ZFA XAO:0004212 glossopharyngeal epibranchial placode nodosal placode Caudalmost epibranchial placode. Associated with 3rd branchial cleft. UBERON:0009126 XAO:0004213 nodose placode vagal epibranchial placode NBK53175 Caudalmost epibranchial placode. Associated with 3rd branchial cleft. NBK:NBK53175 XAO:0004213 nodose placode XAO:0004213 vagal epibranchial placode epibranchial ganglion Cranial ganglion which develops from an epibranchial placode. Epibranchial ganglia orchestrate the development of the cranial neurogenic crest TAO:0001555 UBERON:0009127 ZFA:0001555 ZFIN:ZDB-ANAT-070928-157 epibranchial ganglia ZFA:0001555 epibranchial ganglia NBK53175 ZFA Cranial ganglion which develops from an epibranchial placode. PMID:20133851 ZFIN:curator lateral line placode UBERON:0009128 XAO:0000440 lateral line placodes XAO:0000440 lateral line placodes NBK53175 right atrium endocardium EHDAA2:0000274 FMA:7281 SCTID:3194006 UBERON:0009129 endocardium of right atrium EHDAA2 FMA:7281 endocardium of right atrium EHDAA2 EHDAA2 dorsal meso-duodenum EHDAA2:0000411 SCTID:361433003 UBERON:0009130 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 midbrain vesicle EHDAA2:0001103 SCTID:361481005 UBERON:0009131 true peroneus EHDAA2:0001450 EHDAA:8297 SCTID:181694005 UBERON:0009132 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 pleuroperitoneal membrane A fold of tissue which extends into the peritoneal cavity of the developing embryo and participates in the separation of the pleural and peritoneal cavities. EHDAA2:0001483 EMAPA:17709 SCTID:361429005 UBERON:0009133 UBERON:0009146 ncithesaurus:Pleuroperitoneal_Membrane pleuroperitoneal membranes EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001483 pleuroperitoneal membranes EHDAA2 A fold of tissue which extends into the peritoneal cavity of the developing embryo and participates in the separation of the pleural and peritoneal cavities. Wikipedia:Pleuroperitoneal http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pleuroperitoneal+membrane right common common cardinal vein EHDAA2:0004535 FMA:70310 SCTID:361507009 UBERON:0009138 common cardinal vein right EHDAA2:0004535 common cardinal vein right FMA EHDAA2 right posterior cardinal vein EHDAA2:0004536 SCTID:361505001 UBERON:0009139 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 right subcardinal vein EHDAA2:0004538 SCTID:361452009 UBERON:0009140 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 vein of head and neck EHDAA2:0004542 SCTID:32945007 UBERON:0009141 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 entire mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001113 EHDAA:177 EMAPA:16097 UBERON:0003313 UBERON:0009142 consider adding new class (EMAPA:16097) for mesenchyme of embryo (some mesenchyme is extraembryonic - e.g. amnion mesoderm) EHDAA2 EHDAA2 esophageal region EHDAA2:0000654 EMAPA:16700 UBERON:0009143 oesophageal region EHDAA2:0000654 oesophageal region EHDAA2 pharyngeal region EHDAA2:0001454 EMAPA:16549 UBERON:0009145 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 foramen primum EHDAA2:0001826 EMAPA:17012 SCTID:308852002 UBERON:0009149 interatrial foramen primum ncithesaurus:Foramen_Primum opening in the septum primum between the two atria of the embryonic heart. ostium primum primary interatrial foramen EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Ostium_primum primary interatrial foramen Wikipedia:Ostium_primum http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/foramen+primum opening in the septum primum between the two atria of the embryonic heart. EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Ostium_primum interatrial foramen primum EHDAA2 http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/foramen+primum ostium primum sphenoid bone pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0003446 EMAPA:18015 UBERON:0009191 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 basisphenoid pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0003447 EMAPA:18013 UBERON:0009192 basi-sphenoid pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0003447 basi-sphenoid pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 sphenoid bone cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001888 UBERON:0009193 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 basisphenoid cartilage condenstion EHDAA2:0000166 UBERON:0009194 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 anal membrane During the 7th week the urorectal septum divides the cloacal membrane into a urogenital membrane (ventrally) and an anal membrane (dorsally) [http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/ugenital/genitexterne01.html] UBERON:0009195 ncithesaurus:Anal_Membrane EHDAA2 EHDAA2 indifferent external genitalia EHDAA2:0004021 UBERON:0009196 cjm basioccipital pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000165 EHDAA:6033 EMAPA:18012 OG:0000959 UBERON:0009197 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EMAPA craniofacial suture GO:0097094 UBERON:0009198 any suture between cranial and/or facial bones. GO:0097094 any suture between cranial and/or facial bones. facial suture UBERON:0009199 any suture between facial bones. GO:0097096 any suture between facial bones. GO limb epidermis The limb epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of the limb, it is a complex stratified squamous epithelium. UBERON:0009200 GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The limb epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of the limb, it is a complex stratified squamous epithelium. nephric duct A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney. UBERON:0009201 A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney. GO:0072176 EHDAA2 vasa recta descending limb KUPO:0001002 UBERON:0009202 KUPO nasal suture FMA:52959 SCTID:368990004 SCTID:368992007 SNOMED has different terms for nasal and internasal UBERON:0009203 a suture joining the nasal bones. internasal suture internasal suture of skull nasal suture of skull sutura internasalis SCTID:368992007 nasal suture of skull FMA:52959 GO:0097097 internasal suture Wikipedia:Internasal_suture a suture joining the nasal bones. GO FMA:52959 internasal suture of skull Wikipedia:Internasal_suture sutura internasalis medial nasal process mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001077 EMAPA:16810 UBERON:0009204 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 lateral nasal process mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000917 EMAPA:16807 UBERON:0009205 mesenchyme of latero-nasal process EHDAA2 EMAPA:16807 mesenchyme of latero-nasal process lateral nasal process surface ectoderm EHDAA2:0000918 EMAPA:16806 UBERON:0009206 ectoderm of latero-nasal process EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EMAPA:16806 ectoderm of latero-nasal process EHDAA2 geschmacksstreifen Area between hard and soft palates rich in tastebuds. UBERON:0009207 Area between hard and soft palates rich in tastebuds. UBERON:cjm branchial membrane UBERON:0009210 a thin fold of ectoderm and endoderm that separates the pharyngeal pouches from the branchial clefts in a developing embryo. a thin fold of ectoderm and endoderm that separates the pharyngeal pouches from the branchial clefts in a developing embryo. http://musom.marshall.edu/anatomy/grosshom/z_devbranc.html branchial membrane of 1st arch 1st branchial membrane 1st pharyngeal membrane EHDAA:3788 EMAPA:16121 EMAPA:16992 EMAPA:17281 OG:0001427 UBERON:0009213 check EMAPA - 3 terms appear to match future tympanic membrane separates the first pharyngeal groove from the first pharyngeal pouch. tympanic membrane primordium 1st branchial membrane EMAPA:16992 1st pharyngeal membrane OG:0001427 ISBN10:1416037055 separates the first pharyngeal groove from the first pharyngeal pouch. EMAPA ISBN10:1416037055 tympanic membrane primordium EMAPA:17281 future tympanic membrane branchial membrane of 2nd arch 2nd pharyngeal membrane EMAPA:16273 OG:0000877 UBERON:0009215 EMAPA 2nd pharyngeal membrane OG:0000877 branchial membrane of 3rd arch 3rd pharyngeal membrane EMAPA:16583 OG:0000876 UBERON:0009216 EMAPA 3rd pharyngeal membrane OG:0000876 branchial membrane of 4th arch 4th pharyngeal membrane EMAPA:16763 UBERON:0009217 4th pharyngeal membrane UBERON:cjm EMAPA cartilaginous centrum of vertebra SCTID:317278007 UBERON:0009291 embryonic nasal process EHDAA:4776 EMAPA:16680 SCTID:308881001 UBERON:0009292 embryonic frontal process EHDAA:4780 EMAPA:16802 OG:0001323 SCTID:346265009 UBERON:0009293 EMAPA basiotic bone SCTID:95946002 UBERON:0009468 a small bone in the fetus between the basilar process and the basisphenoid. a small bone in the fetus between the basilar process and the basisphenoid. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/basiotic+bone SCTID postsphenoidal bone SCTID:95950009 UBERON:0009470 the posterior portion of the sphenoid bone developed in five separate parts consisting of a central basisphenoid, the two alisphenoids, and the two medial pterygoid laminae. cjm Wikipedia:Ossification_of_sphenoid#Postsphenoid http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/postsphenoid the posterior portion of the sphenoid bone developed in five separate parts consisting of a central basisphenoid, the two alisphenoids, and the two medial pterygoid laminae. cjm dorsum of tongue FMA:54651 SCTID:66938003 UBERON:0009471 dorsal tongue dorsum linguae ncithesaurus:Dorsum_of_the_Tongue the superior surface of the tongue divided by the sulcus terminalis into an anterior two-thirds, the presulcal part (pars presulcalis). and a posterior one-third, the postsulcal part (pars postsulcalis). tongue dorsum http://www.drugs.com/dict/dorsum-of-tongue.html the superior surface of the tongue divided by the sulcus terminalis into an anterior two-thirds, the presulcal part (pars presulcalis). and a posterior one-third, the postsulcal part (pars postsulcalis). FMA:54651 tongue dorsum FMA:54651 dorsal tongue dorsum linguae http://www.drugs.com/dict/dorsum-of-tongue.html FMA axilla FMA:24864 MESH:A.01.378.800.090 The axilla is the area on the human body directly under the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder. UBERON:0009472 arm pit armpit armpits axillae axillary region axillary region ncithesaurus:Axilla oxter regio axillaris underarm Wikipedia:Axilla armpit Wikipedia:Axilla axillae Wikipedia:Axilla axillary region FMA:24864 axillary region The axilla is the area on the human body directly under the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder. Wikipedia:Axilla Wikipedia:Axilla underarm Wikipedia:Axilla arm pit Wikipedia:Axilla armpits Wikipedia:Axilla oxter FMA:TA regio axillaris FMA parapodium UBERON:0009473 either of a pair of fleshy lateral processes borne by most segments of a polychaete worm. paradpod paradpodia polychaete paradpodium paradpodia Wikipedia Wikipedia:Parapodium either of a pair of fleshy lateral processes borne by most segments of a polychaete worm. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/parapodium?show=0&t=1314575672 ascidian ampulla UBERON:0009474 ampulla ampullar siphon UBERON:0009475 madreporite The madreporite is an opening used to filter water into the water vascular system of echinoderms. It is visible as a small red or yellow button-like structure, looking like a small wart, on the aboral surface of the central disk of a sea star. Close up, it is visibly structured, resembling a "madrepore" colony. From this, it derives its name. The water vascular system of the sea star consists of a series of seawater-filled ducts that function in locomotion and feeding and respiration. Its main parts are the madreporite, the stone canal, the ring canal, the radial canals, the lateral canals, and the tube feet. The sieve-like madreporite allows entry of seawater into the stone canal, which connects to the ring canal around the mouth. Five or more radial canals extend from the ring canal, one in each arm above the ambulacral groove. From the radial canals extend many lateral canals, each of which leads to a tube foot. Each tube foot is a closed cylinder with muscular walls, having a sucker at the outer end and a bulb-like ampulla at its inner end within the body cavity. UBERON:0009476 BTO The madreporite is an opening used to filter water into the water vascular system of echinoderms. It is visible as a small red or yellow button-like structure, looking like a small wart, on the aboral surface of the central disk of a sea star. Close up, it is visibly structured, resembling a "madrepore" colony. From this, it derives its name. The water vascular system of the sea star consists of a series of seawater-filled ducts that function in locomotion and feeding and respiration. Its main parts are the madreporite, the stone canal, the ring canal, the radial canals, the lateral canals, and the tube feet. The sieve-like madreporite allows entry of seawater into the stone canal, which connects to the ring canal around the mouth. Five or more radial canals extend from the ring canal, one in each arm above the ambulacral groove. From the radial canals extend many lateral canals, each of which leads to a tube foot. Each tube foot is a closed cylinder with muscular walls, having a sucker at the outer end and a bulb-like ampulla at its inner end within the body cavity. Wikipedia:Madreporite associated mesenchyme of otic placode EHDAA2:0001340 EMAPA:16196 UBERON:0009477 associated mesenchyme of midgut EHDAA2:0001186 EMAPA:16256 UBERON:0009478 ectoderm of buccopharyngeal membrane EHDAA2:0000190 EMAPA:16260 UBERON:0009479 endoderm of buccopharyngeal membrane EHDAA2:0000191 EMAPA:16261 UBERON:0009480 cavity of pericardio-peritoneal canal EHDAA2:0001441 EMAPA:16283 UBERON:0009481 associated mesenchyme of foregut-midgut junction EHDAA2:0000570 EMAPA:16364 UBERON:0009482 mesentery of foregut-midgut junction EHDAA2:0000575 EMAPA:16365 UBERON:0009483 dorsal mesentery of mesentery of foregut-midgut junction EHDAA2:0000571 EMAPA:16366 UBERON:0009484 pharyngeal arch mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001459 EMAPA:16550 UBERON:0009494 branchial arch mesenchyme pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme primordial embryonic connective tissue associated with the branchial arches, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to facial and cranial nerve-associated structures. EHDAA2:0001459 pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme MP:0011262 branchial arch mesenchyme MP:0011262 primordial embryonic connective tissue associated with the branchial arches, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to facial and cranial nerve-associated structures. extrahepatic part of biliary bud EHDAA2:0000172 EMAPA:16562 UBERON:0009495 EHDAA2 intrahepatic part of biliary bud EHDAA2:0000173 EMAPA:16563 UBERON:0009496 EHDAA2 epithelium of foregut-midgut junction EHDAA2:0000573 EMAPA:16564 UBERON:0009497 parietal of mesothelium of pericardio-peritoneal canal EHDAA2:0001409 EMAPA:16590 UBERON:0009499 associated mesenchyme of otocyst EHDAA2:0001343 EMAPA:16670 UBERON:0009500 EHDAA2 mesenchyme of fronto-nasal process EHDAA2:0004109 EMAPA:16683 UBERON:0009501 frontonasal mesenchyme naso-frontal mesenchyme the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the frontonasal region of the head MP:0011266 frontonasal mesenchyme MP:0011266 the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the frontonasal region of the head MP:0011266 naso-frontal mesenchyme ventral mesentery of mesentery of foregut-midgut junction EHDAA2:0000576 EMAPA:16714 UBERON:0009502 associated mesenchyme of hindgut EHDAA2:0000780 EMAPA:16716 UBERON:0009503 associated mesenchyme of main bronchus EHDAA2:0001045 EMAPA:16850 UBERON:0009504 associated mesenchyme of trachea EHDAA2:0002067 EMAPA:16854 UBERON:0009505 associated mesenchyme of middle ear EHDAA2:0001182 EMAPA:17001 UBERON:0009506 anal membrane endodermal component EHDAA2:0004020 EMAPA:17177 UBERON:0009521 lateral lingual swelling epithelium EHDAA2:0000913 EMAPA:17190 UBERON:0009522 mesenchyme of handplate EHDAA2:0000731 EMAPA:17248 UBERON:0009523 mesenchyme of maxillary process EHDAA2:0001071 EMAPA:17361 UBERON:0009526 vascular element of left lung EHDAA2:0000963 EMAPA:17660 UBERON:0009536 vascular element of right lung EHDAA2:0001757 EMAPA:17668 UBERON:0009537 mesenchyme of sublingual gland primordium EHDAA2:0001937 EMAPA:17754 UBERON:0009538 mesenchyme of submandibular gland primordium EHDAA2:0001941 EMAPA:17757 UBERON:0009539 hepatic sinusoid of left of lobe of liver EHDAA2:0001001 EMAPA:18309 UBERON:0009548 hepatic sinusoid of right of lobe of liver EHDAA2:0001009 EMAPA:18316 UBERON:0009549 endoderm of foregut-midgut junction EHDAA2:0000572 EMAPA:18403 UBERON:0009550 distal segment of digit A segment of a digit containing the distal phalanx, and overlapping the interphalangeal joint[CJM]. The digit tip is derived from multiple and distinct embryonic origins, and includes the distal bone with associated marrow cavity and haematopoietic cells, ventral (flexor) and dorsal (extensor) tendons, sweat glands with myoepithelial and luminal secreting cells and associated neurons for innervation, dermis with resident melanocytes and dendritic cells, mesenchyme with resident fibroblasts, skin epidermis with hair follicles, a nail organ composed of six specific parts (the root, nail bed, nail plate, eponychium (cuticle), perionychium and hyponychium). Newborn and adult mice are able to regrow forelimb (finger) and hindlimb (toe) digit tips after their amputation through the distal interphalangeal joint. Regeneration of the digit tip involves the integrated regrowth of multiple tissues within 2–3 months, reaching an external morphology that is cosmetically and functionally similar to normal digits. Most importantly, regeneration of the mouse distal digit shares morphological similarities with clinical cases documenting regrowth of missing distal portions of fingers in both children and adults UBERON:0009551 digit tip distal digit segment tip of digit cjm UBERON:cjm distal digit segment UBERON:cjm digit tip A segment of a digit containing the distal phalanx, and overlapping the interphalangeal joint[CJM]. The digit tip is derived from multiple and distinct embryonic origins, and includes the distal bone with associated marrow cavity and haematopoietic cells, ventral (flexor) and dorsal (extensor) tendons, sweat glands with myoepithelial and luminal secreting cells and associated neurons for innervation, dermis with resident melanocytes and dendritic cells, mesenchyme with resident fibroblasts, skin epidermis with hair follicles, a nail organ composed of six specific parts (the root, nail bed, nail plate, eponychium (cuticle), perionychium and hyponychium). doi:10.1038/nature10346 UBERON:cjm tip of digit distal segment of hand digit . OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjpf5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:312543003 UBERON:0004093 UBERON:0009552 finger digit tip finger distal segment finger tip fingertip forelimb digit tip in SNOMED this is a surface region. Here we intend it to be the entire distal segment tip of finger doi:10.1038/nature10346 forelimb digit tip HP:0001211 fingertip UBERON:cjm finger tip doi:10.1038/nature10346 finger digit tip SCTID:312543003 tip of finger UBERON:cjm finger distal segment . HP:0001211 distal segment of foot digit UBERON:0009553 hindlimb digit tip tip of toe toe digit tip toe distal segment UBERON:cjm toe distal segment doi:10.1038/nature10346 toe digit tip doi:10.1038/nature10346 hindlimb digit tip UBERON:cjm tip of toe coffin bone UBERON:0009554 equine distal phalanx pedal bone the bottommost bone in the equine leg and is encased by the hoof capsule. The distal phalanx articulates with both the middle phalanx and the distal sesamoid, forming the distal interphalangeal joint Wikipedia:Coffin_bone the bottommost bone in the equine leg and is encased by the hoof capsule. The distal phalanx articulates with both the middle phalanx and the distal sesamoid, forming the distal interphalangeal joint UBERON:cjm equine distal phalanx Wikipedia:Coffin_bone Wikipedia:Equine_forelimb_anatomy#Distal_phalanx pedal bone short pastern bone . UBERON:0009555 equine middle phalanx UBERON:cjm equine middle phalanx . Wikipedia:Equine_forelimb_anatomy#Middle_phalanx long pastern bone . UBERON:0009556 equine proximal phalanx . Wikipedia:Equine_forelimb_anatomy#Proximal_phalanx UBERON:cjm equine proximal phalanx coffin joint SCTID:196392002 UBERON:0009557 equine distal interphalangeal joint UBERON:cjm equine distal interphalangeal joint pastern bone UBERON:0009558 metacarpal/tarsal-phalangeal joint UBERON:0009559 fetlock metacarpo-tarsophalangeal joint UBERON:cjm metacarpo-tarsophalangeal joint UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Fetlock fetlock pastern region of limb SCTID:370725009 UBERON:0009563 note that digit is used very generically in uberon, to include the homologous region in ungulates distal limb integumentary appendage A nail, hoof or claw. MESH:A.13.491 UBERON:0009564 cjm A nail, hoof or claw. PMID:11710767 nail of forelimb digit FMA:54327 UBERON:0009565 finger nail fingernail nail of finger ncithesaurus:Fingernail FMA FMA:54327 fingernail FMA:54327 nail of finger FMA:54327 finger nail intestinal submucosa FMA:15696 UBERON:0009566 submucosa of intestine FMA:15696 submucosa of intestine FMA nail of hindlimb digit FMA:54328 UBERON:0009567 nail of toe ncithesaurus:Toe_Nail toe nail toenail FMA:54328 toenail FMA FMA:54328 toe nail FMA:54328 nail of toe trunk region of vertebral column AAO:0000612 Region of the vertebral column that is part of the trunk. UBERON:0009568 XAO:0003077 presacral region thoracolumbar region AAO:0000612 presacral region Region of the vertebral column that is part of the trunk. UBERON:cjm AAO:0000612 thoracolumbar region subdivision of trunk FMA:25054 SCTID:22943007 UBERON:0009569 XAO:0000054 region of trunk trunk subdivision FMA:25054 region of trunk FMA:25054 trunk subdivision spinal cord sulcus limitans EMAPA:17584 UBERON:0009570 ventral midline In protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) as well as deuterostomes (vertebrates), the midline is an embryonic region that functions in patterning of the adjacent nervous tissue. The ventral midline in insects is a cell population extending along the ventral surface of the embryo and is the region from which cells detach to form the ventrally located nerve cords. In vertebrates, the midline is originally located dorsally. During development, it folds inwards and becomes the ventral part of the dorsally located neural tube and is then called the ventral midline, or floor plate. UBERON:0009571 GOC:bf GOC:go_curators In protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) as well as deuterostomes (vertebrates), the midline is an embryonic region that functions in patterning of the adjacent nervous tissue. The ventral midline in insects is a cell population extending along the ventral surface of the embryo and is the region from which cells detach to form the ventrally located nerve cords. In vertebrates, the midline is originally located dorsally. During development, it folds inwards and becomes the ventral part of the dorsally located neural tube and is then called the ventral midline, or floor plate. PMID:12075342 FMA lumen of central canal of spinal cord A cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs longitudinally through the length of the entire spinal cord. The central canal is contiguous with the ventricular system of the brain. The central canal represents the adult remainder of the neural tube. FMA:242845 UBERON:0009572 cavity of central canal of spinal cord central canal lumen UBERON:cjm central canal lumen FMA-modified FMA:242845 cavity of central canal of spinal cord A cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs longitudinally through the length of the entire spinal cord. The central canal is contiguous with the ventricular system of the brain. The central canal represents the adult remainder of the neural tube. Wikipedia:Central_canal FMA-modified sulcus limitans of fourth ventricle FMA:78496 In the floor of the fourth ventricle, the sulcus limitans separates the cranial nerve motor nuclei (medial) from the sensory nuclei (lateral). In the superior part of the rhomboid fossa, it corresponds with the lateral limit of the fossa and presents a bluish-gray area, the locus ceruleus (which owes its color to an underlying patch of deeply pigmented nerve cells, termed the substantia ferruginea). It is seen as slight depressions separating the basal and alar plates[WP] UBERON:0009573 ncithesaurus:Sulcus_Limitans sulcus limitans FMA:78496 sulcus limitans In the floor of the fourth ventricle, the sulcus limitans separates the cranial nerve motor nuclei (medial) from the sensory nuclei (lateral). In the superior part of the rhomboid fossa, it corresponds with the lateral limit of the fossa and presents a bluish-gray area, the locus ceruleus (which owes its color to an underlying patch of deeply pigmented nerve cells, termed the substantia ferruginea). It is seen as slight depressions separating the basal and alar plates[WP] Wikipedia:Sulcus_limitans medulla oblongata sulcus limitans EHDAA2:0001100 EMAPA:17561 UBERON:0009576 metencephalon sulcus limitans EHDAA2:0001161 EMAPA:17567 UBERON:0009577 myelencephalon sulcus limitans EHDAA2:0001945 UBERON:0009578 myelencephalon basal plate EHDAA2:0000646 EMAPA:17088 OG:0000322 UBERON:0009579 todo - check EHDAA2 post-CNS-revision diencephalon mantle layer EHDAA2:0000397 EMAPA:16906 UBERON:0009580 diencephalon lateral wall mantle layer EMAPA midbrain mantle layer EHDAA2:0001172 EMAPA:16977 UBERON:0009581 midbrain lateral wall mantle layer EMAPA spinal cord lateral wall EMAPA:17579 UBERON:0009582 ZFA:0000996 lateral wall spinal cord EMAPA ZFA:0000996 lateral wall spinal cord spinal cord mantle layer EMAPA:17580 UBERON:0009583 spinal cord lateral wall mantle layer EMAPA mesenchyme of mandibular component EMAPA:16385 UBERON:0009584 EMAPA interdigital region mesenchyme UBERON:0009585 mesenchyme of interdigital region between digits 1 and 2 of forelimb EHDAA2:0000846 EMAPA:17447 UBERON:0009586 interdigital region between fingers 1 and 2 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000846 interdigital region between fingers 1 and 2 mesenchyme EMAPA mesenchyme of interdigital region between digits 2 and 3 of forelimb EHDAA2:0000849 EMAPA:17450 UBERON:0009587 interdigital region between fingers 2 and 3 mesenchyme EMAPA EHDAA2:0000849 interdigital region between fingers 2 and 3 mesenchyme mesenchyme of interdigital region between digits 3 and 4 of forelimb EHDAA2:0000852 EMAPA:17453 UBERON:0009588 interdigital region between fingers 3 and 4 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000852 interdigital region between fingers 3 and 4 mesenchyme EMAPA mesenchyme of interdigital region between digits 4 and 5 of forelimb EHDAA2:0000855 EMAPA:17456 UBERON:0009589 interdigital region between fingers 4 and 5 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000855 interdigital region between fingers 4 and 5 mesenchyme EMAPA mesenchyme of interdigital region between digits 1 and 2 of hindlimb EHDAA2:0000858 EMAPA:17478 UBERON:0009590 interdigital region between toes 1 and 2 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000858 interdigital region between toes 1 and 2 mesenchyme EMAPA mesenchyme of interdigital region between digits 2 and 3 of hindlimb EHDAA2:0000861 EMAPA:17481 UBERON:0009591 interdigital region between toes 2 and 3 mesenchyme EMAPA EHDAA2:0000861 interdigital region between toes 2 and 3 mesenchyme mesenchyme of interdigital region between digits 3 and 4 of hindlimb EHDAA2:0000864 EMAPA:17484 UBERON:0009592 interdigital region between toes 3 and 4 mesenchyme EMAPA EHDAA2:0000864 interdigital region between toes 3 and 4 mesenchyme mesenchyme of interdigital region between digits 4 and 5 of hindlimb EHDAA2:0000867 EMAPA:17487 UBERON:0009593 interdigital region between toes 4 and 5 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000867 interdigital region between toes 4 and 5 mesenchyme EMAPA mesenchyme of interdigital region between digits 1 and 2 UBERON:0009596 mesenchyme of interdigital region between digits 2 and 3 UBERON:0009597 mesenchyme of interdigital region between digits 3 and 4 UBERON:0009598 mesenchyme of interdigital region between digits 4 and 5 UBERON:0009599 mesenchyme of interdigital region of forelimb UBERON:0009600 mesenchyme of interdigital region of hindlimb UBERON:0009601 left lung associated mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000944 EMAPA:16730 EMAPA:17654 UBERON:0009602 right lung associated mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001739 EMAPA:17662 UBERON:0009603 forebrain neural plate TAO:0007018 UBERON:0009610 ZFA:0007018 ZFA midbrain neural plate TAO:0007019 UBERON:0009611 ZFA:0007019 ZFIN:ZDB-ANAT-070928-200 ZFA forebrain midbrain boundary neural plate TAO:0007020 UBERON:0009612 ZFA:0007020 ZFIN:ZDB-ANAT-070928-201 ZFA ZFA ZFA hindbrain neural plate TAO:0007022 UBERON:0009614 ZFA:0007022 ZFIN:ZDB-ANAT-070928-203 ZFA midbrain hindbrain boundary neural plate TAO:0007044 UBERON:0009615 ZFA:0007044 ZFIN:ZDB-ANAT-070928-225 midbrain-hindbrain boundary neural plate todo: developmental relationships for lines ZFA ZFA:0007044 midbrain-hindbrain boundary neural plate ZFA presumptive midbrain UBERON:0009616 ZFA:0000148 presumptive mesencephalon ZFA-modified ZFA ZFA:0000148 presumptive mesencephalon head paraxial mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000736 EMAPA:16171 UBERON:0009617 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 trunk paraxial mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002094 UBERON:0009618 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 tail bud paraxial mesoderm EHDAA2:0003239 UBERON:0009620 EHDAA2 tail somite AAO:0010383 EMAPA:16860 UBERON:0009621 XAO:0003143 pronephric proximal straight tubule A proximal straight tubule that is part of a pronephros. TAO:0002239 UBERON:0009622 ZFA:0001621 A proximal straight tubule that is part of a pronephros. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-071029-9 spinal nerve root FMA:14060 GAID:717 MESH:A.08.800.800.720.725 SCTID:362436008 The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. UBERON:0009623 ZFA has part_of to spinal cord but this causes spatial disjointness violations (CNS/PNS) ZFA:0005578 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Nerve_Root root of spinal nerve spinal neural root MESH:A.08.800.800.720.725 The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. FMA:14060 root of spinal nerve FMA FMA:14060 spinal neural root FMA lumbar nerve FMA:5861 The lumbar nerves are the five spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar vertebrae. They are divided into posterior and anterior divisions. UBERON:0009624 lumbar spinal nerve ncithesaurus:Lumbar_Nerve FMA:5861 lumbar spinal nerve FMA The lumbar nerves are the five spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar vertebrae. They are divided into posterior and anterior divisions. Wikipedia:Lumbar_nerves sacral nerve FMA:5862 The five sacral nerves emerge from the sacrum. Although the vertebral components of the sacrum are fused into a single bone, the sacral vertebrae are still used to number the sacral nerves. Posteriorly, they emerge from the posterior sacral foramina, and form the posterior branches of sacral nerves. Anteriorly, they emerge from the anterior sacral foramina, and contribute to the sacral plexus (S1-S4) and coccygeal plexus. UBERON:0009625 ncithesaurus:Sacral_Nerve sacral spinal nerve FMA The five sacral nerves emerge from the sacrum. Although the vertebral components of the sacrum are fused into a single bone, the sacral vertebrae are still used to number the sacral nerves. Posteriorly, they emerge from the posterior sacral foramina, and form the posterior branches of sacral nerves. Anteriorly, they emerge from the anterior sacral foramina, and contribute to the sacral plexus (S1-S4) and coccygeal plexus. Wikipedia:Sacral_nerves FMA:5862 sacral spinal nerve coccygeal nerve FMA:5863 The coccygeal nerve is the spinal nerve that corresponds to the coccyx bone. UBERON:0009629 coccygeal spinal nerve ncithesaurus:Coccygeal_Nerve FMA:5863 coccygeal spinal nerve FMA The coccygeal nerve is the spinal nerve that corresponds to the coccyx bone. Wikipedia:Coccygeal_nerve root of thoracic nerve FMA:14064 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_836 UBERON:0009630 nerve root part of thoracic spinal cord thoracic nerve root thoracic neural root FMA:14064 thoracic nerve root FMA:14064 thoracic neural root NIF:NIF nerve root part of thoracic spinal cord root of lumbar spinal nerve FMA:16421 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1613 UBERON:0009631 lumbar spinal nerve root lumbar spinal neural root ncithesaurus:Lumbar_Spinal_Nerve_Root nerve root part of lumbar spinal cord NIF:NIF nerve root part of lumbar spinal cord FMA:16421 lumbar spinal neural root FMA:16421 lumbar spinal nerve root root of cervical nerve FMA:16422 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_955 UBERON:0009632 cervical neural root cervical spinal root ncithesaurus:Cervical_Spinal_Nerve_Root nerve root part of cervical spinal cord root of cervical spinal nerve FMA:16422 cervical spinal root FMA:16422 root of cervical spinal nerve NIF:NIF nerve root part of cervical spinal cord FMA:16422 cervical neural root root of sacral nerve FMA:18028 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1518 UBERON:0009633 ncithesaurus:Sacral_Spinal_Nerve_Root nerve root part of sacral spinal cord root of sacral spinal nerve sacral neural root FMA:18028 root of sacral spinal nerve NIF:NIF nerve root part of sacral spinal cord FMA:18028 sacral neural root root of coccygeal nerve FMA:18131 UBERON:0009634 coccygeal neural root coccygeal spinal nerve root root of coccygeal spinal nerve FMA:18131 coccygeal spinal nerve root FMA:18131 coccygeal neural root FMA:18131 root of coccygeal spinal nerve parachordal cartilage Chondrocranium chondrification center that fuses with cartilages derived from sclerotome region of occipital somites forming occipital bone, hypoglossal canals and foramen magnum. TAO:0001423 UBERON:0009635 ZFA:0001423 ncithesaurus:Parachordal_Cartilage parachordal cartilages Chondrocranium chondrification center that fuses with cartilages derived from sclerotome region of occipital somites forming occipital bone, hypoglossal canals and foramen magnum. ISBN10:1588903958 UBERON:cjm ZFA:0001423 parachordal cartilages ZFA ZFA ZFA prechordal cartilage Chondrocranium chondrification center that that forms anterior body of sphenoid, containing the sella turcica and posterior body of sphenoid. UBERON:0009636 ZFA Chondrocranium chondrification center that that forms anterior body of sphenoid, containing the sella turcica and posterior body of sphenoid. ISBN10:1588903958 UBERON:cjm alisphenoid center UBERON:0009637 orbitosphenoid center UBERON:0009638 merge with sphenoid lesser wing cartilage condensation? body of sphenoid FMA:52867 The body of the sphenoid bone, more or less cubical in shape, is hollowed out in its interior to form two large cavities, the sphenoidal air sinuses, which are separated from each other by a septum. UBERON:0009639 body of sphenoidal bone central body of sphenoid corpus (os sphenoidale) sphenoid body FMA:52867 sphenoid body FMA:52867 corpus (os sphenoidale) FMA:52867 body of sphenoidal bone ISBN10:1588903958 FMA FMA:52867 central body of sphenoid FMA The body of the sphenoid bone, more or less cubical in shape, is hollowed out in its interior to form two large cavities, the sphenoidal air sinuses, which are separated from each other by a septum. Wikipedia:Body_of_sphenoid_bone ISBN10:1588903958 hypophyseal cartilage UBERON:0009640 forms around the developing pituitary, and together with prechordal cartilages creates body of sphenoid bone ISBN10:1588903958 forms around the developing pituitary, and together with prechordal cartilages creates body of sphenoid bone ansa lenticularis FMA:62070 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1010011 The ansa lenticularis (ansa lentiformis in older texts) is a part of the brain, making up the superior layer of the substantia innominata of Meynert. Its fibers, derived from the medullary lamina of the lentiform nucleus, pass medially to end in the thalamus and subthalamic region, while others are said to end in the tegmentum and red nucleus. It is classified by NeuroNames as part of the subthalamus. UBERON:0009641 ansa lenticularis in thalamo ansa lenticularis in thalamus ventral peduncle of lateral forebrain bundle FMA:TA ansa lenticularis in thalamo The ansa lenticularis (ansa lentiformis in older texts) is a part of the brain, making up the superior layer of the substantia innominata of Meynert. Its fibers, derived from the medullary lamina of the lentiform nucleus, pass medially to end in the thalamus and subthalamic region, while others are said to end in the tegmentum and red nucleus. It is classified by NeuroNames as part of the subthalamus. Wikipedia:Ansa_lenticularis NIF_GrossAnatomy FMA FMA:62070 ansa lenticularis in thalamus FMA:62070 ventral peduncle of lateral forebrain bundle mammillothalamic tract FMA:83849 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1010016 The mammillothalamic fasciculus (mammillothalamic tract, thalamomammillary fasciculus, bundle of Vicq dbAzyr) arises from cells in both the medial and lateral nuclei of the mammillary body and by fibers that are directly continued from the fornix. The Mammillothalamic fasciculus then connects the mammillary body to the dorsal tegmental nuclei, the ventral tegmental nuclei, and the anterior thalamic nucleus UBERON:0009642 bundle of vicq d%27azyr bundle of vicq d%e2%80%99azyr fasciculus mammillothalamicus mamillo-thalamic tract mammillo-thalamic fasciculus mammillothalamic fasciculus mammillothalamic tract thalamomammillary fasciculus vicq d'azyr's bundle The mammillothalamic fasciculus (mammillothalamic tract, thalamomammillary fasciculus, bundle of Vicq dbAzyr) arises from cells in both the medial and lateral nuclei of the mammillary body and by fibers that are directly continued from the fornix. The Mammillothalamic fasciculus then connects the mammillary body to the dorsal tegmental nuclei, the ventral tegmental nuclei, and the anterior thalamic nucleus Wikipedia:Mammillothalamic_fasciculus Wikipedia:Mammillothalamic_fasciculus mammillo-thalamic fasciculus Wikipedia:Mammillothalamic_fasciculus bundle of vicq d%e2%80%99azyr Wikipedia:Mammillothalamic_fasciculus mammillothalamic tract FMA FMA:83849 vicq d'azyr's bundle FMA:TA fasciculus mammillothalamicus Wikipedia:Mammillothalamic_fasciculus thalamomammillary fasciculus Wikipedia:Mammillothalamic_fasciculus mamillo-thalamic tract FMA:83849 mammillothalamic fasciculus Wikipedia:Mammillothalamic_fasciculus bundle of vicq d%27azyr central tegmental tract FMA:83850 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1010012 The central tegmental tract is a structure in the midbrain and pons. The central tegmental tract includes ascending axonal fibers which arise from the rostral nucleus solitarius and terminate in the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of thalamus. Information from the thalamus will go to cortical taste area, namely the insula and frontal operculum. It also contains descending axonal fibers from the parvocellular red nucleus. The descending axons will project to the inferior olivary nucleus. This latter pathway will be used to connect the contralateral cerebellum. UBERON:0009643 FMA The central tegmental tract is a structure in the midbrain and pons. The central tegmental tract includes ascending axonal fibers which arise from the rostral nucleus solitarius and terminate in the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of thalamus. Information from the thalamus will go to cortical taste area, namely the insula and frontal operculum. It also contains descending axonal fibers from the parvocellular red nucleus. The descending axons will project to the inferior olivary nucleus. This latter pathway will be used to connect the contralateral cerebellum. Wikipedia:Central_tegmental_tract trachea non-cartilage connective tissue MA:0001859 UBERON:0009644 MA ampullary gland MA:0000400 UBERON:0009645 ncithesaurus:Ampullary_Gland MA lumbar sympathetic nerve trunk MA:0001163 UBERON:0009646 ncithesaurus:Lumbar_Sympathetic_Nerve_Trunk tympanic epithelium MA:0001224 UBERON:0009647 ncithesaurus:Tympanic_Epithelium MA eyelid subcutaneous connective tissue MA:0001252 UBERON:0009648 ncithesaurus:Eyelid_Subcutaneous_Connective_Tissue MA cortical arch of kidney MA:0001650 UBERON:0009650 cortical arch ncithesaurus:Cortical_Arch MA:0001650 cortical arch MA nephron tubule basement membrane MA:0001680 UBERON:0009651 ncithesaurus:Renal_Tubule_Basement_Membrane renal tubule basement membrane MA MA:0001680 renal tubule basement membrane bronchus basement membrane MA:0001832 UBERON:0009652 ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Basement_Membrane MA trachea basement membrane MA:0001854 UBERON:0009653 ncithesaurus:Trachea_Basement_Membrane MA-modified alveolar artery MA:0001913 UBERON:0009654 add child terms ncithesaurus:Alveolar_Artery MA auricular artery MA:0001918 UBERON:0009655 add child terms ncithesaurus:Auricular_Artery MA frontal artery MA:0001960 UBERON:0009656 insufficiently defined true labial artery MA:0001987 UBERON:0009657 add child terms ncithesaurus:Labial_Artery MA pancreatico-duodenal artery . MA:0002013 UBERON:0009658 add child terms ncithesaurus:Pancreatico-Duodenal_Artery MA . Wikipedia:Pancreaticoduodenal_artery spermatic artery MA:0002040 UBERON:0009659 add child terms ncithesaurus:Spermatic_Artery MA adrenal vein MA:0002081 UBERON:0009660 ncithesaurus:Adrenal_Vein MA midbrain nucleus Nucleus located in the midbrain. SCTID:279285003 TAO:0002209 UBERON:0009661 ZFA:0001665 Nucleus located in the midbrain. ZFIN:curator hindbrain nucleus Nucleus located within the hindbrain. TAO:0002177 UBERON:0009662 ZFA:0001658 Nucleus located within the hindbrain. ZFIN:curator telencephalic nucleus TAO:0002178 UBERON:0009663 ZFA:0001660 gut mesentery EHDAA2:0004566 UBERON:0009664 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 ventral mesentery EHDAA2:0004569 SCTID:361430000 UBERON:0009668 EHDAA2 embryonic cloacal lumen EHDAA2:0004586 UBERON:0009669 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 rectal lumen EHDAA2:0004587 FMA:14598 UBERON:0009670 lumen of rectum EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 FMA:14598 lumen of rectum nasal fin EHDAA2:0004548 The nasal fin is an epithelial seam that develops by fusion between the epithelial linings of the medial and lateral nasal swellings. Shortly after its formation the nasal fin regresses and is replaced by mesenchyme, with exception of its most posterior portion which remains as the bucconasal membrane. UBERON:0009671 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 DOI:10.1002/aja.1001500308 The nasal fin is an epithelial seam that develops by fusion between the epithelial linings of the medial and lateral nasal swellings. Shortly after its formation the nasal fin regresses and is replaced by mesenchyme, with exception of its most posterior portion which remains as the bucconasal membrane. EHDAA2 oronasal membrane EHDAA2:0000188 EHDAA:7840 EHDAA:7984 The oronasal membrane separates the oral cavity and nasal cavity. In humans, the oronasal membrane ruptures during the seventh week, producing a single, large oronasal cavity UBERON:0009672 bucconasal membrane split into two? EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 The oronasal membrane separates the oral cavity and nasal cavity. In humans, the oronasal membrane ruptures during the seventh week, producing a single, large oronasal cavity http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martini10/chapter24/custom3/deluxe-content.html EHDAA2 EHDAA:7840 bucconasal membrane accessory XI nerve cranial component EHDAA2:0000107 EHDAA:5574 EMAPA:17266 MA:0001089 OG:0001174 UBERON:0009673 MA accessory XI nerve spinal component EHDAA2:0000108 EHDAA:5576 EMAPA:17160 MA:0001090 OG:0001115 UBERON:0009674 EHDAA2 MA facial VII nerve chorda tympani branch EHDAA2:0000490 EHDAA:3719 EMAPA:18217 MA:0001092 OG:0001343 UBERON:0009675 EHDAA2 telencephalic vesicle EHDAA2:0001981 EHDAA:1993 EHDAA:2671 UBERON:0009676 todo - all vesicles tooth row Anatomical cluster consisting of adjacent teeth constituting a row. UBERON:0009678 ZFA:0001642 row of teeth tooth rows Anatomical cluster consisting of adjacent teeth constituting a row. ZFIN:curator ZFA:0001642 tooth rows UBERON:cjm row of teeth set of lower jaw teeth EHDAA2:0001029 UBERON:0009679 lower jaw teeth EHDAA2:0001029 lower jaw teeth EHDAA2 set of upper jaw teeth EHDAA2:0002129 UBERON:0009680 upper jaw teeth EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0002129 upper jaw teeth middle cardiac vein EHDAA2:0004509 FMA:4713 UBERON:0009687 lesser cardiac vein ncithesaurus:Middle_Cardiac_Vein posterior interventricular vein FMA FMA:4713 lesser cardiac vein FMA:4713 posterior interventricular vein posterior inferior cerebellar artery EHDAA2:0000660 FMA:50518 UBERON:0009688 ncithesaurus:Posterior_Inferior_Cerebellar_Artery posterior inferior cerebellar artery FMA EHDAA2 EHDAA2 FMA EHDAA2:0000660 posterior inferior cerebellar artery anterior inferior cerebellar artery EHDAA2:0000587 FMA:50544 UBERON:0009689 ncithesaurus:Anterior_Inferior_Cerebellar_Artery EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 FMA FMA lumen of pharyngotympanic tube EHDAA2:0004118 FMA:60079 UBERON:0009692 auditory tube lumen lumen of auditory tube lumen of eustachian tube pharyngotympanic tube lumen FMA:60079 lumen of auditory tube FMA:60079 lumen of eustachian tube EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0004118 auditory tube lumen FMA FMA:60079 pharyngotympanic tube lumen epithelium of laryngopharynx EHDAA2:0004575 FMA:62454 UBERON:0009695 epithelium of laryngeal pharynx laryngopharynx epithelium EHDAA2 FMA:62454 epithelium of laryngeal pharynx EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 FMA:62454 laryngopharynx epithelium epithelium of appendix EHDAA2:0004561 FMA:63581 UBERON:0009697 appendix epithelium epithelium of vermiform appendix FMA:63581 appendix epithelium FMA FMA:63581 epithelium of vermiform appendix EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 FMA EHDAA2 dorsal pancreas EHDAA2:0001371 FMA:79793 UBERON:0009708 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 ventral pancreas EHDAA2:0001393 FMA:79794 UBERON:0009709 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 endocardium of right ventricle EHDAA2:0002188 Endocardium of ventricle which is continuous tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve and with the tunica intima of the pulmonary trunk. FMA:9536 UBERON:0009712 right ventricular endocardium FMA:9536 right ventricular endocardium EHDAA2 FMA EHDAA2 Endocardium of ventricle which is continuous tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve and with the tunica intima of the pulmonary trunk. FMA:9536 FMA endocardium of left ventricle EHDAA2:0002182 Endocardium of ventricle which is continuous with mitral valve , aortic valve, atrioventricular septum and the tunica intima of the aorta. FMA:9559 UBERON:0009713 left ventricular endocardium FMA:9559 left ventricular endocardium EHDAA2 Endocardium of ventricle which is continuous with mitral valve , aortic valve, atrioventricular septum and the tunica intima of the aorta. FMA:9559 FMA FMA EHDAA2 intermaxillary process EHDAA2:0000868 UBERON:0009714 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 stomodeal cavity UBERON:0009715 cupular organ Epithelial sense organ containing the cupula housing a gelatinous material elongated from the basement of the organ toward the atrial cavity. The basement of the cupular organ consists of two cell types: sensory cells and support cell UBERON:0009716 DOI:10.2108/zsj.27.842 Epithelial sense organ containing the cupula housing a gelatinous material elongated from the basement of the organ toward the atrial cavity. The basement of the cupular organ consists of two cell types: sensory cells and support cell coronal organ Mechanoreceptor organ found in oral siphon of botryllid ascidians, made of hair cells, similar to the vertebrate octavolateralis system. A possible candidate of the vertebrate lateral line. UBERON:0009717 DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21013 Mechanoreceptor organ found in oral siphon of botryllid ascidians, made of hair cells, similar to the vertebrate octavolateralis system. A possible candidate of the vertebrate lateral line. neurohypophyseal duct Embryonic duct that is the rudiment of cerebral ganglion and and neural gland of adult in the ascidians. UBERON:0009718 DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21013 Embryonic duct that is the rudiment of cerebral ganglion and and neural gland of adult in the ascidians. siphon BTO:0002056 UBERON:0009719 tubular appendage for drawing or ejecting fluids oral siphon UBERON:0009720 branchial siphon pharyngeal siphon atrial siphon UBERON:0009721 entire pharyngeal arch endoderm EHDAA2:0004621 UBERON:0009722 pharyngeal arch endoderm EHDAA2:0004621 pharyngeal arch endoderm EHDAA2 EHDAA2 sublaminar layers S3 or S4 CP:0001040 One of sublaminar layers S3 or S4. TODO - change label from 'and' to 'or' UBERON:0009731 GOC:plr One of sublaminar layers S3 or S4. sublaminar layers S1 or S2 or S5 CP:0001041 One of sublaminar layers S1, S2, or S5. TODO - change label from 'and' to 'or' UBERON:0009732 GOC:plr One of sublaminar layers S1, S2, or S5. sublaminar layers S1 or S2 or S3 CP:0001042 One of sublaminar layers S1, S2, or S3. TODO - change label from 'and' to 'or' UBERON:0009733 GOC:plr One of sublaminar layers S1, S2, or S3. sublaminar layers S2 or S3 or S4 CP:0001043 One of sublaminar layers S2, S3, or S4. TODO - change label from 'and' to 'or' UBERON:0009734 GOC:plr One of sublaminar layers S2, S3, or S4. sublaminar layers S1 or S3 or S4 CP:0001044 One of sublaminar layers S1, S3, or S4. TODO - change label from 'and' to 'or' UBERON:0009735 GOC:plr One of sublaminar layers S1, S3, or S4. sublaminar layers S3 or S4 or S5 CP:0001045 One of sublaminar layers S3, S4, or S5. TODO - change label from 'and' to 'or' UBERON:0009736 GOC:plr One of sublaminar layers S3, S4, or S5. sublaminar layers S1 or S2 or S3 or S4 CP:0001046 One of sublaminar layers S1, S2, S3, or S4. TODO - change label from 'and' to 'or' UBERON:0009737 GOC:plr One of sublaminar layers S1, S2, S3, or S4. border of sublaminar layers S1 and S2 CP:0001038 The region extending out from the boundary between layers S1 and S2. UBERON:0009738 GOC:plr The region extending out from the boundary between layers S1 and S2. UBERON:cjm border of sublaminar layers S3 and S4 CP:0001039 The region extending out from the boundary between sublaminar layers S3 and S4. UBERON:0009739 GOC:plr The region extending out from the boundary between sublaminar layers S3 and S4. UBERON:cjm border between sublaminar layers A region of the retina corresponding to a portion of two adjacent substratum layers. UBERON:0009740 A region of the retina corresponding to a portion of two adjacent substratum layers. UBERON:cjm tailbud stage Any of the developmental stages from Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 20 to stage 44 (feeding), including the beginning of hatching (NF stage 35/36). UBERON:0009741 XAO:1000007 XAO Any of the developmental stages from Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 20 to stage 44 (feeding), including the beginning of hatching (NF stage 35/36). ISBN:0815318960 proamniotic cavity UBERON:0009742 the cavity of the developing embryo that is formed within the epiblast tissue prior to the closing of the proamniotic canal by the amniotic folds MP:0011197 the cavity of the developing embryo that is formed within the epiblast tissue prior to the closing of the proamniotic canal by the amniotic folds visceral yolk sac cavity UBERON:0009743 the closed space containing the yolk, formed by the fusion of the edges of the embryonic epiblast (hypoblast) and later surrounded by the visceral yolk sac (hypoblast and visceral yolk sac mesoderm) MP:0011201 the closed space containing the yolk, formed by the fusion of the edges of the embryonic epiblast (hypoblast) and later surrounded by the visceral yolk sac (hypoblast and visceral yolk sac mesoderm) lymph node medullary sinus UBERON:0009744 the channels in the lymph node medulla that separate the medullary cords and are crossed by a reticulum of cells and fibers and bounded by littoral cells; lymph flows through the medullary sinus from the cortical sinuses and into the efferent lymphatic vessels MP:0011222 the channels in the lymph node medulla that separate the medullary cords and are crossed by a reticulum of cells and fibers and bounded by littoral cells; lymph flows through the medullary sinus from the cortical sinuses and into the efferent lymphatic vessels lymph node medullary cord UBERON:0009745 the dense rope-like structures of lymphatic tissue located between the medullary sinuses in the medulla of a lymph node MP:0011224 the dense rope-like structures of lymphatic tissue located between the medullary sinuses in the medulla of a lymph node head fold SCTID:361453004 UBERON:0009746 the crescent-shaped, ventrally located fold of the embryonic disc at the future cephalic end of the developing embryo MP:0011257 the crescent-shaped, ventrally located fold of the embryonic disc at the future cephalic end of the developing embryo tail fold SCTID:361439004 UBERON:0009747 the crescent-shaped, ventrally located fold of the embryonic disc at the future caudal end of the developing embryo MP:0011258 the crescent-shaped, ventrally located fold of the embryonic disc at the future caudal end of the developing embryo cephalic neural fold EMAPA:16090 UBERON:0009748 the elevated margins of the neural groove that are located in the future cephalic region of the embryo MP:0011259 the elevated margins of the neural groove that are located in the future cephalic region of the embryo limb mesenchyme UBERON:0009749 the primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing limbs, autopods and digits, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to limb connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with myotome cells. MP:0011261 the primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing limbs, autopods and digits, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to limb connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with myotome cells. spleen mesenchyme UBERON:0009750 the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing spleen MP:0011263 the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing spleen cardiac mesenchyme UBERON:0009751 the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing cardiac structures MP:0011264 the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing cardiac structures pancreas mesenchyme UBERON:0009752 the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing pancreas MP:0011265 the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing pancreas adrenal gland cortex zone FMA:69086 MA:0001887 UBERON:0009753 region of adrenal cortex FMA:69086 region of adrenal cortex MA blubber Lipid-rich, collagen fiber–laced blubber comprises the hypodermis and covers the whole body, except for parts of the appendages, strongly attached to the musculature and skeleton by highly organized, fan-shaped networks of tendons and ligaments. It can comprise up to 50% of the body mass of some marine mammals during some points in their lives, and can range from two inches (5 cm) thick in dolphins and smaller whales, to more than 12 inches (30 cm)thick in some bigger whales, such as right and bowhead whales SCTID:83953006 UBERON:0009754 a thick layer of vascularized adipose tissue found under the skin of all cetaceans, pinnipeds and sirenians. Wikipedia Wikipedia:Blubber a thick layer of vascularized adipose tissue found under the skin of all cetaceans, pinnipeds and sirenians. spermaceti UBERON:0009755 wax present in the head cavities of the sperm whale. Wikipedia:Spermaceti wax present in the head cavities of the sperm whale. spermaceti organ UBERON:0009756 ambergris UBERON:0009757 a biliary secretion of the intestines of the sperm whale. Wikipedia:Ambergris a biliary secretion of the intestines of the sperm whale. abdominal ganglion SCTID:280508003 UBERON:0009758 proximal interphalangeal joint FMA:65022 UBERON:0009767 distal interphalangeal joint FMA:65024 UBERON:0009768 left common cardinal vein EHDAA2:0000304 FMA:70311 SCTID:361506000 UBERON:0009769 common cardinal vein left FMA EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0000304 common cardinal vein left precardinal vein FMA:70309 UBERON:0009770 EHDAA2-generalized EHDAA2 FMA precardinal vein left EHDAA2:0000127 FMA:70313 UBERON:0009771 left precardinal vein FMA FMA:70313 left precardinal vein precardinal vein right EHDAA2:0004537 FMA:70312 UBERON:0009772 right precardinal vein FMA:70312 right precardinal vein FMA renal tubule A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis. UBERON:0009773 renal tubule (generic) UBERON:cjm renal tubule (generic) A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis. GO:0061333 GOC:dph GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 embryonic midbrain hindbrain boundary UBERON:0009774 ZFA lateral medullary reticular complex FMA:72573 UBERON:0009775 lateral group of medullary reticular formation lateral medullary reticular group lateral reticular formation of the medulla oblongata FMA:72573 lateral reticular formation of the medulla oblongata FMA:72573 lateral group of medullary reticular formation FMA FMA:72573 lateral medullary reticular group FMA intermediate reticular formation TAO:0000219 UBERON:0009776 ZFA:0000219 GO UBERON:cjm intermediate reticular nucleus FMA:84336 UBERON:0009777 pleural sac FMA:9690 SCTID:361996004 Serous sac, which has as parts the pleura and the pleural cavity. Examples: There are only two canonical instances, right and left pleural sacs. UBERON:0009778 FMA FMA:9690 Serous sac, which has as parts the pleura and the pleural cavity. Examples: There are only two canonical instances, right and left pleural sacs. FMA cardiac muscle tissue of right auricle EMAPA:16826 EMAPA:17324 FMA:84280 UBERON:0009779 FMA cardiac muscle tissue of left auricle EMAPA:16818 EMAPA:17318 FMA:84281 UBERON:0009780 FMA dorsolateral prefrontal cortex The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL-PFC or DLPFC), according to a more restricted definition, is roughly equivalent to Brodmann areas 9 and 46.[1] According to a broader definition DL-PFC consists of the lateral portions of Brodmann areas 9 – 12, of areas 45, 46, and the superior part of area 47.[2] These regions mainly receive their blood supply from the middle cerebral artery. With respect to neurotransmitter systems, there is evidence that dopamine plays a particularly important role in DL-PFC.[2]DL-PFC is connected to the orbitofrontal cortex, and to a variety of brain areas, which include the thalamus, parts of the basal ganglia (the dorsal caudate nucleus), the hippocampus, and primary and secondary association areas of neocortex, including posterior temporal, parietal, and occipital areas UBERON:0009834 The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL-PFC or DLPFC), according to a more restricted definition, is roughly equivalent to Brodmann areas 9 and 46.[1] According to a broader definition DL-PFC consists of the lateral portions of Brodmann areas 9 – 12, of areas 45, 46, and the superior part of area 47.[2] These regions mainly receive their blood supply from the middle cerebral artery. With respect to neurotransmitter systems, there is evidence that dopamine plays a particularly important role in DL-PFC.[2]DL-PFC is connected to the orbitofrontal cortex, and to a variety of brain areas, which include the thalamus, parts of the basal ganglia (the dorsal caudate nucleus), the hippocampus, and primary and secondary association areas of neocortex, including posterior temporal, parietal, and occipital areas Wikipedia:Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex anterior cingulate cortex BTO:0004249 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_936 UBERON:0009835 the frontal part of the cingulate cortex, that resembles a 'collar' form around the corpus callosum, the fibrous bundle that relays neural signals between the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain. It includes both the ventral and dorsal areas of the cingulate cortex, and appears to play a role in a wide variety of autonomic functions, such as regulating blood pressure and heart rate, as well as rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision-making, empathy[1] and emotion. Wikipedia:Anterior_cingulate_cortex the frontal part of the cingulate cortex, that resembles a 'collar' form around the corpus callosum, the fibrous bundle that relays neural signals between the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain. It includes both the ventral and dorsal areas of the cingulate cortex, and appears to play a role in a wide variety of autonomic functions, such as regulating blood pressure and heart rate, as well as rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision-making, empathy[1] and emotion. BTO Fronto-orbital gyrus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1243 UBERON:0009836 fronto-orbital gyrus orbito-frontal gyrus orbitofrontal gyrus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1243 fronto-orbital gyrus lower rhombic lip Posterior portion of the rhombic lip contained within rhombomeres 2-8. Gives rise to several brainstem nuclei and choroid plexus. TAO:0001441 UBERON:0009840 ZFA:0001441 caudal rhombic lip UBERON:cjm caudal rhombic lip ZFA ZFA ZFA ZFA ZFA ZFA ZFA Posterior portion of the rhombic lip contained within rhombomeres 2-8. Gives rise to several brainstem nuclei and choroid plexus. ZFIN:curator ZFA ZFA upper rhombic lip Anterior-most region of dorsal hindbrain within rhombomere 1, adjacent the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. TAO:0001442 UBERON:0009841 ZFA:0001442 cerebellar anlage presumptive cerebellum rostral rhombic lip DHB:URL rostral rhombic lip ZFA Anterior-most region of dorsal hindbrain within rhombomere 1, adjacent the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. ZFIN:curator ZFA ZFA ZFA:0001442 presumptive cerebellum ZFA:0001442 cerebellar anlage Rattus NCBITaxon:10114 rat rats unknown Teleostei NCBITaxon:32443 teleost fishes unknown Tetrapoda NCBITaxon:32523 tetrapods unknown Amniota NCBITaxon:32524 amniotes unknown Theria NCBITaxon:32525 unknown Mammalia NCBITaxon:40674 mammals unknown Porifera NCBITaxon:6040 Parazoa sponges unknown Cnidaria Coelenterata NCBITaxon:6073 cnidarians coelenterates unknown Platyhelminthes NCBITaxon:6157 flatworm flatworms unknown Arthropoda NCBITaxon:6656 arthropods unknown Chordata NCBITaxon:7711 chordates unknown Vertebrata NCBITaxon:7742 unknown vertebrates Danio rerio Brachidanio rerio Brachydanio rerio Cyprinus rerio Cyprinus rerio Hamilton, 1822 Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822) NCBITaxon:7955 leopard danio unknown zebra danio zebra fish zebrafish Serpentes NCBITaxon:8570 Ophidia snakes unknown Aves NCBITaxon:8782 birds unknown Monotremata NCBITaxon:9255 egg-laying mammals monotremes unknown Primates NCBITaxon:9443 Primata primate primates unknown Homo sapiens NCBITaxon:9606 human man unknown Canis NCBITaxon:9611 unknown PMID:16417468 PMID:16417468 PMID:16417468 NBK53175 teleost PMID:16417468 PMID:16417468